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http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924092901606 



ARCH^OLOGICAL 
AND HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 



RELATING TO 



AYRSHIRE AND GALLOWAY 



4-00 Copies printed, 
Of which this is iV(9.....jbi.D.- 



ARCH^OLOGICAL 



AND 



HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 



RELATING TO 



AYRSHIRE & GALLOWAY 



VOL. V. 




EDINBURGH 

PRINTED FOR THE AYRSHIRE AND GALLOWAY ARCH^OLOGICAL ASSOCIATION 

MDCCCLXXXV 



Printed by R. {^ R. Clark 



DAVID DOUGLAS, EDINBURGH 



AYESHIEE AND GALLOWAY 
AECHiEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION. 



The EAEL of STAIE, K.T., LL.D., V.P.S.A. Scot., Lord-Lieutenant 
of Ayrshire and Wigtonshire. 

The duke of PORTLAND. 

The MAEQUESS of BUTE, K.T., F.S.A. Scot. 

The MAEQUESS of AILSA. 

The EAEL of EGLINTON and WINTON. 

The EAEL of G-ALLOWAY. 

The EAEL of GLASGOW, F.S.A. Scot., Lord Clerk Eegister of Scotland. 

The LOED BOETHWICK. 

The LOED HEREIES, Lord-Lieutenant of Kirkcudbright. 

The Eight Hon. Sir JAMES FEEGUSSON, Bap.t., K.C.M.G., LL.D. 

The Right Hon. Sir J. DALEYMPLE-HAY, M.P., G.B., D.C.L., F.R.S. 

Sir M. SHAW- STEWART, Bart., Lord-Lieutenant of Renfrewshire. 

Sir ANDREW AGNEW, Bart., of Lochnaw. 

Sir WILLIAM WALLACE, Bart., of Lochryan. 

Sir WILLIAM J. MONTGOMERY- CUNINGHAME, Bart., V.C. 

R. A OSWALD, Esq., of Auchincruive. 

^on, ^zctzuue^ for Si^v&^ive^ 

R. W. COCHRAN-PATRICK of Woodside, M.P., LL.D., F.S.A., Hon. Sec. S.A. Scot, 

The Hon. HEW DALEYMPLE (for Carrick). 

J. SHEDDEN-DOBIE of Morishill, F.S.A. Scot, (for Cunninghame). 

l?oti* ^zctztatit& for (Ballotoap> 

The Eev. G. WILSON, Glenluce, CM. S.A. Scot. 
Sir HEEBERT EUSTACE MAXWELL, Bart., of Monreith, M.P., F.S.A. Scot. 

C. G. SHAW, Esq., County Buildings, Ayr. 

Council 

Colonel HUNTER-WESTON of Hunterston, F.S.A. 
F. T. R. KENNEDY of Dunure. 
J. MACDONALD, LL.D., F.S.A. Scot., Glasgow. 
R. MUNRO, M.D., M.A., F.S.A. Scot., Kilmarnock. 
R. WYLIE, Castle Pen, Kilwinning. 



LIST OF MEMBEES. 

JLi0t of 9lpeml)er0, 1885. 

AFFLECK, John, Union Bank, Glasgow. 

Agnew, Alexander, 11 Eeform Street, Dundee. 

Agnew, Sir Andrew, Lochnaw, Stranraer. 

Agnew, R. Vans, of Barnbarroch, Wigtonshire. 
5 AiLSA, Marquess of, Culzean Castle, Maybole. 

AlTKEN, A., Solicitor, Stranraer. 

Alexander, General, M.P., of Balloohmyle, Mauchline, 

Alexander, Dr., Dundonald. 

Alexander, Hugh, Bank Street, Irvine. 
10 Allan, Eev. William, Manse of Moohrum, Port-William. 

Allison, E. A., Scaleby Hall, Carlisle. 

Alston, Charles, Savoy, Ayr. 

Anderson, J., Carthgale, Kilmarnock. 

Anderson, Matthew, Writer, Milliken Park, Glasgow. 
15 Anderson, W., 149 West George Street, Glasgow. 

Andrews, David, Solicitor, Girvan. 

Antiquaries, Society of, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W, 

Armour, John, jun.. Architect, Irvine. 

Armstrong, E. B., 5 Melville Street, Edinburgh. 
20 Arthur, J. F., C.S.L, Lochside House, New Cumnock. 

Arthur, M., 9 Claremont Terrace, Glasgow. 

Ayr, Burgh of 

BAILEY, J. Lambert, Banker, Ardrossan. 

Baird, J. G. A., of Adamton, Wellwood, Muirkirk. 

25 Bartlemore, J., of Bourtrees, Paisley. 

Baxter, D., Ladyburn, Kilkerran, Maybole. 

Blair, Archibald, Surgeon, Dairy, Ayrshire. 

Blair, Captain, of Blair, Dairy, Ayrshire. 

Blair, Eev. D. Oswald Hunter, O.S.B., St. Benedict's Monastery, 
Fort Augustus. 

30 Blair, Edward Stopford, Penninghame House, Newton-Stewart. 

Blair, F. C. Hunter, F.S.A. Scot., Blairquhan, Maybole. 

Borland, J., Chemist, Kilmarnock. 

Borthwick, Lord, Eavenstone, Whithorn. 

Boswell, p. C. D., of Garrallan, Cumnock. 



LIST OF MEMBEES. vii 

35 Bowie, J. H., Union Bank, Coatbridge. 

Boyd, Colonel Hay, of Townend, Symington. 

Boyd, D. A., 225 West George Street, Glasgow. 

Boyle, Captain, of Shewalton, The Pavilion, Ardrossan. 

Brisbane, C. T., of Brisbane, Largs. 
40 Brown, A. J. Dennistoun, of Ballocb Castle, Dumbartonshire. 

Brown, D., Banker, Maybole. 

Brown, D., Townend Cottage, Dairy. 

Brown, George, Bumside, Irvine. 

Brown, J. Oswald, Oraugefield, Monkton. 
45 Brown, J. T., Gibraltar House, Edinburgh. 

Brown, Miss, of Lanfine, Newmilns. 

Brown, Eobert, Underwood Park, Paisley. 

Browne, Eev. A., The Manse, Beith. 

Buchanan, A., of Curriehill, Edinburgh. 
50 Bute, Marquess of, Mountstuart, Eothesay. 

CAIED, Sir James, K.C.B., 3 St. James' Square, London, S.W. 

Cairney, William, 4 Park Grove Terrace, West, Glasgow. 

Caldwell, James, Craigielea, Paisley. 

Cameron, John, National Bank, Whithorn. 

55 Campbell, Colonel Sir A., Bart., of Blythswood, Eenfrew. 

Campbell, Colonel Hamilton, of Netherplace, Mauchline. 

Campbell, E. F. F., M.P., of Craigie, Ayr. 

Campbell, Captain R. M., of Auchmannoch, Glaisnock House, 
Cumnock. 

Campbell, Captain W. H. (Freesbanks). 
60 Carfrae, Eobert, 77 George Street, Edinburgh. 

Garment, J., LL.D., 32 Albany Street, Edinburgh. 

Carrick, Joseph, Cleveland, Edge Lane, Stretford, near Manchester. 

Carruthers, David, Market Lane, Kilmarnock. 

Challoner, N. B., Royal Bank, Kilmarnock. 
65 Christie, William, Royal Bank, Irvine. 

CoMRiE, Alexander, Accountant, Dairy. 

Conway, Eev. James, Springburn, Glasgow. 

Cooper, Mrs. A. F., of Failford, Tarbolton. 

Copland, J., Public School, Kilwinning. 

h 



LIST OF MEMBEES. 

70 Copland, James, General Eegister House, Edinburgh. 

Cowan, Hugh, St. Leonards, Ayr. 

Craig, James, Deanmount, Kilmarnock. 

Craufurd, E. H. J., of Auchenames, West Kilbride. 

Crawfurd, T. Macknight, of Cartsburn, Lauriston Castle, Edinburgh. 
75 Crichton, James Arthur, Sheriif of Fife and Kinross, 13 Nelson 
Street, Edinburgh. 

Crum, a., M.P., of Thornliebank, Glasgow. 

CuNiNGHAME, John, Ironmaster, St. Vincent Street, Glasgow. 

Cuninghame, Sir W. J. M., Bart., V.C, of Corsehill, Glenmoor 
House, May bole. 

Cuninghame, W. C. S., of Caprington, Kilmarnock. , 
80 CuRRiE, Dr., Hydropathic Establishment, Skelmorlie. 

CUTHBERT, Alex. A., 14 Newton Terrace, Glasgow. 



DALEYMPLE, C, M.P., New Hailes, Musselburgh. 

Dalrymple, C. E., Kinellar Lodge, Aberdeenshire. 

Dalrymple, Hon. Hew, Lochinch, Castle Kennedy, Stranraer. 
85 Dalrymple, Hon. North, Castle Kennedy, Stanraer. 

Dalrymple, Hon. Eobert, Loch Inch, Castle Kennedy. 

Day, Robert, yr., 3 Sydney Place, Cork. 

Dickie, James, Town Clerk, Irvine. 

Dickie, Hugh, Rector, Academy, Kilmarnock. 
90 Dickie, James, 13 Fenchurch Avenue, London, E.C. 

Dickie, James, London Road, Kilmarnock. 

Dickson, T., General Register House, Edinburgh. 

Dickson, W. G., 3 Royal Circus, Edinburgh. 

DOBBIE, Robert, M.D., 3 Wellington Square, Ayr. 
95 DoBiE, J. Shedden, F.S.A. Scot., of Morishill, Beith. 

Donaldson, J., Sunnyside, Formby, near Liverpool. 

Douglas, David, 15a Castle Street, Edinburgh. 

Douglas, J., MD., Whithorn, Wigtonshire. 

Douglas, W. D. Robinson, of Orchardton. 
100 Drew, James, Doonhill, Newton-Stewart. 

Duncan, James Dalrymple, 211 Hope Street, Glasgow. 

DuNLOP, David, Solicitor, Ayr. 

Dunlop, W. H., of Annanhill, Kilmarnock. 



LIST OF MEMBEES. 

DuNLOP, W. H., Solicitor, Ayr. 
105 Dunn, John, Solicitor, Castle-Douglas. 

EASTON, John, C.A., 115 Buchanan Street, Glasgow. 
Eglinton and Winton, Earl of, Eglinton Castle, Irvine. 
Elder, George, Knock Castle, Largs. 
EvAUS, John, D.C.L., Nash Mills, Hemel Hempstead. 

110 FAULDS, A. WHson, Knockbuckle, Beith. 

Ferguson, James M., Observer Office, Ayr. 

Ferguson, W., of Kinmundy, 21 Manor Place, Edinburgh. 

Fergusson, Right Honourable Sir James, K.C.M.G., of Kilkerran, 
Maybole. 

FiNLAY, John, Greenfield, AUoway, Ajt. 
115 FLEMrao, James, Wood Lane, 28 Broomielaw, Glasgow. 

Fleming, James, Kilmory, Skelmorlie. 

Flint, John, 2 Montgomerie Terrace, Ayr. 

Forsyth, John, Teacher, Castle-Douglas. 

Foster, W. K., 45 Leinster Gardens, Hyde Park, London, W. 
120 Franks, Augustus W., British Museum, London. 

Eraser, Gordon, Bookseller, Wigton. 

Fraser, W., W.S., Deputy Keeper of the Records, 32 Castle Street, 
Edinburgh. 

GALLOWAY, Earl of, Cumloden, Newton-Stewart. 

Gardner, Alexander, Publisher, Paisley. 
125 Gardner, WUliam, Shawl Manufacturer, Paisley. 

Geddes, G. H., 142 Princes Street, Edinburgh. 

Gemmell, Thomas, Banker, Ayr. 

Gemmell, William, 150 Hope Street, Glasgow. 

Gillespie, William, Solicitor, Castle-Douglas. 
130 GiLMOUR, A., Solicitor, Irvine. 

Gilmour, Allan, Woodend, Kilmarnock. 

Girvan, J. Graham, 186 West George Street, Glasgow. 

Glasgow and Gaxloway, Bishop of, Ayr. 

Glasgow, Earl of, Crawford Priory, Cupar-Fife. 
135 Glasgow, R. B. Robertson, of Montgreenan, Kilwinning. 

GoUDiE, Ex-Provost, Ayr. 



LIST OF MEMBEES. 

Graham, J., of Broadstone, Stranraer. 
Gray, G., Clerk of the Peace, Glasgow. 
Greenwell, Eev. Canon, Durham. 
140 Greg, R. P., Coles Park, Buntingford, Herts. 
Greig, T. C, Eephad, Stranraer. 
Guthrie, Arthur, J. P., Ardrossan. 

HAMILTON, Alexander, Solicitor, Irvine. 

Hamilton, Captain, of Pinmore, Girvan. 
145 Hamilton, Frank S., Cairnhill, Kilmarnock. 

Hamilton, George, Ardendee, Kirkcudbright. 

Hamilton, H. M., 10 King's Bench Walk, Temple, London. 

Hamilton, J., Town-Clerk, Kilmarnock. 

Hamilton, J. G., Orchard Hill, Kilmarnock. 
150 Hamilton, J. Wallace, of Cairnhill, Kilmarnock. 

Hamilton, John, of Sundrum, Ayr. 

Hamilton, Mrs. M. C, 13 Suffolk Square, Cheltenham. 

Hannah, A., Cairnsmore, Bellahouston, Go van. 

Harper, M. M'L., British Linen Company Bank, Castle-Douglas. 
155 Hay, Captain J. F. Dairy mple, Auchendoon, Newton-Stewart. 

Hay, Right Hon. Sir John C. Dalrymple, of Park, Wigtonshire. 

Henry, David, Architect, Church Square, St. Andrews. 

Herries, Lord, Kinharvey, New Abbey, Dumfries. 

HoRNE, Robert E., 150 Hope Street, Glasgow. 
160 HOSACK, James, EUersUe, Kirkcudbright. 

HoULDSWORTH, William, Mt. Charles, Ayr. 

Howatson, Charles, of Glenbuck, by Lanark. 

HOWATSON, George S., Eglinton Ironworks, Kilwinning. 

Hume, Archibald, of Auchendolly. 
165 Hunter, Andrew, Ayr. 

Hunter, David, Sea Tower, Ayr. 

Hunter, E. A., Newark Castle, Ayr. 

Hunter, John, Burnfoot, by Ayr. 

Hunter, Mrs., of Hunter, Clifford Lodge, Largs. 
170 Hutchison, Graham, of Balmaghie. 

lEVINE, Burgh of. 



LIST OF MEMBERS. 

JOHNSTON, D., 160 West George Street, Glasgow. 

Johnston, T. B., Geographer to the Queen, 9 Claremont Crescent, 
Edinburgh. 

Jonas, A. C, 4 St. James' Crescent, Swansea. 

175 KAY, R. M., Clydesdale Bank, Ayr. 

Keith, Rev. W. A., Burham Vicarage, Rochester. 

Kennedy, Captain Clark, of Knockgray, Henbury, Wimbourne, 
Dorset. 

Kennedy, F. T. R., of Dunure, Ayr. 

Kjennedy, James, 25 Greendyke Street, Glasgow. 
180 Kennedy, J., of Underwood, 71 Great King Street, Edinburgh. 

Kennedy, J., yr. of Underwood, 71 Great King Street, Edinburgh. 

Kennedy, Thomas, Glenfield, Kilmarnock. 

Kere, W., Nethergate House, Dundee. 

KiLPATRiCK, William, Solicitor, Provost of Ayr. 
185 King, H. B., Commercial Bank, Kilwinning. 

King, Walter, Paisley. 

KiNNA, James G., Heron Cottage, Newton-Stewart. 

Kirkcudbright Museum, per George Hamilton, Ardendee, Kirk- 
cudbright. 

KiRKHOPE, Thomas, Writer, Ardrossan. 

190 Knox, R. W., of Moor Park, Kilbirnie. 

LAING, Alexander, LL.D., Newburgh-on-Tay. 
Lamb, J. B., Architect, Paisley. 
Landsborough, Rev. D., Kilmarnock. 

Leadbetter, Thomas, Westerhouse, Gillsland Road, Edinburgh. 
195 Leck, Henry, of Hollybush, Ayr. 

Livingston, Rev. N., D.D., Free Church Manse, Coylton, Ayr. 
LocKHART, John, Sheriff-Clerk Depute, Ayr. 
London Library, 12 St. James' Square, London, S.W. 
Low, Rev. W. F., B.D., Edgehill Manse, Kilmarnock. 

200 M'ALISTER, J., Surgeon, Kilmarnock. 

M'Call, James, 6 St. John's Terrace, Hillhead, Glasgow. 
M'Call, James, Monreith Arms, Port-William. 



LIST OF MEMBERS. 

M'Chlery, William, Balminnoch, Kirkcowan. 

M'Clelland, a. S., 115 St. Vincent St., Glasgow. 
205 M'CoNNACHiE, J. A., C.E,, 12 Victoria Road, Kensington, London, W. 

M'CoNNEL, William, of Knockdolian, Girvan. 

M'COSH, James M., Solicitor, Dairy. 

M'CuBBiN, W. F., Solicitor, 5 Alloway Place, Ayr. 

M'CULLOCH, Thomas, Founder, Kilmarnock. 

210 M'CuLLOCH, David, Beech Grove, Kilmarnock. 

M'EwEN, Robert F., of Bardrochwood, 20 Buckingham Terrace, 
Edinburgh. 

M'FiE, Alexander, Banker, Whithorn. 

M'Geoch, Rev. W., Kilmarnock. 

M'GlBBON, D., 92 George Street, Edinburgh. 
215 M'GlBBON, William, Draper, Stranraer. 

M'Grigor, Dr. A. B., 19 Woodside Terrace, Glasgow. 

M'Hafeie, Wm. J., Torhousemuir, Wigton. 

M'Jannet, W. D., Solicitor, Irvine. 

M'Kerlie, p. H., 26 Pembridge Villas, Bayswater, London, W. 
220 M'Kerrell, R. M., of Hillhouse, Dundonald. 

M'Kerrow, Dr., Ayr. 

M'Kie, J., Publisher, Kilmarnock. 

M'Micking, Gilbert, 55 Princes Gate, London, S.W. 

Macarthur, Lady, 27 Princes Gardens, London, S.W. 

225 Macdonald, A. G., The Crescent, Ardrossan. 

Macdonald, J., LL.D., 14 Kingsborough Gardens, Kelvinside, 
Glasgow. 

Macdonald, J. C. R., 1 1 South Charlotte Street, Edinburgh. 

Macdouall, James, of Logan, Stranraer. 

Macdowall, Henry, younger of Garthland, Lochwinnoch. 
230 Macfarlane, Dr., Kilmarnock. 

Macgregor, p. Comyn, of Brediland, Paisley. 

Mackean, J. A., Maryfield, Paisley. 

Mackenzie, Alexander, 7 Gilmour Street, Paisley. 

Mackenzie, James, Solicitor, Stranraer. 
235 Mackie, Daniel, of Knockgerran, Girvan. 

Mackie, Robert, Draffen House, Stewarton. 

MACKINNON, William, 115 St. Vincent Street, Glasgow. 

Macleod, Rev. W., 5 Thirlestane Road,Whitehouse Loan, Edinburo-h. 



LIST OF MEMBEES. xui 

Macrokie, William, Solicitor, Ayr. 
240 Matthews, Rev. G. D., D.D., Quebec. 
Maxwell, Mrs., of Carruchan, Dumfries. 
Maxwell, Francis, of Aribton, Dumfries. 
Maxwell, Sir Herbert Eustace, M.P., of Monreith, Whauphill. 
Maxwell, J. H., Editor, Castle-Douglas. 
245 Maxwell, W. H., of Munches. 

Maxwell-Heron, J., M.P., Kirouchtrie, Newton- Stewart. 
Mercer, John, C.E., Ayr. 

Middlemas, W., Town-Clerk's Office, Kilmarnock. 
Miller, Robert, Alloway Cottage, Ayr. 
250 MiLROY, Dr. A., Kilwinning. 

Mitchell, Dr. A., 34 Drummond Place, Edinburgh. 
Mitchell, J. 0., 69 East Howard Street, Glasgow. 
Mitchell Library, Ingram Street, Glasgow. 
Montgomerie, J. C, Dalmore, Stair. 
255 Moore, J. Carrick, of Corsewall, Stranraer. 
Morris, A. Pollok, of Craig, Kilmarnock. 
Morris, James A., A.R.I., B.A., 46 Newmarket Street, Ayr. 
Morton, John M. M., of Belmont, Ayr. 
Munro, Dr. R., Kilmarnock. 
260 Murchland, Charles, Publisher, Irvine. 
Murdoch, John, Architect, Ayr. 
Murdoch, J. B., Barclay, Langside, Glasgow. 
Murdoch, R. D., Fairfield Lodge, Ayr. 
Murray, David, 169 West George Street, Glasgow. 
265 Murray, William, Barns Park, Ayr. 

Mutter, W., of MeOdelaught, Ardrossan. 

NICOLSON, Sheriff, Newton-Stewart. 

OLIVER, Rev. J., Belhaven, Dunbar. 
Oswald, R. A., of Auchincruive, Ayr. 

270 PARLANE, James, Rusholme, Manchester. 
Paterson, John, of Knowehead, Irvine. 
Paterson, Sheriff Orr, Ayr. 



LIST OF MEMBERS. 

Paton, Hugh, Seedsman, Kilmarnock. 

Paton, James B., Merchant, Ayr. 
275 Paton, Robert, Gartferry, Ayr. 

Paton, Theophilus, of Swinlees, Dairy. 

Patrick, Miss Cochran, Ladyland, Beith. 

Patrick, R. W. Cocliran, M.P., of Woodside, Beith. 

Patrick, W. Ralston, of Trearne, Beith. 
280 Philp, Rev. George, Saltcoats. 

PiCKEN, James, Hillhouse Lodge, Fenwick. 

Pollock, J., Victoria Works, Beith. 

Pollock, John, Town-Clerk, Ayr. 

Pollock, William, Solicitor, Ayr. 
285 Pollok, R. M., of Middleton, Ayr. 

Porteous, J. S., Oakbank, Maybole. 

Portland, Duke of, per J. H. Turner, The Dean, Kilmarnock. 

RAFF, James, 14 Kingsborough Gardens, Kelvinside, Glasgow. 

Ramsay, Dr., Lochwinnoch. 

290 Ramsay, R., Greendyke Street, Glasgow. 

Reid, Charles, Lily Mount, Kilmarnock. 

Reid, H. G., Stationery Office, London. 

Reid, J. G, Queen's and Lord Treasurer's Remembrancer, 12 Bel- 
grave Place, Edinburgh. 

Reid, William, junior, Chapelhill, Paisley. 
295 Rennie, Thomas, Banker, Maybole. 

Robertson, Eev. W. B., Westfield, West Calder. 

Rose, James, 11 Langlands Street, Kilmarnock. 

Ross, Alexander M., Town-Chamberlain, Paisley. 

Rowat, William, St. Margaret's, Paisley. 
300 Russell, William D., of Maulside, Dairy, Ayrshire. 

SCOTT, J. Lindsay, of Mollance. 
Scott, John, Hawkhill, Greenock. 
Selby, R. B., M.D., Port-William. 
Selkirk, Earl of, St. Mary's Isle, Kirkcudbright. 
305 Shaw, Charles G., Ayr. 

Signet Library, Edinburgh. 



LIST OF MEMBERS. xv 

Smith, Eev. George Muir, 6 Clarendon Place, Stirling. 

Somervell, James, of Sorn, Mauchline. 

Stair, Earl of, Lochinch, Castle Kennedy, Stranraer. 
310 Steele, Ex-Provost, Ayr. 

Stephen, WUliam, 31 Sandgate Street, Ayr. 

Stevenson, Allan, ArcMtect, Ayr. 

Stevenson, T. G-., 22 Frederick Street, Edinburgh. 

Stevenson, William, Witch Road, Kilmarnock. 
315 Stewart, H. Murray, of Cally, Gatehouse. 

Stewart, H. G. Murray, of Cally. 

Stewart, J., Heathfield, Irvine. 

Stewart, J. Leveson D., 61 Linden Gardens, Bayswater, London, W. 

Stewart, Mark J., Aid well, Wigtonshire. 
320 Stewart, Sir M. Shaw, of Ardgowan, Greenock. 

Stewart, Robert Hathorn Johnston, Glasserton, Whithorn. 

Stoddart, James H., Glasgotv Herald Office, Glasgow. 

Stoddart, R R., Lyon Clerk-Depute, Edinburgh. 

Struthers, a. W., 3 Barns Terrace, A3T. 
325 Sttjrrock, Arthur, British Linen Company Bank, Kilmarnock. 

Sturrock, J., junior. Solicitor, Kilmarnock. 

Sttjrrock, Provost, EoLmarnock. 

Symington, G., Banker, Glenluce. 



TAYLOR, Mrs. William, London Road, Kilmarnock. 
330 Thomson, Rev. J. H., Free Church Manse, Hightae, Lockerbie. 

Todd, Hugh, Solicitor, Stranraer. 

Trotter, Robert de Bruce, M.D., Perth. 

TuRNBULL, Andrew, Town-Chamberlain, Kilmarnock. 

Turner, F. J., Mansfield Woodhouse, Mansfield, Notts. 
335 Turner, J. R, The Dean, Kilmarnock. 



UEQUHART, Rev. A., Free Church Manse, Portpatrick. 



VERNON, Hon. G. R, Auchans, Dundonald. 
Vivian, A. P., M.P., St. James St., Buckingham Gate, London, S.W. 

c 



xvi LIST OF MEMBERS. 

WALES, James, of Buckstone, Rawdon, Yorkshire. 
340 Walker, Alex., Wine Merchant, Kilmarnock. 

Walker, J., 74 Bath Street, Glasgow. 

Wallace, Charles, Dally, Kirkcolm, Stranraer. 

Wallace, Sir William, of Lochryan, Stranraer. 

Warrack, Rev. Alexander, Free Church Manse, Leswalt, Stranraer. 
345 Watson, J., Wallace Bank, Kilmarnock. 

Weir, William, of Kildonan, Portland Ironworks, Ealmarnock. 

Weston, Col. Hunter-, of Hunterston, West Kilbride. 

WiLLLlMSON, Walter, Solicitor, Beith. 

Wilson, Rev. G., Free Church Manse, Glenluce, Wigtonshire. 
350 Wilson, R. Dobie, 38 Upper Brook Street, London, W. 

Wood, Adam, Portland Villa, Troon. 

Wright, Hugh, of Alticry, Port- William. 

Wylie, R, Kilwinning. 

YOUNG, David, Town-Clerk, Paisley. 



PEEFACE. 



The Contributions to the Fifth Volume of the Collections refer, with the 
exception of Mr. Careick Moore's paper, exclusively to the County of 
Wigtown. 

It is a matter for congratulation that in consequence of the co-operation 
of several gentlemen in the Stewartry of Ejrkcudbright, that moiety of 
GaUoway has been added to the field open to the enterprise of the 
Association, which, as decided by the Council at their Meeting at A3rr 
on 29th July, will henceforth bear the title of The Arch^ological 
Association of Ayrshire and Galloway. 

The Stewartry of Kirkcudbright, formerly united with the County of 
Wigtown in the Principality or petty Eegality of Galloway, offers a promis- 
ing field for research ; and it is hoped that those who possess remains, 
either prehistoric, baronial, or ecclesiastical, will be willing to allow of 
their systematic examination, under such circumstances as will enable an 
accurate record and description to be preserved in these Collections. 

One of those who was foremost in promoting the extension of the 
Association to Kirkcudbright has lately been removed, and in the death of 
the last Earl of Selkirk a heavy loss has ensued to the district with 
which he was so long and so honourably connected. 

The special thanks of the Association are due to Mr. Johnston Stewart 
of Physgill, and to Mr. Nicholson in Kidsdale, for their valuable assistance 



xviii PREFACE. 

in the exploration of St. Ninian's Cave ; to the Eakl of Stair and to Lord 
BoRTHWiCK for labourers and other aid provided in the examination of the 
Crannogs described in Dr. Munro's paper; to the National Society of 
Antiquaries of Scotland for the loan of several woodcuts used among 
the illustrations of the paper on "Ancient Implements," etc.; as well as 
to Mr. Eobert Day, Younger, of Cork, who lent the engraving of the Port 
Glenone trumpet. 

Among those whose kindness and co-operation have contributed much 
to the information collected in the various papers, may be mentioned 
Alexander Waugh, Esq., of Newton-Stewart, Dr. Selby of Port-William, 
Dr. Douglas of Whithorn, Dr. Gemmel of Drummore, Dr. Trotter of 
Perth, Eev. J. Smith, Glenluce, Mr. M'Master, Blairbuie, Mr. Young, 
Balcraig, Mr. M'Cosh, Cairngaan, Mr. Picken, Barnkirk, Mr. M'Conchie, 
Penniaghame Mains, and others. 

With the exception of the Heraldic Plate presented by the Editor, the 
cost of the Volume has been entirely defrayed out of the funds of the 
Association. 

A design for a Seal of the Association having been submitted to the 
Council and approved of, appears on the title-page of this Volume. It will 
be printed on a form of Vote of Thanks, which will in future be available 
for presentation to Associations or individuals who promote the objects of 
Archaeology in Ayrshire and Galloway, either by exerting themselves in 
the preservation of relics or by the collection and furnishing of information 
to the Association. 

The next Volume of Collections will be composed of papers relating to 
Ayrshire. 

HERBERT EUSTACE MAXWELL, 

Hon. Secretary for Galloway. 



CONTENTS. 



J * ♦ ■ < 



PAGE 



I. St. Ninian's Cave, Glasserton. By the Editor . . . .1 

II. Notice of Ancient Graves at Dounan, near Ballantrae, Ayrshire. By 
John Carrick Moore. With Note on the Human Remains, by John Alex- 
ander Smith, Esq., M.D. . . . . . . .9 

III. Letters by John Fifth Earl of Cassillis to the Laird of Barn- 

BARROGH, 1600-1615. By R. Vans Agnew, Esq., of Barnbarroch . 13 

IV. Ancient Weapons, Instruments, Utensils, and Ornaments of Wigton- 

shire. By the Editor. With List of the principal Stone Implements 
recorded from Wigtonshire . . . . . .21 

V. The Heraldry of Wigtonshire (No. VI.) By the Editor . .56 

VI. Description of Ancient Forts, etc., in Wigtonshire. By the Rev. Geo. 

Wilson, Glenluce . . . . . . .62 

VII. The Lake- Dwellings of Wigtonshire. By R. Munro, Esq., M.D., M.A., 

F.S.A. Scot. . . . . . . . .74 

VIII. Glenluce Abbey. By David Henry, Esq., St. Andrews . , .125 

INDEX ... ...... 189 



LIST OF PLATES. 



I. 

II. 

III. 

IV. 

V. 

VI. 

VII. 

VIII. 

IX. 

X. 

XL 

XII. 

XIII. 

XIV. 

XV. 

XVI. 

XVII. 

XVIII. 



St. Ninian's Cave — ^View from the South . . . Frontispiece 

„ „ View from Interior after Excavation To face page 4 

,, ,, Ground Plan 

Crosses carved on Rocks and on small Beach-Stones 
Crosses cajrved on Rocks .... 
Crosses incised on Rocks and Inscribed Stones in Cave 
Pillar Stones with incised Crosses . . . . „ 8 

Incised Fragments ....... 8 



„ „ AND Stone Basin . 

Letter from John Fifth Earl of Cassillis 
Heraldry of Wigtonshire. Plate VI. 
Camp at Jamieson's Point, Kirkcolm . 
Caspin, Klrkcolm 
dunskirloch, kirkcolm 
Camp at Dally, Kirkcolm 
DUNWICK .... 

Dowalton Crannogs . 



8 
17 
56 

65 
66 
67 
68 
69 
85 



di LIST OF PLATES. 

XIX. DowAiTON Crannogs . 
XX. Baehapple Crannog 
XXI. Glenltjce Abbey — Ground Plan 



XXII. 
XXIII. 
XXIV. 
XXV. 
XXVI. 
XXVII. 



Interior of Chapter-House 
Section of Chapter-House 
Window and Door of Chapter- House 
South Transept, from the Cloister Garth 
South Transept, from the South-East 
Gate-House 



To face page 87 
117 
154 
154 
154 
154 
154 
154 
154 



I. 

ST. NINIAN'S CAVE, GLASSERTON. 

'■'■(tx una enitn latere preeti0a monti0 txtd&i ambieliatur, aliquant plamtiem 
Hi'ger autiiu0 retiucto paullulum 01'nu clauiSerat; una tantunt ealiemque artta 
atimotiuni tn'l atiire poterat> Ipise zx lig;nf0, contE;ctam cellulant ^abebat, 
multique ex fratcibu0 in eundent mo&umi plerique daxo 0upenecti montig 
catiato rec£ptacula 0ibi fecerant/'^ 

Thus writes Sulpicius Severus, the contemporary biographer of St. 
Martin of Tours ; and Bishop Forbes of Brechin makes the following reason- 
able comment upon this passage, which he quotes in his notes on St. Ailred's 
Life of St. Ninian : " The practice of St. Martin and his disciples would 
naturally commend itself to St. Ninian." ^ The rocks, however, of Wigton- 
shire are of less tractable material than those in the neighbourhood of Tours, 
so the brethren were probably fain to avail themselves of the natural caves 
in the sea-cliffs. 

There is a cave on the shore of G-lasserton, about three miles from the 
Cathedral of St. Martin at Whithorn, and an equal distance from the chapel 
at the Isle, said to be the original building raised by St. Ninian, who brought 
masons from Tours, a.d. 397.' To this cave local tradition has long 

1 " From one side it was possible to get round — Vita Martini, 10, 4, p. 120, ed. Halm ; Vin- 
tlie precipices of a lofty hill, tlie river Loire dobonse, 1866. 
sbut in the rest of the plain by a somewhat ' ^'^« Hidonans of Scotland, vol. v. p. 286. 

retreatuig curve ; it was only possible to arrive ^ ' 

3 " Beatus Ninianus a sancto (Martmo) 
by a single, and at the same time narrow path. , . ..... . i ■. •, -n- 

■' ° ' ^ cementarios sibi dan postulavit, propositum sibi 

He MmseK (St. Martin) had a cell built of logs, g^^^ asserens, sicut sancte Romana; ecolesia; fldem, 

and many of the brethren similarly ; most of jt^ et mores in construendis ecclesiis, ecclesias- 

them, having hewn out the rock of the impending ticisque offlciis constituendis, imitari." — "Vita 

mountain, had made retreats for themselves." 'Smiani," Historians of Scothnd, -p. 143. 

B 



2 ST. NINIAN'S CAVE, GLASSEKTON. 

assigned the honour of having been the retreat chosen by St. Ninian for 
purposes of prayer and meditation. Symson ^ refers to it ; and in the Lives 
of the Saints (Toovey, London), pp. 131, 132, the tradition is mentioned. 

The general aspect of the cliflfs and shore is westerly, but the cave opens 
to the south, in an angle formed by the projecting cliff with the shingly 
beach which stretches across the mouth of Physgil Glen. It is situated 
about 25 feet above the present high- water limit, and has been excavated 
in the Lower Silurian graywaeke rocks by the action of the waves of a sea 
which, in a bygone geological period, washed a raised beach, of which portions 
remain in various places along the coast of Wigtonshire. The cave is 
hollowed out in a line of fault in the contorted bedding of the rock. 

In 1871 it was visited by the late Dean Stanley of Westminster, who 
was then on a visit at Monreith, and was preparing his Lectures on the 
History of the Church of Scotland. On that occasion Mrs. Maxwell of 
Carruchan, being of the party, detected an incised cross (Plate IV. Fig. 1) 
upon the rocks (A on plan) at the west side of the entrance.^ Since 
then no further traces of Christian work were observed until last year 
(1883), when some members of Mr. Nicholson in Kidsdale's family dis- 
covered, in or near the ruined wall which at some period had been built 
across the mouth of the cave, a cross (Plate VII. Fig. 2). This fresh dis- 
covery led to further desultory search by various persons. One other 
carved stone was found (Plate VI. Fig. 4), and was presented by Mr. 
Johnston Stewart to the Museum of Scottish Antiquaries. Then Mr. 
Andrew Kerr, gamekeeper, dug away some of the cliff debris immediately 
under the cross discovered by Mrs. Maxwell, and exposed three others of 
similar shape, 2 feet 4 inches below the first, and in a horizontal line with 
each other, 11 inches from centre to centre of each cross (Plate V. Figs. 1, 
2, 3). 

Twelve feet farther out, on the same side, there is a small cross of a 
different character cut on the rock face (Plate IV. Fig. 2). 

On Monday, 2d June 1884, in company with Mr. Nicholson and Dr. 

1 A Large Descripiion of Galloway, by Andrew waves of Glenluce Bay ; and on which a rudely 
Symson, Minister of Kirkinner, mdclxxxiv. p. carved cross still marks the original sanctity of the 
15. spot, where, following the practice of his master, 

2 " We can explore the cave called by his St. Martin of Tours, he may well have retired for 
(St. Ninian's) name, which opens from beneath hia devotions." — Stanley's Lectures on the Church 
the samphire -covered cliff, undermined by the of Scotland. John Murray, London 1872. 



ST. NINIAN'S CAVE, GLASSEETON. 3 

Douglas of Whithorn, I visited the cave, having with me also three work- 
ing men. At that time the floor of the interior, though perfectly dry, was 
covered with rubbish, shingle, ashes of kelp -burning and picnic fires, 
pigeon and rat droppings, etc. 

The wall at the mouth was partly exposed, but much dilapidated. 

Between the group of incised crosses (A on plan) and the wall at the 
mouth of the cave, a distance of 27 feet, lay a huge mass of debris — earth 
and rocks — fallen from the cliffs above. In deciding where to commence 
operations we had to consider the relative probability of this mass having 
fallen before or after St. Ninian's occupation. The fact that three crosses 
had been exposed on the rock face by digging into this mass, proved that 
part of it, at all events, had fallen since the days of the Saint. 

Accordingly, we determined to commence a cutting through the mound 
and along the rock face, starting from the crosses A. 

The first day's labour took us to B, where we reached a depth of 7 feet, 
without having gone down to the old cave floor. We had, however, 
reached a level, standing upon which a person could have cut the three lower 
crosses at A. At all depths, from 4 feet to 7, we found traces of fires, 
with wood cinders, bones, and limpet and whelk shells ; showing that 
this part of the former cave had been occupied before and after successive 
falls of earth and rocks from the roof. This roof no longer exists beyond 
the limit marked by ^he old wall. 

At C, at a depth of 3 feet 6 inches, the end of a built stone drain or pen 
was laid bare. A round stone lay at the mouth ; the drain was carefully 
formed and packed, and water still ran freely through it. Its dimensions 
were — 

Length, 14 feet 7 inches. 

Width, . . 8 inches. 
Depth, . . 6 inches. 

Eecommencing next morning we followed this drain to its commence- 
ment at D. Here it was wider, built with larger stones, and covered with 
a heavy flag of graywacke. Eesting on a large flat stone at B, buried under 
18 inches of debris, and close to the upper end of the drain, was a large 
water -worn boulder (Plate X. Fig. 3), 19 inches longest horizontal 
diameter, 14 inches high, in which was cut a circular basin, 7 inches 
wide by 5 inches deep. A small riU, which faUs over the mouth of the 



4 ST. NINIAN'S CAVE, GLASSERTON. 

cave, descended straight upon this basin (font?). The waste water, which 
otherwise would have run back into the cave, was carried away by the 
drain D C. This stone basin appears to have been excavated by a 
pointed instrument, similar to that employed in carving the crosses on the 
rocks. The tool marks are plainly visible, overlaid in part with stalagmitic 
deposit. 

At F, 2 feet below the surface, a stone with incised cross (Plate X. 
Fig. 1) was turned up. 

The wall, G- G, was next cleared, and found to be built of dry stone, 28 
inches thick. In clearing the rubbish some of the stones were so large that 
they had to be broken before being removed. Unfortunately, two large 
rectangular blocks were so treated and wheeled away before it was dis- 
covered that they were the two upper steps of a stair (H) descending into 
the cave. The two lower steps were kept in sitil ; the descent from the old 
threshold to the inner floor being 3 feet. On the rise of the lowest step, 
which is 3 feet 1 inch long, 1 foot 6 inches wide, and 8| inches high, is 
carved a triple cruciform design (Plate VII. Fig. 1). 

On the lowest step of the stair H lay a rudely-carved stone, showing 
crosses of a peculiar shape (Plate VIII. Fig. 1). 

We then proceeded to clear out the rubbish in the cave, which, level 
with the top of the wall at the mouth, diminished to an average depth of 
1 8 inches or 2 feet over the rest of the interior. The floor was found to be 
completely paved with flags throughout its entire length, 27 feet, except at 
one place. III, where there is a space, 6 feet by 3 to 4| feet, unpaved, but 
floored with hard beaten earth ; and at K, where there is an open depres- 
sion for the escape of rill water, which runs down the cave wall at this place, 
depositing stalagmite. 

The pavement between the stair and K was fire marked, and covered 
with wood ashes, bones, and shells. 

At L, carved on the rock 3 feet above the pavement, is a faintly incised 
cross, similar in design and size to those at A (Plate VI. Fig. 1). Upon 
the flagstone immediately beneath it is a rudely-cut inscription, of 



which only the letters ^anct g^n be traced (Plate VI. Fig. 2). 

After sweeping the floor of the cave we returned to the excavation 
outside. At a depth of 3 feet a stone with incised cross (Plate IX. Fig. 2) 
was found at M. The angle in the solid rock at N had been used as a 
fireplace, and was filled with cinders, bones, and shells, covered with 2 



ST. NmiA:N'S CAVE, GLASSERTON. 5 

or 3 feet of loose debris. At another stone, broken, with cross incised 
(Plate IX. Fig. 1), was turned up. 

The following morning I had to go to London, leaving Mr. Cochran- 
Patrick (who had joined us the previous day) and Dr. Douglas to super- 
intend the work. The outside of the wall was laid bare, but no trace of 
pavement corresponding to inside was found. Fireplaces, bones, and shells 
continued to be noticed. At P, 6 feet deep, below a large block of stone, 
human remains were discovered. The skull was first noticed, then the 
right femur, left femur, scapula, clavicle, and tibia. The greater part of 
the skeleton was recovered. The bones were much decayed, and the body 
was doubled up, the skull lying between the legs. No signs of regular 
interment, clothing, or weapons, accompanied the remains. 

Next day, June 6 th, Mr. Cochran -Patrick having left, Dr. Douglas 
superintended the removal of the wall. Two stones (Plate VI. Fig. 3, and 
Plate VIII. Fig. 2) were found built into it as material, showing that, at 
all events, the wall was a more modern structure than the date of the 
original use of the cave as a place of Christian retreat. 

The wall was then carefuUy rebuilt, and subsequently Mr. Johnston 
Stewart caused an iron railing with locked gate to be placed across the 
mouth of the cave. The carved stones are all deposited inside, and the 
place now forms an interesting object to visitors, the key of the gate being 
kept by Mr. Nicholson at Kidsdale. 

No manufactured relics other than the carved stones were found in the 
cave, except a copper farthing and some iron bolts and nails, the remains 
of recent temporary occupation. A smaU whetstone, 4 inches long, of 
water-worn sandstone, similar to several discovered in crannogs in the 
district, was also found. ^ 

Subsequent careful examination, however, led to the discovery, at Q 
on plan, of an incised cross (Plate IV. Fig. 3) on the solid rock, exactly 
similar in size and design to those at L and A. Also, Mr. WUliam Gallo- 
way, when engaged in executing the lithographed drawings which accom- 

1 An amusing incident was the discovery, Poacher's Daughter, on the fly-leaf of which was 

at the extreme inner end of the caye, of a small written ; 
tin box containing a copper coin, an American 
silver coin, a steel pen, and a tract called The T. Nairn, Whithorn, hid this, 17th Octoher 1863. 



6 ST. NINIAN'S CAVE, GLASSERTON. 

pany this paper, found a water-woru beach stone engraved with a small 
cross (Plate IV. Fig. 4). 

Whatever opinion may be formed as to the date of the pavement, the 
tradition connectine; the cave with St. Ninian has received notable confirma- 
tion by the discoveries made. Mr. Cochran-Patrick was inclined to view 
the pavement as of a date long subsequent to St. Ninian's occupation, 
and to infer from it the use of the cave as a chapel in mediaeval times. 
There appears, however, to be a direct connection between the pavement 
and the crosses on the live rock, as shown by the inscribed stone in the 
pavement immediately under the cross within the cave. These crosses 
are all of an early design, and have been executed with a rude -pointed 
instrument. The fact that the wall contained several stones carved 
with crosses shows that it was built, or at least reconstructed, by 
persons regardless of the sacred emblem. ^ The slab forming the lower step 
of the stair, carved with a triple cross, may probably have been designed 
for special use of another kind ; at all events the pedestal or short shaft, 
indicated in the lower cross, appears to point to an intention of placing 
the stone erect. No doubt the cave was used from time to time by 
smugglers, kelp-burners, and others ; and some of the materials would 
be rearranged, though the general features remain the same. 

It is natural, considering the sacred character of the place and the 
numerous sacred emblems displayed in it, to assign to the stone basin a 
baptismal function. Carefully arranged so as to receive the rill falling over 
the cave mouth, and with the drain provided to carry off the overflow water, 
it is difficult to disregard the possibility of its having been designed and 
used as a font. On the other hand, the convenience of a reservoir of pure 
water for domestic use would be apparent to any person inhabiting the 
cave. In the rocks surrounding St. Medan's cave in Kirkmaiden, on the 
opposite side of the Bay of Luce, there are several round pot-holes, in which 
the people used to bathe on the first Sunday in May at sunrise, a process 
which was considered an infallible cure for sundry diseases, but especially 
in the cases of "backgane bairns." In these the water, being salt, would 
have been useless for domestic purposes, but was doubtless used by St. 

' Since writing this I liave seen the head of ordinary building material. Later instances of 

an early Christian Cross taken out of the wall such desecration of course are common enough, 

of the chapter-house of the Abbey of Luce, where but this is an interesting instance of neglect of 

it had been used by 14th century masons as pristine sacred art in an ecclesiastical edifice. 



ST. NINIAN'S CAVE, GLASSERTON. 7 

Medan and his disciples for baptism. It is not, therefore, unreasonable to 
suppose this artificial basin, in the absence of natural basins in the rock, to 
have been used by St. Ninian or his successors for a like holy purpose. It 
must, however, have been placed in the position in which we found it sub- 
sequently to the fall of the greater part of the cliff debris ; the drain from it 
is cut through this debris, the bulk of which appears to have fallen since 
the three lower crosses at A were carved. If St. Ninian used it as a font, 
which is at all events not improbable, it must have been rearranged in its 
present position during subsequent occupation. It is to be remembered 
that Galloway relapsed into paganism after St. Ninian's day. 

The traces of fire and organic remains, under and through the mass of 
fallen cave roof outside the existing cave, indicate that this cavern has long 
been used as a human habitation. No doubt, if the pavement were lifted, 
further similar remains would be found, but its destruction for such a 
purpose is much to be deprecated. The numerous caves, some of them 
abounding in stalagma, which occur at the raised beach level all round the 
adjoining coast, form an interesting field for prehistoric research. No con- 
jecture can be made as to the history of the human skeleton outside the 
wall ; whether it was the subject of an ordinary contracted burial, without 
cist, and with the huge block of stone intentionally rolled over it, whether 
it belonged to a person accidentally killed by a fall of rock from above, 
or whether he was the victim of a long-forgotten outrage, is equally un- 
determinable. Only this is certain, that he died sufficiently long ago for all 
trace of clothing to have disappeared. 

Plate I. shows a general view of the cave from the beach ; Plate II. 
the interior after we had cleared it out. 

Our thanks are due to Mr. Johnston Stewart for the facilities he readily 
afforded for exploration, and to Mr. Nicholson for his hearty co-operation 
and assistance in the work. 

HERBERT EUSTACE MAXWELL. 



8 ST. NINIAN'S CAVE, GLASSERTON. 

EEPOET ON BONES FROM ST. NINIAN'S CAVE, 
By John Cleland, Esq., Professor of Anatomy, University of Glasgow. 

These consist mainly of small portions of large bones, probably all of 
the ox. There is a distinct head of a right scapula of the ox, and a less 
characteristic fragment which may be from the same bone, also a right os 
calcis and portion of right ulna of ox. There are also a taU bone and a 
portion of lower part of humerus belonging to a smaller animal, probably 
sheep or goat. Lastly, there are a femur and part of a tibia of a small 
bird, possibly a jackdaw; and a portion of a shaft of femur (?) and part of 
a tibia of a larger bird, possibly a domestic fowl or pheasant. 

J. CLELAND. 



ST. XINIAN'S CAVi:. 



PLATIi III. 




GROUND PL.\N'— SCALE i. 



ATR i GAL'.OVSAT ARCM ASSOC- 1885. 



bTlllJl '\ S I AVh 



PLATE IV 






Fi^.4-. 




Wat-eraloii i--3on3 LiLh''^£tiin? 



CP.OSSES CARVFD C>J PiOCKS AND Oil SMALL BEAGH-STONE. 

one JiaLf - seals. 






S NlNIANo CAVE 



HATE VI 




W Galloway Mens et del 

Fig?l&2 CROSS INCISED ON ROCKS & INSCRIBED STONE llf CAVE. 
■Fig=3 & 4. INCISED VRAGM'ENTS, 
Fi05 f, 2 Ao - half scale Fig -l- - one J^ourtli. scale 



V'5 "o jnS o n ] n^ Edin" 



S^ NiNIAN r. Cp.'-/E 



PI..ATK VfT 




V/C.dJlowav Mens el. del 



'A'.Lieisf.i' I. S')'': i.iiii'- h-Jii.'. 



PI f,J,AP.-KTOMV, c ^Vf'I'H I K (' ISJrM") i: B.C^S^"^F: 
n ri<_" {•'oi.irth scale 



ST.NJNIAN'S CAVE. 



pi.atf: vhj 




w Gd.Howav Mens pi iIp 



\ e Lor &.3onr Liiii/,- Edim 



INCISF.D KRAGMEIITS 
onf hair - scalf' 



''NINIANS CAVE. 



PLATK iX 





W.Galloway Mens Bt. ae! 



Wa'.ennon A. Soi>-,I,Uh"Edii 



INCISED FRAGMENTS. 



STNINIAN'S CAVE 



rLA'j:E X . 




L 



W Galloway, Men:: el del 



Wdter31on4Soii3,Lit'i"E(lm' 



Fiy/r&2 IMCiSh'D FRAGMENTS. 
one liair - srtilc 

Flfi.S STONE BASIN. 
one fifth - scale , 



II. 

NOTICE OF ANCIENT GRAVES AT DOUNAN, 
NEAR BALLANTRAE, AYRSHIRE. 

The site of the graves is an old upraised beach, some 40 or 50 feet 
above the sea, composed of shingle, with 3 or 4 feet of sand at the surface, 
with a slope inwards to the land. The graves are in the highest part of the 
ridge ; and though the depth of the bodies when found was only .3 or 4 
feet below the surface, it is certain that it must have been more considerable 
when they were laid there ; for no addition could have been made to the 
surface, while rains and storms from the N.W. and S.W., to which it was 
exposed, must have tended to lower it. The space occupied by the bodies 
was about 20 feet square. The sand had been excavated down to the 
shingle, on which the bodies were laid. Immediately above the bodies 
there were two or three feet of sand ; then, a layer of flat pebbles, and upon 
the pebbles a layer of sea shells {Purpura lapillus) about 9 inches thick, 
and over them the sand had been replaced. The bodies were 7 in number, 
all laid east and west, with their heads to the west. They were laid 
carefully, with the legs close together, and the hands crossed over the 
stomach. Under one of the skeletons was the skeleton of a child, perhaps 
10 or 12 years old. The bones of it were soft and much decayed, and its 
skull fell in pieces in our hands. The toes of all the skeletons were standing 
upright in the sand ; though, of course, as the sand was removed, the bones 
of the feet fell down. The teeth were all in the sockets, and were generally 
very perfect. One skull had lost two of the molars, and the two corresponding 
on the lower jaw were remarkably ground down, whUe the incisors were all 
quite sound and unworn. One skeleton had the humerus of the left arm 
broken. Another skull had the jaw bone apparently broken and greatly 

c 



10 NOTICE OF ANCIENT GEAVES AT DOUNAN, AYESHIEE. 

displaced. I should state that several of the bodies had been discovered 
and partly exhumed before I and my son visited the ground. But it had 
been done entirely under the supervision of Mr. Wright, the tenant, by a 
very intelligent artizan, Mr. Walker. All that Walker told me of the 
condition of the bodies which he first exposed was confirmed by what I 
witnessed in exhuming the last. The skull with the dislocated jaw is 
preserved, to be laid before some good authority ; also another, which 
seemed remarkable for the very low forehead and great depth of the 
posterior part. Although we made most careful search, and examined every 
pebble in the sand, we could not detect any implement of flint, stone, or 
bone ; in a word, nothing but the skeletons. The burial must have required 
some time and trouble, for the quantity of shells necessary to cover such an 
area to such a depth is considerable ; and Walker assured me that the 
nearest place on the shore whence they could have been procured is l|^ 
mdes distant. 

Mr. Wright writes to inform me, that after we left the ground another 
skeleton, in a very decayed state, was discovered immediately under the 
skeleton which was in such perfect preservation, and of which the jaw bone 
seemed dislocated. The graves were examined in September 1879. 

JOHN CAEEICK MOOEE. 



NOTICE OF ANCIENT GEAVES AT DOUNAN, AYESHIRE. 11 

NOTE ON THE HUMAN EBMAINS FOUND IN ANCIENT GEAVES 
AT DOUNAN, NEAE BALLANTEAE, AYESHIEE. 

By John Alexander Smith, M.D., Sec. F.S.A. Scot. 

According to Mr. Carrick Moore's desire, 3 human skulls, and several 
bones of tlie arm and leg, and part of a pelvis, were forwarded for exhibition 
to the Society, through the politeness of Sir Herbert Maxwell, Bart., of 
Monreith, F.S.A. Scot., with a request that they should be carefully 
examined and reported on. Accordingly, with the kind assistance of 
Professor Tiirner, our well-known anatomist, a careful examination was 
made of these human bones, referred to in Mr. Carrick Moore's paper, and 
the annexed Note gives the conclusions come to by us : — 

The Skull No. 1 was very much broken, the face being entirely detached 
from the calvaria, and the calvaria was so much broken that neither the 
height, breadth, nor length could be definitely ascertained. 

The skull was, however, longer in relation to the breadth than the Skull 
No. 2. It was probably that of a young adult female, as the bones of the 
skeleton sent for examination were small, and their muscular ridges were 
but feebly developed. The arm bone or humerus had sustained a post- 
mortem fracture. 

The Skull No. 2. — The greatest breadth was 5-1 inches, the greatest 
length 68 inches, and the greatest height from the anterior edge of the 
foramen magnum to the junction of the sagittal and coronal sutures on the 
top of the skull (the basibregmatic height) was 5 inches. The cephalic 
index was therefore 75. The skull is accordingly mesaticephalic, and was 
probably that of a female. The calvaria had the face broken oflf, but the 
lower jaw was preserved. 

The Skull No. 3 was very much broken. It had a persistent frontal 
suture (metopic). Its character was female in configuration of forehead, 
but the lower jaw was stronger and more muscular than in the other speci- 
mens, the chin being especially projected forwards. Evidently it was the 
skull of an older person, as the teeth were worn so that the dentine was 



12 NOTICE OF ANCIENT GRAVES AT DOUNAN, AYRSHIEE. 

exposed. The apparently dislocated lower jaw of one of these skulls was 
probably due to post-mortem decay. 

The presence of a distinct layer of edible shells and another of pebbles 
covering the bodies, was, probably owing to the absence of pavement-like 
stone slabs in the neighbourhood, to cover and protect the dead, and 
served in all probability the purpose of preventing the bodies being 
subsequently exposed or dug up by dogs, etc., from the soft sand of the 
raised sea beach. With regard to the age of this small cemetery, in the 
absence of anything of a distinctive character being found with the skeletons, 
it is not easy to determine its exact antiquity. It corresponds, generally, 
in the arrangement of the bodies and also the covering of small stones 
(which apparently have been used in some cases when stone slabs could 
not be easily obtained) with other interments found round our coasts. I 
am not, however, familiar with the presence of a bed of shells covering the 
rounded stones ; these were probably abundant in the neighbourhood, and 
may have been used as food, and the empty shells then placed as an 
additional covering and protection to the bodies laid below. 

These interments are probably not of a very great antiquity. 



III. 

LETTERS BY JOHN FIFTH EARL OF CASSILLIS 
TO THE LAIRD OF BARNBARROCH. 

1600-1615. 

The following letters, whicli have been preserved in the house of Barn- 
barroch, were written by John fifth Earl of Cassillis about the beginning of 
the seventeenth century. He was the elder son of Gilbert the fourth earl, 
by his wife Lady Margaret Lyon, daughter of Lord Glamis, and (his father 
having died in 1576) he was left a minor under the guardianship of his 
maternal uncle John Lord Glamis. On his death, 17th March 1577-8, 
Sir Thomas Kennedy of Culzean, his father's brother, was appointed tutor, 
and acted as such till 1589, which seems to have been the date at which 
the earl attained his majority, and to fix that of his birth in 1568 ; and 
this agrees with an old pedigree of the family printed with the old 
Historic of the Kennedies (edited by Eobt. Pitcairn, Edinburgh, 1830), 
which states that he was eight years old at his father's death. 

These letters are addressed to his cousin the Laird of Barnbarroch, son 
of Sir Patrick Vaus and his wife Lady Catherine Kennedy, a daughter of 
the fourth earl of Cassillis. They are remarkable for being entirely written 
with his own hand, and for being in perfect preservation. Careful as he 
was to give the day of the month or week, he has not in any of them given 
the year, and their exact dates are therefore matter of conjecture ; but we 
know that Sir John Vaus succeeded his father in 1597, that the Earl of 
Cassillis married in the same year (3d November), and that he died in 1615. 
The dates must therefore fall within that period, 1597-1615. The first 
four are signed Johne Erie of Cassillis, and the style of writing, the quality 
of the paper, and the colour of the ink, are exactly the same, showing that 



14 LETTEKS BY JOHN FIFTH EAEL OF CASSILLIS 

they were probably written about the same time. Some letters and docu- 
ments, now at Barnbarroch, dated in and before 1602, are signed by him 
in the same way. The other letters are signed simply CassUlis, and are 
probably of later date. 

The first letters relate to some difference or feud, in which the parties 
interested collected their friends "in feir of war," as was usual in those 
lawless times, to assert their rights by force of arms ; they show that the 
Laird of Barnbarroch was on the side of Cassillis, that there was a gathering of 
friends on both sides with their followers, and a laying in of provisions and 
" hard meat " (i.e. oats or barley) for horses, but they do not show the cause 
of quarrel, or the parties to it. There is a passage, however, in the 
quaint old Historie of the Kennedies, mentioned above, in which the author 
gives an account of a feud between this Earl of Cassillis and his principal 
vassals in Galloway. He says, " Me lord having obtenit ane decreitt aganis 
all the gentill menne of Galloway of all their kyndlie rowmis, sic as the 
Lairdis of Gairsland (Garthland), Kenhilt, and Mertoun, with the Sheriff 
of Galloway, and their friendis, rydis to his houss of Inche in Galloway 
with fourte horss in geir, on intentione to put the same decreitt of his to 
executione. The gentill menne of Galloway, seeing the same, band tham- 
selfis togidder in band to byde be utheris, and quhome on that me Lord 
began to dispossess, that they should all defend him with their forse. And 
first me Lord gart proclayme ane Court to be halden in Glenluse to dis- 
possess the Laird of Gairsland of his [bruiking ?] of the same ; the quhilk 
the gentill menne of Galloway perseiffing send and desyritt me Lord to use 
thame kyndlie ; but he refuissit the samin, and wald use nathing bot the 
rigour of the law. The gentill menne seing the same, and that he wald hald 
Court the morne, gadderitt thame selfis togidder, to the number of ane hunder 
horse in geir, and said ' Gif me Lord wald cum thair he suld be welcum ;' 
bott the Laird of Gairsland said he wald be deputt. Now the way that 
thay war to cum bak was be the Loch-end of the Insche, quhair me Lord 
was ; and me Lord had gaderitt sum ma of his menne to him or [before] 
thay com bak ; and sa isschit (issued) out of the Loch, and thocht to put 
thame about the way thay com ; Bot thay com that way, and wald nocht be 
stayitt ; Quhairupone thair was sum meittingis amangis them ; bot the 
samin fell nocht in blude. The Galloway menne, perseiffing the same, 
com that nycht and incloissit the Loche, and wald not latt nane out nor 
in, for thay knew he was not weill prowydit of the samin ; For thay thocht 



TO THE LAIRD OF BARNBARROCH. 15 

thair was nane that wald relieff him, for his freindis in Carrik and he was 
not in gude termis, and the Lairdis of Garleis and Lochinvar was thair 
awin." The Historie goes on to tell that my Lord was " hichlie oflfenditt," 
and could find no way to get out, but he had the Minister of Comnell (Col- 
monell) in the " YU " (Isle) with him, and he went out, saying he was going 
to his kirk, and was allowed to pass, and went with all speed to the Laird 
of Bargany, with whom the Earl was not on good terms at the time, bearing 
a request to him to come to his relief, and a promise that, if he would do so, 
their differences should be settled to Bargany's satisfaction. The Laird on 
this warned all his friends and vassals to follow him, and " lap on " 
(mounted) himself with forty horse, rode all night, and came in the 
morning to Kirkalflfy (Craigcaffie), one mile from the Inch, when he suc- 
ceeded in mediating between the parties, " and agreeitt thame to all thair 
contentmentis, and they all dynit with me Lord." 

" The quhilk being done, my Lord drew on his bwittis (boots), and rode 
with the Laird to Ardstensar (Ardstinchar), being convoyit be the Galloway 
menne to Glannaip (Glenapp) quhair the Laird of Barganyis frendis and 
seruandis mett him ane gude number." 

If, as is conjectured, the first four of these letters refer to the Earl of 
Cassillis's intention to remove his Galloway tenants from their "kindly 
rooms " (i.e. lands held for long on feudal tenure), they were written most 
Likely in or about the year 1600, for the Laird of Bargany was killed iu 
a skirmish with the Earl on 12th December 1601, aged only 24. 

The next three letters seem to be connected, and refer to some difference 
between the Lairds of Garlics and Barnbarroch, and the Earl off'ers the 
assistance of armed men. As there is extant a most friendly letter from 
Garlics to Barnbarroch dated 8th August 1602, and in the letter dated 
23d October Cassillis alludes to his step-daughter (the Countess of Wintoun), 
who died 6th July 1609, these letters must be placed between those dates. 
This lady, Anne, daughter of the Chancellor Maitland (Lord Thirlestane), 
was married before March 1603, and she died six years afterwards, aged only 
twenty. Such early marriages were not uncommon in those days. 

The remaining two letters do not call for much remark. The Mondork 
named in that dated January, was Uchtred M'DowaU of Mindork, who 
succeeded in 1560. He is said by M'Kerlie, in Lands and their Owners in 
Galloway (voL i. p. 227), to have been alive in 1580, and to have married 
Lady Catherine Herries, widow of Alexander Stewart of Garlics, who was 



16 LETTEES BY JOHN FIFTH EAEL OF CASSILLIS 

killed at the surprise of Stirling 2d September 1571 ; and a letter from her 
to Sir Patrick Waus, at page 95 of his published correspondence, is dated 
from Mindork. He must have died soon after 1580, for at page 314 of the 
same work there is an agreement between the Laird of Barnbarroch and 
John Wallace of Dundonald, spouse of Dame Catherine Stewart, Lady Car- 
leiss, dated 5th November 1584. In the last letter the word " vyrines " is 
a good example of the phonetic spelling and of the pronunciation of the 
time. The whole of these letters are written in a rather large, bold, and 
perfectly legible running hand, and the Earl's spelling more nearly ap- 
proaches that of the present time than did that of the immediately pre- 
ceding generation. For instance, he always writes "not" or "nott" for 
"nocht," and "if" or "iff" for "gif," which were the older forms, and 
instead of always forming the plural by adding " is," which was the invari- 
able rule, he has in some instances omitted the "i," and has written 
" freinds," " evidents," etc. He had, however, one singular peculiarity, 
viz. that of doubling the letter " t" at the beginning of words, as "tto," 

"ttiU." 

E. VANS AGNEW. 

I. 

[Letter by John 5th Earl of Cassillis to the Laird of Barnbarroch.] 

Eicht assurit cusing, efter my hartlie commendatiounis. I loiiikit ze suld haue 
spokein with me In zour home-passing, aluayis becaus the parliament is tto be 
haldin In Sant Johnestoune (Perth) the thrid off Juli, I man maist eairneistlie desyr 
zow thatt ze uald nott ffaill tto be att me In Maybol apon foursday nixt tto accompany 
me, becaus I had neuer turneis off graiter Importance tto do boith tto my ueill and 
honor ; and cair not ffor zour nvmber, Incaise ze had hot ane ; and iff ze can nott 
be ueill prouydit Sa schortlie ze sail nott be disapointit. I louik ze uill nott ffail me, 
seing ze knaw quhow necessar itt is tto me tto haue sum honest men uith me nov 
(now). Sua commits zow tto god. Off the Inche the 21 off Juni. Zour is assuritt 
ifreind, Johnb erle off Cassillis. 

be nott suyr ^ nov for I sail nott be suyr tto ryd and tak panes ffor zow agane. 
To My assurit 

cusing the Laird 

off barnebaroche. 

' Difficult, unwilling. 







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Jo 






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V > rl 

•\ v=» V Vi _^__^ 






^I4 



'^'^^Sit" 




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a: 

< 



I 
o 



1- 

LU 



TO THE LAIED OF BAENBAEROCH. 17 

II. 

[Letter by John 5tli Earl of CassiUis to the Laird of Bambarroch.] 

Cusing, efter my hartlie recommendatiounis, this is to lett zow understand I am 
retiirnitt heir to carrik, and the suner ffor zour cans. Thairffor iff ze haue neid ather 
to be assistitt be men, or in sic number as ze sail think expedientt, send me uord and 
ze sail find assistance uith diligens, and my selff uith thame, iff ze requyr ; sua uytt ^ 
yourselff iff ze laik helpe. I haue heir thri hunder markis, quhilk salbe send iff ze 
pleis, presentlie, and, iff ze may comportt ane lytill tyme, the haUl salbe gottin 
togithir. Sua to zour aduertismentt commits zou to god. Off Dinvr (Dunure) this 
16 off Juli. Zour assuritt ffreind, Johne eele off Cassillis. 



To my assuritt ffreifid 
Qg the 1 
off barnebaroche. 



and cusing the Laird 



III. 
[Letter from John 5th Earl of Cassillis to the Laird of Barnbarroch.] 

Cusing, efter my hartlie commendatiounis,^ this is to lett zow vnderstand that upon 
the eairneist desyr of sum ffreinds, nevir ueill affectionat to zour effairis, I continvitt 
tua nichtis Langer the sending off my servants, that thay micht be the better preparitt 
in tbair hors. Thairffor I pray zow maist eairneistUe to setterday nixtt, att quhilk 
tyme thay salbe att zou, to pres to nathing, bot Louik attentiuelie aboutt ; ffor thane ze 
sail haue goduilling ane sufficient number, als ueill affectionat as zour selff is to ony 
thing thatt may be zour honeur and ueill, and In the meane tyme purchas als mekill hard 
mett as possibiUie ze may haue in the contri. Sua ffor the presentt I committ zou to 
god. Off Dinvr the 22 off Juli. Zour assuritt freind, Johne erle off Cassillis. 

To my assurit freind 

the Laird off barnebaroche 
Delyuer this. 

IV. 

[Order by John 5th Earl of Cassillis to Tenants to pay " victual " to the 
Laird of Barnbarroch.] 

Dauid kennedie in kennedye in knokda, this presep sein, ze sail nott faill to 

1 Wyte, blame. 
2 This ' is ' miglit be ' e ' elsewhere, biit it is and is the same as the termination of the next 
not Lord C.'s final 'e' as shown in this letter, two words 'this is.' 

D 



18 LETTERS BY JOHN FIFTH EAEL OF CASSH^LIS 

ansuer Immediattlie efter the sichtt off my precep my ffreind the Laird off barne- 
baroch tuell bolis off uictuall mell, and tuell vtheris, outt off garvenen, and out 
calde ; and ffarder as I sail iss zow (issue) command be my precep ; and (if) this ze 
faill as ze uill be ansuerabill to obey my avne (own) hand urett. Att Dinvr the 21 

off Juli. JOHNE ERLE OF CaSSILIS. 

and likuys command the tenent of Darmmov to pay the Laird his meitt. 

To the rcht honorabill 

and his luiiing broider 

Barnbarrach. 

V. 
[Letter by John 5th Earl of Cassillis to the Laird of Barnbarroch.] 

Eioht assurit cusing, my hartlie commendatiounis remembritt, because I mynd 
na vay tto leff this cuntri, goduilling, quhyl zour turneis with garleis be att sum 
certainete : I uill desyr zow tto speik uith me upon sonday, thatt I may be the 
better resoluit quhow tto be preparitt tto discharge the partt off ane faithfuU Freind, 
as deutie bindis me : ffor, god uilling, I sail Play my part honestUe tto the vttermest, 
and I dout nott bott ze uill remember quhat aperteneis upon zour partt. Sua, 
seaising farder tto melting, I remane zour Uerie assuiitt cusing, Cassillis. 

the Inche the 9 off October 

To My uerie assuritt cusing 

the Laird off barnebaroche. 



VI. 

[Letter by John 5th Earl of Cassillis to the Laird of Barnbarroch.] 

Eycht assuritt cusing, eftir my hartlie commendatiounis, seing zour nichtbour this 
day meitis uith his freinds, I uiU desyr zow tto send bak aduertisment uith aU 
diUgens, quhat cours zour nichtbour takis, as ze can leairne, thatt I may uith expedi- 
tioun cum or send as the occasioun sail requyr ; and have the berar bak att me be 
nyne houris In the morniag, and keip zourself narlie quhyl my servantis be att zow, 
vse (use) quhat cours thay lyk. Sua tto zour ansuer I rest zour assuritt freind and 
cusing, Cassillis. 

the Inche this vednisday. 

To my assurit cousing, 

the lard of barnebarroch. 



TO THE LAIED OF BAENBAEEOCH. 19 



VII. 

[Letter from John 5th Earl of CassiUis to the Laird of Barnbarroch.J 

Eycht assuritt cusing, eftir my hartHe commendatiounis, I think lange tto vnderstand 

our nichtbour garleis meanies tto follow fourth, and I mak ' sur ze haue sum off zour 

avne ueiluillers, quha vill sumthing lett zow be forseine off his Intentiounis : aluayis, 

In caise they uald cum upon thair muster dayis tto mak ony forme off prouocation, I 

pray zow be nott rache tto cast your self in ony lyklie Inconvenient, In respect ze haue 

nott sik number as suld be, and I sail haue sum ma att zow chortlie in better eguipage, 

that sail bringe men as neir their zetis (gates) goduilling, that thay lyk als lytill ; 

and iff ze sie materis lyklie to drav tto ony suddentie, aduertise me bak with diligens, 

and I sail nocht be cairles. iff zour turneis be nocht all the graiter in this cuntri att 

mertimes, I uald be glaid ze micht be afeild with me, for me Lord argyl hes urettin 

ane uerie freindlie letter tto me tto be present att the endit off that blok ^ uith my 

guid dochter. sua tto the nixt occasioun, and euer, I rest zour uerie assuritt cusing, 

Cassillis. 
The Inche the 23 off October. 

I haue desyritt my freind thomas off sinnenes tto stay with zow ane quhyl vntill 
the tyme I send mo. 

To my assuritt cusing, 

the Laird off barnebarroche. 



VIIL 

[Letter from John 5th Earl of Cassillis to the Laird of Barnbarroch.J 

Eycht assuritt cusing, my hartlie commendatiounis remembritt, ze knaw I haue 
lange delayitt thatt siluer, quhilk I payitt ffor Mondork, and, seing ze kravitt na langer 
delay nor quhyl vitsonday nixt, I dout nott bott ze uill mak me sur thane off itt 
ttogither uith the uther twa hundrith markis ; and Luik nott ffor ffarder delayis, ffor 
thair is uerie feu quha uald haue spairitt sua vUlinglie. I heir thatt ze ar tto cum ouer 
heir tto this cuntri, quhairoff I am glaid ; tto the quhilk tyme, and euer, I rest zour 
uerie aff'ectionat cusing, Cassillis. 

Maybole the off Januar. 
To My uerie assuritt 

cusing the Laird 

off barnebarocL 

1 In original ma, 2 Agreement or bargain. 



20 LETTERS BY EARL OF CASSILLIS TO LAIRD OF BARNBAEROCH. 

IX. 

[Letter from John 5th Earl of CassilUs to the Laird of Barnbarroch.J 

Eycht assuritt casing, my hartlie commendatiounis remembritt, I ressauitt zour 
letter, and uill neglect na office off loue (love) thatt I can, bott surlie thir kynd off 
remedis In my Jugment saU be off uerie small effectt ; and besydis Itt boith puttis 
men In the uors opinion off zour meaneing tto zour creditours, and itt is ouer graitt 
confidens upon zour partt tto do till ony man, altho he uer zour sone, as ze urett tto 
me, aluayis I haue urettin tto gilbertt Eos tto send the extract off my seaising ttill 
edinbruiche, iff itt be att home, and iff he haue itt nott, iff itt stand upon ane sudden 
necessite, I saU seik itt outt presentlie amang my evidents In edinbruiche. and think 
nott thatt I uill think itt a vyrines (weariness) tto go a thusand tymeis farder quhan 
itt may be tto ony guid vse (use) tto zou : thairfor urett bak tto me mair att Lenth off 
the speciall day quhan zour comprysing is tto be In hand, and goduilling ze sail finde 
the help can be done, iff thair be ony possibilite off remeid, sua I rest Zour affectionat 
cusing, Cassillis. 

balgregen the 7 off august. 

To My assuritt freind 

and cusing the Laird 

off barnebaroch. 



IV. 

ANCIENT WEAPONS, INSTRUMENTS, UTENSILS, 
AND ORNAMENTS OF WIGTONSHIRE. 



Papers illustrative of prehistoric manufacture in Wigtonshire have already- 
been contributed to the Collections of the Association by the Eev. George 
Wilson. 1 The interest excited by the Publications of the Association, 
combined with the information conveyed in Mr. Wilson's papers, has 
resulted in bringing to light a vast number of scattered or forgotten objects 
of stone, wood, and metal ; and it is now evident that we have to deal in 
Wigtonshire with a district rich in the highest degree with the remains of 
primitive and semi-civilised races. If proof were required of how much 
remains to be done in the exploration and recording of the antiquities of 
the county, it might be found in the fact that whereas Mr. Evans, in his 
exhaustive work upon ancient stone implements,^ while describing many 
hundreds from all parts of the United Kingdom, only mentions two as 
having been found in Wigtonshire, a reference to the table at the end of 
this paper, which contains only those stone celts and perforated axe-heads 
which have come under the writer's notice, will show how much has been 
done since Mr. Evans's book was published. 

In presenting the following notice I have followed the admirable 
classification devised by the last-named writer. 

1 CoUections,\ ols. I. and II. 2 London, 1872. 



22 



ANCIENT WEAPONS, INSTRUMENTS, UTENSILS, 



Stone Implements. 
1. Celts. 
Fig. 1 represents a celt of chert, found at Corehill Fort/ on Curghie 




Fig. 1. — Curghie, Kirkinaiden. Full size. 





Fig. 2. — KirkmaiiU-n. Scale i. 



Farm, parish of Kirkmaiden. It will be found described as No. 39 in 
Catalogue at the end of this paper. It belongs to Dr. Trotter of Perth ; as 
well as the beautiful weapon (No. 38), shown in Fig. 2, from the same 
parish, which is remarkable for its fine polish, close grain, dark, almost 

1 Corehill is evidently a hybrid name, sig- windy fort. Tliere is also a word in old Irish, 

nifying the hill of the cathair (caer). Curghie cor, meaning a round hill, which is liable to be 

(pronounced Curgee) seems to contain the same confused with cathair in composition, 
word, and is probably cathair gaetha (caergeua). 



AND OENAMENTS OF WIGTONSHIEE. 



23 



black, colour, and longitudinal curvature. In the engraving the black- 
ness of the stone is not well shown. No. 46 (Fig. 3) comes also from 
Kirkmaiden, and retains a fine polish. No. 45 in Catalogue (Fig. 4) is 
the largest piece of manufactured flint I have ever seen in Wigtonshire. 
Dependent as they were upon the water-rolled nodules which are found in 
the raised beaches, as well as in the present beach of the Bay of Luce, the 
workers in flint who have left such numerous traces and remains of their 




/■ii^'lck 






1 ti 


^- 


■l 



Fig. 3. — Kirkmaiden. Full Size. 



Fig. 4.— Torrs, Old Luce. Scale I. 



handiwork in the sandhills near Glenluce, as have been accurately described 
already by the Rev. G. Wilson,^ could not rival in scale, though they did 
in skiU, the magnificent handiwork of Danish, Southern English, and other 
chippers. But in the present instance they appear to have made use of a 



1 VoL I. of Collections, pp. 1 to 30. 



24 



ANCIENT WEAPONS, INSTKUMENTS, UTENSILS, 



larger nodule than usually fell to their lot, to make a really handsome 
skinner's knife. ^ 




Fig. 5.— Falhar, Whithorn. Scale I. 



One of the largest celts recorded from the county is No. 30, in the posscs- 



1 For long I was ])iizzleil to accrmnt for tlie 
profusion of the chips and manufactured objects 
contained in the drifting sandhills at the head 
of Luce Bay, as compareil with their scarcity in 
other districts of the county, and tlieir almost 
complete absence in the Machars or Eastern 
Division of Wigtonshire. But the mystery 



solved itself at last. Underlying the vast 
accumulation of .sand are successive ridges of 
shingle corresponding to ancient sea - levels. 
These beaches contain fairly numerous flint 
nodules, and as the sand shifted with the wind, 
exposing fresh surfaces of old beach, the flints 
were picked out and manufactured on the spot. 



AND ORNAMENTS OF WIGTONSHIRE. 



25 



sioii of Mr. M'lhvraitli, Kirklauchline/ Stoneykirk. It was found on the 
farm of Kirklauchline, and is a splendid weapon of yellowish claystone. It 
is rivalled in size and finish by No. 35, of which, by the kind permission of 
Dr. John Douglas of Whithorn, I am able to give an illustration, -1-scale 
(Fig. 5). It shows distinctly the transverse band of lighter colour, where 
the wooden haft has protected it from the colouring action of the soil and 




Fig. 6.— Leswalt. Scale i. 

water. It was found at Falhar, near Whithorn. Very likely the remains 
of the wooden haft may have been lying with it, and been disregarded by 
the workman who found it. Both of these are exceeded in size and weioht 
by the magnificent implement catalogued as No. 52, recently recovered by 
Mr. Wilson. In Fig. 6 is shown, on -^-scale, a celt from Leswalt parish, of 
what appears to be weathered greenstone. It resembles so closely, both in 
shape and substance, a celt from the Himalayas in Mr. Evans's collection, 
that they are hardly distinguishable except by a slight difference in size. 

1 The name Kirklauchline has nothing to Norsenjan's fort. Barlauchlan, in Penninghanie, 

do with a kirk. It was wiitten in sixteenth and Drumlochlin, in Mochrum, probably point 

and seventeenth centuries Keirlachlein, and is to Norse occupation also, 
probably a corruption of Calhair Lochkwm, the 



2G 



ANCIENT WEAPONS, INSTRUMENTS, UTENSILS, 







s 

'2 





AND OEXAMENTS OF WIGTONSHIEE. 



27 



In Figs. 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12 are portrayed a remarkable group of 
weapons or implements which may be classed as celts. They were found 
all together in a field on Baldoon, in Kirkinner, and resemble a kind of 
implement which has been found in Shetland and elsewhere. The ends 
show traces of use in hammering, but any one of them, found singly, might 
escape observation ; when found together, however, it is evident that they 
have been used as tools. 

2. Perforated Stone Axe-heads. 
It is difficult sometimes to distinguish between implements intended for 




Fig. 13. — Darr, Penninghame. Scale 3. 

cuttino' or hammering, but the general intention for use as axes is evident 
in a class of weapons found in large numbers and of great size in Wigton- 
shire. Fig. 13 represents Xo. 68 in Catalogue. It was given me by the 



28 



ANCIENT WEAPONS, INSTRUMENTS, UTENSILS, 



kindness of Mr. T. B. Robertson of Newton-Stewart, and is of a pattern 
which frequently occurs, though the lateral Ijulging opposite the perforation 
is more sharply defined than usual. It is the heaviest I have seen, weighing 
nearly nine pounds. No. 89 (Fig. 14) is a fine specimen, distinguished by the 
depth of the cutting edge and the narrowness throughout the entire length ; 





Vi,;. 14.— Dowaltnii, Sorliir. Scale 



Fig. 15. — Barnkiik, Penniiiffliauie. Scale A. 



indeed, it approximates more closely to the form of a metal axe than any 
other perforated stone implement in this district which I have yet seen. In 
Fig. 15 is portrayed, on a scale of ^, No. G7 of Catalogue, an implement of a 
more ornate character than usual. Its curves are extremely graceful, and 
tend, moreover, to add strength to a cutting blow. It is, of course, needless 
to remark that this, like all the other stone implements described, was 
made without the aid of metal tools ; of wliich the obliquity of the sides 



AND ORNAMENTS OF WIGTONSHIKE. 



29 



of the perforation is in itself sufficient proof. No. 92 in Catalogue, repre- 
sented ^ size in Fig. 16, shows an unfinished implement of this type, 
abandoned, apparently, from want of sufficient width opposite the intended 
perforation, while Fig. 17 gives one from West Mains, No. 56 in Catalogue, 
which is remarkable for the shortness of the cutting edge. 




i^y / , ,//'// /'.'./ ^ ' '/. 




Fig. 16. — Physgil, Glassertou. Scale \. 



Fig. 17. — West Plains of Baliloon. Scale \. 



It appears that from 10 to 1 1 inches was a very usual length for these tools 
or weapons ; but after use, no doulrt they would get chipped and worn down 
by repeated sharpening, until they would assume the familiar aspect shown 
in Fig. 18, No. 72 in Catalogue, in which, while the width remains about 
the same as in Nos. 56, 60, 62, 66, 67, 81, 82, 84, and 95, the length has 
been reduced to 1\ inches. 



30 



ANCIENT AVEAPONS, INSTEUMENTS, UTEKSILS, 



Implements such as these, also those of the next class, from their con- 
venient shape, are frequently in use at the present time. It may be men- 
tioned, in illustrati(in of the unlikely places where such things may be found, 
that Nos. 70 and 81 were in domestic use, when secured, not very long ago 
as coal hammers ; No. 11 is a very fine specimen, which was found suspended 
to a cord iu a stable at Clone, Mochrum, to couuterljalance a hanging lamp ; 
while Ni_\ 93 was in a still more precarious position, as it was attached as a 
liolible to a horse's leo- on the moor near Ochiltree, in Peunino'hame. 





Fic. IS. — Balcraiif, Glasserton. Scale I. 



\'\i:. 19. — BailiuUion, Glasserton. Scale -.',. 



3. Imperforate Hammers or ]\Iauh. 

The interesting specimen re2.)resented on h scale in Fig. 19, 1 owe to the 
kindness of one of my own tenants, Mr. Currans in Barhullion, who picked 
it up in one of his fields, and used it to secure an animal in the stable or the 
byre. It appears to be one of those implements mentioned by Mr. Evans ^ 

1 Ancient Stmie rmjilemeiits, p. 208. 



AXD ORXAMENTS OF WIGTONSHIEE. 31 

as being principally, though not absolutely, confined to ancient mining 
districts throughout the habitable globe ; and was intended for use by 
means of a withe twisted round the groove, much in the same manner as a 
blacksmith's chisel is mounted at the present day. There are no mines iu 
the neighbourhood of BarhuUion, nor has mineral, so far as I know, ever 
been successfully worked in the district ; such a tool, however, used as 
described by Mr. Evans, would be useful in quarrying rock for cists or 
" laichts ;" or might even have been used in driving piles in the formation 
of crannogs, which are now known to be numerous throughout Galloway. 
Whatever was the immediate purpose for which it was intended, the 
specimen under consideration is, I believe, unique, as recorded from 
Galloway. It is of granite, weighing six pounds eleven and a half ounces, 
and shows traces of hard work on the flatter face. 

4. Hammer-stones with circular depressions wrought on sides. 
These were at one time classed as rare, indeed Mr. "Wilson, as recently 




Fig. 20. — Balcraig. Scale 4. 

as 1880, speaks of them as curious implements, which are rare in Scotland ; 
but from the number which have been collected of late years I am inclined 
to think that they frequently escape oliservation when coated with soil. 
No. 112 in Catalogue is a beautiful piece of handiwork, of a close-grained 
pebble of white granite. No. 11.3 is given in Fig. 20 ; it is of a much plainer 
type, being an ordinary pebble from the till, such as might very easily be 
overlooked. It was picked up by a woman weeding turnips in the spring 
of 1884, on the farm of Balcraisf, Glasserton, and kindlv oiveu to me bv 
Mr. Young, the tenant, along with several other implements. 



32 



ANCIENT WEAPONS, INSTKUMENTS, UTENSILS, 



The fact that this type of implement has not been discovered in 
anv of the numerous crannocs hitherto investisfated in South -West 
ScotLand, although they all abound in pounding stones udtliout depressions 
in the sides, leads to the inference that as the crannog-builders undoul)tedly 
used iron, and possibly bronze tools, in constructing their dwellings, the 
use of the class of stone implement under consideration was confined to a 
period anterior to the knowledge of metals. 




Fig. 21. — Claycroii, Kirkinner. Scale i. 



6. Perforated Hammer-heads. 

Like other instruments of stone it is difficult to assign to this class an 
exclusively pacific or Lellicose intention. It is probable they served the 
purposes both of war-clubs and hammers. 

The most elaborate, and therefore, presumably, the most modern hammer 



AND OENAMENTS OF WIGTONSHIRE. 



33 



of this class recorded from Galloway, is that shown half-size in Fig. 21, 
which Dr. Joseph Anderson of the Society of Scottish Antiquaries kindh- 
allowed me to reproduce here. It was found in 1878 on the farm of 
Claycrop, Kirkinner, and presented by Mr. Vans Agnew to the Society. 
They have occurred frequently of smaller sizes, down to 2-^- inches long. 

7. Sinkers. 

It is difficult to distinguish between perforated stones which may In- 
classed as perforated hammers, sinkers, and large whorls. Fig. 22 represents 
a small stone which it is difficult to classify. The oblique sides of the 






I'iG. 22. 
Balcrai". Scale ■ 



Fig. 23. 
Kirkcowan, modern. Scale .^. 



Fiu. 2i. 
Dunora, Kiikiiiaideu. Full size. 



bore differentiate it from Fig. 23, in which they are nearly vertical, having 
been wrought with a small metal jumper ; the latter was, imtil lately, 
in actual use as a net-sinker in the River Bladenoch, and was given to 
me by Dr. Selby as an interesting instance of the contemporary use of stone 
where metal is easily obtainable. 



8. Whetstones. 

These are practically innumerable, being especially frequent in Cranuogs, 
and therefore no attempt to catalogue them is desirable or nccessar}'. The 
Rev. George Wilson has described and figured a stone (Ayr and Wigton 
Collections, Vol. I. p. 19) to which he assigns the use of a burnisher. I have 
received from Dr. Selby two stones, almost identical with that so described, 
measuring respectively 2\ inches and 2 inches long. If inch wide, and '^ 



34 



ANCIENT WEAPONS, INSTRUMENTS, UTENSILS, 



iueh deep, and both of the same ruddy quartz as Mr. Wilson's specimen. 
On comparing these with some in Mr. Evans's collection from county 
Antrim, they were found to lie almost exactly similar in size and in the 
peculiar stone of which they are made. Mr. Evans has classed them as 
whetstones ; and they appear to be too Ijlunt in the ends to have been 
intended for iDurnishiug metal. 



9. Pounding and Grinding Stones. 

These are occasionally found in the fields, though their character is not 
readily detected. I have to thank Mr. Young, Balcraig, for one of the best 
specimens which I have seen. 

They are invariably found in crannogs, and illustrations of three will be 
found in Dr. Munro's paper in the present volume. Water- worn beach 
stones, from the smooth surface ofi"ered to the hand, seem to have been 
preferred. These may sometimes be noticed lying on cultivated ground, 
and if washed and examined often show that the surface of one end has 
been roughened either artificially for grinding or by use in pounding. 



10. Lance and Arroiv Heads of Stone. 

It is not intended to deal with these in the present paper, Mr. Wilson 
having already described and illustrated the principal 
types found within the county. But a figure (Fig. 25) is 
here given, full size, of an unusually large one, which was 
found in the trench surrounding the fortified promontory 
of the i\lull of Galloway. It is of a peculiar deep green 
chertz, shows fine chipping, and is J inch thick. 

Eeferenee has lieen already made to the distribution of 
fiint implements within the county. A few flakes and 
strike-a-lights in the Crannogs of Dowalton and Airriol- 
land comprise all that the writer has seen or heard of in 
the eastern division or Machars, In the Ehinns, especi- 
ally in the sandhills near G-lenluce, manufactured articles 
of flint are common ; and in Kirkmaiden parish flakes 
are numerous in many of the fields. It is strange, considering that the 




Fig. 25. 

Mull of Galloway. 

Full size. 



AND ORNAMENTS OF WIGTON SHIRE. 



35 



use of flint arrow-heads would tend to scatter tliem far and wide over the 
count}', that as yet none seem to liavc been found except in the immediate 
neighbourhood of their place of manufacture. The tenant of Barhapple, 
in Old Luce, tells me that he recollects, when a boy, finding a numljcr of 
arrow-heads, twenty or thirty, lying close together in a peat moss on the 
farm ; Ijut l^eing unaware that they had any value he took no care of them. 



11. Various Objects. 

Fig. 26 shows a singular object of wrought greywacke sandstone, 
discoid in form and polished. It is difficult to assign a use to it, unless it 





Fig. 26. — Grennan, Kiikmaiden. -j in. thick. Scale i. 



Fig. 



-Kiikmaiden. Full : 



was intended for the cover of an urn, or possiljly for use as a cjuoit. In 
Fig. 27 is shown an object which has probably been worn as an ornament 
or charm. It appears to be a cretaceous fossil, rolled on the l^each, with 
a natural perforation, and is of a light green colour. It was found in one 
of the Kirkmaiden forts. 

Pdngs of jet or shale are of very general occurrence. Few crannogs 
have been examined without discovering some ; but that represented in 
Fig, 28 is a portion of an unusually large one, sent to me by Dr. Trotter 
from Kirkmaiden jjarish. It is finely finished and polished. 



36 



ANCIENT WEAPONS, INSTRUMENTS, UTENSILS, 




Kic. 28. — Kirkmaiili'ii. Full size. 



Ob.jects of Wood. 



Although the use of stone and wood must invarialily have preceded metal, 
yet the only wooden objects of primitive manufacture whicli, so far, have 
Ijeen recorded in Wigtonshire, indicate either by marks or position that 
they were wrought with metal tools. No doubt rude weapons of the chase 
a.nd of war, made of wood before the use of metal was known, must still lie 
lying in the depths of our peat musses, whence, no doubt, many have been 
exhumed and destroyed unnoticed. A systematic observation and explora- 
tion of the lower strata of peat cuttings might result in the recovery of 
some interesting relics. 

The vessel represented on a sciale of |-th size, in Fig. 29, was found 
during the summer of 1884, under 4 feet of solid peat, near Ivirkchrist, 
Penninghame. It measures 22 inches long, exclusive of handles, stajids 



AND OENAMENTS OF WIGTOXSHIEE. 



37 



10 inches liigh, and is 14 inches wide. It has been scooped and shaped 
out of a soUd lilock of willow wood, and while the exterior has Ijeen brought 
to a masterly finish and smoothness, the interior shows, especially at the 
bottom, marks of hacking with a sharp but otherwise unsuitable tool. 
Generally, wooden objects which have been lying in water or wet soil go to 
pieces or warp out of all shape when exposed to the air ; l)ut in this 
instance the naturally soft wood, having been very gradually dried and 
carefully treated by Mr. Alexander Waugh of Newton Stewart (to whom 




Fia. 29.— Kirkchrist. Scale I. 

thanks are due for the preservation of this most interesting relic), has kept 
its shape and colour in a most satisfactory way. 

Two wooden vessels were found during the same summer (1884) on the 
Dowalton crannogs, one of which is represented in Dr. Muuro's paper. 
Both of these were of oak, and split to pieces on drying. 



Objects of Metal. 

1. Gold. 

Owing to the lamentable results of the law of treasure trove as 
" understanded of the people," objects of gold and silver are less likely to 
find their way into the records of archaeology than those of an}- other 
substance. Too often they are concealed and surreptitiously disposed of 
to the watchmaker of the neishbourino- town, at a fraction of their value to 
science. It cannot be too widely krujwn that finders of hoards of the 
precious metals are now entitled by law to receive from the Treasury the 
full mtnnsic value of their find. Upon single objects the Treasury neither 
have, nor ever had, any claim ; and the owner of the soil will, as a rule, 
reward the finder far beyond the amount ofi'ered by a country tradesman. 



38 ANCIENT WEAPONS, INSTRUMENTS, UTENSILS, 

By the kindness of Mrs. Maitland of Freugh, I am enabled to give a 
cut, full size, of the half of a torque of gold which was found in Stoneykirk 
parish about forty years ago (Fig. 30). The finder kept one half for 
himself and brought the other to the Laird. The half here represented 
weighs 3f ounces ; it is a triangular wire, and contains a proportion of 
alloy sufficient to make it less pliable than is generally the case with early 
British ornaments. It is much to be regretted that such a beautiful 




Fig. 30. Full size. 



specimen of primitive art should have been mutilated in such a barbarous 
way. 

On the farm of Boreland, in Old Luce parish, there was turned up, 
several years ago, by the plough, what was described to me as the handle of 
a jug of gold. It was sold to a watchmaker in Stranraer, and the finder 
told me that many a day he returned to the spot to try and find the jug, 
l)ut never did so. There is no doubt, from his description, that this was 
a penannular armlet with discoid ends. 

Gold ornaments are said to have l)een turned up in the fosse at the 
Mull of Galloway, but all trace of them has been lost. 



AND OEXAMEXTS OF WIGTONSHIEE. 39 

2. Silver. 

Silver articles are of extremely rare occuiTence in Wigtonshire, though 
the name Craignarget (creag an airfjid, "Craig of the Silver"), in Old 
Luce, is pleasantly suggestive.^ There can be no doubt that such as have 
been got have speedily found their way to the nearest watchmaker. Mr. 
Carrick ]\loore of Corsevvall informs me that durino- his father's lifetime 
there was discovered, near the ruins of Corsewall Castle, what was described 
as a " silver plate." It bore an inscription which, though submitted to 
scientific persons, was not interpreted. It was afterwards taken to a former 
Earl of Stair, on whose land it was found ; but I have been unsuccessful in 
attempting to trace it further. 

3. Bronze. 

This metal, nearly as imperishable as stone, has the unfortunate property 




Fig. 31. — Dowalton, Kirkinner. Si ale \. 

of being useful to the brassfounder, and many a splendid relic has found 
its way into his melting-pot. The pot represente<l in Fig. 31 (on a scale 
of ^) was recovered by me from a plumber's store. It was found in the 

1 The name Craigiiarget occurs four times parish, wliere the ore is rich in silver ; and the 
among and near the lead mines in Minnigaff name Silver Hill or Silver Craig occurs there once. 



-to ANCIENT WEAPONS, INSTRUMENTS, UTENSILS, 

drained bed of Dowalton Loch, by a boy cutting Aveeds out of the central 





Fk;. o'2. — Iiineniiussau, Inch. Scale |. 



J''n;. uo. — I)ciTy, Kirkcowan. Scale -'r. 



ditch, who struck his hook against it. He stated that when he found it it 
was full of tow, which he threw away. It is a perfect specimen, of the 





>r^ 



Fig. 3'i.— Ban, rcuuingliame. Scale ^. Fig. 35.— Culiioag, Sorbie. Scale i 

usual type, generally assigned roughly to mediaeval times. In Fig. 32 is 



AND ORNAMENTS OF WIGTONSHIRE. 



41 



given a vessel found at Innermessan, in Inch. Two similar vessels were 
found on the farm of Skeog, near Whithorn, in the course of removing a 
turf hank, and remain in the possession of the tenant, Mr. Dinnell. 

The celt fio-ured on one-half scale in Fia-. 3.3 was also exhumed from the 





Fig. 36. — Stellock, Glasserton. Full size. 



Fifi. 37. — r'L'Uiiiii''liaiiiij. Full size. 



bed of what was once a loch on the farm of Derry, in Kirkcowan. It was 
sold for a shilling to a hawker ; and ]\Ir. Morrison, the tenant of Derry, very 
kindly traced and recovered it for the writer from a shepherd in Westmore- 
land. It was in a perfect state when found, but had received rough usage 
before it was retrieved, from being used as a plaything by children. Fig. 
34 is one of a similar t}qDe, but with the flanges rather more incurved. It 

G 



42 



ANCIENT WEAPONS, INSTEUMENTS, UTENSILS, 




M 



i i 



was found on the farm of Barr, in Penninghame ; and for this beautiful 
specimen I have to thank Mr. T. B. Eobertsou of Newton-Stewart. Fig. 
35 is a portion of a looped celt, found in the old chapel- 
yard at Culnoag, Sorbie, when it was ploughed for the 
first time. It also has suffered from the hands of children, 
for it is said to have been entire when fii'st obtained. 

Fig. 36 represents at full size a very remarkable speci- 
men from the farm of Stellock, in Glasserton. Mr. Evans 
assigns it to the late bronze period, but it is difficult to 
say whether it Avas intended for an ornament, or for 
attachment by ligature to a handle, as a glyptic instrument 
of the nature of a chisel. The transverse grooves (which 
are only on one surface) indicate the latter object, one 
surface being kept smooth to lie against the handle. 
It is not socketed. There is no similar instrument either 
in the collection of the British Museum, of the Scottish 
Antiquaries, of Mr. Evans, nor in any of the Continental 
Museums which I have visited. In Fig. 37 is depicted a 
socketed celt of the ordinary type, wliicli, with one 
apparently run in the same mould, is in the possession 
of the Mechanics' 
Institute at New- 
ton-Stewart. 

The fine bronze 
sword shown in 
Fig. 38, on i 
scale, is in the 
possession of Dr. 
Douglas of Whit- 



FiG. 38. 
Whitliorn. Scale J, 



horn, 
found 



and 
in 



was 
the 



neighbourhood of 




Fig. 39.— Barhullion. Full! 



that town. It 

has been a good deal ground down. Thirty years ago a 
bronze sword was found at Cairnside, Kirkcolm, by a man named Murphy. 
He has left the district, and the sword cannot be traced. 

A small bronze javelin-head was found in Balgown Moss, Ku-kcolm, and 



AND OENAMENTS OF WIGTONSHIRE. 



43 



was presented to the Museum of Scottish Antiquaries by the Earl of Stair 
in 1883. 

The bracelet (Fig. 39, natural size) was found on the farm of BarhuUion, 
in Glasserton, which, besides the maul in Fig. 19, has yielded so many 
relics, including the spear-head and sword shown in Figs. 11 and 12 of 
Mr. Wilson's paper (Ayr and Wigton Collections, Vol. II. pp. 13 and 14).' 
The snake-heads indicate an advanced character of art. 




Fin. 40. — Iiincriiiessan. Full size. 



A most interesting object is shown in Fig. 40, being part of the only 
trumpet recorded from Wigtonshire. It is of the kind with the mouthpiece 




Fig. 41. — Portglenoiie, Ireland. 

in the side. It was found at the moat of Innermessan, in Inch ; which is 
supposed to correspond with Ptolemy's Rerigonium. By the kindness of 
Mr. Eobert Day junior, of Cork, I am enabled to give in Fig. 41 the re- 

1 Mr. Wilson states of the sword repre- deepening the Burn of Douris, in Glasserton. 
sented in Fig. 12, p. 14 of his paper in Vol. II., Near it were found another sword, which I have 
that it is not known where it was found. It not succeeded in tracing, and a portion of a red- 
was, however, found about the year 1860 in deer's antler. 



a 



ANCIENT WEAPONS, INSTRUMENTS, UTENSILS, 



presentatiou of a complete l)ronze trumpet of this description, found at 
Portglenone, in Derry. Side -blast trumpets of this description, though 
recorded in considerable numl^ers from Ireland, have not hitherto, so far as 
known to the writer, been discovered in Scotland or England. 

The bronze. ornament shown in Fig. 42 has been already described in the 
Proceedings of the Society of Scottish Antiquaries. It was found on one of 
the craunogs of Dowalton (the northernmost), and presented by Mr. Vans 
Agnew to the Museum. The recesses were probably intended to be filled 
with enamel. Fig. 43 is that of a small penuannular brooch, figured by 






Fig. 42.— Dowalton. Full sizr. Fii:. 43.— Gluiiluci;. Full .size. 



Fin. 44. — Glcnluce. Full size. 



Rev. CI. Wilson in the Scottish Antiejuaries' Pfoceeilings (vol. xv. p. 274), 
from the sandhills near Glenluce ; aud Fig. 44, a piece of bronze mounting 
from the same place. James IM'Douall, Esq., of Logan, has some pieces 
of wrought Ijronze from these same sandhills ; they are elaborately orna- 
mented with an interlaced pattern of a Celtic character. I have been 
unable to give a representation of them in the joresent volume, but hope to 
do so on a future occasion. 



Ob.jects of Eaethenwaee. 

Such are often disregarded, especially when in fragments, by inex- 
perienced persons. None l^ut a practised eye could have recognised the 
true character of the shard of Samian ware shown in Dr. Munro's paper in 
the present volume. The shattered crucibles, too, from AirieoUand crannog 
figured in the same paper, seem worthless enough to the ordinary workman ; 
but how invaluable they are as indicating the degree of civilisation 
attained by the lake-dwellers of Galloway ! 



AND ORNAMENTS OF WIGTONSHIRE. 45 

In Fig. 45 is portrayed a fine funereal urn from a weem of sand on 
the farm of Cairngaan, in Kirkmaiden. Mr. Peter M'Cosh, who kindly- 
lent me the urn, also furnished me with a description of the interments, 
which is so clear and minute that it is worthy of being here transcribed. 

" Most of the knolls," he writes, " on this farm are composed of rock, 
except this one, which is of sand. My neighljours and I took advantage 
of it for building purposes, until we had made an ugly and dangerous 
place for cattle. I resolved to have it levelled up, and in course of so 
doing came upon some large flags 4^- feet by 2-^ feet, by 6 inches thick, 
which, being removed, showed a small oblong circle of about 3 feet by 2^- 
feet of five boulders, about as larae as a man could lift. Inside the circle 



Fig. 45. — Cairngaan, Kirkmaiden. Scale i. 

were several urns. This was the only one that could be preserved ; the 
others, having been made of differently prepared clay, could not be lifted 
without going to crumbs. . . . The bones of the thighs, with the loin 
joints, and arm bones with the elbow, were quite plain. ... Of the labour 
of getting the occupant into his resting-place there can be no doubt, as the 
flagstones must have been brought at least half a mile. . . . When we had 
the bones examined we buried them resjjectfuUy." 

It is much to be regretted that ol^servers of Mr. M'C*osh's accuracy and 
reverence are not more common. As a contrast to his commendable care 




46 ANCIENT WEAPONS, INSTKUMENTS, UTENSILS, 

for the relics of the past may be taken the instance of the treatment which 
a simiLar interment received near Shenanton, in Kirkcowan, not very long 
ago. Some cairns were removed for road-making and dyke-building ; the 
urns which they contained were taken by idle boys and put up as marks, 
and thrown at till they were smashed. 

The earthenware bead shown in Fig. 46 is of the 
familiar "melon" type, and corresponds with the half 
bead shown in Dr. Munro's paper. Both show traces 
of PTcen o-laze. These " melon " beads are found all 
over Western Europe, and also in Egy^jt, Italy, and 
i-'ii:. -16. Greece. If not Roman, they are, at all events, co- 

Kirki,Ku,i..i.. Full size, extensive with Eoman commerce and occupation. In 
Fig. 24 is depicted an irregular sphere of red earthenware, perforated for 
suspension, which Dr. Trotter forwarded from Kirkmaiden. Its purpose is 
not apparent, and may cither have been ornamental or for use as a sinker. 

Objects op Glass. 

The lake dwellers were accustomed to work in coarse class, as a 
reference to Dr. Munro's paper will show. Masses of vitreous slag remain 
in the crannogs to show that some of the objects found were made on 
the spot. The sandhills at Genoch, near Glenluce, have yielded several 
kinds of beads ; but by far the finest bead (or possibly spindle-whorl) of 
glass which has been recorded was given me by Dr. Gemmell of Drum- 
more. It was found in Kirkmaiden, measures 1-^- inch across and f inch 
thick, and is made of deep blue clear glass, boldly striped with opaque 
orange lines. 

In order to avoid the confusion which arises from repeated enumeration 
of objects recovered within the county, I have endeavoured to make a Cata- 
logue comprising the principal stone implements hitherto brought to notice. 
The following list comprises only objects of stone, numbered for con- 
venience of reference ; a similar catalogue of bronze weapons may be 
undertaken in a future volume. 

HEEBEIIT EUSTACE MAXWELL. 



AND ORNAMENTS OF WIGTONSHIRE. 



47 



LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL STONE IMPLEMENTS RECORDED 

FROM WIGTONSHIRE. 

CELTS. 



Where Found. 


Length. 


Breadth. 


Thickness. 


Material. 


Present Owner. 


Remarks. 


1. Aldouran Glen, 
Leswalt 


Inches. 


Inches. 


Inches. 

1 


Claystone 


Sir A. Agnew, 
Bart,Lochnaw 


Found in peat. Described 
in Ayr and Wigton Gol- 
lectioris, vol. i. p. 11. 


2. Torrs, Old Luce 


6 


H 


li 




Rev. G. Wilson, 
Glenluce 


Cutting edge broken. Op. 
cit., vol. i. p. 11. 


3. Cults, Whit- 
horn 


7 


H 


1-1 


Claystone 


Mr. Hughan, 
Cults 


Damaged at butt, and on 
one side. Op. cit., vol. L 
p. 11. 


4. Ervie, Kirk- 
colm 


7-i 


n 


1 


Claystone 


Scot. Ant. 
Museum, Edin- 
burgh 


Found below 8 feet of peat. 
Dark band shows where 
the surface was protected 
from the bleaching effect 
of peat acid by the wood 
of the haft. Op. cit. , vol. 
i. p. 11. 


5. Old Luce . . 


lU- 


3 




Claystone 


Do. 


Op. cit., vol, i, p. 11. 


6. Gleniron, Old 


H 


3 




Claystone 


Do. 


Op. cit., vol. i. p. 11. 


Luce 














7. Torrs, Old Luce 


4f 


H 




Greenstone . 


Do. 


Op. cit., vol. i. p. 11. 


8. 








Igneous stone 


Do. 


Presented by Rev. G. Wil- 
son. Op. cit., vol. i. p. 12. 


9. 












Do. 


10. 












Do. 


IL 












Do. 


12. Torrs, Old Luce 


H 


2 


If 


Claystone 


.James M'Douall, 
Esq., Logan 


Op. cit., vol. i. p. 12. 


13. Damnaholly, 
Kirkmaiden 


6f 


2i 


H 


Claystone 


Scot. Ant. 
Museum, Edin- 
burgh 


Presented by Rev. G. Wil- 
son. Op. cit., vol. i. p. 12. 


14. West Mains, 

Kirkinner 

15. Do. 


8 


2i 
1| 


If 


Claystone 

Graywacke 
sandstone 


Mr. P. Broad foot. 
West Mains 
Do. 


Op. cit., vol. i. p. 12. Very 
sharp edge, tapers to J- 
inch biitt. Weight, 9J oz. 

Tapers to |-inch at butt. 
Op. cit., vol. i. p. 12. 


16. High Caldons, 
Stoneykirk 


9 


3 


1^ 


Claystone 


Mr. M'llwraith, 
late editor Dam- 
fries Courier 


Tapers to |-inoh at butt. 
Op. cit. , vol. i. p. 12. 


17. Do. 


5 


H 


li 


Graywacke 
sandstone 


Do. 


Tapers to |-inch at butt. 
Op. cit., vol. i. p. 12. 



48 



ANCIENT WEAPONS, INSTKUMENTS, UTENSILS, 

CELTS — Continued. 



Where Found. 


Length. 


Breadth. 


Thickness. 


Material. 


Present Owner. 


Remarks. 




Inches. 


Inches. 


Inches. 








18. Chapel Heron 


7 


n 




Claystone 


Scot. Ant. 
Museum, Edin- 
burgh 


Presented by Mr. J, M'Con- 
nel. Tapers to j-inch at 
butt. Op. cit., Yol. i. p. 
12. 


19. Torrs, Old Luce 


4-1 


2i 


11 


Claystone 


James M'Douall, 
Esq., Logan 


Butt 2J-inch. Op. cit., 
vol. i. p. 12. 


20. Glenjorrie, Old 


8i 


31 


3 
'i 


Greenstone . 


Scot. Ant. 


Found 20 years ago. A 83a 


Luce 










Museum, Edin. 


in Catalogue. Op. cit., 
vol. i. p. 12. 


21. Old Luce . . 










Lost .... 


Described to Mr. Wilson 
as similar in form to the 
last. Ayr and Wigton 
Collections, vol. i. p. 13. 


22. Kirklauchline, 


13 


3f 


2 


Felstone . . 


Soot. Ant. 


Found 5 feet deep in peat. 


Stoneykirk 










Museum, Edin- 
burgh 


Op. cit., vol. i. p. 13. 


23. Kirklauchline, 


Hi 


3-1 


If 






Op. cit., vol. i. p. 14. 2f 


Stoneykirk 


4 


o 


■i 






inches at butt. 


24. Kirkmaiden 


111 


3 


If 




James M'Douall, 
Esq., Logan 


Op. cit., vol. i. p. 14. 


25. Castle Kennedy, 


51 


2| 


^ 


Claystone 


Earl of Stair, 


Op. cit., vol. ii. p. 1. 


Inch 










Lochinch 




26. High Torrs, 


4i 


21 


n 


Greenstone . 


Scot. Ant. 


Presented by Rev. G. Wil- 


Old Luce 










Museum, Edin- 
burgh 


son. Op. cit., vol. ii. p. 1. 


27. Dunragit Moor, 


81 


■35 
"^8 


-•> 


Coai'se gray- 


Do. 


Do. 


Old Luce 








■wacke sand- 
stone 






28. Cairnfield, Kirk- 








Dark polished 


Lost .... 


Described to me as being 


inner 








stone 




very large and fine. 


29. Leswalt . . 


51 


21 


ifV 


Greenstone . 


Sir Herbert Max- 
well, Monreith 


Tapers to pointed butt. 
Weight, lib. IJoz. Given 
me by Mr. M'llwraith, 
Croacli. 


30. Kirklauchline, 


111 


8 




Claystone 


Mr. MTlwraith, 


Weighs 3 lbs. 6 oz. Finely 


Stoneykirk 










Kirklauchline, 
Stoneykirk 


polished. 


31. Airies Moss, 


64 


2i 


n 


Claystone 


Sir Herbert Max- 


1 inch at butt. Found 


Kirkinner 










well, Monreith 


deep in moss. 1 lb. 1 oz. 


32. Do. 










Lost .... 


Found with No. 31. 


33. Kidsdale, Glas- 


31 


2 


1 


Steatite . . 


Mr. J. Nicholson, 


Fine polish, pointed butt. 


serton 










Kidsdale 




34. Kirkmaiden 


5i 


3 


H 


Fine gray- 
wacke sand- 
stone 


Sir Herbert Max- 
well, Monreith 


Given me by Dr. Gemmell. 
15 oz. 



AND OENAMENTS OF WIGTONSHIRE. 
CELTS — Continued. 



49 



Where Found. 


Length. 


Breadth. 


Thickness. 


Material. 


Present Owner. 


Remarks. 


35. Falhar, Whit- 

horn 

36. Drumscallan, 

Mochrum 


Inches. 
9 

4f 


Inches. 

H 

2f 


Inches. 

^ 
If 


Light gray 
claystone 

Do. reddish 
brown 


Dr. Douglas, 
Whithorn 

Do. 


Weight, 2 lbs. 7 oz. 3 feet 
below surface. Shows 
distinctly transverse band 
of lighter colour where 
hafting has protected it. 
BeautiiuUy polished. 

Has been used as a hammer 
on side. Weight, 9| oz. 


37. Dowalton, Glas- 
serton 


H 


2 


1 


Fine dark 
claystone 


Mrs.Gifi'ord,New- 
ton-Stewart 


Weight, 6 oz. Tapers to 
1 inch at butt. Fine 
polish. 

Curved laterally and longi- 
tudinally. Beautifully 
polished. Found in 
making a drain. 


38. Kilstey, Kirk- 
maiden 


7 


21 


4 
5 


Greenstone, 9 
oz. weight 


Dr. E. Trotter, 
Tay view House, 
Perth 


39. Curghie, Kirk- 
maiden 


3 


If 


3 
6 


Chert . . . 


Do. 


Found at Corehill Fort 
(Caer-hill) when levelling 
for bowling green ; much 
chipped. 


40. Maoherowley, 
Kirkmaiden 


H 


^T% 


1 


Hard fine 
sandstone 


Do. 


Has been longer. Found 
near Currochtrie Fort. 


41. Kirkmaiden 

42. Kirkbride, Kirk- 

maiden 


8f 
5 




n 
1 


Fine claystone 
Do. 


James M'Douall, 

Esq., Logan 
Do. 


Finely polished, light gray 
colour. 

Chipped, but cutting edge 
perfect and well modelled. 


43. Penninghame . 


H 


2i 


1 


Do. 


Mechanics' Inisti- 
tute, Newton- 
Stewart. 




44. Penninghame . 


9 


3 


n 


Do. 


Do. 


Finely polished. 


45. Mid Terrs, Old 
Luce 


3-1 


2* 


h 


Dark flint . 


J. Gilchrist Clark, 
Esq., Speddoch, 
Dumfries 


An unusually large piece 
of flint for this district. 
Finely polished and 
ground to sharp edge on 
three sides. Weight, 3;' oz. 


46. Grennan, Kirk- 


3| 


If 


1 


Fine sand- 


Sir Herbert Max- 


Given me by Mr. M'Bride, 
Grennan. 


maiden 








stone 


well, Monreith 


47. Ardwell, Kirk- 
colm 


H 


H 


1 


Claystone 


Mr. M'Meekan, 
Knockneen, 
Kirkcolm 


Adze-shaped, square butt, 
1 inch broad ; polished. 


48. Kuockneen, 
Kirkcolm 


6i 


2| 


If 


Claystone 


Do. 


Found sticking in the clay 
below a peat moss ; be- 
side it was a ridged flint 
flake. 


49. Do. 


n 


H 


2f 


Coarse gray- 
wacke 


Do. 


Butt If in. X 1 inch. 


50. Dhuloch, Kirk- 


H 


2^ 


1 


Hard felstone 


Scot. Ant. 




colm 










Museum, Edin- 
burgh 





H 



50 



ANCIENT WEAPONS, INSTRUMENTS, UTENSILS, 
CELTS — Continued. 



"Where Found. 


Length. 


Breadth. 


Thickness. 


Material. 


Present Owner. 


Remarks. 




Inches. 


Inches. 


Inches. 








51. Kirkcolm . . 


3i 


01 


5 
8 


Claystone 


Scot. Ant. 
Museum, Edin- 
burgh 


Butt square. 


52. Kirkcolm . . 


12| 


3| 


2 


Serpentine . 


The Earl of Stair 


Weight 5 lbs. 


53. Wellhouse, 








Yellow flint . 


Mr. M'Meekan, 


Only a portion of this fine 


Kirkcolm 










Knockneen 


celt remains. 






PERFORATED AXE- HEADS. 


54. Portpatrick . . 


4f 


2^ 


U 


Gray serpent- 
ine 


Scot. Ant. 
Museum, Edin- 
burgh 


Ayr and Wigton Collec- 
tions, vol. i. p. 14. 


55. In an old fort, 










Lost .... 


Op. cit., voh i. p. 14. 


Portpatrick 














56. West Mains, 


lOf 


H 


2i 


Graywacke 


Mr.P. Broadfoot, 


Op. cit., vol. i. p. 14. 7 lbs. 
i oz. 


Kirkinner 








sandstone 


West Mains 


57. Low Culgroat, 


8 


4 


2i 


Graywacke 


Mr. MTlwraith, 


Op. cit., vol. i. p. 15. 


Stoneykirk 








sandstone 


lateeditorZ)!(wi- 
fries Courier 




58. Balgown, Kirk- 


^ 


4i 


3f 


Do. 


J. M'Douall, 


Op. cit., vol. i. p. 15. 


maiden 










Esq., Logan 




59. Torhouskie, 


^ 


4-J 


2| 


Do. 


Scot. Ant. 


Piesented by Mr. Wilson. 


Wigtown 




J> 




Museum, Edin- 


Op. cit., vol. i. p. 15. 












burgh 




60. Cruggleton, 


lOf 


5i 


H 


Granite . . 


Sir A. Agnew, 


Op. cit., vol. i. p. 15. 


Sorbie 










Lochnaw 




61. Kirkinner . . 


9| 


4| 


2f 


Light gray- 
wacke sand- 
stone 


Mr. Cowan, 
draper, Han- 
over Sq., Brad- 
ford 


Op. cit., vol. i. p. 16. 
Weight, 6 lbs. IJ oz. 


62. Wigtown . . 


llj 


5i 


3 






Op. cit., vol. i. p. 16. 


6.3. North Milton, 


10 






Graywacke 


Scot. Ant. 


Op. cit., vol. i. p. 16. 


Old Luce 








sandstone 


Museum, Edin- 
burgh 




64. High Clone, 


H 


4 


3 


Coarse sand- 


Do. 


Presented by Rev. G. Wil- 


Mochrum 








stone 




son. Op. cit., vol. i. p. 16. 


65. Penninghame . 












Sticking in trunk of bog 
oak. Op. cit., vol. i. p. 16. 



AND ORNAMENTS OF WIGTONSHIRE. 



51 



PERFORATED AXE-HEABB—Gontinued. 



Where Found. 


Length. 


Breadth. 


Thickness. 


Material. 


Present Owner. 


Remarks. 




Inches. 


Inches. 


Inches. 








66. Barness, Kirk- 


10| 


5 


3 


Fine gray- 


Sir Herbert Max- 


Cutting edge 2 J inches. 


inner 








wacke sand- 
stone 


well 


Given me by Mr. Gordon 
Fraser. Weight, 8 lbs. 
13 oz. 


67. Barnkirk, Pen- 


IOtV 


5 


n 


Fine do. 


Do. 


Cutting edge If inch. 


niTicrnaTn A 












Weight, 74 lbs. Given 


^■i ^ 












me by Mr. Picken. Curved 
longitudinally, and chan- 
neDed above and below. 


68. Barr, Penning- 


IOtV 


5 


3 


Coarser do. 


Do. 


Cutting edge 3 inches. 


hame 












Weight, 8 lbs. 14 oz. 












Given me by Mr. T. B. 














Robertson. 


69. Mains, Penning- 


10 


H 


3^ 


Do. 


Do. 


Cutting edge 2 inches. 


hame 












Found in Bishop Burn, 












1883. Weight, 6 lbs. 10 














oz. Given me by Mr. 














M'Conchie. 


70. Wigtown . . 


8 


5i 


2i 


Do. 


Do. 


Bought in 1880. Weight, 
4 lbs. 15 oz. Has been 
ground down, probably 
from a longer shape. 


71. Airiehassan, 


H 


^ 


3 


Do. 


Do. 


Weight, 4 lbs. 14J oz. 


Kirkinner 


o 










Much weathered. Ori- 
ginal widthabout5inches. 
Given me by Dr. Selby. 


72. Balcraig, Glas- 


7* 


5 


H 


Do. 


Do. 


Weight, 4 lbs. 6 oz. Has 


serton 


J 










originally been longer, 
ground down. 


73. Carleton, Glas- 


H 


5 


H 


Finer do. 


Do. 


Has been a very large one. 






o 






Broken across socket hole. 


serton 












5 lbs. 15 oz. 


74. Machermore, 


6J 


3| 


H 


Reddish gray- 


Scot. Ant. 


Presented by Rev. G. Wil- 


Old Luce 








wacke sand- 
stone 


Museum, Edin- 
burgh 


son. Op. ciL, vol. ii. p. 
2. 


75. Low Mye, 


9 


4J 


4 


Graywacke 




Op. ciL, vol. ii. p. 2. 


Stoneykirk 








sandstone 






76. Do. 










... 


Similar to No. 23, but 
smaller. Op. cit. , vol. ii. 

Tl 9 


77. Clone, Moch- 


9^ 


4 


2^ 


Fine gray- 


J. Nicholson, 


p. ^. 
Recovered 30 years ago. 


rum 








wacke sand- 
stone 


Esq., Kidsdale, 
Whithorn 


It was used in the stable 
as a weight for a lamp. 
Finely polished. 


78. Dalreagle, Kirk- 










Dr. Trotter, 




inner 










Dairy. 




79. Do. 


... 








Do. 




80. Skaith, Pen- 










Mr. M'CuUoch, 




ninghame 










Skaith. 





52 



ANCIENT WEAPONS, INSTRUMENTS, UTENSILS, 
PERFORATED AXE - READS— Contimied. 



Where Found. 


Length. 


Breadth. 


Thickness 


Material. 


Present Owner. 


Remarks. 




Inches. 


Inches. 


Inches. 








81. Garheugh, 


10| 


5 




Graywacke 


Marquis of Bute, 


Finely polished. 


Mochrum 








sandstone 


Mochrum 
Castle, Port 
William 




82. Alticry, Moch- 


m 


4|l 


2i 


Do. 


Hugh Wright, 


Much worn. Found in 


rum 










Esq., Alticry, 
Port William 


heap of field stones. 
Weight, 6i lbs. 


83. Alticry, Moch- 


7f 


4f 


3 


Do. 


Do. 


Much worn. Found in 


rum 












opening drain th rough wet 
gi-ound. Weight, 5J lbs. 


84. Stellock, Glas- 


10 


5 


3 


Graywacke 


Dr. Grierson, 


Ayr and Wigton CoUec- 


serton 








sandstone 


Thornhill 


lions, vol. ii. p. 2. 


85. 


9 


4i 


2f 


Do. 


Earl of Stair, 
Lochinch. 




86. Clendrie, Inch . 


8f 


5i 


n 




Do. 


Chipped. 


87. Castle Kennedy, 


9f 


4f 


H 




Do. 




Inch 














88. Barnsallie, Old 


111 


4f 


3 


Graywacke 


Dr. Douglas, 


Bulges opposite perfora- 


Luce 








sandstone 


Whithorn 


tion. Weight, 9 lbs. 3 oz. 


89. Dowalton, Glas- 


lOi 


H 


3f 


Fine-grained 




Beautifully formed. Chan- 


serton 








graywacke 
sandstone 




nelled on upper and lower 
surfaces. Weight, 7 lbs. 
eioz. 


90. Dhuloch, Kirk- 


H 


3tV 


2fV 


Coarse do. 


Dr. R. Trotter, 


Weight, 4 lbs. 5 oz. Found 


colm 










Tay view House, 
Perth 


in a cairn. 


9L West Mains, 


H 


H 


3 


Do. 


Mr. P. Broadfoot, 


Unfinished. Perforation 


Baldoon 










West Mains 


incomplete. 


92. Physgil, Glas- 


11 


4 


n 




Sir Herbert Max- 


Do. do. Weight, 


serton 










well, Monreith 


5 lbs. 2 oz. 


9.3. Ochiltree, Pen- 


8^ 


4 


If 


Do. 


Mr. James Kinna, 


Weight, 44 lbs. Was used 


ninghame 










Clydesdale 
Bank, Newton- 
Stewart 


to hobble a horse, there- 
fore much battered. 


94. Bratney Wa's, 


H 


4i 


2.^ 


Do. 


R. Vans Agnew, 


Weight, 44 lbs. 


Kirkinner 










Esq., Barnbar- 
roch, Wliaup- 
hill 




95. Mildriggan, 


8A 


4| 


24 


Do. 


Do. 


Weight, .^J lbs. Found in 


Kirkinner 












ruins of old cottage. Dis- 
coloured, apparently by 
smoke. 


96. Reiffer Park, 


9i 


4| 


Q 3 


Do. 


Do. 


Weight, 6f lbs. 


Sorby 















AND ORNAMENTS OF WIGTONSHIRE. 
PEEFOEATED AXE -EF. ADS— Continued. 



53 



Where Found. 


Length. 


Breadth. 


Thickness. 


Material. 


Present Owner. 


Remarks. 




Inches. 


Inches. 


Inches. 








97. Kirkmaiden . 


H 


H 


H 


Coarse sand- 
stone 


James M'Douall, 
Esq., Logan 


Has been much longer. 


98. Penninghame. 


n 


H 


H 


Do. 


Mechanics' Insti- 
tute, Newton- 
Stewart. 




99. Do. 


8 


3| 


3 


Do. 


Do. 


A good deal chipped. 


100. Drummoral, 


H 


4 


2f 


Do. 


ProvostM'Keand, 


Much weathered ; the cut- 


Whithorn 










Whithorn 


ting edge is worn to a 
blunt point. 


101.- Float, Stoney- 


11 


4i 


3f 


Do. 


Mr. M'Meekan, 


Unfinished. Perforation in- 


kirk 










Knockneen, 
Kirkcolm 


complete. 


102. High Dergoals, 


H 


3f 


2| 


Coarse Silurian 


The Earl of Stair 


Much weathered. 


Old Luce 








sandstone 







IMPERFORATE HAMMEES AND MAULS. 



103. Barhullion, 
Glasserton 



H 



Granite 



Sir Herbert Max- 
well, Monreith 



Cf. 'Eva,T)s'sStoneImplements, 
p. 208. Has a grooved 
depression cut all round 
to receive rope or withe. 
Weight, 6 lbs. llj oz. 



IMPERFOEATE HAMMERS, WITH CIRCULAR DEPRESSIONS WEOUGHT IN SIDES. 

Finely polished. Found in 
moss land. Given nie 
by Mr. Beddie. Weight, 
91 oz. 



104. Kirkchrist, 


3 


2| 


n 


Granite . . 


Sir Herbert Max 


Penninghame 










well, Monreith 


105. Balcraig, Glas- 


H 


2| 


If 


Eough gray- 


Do. 


serton 








wacke pebble 




106. Machermore 


H 


2| 


H 


Granite . . 


Scot. Ant. 


Loch, Old Luce 










Museum, Edin- 
burgh 


107. Galdenoch, 


3 


3 


H 


Eough gray- 


Do. 


Leswalt 








wacke sand- 
stone 




108. GiUespie, Old 


H 


H 


i 


Do. 


Eev. G. Wilson, 


Luce 










Glenluce 


109. Do. 


4 


2f 


li 


Light, fine 
graywacke 
sandstone 


Antiquarian 
Museum, Edin- 
burgh 



A pebble from drift. Given 
me by Mr. Young. Thick- 
est diameter at pointed 
end. Weight, 12 oz. 

Presented by Eev. G, Wil- 
son. Ayr and Wigton 
Collections, vol. i. p. 18. 

Presented by late Eev. J. 
BeU, F.C. Op. cit., vol. 
i. p. 18 ; and vol. ii. p. 3. 

Op. cit., vol. i. p. 18, and 
vol. ii. p. 3. 

Op. cit., vol. i. p. 17, and 
vol. ii. p. 2. Presented 
by Rev. George Wilson. 



V. 
THE HERALDRY OF WIGTONSHIRE. 

PLATE VI. 

1. SIR ANDREW AGNEW OF LOCHNAW, Baromt of Nova Scotia, 
1629 ; Vice-Lieutenant of Wigtonshire. 

Blazon — 

^VQtnt, a djefaron betixirrn tixio cinqucfoils in c\)id, guUs, anti a saltiu 
coupei in 6ase, ajurc. 

(£.xtst — S[n eagle issuant anU regardant proper. 

.Supportrrs — Eino {jeraltric tigers proper, eollareli ani cljaineU or. 

Jlotto — " Consilto non imprtu." 



2. SIR HERBERT EUSTACE MAXWELL OF MONRBITH, 3SaronEt 

of Nova Scotia, 168L 

Blazon — 

Urgent, an eagle iisplagcti ixiitlj ttoo tcais, sable, bealtcli ant membereti 
gules ; on its breast an escuteljeon of tljc first, cljargeti iwitt a saltire of t\}e 
seconi, sureljargeti in tlje centre toitt) a f)urel}eon or ; t\)e iol^olz initljin a 
faoriure gules. 




1. Sir anlrtlD SgwiJ "i ILorijnato, Bart. 

2. IRobttt Uans ^[gnt&j af ISarnbartocJ;, Esq. 

3. Sit 3ohn IBalnrmpIc fljag of ^atfe ^late. 

Bart., iS.ffi.B., Pl-lP. 



i. SitPjEtfaertfHaxSDtU otfKontritfj.Bart., 
5, Samts iia'iDonall nf ILagan, Esq. 



r. Sir ffiSKilliatn fflunfaat o£ iffiorijntm, Bart. 
8. Kobett |I?atb(ini 3ol)nst0it Stetoart of 
iJljBSgill, Bart. 



6. lotatio fHurtap^Stebjatt of Broufitlton, 9. Sit Ei&jatS jljnnttt^Blait of Blatrqnfjan, 
Esq. Batt. 



THE HEEALDRY OF WIGTONSHIRE. 57 

Crest — ^n eagle rising, proper. 
Moita—" iaeUiresco." ' 

3. SIR WILLIAM DUNBAR OF MOCHRUM, 33aronet of Nova Scotia, 

1694. 

Blazon — 

©uarterlg — 1st anli 4tfi, 3@un6ar; gules, a lion rampant, bjitljin a 
IjorUure argent, cfjargcti ioitlj eigf)t roses of tfje first. 

2ti ana 3Ii, 3£lanlialp|) ; or, tl)ree cushions, Snitljin a double trcssure 
flor2=counterflor2 gnles. 

(Crest — a fiorse's Ijealr coupeti, 6ritileti; a iexter IjaniJ fesstoags, coupetr, 
fjolaing tlje reins ; all proper. 

Supporters — Etoo Infjite Uobes tmperiallg crotoneB. 

JSottoes — "In promptu"; " &uh spe"; also (toitl) tlje supporters) 
" Canliorts premium Ijonos."^ 

4. SIR EDWARD HUNTER BLAIR OF BLAIRQUHAN, aSaronet of the 

United Kingdom, 1786. 

Blazon — 

(Euarterlg— 1st, l^unter ; argent, a cte&ron gules, iettoeen tljree bugles 
bert, birolei anb stringeb of tfje seconb. 

1 This family has been in the custom, for the Lyon Office, but they are included in the 
several generations, of displaying as supporters patent of Baronetcy granted by William and 
two stags proper, attired argent, the old sup- Mary in 1694. Douglas, in his Baronage, says, 
porters of the Nithsdale family; but there is "Notwithstanding what is mentioned in his 
no warrant for their use. baronet's patent, the armorial bearing of this 

family has constantly been and still is,'' as 

2 The arms of this family are not recorded in given above, but for supporters, two lions. 

I 



58 THE HEEALDEY OF WIGTONSHIKE. 

2tr, 'Mtmtt}^ ; arcfcnt, on a cJjc&ron quUs, betixicnx tfjree cross crosslets 
fitdifii, sable, a flEur=tic4is, or, all toitfjin a tiouble tressurc, flors^counterfiorg, 
of tte secontr. 

3U, Blair ; argent, on a salttre saile, eisl)t mascles of tlje ficllr, in rijief 
a star, gulrs. 

4tfj, Cunntngljame ; argent, a sljalteforJt saile ; in cljief, a rose gules, 
surmounteU of a mullet of tlje fielu. 

Crest— ^ Stag's ]}mXi ca&osseli, proper. 

Supporters — Bextcr, a ttog of tijut, salient, argent: Sinister, an 
antelope springing, proper, gorgeU bjitlj an open tiucal croSxin anti ef)ainelt, or. 

JHotto— '* Figilantia, roliur boluptas." 



5. ADMIKAL SIR JOHN CHARLES DALRYMPLE HAY OF PARK, 
Baronet of the United Kingdom, 1800; Companion of the Order of 
the Bath. 

Blazon — 

1st antr 4ti), ©alrgntple of ©unragit; or, on a saltire, ajure, nine 
lojenges of tije fielU, all to itl) in a bortture, gules. 

2ti anti 35, 3§a2 of ^arlt; argent, tljree inescutcljeons gules, in cfjief 
an ox gofee fessiaags, proper. 

Crest— ^ roclt proper. 



THE HERALDEY OF WIGTONSHIRE. 59 

Supporters — STbjo mm in countrg ija&its, rfje tiexter bearing o&er tljt 
s\\aul'btv a ploug!) coulter, tJje sinister an ox gofte, all proper.^ 

ittotto (aftobe),— " JTirm " ; (heloto tfje sijielli) " Serfaa jugum." 



6. JAMES MACDOUALL OF LOGAN, (fEsquire. 



Blazon — 

3[jure a lion rampant, argent, crotoneli toitfj an antique croton, or. 

(Crest — ^ tiger's {j^aft erased, imperiallg erotonclr, or; a lion's pabj 
issuant from a elouU, all proper, seizing tlje crotrin. 

Supporters — S^ino lions, proper, crobjneB toitfj antique crotons, or. 

Jlotto— " msurpan noli."^ 



1 In the Lyon Register there are given as 
supporters two volunteers of the Wigtonshire 
corps, but in the patent of Baronetcy (dated two 
years later), they are given as above. In giving 
the arms of a Scottish gentleman I should have 
preferred to adhere to the authority of the Lyon, 
were it not for the fact of the extreme rarity of 
a special grant of supporters in a patent of 
Baronetcy ; and, further, that the present 
baronet and his father have always borne the 
supporters in the above blazon. 

2 Thus in Lyon Register in 1719. It is to 
be regretted that the simple crest formerly 
borne by the family (a demi-lion rampant 
argent, imperially crowned or, holding in its 
dexter paw a flaming sword) has been exchanged 
for the absurdly complicated structure given 
above. Neither can the present motto be held 
to be an improvement on the old, viz. Victoria 
vel mors and Pro rege in tyrannos. Nisbet gives 
M'Dowall of Logan azure, a lion rampant 
argent, gorged with an antique crown, or ; 
supporters as above ; and he says, " I do not 
find they have ever been changed, for in Esplin's 
Heraldry, amongst the illuminated arms of 



many barons of the kingdom, in the year 1630, 
they are the same as above blazoned, and the 
same way matriculated in the Lyon Register, 
anno 1676, and now of late matriculated thus." 

M'Dowall of Garthland, though now holding 
no land in the County of Wigtown, retains the 
superiority of Garthland, now the property of 
Lord Stair. Nisbet writes, " M'Dowall or 
M'Dougall of Garthland appears to be the 
principal family of the name ; having seen in 
the custody of James Fergusson, Esq., younger 
of Kilkerran, two bonds of Manrent, granted by 
M'Dowall of Logan, and M'Dowall of Freugh, to 
Uthred M'Dowall of Garthland, as their chief and 
principal, as the bonds, of the date 1593, bear." 

The same author, after describing various 
achievements as those of Garthland, gives those 
in use by " the present Alexander M'Dowall of 
Garthland," as follows : azure, a lion rampant 
argent ; crowned with an antique cro^vn, or. 
Crest, a lion's paw erased, argent, holding a 
dagger erect. Supporters, two lions proper ; 
gorged with open ducal coronets, or ; holding 
a dagger erect. Mottoes, Vincere vel mori ; and, 
Fortis in arduis. 



60 THE HEEALDKY OF WIGTONSHIEE. 



7. EGBERT VANS AGNBW OF BAENBARROCH AND SHEUCHAN, 
Esquire. 

Blazon — 

©uartirlg, Xst attli 4tJ), '^qw^ of Sfjcucijan; argent, on a cijebron 
lijttojfn tixio ctnquefoils, in cfjtjf, gules, anU a salttre coupeU in iiase, ajure, a 
cross crosslet fitcJjeU, sable.^ 

2U ani SU, Fans of 33arnbarrocf) ; argent, on a trenU, gnles, a star, 
or. 

€;rest— ^n eaglr issuant, regardant, proper. 

JHotto— " (fTonsilio non impetu." ^ 



8. ROBERT HATHORN JOHNSTONE STEWART OF PHYSOIL, 
((^squire. 

Blazon — 

©uartcrlg, 1st anti 4t!), Stetoart of f f)2Sgtl; or, a fess cfjecqug ajure 
anK argent, surmountcti of a ftentr engrailei gules, in cfjief, a iucltle of t\}t 
seconB, all toitfjin a tiouble tressure, florg^eounterflorg of ttje fourtlj. 

2ti anti 35, ?lat})orn of ©facr ^iries ; argent, a cljc&ron, gules, iettoeen 
tljree liugles, &ert, garnisfjeti of tf}e seeonti. 

Crest— a lion rampant, gules, armeti antr languei ajure, grasping a 

1 This difference is taken from the coat of barrooh are not in the Lyon Record, but as 
Kennedy, the mother of the first Agnew of they are given by Nisbet, and are of venerable 
Sheuchan, being of the house of Culzean. antiquity, I have ventured to quarter them as 

2 The arms of Agnew of Sheuchan are they are now borne by the family. For the 
matriculated in 1743. Those of Vans of Barn- supporters used by them there is no warrant. 



THE HERALDEY OF WIGTONSHIRE. 



61 



taixitfjorn tree, fructei, proper ; in ijis iiexter pala a scttnitar, Jefenlimg tije 
same. 

IHottoes — " Suffitiulatus majores sequor";^ anli "jFiHelitate ct 
clamore." ^ 



9. HORATIO GEANVILLE MURRAY STEWART OF CALLY AND 
BROUGHTON, Esquire. 



Blazon — 

©uarterlg, 1st aitlj 4tti, Stetoart of ®arltes ; or, a fess cfjecqug, ajure 
anJj argent, surmounted of a bcnti engratleti, gules, all Snitl^in a iouile 
tressure florg^counterflorg of tfje last. 

2ti anU SU, ilSurrag of Brougfjton; ajure, t^xtz stars ani a canton, 
argent, in lexter cljicf. 

drest — E pelican in ter pietg. 

iHotto— " Impero.'" 



HEEBEET EUSTACE MAXWELL. 



1 " Bearing the buckle I follow my ancestors," 
referring to the buckle (bonkle) which marks 
descent from Stewart of Bonkill. 

^ " Clamore " is in allusion to the bugles in 
the arms of Hathorn. These arms were regis- 
tered, in 1743, by John Hathorn of Over Airies, 
who married Agnes Stewart, heiress of Physgil ; 
but with the arms of Hathorn in the 1st and 
4th quarters, but as the family have now placed 
the name of Stewart last, I have thought right 
to alter the order of the quarters. They also 
have resumed the Physgil crest, a demi-lion 
rampant, gules, armed and langued azure, hold- 



ing in his dexter paw a buckle, or ; which, from 
its greater simplicity, is preferable to the crest 
given above. 

^ These arms are registered in the Heralds' 
College, London. In conformity with the prac- 
tice observed in the former plates of this series, the 
mantlings are given throughout of the tinctures of 
the liveries. Of course the practice of the Lyon 
Office is to give mantlings befitting the degree, in 
which case all those in Plate VI. would be gules, 
doubled argent ; but the practice observed above 
is an ancient one, and while tending to variety 
of artistic effect, violates no rule of Heraldry. 



VI. 

DESCRIPTION OF ANCIENT FORTS, ETC., 
IN WIGTOWNSHIRE. 

1. KIRKCOLM. 

It has long been my wisli to publish a description of the camps, forts, 
fortified towns, cairns, and other ancient works in this district, for which 
many details have been collected in my note books. A serious illness 
laid me aside from all work for eighteen months, and when I began, 
in the summer of 1884, to superintend the measurement of some 
forts by a professional surveyor, a wound on my foot made me unfit to 
visit localities so rugged and difiicult of access. The number of these 
antiquities in Wigtownshire is very great, and as my list contains several 
which are not entered in the Ordnance Survey Maps it is likely that a 
closer survey may lead to the discovery of yet more. I give a list, although 
incomplete, of the forts and camps in the Rhinns and Glenluce. In Kirh- 
maiden, at the Mull Head, two lines of fortification run across the narrow 
isthmus from east to west Tarbert. In the Ordnance Survey Map the line 
to the north is marked " Ancient Fortification," but the other is entered 
only as a field fence, although it is really two earthen dykes and two 
ditches, with hut circles, and a larger ring on the side next to the light- 
house. A little to the north-west of west Tarbert, on the coast of the 
Irish Channel, is a nameless fort. ^ Farther along is Dunora, or Dunorrich, 
on a rock at the base of the lofty sea cliffs. Then follow three forts, of 
which nothing is left but traces of the ditch across the narrow neck between 
the land and the cliff summits on which they have stood. Dunman is a 
large fort, crowning one of the loftiest precipices on this rugged coast, with 
remains of a strong outer wall and hut circles. At Crummag Head, on a 
lower rock, there is a circular stone fort, with a narrow entrance across a 

1 Not in Ordnance Survey Map. 



DESCEIPTION OF ANCIENT FOETS, ETC., WIGTOWNSHIRE. 63 

ditch, faced witli stone on one side, two outer lines of mound and ditch, 
and hut circles. Dr. Gemmill has kindly sent me a rough sketch plan of 
some curious remains at a place between Clanyard and Logan Bay, which 
may have been a fort. Dunichinie is a large circular fort north of the 
Mull of Logan. The Moat Hill at Drummore appears to have been 
defended by some earthworks. In Stoneykirh there is a small green 
projection, on the seventy -five feet ancient coast line, north of Drum- 
breddan Bay,^ where the narrow neck is cut by a ditch. At Ardwell Point 
there is the fort called the Doon Castle. About five mUes farther north is 
the fort of Kirlauchline, with three traverses. Inland, at Kildonan, there is 
a double fort. The name of Knockdoon indicates a fort north of Awhirk, 
but I have not seen the place ; and there are traces of cairns at the Doon 
Hill of Kildrochet. In Portpatrick, on Cairn Pyot, the highest hill in 
the parish, there is a very large circular fort or camp, consisting of three 
rings, one within the other, but not concentric, of which the inmost is not 
in the map. In Leswalt there is a circular fort at Lashindarroch on Knock- 
na-maize, which has been ploughed over, and there are two on Port Slogan. 
At Larbrax is a fort with two traverses at the Kemp's Walk. There is one 
at Saltpans Bay, and another interesting one at High Auchneel.^ Inland 
there is the fort at Aldouran Glenhead, called the Kemps' Graves, and a 
circular fort at the Tor of Craigoch, with outer defences. In Kirkcohn 
there is said to be no trace of a fort at the Dounan of Airies ; but farther 
north there is Dunwick, then the Doonan of Dally, of which no trace 
is reported, and Dunskirloch, at Corswall Point. Turning along the coast 
toward Loch Eyan we find Dundream, of which little trace remains; Caspin, 
and a nameless fort at Jamieson's Point. There is the site of the Castle of 
Craigoch inland, where there may have been a fort. In Lwh there has 
been a fort at LefnoU Point,^ near the end of the Deil's Dyke, and in a 
bend of that dyke, at the head of Beoch Glen, is Shinraggie or Shinriggie, 
a fortified town. Teroy is a fort west of the Braes of Balkerr, and the 
name of Kirclauchie Burn seems to indicate another in that neighbourhood. 
In New Luce there is a ruined fort, marked in the map as two cairns, on the 
Fell of Cruise or High Galdenoch, and another, with a cluster of green 
rings, and a large ditch and earthen dyke on the west and north, at Glen- 
iron several.' At Garvillan there is a stone fort on the Bennan,' which 
is double at the one end and with hut circles. It is marked in the 

1 Not in Ordnance Survey Map. 



G4 DESCRIPTION OF ANCIENT FOETS, ETC., WIGTOWNSHIRE. 

map " Pile of stones." There are two rings touching each other near 
the farmhouse, another is farther to the west, and there are three 
more near the north-west march of the farm, at a place called Klash- 
herne.^ There is a ring with two hut circles at Balmurrie.^ In Old Luce 
there are three rings at Glenhinnie,^ two at Glenwhan,^ two in a wood called 
Baraigle,^ near Dunraget, and the Roon Doonan at Dunraget. On Craig 
there are two rings,^ each with a hut circle, and on Airyhemming there are 
three forts,^ one of them with a cup-shaped floor at the one end, in good 
preservation. On the coast at Stairhaven there is a ring,^ and a quarter of 
a mile south of the pier is a ruined fort entered in the map as a cairn. 
Near Low Sunonness is a fort called Garliachen,^ and on the Mull of Sun- 
onness is a ring. On Barhaskine there are remains of the entrance of what 
seems to have been a circular fort at the Carlinwark ; ^ on the top of the 
Knock Hill is a fortified town ; there is a ring on Barnsallzie ; and there is a 
circular fort at Drumearnachan,^ of which I have given a description in Vol. 
III. p. 56. At the mouth of the river Piltanton there is a cottage called 
Corrylinn or Corachlinn, corruptions of the name which Pont gives as 
Kereluing ; and at High Torrs one of the sandhills is called Knockdoon.^ 

Including the rings, with the entrance opening to the south-east, which 
may have been burying -places, the above list contains about sixty forts. 
There are fifteen in Mochrum, four in Glasserton, ten forts and camps in 
Whithorn, and several more in the other parishes not named in this list. 
Their great number in so small a district seems to indicate that many of 
them were places of refuge, to which the inhabitants in the immediate 
neighbourhood fled in times of danger. The differences in the plan and 
material of their structure may indicate differences of date, culture, or race, 
in those who made them. In several cases the names still given to them 
show that they were held by men of a different language and race. The 
plans and descriptions I hope to give in future volumes will make this more 
plain than any general statement can do. 

I wished to begin with Kirkmaiden parish and the fortified town at the 
Mull Head, of which I made a plan many years ago, but the survey and 
plans of the other forts in that parish could not be completed in time for 
this volume. I shall start from the opposite extremity of the Rhinns, and 
describe those in the parish of Kirkcolm. And I take this opportunity of 
expressing my obligation to several friends in that parish who have shown 

^ Not in Ordnance Survey Map. 




rEn-154 iji ue 



SCALES 



H R_i_l_P_N T A L 

fEtT H_5. .? ^ 10._ __jj 51 X> .% Cp If 



80 _ 91 100 Feet 



V E RT I C A L 

Tenths io o j z__z _i ^ &_!__?__?_ "?_!i_J2 ^srEtT 



CAMP AT JAMIESOWo POINT, KIRKCOLM 



DESCRIPTION OF ANCIENT FORTS, ETC., WIGTOWNSHIRE. 65 

me the places of interest, and furnished me with information, without which 
these notes, such as they are, could never have been written. To Charles 
Wallace, Esq., of Dally, one of our members, to Mr. John M'Meekan, farmer 
at Knoekneen, to Mr. James M'Robert, crofter at Knowes and a deacon of 
the Free Church, and to Mr. William Agnew, farmer at Balquhirry, I owe 
thanks for their ungrudging kindness and assistance. 

I. Jamieson's Point. — Plate XIII. The parish of Kirkcolm is bounded on 
the east, north, and west, by the sea, and about the middle of its eastern shore 
a spit of sand, called the Scar, runs far into Loch Eyan. I have heard of 
no fort to the south of the Scar, but to the north-west of it, exactly opposite 
the boundary between Ayrshire and Wigtownshire, at Jamieson's Point, 
there is a circular stone fort. The point shelters a small bay where there 
is a house for curing fish. On the base line AB the fort is shown at C. 
The ring has an external diameter of about 60 feet, and is about 4 feet 
6 inches broad. It is much dilapidated, the stones having been used in 
building the field wall close beside it. The explanation may be given here, 
once for all, that in almost all these forts the measurements cannot be given 
with minute exactness, the stone walls or ditches and earthen mounds being 
much wasted by time or violence, and the plans always look more neat and 
exact than the objects themselves. The ring is 90 feet from the sea at its 
nearest edge. At D is a ruined kiln, 24 feet from the fort and at a lower 
level, about 19 feet in external diameter, with a wall about 3 feet thick. 
It seems to have been used for burning lime at a comparatively recent date. 
At E, on a low rocky projection, there is a hut circle about 14 feet in diameter. 
There is a 12-foot circle 14 feet south of the kiln, and another of the same 
size and at the same distance from the fort to the north-west, and 4 feet 
farther is another rather less in diameter. The four circles seem to be 
ancient. At the south-east, a few feet outside of the plan, there is a well, 
now protected by stone work, and beyond it there are some indications 
of an outer trench, for the defence of the whole site of the fortifications, 
hut circles and well ; but these are so faint I have not ventured to insert 
them in the plan. A supply of fresh water was obviously a thing of serious 
importance to the makers of these forts. Those forts which did not include 
or command a spring could only be occupied for a short time in case of war. I 
can find no old name for this fort, or any tradition or legend connected with it. 

K 



66 DESCEIPTION OF ANCIENT FOETS, ETC., WIGTOWNSHIEE. 

II. Caspin or Caspan.- — Plate XIV. From Jamieson's Point the coast of 
Loch Eyan goes north-west to Milleur Point, where the loch ojoens into the 
Irish Channel, and about a mile south-west of that point the remains of 
another stone fort are found on a very rugged part of this rocky coast. It 
is above 18 furlongs in a direct line from Jamieson's Point. It is called 
Caspin on the map, but seems often to be pronounced Caspan by the people. 
It is on the farm of West Balscalloch, and is reached by a road from the 
farmhouse, shown by the field wall and dotted line to the right of A on 
the plan, which leads down to a precij)itous cleft or isthmus, running north- 
east and south-west between two narrow creeks, from which seaweed was 
formerly hoisted by a windlass. The stones of the fort seem to have been 
used in making this road, and in building the breastworks where the kelp 
was gathered. The precipice on the landward side is higher than that 
crowned by the fort. The windlass at A was about 8 feet above extreme 
high -water mark. Two hundred and thirty-five feet eastward, at the 
highest point of the isthmus, about 31 feet above the sea, the entrance to 
the fort seems to have started by a steep ascent between two rocky points. 
On the right of this ascent a part of the drystone facing is still intact, 
showing from two to five courses, slightly concave. A good deal of debris 
of the building lies at the foot of the precipice to the left. B at the east 
end of the summit is about 51 feet 6 inches above the sea. The remains of 
a strong drystone parapet are seen all along the summit of the precipice 
from C, the total length being about 230 feet ; at C it turns at a right angle 
to the north, about 3.5 feet. A few small hut circles can still be traced 
among the grass, of which one is shown to the right of B, and two more 
close together to the left. I saw no well, but some of the herbage indicates 
the presence of a water supply. An old man mentioned to Mr. M'Meekan 
a tradition that the fort had been used as a jDlace for preaching. Its 
secluded position would make it suitable for a conventicle in times of 
persecution. 

III. Dundream is a site above three furlongs farther to the south-west. 
I have not been able to visit it, but am told that there are no remains of 
which a plan could be made. There appears to have been a ditch or breast- 
work to defend the entrance. 

Dinmurchie is a green spot on a very rocky point above two furlongs 
farther along the coast. The rocks are so precipitous as to make it almost 



p],ATt: 71V. 




CASPIN- 



SECTION FROM AtoBvBtoC 



479 436 392 340 




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SCALES 



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S E C T I N S ON A TO B , C TO D. und on E to F 



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FOR PLAN 



V E RJ.ICAL 

mH R I Z y N T A L 



D Li N SKLKL C H . Kl P.l a : ( jL M 



DESCRIPTION OF ANCIENT FORTS, ETC., WIGTOWNSHIRE. 67 

inaccessible on the landward side, and it is only in calm weather it can be 
reached by a boat. According to local tradition a giant called Murchie 
was buried here. Mr. M'Meekan tells me there has been a kind of mound 
of black burnt earth. About 40 years ago, say 1844, on digging in this 
spot a large wooden coffin was found containing bones. Not long before 
that a man from the neighbourhood tried to dig for treasure here, but took 
fright, and in his too hasty flight fell among the rocks and broke his arm. 
The place is said to be haunted, presumably by Murchie's ghost. 

IV. Dunskirloch. — Plate XV. Fortunately the next fort can still be 
described. It is above 1 1 furlongs from Caspin, and immediately to the 
north of CorswaU Lighthouse. I am indebted to Mr. James M'Eobert for 
the survey, plan, and descriptive notes of this interesting fort. 

A small rocky peninsula, lying nearly north and south, is joined to the 
mainland by an isthmus about 135 feet wide, between two small creeks. 
Across this isthmus runs, north-east and south-west, a narrow natural ditch, 
which has been improved by art and strengthened by heavy works both on 
the landward and seaward sides. At the south-west end it curves a little 
eastward to H, and is from 15 to 20 feet wide at the bottom, narrowing to 8 feet 
at H. Here an entrance crosses it, which is about 12 feet wide, 8 feet long, 
and 13 feet high. The ditch runs on nearly straight north-east for about 
45 feet, with a nearly uniform width at the bottom of 8 or 9 feet. Of 
the side of the ditch facing the mainland the wester half is a rock from 14 
to 17 feet high, and the half toward the east has had the steep slope 
strengthened by a very strong wall. This wall, according to the report of a 
man above eighty years old, was dilapidated in 1815 or 1816, when the 
various enclosures connected with the Lighthouse were built. Opposite C, 
from the beach to the knoll on the left the large foundation-stones are stiU 
in their place. The heavy stone-work on the landward side of the ditch 
has also been dilapidated. Between C and B is a small knoll 17 feet high, 
50 feet long, and above 20 feet broad. Another at E is of the same height, 
about 70 feet long and 30 feet broad at the west end, narrowing to a point 
at the east. These knolls formed outer defences. On the line from E to F 
the level falls about 4 feet to H, and rises rapidly to above 32 feet at the 
top of a knoll. This knoll is curved, with its convex side to the ditch, and 
is 100 feet long, 40 feet broad at the east end, and 20 at the west end. 
On the north-east part of it is a hut circle at I, about 12 feet in diameter. 



68 DESCRIPTION OF ANCIENT FORTS, ETC., WIGTOWNSHIRE. 

About 60 feet to the north of this circle, at K, the highest point of the line 
C D, 17 feet above the sea, is another circle about 10^ feet in diameter. 
The sides of the knoll slope or are scarped down to the level of 12 feet, 
where the diameter is about 27 feet. On the landward side of the ditch, at 
the south-west, is another circle A, about 10 feet in diameter. 

V. The Doonan of Dally. — Plate XVI. This fort is about two and a 
half miles south of Corswall Lighthouse, at Dally Bay. It is above twenty 
furlongs in a straight line from Dunskirloch, on the flat grassy summit of a 
rocky headland of the ancient 50 feet sea beach, south-west of Dally, on the 
property of Charles Wallace, Esq., who takes a lively interest in the local anti- 
quities. The site is bounded on the south by Dally Burn, which has cut its 
channel to the sea in the line of a dyke of diorite rock. Part of the precipice 
on this side is called Craigentarrie. A natural cleft or hollow on the west, at 
C, has been deepened by a rock-cutting for a road. It is said to have been 
made by Major Ross of Airies, who employed some men of the Sutherland 
Fencibles, disbanded after the Irish Rebellion. On the north the grassy 
slope is very steep. On the east, the fort was defended at the narrowest 
part, where it suddenly contracts to 50 feet, by a double ditch and earthen 
parapet. The outer ditch and the inner parapet are almost destroyed, and 
a modern entrance gap, 12 to 15 feet wide, has been made through the 
whole, to admit of the cultivation of the area of the fort. The width over 
all these defences is nearly 20 feet, and one part of the parapet is still about 
5 feet high from the bottom of the ditch. There may have been an outer 
defence at the narrow part between D and the angle of the field wall, the 
sides being very steep to that point, but no trace of it can be seen. The 
area within the parapets and ditches is about 180 feet long, and 75 feet 
wide at the broadest part. The defence round the edges has been destroyed, 
and there is no trace of any hut circle or building, the whole having been 
cultivated. There is no well in the enclosure. 

A little to the south of Dally Burn, between the field road and the sea, 
on a flat space with low rocky sides, is a green conical mound called Din- 
bonnet. On the narrow summit is a hollow, lying north and south, about 7 
feet long and 3 feet broad, said by tradition to be a grave. I observed very 
small fragments of bone under one foot of soil on the south-east slope of the 
knoll. Both the Doonan of Dally and Dinbonnet are said to be haunted 
by fairies. 



PLATE r>. 




SECTION ON LINE A BCD 




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I G H \V A T L n !.1 * R t\ 



FllT 531 «7 



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Feet 190,, a^ . p_ 



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DUNWIf'K KIRKCOl.M. 



A'R i GAi-'.'iWr.r Arck*- Aitaoc" I 



DESCRIPTION OF ANCIENT FORTS, ETC., WIGTOWNSHIRE. 69 

VI. Dunwich or Danwick — Plate XVII. This place is 4 furlongs south of 
the Doonan of Dally. It is called Castle Bull on the Ordnance Survey map, 
but that name was first used about the end of last century, when a bull fell 
over the steep bank and was killed. It is sometimes called Castle Bawn, 
but the common name is Dunwick, which was also the name of the small 
farm near it, now thrown into the farm of Airies. Mr. M'Robert informs 
me that he has heard some very old people call the fort Danwick This 
form of the name seems suggestive of the Scandinavians, and it may be a 
tradition of some Danish viking, who drew up his ship in the adjoining 
creek and made this fort to secure his position. The Kemp's Walk at 
Larbrax Fort, a few miles farther south, and the Kemps' graves near Loch- 
naw, in Leswalt, are memorials of the presence of such foreign invaders. My 
friend M. S. Tait, Esq., Secretary of the Ferguson Bequest Fund, has kindly 
examined the title-deed of Airies estate for me, and informs me that it is 
dated 1578, and contains no place-names except Airies and Knockbrake. 
" It is merely described as a forty shilling land, held by one Campbell." 

Dunwick is on a green knoll which projects from the 75 feet coast level, 
and rests on the 25 feet level. A low ridge of the drift gravel slopes down 
a little towards the narrow neck which forms the entrance to the fort. This 
neck is about 40 feet long and 45 feet wide, contracting on both sides till it 
is only about 7 feet wide near the knoll. The level summit of the knoll is 
somewhat pear-shaped, and its length, due east and west, is about 95 feet, its 
breadth about 85 feet. A little north-west of its centre there are traces of 
a circle, b, about 17 feet in diameter. The remains of the parapet round 
the edge are slight, and there is no trace of any ditch or parapet across the 
entrance. The natural hollow on each side of the entrance appears to have 
been improved by scarping. About 8 feet below the summit level of 75 
feet, it begins to slope quickly down to about the level of 50 feet, where a 
narrow flattish ledge seems to have been made round more than half of the 
knoU on the seaward slope, as indicated by the outer dotted line on the 
plan. This ledge or path widens on the south-west slope, on the line AB, to 
about 15 feet, and on the north side it has a sort of outwork in the form of 
a loop, hollow in the middle, about 30 feet long and 20 broad over all, 
which slopes downward. The knoll seems to have been scarped from the 
summit down to this ledge, which is least distinct on the west side. On 
the section line AB there are traces of a wall or dyke of turf, from the 
ledge down to a on the south, and to e on the north side. At a, where 



70 DESCEIPTION OF ANCIENT FOETS, ETC., WIGTOWNSHIEE. 

the vertical section shows a small level spot on part of the ancient 25 feet 
sea beach, there are remains of a 10 feet circle outside of the dyke, and 
there is a smaller circle at a, on the north side, which is also outside of the 
dyke. Three more hut circles are shown at c, about 100 feet north-west 
from the knoll, on the 25 feet level, where a little shelter is afforded by 
some rocks between them and the sea. A well is found at e, which seems 
to have been enclosed, and is inside of the line of dyke. 

The outwork on the north slope of this fort appears to have attracted 
notice and excited speculation in the minds of some of the natives in former 
times. There is a tradition that three different attempts have been made 
to dig there for hidden treasure, all of which were prevented, the place 
being haunted by fairies. The first man who tried to dig cut off one of 
his own feet by the first stroke of his spade, the second was scared away 
by hearing the sea make a strange and alarming sound, and the third was 
terrified by the apparition of a lady in white, who drove him away with 
dire threats of vengeance if he ever presumed to disturb the place again ! 

There is a place called Dounan Park and Hill about a mile farther south 
on the coast, but I am told there are no remains of a fort to be seen there. 

Craigocli Castle is a site towards the east of the parish, on the Craigoch 
Burn, which drains Loch Connell. At this place we have an interesting 
example of the effects of social and economic changes, still in progress, 
which are apt to pass without record at the time. It has been uninhabited 
for a good many years, but there are the ruins of three mills, all of which 
have been used in the memory of people still alive, — a meal, a flax, and a 
carding mill. There is now no flax or carding mill in the Ehinns or Glen- 
luce, and the meal mills are becoming gradually fewer, owing to the 
competition of steam mills in the great cities. There were once two carding 
mflls in Glenluce, and two tanneries in the village, now there are none ; 
and the handloom weavers have either died out or taken up other kinds 
of work. I know only one woman who still spins with the large wheel. 
But to return from this digression to Craigoch, the ruined " House on the 
Eock " there, built on an ice-polished rock, was said by the late inhabitants 
to contain part of the old castle walls. I could see no evidence of this. 
Near a small linn above the mills, and on the opposite side of the brook, 
there is a small irregular knoll, with low and rather precipitous rocky sides. 
On the top there are traces of what seems to have been a ring fort, about 
33 feet in one diameter and 28 in the other. On the north-east side, at 



DESCRIPTION OF ANCIENT FOETS, ETC., WIGTOWNSHIRE. 71 

a distance of 15 feet, there is part of an outer mound or parapet. At the 
north there may have been an entrance where there is a cleft a few feet 
wide. Outside of the ring, next the linn, there is a circle which seems 
to have been a kiln. The place is too much destroyed to be shown on a 
plan, and I am of opinion it is not as ancient as the other places now 
described. Perhaps some digging might make this more clear. The Tor 
of Craigoch is a fine fort, about a mile and a half distant, in Leswalt parish. 
Kirminnoch is a name probably due to a fort once there. 

It seems likely that some of the forts now described would have their 
defences strengthened by stockades of wood ; but this is a mere opinion, for 
no rehcs of stakes have been seen. 

Having finished this first instalment of my promised notes on the 
ancient forts in Wigtownshire I may take this opportunity of adding some 
notes on other antiquities in Kirkcolm parish. Several of the place-names 
mark the site of ancient cairns, all of which are said to have been 
destroyed. There are still some remains of a very large cairn, which 
had stone graves in it, at North Cairn. South Cairn and Cairnside, two 
adjoining farms, seem to be named from it also. About a mile to the south- 
east is Cairnbowie. About a mile and a half east of Dunwick are Cairn- 
donald and Cairndonnan. In the south-west of the parish we find 
Cairnbrock. South of Jamieson's Point is Cairntootan. Cairn Connell is 
a hill east of Loch Connell. Between the years 1790 and 1810 there was 
a great dilapidation of cairns and forts for the purpose of building field 
walls when waste lands were improved. 

Rock-heivn Grave at Ervie. This is a very interesting grave, and is, so 
far as I know, the only one in Scotland hewn out of the solid rock. I saw 
it a few years ago, and examined the ledge cut round the top, but the 
bottom was covered with liquid manure from the dung-heap which usually 
covers it. It is weU described in the following letter to me by Charles 
Wallace, Esq., dated "Dally, Kirkcolm, 9th January 1878. In levelling 
the earth and rock to improve the courtyard and farm-steading at Ervie, 
at a considerable depth below the original surface an oblong chest-like 
cavity was found in the solid whinstone rock. It was 3 feet long by 2 
feet broad, and about 2 feet deep, clean and neatly cut, and with the 
tool-marks distinctly visible on the sides. Pound the edge was a neatly 
cut groove or ledge for a lid, and this lid was in a great measure entire, 



72 DESCEIPTION OF ANCIENT FOETS, ETC., WIGTOWNSHIRE. 

althougli much, decayed, when the cist was discovered. It was of oak, about 
2 inches thick, and very much in appearance like the oak in the adjoining 
mosses. Above the oak was a rough stone slab. The cist contained 
nothing but a few inches of moss, and a thin layer of what looked like 
lime, probably calcined bone." 

Old Mill at Cairnside. On 9th of February last Mr. M'Meekan took me 
to see a curious dug-out trough like a canoe, found in making a drain in a 
field called the Drangan, on Cairnside farm. The labourer had cleared out 
much earth and laid bare the remains of an ancient mill. At a place where 
the surface slopes rapidly down towards a small brook he found a trough, 
neatly cut out of a bog oak tree, the length 9 feet 5 inches, the width outside 
1 foot 11 inches, and inside 1 foot 5 inches, the depth 1 foot 3 inches. 
It was lying below the clay, with the open end about 2 feet under the 
surface, on a hard gravel bank, and the lower end between 4 and 5 feet 
from the slope of the bank. The lower end has been cut square and pierced 
through the solid by two holes 5 inches in diameter on the inside and 3 at 
the outside. Over each hole on the end of the trough a piece of wood IJ 
inch thick was fastened, with a still smaller hole in it. Each piece was 
fastened on by ten oak trenails, five on each side, three of which were 
1 inch thick, and two only -J- an inch thick. The large ones had heads 
bent at a right angle, like the head of a walking-stick, but it is uncertain if 
the smaller ones had similar heads. I observed a trenail of this form used 
to fasten a rib on the inside of the dug-out canoe found in Dernaglaur 
Loch in Old Luce. In Vol. III., p. 54, I notice a similar one, which was 
found on the Crannog in Barhapple Loch, only it was untrimmed. Prob- 
ably it belonged to a canoe of which a part was found there. This form 
of oak trenail seems to be very old. The perforated end of the trough 
rested in a groove cut in the outer edge of a heavy squared beam of oak 
about 6 feet long and 1 foot square, and below and in front of the beam was 
a floor, 3 or 4 feet square, of thick oak planks, which I could not see for 
muddy water. Beyond this floor, and at a little higher level, lay an upper 
millstone of granite, 3 feet in diameter and 5 inches thick, with a hole 6 
inches in diameter. The hard bog oak seems to have been trimmed almost 
entirely with an axe. No one had ever heard of a mill or any dwelling 
being there. A good many broken flints were lying on the surface near 
the spot, and several flint flakes have been picked up. I got from the 
drainer a small stone celt, described along with others in Sir Herbert 



DESCRIPTION OF ANCIENT FOETS, ETC., WIGTOWNSHIEE. 73 

Maxwell's paper in this volume. About thirty years ago a fine bronze 
sword was got a few yards off, in a field on the other side of the brook, 
but it cannot now be traced. In Dr. Munro's paper, in this volume, 
on our Lake-dwellings, will be found a note on a bog- or lake-dwelling in 
Karkcolm. 

Corsivall Castle, about a mile south-east from the Lighthouse, is still 
represented by some ruined walls. Symson described it as "wholly 
ruinous " when he wrote. It is described in the New Statistical Account, 
pp. 102 and 103. I hope that this and the other ruined castles in 
Wigtownshire may be figured and described in future volumes of our 
Collections. There was a castle at Barnside which belonged to the 
Campbells ; but it has been destroyed, only traces of the foundations 
remaining. It is said that the sandstone in it was taken to build the 
small manor-house at Balsarroch, a two-story house with thatched roof 

The Holy Wells at the site of Kilmorie Chapel, St. Bryde's Well at 
her chapel, and St. Columba's Well, have been described in Vol. III. p. 91, 
by my friend the late Rev. Daniel Conway, by whose death our Society has 
lost a zealous and accomplished member. There is no building at any of 
these wells. Some traces of St. Bryde's Chapel still remain, but Kilmorie 
Chapel has entirely disappeared. It was from Kilmorie the rude sculptured 
stone was taken to the parish church which is now in the garden at 
CorswaU House, and which is figured in Dr. Stuart's great work. 

Chapel Dounan, a little to the east of Balsarroch, has also been quite 
destroyed. My friends Mr. Wallace and Mr. M'Meekan found two small 
slabs, each with a rudely incised cross, near this site, which they presented 
through me to the Antiquarian Museum in Edinburgh last year. 

GEOEGE WILSON. 



VII. 

THE LAKE -DWELLINGS OF WIGTONSHIRE. 

The western portion of Wigtonshire, known as the Ehins of Galloway, is 
joined to the mainland by a flat isthmus, composed of a subsoil of sand 
and gravel, which separates Loch Eyan on the north from Luce Bay on the 
south. A slight lowering of the land would constitute this peninsula an 
island — a condition which is proved to have existed in former times by 
the abundant remains of raised beaches still to be seen, especially on the 
western shore of Luce Bay. When Loch Eyan and Luce Bay were thus 
united and formed a continuous channel, the mainland, from Finnart Point 
to Burrow Head, was an exposed rocky shore, affording here and there 
points sufficiently sheltered to admit of the deposition of permanently 
raised beaches — a good example of which may be seen in a section close to 
Dunragit Eailway Station. Also in many places the action of sea currents 
and rough rolling waves is still manifest on some of its cliffs not far from 
the present seashore. The south-eastern portion of the county, bounded by 
Luce Bay on the west and Wigton Bay on the east, forming a triangular 
peninsula, having its apex at Burrow Head, is called the Machers, from the 
Gaelic Machair, a word still used by the Highlanders to designate 
the lower and generally cultivated lands of Scotland. In contradis- 
tinction to the Machers of Wigtonshire are the more barren and hilly 
regions to the north, which go under the name of the Moors. Geo- 
logically, the whole of the county is included in that broad band of 
Silurian rocks, some 40 miles wide, which extends right across Scotland, 
in a north-eastern direction, from the Irish Channel to the German 
Ocean. In the vicinity of the Isle of Whithorn a small patch of the 
Upper Silurian beds is found ; but, with this exception, all the stratified 



THE LAKE-DWELLINGS OF WIGTONSHIRE. 75 

rocks in the county belong to the lower beds of this formation/ These 
sedimentary or metamorphic rocks, especially in the southern districts, 
are frequently disturbed by igneous dikes and protruded masses of basalt. 
The natural rock-sculpturings, necessarily involved in the great antiquity of 
these formations, owing to the incessant corroding influences of atmo- 
spheric and geological agencies, have received a final surface polish from 
glaciers and land ice. Hence, the lowlands of Wigtonshire, though not 
deeply intersected by river channels, are of an extremely undulating char- 
acter, consisting of a succession of rounded bosses of rock or hillocks of till, 
with intervening hollows, many of which are clearly defined as rock-scooped 
basins. When the great ice sheet finally disappeared the country must have 
been profusely studded with small shallow lakes. But many of them, 
owing to the pluvial condition of the climate which subsequently prevailed, 
have now become entirely obliterated by peat bogs and other deposits of 
organic debris. When, however, by any chance, portions of these hollows 
become exposed, as by the removal of the superficial peat or the artificial 
drainage of a loch, the rocky bottom is found to have the characteristic 
glacial polish and markings. Striking instances of these phenomena are at 
the present time to be seen on the dried bed of Dowalton Loch and that of 
the partially drained Loch of Dernaglaur, as well as many other places. In 
the higher districts of Galloway the glacial striae (which always indicate the 
direction of the ice) follow the trend of the valleys, but in the southern and 
lower parts, as the Ehins and the Machers, their general direction is from 
N.E. to S.W., a course which appears to have been unafi"ected by the surface 
inequalities of the land. But notwithstanding the filling up of so many of 
these lake basins, there is still no county in Scotland which contains so large a 
number of lakes and mossy tarns, supplying the special conditions of security 
sought after by the constructors of the lake-dwellings of prehistoric times. 

And here let me observe that the disparity in the number of lake- 
dwellings hitherto discovered in the different districts of Scotland may be 
partially accounted for by the disparity in the distribution of the lakes. 
It is quite clear that in localities where there were no natural lakes, lake- 
dwellings could not abound ; and hence the inhabitants of such localities, 
though contemporary with the Crannog-builders in other parts of Scotland, 
and even conversant with their art, would have recourse, of necessity, to some 

1 On the west coast of Looli Ryan is stretclied stone, beyond whicli, to the west, appear some clay 
a strip of Permian breccia and stratified sand- beds, apparently of the Carboniferous series. — Ed. 



76 THE LAKE -DWELLINGS OF WIGTONSHIKE. 

other means of protection. A ready explanation of the unusual number of 
lake -dwellings now being discovered in Wigtonshire may therefore be 
found in its peculiar topographical and hydrographical conditions, which, as 
we have seen, were so favourable to the security of insular abodes. 

It is now nearly 22 years since the first lake- dwellings in AVigtonshire 
were discovered and investigated, and, though not the earliest examples of 
the kind observed in Scotland, they were, up to within the last few years, 
the only ones whose practical results were of much scientific value. 
Previous to this the attention of antiquaries was directed to the probable 
existence of lacustrine abodes in Scotland by Dr. Joseph Eobertson, who, in 
December 1857, read a paper on the subject to the Society of Antiquaries 
of Scotland. The reading of this paper brought to the recollection of Dr. 
Mackinlay, F.S.A. Scot., that he had seen, as early as 1812, during an 
unusually dry summer, what he considered to be palisaded islands in 
Dhu-Loch, Bute. Also, in 1863, Dr. Grigor of Nairn communicated to the 
same Society a notice of similar structures in the Loch of the Clans, in his 
vicinity ; and in the same year Dr. Grierson of Thornhill announced at a 
meeting of the Dumfriesshire Natural History Society that a stockaded island 
had been observed in a small tarn near Sanquhar, which had been artifici- 
ally drained for the purpose of recovering the body of a man who had 
drowned himself in it. It must, however, be remembered that, when the 
first Wigtonshire crannogs were discovered in consequence of the drainage 
of Loch Dowalton during the summer of 1863, at the instance of the late 
Sir William Maxwell of Monreith, these notices had not been published, 
and could have no influence in guiding the investigations which ensued, and 
were immediately described by Lord Lovaine at the August meeting of the 
British Association, then being held at Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Indeed, Dr. 
Eobertson's paper was not published at all ; and it was not till the 1 3th 
March 1865, nearly two years later, and after he had visited the Doivalton 
crannogs, that Dr. Stuart's paper " On Artificial Islands or Crannogs in 
Scotland " was read at the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. The only 
other notice of Scottish crannogs that appears to have been written, prior 
to the report of the Dowalton discoveries, is the excellent article in Chambers's 
Encyclopsedia ; but it is not likely that this article would be then available 
to the public, seeing that this book was not completed till 1868, and that 
the writer (the same Dr. Robertson) refers to published literature on the 
subject in other countries as late as 1861. 

In claiming, therefore, for Wigtonshire the honour of being the first 



THE LAKE -DWELLINGS OF WIGTONSHIRE. 77 

county in Scotland in which the existence of crannogs was proved by 
systematic investigations, and their antiquity and historical importance 
determined by an indubitable array of relics, I am not straining the laws of 
legitimate inference. The correctness of this assertion wUl be sufficiently 
exemplified by the facts adduced in the course of this article. 

In addition to the series of explorations conducted in various parts of 
the county under the auspices of the President, Secretaries, and other mem- 
bers of the Ayr and Wigton Archseological Association, the results of which 
have been placed at my disposal, I have to mention that His Grace the 
Duke of Northumberland has most willingly granted permission to reprint 
the entire text of his original and extremely valuable article on the Dowalton 
Lake-Dwellings. 

1. Dowalton Crannogs. 

Before its final disappearance by drainage. Loch Dowalton, or, as it is 
named in Bleau's Atlas, the Loch of Boirlant,^ was situated about the centre 
of the Machers, and occupied the eastern portion of a narrow valley which 
extended westwardly for about 5 mUes. Its form was extremely irregular, 
measuring 1^- mUe in its greatest length, and about half that in breadth. At 
its eastern end there are three slight hollows, leading to lower ground, 
through any of which the surplus water of the loch might find a natural 
exit. It is now, however, difficult to say which of them was the original 
outlet, as they have been all artificially deepened and used as water-lades 
to some neighbouring mills. A small island, near its western extremity, 
was called the Mdler's Cairn, from its having been used as a mark to indicate 
the depth of water in the loch. When this exceeded a certain point the 
bordering meadow-lands became flooded, and then their tenants claimed the 
right to open the mdl sluices and allow the water to run off. This right the 
present venerable tenant of Stonehouse, Mr. Gumming, who in his earlier 
years lived on the farm of Drummoddie, at the west end of the loch, often 
enforced, by walking to the other end of the loch and opening the sluices 
with his own hands. In former times, when a corn mill was erected on an 
estate, the tenants were obliged to send their grain to it alone. This 
practice led to the erection of mills all over the country wherever suitable 
streams could be got. The system of thirlage, as this practice was called, 
having been discontinued long ago, these local mills gradually fell into 
disuse ; and of their former existence, in many instances, no evidence now 
remains except artificial dams and water-lades. 

1 Boreland, the name of a farm at its western extremity. 



78 THE LAKE-DWELLINGS OF WIGTONSHIEE. 

To expose new land and help to drain the extensive meadows and 
mosses which occupied the western portion of the Dowalton valley (the 
drainage of a large portion of which was into the loch), the proprietor, the 
late Sir William Maxwell of Monreith, conceived the project of cutting 
through the lip of rock, which at its extreme eastern point was the sole 
barrier between its waters and the lower ground in that direction. This 
excavation was completed during the summer of 1863, and as the waters 
subsided the artificial islands now about to be described became visible. To 
the curious and to the lovers of natural cataclysms, no less than to agricul- 
turists, the event must have been extremely interesting, more especially as 
the loch was known to be well stocked with fish. But this remark does not 
apply to the unfortunate fish, to which the discharge of the waters was by 
no means a welcome occurrence, as they were captured in large quantities 
by the surrounding peasants. Sir Herbert Maxwell, who was an eye- 
witness of these exciting scenes (though in a spirit of contrition he now 
acknowledges to have been ' more interested in wild ducks and fish than 
the antiquarian treasures of Loch Dowalton '), kindly furnishes me with the 
following reminiscences of the circumstances which led to the recognition of 
the true nature of the artificial islands : — " I remember when Lord Lovaine 
was taken down to see the drainage operations in 1863, that the islands 
were just appearing above the subsiding waters. His lordship had, I 
think, just returned from Switzerland, where he had visited the lake- 
dwellings there. My father told me that he exclaimed * Why, here are 
just the things I have been looking at in the Swiss lakes.' 

" Many objects were picked up without excavation, lying on the surface. 
I remember picking up a piece of white armlet. I was told at the time that 
a tradition had always been current that a village lay below the waters of 
Dowalton Loch. 

"Upon removing some stones from the surface of the Miller's Cairn 
(the only crannog which used to show above the surface) one Sunday, when 
I visited it with a friend before it had been excavated, I found some coarse 
woollen (?) cloth of a very dark colour, of which I brought home about half a 
yard, leaving a quantity behind. Next morning I left for Oxford, and the 
cloth was forgotten. I remember its appearance distinctly. 

"The bronze tripod vessel (see Fig. 31 in article on "Ancient Imple- 
ments," p. 39) was found by a boy cutting weeds in the bed of the loch. 
He said it was fuU of tow when he got it." 



THE LAKE-DWELLINGS OF WIGTONSHIRK 79 

The following is the report of his Grace the Duke of Northumberland, 
D.C.L., LL.D. (then Lord Lovaine), as published in the Transactions of the 
British Association for the Advancement of Science, held at Newcastle- 
upon-Tyne in August and September 1863. It is entitled: — "On the 
recent Discovery of Lacustrine Human Habitations in Wigtonshire. By 
Lord Lovaine." 

" Dowalton Loch, in which the structures about to be described were 
discovered, is a sheet of water of very irregular form, about two miles long 
and half a mUe broad, situated in Wigtonshire, on the west coast of Scotland, 
at the end of a narrow valley five miles in extent, the whole of which is 
occupied by a moss, part of whose waters flow into the loch, and the 
remainder into the sea near Monreith ; the elevation of the watershed near 
the middle of the valley being almost imperceptible. Sir WUliam Maxwell, 
of Monreith, has effected the drainage of this loch at his own heavy expense, 
to the great benefit of his neighbours as well as himself, by a cutting at its 
southern extremity of no less than 25 feet deep, for a considerable distance 
through the wall of whinstone and slate that closes the valley. The water 
having been partially drawn ofi", the bed of the loch exhibits the appearance 
of an immense sheet of mud, surrounded by beaches of difli'erent elevations, 
covered with large rolled stones and angular blocks of slate. It contains a 
few small islets, composed, apparently, of the same materials as the beaches. 
Sir W. Maxwell, having heard that a bronze vessel had been found in the 
mud near the southern shore, succeeded in obtaining it, but could not trace 
other articles of the same description reported to have been found near it. 
On visiting the spot, 19th of August, 1863, to obtain further information, 
I observed some timbers standing on an island near the centre of the loch, 
and was told that some one had been there in a boat when it first appeared 
above water, and had found bones, a small granite quern, and pUes ; and a 
spot was poiuted out to me at the extremity of one of the little promontories, 
when similar pUes were observable, which, on inspection, I found to be true. 
These piles varied from a foot to 18 inches in circumference. Sir W. 
Maxwell's bailifi", Mr. Chalmers, who displayed great zeal and intelligence 
throughout these researches, having proceeded to the spot to secure 
labourers for the next day's search, reported that, though it was not 
possible to reach the larger island, a smaller one was accessible, and that a 
canoe lay near it. On reaching the island, over about 40 yards of mud, I 
found it nearly circular, about 38 yards in circumference and 13 in diameter. 



80 THE LAKE-DWELLINGS OF WIGTONSHIEE. 

It was elevated about 5^ feet above the mud, and on each side of it were two 
patches of stone, nearly touching it. On the north side of it lay a canoe of 
oak, between the two patches, and surrounded by piles, the heads just 
appearing above the surface of the mud ; it was 24 feet long, 4 feet 2 inches 
broad in the middle, and 7 inches deep, the thickness of the bottom being 2 
inches. On removing the stones which covered the surface, several teeth, 
apparently of swine and oxen, were found ; and I proceeded to cut a trench 
round the islet ; and upon coming to the southern end a small quantity of 
ashes was turned up, in which were teeth and burnt bones, a piece of a fine 
earthenware armlet of a yellow colour, and a large broken earthenware bead, 
striped blue and white, together with a small metal ornament, apparently 
gilt ; two other pieces of an armlet of the same material, one striped with 
blue and white, were also found on the surface. On cutting deeper into 
the structure (the foregoing objects having been found on the outside, 
about 2 feet from the top), it proved to be wholly artificial, resting on the 
soft bottom of the loch ; the uppermost layer was a mass of brushwood 
about 2 feet thick ; Ijcneath it large branches and stems of small trees, mostly 
hazel and birch, mingled with large stones, evidently added to compress 
the mass ; below that were layers of heather and brushwood, intermingled 
with stones and soil, the whole resting upon a bed of fern about 1 foot 
thick, which appeared in all the structures examined to form the foundation. 
The whole mass was pinned together by piles and stakes of oak and willow, 
some of them driven 2^ feet into the bottom of the loch, similar to those 
above mentioned. The islet was surrounded by an immense number of 
these, extending to a distance of 20 yards around it ; and the masses of 
stone, which apparently were meant to act as breakwaters, were laid 
amongst them. The one next examined stood about 60 yards oiF, at the 
extremity of a rocky projection into the loch, but separated from it by the 
now hardened mud. It was smaller, and the layers were not so distinctly 
marked, and some of the timbers inserted in it under the first layer of 
brushwood were larger, and either split or cut to a face. A stake with two 
holes bored in it about the size of a finger, a thin piece of wood in which 
mortises had been cut, and a sort of box, the interior of which was about 
6 inches cube, with a ledge to receive the cover, very rudely cut out of a 
block of wood, were found. I succeeded two days afterwards in reaching 
the largest islet in a boat. It appeared by measurement to be 3 feet below 
the level of the other islets ; but it was much larger, and several depressions 



THE LAKE-DWELLINGS OF WIGTONSHIRE. 81 

on its surface showed that it had sunk. Wherever the soil was not covered 
with stones and silt, teeth were scattered all over it. We found quantities 
of bones at different depths in the mass, but always below the upper layer 
of faggots, and towards the outside. The progress of the excavation was 
very soon stopped by the oozing in of the water ; but a workman, plunging 
his arm up to the shoulder into the soft material, brought up handfuls of 
the fern layer, mingled with sticks and hazel-nuts, and large bones believed 
to be those of oxen. Near the spot, lumps of sand and stone, fused together, 
were picked up. On the south side of the island extraordinary pains had 
been taken to secure the structure ; heavy slabs of oak 5 feet long, 2 feet 
wide, and 2 inches thick, were laid one upon another in a sloping direction, 
bolted together by stakes inserted in mortises 8 inches by 10 inches in size, 
and connected by squared pieces of timber 3 feet 8 inches in length. It 
extended to the length of 23 yards, and its base, about 5 yards beyond the 
surface of the mud, was formed of stems of trees laid horizontally and 
secured by stakes. In other respects, the formation resembled that of the 
other islet, but it was far larger, measuring 100 yards round by about 36 
yards across. No building of any sort was discovered ; but a large plank 
of oak, 12 feet long, 14 inches broad, and 7 inches thick, lay covered with 
stones on the north side. The sinking of the mud had by this time laid 
bare a second canoe between the islet first examined and the shore ; it was 
18-g- feet long, 2 feet 7 inches wide, and barely 2 inches deep ; a block of 
wood, cut to fit a hole left probably by a rotten branch, was inserted in the 
side, 2 feet long, 7 inches wide, and 5-g- inches thick, and had there been 
secured by pegs driven through the side ; across the stern was cut a deep 
groove to admit a backboard ; a hole, 2 inches in diameter, was bored at 
about one-third of the length of both canoes in the bottom. This was so 
rotten that it would not bear my weight without breaking. The next day, 
being unable to reach the last -mentioned island, I found upon the spot 
which had been indicated to me on my first inquiry, no less than six 
structures similar to those before described, in a semicircle. They were, 
however, much smaller, apparently single dwellings. Though upon some 
of them charred wood was found, nothing else was discovered, except a 
mortised piece of timber which might have drifted there ; and in one, 
inserted under the upper layer of brushwood, a large oak timber, measuring 
8 feet long by 3 feet in circumference. Throughout these investigations, 
no tool or weapon of any sort has come to light. In the layers, the leaves 

M 



8 2 THE LAKE -DWELLINGS OF WIGTONSHIEE. 

and nuts M^ere perfectly fresh and distinct, and the bark was as plainly dis- 
tinguishable on the stems and timber as on the day they were laid down, as 
were also the heather and tlie fern. It is difficult to conjecture the state 
of the loch when these edifices were formed, and whether or not they were 
completed at one period. The finding of the large stones in the lower layer 
of ferns might lead to the belief that they were gradually raised as the 
waters of the loch increased ; and the necessity of strengthening them by 
breakwaters would seem to prove that the loch must have risen considerably 
before they were abandoned. No other sort of building has been discovered 
on them ; but the great number of teeth scattered over the surface of the 
larger island, and even on the mud surrounding, and the immense expendi- 
ture of labour indicated in the shaping and hewing of the large timber 
with tools, which must have been, from the work produced, of the rudest 
description, betoken apparently a considerable population. The loch must 
have remained for a considerable period at each of the different levels before 
mentioned ; at one time 6 or 7 feet above its last level (that is, before its 
drainage was effected), to which it was reduced by three cuts made to feed 
neighbouring mills, one certainly of great anticjuitj^ At 3-^ feet below the 
ordinary level there are unmistakable appearances of a former beach, with 
which the top of the first-mentioned islet almost exactly coincides. It is 
remarkable that thougli there are many rocky eminences in the bed of the 
loch, none bear token of ever having been used for the erection of these 
dwellings, which seem invariably to have been based upon the soft bottom 
of the loch, where the intervening mud and water may have afforded the 
inhabitants a greater security from attacks from the shore. I had not time 
to examine fully the shores of the loch ; but I was assured by Mr. Chalmers 
that he had examined them carefully without .finding traces of other 
structures. On a hill to the south there are remains of a Danish fort^ {i.e. 
a circular intrenchment), and the very ancient ruin called Longcastle is on 
an adjacent promontory on the north side. Since writing the above a very 
old man in Sir William Maxwell's service told me that in cleaning out a 
channel between a small wooded island in Myrton Loch, close to Monreith 
House, and the beach, he remembers there being found layers of timbers, 
piles, and flat stones laid in circles." I have also obtained from a farmer 

1 His lordship adds, as a footnote : " This annular brooch, Fig. 8) in bronze has also been 
has subsefjuently proved, on closer investigation, picked up on the larger islet." 
to be decidedly Roman. A Roman fibula (pen- ^ When Mr. Cochran-Patrick and I were 



THE LAKE-DWELLINGS OF WIGTONSHIRE. 



83 



living near Eavenstone Moss a paddle of black oak, 3 feet long, 14 inches 
broad, and 1 inch thick, which, with fonr or five others, he had found in 






I!' 



ill 




it mm 






Fig. 1. — Hamuir-r Stone. Natural size. 



staying for a few days at Monreith duriii.L; the 
autumn of last year, Sir Heiljert Max^vell took 
us to see a supposed crannog in the drieil 
bed of the Black Loch of Myrt(jn, adjacent 
to the White Locli here referred to by Loid 
Lovaine, and in a short time we succeeded 
in detecting, through a dense thicket of bushes 
and nettles, the tops of a few black posts of oak 
which formed part of its sirrrounding stockade. 
Since then Sir Herbert made some tentative 
digging, of which he sends the following notes : 
" The crannog which I showed you close to this 
house will I think repay further investigati'in. 
The loch has been drained for 80 years, and its 



bed repeatedly cropped and then planted. Trees 
now over 25 years old. Surface of island ex- 
tensive (140 feet diameter), and shows 8 or 
mounds. Opened one : found pavement of fiat 
stones laid in clay, about 9 feet in diameter and 
irregularly circular. Stones much fire-marked, 
with much ashes and cinders both above and 
Ijelow. Dug 4h feet deep, when water came 
in before reaching the old lake bottom. Found 
several excellent grinding-stones of white quartz 
(Figs. 1 and 2), and hard sandstone beach pebbles. 
Also many whitened beach pebbles, and some 
masses of corroded iron and vitreous slag. 
Worked only for four hours." 



84 



THE LAKE-DWELLINGS OF WIGTONSHIEE. 



that moss, lying close to a mass of timber about 6 feet from the surface ; 
this, I have every reason to believe, formed part of a structure similar to 
those described. I should have mentioned that, though retaining its shape, 
the timlier is for the most part completely decayed, except where it has been 
protected from the action of the mud. Dowalton Loch lies one mile to the 
left of the high road, half-way between Wigton and Port William. The 




-",§;,'«;>, 



Fk;. 2. — Ilamiiicr Stniii'. Natural size. 



name of the loch is probably derived from the Macdowals, formerly lords of 
this part of the country, and possiljly of Irish origin, constant communica- 
tions with the north of Ireland having taken place from the earliest period, 
yir AVilliam Maxwell suggests, as an easy explanation of the different levels 
found in the loch, that the waters originally discharged themselves into the 
sea from the western end of the valley, a portion of them only now finding 
an exit that way, in consequence of the formation of the moss towards the 
centre of the valley, which compelled the remainder to flow into the loch. 
In this case the structures must be supposed to have been formed in the 
early stages of the growth of the moss, whilst the loch was so shallow as tu 



^\.f<rY. X\11I 




-Li't-fl ^f Oh/ Hcich 



Ol^iMTv L.'i.-l 1't'r.odiJ 



1,,'tcl <,f Lom:'< Bai.Jt , 



Lild l it ' Top <>!' U-^,ia- i^Ut 



l.,i\tb ol' Top of \firqci i-il<^ 
VT^ ' 



Mr.lnim /jrvel i<' Oie M'l.l 



PLRN SHEWING THE DIFFERENT LEVELS OF ISLANDS & BEACHES OF THL LOCH. 
a 1 z 3 4- J t'^x ii' IS Awt 



TTT-.-i — L^3=I= 



ILLUSTRATIfJG DGVyALTON CFlANNOGS. 



Ayh 1 '}/Li.L.iv/Ar Apch'- AioO?" 169'ii 



THE LAKE-DWELLINGS OF WIGTONSHIRE. 85 

make it easy to raise the moss above its waters, and yet deep enough to 
float canoes and afford the desired security from an enemy." 

About a year after Lord Lovaine's investigations, Dr. Stuart, Secretary 
to the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, whUe on a visit to Sir WUliam 
Maxwell, had an opportunity of re-examining the antiquarian remains in 
Dowalton Loch, an account of which he read at a subsequent meeting of the 
Society, held on the 13th March 1865. {Proceed. Soc. Antlq. Scot. vol. vi.) 
Into this paper Dr. Stuart incorporated all the facts he could glean, so as td 
afford a basis for comparing the Scottish Crannogs with analogous remains 
in other countries, and, accordingly, freely availed himself not only of the 
details in Lord Lovaine's article but also the unpublished notes of Dr. 
Joseph Robertson, which now fell into his hands. " By this time " says Dr. 
Stuart " the whole bed of the loch was exposed, and all the islands were 
approachable, although in many places the great depth of quaking clay 
rendered it somewhat difficult to walk upon, and in some deep spots, where 
the clay was softer than elsewhere, even dangerous, from the risk of sinking. 

" The rough outline sketch (Plate XVIIL) will give an idea of the shape 
of the loch, and it will be convenient to describe the islands in the order 
in which they there occur, beginning at the west end ; in doing so, I avail 
myself of the details in Lord Percy's paper. ^ 

" The first is called 3Iiller's Cairn, from its having been a mark of the 
levels, when the loch was drained by cuts for feeding neighbouring mills. 
One of these cuts is kno"mi to have been made at a remote period. It was 
still surrounded l>y water when the place was visited by Lord Percy in 
1863. On approaching the cairn (Plate XVIIL 1), the numerous rows of 
piles which surrounded it first attracted notice. These piles were formed 
of young oak trees. L3ing on the north-east side were mortised 
frames of beams of oak, like hurdles, and below these, round trees laid 
horizontally. In some cases the vertical piles were mortised into horizontal 
bars. Below them were layers of hazel and birch branches, and under 
these were masses of fern, the whole mixed with large boulders, and 
penetrated by piles. Above all was a surface of stones and soil, which was 
several feet under water till the recent drainage took place. The hurdle 
frames were neatly mortised together, and were secured by pegs in the 
mortise holes. 

" On one side of the island a round space of a few feet in size appeared, 

I Traiisadioiu of the British Association Meeting at Newcastle, 1863, p. 141. 



Pi.ATE XIX 




Pig 



Fig 4 




J- 10 ■;; 




ite^ 



^?*^^:;#n>'^-^r5*«*"-'<'SS»^^^«*'" 



,-1 .y,' 



Fi((. 3 



ILLUoTRATJNG DOWALTGN CRANNOGS. 



'■ Al'so"-' 1665 



THE LAKE -DWELLINGS OF WIGTONSHIRE. 87 

heatlier, intermingled with stones and soil, tlie whole resting on a bed of 
fern 3 or 4 feet in thickness. The mass was pinned together by piles 
driven into the bottom of the loch, some of which went through holes in 
the horizontal logs. The general appearance of the island, and of the 
mortised beams on its south side, will be gathered from the sketches 
engraved on Plate XIX. Figs. 2 and 3. For these sketches I am indebted 
to the courtesy of Lord Percy. I noticed some of these flat beams of great 
size and length (one of them 12 feet long) with three mortise holes in the 
length, 7 inches square. A thick plank of oak of about 6 feet in length 
had grooves on its two edges, as if for somethiag to slide in ; and it may 
be noted that some of the oak beams in the Irish crannog at Dunshauglin, 
county of Meath, had their sides grooved in like manner, to admit large 
panels driven down between them.^ This island measured about 23 yards 
across, and was surrounded by many rows of piles, some of which had the 
ends cut square over, as if by several strokes of a small hatchet. Mr. 
Chalmers, the intelligent overseer of Sir William Maxwell, pointed out to 
me vestiges of branches interlaced in the beams of the hurdles. On the 
north-east side, and under the superstructure of the island, a canoe was 
found, made of a single tree of oak. It was 21 feet in length, 3 feet 10 
inches across over all near the stern, which was square. Its depth at the 
stern was 17 inches, or, including the backboard which closed the stern, 20 
inches. The stern was formed by a plank inserted in a groove on each side 
with a backboard pegged on above it. The part containing the grooves 
was left very thick. There were two thole-pins on each side, inserted in 
squared holes in the solid, which was left to receive them, and wedged in 
with small bits of wood. One thwart of fir or willow remained. A plank 
or washboard, projecting a few inches over the edge, ran round the canoe. 
It rested on the top, and was fastened with pegs into the solid. The vessel 
was pointed at the bow, and the sketch, for which I am indebted to Lord 
Percy (Plate XIX. Fig. 1), will give a general idea of it. As I have said, it 
was found in the foundations of the island, with hurdles and planks above 
it. It was very complete, and in good order. In the mass of stuff" thrown 
out, a piece of curiously stamped leather was found, apparently part of a 
shoe. Great quantities of the teeth and bones of animals were strewed 
over the surface of the island and surrounding mud. Bones were also found 
at diff'erent depths in the mass, but always below the upper layer of faggots 

1 Wilde's Catalogue of Antiquities in Museum Royal Irisli Academy, p. 222. 



88 THE LAKE-DWELLINGS OP WIGTONSHIRE. 

and towards the inside. All the bones were split, probably to admit the 
extraction of the marrow. Specimens of the bones were submitted to Pro- 
fessor Owen, who has expressed his opinion of them in the following note : — 

" ' The bones and teeth, from the lake-dwellings, submitted to my examination by Lord 
Lovaine, included parts of the ox, hog, and goat. The ox was of the size of the Bos longifrons 
or Highland kyloe, and was represented by teeth, portions of the lower jaw, and some 
bones of the limbs and trunk. The remains of the Sus were a lower jaw of a sow, of the 
size of the wild boar, and detached teeth. With the remains of the small ruminant, of the 
size of the sheep, was a portion'of cranium with the base of a horn core, more resembling 
in shape that of the he-goat. Not any of these remains had lost their animal matter. 
— E. 0.' 

" Other specimens of the bones presented by Sir William Maxwell are in 
the Museum. Eegarding these I have been favoured with the following- 
memorandum by Dr. John Alex. Smith, Secretary : — 

" ' After a careful examination of the bones now in the museum, found on an artificial 
island in Dowalton Loch, in which I was kindly assisted by Mr. William Turner, M.B. ; 
we find them to consist of those of small short-horned cattle — the Bos longifrons, I doubt 
not, of Professor Owen — similar to those found with Eoman remains at Newstead, and 
presented by me to the museum — a rather small-sized pig, and the sheep ; also a bone of a 
large bird. The mass of fern leaves forming the substratum of the dwelling consisted of 
the Pteris aqtiilina, the common bracken.' 

" On one spot a few flat stones were placed as if for a hearth. They 
showed marks of fire, and around them were ashes and bones. The bronze 
dish of Roman work afterwards described was found in the mud, near the 
east margin of the loch. The best saucepan was found between this island 
a,nd the shore. A small circular brooch of bronze, four whetstones, and two 
iron hammers were found on the island. A third iron hammer was found 
near it, and may have been thrown out with the debris. 

" Lumps of iron slag were also found on this island, and similar masses 
have been found on several of the Irish crannogs. 

" The original depth from the surface of the island to the bottom was 
probably from 6 to 7 feet ; but the structure was much dilapidated before 
I saw it. 

" Proceeding southward, we come to the island first examined by Lord 
Percy (Plate XVIIL 3). It proved to be nearly circular, and to be about 13 
yards in diameter. Its surface was raised about 5^ feet above the mud and 
on each side of it were two patches of stone nearly touchino' it. These 
probably, answered the purpose of the jetty or pier, formed of a double row 



THE LAKE-DWELLINGS OF WIGTONSHIEE. 89 

of piles, about 8 feet asunder, which supported horizontal logs, noticed on 
one side of the crannog in Cloonfin Lough/ On the north side lay a canoe 
of oak, between the two patches, and surrounded by piles, the heads just 
appearing above the surface of the mud. It was 24 feet long, 4 feet 2 
inches broad in the middle, and 7 inches deep, the thickness of the bottom 
being 2 inches. Under the stones which covered the surface teeth of swine 
and oxen were found. A trench was cut round the islet, and at the south 
end a small quantity of ashes was turned up, in which were teeth and 
burned bones, part of an armlet of glass covered with a yellow enamel, and 
a large broken bead of glass, together with a small metal ornament ; two 
other pieces of a glass armlet, one striped blue and white, were also found 
on the surface. These objects were found on the outside of the islet, about 
2 feet from the surface. On cutting into the islet itself, it proved to be 
wholly artificial, resting on the soft bottom of the loch, and in its composi- 
tion exactly the same as the large island already described. The whole 
mass was pinned together by piles of oak and willow, some of them driven 
2|- feet into the bottom of the loch. The islet was surrounded by an 
immense number of piles, extending to a distance of 20 yards around it ; and 
masses of stone, which apparently were meant to act as breakwaters, were 
laid amongst them. On the sinking of the mud a canoe was found between 
the islet and the northern shore. It was 18|^ feet long, and 2 feet 7 inches 
wide. A block of wood cut to fill a hole, left probably by a rotten branch, 
was inserted in the side, 2 feet long, 7 inches wide, and 5-^ inches thick, and 
was secured by pegs driven through the side ; across the stern was cut a 
deep groove to admit a backboard ; in both canoes a hole 2 inches in 
diameter was bored in the bottom. 

" The next islet is about 60 yards from the last, and nearer to a rocky 
projection on the south margin of the loch. It was examined by Lord Percy, 
and was found to be smaller ; the layers were not so distinctly marked, 
and some of the timbers inserted under the upper layer of brushwood were 
larger, and either split or cut to a face. A stake with two holes l^ored in it 
about the size of a finger, a thin piece of wood, in which mortises had been 
cut, and a box, the interior of which was about 6 inches cube, with a ledge 
to receive the cover, very rudely cut out of a block of wood, were found. I 
saw this rude box, but it has gone to pieces since that time. 

" On the south-east side of the loch, near one of the little promontories, 

1 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, vol. v. p. 209. 

N 



90 



THE LAKE-DWELLINGS OF WIGTONSHIEE. 



were several cairus surrounded by piles, of which, the outline had mostly 
disappeared at the time of my visit. When they were first seen by Lord 
Percy there were six structures, of the 'same character as those already 
described, arranged in a semicircle. They were, however, much smaller 
than the others, and appeared to have been single dwellings. Though upon 
some of them charred wood was found, nothing else was discovered except 
a mortised piece of timber, which might have been drifted there ; and in 
one, inserted under the upper layer of brushwood, a large oak beam, measur- 
ing 8 feet long by 3 in circumference. 

" This group of small islets was close to the shore. They had, however, 
been surrounded by water at the time when the level of the loch reached 
the highest beach mark. I could not discover any causeway or piled con- 
nection with the shore. 

" Near the north margin of the loch a canoe was found in the mud. It 
measured 25 feet in length, and was strengthened by a projecting cross 
band towards the centre, left in the solid in hollowing out the inside ; lying 
under it a portion of another canoe was found. Along this shore many 
uprooted trees occur in the mud, mostly birch and alder ; some trees also 
are still rooted. 

"The articles already found on the islets and neighbourhood a;re : — 



1. Bronze dish, with handle, of Roman 

work. 

2. Two bronze dishes, hammered out of 

the solid. 

3. A smaller bronze dish of sejjarate pieces, 

riveted together. 

4. A bronze ring, having attached to it a 

portion of the vessel of which it had 
been a handle. 

5. Fragment of leather, with a stamped 

pattern on it. 



6. 



A large blue glass bead. 



7. Two glass beads, with streaks and spots. 



8. A bead of amber. 

9. A bead of vitreous paste. 

10. A small brooch of bronze. 

11. A small ring of bronze. 

12. A copper coin. 

13. Five querns. 

1 4. A fragment of bronze. 

15. Pieces of iron slag. 

1 6. A small earthen crucible. 

17. Whetstones. 

18. Three iron hammers. 

1 9. Portions of armlets of enamelled glass. 

20. Five canoes. 



"Most of the articles were found in the neighbourhood of the islands. 
It is probable that the bronze vessel found near the eastern margin, as 
well as other articles, may have been floated off during the period when 
the islands were submerged. It is plain, from the appearance of several 
beaches of rolled stones around the margin of the loch, that the waters had 



THE LAKE -DWELLINGS OF WIGTONSHIEE. 91 

stood at different levels at different times — at one time 6 or 7 feet above 
its last level, to which it was reduced by three successive cuts made to 
feed neighbouring miUs — one of them certainly of great antiquity. When 
at this height the surface of the mosses to the west must also have been 
under water. Lord Percy has remarked that, at 3^ feet below the ordinary 
level, there are unmistakable appearances of a former beach, with which 
the top of the islet, first examined by him, coincides. Sir William Maxwell 
suggests, as an easy explanation of the different levels found in the loch, 
that the waters originally discharged themselves into the sea from the 
western end of the valley, and at last, in consequence of the formation of 
moss towards its centre, a part of them could only escape in that way, 
while the remainder was forced into the loch. On this assumption Lord 
Percy concludes that the structures must be supposed to have been formed 
in the early stages of the growth of the moss, while the loch was so shallow 
as to make it easy to raise the obstructing moss above its waters, and yet 
deep enough to float canoes and afford the desired security from an enemy. 
He adds that it is difiicult to conjecture the state of the loch when these 
edifices were formed, and whether or not they Avere completed at one 
period. The finding of the large stones in the lower layer of ferns might, 
he thinks, lead to the belief that they were gradually raised as the waters 
of the loch increased ; and that the strengthening them by breakwaters 
might be held to prove that the loch had risen considerably before they 
were abandoned. 

" The rising of the level of the loch is a feature common to this with the 
Irish lochs in which crannogs have been found. In some Irish cases there 
are appearances of these having been raised to meet this change of cir- 
cumstances ; but when we consider the compressible nature of the materials, 
it is more likely that the islands may, in many instances, have required 
such heightening from the effect of natural subsidence. The stones among 
the lower strata of fern were probably used to compress and solidify the 
substructure in the course of erection, and it seems to me most probable 
that the islets were wholly erected at one time. 

" It would appear that no islets were above the surface of the water at 
the time of Pont's survey, about the middle of the seventeenth century. 
In Bleau's map of Galloway no islets are seen on the loch of Dowalton, 
while several are laid down in the neighbouriug loch of Mochrum, which 
shows that such projections were not overlooked. 



92 THE LAKE-DWELLINGS OF WIGTONSHIRE. 

" In the moss of Kavenstoue, a little to the east of Dowalton, five paddles 
of oak were discovered lying close to a mass of timbers about 6 feet under 
the surface. Lord Percy was led to believe that these were the remains of 
a structure similar to those in the loch of Dowalton. One of these paddles 
forms part of the donation of Sir William Maxwell to the Museum (Plate 
XIX. Fig. 4). 

" In the White Loch of Mertoun (a name which reminds us of the Cluain- 
fin Lough in Roscommon, which is said to mean "the enclosure of the 
White Lake"), about three miles westward from Dowalton, there was 
formerly a stockaded island. The discovery of the islands in Dowalton 
Loch brouffht to the recollection of an old man in the service of Sir William 
Maxwell that, when the loch was partially drained by Sir William's grand- 
father, he had seen a small island in it with timbers, piles, and flat stones 
on its surface. This led to an examination of the island, from which it 
appeared that it was surrounded by piles, and was constructed, like those 
at Dowalton, of layers of furze, faggots, and brushwood, layers of fern, etc. 
This island, prior to the lowering of the loch, had been covered by eight 
feet of water. 

" On Dunhill, which is a rising ground a short way from the south-east 
end of Dowalton Loch, there remains a circular rath, surrounded by a deep 
ditch. The rath is about 36 yards in diameter. Similar elevations occur 
on the north and south west sides of the loch, where raths may also have 
been placed, but if so, they have been obliterated by cultivation. 

" It will be remarked that no weapon or tool of stone has as yet been 
found at Dowalton ; but no certain inference can be drawn from this, as 
such objects, with many others, may yet be found below the deep bed of 
clay surrounding the islets. 

" Of the bronze objects which have been discovered, one is a dish of 
Ptoman work, with a stamp (apparently cipipolibi) on the handle 
(Fig. 5). It measures 8|- inches in diameter at the mouth, and 6 at the 
bottom. Its depth is 5|- inches. The handle is 7 inches long, and there 
are five raised and turned rims on the bottom. It is turned in the inside, 
in which respect, as well as its general appearance, it resembles a bronze 
patella found in Teviotdale, presented to the National Museum by Dr. J. 
A. Smith, and figured in the Proceedings of the Society (vol. iv. p. 598). 

" Two vessels of the same character, the one within the other, were found 
in a moss near Friars Carse in Dumfriesshire, in 1790. The largest one 



THE LAKE-DWELLINGS OF WIGTONSHIEE. 93 

has engraved or stamped on its handle the letters ansiepharr. They are 
figured in the Archceologia, vol. xi. p. 105. Another similar vessel, which 
formed one of a remarkable collection of ornaments of the Roman period, 
found in the county of Durham about the beginning of last century, now 
in the British Museum, has on its handle the letters matr • fab - dvbit.-' 

" Other two bronze dishes have each been hammered up into form out of 
a single piece, and to one an iron handle has been riveted. They resemble 
bronze culinary dishes found at Rodingfield, in Essex, figured in Archceo- 
logia, vol. xvi. p. 364. They are about 14 inches across by 3 or 4 in 
depth, and one of them is figured Fig. 4. A third is formed of two 
separate pieces welded together. It has obviously been much used on the 
fire, and bears many marks of rude mending by rivets. It has had an iron 
handle for lifting it, and it measures 10 inches across by 4 in depth 
(Fig. 3). 

" The iron hammers have a great resemblance to those found with Roman 
remains at Great Chesterfield, in Essex, in 1854, and figured in the 
ArchcBological Journal for 1856. Iron hammers of a somewhat similar 
shape have been found in some of the Swiss deposits. An iron hammer 
was found on a fortified island in Carlinwark Loch, and specimens occur in 
the Irish crannogs. The axes figured on the column of Trajan are generally 
narrow at one end, and expand into a wide cutting edge at the other, and 
do not resemble those found at Dowalton. 

" The ring of bronze has obviously been riveted to another object of the 
same metal, of which a fragment remains. It so exactly resembles one of 
two rings attached to a large Irish caldron, presented to our Museum by the 
late Mr. Leckie of Paisley, and to those of another caldron, formed of plates 
of hammered bronze, riveted together with pins of the same metal, found 
under 12 feet of bog in the barony of Farney, in Ulster, and figured in 
Mr. Shirley's Account of the Dominion of Farney, p. 185, that I cannot 
doubt of its having been originally attached to a vessel of the same 
description. A similar ring formed part of the mass of bronze relics 
dredged from the Loch of Duddingston. 

" The largest glass bead has a core of bronze, and is finely milled on a 
projecting band of yellow glass on each neck (Fig. 13). 

" Such beads of glass and amber are often found in cists, and occasion- 
ally in Picts' houses. 

1 Archwological Journal, vol. viii. p. 37. 



94 THE LAKE -DWELLINGS OF WIGTONSHIEE. 

" Enamelled glass armlets, like those found at Dowalton, are of very rare 
occurrence. Two specimens are in the National Museum, of which one was 
discovered in the Flanders Moss, in Stirlingshire, and the other was found, 
with a necklace of jet hanging from it, in a sejjulchral cairn at Boghead, 
near Kiutore, in Aberdeenshire. 

" Part of a similar armlet was recently discovered in excavating one of 
the hut circles at Greaves Ash, in Northumberland. 

" The stamj)ed piece of leather seems to have formed part of a moccasin 
or shoe (Fig. 17). 

" All these remains seem to be associated with an early period. The 
copper coin is of doubtful character, but does not appear to be of great age ; 
as, however, it may have been dropped into the loch at any time, its occur- 
rence does not disturb any inference which may l^e drawn from the general 
character of the deposits. The coin was found near the third small island." 

Of the industrial remains found in the course of all these investigations 
at Dowalton Loch the following articles were presented to the Society of 
Antiquaries of Scotland hj Sir William Maxwell, and they are now 
deposited in the National Museum, Edinburgh. When collecting materials 
for my recent work on the Scottish Lake- Dwellings, I carefully inspected 
these relics, and had a few of the more important of them engraved. These 
illustrations are now given, along with the following description of the 
articles, which is taken from the Proceedings of the Society, vol. vi. p. 109. 

Square-shaped stone, 5 inches in length, 1 inch in breadth, and |- inch 
in thickness, and tapering to a point -f inch square ; probably a whetstone. 

Three In-onze basins : one measures 10 inches in diameter and 4 inches 




Fkj, 3. — Bronze ]5asin. Height 4 i 



in dejDth. It is formed of sheet metal, fastened by rivets, with portions of 
an iron handle. This pot or basin shows several patches or mendings 
(Fig. 3). 

Another vessel of Ijronze measures 12 inches in diameter and 4 inches 



THE LAKE -DWELLINGS OF WIGTONSHIEE. 



95 



in depth. It appears to have been made by hammering it into shape out 
of one piece of metaL 

The third vessel measures 12 inches in diameter and 3 inches in depth, 




Fio. 4. — Bronze Basin. Huiglit 3 in. 

and is also formed out of one piece of metal. On its upper edge is a 
turned-over or projecting rim 1 inch in breadth (Fig. 4). 

Pot or patella of yello"nT.sh - coloured bronze, with a handle springing 
from the upper edge, 7 inches in length, on which are stamped the letters 
CIPIPOLIBI. At the farther extremity is a circular opening. The bottom is 
ornamented by five projecting rings, and measures in diameter 6 inches ; it 
is 8 inches in diameter across the mouth ; the inside appears to be coated 




Fig. 5. — Bronze Pot. Height 5A inches. 



with tin, and has a series of incised lines at various distances. The vessel 
is ornamented on the outside opposite to the handle by a human face in 
relief, surrounded by a moveable ring, which could be used in lifting the 
pot (Fig. 5). 



96 



THE LAKE-DWELLINGS OF WIGTONSHIRE. 



Bronze ring, measuring 3-^ inches in diameter, which passes through a 
loop fastened to a portion of liroken bronze, apparently part of the upper 




Fig. ti. — Bronze Riiif;. Scale 1. 



edge of a large lironze vessel, the ring having formed one of the handles 
(Fig. 6). 

Small very rude clay cup or crucible, 2 inches in height (Fig. 7). 

Bronze implement, being a short tube 1 inch in length, with a project- 





Fiu. 



-Crueiljle. Scale -'j. 



Fig. 8. — Bronze I'enaunular Brooch. Scale }. 



ing rim at one extremity, which is 2 inches in diameter. It is not unlike 
in shape to the socket portion of a modern candlestick. 

Bronze penannular ring or brooch. If inch in diameter, with bulbous 
extremities (Fig. 8). 

Small plain bronze ring, 1 inch in diameter. 

Small portion of bronze, j)robably portion of a vessel. 

Small Ijronze plate or ornament, 1 inch in length, having a projecting 



THE LAKE-DWELLIXGS OF AYIGTOXSHIRE. 



97 



tongue at three of its corners, each projecting portion being pierced Avith a 
hole throno'h in its centre. 

Two iron axe-heads : one with a square-shaped liead, which tapers to a 
sharp cutting face, and measures 6-^- inches long ; it has a large perforation 





^-<=:«^ 



S55?^ti^ 



»*, 



m 



f n;. 9. — Iron Axe. Seale i. Fir:. 10. — Iron A.\c. Scale i. Fig. 11. — lion Hammer. Scale, 



close to the square head for receiving the handle (Fig. 9). The other 
measures 6 inches in length. The perforation for the handle is near the 
centre ; and one end has a sharp cutting face, the other a blunt rounded 
extremity, or head (Fig. 10). 

Iron hammer-head, 8| inches in length, with hole in the centre for 
handle ; the head is square, and tapers slightly to a blunt face (Fig. 11). 

Several masses of iron slas. 

Wooden boat paddle (from Eavenstone moss) : the Ijlade measures 2 feet 
4 inches in length, by 10 inches in breadth and 1 inch in thickness. It 
has a short rounded handle, measuring 7 inches in length. 



o 




98 



THE LAKE-DWELLINGS OF WIGTONSHIEE. 



Half of a ring, 3 inches in diameter, formed of white glass or vitreous 
leasts, and streaked with blue (Fig. 12). 

Half of a similar ring, formed of yellow-eoloured glass, or vitreous 
paste. 

Large bead, measuring L^ inch in diameter. The centre portion is 




Fig. 12.- 



-Puitioii of King of Glas.s. 
Scale tV. 




Fig. 13.— Bead. 
Length 1 in., heiglit 1;^ in. 



formed of blue glass, of a ribljed pattern. The central perforation or opening- 
is formed of a tube of bronze, and the edge of both sides of the perforation 
is ornamented by three minute bands of twisted yellow glass (Fig. 13). 

Bead of earthenware, ^ inch in diameter, of a ribbed pattern, and 
showing traces of green ghize (Fig. 14). 




Fii!. 14.— Bea.l. Fig. 15.— Bea.l. Fig. 10.- Bead. 
All actual size. 

Small bead of vitreous paste, of a white colour with red spots, tmd 
measuring i inch in diameter (Fig. 15). 

Amber bead, f incli in diameter. 

Half of a small bead, measuring f of an inch in diameter, of white glass 
streaked with blue (Fig. 16). 

Small portion of Ijlue glass. 

Portion of a leather shoe, measuring seven inches in length and 3-^ 
inches in its greatest Ijreadth, nearly covered with ornamental stamped 
patterns (Fig. 17). 

On the 14th of March 1881, R. Vans Agnew, Esq., of Barnbarroch, 
presented to the Museum cf the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland a brooch 



THE LAKE-DWELLINGS OF WIGTONSHIRE. 



99 



or ornamental mounting of bronze, found in Dowalton Loch, Wigtonshire, 
of which Fig. 18 is a representation. It is ornamented with trumpet-shaped 
spaces, probably filled with enamel, and measures 2 inches in diameter. 





Fir.. 17. — Portion of Shoe. Lfiigtli 7 in. 



Fig. 18. — Bronze Ornament. Dium, 2 in 



Mr. Vans Aguew gives the following account of the circumstances in whicli 
it was discovered : — " The bronze ornament or Itrooch was found last summer 
in the bed of the Loch of Dowalton by Master Alexander Gibson, grandson 
of Mr. Alexander Camming, the venerable tenant of the farm of Stonehouse, 
on the .shore of the lake. It was then seventeen years since the lake was 
drained. I have not been able to ascertain the exact spot where it was 
found, but it was not far from the site of some of the crannogs." ' 

Notwithstanding the important advance in the knowledge of crannogs 
made by these investigations .at Dowalton, the real significance of the 
discovery, as opening up a new and pregnant source of materials for 
illustrating early Scottish history, does not appear to have been fullv 
apprehended by Archaeologists, till similar finds in Ayrshire, made within 
the last few years, attracted general attention. It then occurred to Sir 
Herbert Maxwell, already an experienced explorer of crannogs in other 
parts of Wigtonshire, that it would be advisable to subject the Dowalton 
group to some further examination before publishing a general account of 
the numerous lake-dwellings in this county. This resolution having been 
adopted, it was subsequently arranged with Lord Borthwick, to whom thiit 
portion of the bed of the late loch containing most of the crannogs now 
belonged, that a gang of workmen, kindly supplied by his lordship, would lie 
in readiness to begin work on the 22d August 1884. Along with Mr. 
Cochran-Patrick, M.P., and other gentlemen interested in such operations. 
I was invited to be present. 

1 Proceedings Soc. Antiq. Siot., vol. iii. New Series, p. 155. 



100 THE LAKE-DWELLINGS OF WIGTONSHIRE. 

During the 21 years that have elapsed since the previous explorations, a 
great change has been effected in the bed of the loch, then described as an 
extensive sheet of quaking mud, with bare rock here and there protruding. 
" Since that time," to use the words of a correspondent of the Times, " a 
rank growth of rushes, coarse grass, and willows, has overspread the lower 
end of the lake. On the islands themselves the yellow ragwort (Scottice 
houloch) and nettles (sure indication of a soil rich in organic remains) waved 
in wild luxuriance. A great part of the bed of the lake is solid rock, of the 
lower Silurian formation, rising here and there into dome-like roches 
moutonnees, beautifully striated and scraped by the ancient land-ice. Some 
of the crannogs are built against these masses of rock, projecting from them 
into the muddy alluvium around." 

Selecting one of the crannogs (No. 2, Plate XVIII.) which seemed from 
its more compact and circular appearance to have been less disturbed by 
previous digging, we set the men to clear a broad trench right across its 
middle. Near its centre we came upon the remains of some upright posts 
which appeared to have been arranged in the form of a circle about 9 feet 
in diameter. Inside this circular area were ashes and charred stones, all 
of which, however, had been previously disturbed. It was among the 
debris here that the relics illustrated by Figs. 19 to 25 were found. 
In the course of two days it became evident that the entire mound had 
been formerly trenched over. By this time also a few of the farmers and 
labourers in the neighbourhood turned out to see what was o-oinff on, anion o- 
whom were some who had witnessed the drainage and actually taken part in 
the first examination of the crannogs. Through them it transpired that the 
investigation started by Lord Lovaine had been continued by Sir William 
Maxwell after his lordship went away, and that the explorations were 
altogether of a more thorough character than had been suspected. 

Further operations at the other mounds merely corroborated this opinion. 
It was therefore evident that no reliable information regarding the structure 
of these artificial islands was likely to be ascertained, and that the only 
result of a complete turn-over of the mounds (a most Herculean task) would 
be an addition to the stock of' relics. However considerable this increase 
would have been, it is not probfCblc that the chronological and ethnolooical 
inferences, already enunciated regarding their former occupiers, would have 
been overturned. Indeed, so far as these points were prejudged, the few 
industrial remains that turned up greatly strengthened the opinion that 




THE LAKE-DWELLINGS OF WIGTOXSHIRE. 101 

the lake-dwellers of Dowalton had come largely in contact with Roman 

civilisation. One lucky find was a small portion of red Samian ware (Fig. 

19) the only bit of pottery of any kind hitherto 

fijund on these crannogs. This fragment was 

much worn, and had its glaze partially rubbed 

off, but there was no mistake about its true 

character ; and what is very remarkable, the 

•original vessel corresponded both in shape and 

pattern, so far as could be made out from the 

faint traces of its decorative moulding, with 

another of the same ware of which a frag;ment 

^ Fic. 19. 

was found on the CrannOg of LochspOUtS, Ayr- Portion of Bowl of red (Samian) 
f.\l{Ye pottery. Full size. 

It may be also worth recording that the depth of relic-bearing debris 
on the Dowalton crannogs was not so great as in the Ap'shire examples ; 
nor were there any indications of successive periods of occupancy, such, for 
example, as were observed at Lochlee, where no less than six well-constructed 
hearths were found superimposed one aljove the other. As an explanation 
of this, it has been suggested that the former were not inhal^ited for such 
a long period as the latter. Another peculiarity, which characterised the 
Dowalton group, was the quantity of large stones lying on the surface, Ijut 
whether these were used as a surroundino- wall or for some other buddinas 
there was no evidence to show. 

All the crannogs were located in a group near the eastern end of the 
loch, with the exception of the IMiller's Cairn, which was situated about a 
mile farther west, near a projecting point of land on its southern shore. 
Here the tops of some oak piles, forming two rows a few feet apart and run- 
ning landwards, still protruded through the grass, and indicated the remains 
of some sort of communication Ijetween the crannog and the shore. Around 
the island the bed of the loch was formed of fine silt, which lately yielded 
a rich crop of hay. Such lieing the case, it was rather singular that this 
crannog should have been the only one that remained up to recent times 
above water level, seeing that all the others had been totally submerged to 
a depth of several feet, some more or less, proljably in proportion to the 
compressibility of the .substance of the lake-l)ottom. While excavating 
along the lines of uprights leading to the shore, to determine if they were 
connected with buried woodwork, as at Lochlee and Lochspouts, the expla- 



102 



THE LAKE-DWELLINGS OF WIGTONSHIEE. 



nation of this peculiarity in the Miller's Cairn became apparent. After 
digging through al:>out 3 feet of the consolidated mud we came upon a 
stratum of fine hlue clay, extremely tenacious, and certainly little liable 
to displacement l)y superincumljent pressure. The pointed stakes, which 
penetrated into this clay only a few inches, here met with a firm resistance, 
and could supjDort a heavy weight without sinking any farther. Both at 
Lochlee and Lochspouts the piles of the supposed gangway were found to 
be eml)raced at their base by a network of transverse beams, which was 
buried from 3 to 7 feet l)cueat]i the surface of the lied of the lake. It is 
quite possible that this elaborate arrangement of beams was merely intended 
to keep the uprights from yielding under the weight which they must have 
occasionally borne had they been formerly used for the purpose of su2:>port- 
iug an aerial gangway.^ From Dr. Stua-rt's report of tliis crannog it 
appears to have lieen well constructed, and suri'ounded Iiy rows of piles 
and mortised frnmes like hurdles. iSome of the stockades still remain. 





Fii:. 21. 
uiliiiii (if:!!! Eiirlhi'iiwiin; IV'a.l. Natural size. 



Fii:. iO. — I'olislif.l Stoiii'. Scale;. 



The island itself is one mass of luxuriant rhododendrons, and, from its 
dome-like appearance, forms an attractive feature in the landscape. 

The relics picked up in the course of these investigations at tlie 
Ddwalton crannoo-s were the followinu- : — 

1. Fragment of Samian ware, being portion of a Ijiiwl showino- an everted 
lim, and a small part of a characteristic moulding which r;in round the bowl 
about an inch from its margin (Fig. 19). 

' Sec Anciad Heuttish Lnl-e-Dwelli>iijs^ p. Ifjr;. 



THE LAKE-DWELLINGS OF WIGTONSHIRE. 



103 



2. A rectangular piece of stoue measuring 3-^ by 3 inches, and ^ of au 
inch thick. Its corners are rounded off, and both surfaces bear evidence of 
liaving been polished (Fig. 20). 

3. Portion of a ribbed bead of earthenware, with a bluish-green glaze, 
precisely similar to others found in the Ayrshire craunogs (Fig. 21). 

4. Two small portions of enamelled glass rings, probably used as bracelets. 
The fragments, though of the same material, do not appear to belong to the 
same ring. They are of a dull white colour, and in this respect difi'er from 



--<^i 







Fig. 22. — Portion of a Glass Armlet. Natural size. 



Fig. 23. — Portion of a Glass Armlet. Natural size. 



a third portion found on the same crannog 21 years ago by Sir Herbert 
Maxwell, which is described as of a yellowish colour (Figs. 22 and 23). 

5. A shale ring, coarsely made, and showing marks of a sharp cutting 
instrument : probably left off while in the process of being manufactured. 
External diameter 1^ inch (Fig. 24). 

6. A flat flake of yellow flint showing some fine secondary chipjiings 
round its margin (Fig. 25). 

The above articles, along with a portion of a whetstone, were found on the 
crannog first examined by Lord Lovaine, and marked No. 3, Plate XVIII. 
While digging on the crannog next the shore (No. 4, Plate XVIII.), a 



104 



THE LAKE -DWELLINGS OF WIGTONSHIEE. 



wooden disli was found of the following dimensions, of which Fig. 26 is an 
engraving, after a sketch by Sir Herbert Maxwell, taken soon after its 
discovery, and before it became altered by exposure to the atmosphere. It 

Outside. ■ Inside. 

Length 21 incites. 10 inches. 

AVidth 16 ,. 10 „ 

Depth 10?r „ 8 „ 

will be recollected that a somewhat similar vessel, or rather box, having 





Fi(^. 24.— Rint; of Shale. Naturnl size. 



Yir.. 25. — Flint Flake. Natural size. 



a. lid, is mentioned by Lord Lovainc (page 80, .sj/^j-ro) as having been found 
in the same place. 

On one of the group of fortlets, referred to in Lord Lovaine's paper 
(No. 5, Plate XVIIL), we made some digging, but found little of importance 




F](i. 2G. — Wooden Vessel. From a Drawing by Sir Herbert Maxwell (reduced). 

except ashes, decayed wood, and a round pebble of white quartz, roughened 
all over by use as a pounder. Its diameter is about three inches (Fig. 27). 
The result of two days' work on the largest mound (No. 2, Plate XVIIL) 
was also comparatively of little value beyond greatly impressing us with 
its magnitude, elaborate construction, and the quantity of large stones that 



THE LAKE -DWELLINGS OF WICxTONSHIRE. 



105 



lay on its surface. In digging, stout logs of wood, some over 12 feet long, 
charred stones, and organic debris were exposed. The only relic found 
was here the half of a small blue bead. The refuse-heap lay at its eastern 
margin, and still contained large quantities of the bones of animals, among 
which those of swine, deer, and oxen, were readily recognised. One or 
two portions of stag's horns showed workmanship. The only relic of value 
found in the midden was portion of a wooden bowl. It was neatly manu- 
factured, evidently with the assistance of a turning-lathe, as, towards its 
margin, there were several grooves running parallel with a neatly formed 




Fid. 27. — MuUer of White Quartz. Natural size. 

and everted rim. Similar wooden vessels were found at Lochlee and 
Buston in Ayrshire. 

This concluded our investigation of the celebrated Dowalton Crannogs, 
the general result of which was to strengthen the opinion that their 
occupation, if not actually proved to have been contemporary with, at least 
could not have been far from, that of the neighbourhood by the Eomans. 
The fort at Dunhill, referred to by Dr. Stuart (page 92), and also probably 
by Lord Lovaine in a footnote appended to his paper (page 82), we con- 
cluded to be British and not Roman. Since then, Sir Herbert Maxwell 
supplies some additional evidence on the presence of the Romans in the 
locality. Writing on the 6th February 1885, he says : — " I have just made 

p 



106 



THE LAKE-DWELLINGS OF WIGTONSHIEE. 



an interesting discovery, not without a bearing upon the Dowalton group of 
crannogs. I found in my factor's office a quantity of maps (a.d. 1777), 
being the survey of this property, on the scale of 30 Scotch chains to 8 
inches. The cairns, forts, etc., are carefully marked, many of which have 
now disappeared. Close to the south-west end of Dowalton Loch I have 
long known that a fort had been removed on a place called Annat Hill. 
Its traces are only apparent where a fence crosses the old enclosure. This 
fort is marked on the map so (Fig. 28). About a mile or a mile and a 





Fir;. 28. 



Fig. 29. 



quarter to the S.W., on a ridge called Drumtroddan [Druim trodain, the 
hill of the quarrel, or strife hill), there is marked on the map another 
fort (Fig. 29), which has also disappeared. 

" I think I took you to see the three large standing-stones close to this. 
Of course the important element in this discovery is the rectangular outline 
of the camp on Annat Hill. At Rispain, near Whithorn (probably the 
Leucopibia of the Romans), 5 or 6 miles to the south, is the only Roman 
camp I know of in Wigtonshire. But if this has been another, then the 
occurrence of Roman bronze and Samian ware in Dowalton is even more 
immediately accounted for. What a l;)eautiful story might be elaborated 
about the two hostile camps and the hill of the combat. Between the two 
camps is a tract of forest land, with the roots of oak and Scots pine still in 
situ. Dr. Reeves says that Annat is the form assumed by annoid, old 
Irish for a church, and that it invarial:)ly means ' a mother church,' or 
original foundation. According to this derivation it may be here taken as 
to be equated with the word Ivirkland, the name of the farm on which the 
hiU stands. Near New Abbey, in Kirkcudbright, is a piece of land called 
Annat land." 

2. TJie Crannog in Loch Inch Cryndil. 

After the publication of the Articles of the Duke of Northumberland and 



THE LAKE-DWELLINGS OF WIGTONSHIEE. 107 

Dr. Stuart, the attention of Antiquaries could not fail to be more or less 
directed to analogous lacustrine abodes elsewhere in Scotland. That this 
was the case in Galloway generally we have evidence in the fact, which 
soon became apparent from a variety of sources, that formerly all its 
lakes were literally studded with these artificial island -dwellings. In 
1871, the Eev. George Wilson, Glenluce, C.M.S.A. Scot., collected 
many of these scattered observations, and communicated them to 
the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland in two papers, which were duly 
published in its Proceedings (vols. ix. and x.) These papers are partly made 
up of the recollections of old people who happened to be conversant with 
some of the drainage schemes so extensively the fashion in Scotland during 
the earlier portion of this century, regarding the remains of wooden structures, 
etc., then indifierently observed, but now justly surmised to have been those 
of crannogs ; and partly of a series of observations made by the author and 
others, during dry seasons, on the lochs, islands, and mosses of Wigtonshire. 
Mr. WUson enumerates no less than ten lakes, each of which, on such 
unequivocal evidence as paved fords leading to artificial islands, mortised 
beams, etc., must have contaiued one or more crannogs. Since then he has 
greatly extended his observations, and it is to be hoped that before long some 
at least of the localities referred to will be definitely explored. The amended 
notes when published will be extremely valuable to future explorers, but, 
meantime, as those already published do not present final results nor embrace 
the additional observations of their author, I consider it inadvisable to bring 
them within the scope of the present article. To this statement, however, 
there is one important exception in the Crannog of Loch Inch Cryndil, 
which was most systematically examined in 1871. The results of this 
examination were laid before the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland by 
Charles E. Dalrymple, Esq., F.S.A. Scot., in a paper entitled, " Notes of the 
Examination of a Crannog in the Black Loch, anciently called ' Loch Inch 
Cryndil,' Wigtonshire." ^ The chief relics found in the course of this 
investigation were sent at the time to the National Museum, Edinburgh, 
as a donation from the Eight Hon. the Earl of Stair, where they are now 
accessible to parties interested in such antiquities.^ When in search of 
materials to illustrate my general work on the Scottish Lake-dweUings, I 
came upon a fragmentary comb, included among the articles from this crannog, 
and had it at once engraved. This engraving (Fig. 30) I have now the 

1 Proceed. Soc. Antiq. Scot, vol. ix. p. 388. ^ Ibid., p. 381. 



108 THE LAKE-DWELLINGS OF WIGTONSHIRE. 

pleasure of subjoining to Mr. Dalrymple's paper, which, by his kind 
permission, is here reprinted in extenso. 

" The Black and the White Lochs, in the parish of Inch, Wigtonshire, lie 
near together, and parallel to each other, the former being about one and a 
half, the latter about one mile in length, and each about half-a-mile broad. 
Their general direction lengthways is from north-west to south-east. They 
are separated by a ridge three-quarters of a mile long and from one to 
two furlongs in width, on which is laid out the old and stately ' pleasance ' 
of Castle Kennedy. At the south end of this ridge they are connected by 
a straight and formal canal, with terraced banks, running through a depression 
in the ground, where in former days there probably was a natural channel. 
Their only feeder is a burn running down into the Black Loch from the 
range of rocky hills which borders it on the north-east side, and their 
outfall is by another burn flowing from the northern end of the same loch 
into the sea at Loch Eyan. Both lochs are unusually free from peat moss, 
their shores and bottom being almost everywhere shingly, with blue clay 
underlying in many places. 

" The western and smaller lake, now known as ' The White Loch,' was 
formerly called ' The Loch of the Inch,' from the single ' Inch,' or island, 
lying close to its western shore, near the churchyard and ruined parish 
church of Inch. This island is too high and too extensive to be likely to be 
artificial, and a pretty close examination has failed to discover signs of its 
being other than natural, but its position and some of its features suggest 
that it has been cut off from the shore by the formation of an artificial 
channel, turning a peninsula into an island. A house of the Earls of 
Cassillis stood upon it up to the beginning of the seventeenth century, 
when they built on the highest part of the ridge which divides the lochs 
the tower known as Castle Kennedy (now superseded by Lord Stair's 
modern mansion, named Lochiuch) ; but it is supposed that at a still earlier 
period the first parish church of Inch stood here, as a burying-ground could 
be traced on the island within the last fifty years. 

" A small canoe, dug out of a single oak tree, was lately found in this 
loch, close to the shore, and near the narrow channel which cuts off the 
island from the land. 

" The larger, or ' Black Loch,' in which the crannog is situated, anciently 
bore the name of 'Loch Cryndil,' as given in Font's map of the dis- 
trict, which also shows the island, and it was the fact that there is 



THE LAKE-DWELLINGS OF WIGTONSHIEE. 109 

still extant a Celtic patronymic, ' MacCrindle,' that suggested to the writer 
that it might be from this island, the only one on the loch of any importance, 
that it derived its name ; and that, if so, the island might have been 
connected with some individual or tribe in Celtic times. This led to an 
application to Lord Stair for permission to examine it, which was most 
readily accorded and every assistance given. 

"The island is oval in shape, 180 feet long and 135 feet broad in the 
widest part. It has tolerably deep water round it, excepting towards the 
nearest shore, a distance of about 100 yards, where in dry seasons it does 
not exceed 6 or 7 feet. It lies in the south-western part of the loch, near 
the entrance to the canal before mentioned. 

" The writer, accompanied by Mr. Augustus Stephenson of the Treasury, 
whose quick eye for details proved of great value during two days of work, 
first carefully examined the shores of the island, seeking for traces of beams 
or piles, but without success, except at one spot on the north-west side, 
where the top of a single oak pile projected above the water, weathered 
and worn down to the appearance of an old tusk, or tooth, and surrounded 
by stones, of which a quantity had been brought, in the course of improve- 
ments at Castle Kennedy, and thrown down on the beach and in the 
water, to prevent, probably, the wash of the waves on this, the weather 
side, from wearing away the soil of the island. 

In the middle of the island, which is thickly covered with trees of 30 
or 40 years' growth, but with a few much older towards the south end, a 
circular mound appeared, resembling a low tumulus, 45 feet in diameter, 
rising in the centre to about 3-^ feet in height, round the edges of which 
there were, in some parts, traces of a low wall of three or four courses of 
small stones, like a miniature dyke. The island rises gradually from the 
water to the base of the mound, which at that season (the beginning of 
October) was about 18 inches above it, so that the top of the mound, which 
was the highest part of the island, was then about 5 feet above the loch. 
The appearance of the mound and the oak pile giving an archaic character 
to the island, an examination by digging was commenced ; Mr. Fowler, 
superintendent of the pleasure-grounds at Loch Inch and Castle Kennedy, 
placing a force of from twelve to fifteen labourers at our disposal. 

" Spacious cuttings were made in the centre, afterwards extended to the 
edge of the mound in various directions, with the following results : — The 
island proved to have been a crannog, formed apparently upon a shoal in 



no THE LAKE-DWELLINGS OF WIGTONSHIRE. 

the lake, composed of shingle over blue clay, the object having obviously 
been to raise a platform which would be above the water even when the 
lake was at its fullest, as, even at the present time, there is a considerable 
rise in the wet months, although pains are taken to keep clear the outfall 
from the loch. The mound was found to be of earth and stones, mixed, 
extending beneath which, at a depth of 5 feet in the centre but decreasing 
in depth towards the edge, was found a flooring of trunks of trees, oak and 
alder, in two layers, crossing each other at right angles in some places, in 
others lying rather confusedly. These were, mostly, not more than 6 or 8 
inches in diameter, but one solitary trunk of an oak, near the centre, lying 
at a higher level, and possibly the remains of a hut or other superstructure, 
was fully 2 feet in diameter, although much decayed. These layers of 
wood were traced as having covered a circular space about 50 feet in 
diameter, thus agreeing nearly with the size as well as the shape of the 
mound. 

" At different levels, from that of a few inches above the timber floorino- 
to 3 feet higher, and over the whole mound, were found many fireplaces, 
one or two covered over with two long stones leaning against each other 
lengthways, like the roof of a house, but most of them formed by placing 
two long narrow stones (fragments of the rock of the district, which breaks 
ofi" easily in that form) parallel with each other, leaving a space between, 
which was paved with small stones and formed a hearth. Large quantities 
of bones of animals, mostly more or less burnt, and, whether flat or round 
bones, frequently split, were found mixed with the ashes and charcoal 
which lay in and around these hearths, in some places extending over wide 
spaces, which were marked, also, by masses of burnt yellow clay. 

" At different levels, in different parts of the mound, were found the few 
objects exhibited. At one fireplace, near the centre, about 3 feet above 
the timbers, were the triangular piece of bronze and the fragment of iron, 
possibly the handle of a knife. At another, a little way ofi", 2 feet above 
the timbers, the fragment of a glass armlet. Again, about half-way between 
the centre and margin of the mound, only a few inches above the timber, 
with a great quantity of the burnt clay and many bones— one of them, a 
small jaw of a boar with the tusk still on it — was the fragment of a bone- 
comb. About 6 feet south of the centre, and 16 inches above the timbers, 
was found the small oblong object of bronze, perforated, and a few feet 
from it, 1 foot above the timbers, a portion of a small disk of stOne with the 



THE LAKE-DWELLINGS OF WIGTONSHIEE. Ill 

edge bevelled off. In other places, about 2 feet below the surface, two 
copper coins of the seventeenth century. 

" From the difference of level of the various fireplaces, and their position 
towards each other, it would appear that the surface of the crannog had 
become gradually raised in the lapse of ages, the earlier deposits becoming 
buried under new layers of soil, partly composed of accumulated refuse, as 
in the kitchen middens ; but the fact of the timbers which had originally 
floored the crannog having in many places entirely disappeared through 
decay, the soil above would consequently sink, which might account in some 
cases for the lower level of some of the remains. Enough, however, was 
left, evidently in situ, to show that they must have been deposited at 
different dates. It is known, too, that the island has been planted two or 
three times, and that considerable quantities of soU and stones have been 
added to it. The 2 feet of soil which covered the uppermost remains, and 
which so much raised the centre of the crannog, was probably added, in 
great part, about 1720, when Field-Marshal the Earl of Stair laid out the 
grounds of Castle Kennedy. Some of these operations may, to some 
extent, have disturbed the remains. They would, at all events, account 
for the modern coins found so far below the surface. The extent of the 
mound would appear to have been that of the crannog proper, but the 
existence of the solitary pile 50 feet from it, on the weather side of the 
island, makes it probable that either a breakwater had been placed there, 
as was also supposed to be the case in Dowalton Loch, or a ' chevaux de 
frise ' of sharp-pointed stakes for defence. 

" If, as we cannot doubt. Dr. Keller is right in saying that ' the crannogs 
appear to be strongholds — castles, belonging to individuals' and that they 
' served as places of refuge for single chieftains and their families and 
property,' we are justified in supposing that this crannog of Inch Cryndil 
was constructed, or at least occupied, by some chief or leader in Celtic 
times, bearing that Celtic name. 

" The examination of the mound towards the outer edges was completed 
by Mr. Fowler and Mr. M'llwraith of Stranraer. The reports of those 
gentlemen are embodied in the foregoing notes. No further relics were 
found, but the extent and form of the crannog were satisfactorily verified." 

The relics sent to the Museum are thus described : — ^ 

" Double-margined comb of bone, imperfect, 2| inches across, formed of 

1 Proceedings Soc. Antiq. Scot., vol. ix. p. 381. 



112 



THE LAKE -DWELLINGS OF WIGTONSHIEE. 



separate pieces, enclosed between two transverse slips of bone fastened 
with three iron rivets, and ornamented with a central row of dots and 
circles, and two similar rows at the side of the cross piece, having a running 




Fii;. 30. — Fragment of Bom- Cuiiib. 

scroll pattern connecting them. A zigzag ornament forms a band across 
the end (Fig. .30). 

A flat leaf of bronze, 1^ inch in length. 

Part of the rim of a large vessel of cast bronze, 3 inches in length. 

Portion of an armlet, of greenish glass, with a blue and white twisted 
cable ornament running round it. 

Copper coin much defaced. 

Copper bodle of Charles II. 

Collection of bones of the ox, pig, sheep, etc., found with the foregoing 
articles during; the excavation of an artificial mound on an island in Loch 
Inch Cryndil, Galloway." 



3. Tlie Crannog of Airrieonlland. 

The crannog which now falls to be described, the true nature of which had 
only recentl}^ been surmised, was the first examined by the exploring party 
organised l)y Sir Herbert Maxwell during the autumn of 1884, for the pur- 
pose of investigating the lake- dwellings of Wigtonshire. The examination 
was commenced and carried on for a few days under the most favourable 
circumstances that foresight as to the preliminary arrangements and fine 
weather could command. The latter was a most essential element, owing 
to the situation of the mound in the centre of a marshy plain, which in 
wet weather always became an impassable bog. The result of our opera- 
tions here has already been so adequately described by Sir Herbert Maxwell, 



THE LAKE-DWELLINGS OF WIGTONSHIRE. 113 

the original discoverer of the crannog, that nothing now remains but to 
adopt his ipsissima verba. 

" The long drought of the present year having lowered the waters of the 
lochs, an investigation of some of the Wigtonshire crannogs was undertaken 
by some members of the Ayrshire and Wigtonshire Arch^ological Associa- 
tion. The first we selected for a visit is on tlie farm of AirrieouUand, in 
Mochrum parish. It is situated in the centre of a peat moss, formerly a 
lake, and still in most summers and all winters a quaking morass. Towards 
the centre of this moss, which is about 60 acres in area, there is a circular 
enclosure 54 feet in diameter, surrounded by a low wall. This is marked 
in the Ordnance Survey maps as a fort; but no fort, in the ordinary accepta- 
tion, could exist in the centre of what had been at no very great distance 
of time a lake. Although no timbers were visible at the time of our visit, 
the whole surface of the enclosure being green with grass, and the surround- 
ing moss covered with heather and bog plants, its situation and character 
indicated its true character to those experienced in lake-dwellings, and a very 
slight excavation at once confirmed this view. Beginning in the centre 
the diggers exposed beneath the shallow layer of vegetable soil the familiar 
features of a fascine dwelling. The only novel and most interesting feature 
in this crannog is the surrounding fence, which, doubtless, was the usual mode 
of protecting the huts or wigwams of the interior, but which, in most cran- 
nogs hitherto examined, has been reduced Ijy the action of the waves to a 
shapeless mound or beach of small boulders. Here, however, owing to flat 
flags having been used, the structure is perfect, surrounding the entire islet 
to a height of about 3 feet. The depth of the structure from the surface to 





Fig. 31. — Beads of a scaiiet-coloured glass. Natural size. Fii;. 32. — Sliale Ring. Katural size. 

the alluvial bed of the old lake was 4 feet. The lake bottom into which the 
piles were driven was soft peat 7 feet deep. The moss around the island 

Q 



lU 



THE LAKE -DWELLINGS OF WIGTONSHIEE. 



had grown since the structure was made to the level of the island, but no 
deductions could be made from that fact as to the age of the crannog, owing 




Fi.i. 33. 
Portion of a Crucible. Natural size. 




Fic. 34. 
A Wliorl of Bone or Horn. Natural size. 





Flo. 35. — Fragment of a Jet Oniaracnt, showing upper and lower sides. Natural size. 

to the varying rate of the growth of moss, and to the uncertainty as to 
when the lake became filled up and moss ceased to grow. In the 
wonderfully accurate and laborious map of Timothy Pont, published in 



THE LAKE- DWELLINGS OF WIGTONSHIEE. 115 

1672, the present moss appears as a lake. Three days' Labour sufficed to 
clear out the greater part of the contents of the enclosure. The chief relics 
disclosed, besides great quantities of bones of the usual kind, including the 
bones of the goat and the roe-deer, were seventeen small beads of scarlet 
vitreous slag (Fig. 31), forming a portion of a necklace, a rough shale ring 
(Fig. 32), several excellent hammer and grinding stones, many quartz pebbles 
which had been brought for some unknown reason (sling stones) from the sea- 
shore, distant about a mile, a broken crucible (Fig. 33), a spinning whorl of 
bone or horn, from a depth of 3 feet (Fig. 34), flint flakes, and a portion of 
a perforated jet ornament (Fig. 35)." 

Since the above was written. Sir Herbert made some further examina- 
tion, during which he came upon a rudely constructed fireplace near the 
east end of the enclosure. The only additional relics were two fragments 
of another crucible, a small jet ring (Fig. 36), and a remarkable button- 
like object of bronze. This latter is flat on one side but slightly dome- 
shaped on the other, and bears an incised equilateral triangle of curved 





Fig. 36. — -Tet Ring. Natural size. Fiu. 37. — Bronze Object. Natural si^e. 

lines, having their convex sides all looking to the centre, which is per- 
forated by a round hole (Fig. 37). As these relics are all engraved full 
size, they require no further description. A selection of the bones was sent 
for examination to Professor John Cleland, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S., Professor 
of Anatomy, University of Glasyow, who kindly gives the followng report 
of them : — 

Bones from A irrieoulland. 

Two packages of bones from this crannog have been .sent for examination, and they are 
very different in character. 

The first and larger collection contains bones of ox, sheep, and pig, together with one 
solitary phalanx of a dog's toe. 

Besides a number of small fragments of limb bones, portions of ribs, and dorsal spines, 
probably belonging to the ox, are the following, certainly belonging to the ox : numerous 



116 THE LAKE-DWELLINGS OF WIGTONSHIEE. 

teeth, the fore parts of 3 right lower jaws, 3 condyles of jaw with coronoid process, viz., 
2 right and 1 left, 1 left malar, parts of right and left scapula, lower end of right humerus, 
upper end of left radius, left unciform bone, 3 imperfect right metacarpals, 1 portion of 
metatarsal, 1 right os calcis, 1 left astragalus, part of axis, and articulary surface of another 
vertebra. The ox bones are very small, like those of Bos longifrons, and have belonged to 
at least three different individual animals. 

The sheep bones are the following : — 

Two right lower jaws, one of them a lamb, 2 broken shafts of metatarsals, 1 metacarpal 
of lamb, with upper epiphysis adherent and the lower absent. 

The metatarsals and metacarpal indicate a variety with very slender legs, such as has 
been found in other places in the west of Scotland, as, for instance, the Eock Shelter at 
Hunterston, Ayrshire. See Froc. Scot. Ant. Soc, 1879, p. 350. 

The pig bones are partly adult, partly young. Like others found in similar circum- 
stances, they fail to reach a large size. There are portions of a right upper jaw with 
4 molars, the hindermost not begun to be used, and the next just begun to. 



4. Barhapple Crannog. 

On the 15th October 1880, the Earl of Stair, K.T., LL.D., and a large 
party of friends, visited Barhapple Loch for the purpose of examining a 
crannog which had recently become visible near its centre, in consequence 
of some drainage operations effected about 18 months previously. As an 
account of these proceedings has already been published among the 
Collections of this Association (Vol. III. p. 52 et seq.), it is unnecessary here 
to do more than refer my readers to this article, in which, in addition to 
the report of the excavations made on the crannog, they will find some 
interesting topographical and antiquarian notes on the surrounding 
district. As to the actual condition of the island, it turned out that its 
surface was too wet to permit of a careful search being made, and con- 
sequently the operations had to be discontinued. Hence, beyond taking its 
dimensions (which showed the island to be one of unusual size and almost 
entirely constructed of wood), the discovery of a shale ring (Fig. 38) and 
the exposure of a fireplace, there was really little to be recorded. During 
the dry summer of 1884, it was reported that the island had become much 
drier and more consolidated ; and, altogether, that it was in a better condi- 
tion than formerly for being subjected to such a thorough exploration as 
was contemplated. Accordingly, the Earl of Stair again made all the 
necessary arrangements for completing its investigation. As on the former 
occasion his lordship was assisted in these operations by the presence of Sir 



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THE LAKE-DWELLINGS OF WIGTONSHIEE. 117 

Herbert Maxwell, M.P., Mr. E. W. Cochran-Patrick, M.P., and other members 
of the Ayrshire and Wigtonshire Archseological Association. 

That the increased firmness and consolidation, which had taken place 
since 1880, was due to shrinkage, was very apparent from the appearance 
presented by the upright piles, which formerly l^arely projected above the 
spongy mud, but now showed some two or three feet above the surface ; and 
even the amount of this shrinkage could be precisely measured owing to 
an alteration in colour which the recently exposed parts of the piles had 




Fig. 38. — Shale Ring. Natural size. 

undergone. Their number was also most remarkable, so much so, indeed, 
that it was resolved to have the whole island photographed, as the mere 
counting of such a forest of uprights, not to si^eak of a sketch which was 
also spoken of, was considered too formidable a business to be lightly under- 
taken. Mr. Wilson records that Mr. J. Pendarves Vivian, M.P., who was 
present during the first examination in 1880, had actually counted those 
then visible in the outer circle, and ascertained their number to be not less 
than 134. Moreover, they were not confined to the outer portion of the 
island, though perhaps more abundant as the margin was approached, hence 
the island had a most striking appearance, reminding one of a decayed forest 
with its stunted trunks still standing (Plate XX.) It was also observed that 
the shrinkage was not restricted to the artificial island, but extended equally 
all over the lake basin ; and, as a consequence of this, the remains of two 
gangways to the shore became visible, one running northwards and the 
other eastwards. In both these so-called gangways the lines of piles were 
interrupted for a considerable space near the island. As to the exact usf 



118 



THE LAKE-DWELLINGS OF WIGTONSHIRE. 



of these appendages to the other artificial structures there was no evidence 
procured. Whether the double rows of piles were intended to support a 
wooden bridge, or merely to guide canoes to and fro, or to provide a secret 
but precarious means of access to the crannog in times of emergency, is still 
to me an unsolved problem. As to the structure of the island, it was 
remarked that not only the uprights, but the horizontal wood-work, was 
more methodically arranged and of a stronger character towards the margin. 
Here the uprights, especially those in the outer circle, many of which were 
made of young trees of oak and ash, were firmly supported by the inter- 
twining among them of horizontal timbers ; probably for the purpose of 
resisting superincumbent pressure, which, if great, would have a tendency to 



.;i)'i'"*-':i' 







Fii:. 39. — Pn-paii'il Wooden Beams. From a Drawiiif,' liy Sir Herbert Maxwell. 



make the island bulge outwards. Un the north side, as if in continuation of 
the line of piles forming the gangway or jetty on this side, a distinct road- 
way of round lieams was traced, running towards the dwelling-place, which, 
judging from the position of the fireplaces and other remains, was situated 
near the eastern margin of the crannog, and directly opposite the end of 
the other gangway. Two fireplaces were here distinctly recognised, one a 
little to the north of the other. Both were constructed of clay and stones, 
the whole resting on a thick l^cd of brackens and brushwood. A layer of 
charcoal, from ,5 to 12 inches thick, consisting of the ends of small beams 
and what looked like the stems of heather and brushwood, occupied a con- 
siderable area around the fireplaces. From among these embers some large 
prepared beams were disinterred, two of which had a round projecting 
tenon, j)rotected by a circular flange at each end, as shown in Fig. 39, 



THE LAKE-DWELLINGS OF WIGTONSHIRE. 119 

eing probably part of the first wooden dwelling which adorned the island. 
The most perfect of these beams measured 7 feet 10 inches in length, and 
19 inches in circumference. The projecting tenon at one extremity was 
burnt, and only a small stump remained, sufficient to show that both ends 
had been alike. It would appear also that the building had been burnt to 
the ground soon after its erection, as there was no evidence from accumulated 
debris that the island had ever been long inhabited. It was also conjectured 
that this conflagration occurred during a strong north-west gale, from the 
fact that charcoal and burnt embers were largely found in the opposite direc- 
tion from the building. On making a section of the island within the area of 
the supposed dwelling, we encountered several layers of different materials. 
First was a superficial deposit, about 1 foot in depth, of stones, roots of 
aquatic plants, fresh alluvium, etc., then a layer of burnt wood and 
cinders. Below this were the structural materials of the island, chiefly 
brushwood and ferns, forming a bed between 2 and 3 feet in thickness ; 
beneath this again was the peaty substance of the lake bottom. On 
plunging an iron crowbar through this it struck, at a farther depth of 4 feet, 
on either rock or till. If this hard substance was the surface of the 
original glacial basin the entire accumulation of the sedimentary deposits 
in this lake has not exceeded 8 or 9 feet. 

A correspondent of the Times,^ practically well acquainted with all the 
details, thus sums up the general results of this investigation, which was 
continued for a period of three days : — " This crannoge, already referred to 
as having taken about 3000 trees in its construction, measures 157 yards 
in circumference. The present aspect of the surrounding country is bleak 
and treeless in the extreme. Low ' drums,' or sowbacks, so characteristic 
of a glacier-scraped country, rise out of vast tracts of peat-moss, the lakes 
themselves being probably but shallow basins scooped by the grounding 
of the land-ice of the later icefields out of the till or ground-moraine laid 
down in the earlier glacial period. Nevertheless, when these crannoges 
were formed a dense forest must have clothed the now desolate plain, con- 
sisting, as shown by the composition of the island, in this district 
principally of oak, birch, ash, hazel, and alder. The Scotch pine, largely 
employed in the construction of the Dowalton group, was not noticed in 
the Barhapple island. The structure of the wood is perfectly apparent, 
though all but the oak, which is very hard, cuts as soft now as Cheddar 

1 Times, September 16, 1884. 



120 



THE LAKE -DWELLINGS OF WIGTONSHIEE. 



cheese. A strange feeling comes over the mind as by counting the year- 
rings made in the summer times of the long-forgotten past, the very age of 
the trees at the time they fell before the l^lows of prehistoric men can be 
accurately ascertained. 

" Lord Stall', on whose property this lake is situated, kindly provided us 
with workers from his quarries at Glenluce ; otherwise, owing to harvest 
operations, we should have been unable to proceed. His lordship, who is 
President of the Ayr and Wigtown Archaeological Association, shows a keen 
interest in antiquarian research, and was present during our first day's 
operations. 




Fid. 40. 

I'oi'tioii of a Shale Ring, split longitudinally. 

Natural size. 




Fk;. 41. 
Portion of a Shale Rintc. 



Natural i 



" Barhapplc (old Gaelic for the Horse Hill) Loch is of small extent, some 
500 yards long by 300 broad. Its crannoge, of which no trace was visible 
l)efore the lake was drained, and of which we have now turned over a full 
third of the surface, did not prove rich in relies. Two broken rino-s of 
shale (Figs. 40 and 41), such as the country people to this day cut out of 
the lower Silurian beds in the neighbourhood, a broken canoe paddle and 
half a canoe, several good hammer and grinding stones, with a piece of 
wood shaped into the semblance of a spoon-like implement (Fig. 42), were 
all the portable objects that rewarded us. But most interesting evidence 
was obtained that the superstructure, of which huge planks, and pillars like 
beams (Fig. 39) remained, had l»een destroyed by fire. Whether accidental 



THE LAKE-DWELLINGS OF WIGTONSHIEE. 



121 



or not, the island had not been inhabited since the catastrophe. The 
crannoge may have been looted and then burnt by the Roman soldiers, or 
by a hostile tribe— that can never be ascertained now. But there lie the 




Fig. 42. — Portion of a Wooden Siiooii-like Iiaplemeiit. Reduceil. 

charred ruins of what appears to have been much the most important 
dwelling of the kind as yet examined in Wigtownshire." 

From Barhapple we visited the neighbouring loch of Dernaglaur ^ to see 
a small canoe that had been found near its margin, in consequence of a 
partial drainage of its waters which had recently been effected. At the 
same time an artificial island just showed above the water, but not sufficiently 
to admit of Ijeing investigated. The canoe is kept buried in mud within a 
sort of natural harbour of stones on the eastern shore of the lake. It is 
a single-tree dug-out, having four ribs which divide its interior into three 
compartments. It measured 11 feet long, 31 inches wide, and Hi inches 
deep, and had a groove, about 9 inches from the end, for a stern board. 



5. Lake-dioelling in Wlute Loch of Ravenstone. 

Another archaeological discovery, which can only Ije classified as a 
lake-dwelling presenting some features of an entirely novel character, was 
made in the White Loch of Ravenstone, the p)roperty of Lord Borthwick. 

This small loch, which is within a few minutes' walk of Ravenstone 
Castle, is surrounded by a broad fringe of marsh and tall reeds. Within 
this marshy area, and just skirting the water's edge on its western side. 



1 Dur is a frequent prefix to names uf 
places in this (Old Luce) and Kirkcowan parish. 
It is obsolete Gaelic for water, and is the same 
word as tobair, a well : the central b is aspirated, 
becomes v, and drops out, as in abhiiinn (aven), 
and becomes an or awn. An old Irish glossary, 
quoted by O'Reilly, also cited by Dr. Skene 
(Celtic Scotland, vol. i. p. 200 note), has the 
following : — " Bior is An agas Dobhar 

Tri hanmann d'uisce an domhain,'' 



{i.e. Bior and An and Dobhar, three names for 
water in the world). Bior is also obsolete, though 
it survives in Biolair, watercress. In an the 
contraction from ahhuinn has already taken 
place. The Rev. G. Wilson, in his description of 
this crannog in Viil. III. of these C'oUections, in- 
terprets the prefi.\ der or dir as meaning trees, 
apparently having in his mind daraeh, an oak, or 
doire (derry), a wood of oaks, but the true mean- 
ing is umlouljtedlv given above. — Editor. 



E, 



122 THE LAKE -DWELLINGS OF WIGTONSHIEE. 

there is a flat mound, some 80 feet square and 6 or 7 feet high, having on 
its surface the ruins of drystone buildings. These ruins consist of the 
foundations of walls, a foot or so high, which clearly define the outline of 
a superstructure divided into five rectangular compartments. It would 
appear that a passage, 11 feet broad and 55 feet long, extended from east to 
west, i.e. in a direction pointing from the shore towards the middle of the 
loch, from which the compartments opened — three being on the north and 
two on the south. The mound is entirely composed of flags and boulders, 
many of which are so weighty as to require the utmost efi'orts of a strong 
man to turn over. Some seven or eight large trees — ash, elm, and plane — 
have taken possession of the mound, and no less than four of the 
apartments are now occuj)ied each by the trunk of a venerable -looking 
ash. Like most of the lochs in this district that of Eavenstone is a 
rock-cut basin, scooped out by glacial agencies. About twenty years ago its 
outlet was deepened by cutting through the rock to the extent of 5 feet, 
an operation which, of course, correspondingly lessened the depth of the 
loch and greatly diminished its superficial area.-' People in the neighbourhood 
who recollect its former condition describe the mound as a small wooded 
island which at no season of the year was accessible except by boat. This 
singular mound and its mysterious ruins had for some time excited the 
curiosity of Lord Borthwick, laut to whatever source he turned for inform- 
ation he could find no ray of light regarding their antiquity or purpose. 
Neither written documents nor traditions could say to what people or race 
they were due — whether Celt or Saxon, Pagan or Christian. Untenanted, 
unhaunted, and forgotten, this fragment of the non-historic past justly 
claimed the attention of antiquaries. In these circumstances Lord Borthwick 
became desirous of subjecting it to some practical investigation, under the 
guidance of the exploring party from the Ayrshire and Wigtonshire 
Archaeological Association, with whom his lordship, as one of the vice-presidents 
of the Society, had already come in contact during the Dowalton excavations. 
Accordingly, a gang of workmen being procured, a start was made on the 
1st October 1884. At the preliminary inspection it was stated that Sir 
Herbert Maxwell, who had visited the mound on a previous occasion, had 
observed an oak pile near its base. This was considered an important clue, 

1 This locli is all that remains of a very ex- The paddle mentioned on page 83 was recovered 
tensive one which formerly must have filled the from this moss. Eavenstone, formerly spelt 
large basin now occupied bythe surrounding moss. Eemistoun, was also called Clochtoun. — Editor. 



THE LAKE-DWELLINGS OF WIGTONSHIRE. 123 

and to its re-discovery all eyes and hands were now directed. This was by 
no means an easy task amidst a zone of fallen stones and rank nettles which 
skirted the mound between it and the surrounding marshy plantation. 

At the outset the search was unsuccessful, and the occasional finding of 
the stumps of decayed trees gave rise to some despondency. At last, how- 
ever, complete success rewarded the persevering efforts of a young lady 
whose sympathies were enlisted in this species of antiquarian research. 
There was this time no mistake about the matter. That a slender, black 
stoh, which cropped up through the stones at the south-west angle of the 
mound, near its base, and only a few yards from the water's edge, was 
an artificial pile driven in for some special purpose before the stones were 
placed around it there could be no doubt whatever. Digging here, and 
guided by the upright pile, the workmen, after removing some large stones, 
came upon the edge of a network of upright and horizontal beams which 
projected from under the mound. Portion of a beam with a square mortised 
hole, and a stout slanting pile having its sides and lower extremity cut to 
the square, were removed and taken possession of by Lord Borthwick. A 
second excavation, a few yards farther along the south side, and in a line 
indicated by the three or four uprights already exposed, revealed a similar 
arrangement of beams. A shaft was then dug through the mound itself, 
in the only compartment of the superficial ruins which was not occupied by 
a tree, and at a depth of 6 feet 5 inches below the foundation of the walls 
a wooden flooring, formed of round beams lying in various directions, was 
reached. The shaft was at first large enough for two men to work together, 
but, owing to the irregularity of the size and position of the stones en- 
countered, it gradually got so contracted that ultimately the area of wood- 
work exposed was not more than 2 square feet. In this space portions of 
not less than six beams became visible, lying in various directions, among 
which oak, ash, and birch were readily detected. Immediately above the 
beams there was a thin layer of charcoal, a portion of which was preserved, 
and on being afterwards more carefully scrutinised it was found to contain 
one whole hazel nut and a few broken shells of others. After this the men 
were directed to search on the north side of the mound in order to ascertain 
if the woodwork really extended under the whole island. Here also, after 
much labour in removing the stones, the ends of several of the oak beams 
were found to protrude from under the mass. The surface of the woodwork 
exposed in these four places was nearly on the same level and scarcely 



124 THE LAKE-DWELLINGS OF WIGTONSHIEE. 

elevated above that of the loch, as was satisfactorily determined b)^ the 
oozing up of the water. The beams appeared to be imbedded in a peaty 
substance, similar to that deposited in the bed of the loch, and everywhere 
an iron rod could be easily passed downwards through their interstices, but 
in no place were stones or rock met with below the woodwork. This con- 
cluded the preliminary investigation, as it was thought advisable to delay 
further explorations till such time as Mr. Cochran -Patrick, M.P. (whose 
unavoidable absence was much regretted), and other experienced archseo- 
logists had an oj^portunity of deliberating over the novelty of the discovery. 
It is not an unusual thing to find traces of stone-fencing and other kinds 
of buildings on the artificial islands, as, for example, on the Isle of the 
Loch of Banchory^ and the crannog of AirrieouUand, recently discovered 
by Sir Herbert Maxwell, and already described in this paper. A 
small island in Lochrutton, Kirkcudbrightshire, is described in the Old 
Statistical Account of Scotland " as " a collection of large stones which 
have been founded on a frame of oak planks ; " and, according to the same 
authority, another, similarly constructed, exists in Loch Kinder.' The 
peculiarity of the Lake-Dwelling in the White Loch of Eavenstone is the 
architectural neatness and skill displayed in its superstructural ruined 
building, and the quantity of stones composing the mound itself: and in 
both these respects this island is, as far as I know, unique in Scotland. 
It may be stated that the former did not occupy the whole surface of the 
island, as its total length was only 55 feet and breadth 47 feet. The walls 
were 2 feet 3 inches thick, and were built of small hammer-dressed stones, 
but without any clay or mortar. One compartment showed a recess in the 
middle of its western wall as if for a chimney. The north side of the island 
showed signs of having been roughly built up with large undressed flao-s, 
but the rest of its stony perimeter was quite dilapidated. That the wooden 
island was inhabited as a crannog before its level was raised to its present 
height (about 7 feet) by the addition of the enormous mass of stones under- 
lying its final buildings, an idea suggested by the discovery of charcoal and 
the shells of hazel nuts over the woodwork, is an opinion that requires 
further proofs before it can be accepted as one well founded in fact. 

EOBEET MUNEO. 

1 Ancient Scottish Lake-Bwellinijs, p. 27 ; also Proceed. Soc. Antiq. Scot., vol. vi. p. 126. 
- Old Statistical Account, vol. ii. p. 37. 3 Ibid., p. 139. 



VIII. 
GLENLUCE ABBEY. 

The materials for any adequate historical notice of this Abbey are of the 
scantiest- and most meagre description. Its register has long been lost ; and 
its sequestered situation, far from the centre of the public life of the time, is 
doubtless the reason why contemporary notices occur only at very wide 
intervals. The names of only a very few of what must have been a long 
line of Abbots have come down to us. The " Valley of Light" is a valley 
of darkness, for nearly three hundred years, to the historical enquirer. 

The Abbey was founded by Roland of Galloway, Constable of Scot- 
land, in the year 1190 ; the seventh, in the order of foundation, of Cister- 
cian Abbeys in Scotland. It is interesting in this connection to notice 
that Eoland's grandfather, Fergus, in his prosperous days, was also a 
patron of learning and religion, having founded, for the Premonstratensian 
order, monasteries at Whithorn, Tongueland, and Saulseat ; and — partly in 
conjunction with David I. — the Cistercian Abbey of Dundrennan, and the 
Priory of the Augustinians or Austin Canons at St. Mary's Isle. It may 
further be mentioned, in illustration of the piety and enlightenment of the 
race of Fergus, that Devorgille, the foundress of Balliol College, Oxford, 
and of Sweetheart — the last of the old religious houses founded in Scotland 
— in 1275, was Roland's grand-daughter. 

Glenluce was, as already indicated, founded for the Cistercians, a reformed 
order of Benedictines ; which order was formed at Citeaux, nearly one 
hundred years before, viz. in 1096. The usual statement of historians is that 
the Abbey was colonised from Melrose, but one authority says that Mebose 
and Dundrennan were both colonised from Eievaulx, and that Dundrennan 
in turn became the parent of Glenluce ; and if it be remembered that 



126 GLENLUCE ABBEY. 

Dundrennan was founded by Fergus, some probability is given to that 
view. 

The Cistercian order soon acquired great celebrity, and within two 
hundred years after its formation had an immense number of religious 
houses throughout Christendom, — some authorities say as many as eighteen 
hundred. They had in Scotland eleven Abbeys, three Priories, and fourteen 
Nunneries, — twenty-eight houses in all. 

The Abbeys were : Balmerino, Culross, Cupar (in Angus), Deir, Dun- 
drennan, Glenluce, Kinloss, Newbattle, Melrose, Sweetheart, and Sandal ; and 
the Priories — Friars- Carse, Hassingdean, and Mauchline. The Cistercian 
Abbots claimed to be independent of the bishops in whose dioceses their 
monasteries were situated ; acknowledging only the supremacy of the head 
of their own order — the Abbot of Citeaux. The characteristic features of a Cis- 
tercian Abbey can be nearly all identified at Glenluce. The Cistercians never 
biiilt in towns ; the site was always a sheltered valley near water ; and first 
in importance amongst the general buildings was the Church, always dedi- 
cated to St. Mary, and characterised by extreme simplicity. The choir was 
invariably short, seldom more than two bays in length, reckoning from the 
crossing. If that part of an early Cistercian Church which represents the 
choir, the transepts, and the nave, be taken by itself — exclusive of chapels 
and side aisles — it will be found to form almost exactly a true Latin Cross. 
In Scotland, the crossing was covered by a low square tower or lantern, 
carried up above the four arms of the cross, and finished with a gabled or 
saddle-back roof, as may be seen at Sweetheart. The transept had eastern 
aisles only, divided for Chapels. Originally towers were prohibited, as were 
also carving and stained glass. Whitewash seems to have formed the only 
decoration in the earlier times of rigorous discipline. 

The Conventual buildings formed three sides of the square or Cloister- 
garth, the Church forming the fourth ; the whole being connected by the 
covered walks or " Cloisters." These may be best described by beginning 
at the cloister or procession door of the church, which opened into the 
east walk, and following it into the south walk, from thence into the 
west, and so round to the west end of the church. Next the transept was 
the Sacristy, opening from the Church ; and, generally — opening from the 
walk — a cell for the confinement or punishment of those infringing the rules. 
Next to these was the Chapter-House, the place of daily meetino- for 
business and judgment; and next again, though not invariably, the passage, 



GLENLUCE ABBEY. 127 

or slype, leading from the precinct to the garden, the monks' cemetery, and 
the Abbot's lodge. Still farther south, and last in this walk, was the 
Fratery, i.e. the dayroom or parlour. On the upper floor of this side, and 
extending over the Sacristy and Chapter-House, was the Scriptorium or 
Library, where the books were kept and the manuscripts written and 
illuminated. Next to it, over the slype and dayrooms was the monks' 
dormitory, which communicated through the Scriptorium, and, by a circular 
stair in the angle of the transept, with the Church ; the rules obliging the 
ascetic monks, who kept silence, except during one half-hour of relaxation in 
the week, to descend three times every night to say their office. 

Keturning to the end of the east walk, and turning into the south, first 
came the dormitory stairs, then the kitchen, and beyond that the Eefectory. 
A Lavatory and some offices occupied the remainder of this side. On the 
west side was a building for the accommodation of the converts, or serving 
brothers, workmen, and labourers on the estates ; the ground floor of which 
was usually devoted to stores. 

A Guesthouse, Infirmary, and Gatehouse — usually detached — completed 
the establishment. 

Following this order at Glenluce, there is first the Church, of which the 
following are the principal dimensions: Nave and side aisles 112 feet by 
54 feet 4 inches ; transepts 88 feet by 25 feet ; eastern aisles each 28 feet 4 
inches by 13 feet. The width of the choir is 24 feet by about 38 feet long, 
but in the present state of the ruins it is impossible to ascertain the length 
with any degree of accuracy. The whole eastern end has been so completely 
destroyed and the materials removed, that it is doubtful if even excavation 
would now reveal any traces by which the exact length could be ascertained. 
It may be interesting, for the sake of comparison, to note that the church at 
Sweetheart is as nearly as possible of the same proportions and only a very 
little larger than Glenluce, the principal dimensions being nave and side 
aisles 119 feet by 67 feet, transepts 105 feet by 30 feet, choir 28 feet by 52 
feet ; total length over all 210 feet. Total length of Glenluce about 180 feet.^ 

The depth of fallen debris is so great all over the floor of the church, that 
many points of interest, and guidance, for a complete restoration of the plan 
are at present buried. The general proportions would seem to point to 

1 These dimensions of Sweetheart are from publishedintheBriiis/i^re/w'teci, vol. iii. (1875); 
a very beautiful set of measured drawings by but they are taken by scale, and may not be 
Mr. Browne and Mr. Ferguson of Glasgow, strictly accurate. 



128 GLENLUCE ABBEY. 

a nave of seven bays, although there may only have been six ; and it 
may be assumed that the columns, or nave piers, were little more than 
plain cylinders. Whether the nave aisles were vaulted cannot well be 
ascertained, but from such examination as is now possible, it is probable 
they were not ; and that, in point of fact, the only vaulted portions of the 
church were the chapels in the transept aisles ; all the other roofs were of 
wood; some of the corbels and the half-ribs on the walls indicate the 
vaulting of the chapels quite distinctly. 

Almost every accessible, and removable, piece of freestone has long 
since disappeared, and such evidence as to the age and character of the 
various parts of the work as can be got from the study of mouldings, etc., 
has disappeared with it. Of the windows parts of four only remain : one in 
the west wall of the south transept over the cloister roof ; one in the south 
wall of the choir ; and two — nearly entire — in the transept gable. Each 
part of the first two consists of only one jamb and part of the pointed head. 
They appear to have been single lancets, and from the two plain chamfered 
orders on the jambs, and the absence of any hood mould over the arches, 
and also from the fact that the pointed tops of the gable windows are 
not arches, but formed of two single stones, I think the church is mainly 
the original one, begun during the Transition period, at the foundation of 
the Monastery in 1190, and probably finished within the half-century or 
before 1240. There may have been alterations and partial reconstruction 
about the crossing, but the clustered shafts — with their carved caps and 
round abaci — of the remaining fragment of the south-eastern pier of the 
lantern are early English of the best period, circa 1180-1285. 

The south wall of the nave, to the height of 16 or 17 feet, is still standing, 
and one of the notched corbels that carried the wall-beam of the cloister roof 
remains in situ nearly over the cloister door. 

A singular feature is shown in a circular stair, partially corbelled into 
the transept, and going up above the apex of the south transept gable, where 
it doubtless terminated in a conical-roofed turret, and which may have been, 
and j)robably was, the " steeple " referred to by Symson as standing in his 
time. The small square-headed windows shown in the plate opened from 
and lighted this stair, and were perhaps used as outlooks from it. Access 
must have been gained by some means not at present discoverable, to the 
triforium or space between the vaulting and the roof of the chapels, as from 
there a passage in the thickness of the wall leads to the stair. It is very 



GLENLUCE AEBEY. 129 

probable that it was a place of observation, from which not only the 
Heavens and the surrounding country could be observed, but also the 
Dormitory, and the residential parts of the Monastery generally. Symson's 
" Steeple " may only be a loose description of the lantern over the crossing, 
but it is not probable that it was standing when he wrote in 1684. Bishop 
Pococke's description written in 1760, when he visited the ruins, would 
almost apply literally at the present day : " There remains very little of 
the Abbey Church except a Gothic pier of the middle arch," i.e. the south- 
eastern pier of the Lantern already referred to. 

The stair from the transept to the Scriptorium and Dormitory was in 
the recess, still visible, though altered, in the south-west corner. 

The Conventual buildings on the east side of the Garth have been 
partially rebuilt, probably late in the fifteenth century — at least the Chapter- 
House is about that date — but by whom there is no record. The architect 
may have been the " John Mordo," concerning whom there are the inscrip- 
tions in Melrose Abbey, who 

" Had : IN Kepying 
Al : Mason : Week : of : Santan 

DROYS : YE : HyE : KeRK : OF : GlAS 

GW : Melros : AND : Paslay : of 
NYDDYSDAYLL : AND : OF : Galwey." 

That is of these Cistercian and other monasteries. "NyddysdayU and 
Galwey " in the inscription, may mean Sweetheart and Glenluce. 

The building Abbot may have been that Michael who got his village of 
Ballinclach erected into a burgh of Barony in 1496-97, and who may have 
lived to entertain James IV. and Queen Margaret when, on their pilgrimage 
home from the shrine of St. Ninian at Whithorn, they passed his way, and 
admired the gardens of the monastery. It is possible, and not improbable, 
that the same Abbot is the occupant of the solitary grave recently dis- 
covered in the Chapter-House. It was the rule with the Cistercians to bury 
their Abbots in their Chapter-Houses, and if that rule prevailed at Glenluce, 
it is probable that all trace of former burials had been obliterated by the 
excavations and lowering of the floor, when the new Chapter- House was 
built. 

That the Abbot (whoever he was) who built the new House contem- 
plated being buried in it seems likely, from the roof corbel above the Abbot's 

8 



130 GLENLUCE ABBEY. 

seat — and above the foot of the grave — bearing on a riband or garland 
the Catholic legend " Eeqniescat in pace." It is further probable that 
Michael was the last real Abbot who governed the monastery. His succes- 
sors, being chiefly commendators, and holding other offices and emoluments, 
may have been buried amongst their own kindred elsewhere. The original 
Chapter-House was no doubt a plain vault, with its floor on the level of 
the walk, and when the new — and finer one — came to be built, the greater 
height required for its construction and proportions could only be got by 
lowering the floor, which was done to the extent of two feet. During the 
progress of some recent repairs a small quantity of human bones — 
whose presence it is hard to account for — were found amongst the debris 
above the Chapter -House. They may have been the remains of some 
departed father or brother, jjreserved in the Scriptorium as sacred relics, 
like the eleven thousand virgins at Cologne, if the scene in Marmion does 
not more fitly account for them : — 

" And now that blind old Abbot rose 

To speak the Chapter's doom, 

On those the wall was to enclose 

Alive within the tomb." 
^ ^ * ft -* 

" Some traveller then shall find my bones 

Whitening amid disjointed stones. 

And, ignorant of priests' cruelty, 

Marvel such relics here should be." 

Conjecture is unavailing. 

The space between the transept and the Chapter-House has been 
occupied by apartments, whose plan and dimensions cannot at present be 
ascertained. That one of them was the Sacristy there can be no doubt, as 
the pointed door-head can be seen, and felt, by a little scraping amongst the 
debris, on the Sacristy side of the transept gable. A very bold bowtell, or 
roll moulding, can be felt on the church side. 

It is probable that an apartment, similar to that on the south, existed 
on the north side of the Chapter-House, and that the remaining space was 
divided by a transverse wall into the Sacristy, and a cell enterino- from the 
Cloister. That seems the most probable division of a space much too large 
for the Sacristy alone, but, until a great quantity of rubbish is removed, 
nothing further can be ascertained. 

The entrance to the Chapter-House is through a semicircular-headed 



GLENLUCE ABBEY. 131 

doorway, and by three descending steps the floor is reached two feet below 
the level of the walk. It is generally described as a square of 28 feet, an 
inaccuracy for which Grose appears to be responsible, and others have 
followed him without verification. Bishop Pococke, an earlier visitor than 
Grose, says more correctly that " it is about 24 feet square." It is an exact 
square of 24 feet, and the central column comj)osed of eight half round 
shafts — four plain, and four filleted — with small beads between, is 1 1 feet 
2 inches high to the top of the abacus, and 2 feet in diameter. The whole 
height of the room to the points of the vaulting ribs is 1 7 feet. The vault- 
ing is quadripartite, the ribs resting on the central column and on corbels 
in the walls. The " bosses " at the intersections in the two eastmost com- 
partments bear shields with coats of arms — one being the Lion of Scotland 
within a tressure and surmounted by a crown, and the other the Crowned 
Lion of the Province of Galloway. The other intersections bear foliated 
flowers like roses on the bosses. 

The seat of the Abbot is indicated on the east wall, between the windows, 
by a kind of imitation Stall, formed by a moulding raised on the ashlar 
facing of the wall, and having a trefoil head, but there is no recess, and the 
moulding — which still shows the chisel-marks of intentional defacement — has 
been of a poor and inartistic character. The stone seat bench which ran all 
round the walls has been removed. The builder — one hopes with the desire to 
prevent such spoliation — had built the slabs into the masonry, but the spoilers 
have been too many for him, and have split them ofi" by the wall line with 
chisels, the marks of which are still plainly visible ; perhaps they may be 
found doing duty as shelves in some dairy in the neighbourhood. The 
most prominent features in the windows are the large quatrefoils in their 
traceried heads ; the other forms are not elegant, nor are the sections of the 
mouldings good. 

Though very few of the details taken by themselves will bear to be 
tried by a high standard, the Chapter-House as a whole is a very beautiful 
and finely proportioned room. 

In accordance with early Cistercian rule, there is no trace of a door on 
the entrance, though the windows appear to have been glazed. It was 
only in later and more lax times, that such luxuries as doors and glazed 
windows were indulged in. 

Above the Chapter-House would be the Scriptorium or Writing-room, 
the tiled floor and fireplace of which were partially exposed last summer. 



132 GLENLUCE ABBEY. 

and tlie rest of the space above the buildings on that side would be 
occupied by the dormitory, but it is more than doubtful if the original 
arrangement of the common dormitory had been preserved after the partial 
rebuilding. In the fifteenth century discipline had become greatly relaxed. 
Not only did the Abbots, and the superior clergy generally, keep luxurious 
tables, and live in magnificent halls, but the common monks scorned the 
sober fare, homely garb, and devout retirement of their predecessors. It 
was one of the charges brought against them by the Visitors of their order 
that they not only lived separately, on portions allowed them out of the 
common stock, and bought their own food and clothes, but that the common 
dormitory was partitioned off into separate chambers. In 1553 the General 
Chapter at Citeaux made a new efi"ort to restore discipline, and sent a 
commissioner into Scotland, who reported that many of the monks, 
especially in the Abbeys of Melrose, Newbattle, and Balmerino, had not 
only portions and pensions allowed them for food and clothes, but that each 
monk had a separate garden for his own use and pleasure. The com- 
missioner in his visitation roll specified these things as illicit indulgences, 
and commanded them to be given up. The monks, however, grumbled, 
and excused themselves by saying that it would be time enough for them to 
begin such a reformation when the convent at Melrose, which was the 
chief house of their order in Scotland, set them the example. They further 
addressed the commissioner in a petition and remonstrance, in which they 
denied that they could be justly charged with possessing private property, 
since they had nothing but what the Abbot allowed them, and which they 
were willing to resign when required by him. The result was several 
concessions to them, such as, with certain restrictions, retaining their private 
gardens, the separate portions, and the allowance of such money only as 
was needed to supply immediate necessaries till the Abbot should provide 
a stock of necessary clothing ; but nothing appears to have been said about 
the dormitories.^ The two vaulted apartments south of the Chapter-House 
were no doubt the common or dayrooms. At first such apaxtments 
had only arched openings at the ends, and no door or window, but in later 
times the openings are frequently found to have been built up, and fire- 
places inserted. 

The whole of the buildings on the south side have disappeared, nor can 
even their foundations at present be traced ; but it seems probable, from the 

^ Morton's Monastic Annals of Teviotdale. 



GLENLUCE AEBEY. 



133 



appearance of the principal mound, that the plan and dimensions of the 
Eefectory at least might yet with a little digging be made out. 

On the west are the remains of four small vaults — the substructure of 
the lay brothers' or servitors' apartments — and the so-called Gatehouse. 
This building may occupy the site of the ancient Gatehouse or porter's 
room, but in its present form it must have been erected after the monastic 
buildings had more or less fallen into decay, as the materials are those of 
former buildings, and very largely composed of freestone, a material too 
expensive to be used for common walling in Galloway unless it is to be 
had for the lifting. The wood lintels of the door in the upper story are 
old rafters, with the mortises of the tie beams still visible — showing 



i 



V 




.^.'Avi; 



l/. 



Fig. 1. — Fragment of an Early Christian Jlemorial Cross. 

plainly from whence they came. A fragment of an early Christian memorial 
cross — of which a woodcut is here given — was also found last summer 
in turning over the debris above the Chapter-House. It is of granite, 
about 4 in. thick and 18 in. square. The figure of the cross is formed by 
an incised hollow, about half an inch wide, and from three-sixteenths to a 
quarter of an inch deep. This relic of a much earlier age had apparently 
been built into the wall as a common stone, probably during the rebuilding 
of the part of the Monastery where it was found ; whether it had ever 
stood in some now unknown burying-place in the neighbourhood is quite 
uncertain. It is worthy of remark that the monkish builders had no 
consuming reverence for memorials of the past ; fragments of crosses, of 
exquisite design and execution, are not unfrequently found built into their 



134 GLENLUCE ABBEY. 

walls as common rubble. If they had cared for the works of their pre- 
decessors as we in this generation now care for theirs, the Scottish people 
would be artistically and historically richer than they are. 

The writers who, at different times, have recorded their observations of 
the ruins are Symson in 1684, Pococke in 1760, Grose in 1789, and the 
Kev. Mr. Learmont in the Old Statistical Account. Symson had apparently 
little knowledge of the subject, and his description is very loose. Pococke 
was better informed, and shows that he is speaking of matters with which 
he was acquainted. Grose's sketches are drawn with much intelligence and 
fidelity, and show the ruins very much as they are in our day. The south 
transept, with its high-pitched gable, and the south wall of the choir, appear 
to have suffered little change. Of the Conventual buildings, the Chapter- 
House only is shown entire. That seems to have been pretty much the 
condition of things in 1760. Grose makes several mistakes which, with 
a better knowledge of the subject, he would have avoided. He shows 
very prominently on the choir wall the "thackgate" of the aisle roof, 
as if it had been for a pointed or " span," and not for a pent or " lean-to " 
roof, as it really was, and as the " thackgate " coping, yet distinctly visible, 
shows it to have been. His description is still more inaccurate where he 
speaks of the remains as consisting, amongst others, of " two high gables of 
the western part of the church." The parts shown in his own views, as already 
mentioned, are the eastern parts, such as the south transept gable and the 
south wall of the choir, and these are the only high walls that could have 
been standing in his day ; he mentions a high gable as having been thrown 
down by a storm " some few years ago." The ruins a little to the south- 
east of the monastery are doubtless those of the Abbot's lodge, but their 
form cannot now be made out. The gardens and orchards are said to have 
extended to 12 acres, and to have been one of the sights of the West. 
From the level and rich appearance of the glebe land in the immediate 
vicinity this statement may be readily believed. Four centuries of garden 
cultivation would naturally enrich the soil, increase its capabilities of pro- 
duction, and leave traces of such cultivation for ages afterwards. 

An entry in the treasurer's accounts states that James IV. and his queen, 
on their returning from a pilgrimage to St. Ninian's shrine at Whithorn, in 
1507, gave the gardener at Glenluce four shillings, from which it is not 
unnaturally inferred that the gardens had been an object of admiration to 
His Majesty. If the practice obtained here as in some of the other 



GLENLUCE ABBEY. 135 

abbeys at that period, of each monk having a separate garden of his own, 
their extent and beauty may be partially accounted for. The first of the 
concessions, already referred to, as made by the Visitor or Commissioner in 
1533, was, that "they (the common monks) might retain their private 
gardens, provided no monk had one larger than another, and that a com- 
mon way was made through all the gardens by opening a passage from one 
to another ; the productions of the whole being made a common stock, and 
applied to the use of the convent." ^ It is known that the king and queen 
were entertained at Paisley by Abbot Robert Schaw, both in going and 
returning from this pilgrimage, and that the king gave to "the mais- 
sounis in drinksilver xxijs ;" and on the return journey he gave, amongst 
other gifts, "to the workmen in Pasley to drinksilver xiiijs." Abbot 
Schaw was then continuing and finishing the monastic buildings begun 
by his uncle Abbot George Shaw in 1491. It may be mentioned as a 
matter of interest that Abbot George had the village of Paisley erected into 
a burgh of barony on the 19th August 1488, rather more than seven years 
before Abbot Michael of Glenluce got his charter for Ballinclach. The terms 
of the charters are nearly alike. The king left Paisley for Whithorn on the 
9th of July and returned on the 20th, the journey there and back thus 
occupying eleven days. Eight days more were spent with the hospitable 
abbot before the journey to the capital was resumed. It appears that 
James made at least four of these pilgrimages to Whithorn, and as Paisley 
was a halting-place each time, it is not improbable that Glenluce occasionally 
shared with the Dominican Friary at Wigtown the honour of entertaining 
the royal pilgrim and suite ; but the treasurer's accounts contain no further 
disbursements at Glenluce than the four shillings in 1507 to the gardener. 

As has already been stated, the names of only a very few of the abbots 
have come down to our time, and of some of these it is difficult to make 
out the order of succession. The register having been lost, the sources of 
information are limited to collateral notices by historians, or to charters 
and agreements in which their names might occur as granters, parties, or 
witnesses. No Abbot of Glenluce, till the beginning of the sixteenth 
century, appears to have been employed in the public service, and only one, 
so far as is known, was elevated to episcopal rank, and so mention of 
them seldom occurs in the public Records, and only once in the succes- 
sions of bishops. 

1 Morton's Monastic Annals of Teviotdale. 



136 GLENLUCE ABBEY. 

The following can be made out with tolerable accuracy from the 
Chronicle of Melrose : — 

I2I2 to I2i6. Abbot William. — He writes a long letter in Latin to 
the Prior of Melrose, giving an account of a remarkable phenomenon 
observed in the heavens by two monks of Glenluce. To modem eyes this 
would appear to have been nothing more than an eclipse of the moon, — 
but castles and soldiers were seen in the heavens, and a ship, steered by 
some one, in the direction of Ireland, by way of the Isle of Man. The 
poor monks trembled and asked the venerable father if he did not think 
the judgment-day had come. 

1235. Abbot Gilbert. — He demitted his office this year, on being 
elected Bishop of Galloway. At what time he became Abbot of Glenluce 
does not appear, but he was previously Master of the Novices at Melrose. 
The chronicler adds that he was elected with general consent and approba- 
tion except the Priory at " Witerne." Gilbert was consecrated at York on 
September 2d, 1235. 

1236. Abbot Robert. — He doubtless succeeded Gilbert, but was de- 
posed this year, for what offence does not appear. He was succeeded by 
Abbot Michael — who died in 1243. Abbot Michael and Abbot Gilbert 
of Cupar had gone to attend a general Chapter of their Order at Citeaux, 
and at Rheims, on their way home, both died, — Michael, on Saint Michael's 
day (September 29th), and Gilbert on the vj° idiis Octobris (14th). 

1244. Alan Musard is Abbot, in succession to Michael, but of him 
nothing more is known, and here the Melrose chronicler fails us ; but from 
the records of the English Parliament we have the following : — 1220, June 
17th, "Henry III. commands Geoffry de Marisco, Justiciar of Ireland, to 
allow the Abbot and Monks of Glenluce to buy in Ireland corn, meal, and 
other necessary victuals for their maintenance, for a year, after the feast of 
St. John Baptist next." 

1225. May loth. — The same privilege is granted. 

1227. July 23d. — Again granted. 

1252. " The king grants leave to the Abbot and Monks of Glenluce in 
Galloway, to buy yearly, for seven years, a shipload of corn (frumentum) 
in Ireland, for the use of their House of Glenluce." 

From the above extracts it would appear that the produce of the 
Abbey lands was insufficient to maintain the establishment, a statement 
that will not appear strange in the light of the story told by the Melrose 



GLENLUCE ABBEY. 137 

ckronicler, under the date 1235 : — "At that time also, even the Scots of 
the king's army, when he had gone back, despoiled the lands and churches 
in Galloway with unheard-of cruelty ; so much so, that a monk of Glenluce, 
who was at the last gasp, was left naked but for his hair shirt, and at 
Tongueland the Prior and Sacristan were slain in the church." The king in 
the above quotation was Alexander II., and the occasion the putting down 
of the rebellion in Galloway under Thomas, the natural son of Alan, and 
grandson of the founder of Glenluce. 

1289. The Abbot is in the somewhat famous convention of "Brigge- 
ham" — near Coldstream, held with Edward L, to consider the proposed 
marriage of Margaret, the Maid of Norway, with his eldest son. A conven- 
tion which, as is weU known, came to nothing ; Margaret having died in 
Norway in her eighth year. 

In Robertson's "Index of (lost or missing) Charters, etc., by Bang 
Eobert I.," there is a " carta to the Abbacy of Glenlus ... to be halden 
in ane frie barrony, cum furca (et) fossa." That is, according to Bell's 
Dictionary and Digest of the Law of Scotland, the privilege of " j^i^ ^^^ 
gallows." In ancient privileges granted by the crown it signified a jurisdic- 
tion over felons, to punish the men by hanging and the women by drown- 
ing. There is a hiatus after " Glenlus," so that the barony which was 
conveyed to the Abbey by this charter, and which conferred on it the 
privilege of pit and gallows, cannot now be ascertained. There is another 
charter by King Robert, entitled " Carta to the Abbacy of Glenlus, Con- 
firmatioun of y'' liberties." 

In the reign of David II. there is a " Carta to the Abbacie of Glenluce 
of their haill lands," and another " Carta of Confirmatioun to the Abbacy of 
Glenluce of ane 5 merk land of the earldom of Wigtoun and ane 5 merk 
land of Carmole." 

These charters were granted by Robert Bruce and his son David, that is, 
between 1309 — for that is the date at which the index begins — and 1370, 
the year in which King David died, and for at least the next hundred 
and twenty years no mention or trace of the Monastery of Glenluce or its 
Abbots anywhere appears. Being probably non-mitred, the Abbots would 
not be Lords of Parliament, and their names, therefore, nowhere occur in 
such records as have been preserved. During these eventful years much 
happened that materially influenced the subsequent history of Scotland, 
and even of Christendom. The great papal schism rent the Catholic Church 

T 



138 GLENLUCE ABBEY. 

in pieces. In our own country our first Universities were founded, in St. 
Andrews and Glasgow, and the new learning thereby introduced. Guten- 
berg had succeeded in cutting types from metal, and so inaugurated the era 
of printing. The power and wealth of the burghs and trading communities 
increased, and that of the nobles decreased, but what part the Abbots and 
Monks of Glenluce took in these movements and events will probably never 
be known, they have left no record, and are for ever deaf to our enquiries. 
One likes to think of them as living quiet and uneventful lives, generation 
after generation, in their pleasant valley by the "Water of Luce ; the Abbots 
exercising gentle rule over their little community of fraters and servitors, 
and discharging the duties of religion, hospitality, and charity. They were 
doubtless frec|uently enough brought into rough contact with the outer 
world, in the troublous times of the Wars of Independence, and the struggles 
of the earlier Stuart Kings with the powerful nobles of the west. That they 
and their House shared in the general relaxation of discipline and decay 
of morals during the fifteenth century is more than probable, although 
they are nowhere mentioned as special ofi"enders. In the time of Innocent 
VIIL, 1484-92, the General Chapter at Citeaux, by his injunction, com- 
missioned John Schanwell, Abbot of Cupar, to visit and reform the Cistercian 
Monasteries in Scotland, and he appears to have visited and deposed the 
Abbots of Melrose, Dundrennan, and Sweetheart. At a later period, Donald, 
Abbot of Cupar, and Walter, Abbot of Glenluce, received a similar, but 
more limited commission, from the General Chapter, which wiU be noticed 
in its place. 

In 1484 there is a confirmation of a charter granted by the Provost, 
Bailies, and Council of Wigtoun, to Symon Makcristen of the Monk Hill, 
the reddendo of which is, "that the said Symon is to pay therefor 12 
den. and horse grass to the Abbot of Glenluce, while the said Abbot 
coming to the town of Wigtoun shall be in the vicinity of that mount." ^ 

In 1487 " Vallis Lucis" appears amongst the Abbots in Parliament, but 
I have not been able to trace this Abbot's name, or in what capacity he sat 
there. In the reign of James IV., 1488-1513, Walter is said to have been 
Abbot, and that he was sent from France by John, Duke of Albany. If 

1 At that time the only road from the north it, but part of it still exists in the road leading 

and west entered Wigtown by the Monkhill. up by the new cemetery to the grass lands, at 

The newer roads, to Glenluce on the west, and and about the Monkhill. Dwellings and "ardens 

Newton-Stewart on the north, have superseded were in the neighbourhood till recent times. 



GLENLUCE ABBEY. 139 

that be so, he must have been succeeded by Cuthbert Bailie, the Lord High 
Treasurer of Scotland, who was Commendator of Glenluce, and died in 1514. 
I am, however, more than doubtful of the identity of this Walter ; for in 
1517 Walter was Abbot; and on the 9th December 1521 Albany asks safe 
conduct for " Walter, Abbot of Glenluce, and twelve of his company to come 
to England to the king." And on the 30th of the same month Bishop 
Douglas informs Cardinal Wolsey that "Walter, Commendator of the Abbey 
of Glenluce, and Secretary to the Duke of Albany," etc. etc., " are come 
to London and request audience of the king," etc. etc. 

No definite date is given when this Walter was sent from France and 
installed as Abbot, and it seems improbable that one Walter should be 
appointed by Albany during the reign of James IV. and another during his 
own regency— which did not begin till 1515, after the death of James at 
Flodden — with Cuthbert Bailie between them. It is certain that in 1496-7 
Michael was Abbot, for on the 23d January of that year he received a 
charter constituting the village of Ballinclach a burgh of barony, in the 
Lordship of Glenluce, with privilege of " cross and market, on each Sabbath 
day, and a yearly market on the day of the nativity of the Blessed Virgin 
Mary, and till the octave thereof" — that is from the 8th to 15th September. 
It is more than probable, therefore, that Walter, who first appears in 1517, 
is the only one of his name, and that he succeeded Cuthbert Bailie. We 
find Abbot Walter in Parliament in 1525, and in 1526 he protests that he is 
not to be prevented by the Bishop of Galloway from going to Rome to 
prosecute an appeal. In 1534 the General ChajJter of his Order gave 
authority to him and Donald, Abbot of Cupar, to charge Andrew, Abbot of 
Melrose, upon pain of deposition, to carry the reformation of his House into 
immediate effect, and to punish with excommunication the monks who, 
after twenty days' warning, refused to submit. In 1543 he is in Parliament 
and on a committee for "falsing dooms;" and the 12th of November in 
the same year he issues the foUomng commission of bailiary in favour of 
Gilbert, third Earl of CassiUis : — ^ 

Be it kend till all men be thir present lettres Ws Gualter, be the permissioun of 
God Abbot of Glenluce to have maid constitute and ordanit and be thir present 
lettrez makis constitutis and ordanis ane noble and mychtj lord Gilbert erle of 
CassiUis and his airis our verray lauchfuU and undoutit bailze of all and sindry our 
landis and barony of Glenluce lyand within the scherefdome of Wigtoun, baron courte 

1 Culzean Muniments, No. 451. 



140 GLENLUCE ABBEY. 

and Courtis of the said barony, be himself or his deputis to warne begyn afferme hald 
and contynew, the nnlawis amerciamentis and eschaetis of the saidis courtis to gathir 
wplift and inbryng to his awin utilite and profett for his fee With power to our said 
bailze and his airis to mak and creat deputis clerk serjand and dempstar and all 
utheris ofiBciaris and memberis of courte neidfuU, and to continew the samyn in thair 
officis with our avyse and contentatioun alanerly The entres of the said Gilbert erle of 
Cassillis our bailze foirsaid and his airis in and to the said office of bailliery to be at 
the feist of mertymmes iii winter in the yere of God j™ v'' xl thre yeris and thairefter 
to endure for the space of fyve yeris and that eftir the forme of ane contract maid 
betuix the said erle and ws thairupon With power to the said Gilbert erle of Cassillis 
and his airis or thare deputis Our men tenentis servandis and inhabitantis our saidis 
landis attachit to ony uther courte or courtis to replege and agane bring to our baroun 
courte of Glenluce and privilege tharof cautioun and colirhaith to that effect to geif 
and fynd for administratioun of justice to partijs compleynzeand as efferis apon law 
And generaly all and sindry utheris thingis for wele of ws and our said abbay to 
hant excers and use that to the office of bailliery is knawin to pertene In wytnes of 
the quhilk thing to thir our lettrez of bailliery subscrivit with our hand our Sele of 
office is affixt at our abbay of Glenluce the xij day of November the yere of God j"" v'^ 
fourty and thre yeris Befor thir witnes, ane venerable fader in God William abbot 
of Crosragwell, Fynlay Campbell of Corswell, John M'Dowell of Garthland, John 
Kennedy in Larg, Dauid Kennedy in Baltharsane, and Dauid Wrycht notar public, 
with utheris divers. 



^-iAc^^^ef cfaQj, 



[Seal effaced.] \J'H<X(:^Vf€/tW<3f Cf alvydnc&J 

In 1545 Abbot Walter is again in Parliament, and in the same year he 
has a long controversy before the Lords of the Council with Gilbert Earl 
of Cassillis, whom he had two years before constituted bailie of the Abbey. 
The matter is first brought before the Council at a meeting held in Glasgow 
on 11th June, where the Lord Governor and the Lords of Council under- 
stand that Gilbert Earl of Cassillis, bailie of the Abbey of Glenluce, 
intends to hold a court upon the lands and lordship of Glenluce, and that 
Andrew Agnew, Sheriff of Wigtoun, by virtue of the authority given to 
him, has taken and holds the place and abbey of Glenluce, to prevent 
the said court being held. It is ordained by the Governor and Council 
that the Sheriff shall remove furth of the said Abbey, and that " na maner 
of personis remaine therintill bot the religious men and utheris their daylie 
neccessar servandis." 



GLENLUCE ABBEY. 141 

Earl Gilbert, on his part, undertakes to " hald na maner of court or 
courts upon the lands and lordship of Grienluce, be vertew of his said office 
of balLrie, nor have ony intromissions or melling with the said place, landis, 
fermes, profittes, and dewities of the samyn quhatsumiver belanged thereto, 
nor make ony innovation herintill vnto the viij day July nix to cum." 

"William, Earl of Glencairn, and Hew, Master of Eglinton, were to be his 
cautioners. 

On the 27th of June there is a meeting " anent ane suplication gevin in 
by ane venerable fader in God, Gaiter, Abbot of Glenluce and convent of 
the samyn, against Gilbert Erie of Cassillis, Johne M'Dowell of Garthland, 
William Adare of Kinhilt, and Fergus M'Dowell of French," ^ mentioning 
that these parties are to resist the Sheriff of Wigtown by force, etc. etc. 
The parties being present, " My Lord Governour and Lordis of Counsell 
findis that the said venerable fader and convent are lauchfuUy providit to 
the place of Glenluce and Abbey thereof, and has been in possession of the 
samyn thir diverse years bigane, and therefor ordainis letteris to be direct 
to command and charge the saidis personis to desist and cese fra all invasion 
of the said place, and molesting and trubling of the said venerable fader 
and convent in the pecable brouking and josing of the said place, intro- 
mitting and uptaking with the frutis, rentes, and emoluments thairof, and 
disponying thairupon at their pleasure in tymes cuming, utherwayis than 
law will, ay and quhill tha be lauchfuUy callit and orderly put thairfra, 
and that letteris be direct hereupon as effeirs." 

As showing the stage at which the dispute had arrived, the next minute 
may be given entire : — 

" Apud Sanctum Andream ultimo Septembrem Anno 1545. 

" The quhilk day, my Lord Governour and Lordis of Council under- 
standand that James Gordon of Lochinver, at the requiest and desyre of my 
said Lord Governour, has left or will lief the place and Abbay of Glenluce 
quhill the feist of Yule nixt to cum, to be keipit and usit be the said Abbot 
and convent of Glenluce as they shall think expedient, heirfor comperit 
Gilbert Erie of Cassilis in presens of my Lord Governour and Lordis 
forsaidis, and band and oblist him, under the pane of ten thousand pundis. 
That he sail nocht persew, be himself, his kin, friendis, assistaris or 

1 M'Dowall of Freuch. and M'Dowall of appears to have been son-in-law to the Earl of 
Garthland were both killed two years after- Cassillis, having married his daughter the Lady 
wards at the battle of Pinkie. Adare of Kinhilt Helen Kennedy. 



142 GLENLUCE ABBEY. 

partakaris, the said Abbey and place of Glenluce, or to intromit or uptak 
oney manner of profittis perteyng thairto, unto the said feist of Yule nixt to 
cum, and viij days thairefter, providing that he use his ballirie of the said 
Abbay as befor, and that the said James obey my Lord Governour's 
requiest and charge gevin upoun the premises." 

A reconciliation between the Abbot and Earl must have taken place 
shortly after, for later in the same year we read that "Gilbert Erie of 
Cassillis askit instruments, that because the Erie of Cassillis and the Abbot 
of Glenluce are appuntit, tharfor the said Abbot has remitted the rancour 
of his hart to the Laird of Kinhilt, French, and Garthland, and at his hame- 
cuming the said gentillmen to com to the Abbot and he sail tak them in 
favoris ... the tenantes of the . . . Glenluce rise with the said Erie, and 
pay ward and watch with him during the tyme of were in our Soverane 
Ladyis service, and uther tymes conform to tak." I have not hitherto been 
able to ascertain the origin of this dispute, or the nature of the claim of the 
Gordons of Lochinvar, or at what time or in what manner they acquired it, 
but it seems to have been maintained for a lengthened period, and was 
apparently satisfied by the appointment of William, son of Sir John Gordon, 
as abbot in 1581. 

Abbot Walter was in the parliament of 1546 ; in 1547 he grants a 
lease for 19 years of Clannerie to John Vans of Barnbarroch ; and in 1554 
he signs " The band to the Duke of Chateherault, warranting him against 
action for intromission with the Queen's money, jewels, etc.," and that is 
the last I hear of him. Altogether he appears to have been Abbot for about 
forty years, and had some difficult walking in the highways of the world, 
besides enduring much contention and strife in the maintenance of his 
rights and privileges. When he died, and of what nationality he was, I 
have not been able to trace. He is said to have been sent from France by 
Albany ; and knowing that nobleman's partiality for France and Frenchmen, 
it is not improbable that he was French, though his Christian name is 
Scotch. 

Between Walter's death subsequent to 1554, and the appointment of 
Thomas Hay in 1560, there appears to have been an Abbot James, of whom 
I have hitherto found no further mention than that which occurs in the 
letter of Francis and Mary, dated at Amboise, 23d March 1559-60, in which 
the pope is recommended to prefer Thomas Hay, " as Abbot to the Monastery 
of Glenluce, otherwise the Valley of Light, of the Cistercian Order, in the 



1> 







gi 

u 
o 







GLENLUCE ABBEY. U3 

diocese of Candida Casa, now vacant by the death of the venerable James, 
its last Abbot." A bull was issued by Pius IV. in favour of Thomas Hay, 
but he did not obtain peaceable possession, for amongst the AUsa papers 
there is the following ^ 

Instrument of Institution of Thomas, Abbot of Glenluce, in the Abbacy thereof, 
bearing that in presence of a notary and witnesses, Sir John MyU, procurator for 
Thomas Haye, Abbot of the monastery of St. Mary the Virgin of Glenluce, of the 
Cistercian order, diocese of Whithorn, presented to the notary a Bull of provision by 
Pope Pius the Fourth to the said monastery, in favour of the said Thomas, dhected 
to the Bishops of Pisa, Dunblane, and Abbot of Sweetheart, dated at St. Peter's 15 
Kalends of May the first year of his pontificate [1560], with the process of executorial 
thereof fulminated by the said Bishop of Pisa, called Louis Symonet, sealed with his 
seal, and subscribed by John of Auila, writer of the archives of the Eoman Court ; 
and asked the said notary, Mr. David Gibsone, Canon of the metropolitan church of 
Glasgow, presbyter, to put the same to due execution ; who accordingly passed to the 
monastery of Glenluce, and caused knock three and four times at the doors, seeking 
entrance, to assign a stall and place in the chapter to the procurator aforesaid, and to 
publish the Bull ; and whereas the servants of John Gordoun, Lord of Lochinvar, 
refused to give entrance to the monastery, but occupied the same by force, the 
rehgious men having been expelled, mass and the divine worship interdicted and 
abolished, the said David published the Bulls at the doors, and made canonical 
institution of the said Abbey to the foresaid procurator by delivery of a bonnet and a 
book (because he had not the other requisites) ; and, in corroboration thereof, passed 
to the parish church of Glenluce, and in presence of the parishioners published and 
read the Bulls ; and presented and read the same to Sirs David BuUok, prior, John 
Galbrayth, subprior, John Sanderson, vicar, Andrew Langlands, Alexander Carnys, 
and William Halkirstone, monks of the said monastery, then in the church, and 
representing the chapter of the monastery : Whereupon the said religious men unani- 
mously admitted and received the said Thomas to be their father. Abbot, and superior, 
and promised obedience and fidelity : Whereupon the said executor solemnly protested 
that the said Bulls should be held to be lawfully intimated and published, and the 
Institution be held lawful and juridical, on account of the exact diligence he had 
used : Done as aforesaid at the doors of the monastery and in the parish church of 
Glenluce, between ten and eleven hours forenoon, on 29th September, viz. the feast of 
St. Michael the Archangel, 1560, in presence of David Kennedy of Baltersane, Hew 
Kennedy of Cascrew, Archibald Kennedy in Synnones, James Kennedy of Uchterlour, 
Patrick Agnew, Sheriff of Galloway, Cuthbert Kilpatrick, captain of the said mon- 
astery, servant of the Laird of Lochinvar, and others. 

Sir John Gordon retained possession in virtue of a charter of feu-farm 

^ Culzean Muniments, No. 587. 



144 GLENLUCE ABBEY. 

granted to him — apparently by Abbot James — on the last day of January 
1557-8 ; Abbot Thomas Hay and his monks being meantime lodged and 
provided for by Gilbert, fourth Earl of Cassillis (son of the Gilbert of Abbot 
Walter's time), in the collegiate convent of Maybole. The contending parties 
appear to have agreed to submit the diiferences to the arbitration of Lord 
James Stewart (afterwards the Eegent Murray). The following Notarial 
Instrument shows that, in accordance with his decision. Sir John Gordon 
removed himself and his servants furth of the said abbey, and Thomas Hay 
obtained possession : ^ — 

In Dei nomine, Amen : Per hoc presens publicum instrumentum cunctis pateat 
evidenter et sit notum quod anno incarnationis Dominice millesimo quingentesimo 
sexagesimo primo mensis Novembris die decimo septimo In presens of me notar and 
witnes underwrittin comperit ane honorable man Jolmne Gordoun of Lochinwar and 
avodit and red himself his servandis furth of the place and yardis of Glenluce and 
deUverit the samin witht the plenissing being thairintill at this present pertening to 
the sad place to ane noble and potent lord Gilbert erle of Cassillis bailie of the abbacy 
of Glenluce and siclik deliveris all the bow stedis stoir stedis ^ of the sad abbacy of 
Glenluce to the said erle witht the cattell come and plenissing being thairon to be 
bruikit be the saidis erle and abbot of Glenluce as thai sail haif rycht thairto And 
that be deliverance of the keyis of the sad place to the saidis erle and abbot of Glen- 
luce And als the said Johnue renuncis all rycht kyndnes titill or possessioun maid to 
him of the landis of the sad abbacy of Glenluce contenit in his charter of fewfirme of 
the dait at Glenluce the last day of Januar the yeir of God a thousane five hundreth 
fifty sevin yeris Sua that the samin may be bruikit and josit ^ be the sadis erle and 
abbot in tymes cuming conforme to the titill and rycht thai haif or salhappin to haif 
thairof And that conforme to ane decret arbitrall pronuncit and gevin be James com- 
mendatour of the prioreis of Sanct Androis and Pettinwyme ratifeit and approvin be 
ather of the sadis parteis and of thair consentis registrat and insert in the buikis of 
our souerane Ladyis counsell of the dait at Halyruidhous the feyrd day of November 
the yeir of God m v"^ thre scoyr ane yeiris Eeservan nevirtheles to the said Johne 
Gordone himself the auld biroun dewiteis * of the sad place Super quibus omnibus 
et singulis hincmde partes a me notario publico subscripto sic fieri petierunt instru- 
mentum vel instrumenta unum aut plura Acta erant hec apud locum de Glenluce 
hora prima post meridiem vel ea circa presentibus ibidem David Kennedy de Culzeane 
Jacobo Kennedy de Vchreline Eogero Gordoun de Cwill Eogero Kirkpatrick et 
Magistro David Gibsone notario publico testibus ad premissa vocatis pariter et rogatis. 

Et ego Jacobus Eos clericus Glasguensis diocesis sacraque auctoritate apostolica 
notarius pubhcus quia premissis omnibus et singulis dum sic ut premittitur 
1 Oukean Muniments, No. 601. 2 Cattle and store houses ; bow = Erse bo. 

3 Enjoyed. i Bye-run duties. 








X 

ir' 

kl 
h 
Q. 
< 

\ 

or 

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ui 
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2 



GLENLUCE ABBEY. 145 

dicerentur agerentur et fierent unacum prenominatis testibus personaliter 
presens interfui Eaque omnia et singula sic scivi vidi et audivi ac in notam 
STimpsi Ex qua hoc presens publicum instrumentum manu mea fideliter 
scriptum exinde confeci et in banc publicam formam instrumentalem redigi 
signoque nomine meis solitis et consuetis signavi in robor et fidele testi- 
monium omnium et singulorum premissorum rogatus et requisitus. 

Jacobus Eos. 
Abstract. 

Notarial Instrument on the removal of John Gordon of Lochinvar and his men 
from the abbay and yards of Glenluce, and delivery of the same, with the keys thereof, 
and aU the goods therein, to Gilbert Earl of Cassillis, bailie of the Abbacy, and to the 
abbot thereof, in terms of Decreet- Arbitral by James, Commendator of the Priories of 
St. Andrews and Pittenweem; reserving to the said John Gordon the old bye-run 
duties of the Abbacy. Done at the place of Glenluce, at one o'clock afternoon, on 
17th November 1561. 

In gratitude for their maintenance and the favour and protection 
accorded to them during the period of their deforcement, Abbot Thomas 
and the Convent granted the following Eemission and Discharge to the 
Earl of Cassillis for the spoliation of the abbey by his father and the Lairds 
of Kinhilt, Garthland, French, etc.^ — 

Be it kend to all men be thir present Lettres Ws Thomas, be permissioun of God 
Abbot of Glenluce and our convent cheptourHe gadderit matureHe avisit our commoun 
veil and profeit considerit and foirseyne and for certan sowmes of mone gratitudis gud 
deidis help supple and manteinance doyne to [and] gewyn to ws and our abbay and 
kirk of Glenluce and for susteneyn of ws and our brethir and convent thai beyng on 
force expelUt out of thair awn place be Johne Gordoun of Lochinwer and haldin 
thairfra in meit and claiths and wther necessaris be ane noble and mychty lord Gilbert 
erle Cassillis and lord Keimedy and for certan uther gud causis considerationes and 
motyvis mowifand^ ws wncoackit' or compellit seducit or begilit bot of our awn fre will 
liberte and liberahte to half forget remittit and forgevin and be thir presentis forgettis 
remittis and forgewis the said erle as air and successour to wmquhiU Gilbert erle 
Cassillis wmquhill Maister Thomas Kennedy his bruder german Wilzeam Adair of 
Kynhilt Johne M'Dowel of Gartland Fergus M'Dowle Johne Kennedy of the Larg thair 
complicis parttakaris assistaris ratibitionaris and manteinaris his and thair airis 
executoures and assignays of the wrangus and maistreful takyn withhaldin and in- 
truseyng of thame in our said abbay and in abbot Galteris tyme on force and aganis 
his wil and of the spowlzeng out of the samin in the monetht of Maij in the yeir of 

1 Gulzean Muniments, No. 588. 
2 Moving. ^ Uncoacted = unforced ; Lat. coactus. 

V 



146 



GLENLUCE ABBEY. 



God ane thowsand fyf hundreth and fourty fyfe yeiris gold silver cownyeit wnyconyeit 
quliit mone ^ skyn hidis woll nolt scheip irne werk insprecht pleucht gratht schetis 
blancatis feddir beddis silver pecis silver sponnis gobletis silver chelleis mele malt 
quheit beir pis pewder weschel And of all and syndry wther gudis geir and plenesyng 
being within the said place or on the landis pertenyng to the samin And thairof for 
ws and our successoures exoneris quieteclamis and dischargeis the said erle Cassillis 
as air foirsaid his airis executoures and assignays And als the foirnamytis William 
Adair Johne M'Dowel Fergus M'Dowel Johne Kennedy and wmquhill Fergus 
M'Dowel of Frucht thair airis executours and assignays And renuncis expresslie be the 
tenour heirof all actioun civill criminal pretory or mixt clame and profit of the said 
spoulye and gudis that we hes had or ony way ma hayf or clame thairthroucht befoir 
ony Juge spirituale or temporal bygan and tocum and renuncis all rycht title of rycht 
liti et canone intentit be our predecessour befoir ony Jugeis or that we ma intent and 
hes gewin our bodele athtis ^ the haly evangel tuechit that we be our self nor naine 
uther in our name conjunctelie or in part sail contraveyne this our discharge under 
the payne of perjure and diffamatioun In witnes heirof to thir presentis subscrivit 
with our handis our commoun seU of our abbay is to hungin at Mayboill the Secund 
day of November the yeir of God ane thousand fyf hundreth and threschoir. 



s. 



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Soon after his institution, but before obtaining possession of the abbey, 
Abbot Thomas and his Convent proceeded to administer and dispose of their 
lands and revenues. In a charter of feu-farm dated at Maybole 2d 
November 1560, they convey to Gilbert, Earl of Cassillis, the lands of Bar- 
quhasken, Culroy, and many others therein enumerated, in consideration of 
£2000 Scots paid to them for the reformation and repair of their monastery, 

1 White money. 2 Oaths. 













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GLENLUCE ABBEY. 147 

wMcli had been robbed and destroyed, and for £464 : 5 : 4 of yearly rent, 
besides numerous payments in kind. The charter is signed by the Abbot, 
John Saunders, vicar, John Galbraith, sub-prior, and thirteen monks. A 
precept of sasine of the same date follows thereupon, directed to John 
Barde, younger of KHquhynze, and Hugh Kennedy of Bothquhone, charging 
their bailies to give sasine of the said lands to Gilbert, Earl of Cassillis, 
or his certain attorney ; and ordaining that a single sasine taken at the six- 
merk land of Balnab shall be sufficient and valid for all the lands. 

Again, of the same date and place, there is a Commission by the Abbot 
and Convent directed to John M'llvane, relating that for divers gratitudes, 
benefits, and sums of money paid to them, they have appointed Gilbert, 
Earl of Cassillis, and his heirs bearing the surname and arms of Kennedy, 
their heritable bailies, and charging the aforesaid John to give sasine of the 
office to the earl or his certain attorney. Sealed with the seal of the 
Chapter, and signed by the Abbot and ten monks. There is a Confirmation 
of the above charter by John (Hamilton), Archbishop of St. Andrews, ui 
which the abbots of Sweetheart and Crossraguel are directed to examine the 
foresaid grant and lease in feu-farm, and if they find it to be for the evident 
utility of the Monastery of Glenluce, to approve and confirm the same and 
all therein contained by Apostolical authority, dated at Paisley, in the 
diocese of Glasgow, 6th July 1561. 

There is a precept of sasine directed to Hugh Kennedy and John Ken- 
nedy, charging them to give sasine to Gilbert, Earl of Cassillis, of the 
two-merk lands of Multones, three-merk lands of Poltidufi", etc., in con- 
sideration of the sum of 2000 merks money, as more fully narrated in the 
charter granted by the Abbot and Convent, dated at the College of Maybole 
24th January 1560-61. The charter referred to has apparently been lost. 

On the 1st October 1565 the Abbot and Convent let in tack and asseda- 
tion to Gilbert, Earl of Cassillis, for five years from the feast of Martinmas 
following, the whole benefice of the abbacy for 1000 merks, and the usual 
services of carriage, etc., by the tenants, besides sustaining "the bretherne 
and religous men of our said abbacy in meit and drink and claythes honestlie, 
and sail satisfie thame thairfoir with the uj)hold of the place of Glenluce 
and Kirk thereof in sklait and glas, as use and wont, etc." Signed by 
Thomas, Abbot of Glenluce. 

In the letter of Francis and Mary to the Pope soliciting the preferment to 
the Abbot, a pension of £100 is also solicited in favour of Mr. Patrik Waus ; 
and on the 26th December 1560 the Abbot grants a bond to Patrick Waus 



148 GLENLUCE ABBEY. 

for 600 merks as tocher with his wife Elspet, daughter of Sir Hugh Kennedy 
of Girvan Mains. The bond provided that 200 merks were to be paid at 
Whitsunday 1561, 200 at Martinmas following, and the final 200 at Whit- 
sunday 1562; nevertheless, in 1572, ten years afterwards, 200 merks are 
still found to be due, and a further bond for that amount is granted on the 
lethof April.i 

The Abbot must have been unable or unwilling to pay the tocher, as 
legal proceedings appear to have been taken, and letters of poinding to have 
passed thereupon. 

On the 15 th of September 1571 there appears to have been a contract 
entered into between the Abbot and the Earl of Cassillis, by which " all and 
haill the benefice of the Abbacy " is to be let in tack to the Earl for nine- 
teen years, his former tack of five years having expired. This contract has 
not been preserved, but the tack which followed thereupon is dated at 
Glenluce on the 17th of April 1572, and signed by Thomas, Commendator 
of Glenluce, and five monks. The yearly rent was to be 1000 merks and 
sustentation of the convent, but of the same date there is what appears to 
have been a private contract or back-lease between the Commendator and 
the Earl, in which it is provided that notwithstanding of the said tack the 
Commendator " sail bruik for his liftyme the haill teyndis and vicarage," in 
consideration of which he discharges the Earl of the sum of 500 merks. 
He further discharges the Earl of the other 500 merks on condition that he 
is held skaithless at the hands of John Kennedy, the Earl's natural half- 
brother, who had a pension of £222 out of the benefice. The Earl is further 
taken bound to pay the just half of the thirds of Glenluce to the Crown, 
amounting to £111 : 2 : 2, and to produce the King's Collector's discharge 
for the same. Further of the same date there is a discharge by the Com- 
mendator and Convent to the Earl of Cassillis of his rent for the crop of 
1571, in consideration of a sum of money which has never been filled into 
the document, the space for it being left blank. The discharge is signed by 
the Commendator and the same five monks. The value of John Kennedy's 
pension, and the half of the thirds payable to the Crown, is £333 : 2 : 2, or 
within a few shillings of 500 merks.^ 

There is a charter by Thomas Hay, Abbot of Glenluce, and the Con- 
vent, in favour of Patrick Vans of Cascrew, of an annual rent of five 

1 Correspondence of Patrick Waus of Barnbarroch, Knight, by R. Vans Agnew, Esq. 

2 All the documents above referred to are in the Ailsa Charter Chest, and are given at length 
in the Appendix. 



GLENLUCE ABBEY. 149 

dozen salmon yearly, to be taken by him furth of the reddiest and best 
salmon out of the fisheries, and draught nets of the fishery of the 
Water of Glenluce, betwixt the feast of the finding of the Holy Cross 
or Beltyne, and of S. Peter in chains called Lammas, or at the least the 
sum of 6s. 8d. ; and this in consideration of £300 Scots. The date is 20th 
October 1566. In 1572, there is a charter granted by Thomas, Abbot of 
Glenluce, and the convent, confirming a charter of Gdbert, Earl of Cassillis, 
to Patrick Vans and Elizabeth Kennedy his spouse, of certain specified 
lands. The charter is sealed with the common seal of the monastery, and 
dated 14th April 1572. The last document bearing the signature of 
Abbot Thomas Hay that has been recovered is a precept of clare constat by 
himself and the Convent for the infefting of John Earl of Cassillis, as heir 
to his father Earl Gilbert — who died in 1576 — of the lands of Barquhasken, 
Culroy, etc., which had been granted in feu-farm by the charter of 1560. 
Sasine was to be given on the lands of Arehemin, and the common seal of 
the Chapter is appended at Edinburgh, 20th May 1577, and signed by 
" Thomas Abbas Vallis Lucis." Thomas Hay was a younger son of Hay of 
Dalgety, in Aberdeenshire (a cadet of Errol), but whether he was a church- 
man or a layman, or a "knight of Malta," is by no means clear. He 
certainly received canonical institution as Abbot ; but if the genealogies are 
correct, he was probably married at the time, as his son, also Thomas Hay, 
married in 1572, Janet, daughter of Ughtred M'Dowall of Garthland. 
Ughtred M'Dowall was slain at Pinkie in 1547, and his daughter must have 
been born about or before that date, and it is more than probable that her 
husband Thomas Hay would be at least her equal in years, and therefore 
born some time before his father's institution as Abbot in 1560. 

The Abbot is said to have married a daughter of Kennedy of Bargany ; 
and it is somewhat loosely said or suggested that he took the Protestant 
side at the Eeformation, and then married, but it seems clear that he must 
have been married before, and it is equally clear that he could not have 
been much of a Eeformer, as he was appointed by the Pope, and apparently 
continued to be Abbot of Glenluce as long as he lived, although that may 
have only been to preserve his title to the revenues and lands. It is said 
that he acquired Park, which was part of the Abbey lands. It appears more 
probable that he possessed them as Abbot, and that he conveyed them to 
his son in the year 1572. Mr. Learment in a note to the Old Statistical 
Account says, " The deed by which the Commendator conveyed his lands to 



150 GLENLUCE ABBEY. 

his friend Hay of Park is thus concluded: — 'Datum meo monasterio 14tli 
May 1572.' " The Charter may yet be amongst the archives of the Hays. 

The "friend" in the above quotation was no doubt his son, who was 
married in the same year to Janet M'Dowall, and who, according to the 
inscription over the door, built the House of Park in 1590. 

After about 1572 nothing seems to have been left of the Abbey domains 
but the monastery itself, with the gardens and orchards, which, however, 
appears to have been inhabited till this time, and possibly longer. 

It is difficult to understand what foundation there is for the story quoted 
by Sir Andrew Agnew from the old Chronicler of the Kennedies, and 
repeated by other writers, to the effect that Gilbert, 4th Earl of Cassillis 
was " in bloking " or bargaining with the Abbot for an advantageous feu 
of the Abbey lands ; that the said Abbot died before the deeds were signed ; 
and that the Earl induced a monk to forge the signatures of the dead Abbot 
and of the entire convent. Apparently to give the story dramatic effect. 
Earl Gilbert is made to deliver himself from the power of the false monk 
by getting " a carle they called Carnochan to stick him." The " carle " in 
turn got hanged on a trumped-up charge of theft, and " sa," as dead men 
tell no tales, "the landis of Glenluce was conqueist." Earl Gilbert, however, 
succeeded his father in November 1558. On the last day of the previous 
January Sir John Gordon of Lochinvar had a charter from the then Abbot 
— apparently the little known Abbot James — on the strength of which he 
kept possession till November 1561, when he removed himself, as has been 
shown by the instrument akeady quoted. 

I have not learned when Abbot James died, but it must have been 
before the 23d March 1559-60, as that is the date on which Francis and 
Mary solicit the Pope to give the preferment to Thomas Hay. It is not 
very likely that the bargaining could have been with this Abbot, who had 
nearly a year before granted a charter of feu-farm to Sir John Gordon. 
Neither could it have been with Abbot Thomas Hay, who outlived Earl 
Gilbert, and granted a precept of clare constat for the infefting of his 
son and successor, Earl John, in 1577. Further, all the titles to the abbey 
lands in the Adsa charter chest, and printed for the first time in this 
paper, were granted by Abbot Thomas Hay in 1560 and subsequent years, 
and these would appear to cover all the lands in question. 

I have not found any trace of the date of his death, but it must have 
been between 1577 and 1581. 



GLENLUCE ABBEY. 



151 





Ro I 




INCHIV. . D 

EDITA H^C 

QVO PRVIMIENTES NV 

MORTVA AT CHRISTO 



LTON^ 

^BAIV MNI . . 

IVATNVNC 

RECVNCTIS 

CCEPOTITA EST 



The grave or tombstone, in the south wall of the choir, here partially 
illustrated, has been erected — probably to the memory of his wife — by Sir 
Thomas Hay the first Baronet, great-great-grandson of the Abbot, who 
received a Nova Scotia Baronetcy in 1662. The arms on the left are 
those of Hay, with the initials T. H. ; while those on the right are those 
of Hamilton, with initials I. H. The penultimate letters of the first line of 
the inscription are evidently those of the word [HAMI]LTON.iE, and the 
full line from D would probably be Dominse Jonettse Hamiltonee. In some 
places this lady is called Marion, but the initials are no doubt those of 
Janet. The inscription itself is very obscure, and I have not yet been 
able to obtain any clue that would make sense of such letters as can still 
be read. The third figure of the date is also very difiicult to decipher, 
it is much wasted, and seems originally to have been badly made, or 
probably the sculptor cut a wrong figure, and cut another over it. It 
may be, and probably is, 1683. The arms and the initials of the same 
Sir Thomas Hay and his wife are engraved on the cup that is used as a 
christening bowl in the Hay family.^ The initials there are S. T. H. and 
I. H., agreeing with those on the tombstone. 

The present Baronet of Park, Sir John Dalrymple Hay, and Sir Arthur 
Hay of Crafurdton, are the direct descendants of Sir Thomas Hay, the one 

1 The cross on the lower inescutcheon of the Hay coat is not found elsewhere. — Ed. 



152 GLENLUCE ABBEY. 

in the female line and the other in the male. I have not particularly 
examined Park House ; and it may have been, according to popular tradi- 
tion, mainly built from the ruins of the monastery, but it should be 
remembered that in 1590 the monastery belonged to Laurence Gordon and 
not to Hay of Park. 

The following inscription is over the door of Park House : — 

BLISSIT • BE ■ THE • NAME -OF - THE • LORD ■ THIS 

VERK ■ VAS • BEGVNT • THE • FIRST • DAY • OF • MAR. 

1590 ■ BE • THOMAS ■ HAY • OF • PARK • AND 

lONET • MAKDOVELL • HIS ■ SPOVSE. 

In 1581 William, son of Sir John Gordon of Lochinvar, appears as 
Abbot, but when he was instituted or when he died I have not learned. 
It is probably of him that Peter Young of Seton, writing to the Laird of 
Barnbarroch on the 18th March 1586-7, says, "I schew your Lordship 
that the last Abbot of Glenluce had promesit me Hegesippus in Greik, 
wrettin with the hand, and Commentaria Ccesaris, manuscripta siclyk — I 
wald pray your Lordship to enquyre wha gat his bukis that thir might 
be recouerit yet. War not thay war aid and euilfauorit, Jhone Hume of 
Cumeragane had broeht thame to me : Your Lordship kennis the taile." ^ 
In 1584 there appears a "Ratification to Lawrence Gordon, Commen- 
dator of Glenluce, of his charter of the monastery with the kirk, the 
minister of which he is bound to support : Regalities granted to the abbey 
to remain with the Crown," and in 1602 he had the abbey erected 
into a temporality in his favour. In the Dunrobin charter - chest 
there is a collection of Papers (from those of Gordonstone) relative to Sir 
John Gordon, elected Bishop of Galloway in 1567, and also concerning the 
Abbey of Glenluce, Sir Robert Gordon, and his father-in-law the Dean of 
Salisbury. Among them there are " Certaine Instructions anent a testament 
to be maid by Lawrence, Commendator of Glenluse, dated at the Chappell 
of Tungland, ye fyft of February 1620." With him the line of the 
abbots of Glenluce came to an end, after an existence of more than 400 
years. Lawrence Gordon was succeeded in the j)roperty by his brother 
John Gordon, Dean of Salisbury, and it appears from the charter to have 
consisted only of the " monastery, with sundry houses, dovecots, orchards, 

^ Correspondence of Patrick Wans of Earnharroch, Knight, by R. Vans Agnew, Esq. 



GLENLUCE ABBEY. 153 

and gardens." These Gordons were sons of Alexander Gordon, Bishop of 
Galloway, and Titular Bishop of Athens, who was a brother of the Earl 
of Huntly. On the death of Bishop Gavin Dunbar (of Mochrum), in 
1543, he was elected by the Chapter Bishop of Glasgow, but the election 
was alike objectionable to the Court of Rome and to Arran the Regent. 
He resigned in 1551; and the Pope, by way of solatium, made him Titular 
Bishop of Athens, and the Regent gave him the Bishopric of Galloway. 

The Dean of Salisbury gave the monastery with his only child Louise 
in marriage to Sir Robert Gordon of Gordonstone, from whom it was 
purchased by the King (James VI.), who annexed it to the See of Galloway. 

In the Original Letters referring to Ecclesiastical Affairs in Scotland 
(Bannatyne Club, 1851), there are several letters and memoranda referring 
to this transaction. On 1st June 1610, there is a letter from the Bishop of 
Galloway to the King, requesting that the abbacy may be added to his See 
which had become dilapidated; and in 1621 there is a letter from the King, 
dated from Whitehall, 29th April, to certain commissioners therein named, 
to enquire into Sir Robert Gordon's title, and to "peruse his evidents." 
There must have been some incompleteness or irregularity about the 
sale, or, what is quite probable, the king had not paid the price — for Sir 
Robert Gordon refused to quit his claims on the property, and threatened 
recourse to law to maintain them ; and in 1622 there is a letter by the 
Bishop of Galloway to John Murray of Lochmaben, requesting him to 
inform His Majesty of " the matter, and let his Henes understand whow 
hard it stands with me, ather to want it or to enter in proces for defense 
of it, and at your first good occassion after His Majesty's answer, to latt me 
half yours, for it requires diligence." How the matter was settled I do 
not learn, but a ratification of the abbey to the Bishopric of Galloway 
appears in 1638. The events of that year — the renewal of the Covenant, 
the famous Glasgow Assembly which followed, and the deposition of the 
Bishops — no doubt upset that arrangement, for in 1641 appears a ratifica- 
tion to the minister and schoolmaster of the precinct and ruins of the abbey 
for a manse and glebe, and there they remain as the glebe of the Minister 
of Glenluce to this day. In the same year Charles I. gave the revenues, 
which would seem to have fallen in again, to the University of Glasgow. 
They were given to the Bishopric of Galloway in 1681, where they 
remained till 1689, when they doubtless reverted to the Crown. 

As yet, I have not noticed the current traditional connection of Michael 

X 



154 



GLENLUCE ABBEY. 



Scott with Glenluce, as I can find no authentic history that anywhere connects 
it with his somewhat mythical name. The most common Scottish tradition 
is that he was buried at Melrose, but it is claimed for Ulme or Holme Cul- 
tram in Cumberland, that he died there. Camden {Britannia) tells us that 
the magic books of Michael Scott were in his time still said to be preserved 
at Ulme, though they were mouldering to dust. He adds, "He was a 
monk of this place about 1290, and applied himself to mathematics and 
other abstruse parts of learning ; that he was generally looked on as a 
wisard ; and a vain, credulous humour has handed down I know not what 
miracles done by him." He is said by Leighton {History of Fife, vol. ii. 
p. 187) to have been the fourth baron and third knight of the family of 
Balweary ; but much obscurity exists upon this point, and it is difficult to 
reconcile the statement with many others that are made by historians with 



regard to him. 



DAVID HENEY. 




"A full-length figure of the Virgin and Infant Jesus standing mtliin a Gothic niche, at each eud of 
which is a figure kneeling. At the lower part is a shield bearing a lion rampant, crowned for Galloway."— 
S OOMWKE - MONASTEEII • BEATE ■ MARIE . DE • VALLE LUCI.S ^ 



1 Laing's Catalogue of Scottish Seals. 



APPENDIX. 



No. I. — Instrument on the Institution of Thomas Hay as Abbot of Glenluce. 

[22th September 1560.] 

In Dei nomine Amen : Per hoc presens publicum instrumentum cunctis pateat 
evidenter et sit notum quod anno incarnationis Dominice millesinio quingentesimo 
sexagesimo die vero mensis Septembris penultimo, videlicet in festo divi Michaelis 
archangeli indictione tertia pontificatusque sanctissimi in Christo patris et domini 
nostri domini Pii divina provideutia Pape quarti anno primo In mei notarii publici et 
testium subscriptorum presentia personaliter constitutus circumspectus vir dominus 
Johannes Myll procurator et eo nomine venerabilis patris Thome Haye abbatis monasterii 
beate Marie virginis Vallis Lucis alias de Glenluce Cistertiensis ordinis Candide case 
diocesis de cuius procurationis mandato mihi notario publico subscripto luculenter 
constabat et constat documento habens et tenens in suis manibus qiiasdam bullas 
provisionis antedicti sanctissimi domini pape Pii sue sedisque apostolice de predicto 
monasterio Vallis Lucis in personam dicti Thome factas et concessas sub plumbo 
directas episcopis Pisaurensi, Dumblanensi, et Dulcis Cordis abbati cum clausula 
Quatinus vos vel duo aut vnus vestrum per se vel alium, etc., de data apud sanctum 
Petrum decimo quinto Kalendas Mali anno Domini suprascripto et sui pontificatus 
anno primo (unacum processu executorialium earundem bullarum fulminatarum per 
dictum episcopum Pisaurensem nuncupatum Ludovicum Symonetam unum prescrip- 
torum judicum et executorum sub sigillo ipsius episcopi Pisaurensis cera rubea in 
capsula lignea a fills rubeis pendente ac signo et subscriptione manualibus Johannis 
de AuHa archivii Eomane curie scriptoria subscripto et signato) Accessit ad per- 
sonalem presentiam venerabilis viri Magistri Davidis Gibsone canonici ecclesie 
Metropolitane Glasguensis presbiteri ac notarii publici Et ibidem easdem literas sibi 
Magistro Davidi presentavit et deliberavit Et eundem reverentia qua decuit requisivit 
quatinus easdem debite executioni demandare dignaretur Qui vero Magister David 
hujusmodi bullas et processum ad manus recepit et de verbo in verbum perlegit 
Quibus perlectis et nulla suspitionis labe inventa ut obediencie filius ad executionem 
earundem processit Et vigore earundem accessit ad predictum mouasterium de Glen- 
luce, foresque ejusdem pulsavit ter quaterque pulsari causavit petendo introitum ut 



156 GLENLUCE ABBEY. 

stallum in clioro et locum in capitulo ut moris est predicto procuratori nomine quo 
supra traderet et assignaret ipsumque canonice institueret buUasque predictas publicaret 
Et quia servi Johannis Gordoune domini Lochinwar sibi executori introitum ad dictum 
monasterium dare recusarunt et denegarunt sed hujusmodi manuforti occuparunt et 
detinuerunt, religiosis expulsis, missa et divinis interdictis et abolitis Id circo ipse 
Magister David hujusmodi bulks apud predictas fores publicavit intimavit insinuavit et 
ad noticiam indubitatam omnium et singulorum interesse habentium deduxit et deduci 
voluit ac institutionem canonicam hujusmodi abbacie cum pertinenciis predicto pro- 
curatori per deliberationem unius birreti et libri (quia alia requisita habere nequivit) in 
signum realis possessionis et regiminis dicti loci tradidit et assignavit Et in corrobora- 
tionem premissorum accessit idem executor ad ecclesiam perrochialem de Glenluce 
absque intervallo Et ibidem in presentia perrochianorum inibi congregatorum similiter 
hujusmodi bullas et provisionem publicavit perlegit et intimavit tanquam in ecclesia 
dicto abbacie viciniori et pertinente Deinde easdem suprascriptas bullas et provisionem 
dompnis Davidi Bullok priori Johanni Galbrayth suppriori Johanni Sandersoune vicario 
Andree Langlandis Alexandre Carnys et Willelmo Halkirstone monachis et religiosis 
dicti monasterii tunc in ecclesia perrochiali de Glenluce congregatis capitulum hujus- 
modi monasterii reputantibus presentavit perlegit et intimavit Quibus perlectis dicti 
religiosi unanimi consensu admiserunt Ipsumque Thomam in eorum patrem abbatem 
et superiorem receperunt Et dicto procuratori nomine ejusdem obedientiam et fidelitatem 
promiserunt et prestiterunt Quapropter dictus executor solemniter protestatus est quod 
dicte bulle habeantur pro legitime intimatis et publicatis et institutio prescripta legittima 
et juridica reputaretur ob exactam diligenciam per eundem factam secundum tenorem 
bullarum et executorialium eidem conformium predictarum Super quibus omnibus et 
singulis dictus dominus Johannes procuratorio nomine quo supra ac prefatus Magister 
David executor hinc inde respective et successive a me notario publico subscripto ipsis 
fieri petierunt et eorum quilibet petiit unum et plura publicum et publica instrumentum 
et instrumenta Acta erant hec apud fores dicti monasterii et in predicta ecclesia 
perrocliiaU de Glenluce respective et successive inter horas decimam et undecimam 
ante meridiem sub anno die mense indictione et pontificatu quibus supra Presentibus 
ibidem honorabilibus et circumspectis viris Davide Kennedy de Beltersane Hugone 
Kennedy de Cascrew Archibaldo Kennedy in Synnones Jacobo Kennedy de Wchtirlovir 
Patricio Agnew vicecomite de Galloway Cuthberto Kilpatrik capitano dicti monasterii 
servo domini Lochinver Willelmo Richart Hectore Fergussoun cum multis aliis testibus 
ad premissa vocatis habitis et requisitis, etc. 

Et ego Jacobus Pios clericus Glasguensis diocesis sacraque autoritate apostolica 
notarius publicus Quia prescriptarum bullarum intimationi lectioni et publica- 
tioni et insti[tu]tioni canonice dicti venerabilis patris ceterisque premissis 
interfui sic scivi vidi et audivi ac in notam sumpsi Ex qua hoc presens 
publicum instrumentum manu alterius fideliter scriptum exinde confeci et 
in banc publicam formam instrumentalem redigi signoque nomine meis solitis 



GLENLUCE ABBEY. 157 

et consuetis signavi in robur et fidele testimonium omnium et singulorum 
premissorum rogatus et requisitus. 

Jacobus Eos. 

Dauid Gibsone subexecutor canonicus Glasguensis 
ac notarius publicus manu sua subscripsit. 



No. II. — Charter of F&u-Farm hy Abbot Thomas Hay and the Convent, of the, Lands of 
Barquhasken, Culroy, and Others, in favour of the Earl of Cassillis. — [Dated 
at Mayhole 2d November 1560.] 

Omnibus banc cartam visuris vel audituris Thomas Haye permissione divina abbas 
monasterii beate Marie Virginis de Glenluce alias VaUis Lucis et conventus ejusdem 
ordinis Cisterciensis candide case diocesis salutem in Domino sempiternam Quum ex 
utriusque juris sanctione et serenissimorum Scotie principum statutis in reipubHce et 
regni commodum editis cautum existit, et terras et possessiones tam ecclesiasticorum 
quam secularium eiusdem in feudifirmam seu emphiteosim hereditaria concedendas et 
locandas fore, quo per prudentum virorum curam sedulitatem et laborem colantur 
meliorentur et ad uberiorem fertUitatis cultum producantur Noveritis igitur nos 
unanimi consensu et assensu ad hoc capitulariter congregatos in ecclesia coUegiata 
beate Marie virginis de MayboiU Glasguensis diocesis ob efFectum subscriptum Quia 
tutum accessum et ingressum ad nostrum monasterium de Glenluce et capitulum 
eiusdem habere nequivimus propter violentem detentionem et manu forti occupationem 
eiusdem per Johannem Gordoun de Lochinwer et servitores eiusdem nobis expulsis et 
seclusis, diligentibus tractatibus et maturis deliberationibus prehabitis, in evidentem 
utilitatem dicti nostri monasterii, et augmentationem Eentalis eiusdem annuatim ad 
summam triginta librarum usualis monete regni Scotie plusquam unquam terre 
infrascripte prius nobis aut predecessoribus nostris persolverunt seu dederunt, necnon 
pro diversis magnis pecunianmi summis videlicet summa duarum milhum librarum 
predicte monete nobis et nostro usui per nobilem et potentem dominum Gilbertum 
comitem de Cassillis in pecunia numerata ad nostrorum abbatis et conventus de 
predicto nostro monasterio vi expulsorum, et omnibus bonis indumentis utensiliis et 
jocalibus dicti monasterii ac alimentis spoliatorum et denudatorum, sustentationem, et 
dicti monasterii, altarium, chori, dorrnitorii, capituli et ceterarum domorum eiusdem 
penitus et omnino depredatorum et destruetorum reformationem reparationem et 
restaurationem conversis et convertendis persolutis et concessis de quibus tenemus nos 
bene contentos et pacatos Ipsumque comitem heredes suos et assignatos de eisdem 
tenore presentium pro perpetuo exoneramus Ac etiam pro nonnuUis aliis gratitudini- 
bus, auxiliis, benemeritis, esculentis poculentis indumentis, et ceteris vite necessariis 
nobis de dicto monasterio expulsis, per eundem comitem multipHciter impensis et 
ministratis Proque politia in regno habenda Dedisse concessisse assedasse arrendasse 



158 GLENLUCE ABBEY. 

locasse et ad feudifirmam seu emphiteosim perpetuam hereditarie pro nobis et 
successoribus nostris dimisisse et hac presenti carta nostra confirmasse necnon dare 
concedere assedare arrendare locare et ad feudifirmam seu emphiteosim perpetuam 
hereditarie pro nobis et successoribus nostris dimittere et hac presenti carta nostra 
confirmare prefato nobili et potenti domino GUberto comiti de Cassillis heredibus suis 
masculis propinquioribus et assignatis quibuscunque Totas et integras terras nostras 
subscriptas videlicet totas et integras tres marcatas terrarum de Barquhaskyne, tres 
marcatas terrarum de Cuh-oy, tres marcatas terrarum de Auchynmalg duas marcatas 
terrarum de Creachis tres libratas terrarum de Hidder Synnones unacum molendino de 
Kirkcryst desuper situato terris molendinariis et astricta multura eiusdem decern 
solidatas terrarum de Auchinfad triginta solidatas terrarum de Litle Barlokert, tres 
libratas terrarum de Mekill Barlokert, tres marcatas terrarum de Dirwardis viginti 
solidatas terrarum nuncupatas Wod of Dirwardis, quinque marcatas terrarum de 
Dirgoallis tres marcatas terrarum de Blayrder sex solidatas et octo denariatas terrarum 
de Cassyngynzell, quinque marcatas terrarum de Anbaglische unam marcatam terre de 
Drongonmoyr tres marcatas terrarum de Knok duas marcatas terrarum de Dirsculhene 
unam marcatam terre de Dyrnane, duas marcatas terrarum de Craigneweaucht tres 
marcatas sex solidatas et octo denariatas terrarum de Barnsailze duas marcatas terrarum 
de Glen Jorye quatuor marcatas terrarmn de Glenhoill quinque libratas terrarum de 
Cascreaucht quatuor libratas terrarum de Grenane viginti solidatas terrarum de 
Drumpole viginti solidatas terrarum de Glenschymmer tres marcatas terrarum de Gas 
duas marcatas terrarum de Glennarne duas marcatas terrarum de Kilchirne quatuor 
marcatas terrarum de Balnele quatuor marcatas terrarum de Drongangour tres marcatas 
terrarum de Kilmakfadzane tres marcatas terrarum de Dowgrie duas marcatas terrarum 
de Dyrnemow quatuor marcatas terrarum de Glenquhillie Markclath Markdow et 
Glenkittene unam marcatam terre de Craigaucht duas marcatas terrarum de Dalnegape 
quatuor marcatas terrarum de Kilpheddir tres marcatas terrarum de Graigberenaucht, 
tres marcatas terrarum de Barlover, tres marcatas terrarum de Barnsangan sex 
marcatas terrarum de Knoktibaye quinque marcatas terrarum de Arehulane .tres 
marcatas terrarum de Craig tres marcatas terrarum de Arehemmeyn quatuor marcatas 
terrarum de Litle Downragat integram dimedietatem octo marcatarum terrarum de 
Gillaspik cum stallange integram dimedietatem trium marcatarum terrarum de 
Colquhossoun integram dimedietatem quatuor marcatarum terrarum de Machirnioir 
integram dimedietatem quatuor marcatarum terrarum de Nethir Synnones integram 
dimedietatem quinque marcatarum terrarum de Mekle Downragat viginti solidatas 
terrarum de Ganacht viginti solidatas terrarum de Quhitcruik tres marcatas terrarum 
de Challaucht jacentes in perrochia de Glenluce et baronia eiusdem septem marcatas 
terrarum de Clannarye sex marcatas terrarum de Balnab jacentes in perrochia de 
Inche et infra predictam baroniam de Glenluce et decem marcatas terrarum de Barnes 
cum molendino eiusdem terris molendinariis et astricta multura eiusdem jacentes infra 
perrochiam de Kyrkynner extendentes in integro ad centum et viginti libratas 



GLENLUCE ABBEY. 159 

terrarum antiqui extentus in singulis jacentes per omnia infra vicecomitatum de 
Wigtoun et extendentes in nostro rentali annnatim in firmis et gressumis in simul 
computatis ad summam quadragintarum triginta quatuor librarum quinque solidorum 
et quatuor denariorum monete prescripte necnon in caponibus ad sexcentos alias 
triginta lie scoir ac in cariagiis ad ducenta septuaginta duo alias tredecim lie scoir et 
duodecim Tenendas et habendas totas et integras supramentionatas terras extendentes 
ad centum viginti libratas terrarum antiqui extentus unacum molendinis predictis 
de Kirkcryst et Barnes terris molendinariis et astrictis multuris eorundem cum 
singulis suis pendiculis et pertinentiis jacentes ut prescribitur prefato nobili et potenti 
domino Gilberto comiti de Cassillis heredibus suis prescriptis et assignatis de nobis et 
successoribus nostris abbatibus seu commendatariis et conventibus dicti monasterii de 
Glenluce in feudifirma seu emphiteosi et hereditate imperpetuum per omnes rectas 
metas suas antiquas et divisas prout jacent in longitudinibus et latitudinibus in 
domibus edificiis boscis planis moris merresiis viis semitis aquis stagnis rivuUs pratis 
pascuis pasturis molendinis multuris et eorum sequelis aucupationibus venationibus 
piscationibus petariis turbariis carbonibus carbonariis cuniculis cuniculariis columbis 
columbariis pomis pomeriis silvis nemoribus virgultis lignis tignis lapicidiis lapide et 
calce fabrilibus brasinis brueriis et genestis herezeldis bluduitis et mulierum merchetis 
cum curiis et earum exitibus et amerchiamentis ac cum communi pastura liberis in- 
troitu et exitu ac ciim omnibus aliis et singulis libertatibus commoditatibus proficuis 
asiamentis ac justis pertinentiis suis quibuscunque tam non nominatis quam nominatis 
tam subtus terra quam supra terram procul et prope ad prenominatas omnes et singulas 
terras et molendina cum suis pertinentiis spectantibus seu juste spectare valentibus 
quomodolibet in futurum libere quiets plenarie integre honorifice bene et in pace et adeo 
libere sicut alique terre infra regnum Scotie alicui per aliquem aut aliquos assedantur 
arrendantur et ad feudifirmam ac emphiteosim perpetuam dimittuntur sine aliquo im- 
pedimento revocatione aut contradictione quacunque Eeddendo inde annuatim predictus 
nobilis dominus Gilbertus comes de Cassillis heredesque sui prescripti et assignati 
nobis nostris successoribus abbatibus seu commendatariis et conventibus dicti monasterii 
de Glenluce nostrisve factoribus aut camerariis prescriptam summam quadringintarum 
triginta quatuor librarum quinque solidorum et quatuor denariorum dicte monete pro- 
firmis et gressumis dictarum terrarum una computatis necnon octo boUas boni et suf- 
ficientis brasei et octo bollas boni et sufficientis ordei pro predictis terris de GiUaspik 
et molendino de Synnones respective unacum prescriptis sexcentis alias triginta le scoir 
de caponibus et dictis ducentis septuaginta duobus alias tredecim lie scoir et duodecim 
cariagiis tanquam pro firmis gressumis et aliis devoriis insimul computatis pro omnibus 
et singulis suprascriptis terris et molendinis prius nobis aut predecessoribus nostris 
solvi solitis et consuetis necnon summam triginta librarum predicte monete in 
augmentationem dicti nostri rentaUs Extendentes in toto quoad pecuniam ad summam 
quadringentarum sexaginta quator librarum quinque solidorum et quatuor denariorum 
antedicte monete solvendam ad duos anni terminos consuetos festa videlicet Penthe- 



160 GLENLUCE ABBEY. 

costes et sancti Martini in hieme per equales portiones et solvendo victualia predicta 
annuatim inter festa natalis Domini et purificationis beate Marie virginis nomine 
feudifirme Ac etiam alia debita servitia et devoria solita et consueta in nostro magno 
antiquo rentaU per nos predicto comiti deliberato et manibus nostris subscripto 
contenta et specificata Necnon heredes prefati Gilbert! comitis et assignati duplicabunt 
feudifirmam antedictam prime anno eorum iatroitus ad suprascriptas terras cum 
pertinentiis prout usus est feudifirme Ac etiam prestando tres sectas curie ad tria 
nostra placita capitalia baronie nostre de Glenluce annuatim apud locum nostrum 
tenenda tantum pro omni alio onere exactione questione demanda seu servitio seculari 
que de predictis terris cum pertinentiis per quoscunque juste exigi poterunt quomodolibet 
vel requiri Et nos vero predict! Thomas abbas et conventus dicti monasterii nostrique 
successores Totas et integras supra specificatas terras extendentes ad centum viginti 
libratas terrarum antiqui extentus unacum prescriptis molendinis de Kirkcryst et 
Barnes terris molendinariis et astrictis multuris earundem cum singulis suis pendiculis 
et pertinentiis jacentes ut prescribitur memorato nobili domino Gilberto comiti de 
Cassillis heredibusque suis masculis propinquioribus et assignatis prescriptis adeo 
libere et quiete in omnibus et per omnia forma pariter et effectu ut premissum est contra 
omnes mortales varantizabimus acquietabimus et imperpetuum defendemus Preterea 
volumus et pro nobis ac successoribus nostris in futurum ordinamus et decernimus 
quod unica saisina capienda per prefatum nobilem dominum Gilbertum comitem 
heredesque suos prescriptos perpetuis futuris temporibus apud suprascriptas sex 
marcatas terrarum de Balnab erit valida et sufficiens pro omnibus et singulis supra- 
scriptis terris et molendinis non obstante quod eideni terre et molendina non jacent 
insimul et contigue sed in diversis locis et partibus Insuper dilectis nostris Joanni 
Bard et Willelmo Stevin et vestrum cuilibet coniunctim et divisim ballivis nostris in 
hac parte specialiter constitutis salutem Vobis et vestrum cuilibet coniunctim et 
divisim stricte precipimus et firmiter mandamus quatenus visis presentibus postmodum 
indilate statum et saisinam hereditarios necnon realem actualem et corporalem pos- 
sessionem totarum et integrarum prescriptarum terrarum videlicet totarum et integrarum 
trium marcatarum terrarmn de Barquhaskyne trium marcatarum terrarum de Culroye 
trium marcatarum terrarum de Auchynmalg duarum marcatarum terrarum de Creachis 
trium libratarum terrarum de Hidder Synnones unacum molendino de Kirkcryst desuper 
situate terris molendinariis et astricta multura eiusdem decem soUdatarum terrarum de 
Auchinfad triginta solidatarum terrarum de Litle Barlokert trium libratarum terrarum 
de Mekle Barlokert trium marcatarum terrarum de Dirwardis viginti solidatarum 
terrarum nuncupatarum Wod of Dirwardis quinque marcatarum terrarum de Dirgoallis 
trium marcatarum terraram Blairder sex solidatarum et octo denariatarum terrarum 
de Cassyngynzell quinque marcatarum terrarum de Anabaglische unius marcate terre 
de Drongonmoir trium marcatarum terrarum de Knok duarum marcatarum terrarum 
de Dirsculbene unius marcate terre de Dirnane duarum marcatarum terrarum de 
Craigneweaucht trium marcatarum sex solidatarum et octo denariatarum terrarum de 



GLENLUCE ABBEY. 161 

Barnsailze duarum marcatarum terrarum de Glen Jorye quatuor marcatarum terrarum de 
Glenhoill quinque libratarum terrarum de Cascreaucht quatuor libratarum terrarum de 
Grenane viginti solidatarum terrarum de Drumpale viginti solidatarum terrarum de 
Glenschymmer trium marcatarum terrarum de Gas duarum marcatarum terrarum de 
Glennarne duarum marcatarum terrarum de Kilchirne quatuor marcatarum terrarum 
de Balnele quatuor marcatarum terrarum de Drongangour trium marcatarum terrarum 
de Kilm'^fadzane trium marcatarum terrarum de Dowgrie duarum marcatarum terrarum 
Dyrnemow quatuor marcatarum terrarum de Glenquhillie Markclaucht Markdow et 
Glenkittene unius marcate terre de Craigacht duarum marcatarum terrarum de 
Dalnegape quatuor marcatarum terrarum de Kilpheddir trium marcatarum terrarum 
de Craigberenaucht, trium marcatarum terrarmn de Barlover trium marcatarum 
terrarum de Barnsangan sex marcatarum terrarum de Knoktebaye quinque marcatarum 
terrarum de Arehulane trium marcatarum terrarum de Craig trium marcatarum 
terrarum de Arehemmyne quatuor marcatarum terrarum de Litle Downragat integre 
dimedietatis octo marcatarum terrarum de Gillaspik cum >StalIange integre dimedietatis 
trium marcatarum terrarum de Culquhossoun integre dimedietatis quatuor marcatarum 
terrarum de Machirmoir integre dimedietatis quatuor marcatarum terrarum de Netbir 
Synnones integre dimedietatis quinque marcatarum terrarum de Mekill Dunragat 
viginti solidatarum terrarum de Ganacht viginti solidatarum terrarum de Quhytcruik 
trium marcatarum terrarum de Challaucht septem marcatarum terrarum de Clannarie 
sex marcatarum terrarum de Balnab et decim marcatarum terrarum de Barnes cum 
molendino eiusdem terris molendinariis et astricta multura eiusdem cum singulis suis 
pendiculis et pertinentiis jacentium ut supra extendeutiiun ad centum et viginti 
libratas terrarum antiqui extentus in singulis ut prescribitur antedicto nobili domino 
Gilberto comiti de Cassillis vel suo certo attornato latori presentium secundum formam 
et tenorem suprascripte carte nostre juste deliberetis et haberi faciatis sine dilatione 
Et hoc nullo modo omittatis ad quod faciendum vobis et vestrum cuilibet coniunctim 
et divisim baUivis nostris in hac parte antedictis nostram plenariam et irrevocabilem 
tenore presentium committimus potestatem In cujus rei testimonium sigillum com- 
mune capituli dicti nostri monasterii de Glenluce presentibus manibus nostris sub- 
scriptis est appensum apud Mayboil die secundo mensis Novembris anno domini 
millesimo quingentesimo sexagesimo. 

Thomas Abbas VaUis Lucis. 

Frater Johannes Sanders, vicarius. Frater Johannes Walcar. 

Frater Alexander Cairnis. Fr. Andreas Langlandis. 

Fr. Dauid Frissell. Fr. Joannes Galbraith, supprior. 

Fr. Alexander Gray. Fr. Guillermas Halkarstoun. 

Fr. Eichardus Brown. Frater Joannes Wilsoune. 

Fr. Adam Gannoquhen. Frater David Bowak, prior. 

Fr. Michael Leirmonth. Frater Patricius Brownhyll. 

^-v Frater Willermus Balze. 

(L.S.) 



162 GLENLUCE ABBEY. 



Abstract. 



Charter by Thomas Hay, Abbot of Glenluce and Convent thereof, whereby, on the 
narrative that they could not have safe access and ingress to their monastery of Glen- 
luce and chapter of the same, on account of the violent detention and forcible 
occupation thereof by John Gordon of Lochinvar and his servitors, the said abbot and 
convent having been expelled and secluded therefrom ; and after careful consideration 
and mature deliberation, for the evident utility of the said monastery and increase of 
the rearly rental thereof to the sum of £30 Scots more than it was before ; and for the 
sum of £2000 paid to them by Gilbert Earl of Cassillis, towards the sustenance of the 
said abbot and convent, driven out by force from their said monastery, and despoiled 
of all their goods, clothes, utensils, and jewels of the said abbey, and of their provisions ; 
and for the reformation, repair, and restoration of the altar, choir, dormitory, chapter 
and other houses thereof, utterly and altogether robbed and destroyed ; and in con- 
sideration of many other good deeds of the said earl in providing them with food, 
drink, clothes, and other necessaries of life when they were expelled from their abbey, 
therefore they give and grant to him and his heirs-male and assignees, heritably and 
in feu-ferme for ever, All and Whole their lands of Barquhasken, Culroy, and others 
therein mentioned : To hold of them and their successors in feu-ferme and heritage, for 
the yearly rent of £434 : 5 : 4, for the fermes and grassums of the said lands, reckoned 
together ; 8 bolls of malt and 8 bolls of barley for the lands of Gillaspik and Mill of 
Synnones ; with 600 or 30 score of capons, and 272 or 13 score and 12 carriages, as 
for the fermes, grassums, and other duties formerly paid to their predecessors for all 
and sundry the said lands and mill ; also £30 in augmentation of rental ; extending in 
whole to the sum of £464 : 5 : 4 Scots, payable at the two terms of the year, Whit- 
sunday and Martinmas, by equal portions ; the heirs of the said Gilbert doubling the 
said feu-ferme in the first year of their entry to the said lauds : Contains precept of 
Sasine, and is sealed with the common seal of the Abbey, and subscribed by the Abbot 
and Convent at Maybole, on the 2d November 1560. 



No. III. — Prccejjt ly Thomas Allot of Glenluce, for Infefting Gilbert Earl of Cassillis 
in the Lands of Barquhashyne, etc} — \2d November 1560.] 

Thomas, permissione divina Abbas monasterii beate Marie Virginis Vallis Lucis 
alias Glenluce et conventus ejusdem ordinis Cisterciensis Candide [Case] diocesis 
dilectis nostris Joanni Barde juniori domino de Kilquhynze et Hugoni Kennedy de 
Bothquhone et vestrum cuilibet conjunctim et divisim nostris in hac parte specialiter 
constitutis Salutem in Domino sempiternam Quia juxta Scocie principum statuta 
capitulariter congregati in evidentem dicti nostri monasterii utilitatem augmentationem 

1 Gulzean Muniments, No. 590. 



GLENLUCE ABBEY. 163 

rentalis ejusdem et pro summa duariun millium librarum usualis monete regni Scocie 
nobis persoluta ad reparationem dicti nostri monasterii aliisque gratitudinibus et 
bene meritis nobis et nostro monasterio per nobilem et potentem dominum GUbertum 
comitem de Cassillis multipliciter impeusis proque policia in regno habenda dedimus 
concessimus assedavimus arrendavimus locavimus et ad feudifirmam sen emphiteosim 
perpetuam hereditarie pro nobis et successoribus nostris dimisimus dicto nobili et 
potenti domino Gilberto Comiti de Cassillis heredibus suis masculis cognomen et 
arma gerentibus de Kennedeis et assignatis quibuscunque Totas et integras terras 
nostras infrascriptas videlicet tres marcatas de Barquhaskyne tres mercatas de Culroy 
tres marcatas de Aucliynmalg duas marcatas de Creathis tres libratas de Hidder 
Synonis unacum molendino de Kirkcroft situate terris molendinariis et astrictis, 
multuris ejusdem decem solidatas de Auchinfad triginta solidatas de Litle Barlokert 
quinque marcatas terrarum de Derogallis tres marcatas de Blairdeir dimediam marca- 
tam terre de Cassyngynzal tres libratas de Dirbardis et wode earundem quinque 
marcatas de Annabaglasche unam marcatam de Drongongar tres marcatas de Knok, 
duas marcatas de Dusculbene unam marcatam de Dyrnane duas marcatas de Craigin- 
weaucht tres marcatas cum dimedia de AuchinfaQze duas marcatas de Glenjowre 
quatuor marcatas de Glenhoil septem marcatas sex solidatas et octo denariatas de 
Cascrewacht sex marcatas de Grenane viginti solidatas de Drumpale viginti solidatas 
de Gleschymmer tres marcatas de Gas duas marcatas Glennarnem duas marcatas de 
Kilchirne Quatuor [marcatas] de Balneile quatuor marcatas de Drongangour tres 
marcatas de Kilmafadzeane tres marcatas de Dowgre duas marcatas de Dyruemew 
quatuor marcatas de Glenqubille Macklach Merkdew et Glenkitteyng unam marcatam 
terre de Craigaucht duas marcatas terrarum de Dalnegat quatuor marcatas terrarum 
de Kilphadder quinque marcatas terrarum de Arehulane tres marcatas vocatas Craig 
tres marcatas de Arehamyn tres marcatas de Knoktybaye tres marcatas terrarum de 
Craigberena tres marcatas terrarum de Barlower tres marcatas terrarum de Barnsangan 
quatuor marcatas terrarum de Litle Downeragat septem marcatas terrarum de Clanry 
sex marcatas terrarum de Balnabe decem marcatas terrarum de Barnes cum molen- 
dino et terris molendinariis et astricta multura ejusdem viginti solidatas terrarum 
de Ganacht viginti solidatas terrarum de Quhitcruik tres marcatas terrarum de 
Chaullauche unam integram dimedietatem octo mercatarum terrarum de Kilaspik unam 
integram dimedietatem trium marcatarum terrarum de Colquhossunde unam integram 
dimedietatem quatuor marcatarum terrarum de Mathirmoir unam integram dimedie- 
tatem quatuor marcatarum terrarum de Nethir Synnones et unam integTam di- 
medietatem quinque marcatarum terrarum de Mekil Downragat Extendentes in 
integro ad centum et octuaginta marcatas terrarum antiqui extentus in singulis 
cum suis pertinenciis in perrochiis de Inche Kyrk}Tmyr et Glenluce ac baronia de 
Glenluce et infra vicecomitatum de Wigtoun prout in carta nostra dicto comiti 
desuper confecta plenius et latius continetur Vobis igitur et vestrum cuilibet con- 
junctim et divisim precipimus et mandamus quatinus visis presentibus post modum 



164 GLENLUCE ABBEY. 

indikte statum et saisinam hereditarias necnon realem actualem et corporalem 
possessionem omnium et singularum prescriptarum terrarum extendentium ad dictas 
centum et octuaginta marcatas terrarum antiqui extentus cum prescriptis duobus 
molendinis et terris molendinariis sequelis et astrictis multuris eorundem cum 
singulis suis pertinenciis Jacentes ut prescribitm- prefato nobili et potenti domino 
Gilberto antedicto vel suo certo actornato latori presentium in feudifirmam perpetua 
emphiteosi et hereditate imperpetuum Et hoc secundum vim formam tenorem et 
effectum carte nostre quam inde habet juste deliberetis et haberi faciatis et hoc 
nullo modo omittatis Ad quod faciendum vobis et vestrum cuilibet conjunctim et 
divisim ballivis nostris antedictis nostram plenariam et irrevocabilem tenore 
presentium committimus potestatem Preterea volumus et pro nobis et successoribus 
nostris infuturum decernimus et ordinamus quod unica saisina capienda per prefatum 
nobilem et potentem dominum Comitem et heredes suos prescriptos perpetuis futuris 
temporibus sit sufficiens apud supradictas sex marcatas terrarum de Balnab pro 
omnibus et singulis suprascriptis molendinis et terris molendinariis non obstante 
quod eedem terre et molendina non jacent insimul et contigue, sed in diversis locis 
et partibus In cujus rei testimonium sigillum commune capituli nostri presentibus 
manualibus subscriptionibus nostris subscriptis est appensum apud Mayboil die 
secundo mensis ISTovembris anno Domini millesimo quingentesimo sexagesimo, coram 
Iriis testibus Hugone Kennedy de Bothquhone WUlelmo Kennedy in Coif David 
Kennedy in Brou.ntistoun Jacobo M'Ghe Willelmo Eecbe et Magistro David Gibson e 
notario publico, cum diversis aliis. 

Abstract. 

Precept of Sasine by Thomas, Abbot of the monastery of St. Mary the Virgin, of 
Glenluce, and Convent thereof, of the Cistercian order, diocese of Whithorn, directed 
to John Barde, younger, laird of Kilquhynze, and Hugh Kennedy of Bothquhone, 
bailies in that part, on the narrative that for the sum of £2000 Scots money paid 
to them for the reparation of their monastery, and other benefits in many ways done 
to them by the grantee, they had granted in feu-ferme heritably to Gilbert, Earl of 
Cassillis, his heirs -male bearing the surname and arms of Kennedy, and his 
assignees whomsoe^'er, the lands underwritten, viz. 3 merklands of Barquhaskyne, 
3 merklands of Culroy, 3 merklands of Auchynmalg, 2 merldands of Creathis, 
£3 lands of Hither Synones, with the Mill of Kirkcroft, mill lands and thirled 
multures thereof, 10 s. land of Auchinfad, 30 s. land of Little Barlokert, 5 merkland 
of Derogaltes, 3 merklands of Blairdeir, half merkland of Cassyngynzal, £3 land of 
Dirbardes and wood thereof, and many other lands, extending in whole to 180 
merks worth of land of old extent, in the parishes of Inch, Kirkinner, and Glenluce, 
and barony of Glenluce and sheriffdom of Wigtown, as more fully contained in the 
charter made thereupon : Charging their bailies to give sasine of the said lands to 



GLENLUCE ABBEY. 165 

the said Gilbert, Earl of Cassillis, or his certain attorney ; and ordaining that a single 
sasine to be taken at the six merkland of Balnab should be a sufficient and valid 
sasine for aU the lands. Dated at Maybole 2d November 1560. Witnesses, 
Hugh Kennedy of Bothquhone, WiHiani Kennedy in Coif, David Kennedy in 
Brountistoun, James M'Ghe, William Eeche, and Mr. David Gibsone, notary public. 



No. IV. — Precept hy Thomas Abbot of Glenluce, for Infefting Gilbert Earl of Cassillis 
in the office of Bailie of the Lordship of GUnluce} — \2cL November 1560.] 

Thomas, permissione divina abbas monasterii VaUis Lucis et ejusdem loci con- 
ventus ordinis Cisterciensis Candide Case diocesis dilectis nostris Johanne M'llvane 
Et eorum cuiUbet conjunctim et divisim ballivis nostris in hac parte 
specialiter constitutis salutem Quia nos unanimi consensu et assensu ad hoc capitulariter 
congregati utditate nostra undeque previsa et pensata dUigentibus tractatibus et maturis 
deliberationibus prehabitis pro diversis gratitudinibus auxUiis supportationibus bene- 
meritis et pecuniarum summis nobis et dicto nostro monasterio per nobilem et 
potentem dominum Gilbertum Comitem de CassiUis prestitis persolutis et in 
utilitatem ejusdem conversis fecimus constituimus creavimus et irrevocabiliter ordi- 
navimus dictum nobilem dominum heredes suos masculos de corpore suo legitime 
procreatos seu procreandis quibus deficientibus heredes suos masculos quoscunque 
arma et cognomen de Kennedy gerentes nostros veros legitimes et irrevocabdes ac 
iadubitatos balhvos hereditarios dominii nostri de Gleiduce omniumque et singularum 
baroniarum terrarum et possessionum nobis et dicto nostro monasterio et dominio 
spectantium et pertinentinm unacum serviciis omnium et singulorum tenentium et 
inhabitantium dicti dominii terrarum et possessionem predictarum unacum tribus 
cheldris farine bone sufficientis et avenatice pro eorum feodo in executione et minis- 
terio dicti nostri baUiatus in modum annue pensionis seu annul redditus annuatim 
per ipsos eorxun propria anctoritate levandis et percipiendis de promptioribus et 
primoribus fructibus firmis terris decimis et emolumentis nostri monasterii predicti 
Dando concedendo et committendo pro nobis et nostris successoribus dicti comiti et 
heredibus suis prescriptis nostram plenariam potestatem et mandatum speciale et 
generale curias balliatus dicti nostri dominii de Glenluce omniumque et singularum 
barroniarum terrarum et possessionum nostrarum predictarum tenentibus et inhabi- 
tantibus earundem et aliis quorum inter est statuendi inclioandi affirmandi tenendi 
toeiens sicut eijs expediens videbitur et quocies opus fuerit continuandi Sectas 
vocandi et vocari faciendi absentes amerchiandi transgressores et deliaquentes 
secundum juris ordinem puniendi amerchiamenta eschaetas et exitus curiarum nos- 
trarum predictarum levandi et ad usus suos proprios pro ipsorum laboribus applicandi 
Et pro eiisdem si opus fuerit namandi et distringendi tenentis et inhabitatores 

1 Cuhean Muniments, No. 591. 



166 GLENLUCE ABBEY. 

terrarum et possessionum dicto nostro monasterio et dominio spectantium et perti- 
nentium coram quibuscunque judicibus spiritualibus aut temporalibus attachiati 
existentes ad privilegium et libertatem predictarum nostrarum curiarum replegiandi 
et reducendi cautionemque de Coleracht pro justicia partibus conquerentibus infra juris 
terminum ministranda danda inveniendi Deputatum sen deputatos plures aut unum 
sub ipso cum clericis seriandis adjudicatoribus ceterisque officiariis pro executions 
justicia ia dicto nostro officio balliatus et membra curie necessaria faciendi creandi ordi- 
nandi removendi et destituendi quoties eiis visum fuerit pro quibus tenebuntur respon- 
dere Et generaliter omnia alia et singula faciendi gerendi et exercendi qua ad officium 
balliatus in premissis de jure seu regni consuetudine dinoscuntur pertinere Eciam si 
mandatum magis speciale quam presentibus est expressum Et que nosmet faceremus 
seu facere potuissemus si presentes personaliter interessemus Eatum et gratum firmum 
atque stabUe habentes et habituri totum et quicquid dicti nostri ballivi eorumve 
deputati aut ofEciarii in premissis seu premissorum aliquo rite duxerint faciendum 
prout in carta nostra dicto comiti desuper confecta latius continetur Vobis igitur 
et vestrum cuilibet conjunctim et divisim firmiter precipimus et mandamus quatinus 
visis presentibus indHate statum saisinam hereditariam pariter et possessionem 
corporalem actualem et realem totius et integri predicti officii balliatus dominii nostri 
de Glenluce omniumque et singularum baroniarum terrarum et possessionum nobis 
et dicto nostro monasterio spectantium et pertinentiuni necnon dicte annue pensionis 
seu annui redditus trium clieldrarum bone et sufficientis farine avenatice pro feodo 
dicti comitis nostri ballivi et suorum heredum annuatim propria auctoritate recipiende 
ut predicitur unacum escliastis delinquentium et serviciis omnium et singulorum 
tenentium dicti nostri dominii terrarum et possessionum predictarum dicto Gilberto 
comiti de Cassillis vel suo certo actornato latori presentium secundum tenorem 
prefate carte nostre sibi de super confecte juste haberi faciatis et deliberetis Et hoc 
nullo modo omittatis Ad quod faciendum vobis et vestrum cuilibet conjunctim et 
divisim nostram plenariam et irrevocabilem tenore presentium committimus potestatem 
In cujus rei testimonium sigillum commune capituli dicti nostri monasterii unacum 
nostris subscriptionibus manualibus presentibus est appensum Apud MayboU die 
secundo mensis Novembris anno Domini miUesimo quingentesimo sexagesimo coram 
hiis testibus Jacobo Kennede de Wchtirlwer, David Kennedy de Culzeane, Huo-one 
Kennedy de Caskeacht, Willelmo Kennedy in Coif, David Kennedy in Bronestoune, 
et Magistro David Gibsone notario publico, et diversis aliis. 

Prater Alexander Caikns. Thomas, Abbat of Glenluce. 

Fr. GuiLLEEMUs Hallcaestoun. Er. Johannes Galbkath. 

Fr. Andeeas Langlandis. Prater Johannes Vilsoune. 

Fr. Dauid Bowak. Fr. Dawid Feissell. 

Frater Johannes Sandeess v : Fr. Alexandee Gray. 
Fr. Michael Leiemonth. 

[Seal wanting.] 



GLENLUCE ABBEY. 167 

Absteact. 

Commission by Thomas, Abbot of the Monastery of Glenluce, and Convent 
thereof, of the Cistercian Order, diocese of Whithorn, directed to John M'llvane, on 
the narrative that for divers gratitudes, supports, benefits done, and sums of money 
paid to them by a potent lord, Gilbert Earl of Cassillis, they had appointed and 
ordained him and the heirs-male of his body, whom failing, his heirs-male whom- 
soever bearing the surname and arms of Kennedy, their heritable bailies of their 
lordship of Glenluce, and all baronies, lands, and possessions belonging to them, their 
monastery and lordship, with services of the tenants and inhabitants, with three 
chalders of good and sufficient oatmeal for their fee in the execution of the bailiery, 
to be uplifted from the readiest fruits and fennes of the monastery ; with power to 
hold courts of bailiery, with the usual powers : Charging therefore the said John 
M'llvane to give sasine of the foresaid office to the said Gilbert Earl of Cassillis or 
his certain attorney. Sealed with the seal of the chapter and subscribed at Maybole 
2d November 1560. Witnesses, James Kennedy of Uchterlour, David Kennedy of 
Culzeane, Hugh Kennedy of Caskeacht, Wniiam Kennedy in Coif, David Kennedy in 
Bronestoune, and Mr. David Gibsone notary public. Subscribed by Thomas, Abbot 
of Glenluce, and the rest of the convent. 



No. V. — Precept hy the Ahbot and Convent of Glenluce for Infefting Gilbert Earl of 
Cassillis in the Lands of Midtons, etc} — \24d;h January 1560-1.] 

Thomas permissione divina abbas monesterii beate Marie virginis Vallis Lucis alias 
Glenluce et conventus ejusdem ordinis Cisterciensis Candide Case diocesis dilectis 
nostris Hugoni Kennedy et Jacobo Kennedy vestrum cuilibet conjunctim et divisim 
ballivis nostris in hac parte specialiter constitutis salutem in Domino sempiternam 
Quia juxta Scotie principum statuta evidentem nostri monesterii utilitatem et aug- 
mentationem rentalis ejusdem ac summa duarum miUium mercarum monete nobis per 
Gilbertum comitem de Cassillis pre manibus persoluta proque poUicia in regno habenda 
dedimus concessimus assedavimus arrendavimus locavimus et ad feodifirmam perpetuam 
hereditarie pro nobis et successoribus nostris dimisimus predicto nobili et potenti 
domino Gilberto comiti de Cassillis et heredibus suis masculis cognomen et arma de 
Kennedy gerentibus et assignatis quibuscunque totas et integras terras nostras sub- 
scriptas predicto nostro monesterio spectantes et pertinentes, videlicet nostras duas 
mercatas terrarum de Multones tres marcatas terrarum de Poltiduff quatuor mercatas 
terrarum de Balmury octo mercatas terrarum de Artfeild duas mercatas terrarum de 
Garvallane quinque mercatas terrarum de Hiddir Torris tres mercatas terrarum et sex 
solidatas et octo denariatas terrarum de Ovir Torris antiqui extentus cum singulis suis 

^ Culzean Muniments, No. 593. 



168 GLENLUCE ABBEY. 

pertinentiis jacentes infra parrochiam et baroniam de Glenluce vicecomitatuin de 
Wigtoun extendentes in integro ad viginti septem mercatas sex solidatas et octo 
denariatas terranim antiqui extentus Eeservatis nobis et successoribus nostris pisca- 
tione in fluvio sen aqua de Luce ex utroque latere a capite dicte aque usque ad finem 
ejusdem et nemoribus ac silvis et molendinis de Galdnoch et lie Clachane nunc Joanne 
Harsane assedato sequelis et multuris earundem Extendentes in nostra rentali ad 
quinquaginta quinque mercas monete Scotie in firmis gi-asumis proficuis ac aliis 
devoriis insimul computatis prout in carta nostra dicto comiti desuper confecta latins 
con[tin]etur Vobis igitur et vestrum cuilibet conjunctim et divisim ballivis nostris 
antedictis precipimus et mandamus quatenus visis presentibus postmodum indilate 
statum et sasinam hereditarios necnon realem actualem et corporalem possessionem 
omnium et singularum prescriptarum terrarum antiqui extentus cum pertinentiis 
extendentiunx ut prescribitur reservatis nobis prius reservatis antedicto comiti vel suo 
certo actornato latori presentium secundum formam et tenorem carte nostre supra- 
scripte desuper confecte juste deliberetis et baberi faciatis sine dilatione Et hoc nullo 
modo omittatis ad quod faciendum vobis et vestrum cuilibet conjunctim et divisim 
ballivis nostris in hac parte antedictis nostram plenariam et irrevocabilem tenore 
presentium committimus potestatem In cujus rei testimonium sigiUum nostrum 
commune capituli nostri presentibus manibus nostris subscriptis est appensum Apud 
Collegium de MayboUl die vicesimo quarto mensis Januarii Anno Domini millesimo 
quingentesimo sexagesimo coram liiis testibus Hugone Kennedy de Barqulianny 
Willelmo Kennedy filio Thome Kennedy de Coif David Kennedy in Brunstoun 
Johanne Bard et magistro David Gibsone notario publico. 

Abstract. 

Precept of Sasine by Thomas, Abbot of the Monastery of St. Mary the Virgin of 
Glenluce, and Convent of the same, of the Cistercian Order, and diocese of Whithorn, 
directed to Hugh Kennedy and James Kennedy, bailies in that part, on the narrative 
that for the sum of 2000 merks money, paid to them by GUbert Earl of Cassillis, they 
had granted in feu-ferme to him and his heirs- male bearing the surname and arms of 
Kennedy, and his assignees whomsoever, the lands underwritten belonging to the said 
monastery, viz. 2 merklands of Multones, 3 merklands of Poltiduff, 4 merklands of 
Balmury, 8 merklands of ArtfeHd, 2 merklands of GarvaUane, 5 merklands of Hither 
Torris, 3 merk 6s 85 land of Over Torris, of old extent, with their pertinents, lying in 
the parish and barony of Glenluce and sheriffdom of Wigtown ; extending in whole to 
27 merks 6s 8df land : Pi,eserving to the abbot and his successors the fishing in the 
Water of Luce, on both sides, from the head to the foot thereof, and groves, woods, and 
mills of Galdnoch and the Clachane, now let to John Harsane, with sequels and 
multures thereof: Extending in their rental to 55 merks Scots money, as more fully 
contained in the charter granted thereon: Charging therefore their bailies to give 



GLENLUCE ABBEY. 169 

sasine of the foresaid lands to the said Gilbert Earl of Cassillis or his attorney : Dated 
at the College of Maybole 24 January 1560. Witnesses Hugh Kennedy of Barquhany, 
William son of Thomas Kennedy of Coif, David Kennedy in Brunstoun, and others. 



No. VI. — Apostolic Letters hy the ArclMshop of St. Andrews for Confirmation of the 
Charter of Feu-ferme granted hy the Abbot of Glenluce to the Sari of Cas- 
sillis, of the Lands of BarquliasJcen and others} — [6th July 1561.J 

Joannes miseratione divina Archiepiscopus Sanctiandree regni Scotie primas 
legatus natus Monasteriique de Pasleto Glasguensis diocesis abbas et cum potestate 
legate a latere sancte sedis Apostolice legatus venerabilibus et circumspectis viris nobis- 
que in Christo quam dilectis videlicet monasteriorum Dulcis Cordis vulgo New Abbay 
nuncupati ordinis Cistercensis Candide Case diocesis et Crucis Eegahs vulgo CorsragweU 
nuncupati Clunacensis Ordinis ejusdem Candide Case diocesis abbatibus respective 
necnon Magistris Davidi Gibsone et Johanni Houstoun ecclesie metropolitane 
Glasguensis canonicis salutem in domino : Hiis que pro monasteriorum et aliorum 
piorum locorum ecclesiasticorum intra dicti regni Scotie septa subsistentium prelatorum 
nempe abbatum et commendatariorum ac personarum ecclesiasticarum inibi Deo 
Altissimo famulantium commodo provide facta fuisse noscuntur ut perpetuo firma et 
illibata persistant sedes Apostohca quum ab ea petitur libenter apostoHcam mandat 
adjici firmitatem Exhibita siquidem nobis pro parte nobiUs et potentis domini Gilberti 
comitis de Cassillis expositio sen petitio continebat Quod alias venerabiUs in Christo 
pater et dominus Thomas Hay permissione divina Abbas monasterii beate Marie Vallis 
Lucis vulgo de Glenluce nuncupati et ejusdem loci conventus ordinis Cistercensis 
Candide Case diocesis unanimi consensu et assensu ad hoc capitulariter congregati in 
ecclesia Collegiata de Mayboill predicte diocesis ob effectum infrascriptum Nempe 
quia tutus accessus tunc ad predictum monasterium Vallis Lucis eis minime patebat 
propter violentem detentionem et manuforti occupationem ejusdem monasterii per 
Johannem Gordon de Lochinwer et servitores ejusdem ipsis domino Abbate et conventu 
predicto inibi expulsis et seclusis Diligentibus itaque tractatibus et maturis dehbera- 
tionibus prehabitis certisque aliis de causis rationabilibus in hac parte in evidentem 
utiKtatem predict! monasterii VaUis Lucis alias de Glenluce nuncupati et augmen- 
tationem annul census seu rentalis ejusdem loci annuatim extendentis plus solito ad 
summam triginta librarum monete prescripti regni Scotie plusquam unquam terre 
infrascripte ejusdem monasterii predicti prius eijs aut predecessoribus suis ejusdem 
monasterii hactenus persolverunt aut dederunt Necnon pro diversis magnis pecuniarum 
summis extendentibus in integro ad summam duarum mOlium librarum monete 
predicti regni Scotie eisdem domiuo abbati et conventui predicto per prefatum nobilem 
dominum exponentem in pecunia numerata ad ipsorum tunc de dicto eorum monasterio 

^ Culzean Muniments, No. 599. 
Z 



170 GLENLUCE ABBEY. 

ut prefertur vi expulsorum et omnibus suis bonis indumentisque utencUibus jocalibusque 
dicti monasterii etiam alimentis spoliatorum et denudatorum sustentatione et dicti 
monasterii eorundem altariumque ecclesie et chori ejusdem necnon Ulius dormitorii et 
capituli ac aliorum domorum ejusdem loci penitus et omnino depredatorum et 
destructorum reformationem et reparationem persolutarum et in usus predictos 
conversarum et convertendarum ac pro nonnullis aliis gratitudinibus et benemeritis 
unacum esculentis et poculentis indumentisque et ornamentis eisdem domino abbati 
et conventui predicto a prefato monasterio vi majori ut prefertur expulsis per eundem 
nobilem et potentem dominum comitem de Cassillis predictum multipliciter impensis 
et ministratis Proque politia in regno prescripto habenda Prefato nobili domino comiti 
exponenti heredibusque suis masculis et assignatis hereditarie ut infra totas et integras 
infrascriptas terras dicto monasterio de G-lenluce legitime spectantes et pertinentes 
cum suis annexis pendiculis partibus et pertinentiis universis videlicet totas et integras 
illas tres mercatas terrarum de Barquhaskyne occupatarum ex tunc per Gilbertum 
M'Cristone tres mercatas terrarum de C'ulroy occupatarum per Gilbertum M'Blane et 
Patricium M'Cale tres mercatas terrarum de Auchinmalg occupatarum per Thomam 
Bailze duas mercatas terrarum de Creathis occupatarum per Thomam Doddis et 
WiQelmum Doddis tres libratas terrarum de Hiddersynnones occupatarum per 
Archibaldum Kennedy unacum molendino de Kirkcbrist desuper situato ac terris 
molendinariis et astricta multura ejusdem decern soMatas terrarum de Auchinfad 
occupatarum per WilleLmum Tuedy, triginta solidatas terrarum de Litil Barlocart 
occupatarum per Alexandrum M'Culloch, tres mercatas cum dimedia terrarum de 
Mekill Barlokert per Archibaldum Kennedy Thomam Cluggistoune et Patricium 
M'Craken occupatarum quinque mercatas terrarum de Dergrallis per Gilbertum 
HannayDonaldum Makblaue etWillelmum Gordone occupatarum tresmercatas terrarum 
de Blairder occupatarum per Eobertum M'Keydimediam mercatam terre deCassino-inzeU 
per Johannem Gordone manurate tres Libratas terrarum nuncupatarum Dirwardis and 
wod thairof per Gilbertum Cluggistoun seniorem et Gilbertum Cluggistoun juniorem 
ac Alexandrum Cluggistoun occupatarum quinque mercatas terrarum de Anabaglesche 
unam mercatam terrarum de Drongonmoir tres mercatas terrarum vocatarum Knok 
duas mercatas terrarum de Dirsculben unam mercatam terrarum de Dirnane duas 
mercatas terrarum de Cragweauch tres mercatas terrarum de Barnsailze, duas mercatas 
terrarum de Glenjowrie, quatuor mercatas terrarum de Glenhora, septem mercatas sex 
solidatas et octo denariatas terrarum de Castreauch, sex mercatas terrarum de Grenane, 
viginti solidatas terrarum de Drumpale, viginti solidatas terrarum de Gleschinner tres 
mercatas terrarum de Gas, duas mercatas terrarum de Glennarne, duas mercatas 
terrarum de Kilchirne, quatuor mercatas terrarum de Balnele, quatuor mercatas 
terrarum de Drongangour, tres mercatas terrarum de Kilm°fadzane, tres mercatas 
terrarum de Dongre, duas mercatas terrarum de Dirnemow quatuor mercatas terrarum 
vocatarum Glenquhillie M'Clacht Merdowit Glenkitteing, unam mercatam terrarum 
de Cragaucht, duas mercatas terrarum de Dalnegas, quatuor mercatas terrarum de 



GLENLUCE ABBEY. 171 

Dalnequliedder.tresiiiercatas terrarum deBarlover, tres mercatas terrarumdeBarsangane, 
sex mercatas terrarum de Knoktebay, quinque mercatas terrarum de Arthulane, tres 
mercatas terrarum vocatarum Craig, tres mercatas terrarum de Arehamyne, quatuor 
mercatas terrarum de Litill Drumragat, septem mercatas terrarum de Clammary, sex 
mercatas terrarum de Balnabe, decern mercatas terrarum de Barnes cum molendino terris 
molendinariis et astricta multura ejusdem, viginti solidatas terrarum de Ganacht, 
viginti solidatas terrarum de Quhitcruke, tres mercatas terrarum de Chalbane, integram 
dimedietatem octo mercatarum terrarum de Killaspik, integram dimedietam trium 
mercatarum terrarum de Colquhossound, quatuor mercatas terrarum de Mathir Moir, 
integram dimedietatem quatuor mercatarum terrarum de Nether Sinnones et integram 
dimedietatem quinquemercatarum terrarum de MekillDovnragatClannery : Extendentes 
in integro ad summam centum et octuaginta mercatarum terrarum antiqui extentus in 
singulis cum suis pertinentiis jacentes in perrochiis de Glenluce Kirkinner et Inche 
respective ac baronia de Glenluce predicta et infra vicecomitatum de Wigtoun ac 
extendentes in rental! predict! monaster!! firmis et gressumis earundem insimul 
computatis ad summam quadringentarum sexaginta quatuor Hbrarum quinque solidorum 
et quatuor denariorum monete predicti regn! Scotie Et quingentos seu sexcentos vulgo 
thretty score capounis et ducenta septuaginta duo cariagia Per prefatum nobilem 
dominum Gilbertum heredes sues masculos et assignatos quoscunque de prefati 
monasterii de Glenluce domino abbate et conventu predicto suisque in eodem 
successoribus pro tempore subsistentibus !n feodifirma seu emphiteos! et hereditarie 
imperpetuum Tenendas et habendas Per omnes rectas metas suas antiquas et divisas 
prout jacent in longitudine et latitudine in domibus edificiis boscis planis moris 
merresiis viis semitis aquis stagnis rivolis pratis pascuis pasturis molendinis multuris 
et eorum sequelis aucupationibus venationibus piscationibus petariis turbariis 
carbonibus carbonariis cuniculis cuniculariis columbis columbariis pomis pomeriis silvis 
nemoribus virgultis lignis tignis lapicidiis lapide et calce fabrilibus brueriis et genestis 
mulierum merchetis cum communi pastura libero introitu et exitu ac cum omnibus 
aliis et singulis libertatibus commoditatibus proficuis asiamentis ac justis suis 
pertinentiis quibuscunque ad prenominatas omnes et singulas terras et molendina cum 
suis pertinentiis annexisque tarn non nominatis quam nominatis tam subtus terra quam 
supra terram procul et prope spectantibus seu juste spectare valentibus quomodolibet 
in futurum adeo libere quiete plenarie integre honorifice bene et in pace sicut alique 
terre ecclesiastice infra regnum Scotie alicui per aliquem seu aliquos assedantur 
arrendantur et ad feodifirmam seu in empbiteosim perpetuam dimittuntur sine aliquo 
obstaculo revpcatione aut contradictione quacunque sub annuo canone sive censu 
inde sibi domino abbati et conventui predicto suisque successoribus predicti monasterii 
de Glenluce iUorumve factoribus seu camerariis quibuscunque pro tempore subsis- 
tentibus Per eundem nobilem dominum comitem exponentem heredesque suos masculos 
et assignatos predictos respective videlicet summe prescripte quadringentarum triginta 
quatuor librarum quinque solidorum et quatuor denariorum usualis monete prescript! 



172 GLENLUCE ABBEY. 

regni Scotie tanquam pro firmis et gressumis earundem terrarum predictarum et 
molendinorum cum suis annexis et pertinentiis insimul computatis ante earundem 
terrarum et molendinorum predictorum infeodationem pro eisdem prius solvi solite et 
consuete Et in augmentationem annui census seu rentalis hujusmodi monasterii predicti 
ratione infeodationis earundem cum molendinis annexisque et pertinentiis omnium 
predictorum summa triginta librarum similis monete dicti regni Extendentes in integro 
ad summam annuam quadringentarum sexaginta quatuor librarum quinque solidorum 
et quatuor denariorum consimilis monete predicti regni duobus anni terminis consuetis 
annuatim festis videlicet Penthicostes et Sancti Martini in hyeme per equales portiones 
nomine feodifirme per dictum dominum exponentem heredesque suos masculos et 
assignatos supradictos unacum octo boUis brasei et octo bollis ordei ac sexcentis alias 
vulgariter triginta lie scoris caponum et ducentis septuaginta duobus alias vulgariter 
tredecim lie scoris et tredecim cariagiis unacum aliis servitiis et devoriis solitis et 
consuetis in magno rentali dicti monasterii expressatis Necnon heredes et assignati 
ipsius nobilis domini exponentis quicunque ad easdem terras predictas cum molendinis 
annexisque et pertinentiis predictis successive et legitime intrantes duplicando 
feodifirmam antedictam primo anno cujuslibet eorundem introitus ut moris est feodi- 
firme Etiam faciendo dictus dominus exponens heredesque sui ac assignati predicti 
tres sectas curie ad tria placita capitalia regalitatis nostre hujusmodi monasterii 
predicti annuatim apud eundem locum tenenda tantum pro omni alio onere exactione 
questione demanda seu servitio seculari que de prescriptis integris terris et molendinis 
ac terris molendinariis astrictisque multuris et singulis suis pertinentiis predictis per 
quoscuuque juste exigi poterunt quomodolibet vel requiri Et forsan sub certis aliis 
pactis legibus conditionibus limitationibus et declarationibus tunc expressis salvo sedis 
Apostolice beneplacito dederunt concesserunt assedarunt arrendarunt locarunt et ad 
feodifirmam seu in emphiteosim perpetuam hereditarie dimiserunt Promittentes 
insuper idem dominus Abbas et conventus prescripti pro se et successoribus suis 
prefati monasterii de Glenluce c[ui pro tempore fuerint totas et integras suprascriptas 
terras sic ut prefertur jacentes et limitatas extendentes ad centum et octuaginta 
mercatas terrarum antiqui extentus unacum molendinis predictis ut prescribitur et 
terris molendinariis astrictisque multuris et pertinentiis suis universis memorato nobili 
domino Gilberto comiti de Cassillis heredibusque suis masculis et assignatis predictis 
adeo libere et quiete in omnibus et per omnia forma pariter et effectu ut premissum 
est contra omnes mortales varantizare acquietare et imperpetuum defendere Etiam cum 
clausula adjuncta nempe volentes decernentes et ordinantes idem dominus Thomas 
abbas et conventus predicti pro se et successoribus suis predictis in futurum quod 
unica sasina capienda per prefatum nobilem dominum Gilbertum comitem heredesque 
suos et assignatos perpetuis futuris temporibus apud suprascriptas sex mercatas 
terrarum de Balnabe erit valida et sufficiens pro omnibus et singulis suprascriptis 
terris cum molendinis annexisque et pertinentiis predictis non obstante quod eedem 
terre et molendina cum annexis predictis non jacent simul et contigue sed in diversis 



GLENLUCE AEBEY. 173 

locis et partibus distinctis prout in carta seu Uteris autenticis prefati domini Thome 
Hay abbatis et conventus sepefati monasterii desuper factis et sibi nobili domino 
Gilberto comiti pro se heredibusque suis predictis et assignatis concessis de data apud 
ecclesiam coUegiatam predictam de Mayboill sub sigillo communi capituli dicti 
monasterii et suprascriptionibus manualibus predicti domini abbatis et conventus supra- 
scripti monasterii de Glenluce plenius dixit contineri Cum autem sicut eadem expositio 
predicta subjungebat datio concessio assedatio arrendatio locatio et ad feodifirmam seu 
in emphiteosim hereditarie dimissio hujusmodi terrarum et molendinorum supra- 
scriptorum cum suis annexis et pertinentiis universis in evidentem cesserint et cedant 
prescripti monasterii de Glenluce ipsiusque domini Thome abbatis et conventus ac 
successorum suorum in eodem qui pro tempore fuerint utditatem Cupiatque propterea 
dictus nobUis dominus comes exponens illas pro eorum subsistentia firmiori Apostolice 
iirmitatis munimine roborari supplicari fecit nobis humiliter idem exponens predictus 
sibi super hiis per sedem apostolicam misericorditer provideri Nos igitur ad infrascripta 
sufElcienti facultate muniti de premissis certam noticiam non habentes ac predictarum 
terrarum et molendinorum cum annexis et pertinentiis suis predictis veriores situs 
confines qualitates quantitates circumstancias veros annuos valores verioraque vocabula 
necnon carte emphioteatice seu hterarum autenticarum predictarum sic ut prefertur 
confecti et desuper concesse aUorumque hie latius etiam de necessitate exprimendorum 
pro plene et sufficienter expressis habentes Et attendentes quod in hiis in quibus 
singulorum locorum ecclesiasticorum presertim monasteriorum regularium infra septa 
prescripti regni Scotie subsistentium prelatorumque et personarum ecclesiasticarum 
inibi Deo altissimo famulantium evidens procuratur utilitas favorabiles esse debemus 
atque benigni auctoritate igitur apostolica nobis concessa et qua fungimur in hac parte 
Discretioni vestre committimus et mandamus quatinus vos vel duo vestrum in presenti 
ne»otio procedentes vocatis vocandis de predictis datione concessione assedatione 
arrendatione locatione et ad feodifirmam seu in emphiteosim perpetuam hereditarie 
dimissione predictarum terrarum molendinorumque predictorum cum suis annexis et 
pertinentiis universis supradictis unacum sigillo et subscriptionibus manualibus ipsius 
domini abbatis et conventus sepedicti monasterii appositis diligenter vos informetis Et 
si per informationem eandem illas in evidentem hujusmodi monasterii de Glenluce 
utilitatem cessisse et cedere reperitis super quibus vestram conscienciam oneramus 
Ulas ac prout easdem concernunt omnia et singula in ipsa carta seu Uteris autenticis 
predictis contenta et inde secuta quecunque licita tamen et honesta auctoritate 
Apostolica approbetis et confirmetis ac illis plenarie firmitatis robur adjiciatis illaque 
valida et ef&cacia existere et suos plenarios effectus sortiri ac perpetuo inviolabiUter 
observari sic que per quoscunque judices quavis auctoritate fungentes sublata eis et 
eorum cuilibet quavis aliter judicandi et interpretandi facultate et auctoritate judicari 
et interpretari ac diflBniri debere Et quicquid secus attemptari contigerit irritum et 
inane decernatis Omnesque et singulos tam juris quam facti defectus si qui forsan 
intervenerint in eisdem supplicatis Non obstantibus felicis recordacionis Pauli pape ij 



174 GLENLUCE ABBEY. 

de rebus ecclesie non alienandis ac predict! monasterii capitulique ejusdem etiam 
juramento confirmatione apostolica vel quavis firmitate alia roboratis et quibusvis 
aliis apostolicis ac in provincialibus et synodalibus conciliis editis generalibiis vel 
specialibus constitutionibus et ordinationibus ceterisque contrariis quibuscunque. 
Datum Pasleti Glasguensis diocesis anno incarnationis Dominice millesimo quin- 
gentesimo sexagesimo primo Pridie Non. Julii pontificatus Sanctissimi domini nostri 
Pape Pii quarti anno secundo. M. G. CoK, abbre*"''- 

Abstract. 

Apostolic Letters by John Archbishop of St. Andrews, primate of the kingdom of 
Scotland, legatus natus, abbot of the monastery of Paisley, of the diocese of Glasgow, 
and with power of a Legate a latere of the Apostolic see, directed to the Abbots of 
Sweetheart or Newabbey, of the Cistercian order, of the diocese of Whithorn, of 
Corsragwell, of the Cluniac order, of the same diocese, Mr. David Gibsone and Mr. 
John Houstoun, canons of the metropolitan church of Glasgow; narrating that a 
petition of Gdbert Earl of Cassillis had been shown to him, bearing that a venerable 
father in Christ, Thomas Hay, abbot of the monastery of Glenluce and convent thereof, 
of the Cistercian order, and diocese of Whithorn, assembled chapterly in the collegiate 
church of Maybole, because there was then no safe access to the said monastery of 
Glenluce by reason of the violent withholding and forcible occupation of the said 
monastery by John Gordon of Lochinvar and his servitors, the said abbot and convent 
being expelled and excluded therefrom, and for the evident benefit of the monastery 
and augmentation of their rental by the sum of £30 Scots and for the sum of £2000 
Scots paid to them by the petitioner, they being despoiled of all their goods, vestments, 
utensils and jewels of the monastery, even of their aliments for their sustentation, and 
for the reparation of the said monastery, altars, church and choir thereof, their dormitory 
and chapter and other houses of the said place totally despoiled and destroyed, and 
for other benefits, with food, drink, clothing, and ornaments given to them by the said 
earl, had set in feu-ferme to the petitioner, his heirs-male and assignees, the lands 
underwritten pertaining to the monastery of Glenluce, viz. the three merkland of 
Barquhaskyne, occupied then by GUbert M'Cristen, 3 merklands of Culroy, occupied 
by Gilbert M'Blane and Patrick M'CaU, 3 merklands of Auchinmalg, 2 merklands of 
Creathis, £3 lands of Hither Synnones, with the mill of Kirkchrist situated thereon, 
mill lands and their multures of the same, 10s. land of Auchinfad, 30s. land of Little 
Barlocart, three and a half merkland of Mekill Barlocart, 5 merkland of Dergralls, 
3 merklands of Blairder, half merkland of Cassinginzell, £3 land called Dirwardis and 
wood thereof, 5 merklands of Anabaglesche, 1 merkland of Drongonmore, 3 merkland 
called Knok, 2 merkland of Dirsculben, 1 merkland of Dirnan, 2 merkland of Crag- 
weauch, 3 merklands of Bamsailye, 2 merklands of Glenjowrie, 4 merklands of 
Glenhora, 7 merk 6s 8S lands of Cascreauch, 6 merkland of Grenane, 20s. land of 
Drumpale, 20s. land of Gleschimer, 3 merkland of Gas, 2 merklands of Glennarne, 2 



GLENLUCE ABBEY. 175 

merkland of Kilchirne, 4 merklands of Balnele, 4 merkland of Drongangour, 3 merk- 
land of Kilm^fadzane, 3 merkland of Dowgre, 2 merkland of Dirnemow, 4 merklands 
called Glenquhillie, M'Clacht, Merdowit, Glenkitteing, 1 merkland of Cragaucht, 2 
merkland of Dalnegas, 4 merkland of Dalnequhedder, 3 merkland of Barlover, 3 
merkland of Barsangane, 6 merkland of Knoktebay, 5 merkland of Arthulane, 3 
merkland called Craig, 3 merkland of Arehamyne, 4 merkland of Litill Drumragat, 7 
merkland of Clammary, 6 merkland of BaLnabe, 10 merkland of Barnes, with miU, mill 
lands, and astricted multures of the same, 20s. land of Ganacht, 20s. land of Quhitcruke, 
3 merkland of Chalbane, the half of the eight merkland of Killaspik, half of the three 
merkland of Colquhossound, 4 merkland of Machirmoir, half of the 4 merkland of 
Nether Sinnones, and half of the live merkland of Mekill Dounragat, Clannery : 
Extending in whole to the sum of a hundred and eighty merkland of old extent, lying 
in the parishes of Glenluce, Kirkinner, and Inch respectively, and barony of Glenluce 
and sheriffdom of Wigtown, and extending in the rental of the monastery, maills and 
grassums computed together, to the sum of £464 : 5 : 4 Scots ; thirty score capons, 
and 272 carriages : To be held by the said Gilbert earl of CassiUis, his heirs-male and 
assignees, of the abbot and convent of the monastery of Glenluce and their successors, 
in feu-ferme, heritably, for ever, for an annual cane or maUl to the abbot and convent 
and their successors of the said sum of £434 : 5 : 4, for the maills and grassums thereof, 
used and wont to be paid before the present infeftment; and in augmentation of 
annual rental the sum of £30 Scots : Extending in whole to the sum of £464 : 5 : 4, to 
be paid at the two terms in the year in name of feu-ferme, with 8 bolls of malt and 8 
bolls of beir, thirty score capons, and 272 carriages, with other duties and services 
used and wont ; and the heirs doubling the feu-ferme the first year of their entry ; also 
giving three suits of court at the three head pleas of the monastery ; with clause of 
warrandice ; and ordaining that a single sasine taken at the six merkland of Balnabe 
should be valid and sufficient for the whole lands, as contained in the charter made 
thereupon, and dated at the Collegiate Church of Maybole. And the said petitioner 
having requested the said assedation to be confirmed by Apostolic authority, the 
Archbishop therefore remitted to the abbots and others mentioned to examine the 
foresaid grant and lease in feu-ferme, and if they found it to be for the evident utility 
of the monastery of Glenluce, to approve and confirm the same, and all therein 
contained, by Apostolical authority. Dated at Paisley, in the diocese of Glasgow, 6th 
July 1561. 

No. VII. — Tack and Assedation hy Thomas Allot of Glenluce to Gillert Earl of CassiUis 
of the Benefice of the Alley of Glenluce for Jive years} — [1st Octoler 1565.] 

Be it kend to aU men be thir present lettres ws Thomas Hay be the permissioun of 
God Commendatour of the abbacy of Glenluce, with express consent and assent of our 
convent chapturelie gadderit the utilitie and proffitt of the foirsaid abbay foirsene and 

^ Cukean Muniments, No. 663. 



176 GLENLUCE ABBEY. 

considderit To half set and for male lattin and be the tennour heirof settis and for 
male lattis to our weilbelovit Gilbert Erie of Cassillis Lord Kennedy and to his airis- 
male Erlis of Cassillis for certane gratitudis guid deid supplie and supportatioun done 
and to be done to ws and our convent of Glenluce and for certane utheris causis and 
considerationis moving ws All and Haill our benefice of the abbacy of Glenluce with 
all the patromony proffittis and pertinentis thairof with all temporall landis males 
fermes mylnis fyschingis caponis pwtrie hariage cariage dewiteis dew service accidentis 
causualiteis and emoliementis thairof with stoir steddingis ferme steddingis with 
guidis and geir pertening to ws instantlie thairintill with all and sindry our grang and 
manis yardis howsis toftis croftis Togidder with all and haill the personage and 
viccarage of the paroche Kirkis and parochone of Glenluce with teind schavis woU 
lambis teind cheis teind geis teind gryce teind stirk corspresentis and vmest claythis 
peax fynis with all and sindry presentis fruictis proffittis oblationis emoliementis 
pertening to the said landis and personage and viccarage Hand within the scherefdome 
of Wigtoun and parochone foirsaid pertening or salbe knawin to pertene als weill 
nocht namit as namit far and neir ffor all the dayes yeiris and termes of fyfe yeiris 
nixt and immediatlie following the feist and terme of Mertymes in the yeir of God 
jm yC threscoir fyfe yeiris quhilk feist and terme of Mertymes salbe the entrie of the 
said erle and his airis foirsaid in and to the said tak and assedatioun abonewrittin and 
swa furth to induir and be peceably bruikit and josit be the said erle and his airis to 
the finall ische and outrynning of the said fyfe yeiris with powar to the said erle and 
his airis to remove and inpute tennentis and cottaris of the saidis landis induring the 
said tak als oft as he thinkis expedient Providing alwayes that the hariage and 
cariage of the inhabitantis of the landis foirsaidis be requirit at all tymes be the said 
erle and his airis to the seruice of our place during the said tak and inbringing of 
dewiteis thairof and uphalding of the same with sustentatioun of our convent onelie 
Payand thairfoir yeirly the said erle and his airis to ws and our chalmirlanis factouris 
and successouris induring the said space of fyfe yeiris the soume of ane thousand 
merkis usuaU money of this realme at twa usuall termes in the yeir Witsounday and 
Mertymes in winter be equall portionis and als the said erle induring the space of this 
tak sail sustene the bretherine and religious men of our said abbacy in meit and drink 
and claythis honestlie and saU satifie thame thairfoir with the uphald of the place of 
Glenluce and kirk thairof in sklait and glas as use and wont and sail defend the 
inhabitantis and fredome of the said abbacy in aU thair lesum and just causis And 
actionis and for observing keiping and fulfilling of all and sindry the premissis abone- 
writtin we bind and obliss ws and our successouris to warrand acquiet and defend the 
said tak as is abone specifeit aganis aU deidlie and lyflie as law wiU but fraude or 
gyle In witnes of the quhilk thing we half subscrivit this present tak with our hand 
at Glenluce the first day of October the yeir of God j'" v*-' threscoir fyfe yeiris befoir 
thir witnessis James Kennedy Quintene Mure Dene Alexander Garnis with utheris 
diverss. (Signed) Thomas, Abbat of Glenluce. 



GLENLUCE ABBEY. 177 



No. VIII. — Contract between the Abbot of Glenluce and Gilbert Earl of Cassillis anent the 
Assedation of the Benefice of the Abbey to the latter for nineteen years} — 
[llth April 1572.] 

At Glenluce the sevintene day of Aprill the yeir of God j™ v° sevinte-tua yeiris : 
It is appunctit and faythfuUie contractit betuix ane noble and potent lord Gilbert 
Erie of Cassillis Lord Kennedy on the ane part Thomas Hay Commendatour of Glenluce 
on the uthir part in maner following that is to say iforsamekle as thair is ane contract 
maid betuix the said erle on the ane part and the said commendatour on the uther 
part of the dait the fiftene day of September the yeir of God j™ v"^ threscoyr alevin 
yeiris In the quhilk it is continet that the said commendatour saU set to the said erle and 
his airis AU and Haill the benefeis of Glenluce bayth temporall and spirituaU for the 
space of nyntene yeiris for the payment yeirlie of ane thousand merkis and sustentatioun 
of the convent As also it is providit in the said contract that nochtwithstanding of 
the saidis takis the said Commendatour sail bruik for his Hftyme the haill teyndis and 
vicarage quhilk he now possesse with divers and sindry uther claussis contentit in 
the said contract And for fulfilling of his part of the said contract the said Com- 
mendatour hes set the haill benefeis of Glenluce temporall and spirituall for the soume 
of ane thousand merkis and sustentatioun of the convent for the space of nyntene 
yeiris as is at mair lenth contenit in the said tak And on the uther part the said erle 
for the said Commendatouris suir payment of the foirsadis dewiteis contenit in the sad 
tak hes set and be thir presentis settis and in assedatioun lattis to the said 
Conunendatur the haill teyndis bayth personage and vicarage quhilk he now presentlie 
possessis of Glenluce for all the dayis of the said Commendatouris liftyme for the 
quhilk caus the said Commendatour sail sustene his haiU convent quhilk the said erle 
is oblist to do in his tak As also for the sadis teindis and vicarage the said 
Commendatour dischargis the said erle the sovme of fyve hundreth merkis yeirlie 
induring the said Commendatouris liftyme of the sovme of ane thousand merkis quhilk 
the said erle is oblissit to pay to the said Commendatour in maner foirsaid and sicUk 
the said Commendatour dischargis the said erle the uther sovme of fyve hundreth 
[merks] for his liftyme quhilk compleitis the sovme of ane thowsand merkis foirsaid 
providing that the said erle releif and keip the said Commendatour skaythles at the 
handis of Johnne Kennedy brothir naturall to the said erle of the sovme of tua 
hundreth tuenty-tua pundis quhilk the said Commendatour be the consent of his 
convent disponit to the sad Johnne in pensioun yeirlie out of the benefeis of Glenluce 
for his liftyme And forthir the said erle for the foirsaid discharge of fyve hundreth 
merkis saU pay to the King and his coUectouris for the said Commendatouris releif the 
just half of the thridis of Glenluce quhilk the said Commendatour is oblist to pay 
extending to the sovme of ane hundreth alevin pundis tua schilling tua pennyis and 

1 Ouhean Muniments, No. 780. 



178 GLENLUCE ABBEY. 

sail produce tlie Kingis grace be his coUectouris discharge of the samin quhilk salbe 
als sufBcient as gif it had bene payit to the said Commendatour him self And als we the 
said erle grantis and consentis that gif ony tyme heireftir we our airis or assignais or 
ony uther of our causing or command sal happin to trubill inquiett or molest the said 
Commendatour indiiring his liftyme in the pecable bruiking and josing of the sadis 
personage and vicarage according to our foirsaid assedatioun maid to the Commendatour 
togidder with his rowmes possessionis place and rentis of Glenluce now instantle 
possessit and josit be the said Thomas Commendatour in that caice the sadis haill 
foirmair fewis takkis pensionis and writingis to exspyir and nevir to tak effect in ony 
tymes heireftir In witnes of the quhilk thing bayth the sadis parteis lies subscrivit this 
present contract and assedatioun as finale end and ordour to stand amongis ws for our 
Uftymes and for forthir verificatioun of the samin bayth our seUis is hungin heirto 
day yeir and place abonewrittin befoir thir witnessis Thomas Kennedy Master of 
Cassillis Master Patrik Vans of Barnbarroch William Kennedy of Monuntioun Master 
James Boyd of Trochrig and James Eos notar, with utheris divers. 

(Signed) Thomas, Comedator of Glenluce. 
(Signed) Eaenbaeeache, witness. 

James Eos in Mayboill as witness. 



No. IX. — Assedation by Thomas Abbot of Glenluce to Gilbert Earl of Cassillis of 
Benefice of the said Abbacy} — \l*]th April 1572.] 

Be it kend tdl all men be thir present lettres Ws Thomas Commendatour of 
Glenluce wyth consent and assent of the convent thairof to have sett and for maill 
lattin and be thir present lettres settis and for maill lattis to ane nobill and mychtie 
lord GUbert Erll of Cassillis Lord Kennedy, etc., and to his airis-maill and assignais 
All and HaiU the benefice of the abbay of Glenluce and baronie of the samyn wyth 
the landis, manis, woddis, cunnyngarris, fischingis, onsettis, fische yardis alsweUl 
wythin the sey as fresche watter, wyth the mUlis and multuris of the samyn wyth 
the personage and vicarage of the samyn, wyth all annexis connexis and pertinentis 
of the samyn, for all the space and termis of nynetene yeiris nixt and immediatlie 
foUouing thair entre thairto quhilk salbe at the day and dait heirof and thaireftir to 
induir for the said space of nynetene yeiris wyth all and sindre merchis houssis 
bigginnis corneland unland mos muiris medouis wyth commoun pastour fre ische and 
entre siclyik as the samyn lyis in lentht and breid, wyth toftis, croftis, quarrellis, 
woddis, coill, coilheucht, cunnyng, cunnyngarris, hunting, hailking, wyth all and 
sindre wthir commoditeis fredomis, stallagis callit breulandis eismentis and wtheris 
rychteous pertinentis alsweill unnamit as namit, under erd as abone erd, far and neir, 
that ony wayis may pertene to the said abbacie ony maner of way Payand thairfor 

1 Culzean Muniments, No. 781. 



GLENLUCE ABBEY. 179 

yeirlie the said nobill erll and potent lord his airis-maill foirsaid to ws and cure 
successouris the soume of ane thousand markis money of this realme allanerlie at 
tua termis in the yeir Witsonday and Mertimes in winter be ecLuall portionis allan- 
erlie beginnand the first yeiris payment at the terme of Vitsonday nixtocum wythout 
ony ferthir exactionis, contrabutionis, pensionis, portionis, impositionis, taklds, thriddis, 
or ony wther demandis quhilkis may be clamit thairof And we forsuitht the said 
Commendatour wyth consent and assent of cure said convent bindis and obhssis ws 
and our successouris to warrand acquiet keip and defend the said tak and assedatioun 
to the said erll and his forsaiddis for the space abone writtin in all thingis abone 
exprimit and aganis all deidlie but fraud or gyill And als bindis and obleissis ws 
and our successouris foirsaidis to renew this present tak and assedatioun nocht 
alterand the substantial! heiddis thairof at the plesour of the said nobill lord quhen 
we salbe requirit in the maist suir and ampill maner that men of law can devyis. 
In witness heirof we and oure said convent hes subscrivit this present tak and 
assedatioun the commoun seill of our said abbay is to hungin at Glenluce the 
sewintene day of Aprill in the yeir of God ji^ v<= sewintie-twa yeiris befoir thir 
witnessis Master Patrik Vans of Baruebrocht Master James Boid of Trochrig and 
James Eois notar vyth utheris divers Providing alwayis that the convent of the 
said Abbay of Glenluce be yeirlie and termelie sufficientlie sustenit be the said 
nobill erll of Cassillis and his foirsaiddis (by and attoure the sovme contenit in this 
present tak) of thair yeirlie pentioun and portioun conforme to the use and wont done 
be us of befoir the said erll. 

(Signed) Thomas, Comendator of Glenluce. 

David Bawak. 

ViLZAM BaILZE. 

Jhone Galbeaith. 
Ada Gunoquhe. 
Alexander Geay. 
E. Scott. 

[Seal appended.] 



No. X. — Discharge hy the Abbot of Glenhice to Gilbert Earl of Cassillis for the Maills 
of the Benefice of the Abbacy for crop 1571.^ — \l1th April 1572.] 

We Thomas Commendatar of Glenluce wyth consent and assent of the convent 
thairof Grantis ws to haif ressavit fra the handis of ane nobiU and mychtie lord 
Gilbert Erll of Cassillis Lord Kennedy, etc., the soume of money of 

this realme and that in compleit payment of the malis deuiteis and teynd schavis 
personage and vicarage and all uther teindis of the abbacie of Glenluce of the croip 

1 Oulzean Muniments, No. 784. 



180 GLENLUCE ABBEY. 

in the yeir of God ane thowsand v" sewintie-ane yeiris and for the Vitsonday and 
Mertimes termis of the samyn and for all maillis dewiteis and teind schawes fermis 
and profeittis quhatsumevir of the said abbay landis, personage vicarage and utheris 
quhatsumevir of the samyn yeir and of all uther yeiris preceding And siklyik of 
the haiU oxin, seid, and uther plenissing being upon the fermesteddis insuafer as is 
now occupeit or intromettit wyth be the said lord and is now in his possessioun and 
wtheris liis tennentis and seruandis in his name and exoneris and dischargis the said 
nobill erll as takkisman of the said benefice his airis executouris and assignais 
thairof for now and evir renunceand all actioun rycht and title quhUk we and oure 
successouris may clame thairto and grantis us to be fulle satefeit thairfoir and 
speciallie for the oxin, seid, scheip, nolt, and all uthir plenissing being upon the 
said fermesteddis as said is, lyik as also be thir presentis renunces and dischargis all 
actioun and clame quhilkis we or ony of ws can have aganis the said nobill and 
potent lord or ony his compleces for the intromissioun of the place of Glenluce or 
wyth ony guiddis or geir being thairintill for the tyme at ony tyme preceding the 
dait heirof, and exoneris and discharges the said nobill lord his compleces thair airis 
executouris and assignais thairof for now and evir Provyding aluayis that this 
present discharge hurt not ws the said Commendatar in our possessioun and intro- 
missioun quhilkis we haif instantlie in our awin handis of the haill personage and 
vicarage, and suafer of the landis quhilkis we instantlie possess during our lyiftyme 
bot that we may peceabille bruik the samyn during the space foirsaid allanerlie, 
except onlie the teind schavis of Barschangeand and the deuitie of the vicarage of 
the thre torris And we foirsuitht bindis and oblissis us and oure successouris to 
renew this present discharge nocht alterand the substantial! heidis thairof at the 
pleisour of the said nobill lord quhen we salbe requirit in the maist suir and ampill 
maner that men of law can devyis : In vitnes heirof we and oure said convent hes 
subscrivit this present discharge wyth our handis oure commoun seill of our said 
abbay is to hungin at our abbay of Glenluce the sewintene day of the moneth of 
Aprill in the yeir of God j"* v° sewintie-twa yeris befoir thir witnessis Master 
Patrik Vans of Barbarrocht, Master James Boyid of Trothrig, James Eois and Sir 
Herbert Herbertsone notaris publict, and Eobert Alwye, wyth wtheris divers. 

(Signed Thomas, Comendatar of Glenluce. 

Dauid Bowok. 

WlLZAM BaILZE. 

Jhone Galbeaith. 
Ad^ Gwnoquhe. 
Alexander Gkay. 



GLENLUCE ABBEY. 181 

No. XI. — Precept of Clare Constat by the Allot of Glenluce, for Infefting John Earl of 
Cassillis as heir to his Father in the Lands of Barquhasken, etc} — [20th May 1577.] 

Thomas pennissione divina Commendatarius perpetuus monasterii Vallis Lucis 
et ejusdem conventus superiores terrarum et aliorum particulariter subscriptorum 
dilectis nostris Thome Kennedy in Barzarrok et vestrum cuilibet conjunctim et 
divisim ballivis nostris in hac parte specialiter constitutis salutem in Domino sempi- 
ternam Quia nobis per cartas sasinas et alia actentica documenta et instrumenta 
clare constat et est notum quod quondam Gilbertus comes de Cassillis dominus 
Kennedy pater dilecti nostri Joannis nunc Comitis de Cassillis latoris presentium 
obiit ultimo vestitus et sasitus ut de feodo ad pacem et fidem supremi domini nostri 
Eegis de totis et integris terris subscriptis videlicet, tribus mercatis terrarum de 
Barquhaskane tribus mercatis terrarum de Culroy tribus mercatis terrarum de 
Achmalg duabus mercatis terrarum de Cleathis tribus mercatis terrarum de Hidder 
Synnones cum molendino de KOchrist desuper situato terris molendinariis et astrictis 
multuris ejusdem, decem soKdatis terrarum de Achinfad triginta solidatis terrarum 
de Litle Barlokhart quadraginta sex solidatis et octo denariatis terranmi de Mekle 
Barlokhart tribus marcatis terrarum de Dirvardis viginti solidatis terrarum vulgo 
nuncupatis Wod de Dirvardis quinque mercatis terrarum de Dtrgolis tribus mercatis 
terrarum de Blairdurie sex solidatis et octo denariatis terrarum de Cassinginzell 
tribus mercatis sex solidatis et octo denariatis terrarum de Barnesalze duabus mercatis 
terrarum de Gleniorie quatuor mercatis terrarum de Glenhowill quinque libratis 
terrarum de Caskreoche quinque mercatis terrarum de Anabaglysclie una mercata 
terre de Drynegomoir tribus mercatis terrarum de Knok duabus mercatis terrarum 
de Dirsculbene una mercate terre de Dirnane duabus mercatis terrarum de Craig- 
invracht quatuor libratis terrarum de Grenane viginti solidatis terrarum de DrumpaUl 
viointi solidatis terrarum de Glenschamer tribus mercatis terrarum de Glas duabus 
mercatis terrarum de Glenarne duabus mercatis terrarum de Kilchirne, quatuor 
mercatis terrarum de Balneill quatuor mercatis terrarum de Drumgangour tribus 
mercatis terrarum de Kibnakfadzane, tribus mercatis terrarum de Dowgrie duabus 
mercatis terrarum de Dirnemow quatuor mercatis terrarum de GlenquhiUie Merk- 
claucht Merkdow and Glenkittin una mercata terre de Cragoche, duabus mercatis 
terre de Dalingep, quatuor mercatis terrarum de Kilpheddir tribus mercatis terrarum 
de Craigburenock tribus mercatis terrarum de Barluir tribus mercatis terrarum de 
Barsangane sex mercatis terrarum de Knoktibey quinque mercatis terrarrum de 
Arewland tribus mercatis terrarum de Craig tribus mercatis terrarum de Arehemmin 
quatuor mercatis terrarum de Litle Dunraggit viginti solidatis terrarum de Ganoche 
viginti solidatis terrarum de Quhytcruk tribus mercatis terrarum de Challocht septem 
mercatis terrarum de Clameris sex mercatis terrarum de Balnab decem mercatis 

1 Gulzean Muniments. No. 857. 



182 GLENLUCE ABBEY. 

terrarum de Barnes cum molendino ejusdem terris molendinariis et stricta multura 
ejusdem duabus mercatis terrarum de Multonysche, tribus mercatis terrarum de 
Poltiduff, quatuor mercatis terrarum de Balmuiry septem mercatis terrarum de 
Artfield duabus mercatis terrarum de Garowelland quinque mercatis terrarum de 
Bidder Corhous quadraginta sex solidatis octo denariatis terrarum de Ovir Corhous 
una mercata terre de BaLnasche necnon de aliis terris subscriptis vulgariter nun- 
cupatis ferme landis gallalibus^ earundem eisdem inclusis simul antea nunquam 
seperatis videlicet viginti solidatis terrarum de Druchdruile octo mercatis terrarum 
de Gillespik et Craignargit cum Stallang, tribus mercatis terrarum de Culquhossane, 
quatuor mercatis terrarum de Machirmoir quatuor mercatis terrarum de Neddir 
Synnones quinque mercatis terrarum de Mekle Dunraggit, septem mercatis terrarum 
de Galdinocht cum molendino desuper situato terris molendinariis et astricta multura 
ejusdem duabus mercatis sex solidatis et octo denariatis terrarum de Camerii tribus 
mercatis terrarum de Ballincarie duabus mercatis sex solidatis et octo denariatis 
terrarum de Kilpliillane triginta solidatis terrarum de Schalloclitmum viginti solidatis 
terrarum de Park una cum silva ejusdem, quinque libratis terrarum de Coulstoun et 
Blakmerk viginti solidatis terrarum de Baleaill sex mercatis sex solidatis et octo 
denariatis terrarum de Ballingiaucht cum molendino de Glauchane de Glenluce ac 
etiam cum piscatione salmonum in aqua seu fluvio de Luce a capite usque ad finem 
cum piscaria solita et consueta in aqua salsa cum tenentibus tenandriis libere tenen- 
tium serviciis totidem et tantis portionibus dictarum terrarum que per dictum quondam 
Gilbertum comitem de CassilHs prius alienate fuerunt cum omnibus et singulis suis 
pertineutiis Jacentibus in vicecomitatu de Wigtoun unacum ariagiis et cariagiis 
onmium et singularum prescriptarum terrarum caponibus et pultriis earundem Et 
quod dictus Joannes Comes de Cassillis nunc est legitimus et propinquior heres 
ejusdem quondam dicti Gilbert! Comitis de Cassillis sui patris de dictis terris cum 
pertineutiis aliisque respective suprascriptis et quod est legitime etatis, et quod dicte 
terre molendina piscationes aliaque particulariter predicta cum suis pertineutiis de 
nobis in feudifirma tenentur in capite prout in dictis evideutis nobis desuper 
ostensis latius continetur Vobis igitur et vestrum cuilibet firm iter precipimus et 
mandamus quatenus visis presentibus indilate statum sasinam hereditariam pariterque 
possessionem corporalem actualem et realem omnium et singularum prenominatarum 
terrarum molendinorum multurarum piscationum sylvarum aliorumque respective 
suprascriptorum cum omnibus et singulis suis pendiculis et pertineutiis predictis 
cum tenentibus teuendriis et libere tenentium serviciis totidem et de tantis portioni- 
bus dictarum terrarum que per dictum quondam Gilbertum omnibus prius alienate 
fuerunt memorato Joanni nunc Comiti de Cassillis illius filio et heredi predicto vel 
ejus certo actornato latori preseutium per terre et lapidis fundi dictarum terrarum 
de Arebemin ut moris est traditionem secundum tenorem antiqui infeofamenti 
earundem juste haberi faciatis tradatis et deliberetis salvo jure cujuslibet Et hoc 

1 Sic. 1 Garvalibus. 



GLENLUCE ABBEY. 183 

nuUo modo omittatis Ad quod faciendum vobis et vestrum cuilibet conjunctim et 
divisim ballivis nostris in hac parte specialiter antedictis nostram plenariam et 
irrevocabilem tenore presentium committimus potestatem In cujus rei testimonium 
presentibus manibus nostris subscriptis sigUlum commune capituli nostri est ap- 
pensum apud Edinburgh die vigesimo mensis Mali anno Domini millesimo quin- 
gentesimo septuagesimo septimo coram his testibus Magistro Patricio Vans de 
Barnbarroche Eoberto Grahame de Knolcdoleane Hugone Kennedy de Barquhonny, 

Sic subscribitur Thomas, Abbas Vallis Lucis. 



Absteact. 

Precept of Clare Constat by Thomas, perpetual Commendator of the monastery 
of Glenluce, and convent of the same, superiors of the lands underwritten, whereby, 
on the narrative that it was well known to them that the late Gilbert, Earl of 
Cassillis, Lord Kennedy, father of John now Earl of Cassillis, died last vest and 
seised as of fee in the 3 merklands of Barquhaskane, 3 merklands of Culroy, 
3 merklands of Auchmalg, 2 merklands of Cleathis, 3 merklands of Hither 
Synnones, with the Mill of Kilchrist situated thereon, mill lands and astricted 
multures thereof, 10 shilling lands of Auchinfad, 30s. lands of Little Barlokhart, 
46s. 8d. lands of Mekle Barlokhart, 3 merkland of Dirvardis, 20s. land of Wood 
of Dirvardis, 5 merkland of Dirgolis, 3 merkland of Blairdurie, 6 s. 8d. land of 
CassLuginzell, 3 merk 6s. 8d. land of Barnesalze, 2 merkland of Glenjorie, 4 
merkland of Glenhowill, £5 land of Caskreoche, 5 merkland of Anabaglysche, 
etc. etc., and lands commonly called Ferme Lands, with their teind sheaves included, 
viz. 20 s. land of DruchdruHe, 8 merkland of Gillespik and Craignargit with Stallang, 
3 merkland of Culquhossane, 4 merkland of Matliirmoir, 4 merkland of Nether 
Synnones, 5 merkland of Mekle Dunraggit, 7 merkland of Galdinocht, etc., 6 merks 
6 s. 8d. land of Ballinglaucht, with mUl of Clauchane of Glenluce, and salmon 
fishing in the Water of Luce from the head to the foot, with fishing used and wont 
in salt-water, and services of free tenants in such portions of the lands as were 
alienated by the late Gilbert, Earl of Cassillis, lying in the sheriffdom of Wigton, 
with arreages and carriages, capons and poultry; and that the said John was 
nearest heir to his father, and was of lawful age ; therefore charging Thomas 
Kennedy in Barjarrok, their bailie in that part, to give sasine of the before 
mentioned lands to the said John, Earl of Cassilhs : Sasine to be given on the 
crrounds of the lands of Arehemin : In witness whereof, the common seal of the 
chapter is appended at Edinburgh, 20th May 1577, before Patrick Vans of 
Barnbarroche, Eobert Grahame of Knokdoleane, and Hugh Kennedy of Barquhanny. 



184 GLENLUCE ABBEY. 



No. XIL— Letters of Citation for the Confirmation of the Commission of Bailiery of 
Crosraguel, granted to Gilbert Earl of Cassillia} — [2d October 1562.] 

Thomas permissione divina abbas perpetuus monasterii Vallis Lucis vulgo Glenluce 
ordinis Cisterciensis Candide [case] diocesis David Gibsoun et Johannes Houstoun 
ecclesie metropolitaue Glasguensis canonici judices delegati executoresque et com- 
missarii infrascripti unacum venerabili patre Joanne abbate monasterii Dulcis Cordis 
vulgo New Abbay nuncupati nostro in hao parte collega auctoritate apostolica vigore 
certe commissionis a Eeverendissimo in Christo patre et domino Johanne archiepiscopo 
Sanctiandree regni Scotie primate legato nato monasteriique de Pasleto abbate ac 
cum potestate legati a latere Sancte sedis Apostolice legato virtute sue facultatis et 
officii legacie apostolice predicte nobis directorum cum ilia clausula videlicet Discre- 
tioni vestre committimus et mandamus quatinus vos vel duo vestrum conjunctim 
procedentes et cognoscentes vocatis vocandis etc. specialiter constituti vicario sen 
curato ecclesie perrochialis de Mayboil universisque aliis et singulis personis ecclesias- 
ticis necnon rectoribus vicariis perpetuis curatis et non curatis capellanis clericis 
notariisque et tabellionibus publicis per diocesim Glasguensem seu etiam alubi 
ubilibet constitutis super executione presentium debite requisitis necnon illi vel illis 
ad quem vel ad quos presentes litere nostre ymmoverius apostolice pervenerint salutem 
in Domino Literas patentes prefati Eeverendissimi domini Johannis archiepiscopi 
sedisque apostolice legati pergameno scriptas sigilloque sui officii legacie predicte quo 
in simUibus utitur cera rubea in capsula ferrea cum cordula bissena viridis coloris ut 
moris est consimilium literarum impendente sigillatas et subscriptas sanas siquidem et 
integras pergameno scriptas non rasas nee cancellatas nee in aliqua sui parte suspectas 
sed omni prorsus vicio et suspicione carentes ut in eiis prima facie apparebat nobis 
predictis judicibus commissariis cum iUa clausula predicta directas nobisque ex parte 
nobilis et potentis domini Gilberti comitis de Cassillis principalis in hujusmodi litteris 
commissionis principaliter nominati presentatas et exhibitas pro approbatione ratefica- 
tione et perpetua confirmatione constitutionis creationis et admissionis prefati nobilis 
domini Gilberti comitis de CassUlis hereditarie in ballivum seu ballivatus officium 
hereditarium dominii et terrarum omnium monasterii Crucis Eegalis vulgo Crosraguel 
nuncupati ordinis Clunacensis Glasguensis diocesis per venerabilem in Cristo patrem et 
dominum Quintinum ejusdem monasterii commendatarium et conventum ejusdem loci 
unanimi consensu et assensu sibi domino comiti heredibusque suis masculis et assignatis 
quibuscunque factarum et concessarum unacum serviciis tenentium et occupatorum 
earundem terrarum predictarum dominii hujusmodi monasterii predicti ac cum assigna- 
tione concessione infeodationeque hereditaria etiam desuper confectis de et super sexa- 
genta et quatuor bollis farine avenatice annuatim levandis et habendis sibi hereditarie 
tanquam pro stipendio et feodo suis ratione dicti balliatus officii ex quibusquidem terris 

1 Culzean Muniments, No. 615. 



GLENLUCE ABBEY. 185 

dicti monasterii prius predeeessoribus dicti nobilis domini comitis concessis incipiendo 
a croppa anni Domini millesimi quingentesimi quinquagesimi noni prout latius in 
ipsius conunissionis Uteris et carta infeodationis seu literis autenticis desuper habitis 
dicitur contineri Nos noveritis recipisse inspexsisse et mature considerasse hujusmodi 
commissionis tenorem hiis presentibus pro sufficienter expressatis habere volumus de data 
ejusdem prout habetur videlicet apud Pasletum anno incarnationis Dominice quingen- 
tesimo sexagesimo primo pridie nonas Julii pontificatus Sanctissimi domini nostri Pape 
Pii anno secundo cuius tenor hie omittimus brevitatis gratia Post cujusquidem com- 
missionis apostolice predicte presentationem et receptionem inspectionem sic ut 
prefertur nobis et per nos respective factas fuimus cum ea qua decuit instantia ex 
parte prefati nobilis domini de Cassillis requisiti quatinus ad executionem hujusmodi 
commissionis predicte rite procedere juxta et secundum formam et tenorem ejusdem 
et citationem legitimam propterea ut moris decernere derigereque dignaremur Unde 
nos attendentes requisitionem hujusmodi fore justam et rationi consonam necnon 
mandatis Apostolicis in hac parte nobis directis execution! debite demandare volentes 
prout tenemur idcirco presentes Uteras nostras citatorias sub hac forma soHta et 
consueta duximus decernentes et dirigentes Vobis igitur et vestrum cuilibet in virtute 
sancte obedientie etiam sub pena a suspendendo a divinis sententie late in hiis scriptis 
nisi feceritis ea que vobis in hac parte committimus et mandamus districte precipiendo 
mandamus quatinus auctoritate apostolica nobis commissa citare curetis prefatum 
venerabilem patrem dominum Quintinum commendatarium perpetuum predicti 
monasterii Crucis Eegalis et ejusdem loci conventum personaliter apprehensos si 
eorum personales presencias commode habere poteritis alioquin apud prefatam eorum 
monasterialem ecclesiam seu alubi apud loca suarum residentiarum ubi verisimiliter 
de presentibus ad ipsorum noticiam devenire poterit necnon omnes et singulos alios 
interesse habentes habereve putantes seu pretendentes in hac parte primo 2° 3° et 
peremptorie unico tamen contextu pro triplici edicto quos nos tenore presentium sic 
citamus quod compareant legitime coram nobis aut aliquibus duobus nostrum pre- 
dictorum conjunctim in ecclesia perrochiali de Mayboil predicte Glasguensis diocesis 
loco judiciali inibi die decimo tercio mensis Octobris proxime et immediate sequentis 
hora causarum solita et consueta ante meridiem ad videndum et audiendum memoratam 
cartam concessionis infeodationis que predictarum balliatus officii hereditarie prefati 
dominii terrarum monasterii predicti Crucis Eegalis vulgo Corsraguel nuncupati sic ut 
prefertur hereditarie predicto nobili domino et potenti domino Gilberto comiti de 
Cassillis heredibus suis mascuUs et assignatis unacum dicto feodo videlicet sexaginta 
quatuor bollis farine avenatice annuatim per ipsos dominum commendatarium et 
conventum hujusmodi monasterii ex certis causis rationabihbus legitimisque in eadem 
carta predicta specificatis sibi nobili domino comiti hereditarie in forma sub ipsorum 
sigillo capituU et subscriptionibus suis manualibus confectam et concessam in judicio 
coram nobis ut supra judicialiter produci recognosci unacum prodictis literis com- 
missionum desuper nobis predictis directis necnon concessionem assignationemque 

2 B 



186 GLENLUOE ABBEY. 

sexaginta quatuor boUarum farine avenatice predicte sibi nobili domino assignatarum 

percipiendarum et levandarum hereditarie ex quibusdam terris hujusmodi monasterii 

predict! ut prefertur nomine stipendii pro executione predicti ballivatus officii 

suprascripti dominii terrarum sepefati monasterii unacum servicio tenentium et 

occupatorum earundem terrarum predictarum sibi etiam domino comiti beredibusque 

suis masculis et assignatis propterea confectas et bereditarie concessas per nos vigore 

predicte commissionis apostolice ratificari approbari et confirmari eiisque perpetue 

firmitatis robur adjici ac ea valida et efficacia existere suosque effectus plenarios 

sortiri et perpetuo inviolabiliter observari sic que per quoscunque judices quavis 

auctoritate fungentes sublata eiis et eorum cuilibet quavis aliter judicandi et inter- 

pretandi facultate et auctoritate judicare et interpretari debere et diffiniri Et quicquid 

secus attemptari contigerit irritum et inane decerni omnesque et singulos tam juris 

quam facti defectus si qui forsan in premissis intervenerint suppleri ceteraque alia 

quecunque in ipsius commissionis literis predictis debite executioni secundum tenorem 

et formam earundem demandari decerni necnon testes super informatione nostra in 

premissis coram nobis producendos recipi jurari et ad examinationem admitti 

processumque nostrum judiciarium super hiis premissis omnibus virtute predicte 

commissionis cognito nobis quantum sufficit de premissis fiendum et concedendum 

decerni et diffiniri ac desuper concedi Alioquin ad allegandum causam rationabilem 

seu causas rationabUes in oppositum cum intimatione debita ut moris est certificantes 

eosdem sic citatos seu citandos quod sive in dicte citationis termino comparere 

curaverint sive non comparuerint ut supra Nos aut aUqui duo nostrum conjunctrm m 

judicio predicto procedere et ibidem ad instantiam supplicationem et requisitionem 

dicti comitis ad ratificationem et confirmationem perpetuam super premissis omnibus 

cum inde secutis et secuturis licitis tamen et bonestis etiam cum supplemento 

defectuum quorumcunque siqui in premissis intervenerint legitime decernere et 

processum nostrum desuper in forma debita dandum et concedendum juxta et 

secundum formam vim et continentiam supradicte commissionis apostolice nobis ut 

prefertur ob id directe decernere et concedere volumus et intendimus voluntve et 

intendunt justicia mediante ipsorum sic citatorum contumacia seu absentia in 

premissis minime obstantibus Insuper citetis legitime quosdam testes fide dignos in 

premissis necessaries pro nostri animi informatione desuper videlicet dompnos 

Johannem Mur suppriorem Joliannem Mur juniorem Nevinum M'Kewne Gilbertum 

M'Burnie quos nos etiam tenore presentium sic 

citamus quod compareant coram nobis die bora et loco suprascriptis ad perhibendum 

fidele testimonium veritati super narratis et contentis ac aliis requirendis executionem 

predicte commissionis concernentibus sub pena excommunicationis majoris Et presentes 

debite executas et indorsatas earundem latori reddatis Datum apud Mayboil sub 

subscriptione et signo manualibus notarii ac tabellionis nostri infrascripti die secundo 

mensis Octobris anno Domini millesimo quingentesimo se[x]agesuno secundo coram 

hiis testibus Willelmo Stevin domino Michaele Leirmont et Jobanne Murtbe ac David 

Kennede, ciim diversis aliis testibus ad premissa vocatis pariter et requisitis. 



GLENLUCE ABBEY. 187 

Et ego Jacobus Eos clericus Glasguensis diocesis sacraque auctoritate apostolica 
notarius publicus ac prescriptoram judicum scriba et tabellio Quia prescripte 
commissionis presentationi acceptationi et presentium decreto ceterisque pre- 
missis unacum prenominatis testibus personaliter presens interfui Eaque omnia 
et singula sic scivi vidi et audivi ac in notam sumpsi Ex qua hoc presens 
publicum instrumentum manu alterius fideliter scriptum exinde confeci et in 
banc publicam formam instrumentalem redigi signoque nomine meis solitis et 
consuetis signavi in robur et iidele testimonium omnium et singulorum pre- 
missorum rogatus et requisitus. Jacobus Eos. 

[Indorso] : Die Dominica videlicet die quarta mensis Octobris anno Domini 
millesimo quingentesimo sexagesimo secundo Ego dominus Duncanus Makclewane 
curatus ecclesie perrochialis de Mayboil ante meridiem tempore solite summe misse 
accessi primo ad persoualera presentiam venerabilis patris Quintini commendatarii 
monasterii Crucis Eegalis Glasguensis diocesis dominos Gilbertum M'^Bumney Gil- 
bertum Kennedy et Joannem Haneyne monachos dicti monasterii personaliter appre- 
hensos deinde ad ecclesiam eorum monasterialem ubi eorum staUi esse solebant et ad 
fores eorum capituli dicti monasterii Et ibidem predictum commendatarium et pre- 
dictos suos monachos personaliter apprehensos citavi et reliquum dicti monasterii 
conventum apud eorum stalla in choro et loca in eorum capitulo predicto secundum 
vim formam et tenorem retroscripte citationis retroscriptorum judicum citavi ad com- 
parendum die et locis prescriptis Necnon coram hiis testibus Archibaldo Lymekillis 
•Hugone Kennedy et domino Willelmo Tod. 

Ita est dominus Duncanus M'^Clellane curatus de MayboUl ad premissa requisitus 

manu propria. .^ ^ , , 

^ ^ D. D. M. 

Absteact. 

Letters of Citation by Thomas, perpetual Abbot of the monastery of Glenluce, of 
the Cistercian Order, diocese of Whithorn, David Gibsoun and John Houstoun, canons 
of the metropolitan church of Glasgow, appointed Judges delegate and commissaries, 
together with John, Abbot of New Abbey, their colleague in that part, by commission 
from John, Archbishop of St. Andrews, primate of Scotland, legatus natus, etc., 
addressed to the vicar or curate of the parish church of Maybole, stating that they had 
seen and considered letters patent of the said Archbishop directed to them, and pre- 
sented on behalf of Gilbert, Earl of Cassillis, for confirmation of the appointment and 
admission of the said earl to the office of heritable bailie of the lordship and lands 
of the monastery of Crosraguell, granted by Quintin, Commendator of the monastery 
and convent thereof, with grant of 64 bolls of oatmeal yearly, for fee of the said office, 
from certain lands formerly granted to the predecessors of the said earl, beginning 
with the crop 1559 ; which commission is dated at Paisley 6th July 1561 : Which 



188 GLENLUCE ABBEY. 

being presented to the Judges delegate, and they being required on the part of the 
said Gilbert, Earl of CassilHs, to proceed to due execution thereof, they hereby directed 
their Letters of Citation to summon Quintin, perpetual commendator of the monastery 
of Crosraguell and convent of the same place, to compear before the said Judges 
delegate in the parish church of Maybole, in the judicial place therein, on the 13th 
October next following, to hear and see the said Charter of grant and infeftment of 
the said office of baiUery produced in judgment before the said abbot and commissaries, 
with the foresaid letters of commission and grant of 64 bolls aforesaid, and by the said 
Judges delegate to be approved and confirmed, or to assign a reasonable cause to the 
contrary; and to cite necessary witnesses, viz. Sir John Mur, subprior, John Mur 
younger, Nevin M"^Kewne, Gilbert M'^Burnie, to compear the same day and place, 
under pain of the greater excommunication : Given at Maybole, 2d October 1562, 
under the sign and subscription of James Eos, notary public and clerk to the com- 
missaries. 

An indorsation bears that on Sunday the 4th October 1562, Sir Duncan M'^CIellane, 
curate of the parish church of Maybole, at the time of high mass, passed to the personal 
presence of Quintin, Commendator of the monastery of Crosraguell, Sirs Gilbert 
M'^Burnney, GUbert Kennedy, and John Haneyne, monks of the said monastery, at 
the church of their monastery, where their stalls were wont to be, and cited them and 
the rest of the convent to compear before the said Judges, day and place aforesaid. 



3ntitx* 



Abbeys, Cistercian, in Scotland, list of, 126. 

Abbots of Glenluce, 136. 

Adare, William, of Kinhilt, 141. 

Agnew, Sir Andrew, of Loclmaw, 150 ; Baronet 
of Nova Scotia (1629), arms of, 56. 

Agnew of Sheuchan, 60. 

Agnew, Robert Vans, of Barnbarrocli and 
Sheuchan, Esquire, 16, 33, 98 ; arms of, 60. 

Agnew, Andrew, Sheriff of Wigtoun, 140. 

Agnew, Patrick, Sheriff of Galloway, 143. 

Airiehassan, Kirkinner, axehead from, 51. 

Airies Moss, Kirkinner, celt from, 48. 

Airrieoulland Crannog, Mochrum, 112 ; cru- 
cibles from, 44 ; flakes from, 34. 

Airyhemming, fort at, 64. 

Albany, John, Duke of, 138. 

Aldouran Glenhead, Leawalt, celt from, 47 ; 
fort at, 63. 

Alexander II. and Glenluce monk, 137. 

Alticry, Mochrum, axehead from, 52. 

Anderson, Dr. Joseph, 33, 55. 

Ardstensar (Ardstinchar), 15. 

Ardwell, Kirkcolm, celt from, 49. 

Arran, Regent, 153. 

Athens, titular bishop of, 153. 

Authorities cited: — "A Large Description of 
Galloway," Symson, 2 ; " Account of the 
Dominion of Farney," Shirley, 93 ; "Ancient 
Stone Im^jlements," Evans, 30 ; " Ajchseo- 
logical and Historical Collections of Ayr and 
Wigton Archseologieal Society," 21, 23, 33, 
43; "Catalogue of Antiquities," Wilde, 87 ; 
"Baronage," Douglas, 57; "British Archi- 
tect," vol. iii, 127 n. ; " Britannia," Camden, 
154; "Chambers's Cyclopaedia," article 
"Crannogs," by Dr. Robertson, 76; " Cul- 
zean Muniments," 162, 165, 167, 169, 181 ; 
" Dictionary and Digest of the Law of Scot- 



land," BeU, 137 ; "Historians of Scotland," 
Forbes, 1 ; " Historic of the Kennedies " 
(Pitcairn), 13, 14, 15; "History of Fyfe," 
Leigh ton, vol. ii., 154 ; "Index of Charters, 
etc.. King Robert I.," 137 ; " Lands and their 
Owners in Galloway," M'KerKe, vol. i., 15 ; 
" Lectures on the History of the Church of 
Scotland," Stanley, 2 ; " Lives of the Saints," 
Toovey, 2 ; " Monastic Annals of Teviotdale," 
Morton, 132, 135; "New Statistical Ac- 
count," 73; "Old Statistical Account of 
Scotland," 124, 149 ; "On Artificial Islands 
on Crannogs in Scotland," Stuart, 76 ; " Ori- 
ginal Letters referring to Ecclesiastical Affairs 
of Scotland," Bannatyne Club, 153 ; "Pro- 
ceedings of the Society of Scottish Anti- 
quaries " (Antiquaries of Scotland), 44, 85 ; 
" Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy," 
86, 89 ; " Scotland in Pagan Times," Dr. 
Anderson, 55 ; " Scottish Lake-Dwellings," 
Dr. Munro, 94 ; " Times " on Crannog of 
Barhapple, September 16th, 1884, 119; 
"Transactions of the British Association," 
1863, 79, 85; "Vita Martini," Sulpicius 
Severus, 1 ; "Vita Niniani," St, Ailred, 1. 
Awhirk, Stoneykirk, fort at, 63. 



Bailie, Cuthbert, Commendator of Glenluce, 
139. 

Balcraig, Glasserton, axehead from, 5 1 ; hammer- 
stone from, 31 ; imperforate hammer from, 
53 ; perforate maul from, 54. 

Baldoon, Kirkinner, celt from, 27. 

Balgown Moss, Kirkcolm, javelin-head from, 42. 

Balgown, Kirkmaiden, axehead from, 50. 

Ballantrae, ancient graves near, 9. 

Balnab, 147. 



2C 



190 



INDEX. 



Ballinclach, charter for, 135. 

Balmerino Abbey, 126. 

Bulmurrie, hut circles at, 64. 

BalM'sary, 154. 

Banchory Loch, Isle of, 124. 

Barde, John, of Kilquhynze, 147. 

Baraigle, Old Luce, two rings at, 64. 

Bargany, Laird of, 15. 

Barhapple, Crannog, 116; tenant of, 35. 

BarhulUon (Glasserton), bracelet from, 43 ; 

granite implement from, 31 ; imperforate 

maul from, 53. 
Barnbarroch, Laird of, 13, 15, 16. 
Barness, Kirkinner, axehead from, 51. 
Barnkirk, Peuninghame, axehead from, 51. 
Barnsallie, Old Luce, axehead from, 52. 
Barquhasken, Culroy, 146, 162, 169. 
Barr, Penninghame, celt from, 42 ; axehead 

from, 51. 
Beaches, raised, 74. 
Beads from Dowalton, 90. 
Beoch Glen, Shinraggie, 63. 
Black Loch, Inch, 108. 
Bladenoch, 33. 
Blair, Hunter, Sir Edward, of Blairquhan, 

baronet of the United Kingdom (1786), arms 

of, 57. 
Boirlant Loch (Dowalton), 77. 
Bones from Airrieoulland, 115 ; from St. 

Ninian's Cave, 8. 
Boreland, Old Luce, armlet from, 38. 
Borthwick, Lord, 121. 

Bratney Wa's, Kirkinner, axehead from, 52. 
Briggeham, convention of, 137. 
Buston, Ayrshire, wooden vessel from, 105. 
Caimbowie, Kirkcolra, 71. 
Cairnbrock, Kirkcolm, 71. 
Oaimdonnan, Kirkcolm, 71. 
Cairndonald, Kirkcolm, 71. 
Cairnfiekl, Kirkinner, celt found at, 48. 
Cairngaan, Kirkmaiden, funereal urn found 

at, 45. 
Cairn, the Miller's, Dowalton Loch, 77. 
Cairn Pyot, Portpatrick, circular fort on, 63. 
Cairnside, old mill at, 72 ; bronze sword got 

near, 73. 
Candida Casa, diocese of, 143. 
Canoes, of Dowalton, 90 ; of White Loch, 

Inch, 108. 



Carnys, Alexander, monk of Glenluce, 143. 
Caspin (Caspan), Kirkcolm, fort at, 66. 
Cassillis, Gilbert, Erie of, 141. 
Cassillis, Gilbert, Third Earl of, 139. 
Cassillis, Gilbert, Fourth Earl of, 144. 
CassiUis, John, Fifth Earl of, to the Laird of 
Barnbarroch, 1600-1615, 13. 
Letter I., c. 1600, "Parliament is tto be 
haldin In Sant Johnestoune (Perth)." 
" Off the Inche the 21 off Juni," 16. 
Letter II., c. 1600, "Off Dinvr (Dunure), 

this 16 off Juli," 17. 
Letter IIL, c. 1600, "Off Dinvr the 22 off 

Juli," 17. 
Letter IV., c. 1600, " Att Dinvr the 21 off 

Juli," 17. 
Letter V., 1602-9, "the Inche tlie 9 off 

October," 18. 
Letter VI., 1602-9, "the Inche this vednis- 

day," 18. 
Letter VII., 1602-9, "the Inche the 23rd 
off October," 19. 

Letter VIIL, 1600-15, " Maybole the 

off Januar," 1 9. 
Letter IX., 1600-15, " balgregen the 7 off 
august," 20. 
Castle Bull (Castle Bawn), Dunwick, Kirkcolm, 

Knoll, 69. 
Castle Kennedy, Inch, axehead found at, 52 ; 

celt found at, 48. 
Carle ton, Glasserton, axehead found at, 51. 
Cave, St. Ninian's, described, 2, 3, 4. 
Celts, list of, 47. 
Chalmers, Mr., Sir William Maxwell's bailiff, 79, 

82, 87. 
Chapel Dounan, 73. 
Chapel Heron, celt found at, 48. 
Charles 1. and Glenluce revenues, 153. 
Chateherault, Duke of, 142. 
Cistercian Houses in Scotland, 126. 
Citeaux, commission from, to Scotland, 132. 
Claycrop, Kirkinner, hammer found at, 33 ; 

perforated hammer found at, 54. 
Clendrie, Inch, axehead found at, 52. 
Cleland, Professor John, on bones found at 
Airrieoulland, 115 ; on bones found in St. 
Ninian's Cave, 8. 
Clone, Mochrum, axehead from, 30, 51. 
Corehill Fort, Kirkmaiden, celt from, 22. 



INDEX. 



191 



Corsewall Castle, 39, 73. 

Craigcaffie (Kirkalflfy), 15. 

Craigentarrie, 68. 

Craignarget, Old Luce, 39. 

Craigocli Castle, Kirkcoliii, 70. 

Crannog-bullders, 75. 

Crossraguel, bailiery of, 184 ; abbot of, 147. 

Cruggleton, Sorbie, axebead from, 50. 

Crummag Head, Kirkoolm, fort of, 62. 

Culaoag, Sorbie, celt from, 42. 

Calross Abbey, 126. 

Cults, Whithorn, celt from, 47. 

Cupar (Angus), abbey of, 126. 

Curghie, Kirkmaiden, celt from, 49. 

Currans, Mr., tenant of Barhiillion, 30. 



Dalreagle, Kirkinner, axehead from, 51. 

Dalrymple, Charles E. (F.S.A.), 107. 

Damnaholly, Kirkmaiden, celt from, 47. 

David II., Glenluce charter by, 137. 

Day, Robert, of Cork, 43. 

Deir Abbey, 126. 

Dernaglaur Loch, 75. 

Derry, Kirkcowan, celt from, 41. 

Devorgille, foundress of Balliol College, Oxford, 
125. 

Dhu-Loch, Bute, palisaded islands of, 76. 

Dhuloch, Kirkcolm, axehead from, 52 ; celt 
from, 49. 

Dinbonnet mound, Kirkcolm, 68. 

Dinnell, Mr., 41. 

Dishes, bronze, from Dowalton, 90. 

Donald, Abbot of Cupar, 138. 

Doon Castle, Stoneykirk, fort of, 63. 

Dounan of Dally (Kirkcolm), fort of, 63, 68. 

Douglas, Dr., of Whithorn, 3, 5, 25, 42. 

Dounan of Airies, Kirkcolm, fort of, 63. 

Dounan, Ballantrae, ancient graves at, 9. 

Dounragat, Mekill, 175. 

Dowalton, Qlasserton, flakes from, 34 ; wooden 
vessels from, 37 : loch of, 40, 75 ; celt from, 
49 ; crannogs described, 77 ; axehead from, 
52 ; relics from enumerated, 102. 

Drummoral, Whithorn, axehead from, 53. 

Drumscallan, Mochrum, celt from, 49. 

Drumtroddan, fort at, 106. 

Dumfriesshire, stone ball from, 55. 

Dunbar, Gavin, Bishop of Mochrum, 153. 



Dunbar, Sir William, of Mochrum, baronet of 

Nova Scotia (1694), 57 ; arms of, 57. 
Dundream, Kirkcolm, fort, 63, 66 ; giant, 67. 
Dundrennan Abbey, 125, 126. 
Dunman, Kirkcolm, fort of, 62. 
Dunichinie, Kirkmaiden, fort of, 63. 
Dunora, Kirkmaiden, fort of, 62. 
Dunshauglin, Meath, crannog of, 87. 
Dunskirloch Fort, Kirkcolm, 63, 67. 
Dunrobin, charter-chest of, 152. 
Dunragit Mom-, Old Luce, celt from, 48. 
Dunwlck (Danwick), Kirkcolm, fort of, 63, 69. 

Eglinton, Hew, Master of, 141. 

Ervie, Kirkcolm, celt from, 47 ; rock-hewn 

grave at, 71. 
Evans, Mr., 21, 25, 34. 



Falhae, Whithorn, celt from, 25, 49. 

Fergusson, James, younger of Kilkerraii, 59. 

Fergus of GaUoway, 125. 

Float, Stoneykirk, axehead from, 53. 

Forts of Wigtonshire, 62. 

Fowler, Archibald, 109. 

Francis II. of France, letter bj', to Pope, recom- 
mending Thomas Hay as Abbot of Glenluce, 
147. 

Friar Carse Priory, 126. 

Gairisland, Laird of, 14. 

Galbrayth (Galbraith), John, Subprior of Glen- 
luce, 143, 147, 161. 

Galdenoch, Leswalt, imperforate hammer from, 
53. 

GaUoway, Mull of, arrowhead from, 34. 

Galloway, William, 5. 

Garleis and Lochinvar, Laird of, 15. 

Qarvillan, New Luce, fort at, 63. 

GarUachen, Old Luce, fort at, 64. 

Gaiter, Abbot of Glenluce, 141. 

Garheugh, Jlochrum, axebead from, 52. 

Gemmell, Dr., of Drummore, 46, 63. 

Genoch, Glenluce, beads from, 46. 

Gibsone, David, Canon of Glasgow, 143. 

Gilbert, Abbot of Cupar, 136. 

Gillespie, Old Luce, imperforate hammerT^from, 
53 ; perforate hammer from, 54. 



192 



INDEX. 



Glamis, Lord, 13. 

Glasgow University, 138. 

Glasserton, St. Ninian's Cave at, 1 ; forts in, 64. 

Glencaim, William Earl of, 141. 

GlenUnnie, Old Luce, rings at, 64. 

Glenluce Sandhills, 23, 34, 44 ; abbey of, 6 n. ; 

abbey described, 125, 127. 
Glenjorrie, Old Luce, celt from, 48. 
Gleniron, Old Luce, celt froin, 47. 
Glenwhan, rings at, 64. 

Oordon, Alexander, Bishop of Galloway, 152. 
Gordon, James, of Lochinver, 141. 
Gordon, Sir John, 143, 152. 
Gordon, John, Dean of Salisbury, 152. 
Gordon, Lawrence, 152. 
Oordon, Sir Robert, 152. 

Gordon, William, 152. 

Gordoun, John, Lord of Lochinvar, 143 ; nota- 
rial instrument on removal of, from Abbey 
and yards of Glenluce, 144. 

Graves near Ballantrae, 9, 12. 

Great Chesterfield, Essex, 93. 

Greaves Ash, Northumberland, hut circles at, 94. 

Grennan, Kirkmaiden, celt from, 49. 

Grierson, Dr., of Thornhill, 76. 

Grigor, Dr., of Nairn, 76. 

Grose, visit of, to Glenluce Abbey (in 1789), 
131, 134. 



Halkirstone, William, monk of Glenluce, 143. 

Hamilton, John, Archbishop of St. Andrews, 
147; apostolic letters by, for the confirmation 
of the Charter of feu-ferme granted by the 
Abbot of Glenluce to the Earl of Cassillis of 
the lands of Barquhasken and others [6th 
July 1561], 169; abstract of letters by, 174. 

Hassingdean Priory, 126. 

Hathorn, arms of, 61 «. 

Hay, Sir Arthur, of Crafurdton, 151. 

Hay, Admiral Sir John Charles Dalrymple, of 
Park, baronet of the United Kingdom (1800), 
151 ; arms of, 58. 

Hay, Sir Thomas, first baronet, great-great- 
grandson of the following, 151. 

Hay, Thomas, Abbot of Glenluce, 142 ; Notarial 
Instrument concerning, 144 ; Eemission and 
Discharge to the Earl of Cassillis by, 145 ; 
Instrument on Institution of, as Abbot of 



Glenluce, September 29, 1560, 155 ; Charter 
of feu-farm by, of the lands of Barquhasken, 
Culroy, and others, in favour of the Earl of 
Cassillis [dated at Maybole 2d November 
1569], 157 ; Abstract of Charter by, 162 ; 
Precept by, for infefting Gilbert Earl of 
Cassillis in the lands of Barquhaskyne, etc. 
[2d November 1560], 162 ; Abstract of Pre- 
cept of Sasine by, 164; Precept by, for 
infefting Gilbert Earl of Cassillis in the office 
of Bailie of the Lordship of Glenluce [2d 
November 1560], 165 ; Abstract of Precept 
by, 167 ; Precept by, for infefting Gilbert 
Earl of Cassillis in the lands of Multons, etc. 
[24th January 1560-1], 167 ; Abstract of 
Precept of Sasine by, 168 ; Apostolic Letters 
by the Archbishop of St. Andrews, for Con- 
firmation of the charter of feu-ferme, granted 
by, to the Earl of Cassillis, of the lands of 
Barquhasken and others [6th July], 169 ; 
Abstract of Apostolic Letters relative to, 

174 ; Tack and Assedation by, to Gilbert 
Earl of Cassillis, of the benefice of the Abbey 
of Glenluce for five years [1st October 1565], 

175 ; Contract between, and Gilbert Earl of 
Cassillis, anent the Assedation of the Benefice 
of the Abbey to the latter for nineteen years 
[1 7th April 1572], 177; Assedation by, to 
Gilbert Earl of Cassillis of Benefice of the 
said Abbacy [I7th April 1572], 178; Dis- 
charge by, to Gilbert Earl of Cassillis, for the 
maills of the Benefice of the Abbacy, for crop 
1571 [17th April 1572], 179; Precept of 
Clare Constat by, for infefting John Earl of 
Cassillis as heir to his Father in the lands 
of Barquhasken, etc. [20th May 1577], 181 ; 
Abstract of Precept of Clare Constat by, 183 ; 
Letters of Citation for the Confirmation of the 
Commission of Bailiery of Crosraguel, granted 
to Gilbert Earl of Cassillis by [2d October 
1562], 184 ; Abstract of Letters of Citation 
by, 187. 

Hay of Dalgety, 149. 

Hegesippus and Abbot of Glenluce, 152. 

Henry III. and Glenluce Abbots, 136. 

Heraldry of Wigtonshire, 56. 

Heralds' College, London, 61 n. 

Herries, Lady Catherine, 15. 

High Auchneel, Leswalt, fort at, 63. 



INDEX. 



193 



Higli Caldons, Stoneykirk, celt from, 47. 
Higli Clone, Mochrum, axehead from, 50. 
High Dergoals, Old Luce, axehead from, 53. 
High Mark, Leswalt, imperforate hammer from, 

54. 
High Torrs, Old Luce, celt from, 48 ; perforate 

hammer from, 54. 
Himalayas, celt from, 25. 
Holy Wells, The, 73. 



Ice-sheet in Wigtonshire, 75. 

Insche, Inche, Inch, 14, 15, 164. 

Inuermessan, vessel at, 41 ; trumpet found at, 
43 ; supposed site of Ptolemy's Rerigonium, 
43. 

Innocent VIIL, injunction hy, to reform Cis- 
tercian monasteries in Scotland, 138. 

Instruments of Wigtonshire, 21. , 



James IV., pilgrimage to shrine of Saint Ninian, 

135. 
James VI. and Glenluce monastery, 153. 
James, Ahbot of Glenluce, 142. 
Jamieson's Point, Kixkcolm, fort at, 63, 65. 



Keller, Dr., 111. 

Kemps' Graves, Leswalt, fort at, 63. 

Kemp's Walk, Leswalt, fort at, 63. 

Kennedy, Archibald, in Synnones, 143. 

Kennedy, Lady Catherine, 13. 

Kennedy, David, of Baltersane, 143. 

Kennedy, James, of Uchterlour, 143. 

Kennedy, Elizabeth, 149. 

Kennedy, of Bargany, 149. 

Kennedy, Hugh, of Bathquhone, 147. 

Kennedy, Hew, of Casorew, 143. 

Kennedy, Sir Hugh, of Girvan Mains, 148. 

Kennedy, Sir Thomas, of Culzean, 13. 

Kennedies, Historie of the, 13, 14. 

Kidsdale, Glasserton, celt from, 48 ; imperforate 

hammer from, 54. 
Kilstey, Kirkmaiden, celt from, 49. 
Kinder Loch, 124. 
Kinloss Abbey, 126. 
Kirkalffy, 15. 
Kirkbride, Kirkmaiden, celt from, 49. 



Kirkbride, Kirkcolm, imperforate hammer from, 

54. 
Kirkchrist, Penninghame, imperforate hammer 

from, 53 ; perforate hammer from, 54. 
Kirkcolm, celt from, 50 ; ancient forts in, 62 ; 

parish of, described, 65. 
Kirkcowan, imperforate hammer from, 54. 
Kirkinner, celt from, 27 ; perforate axehead 

from, 50. 
Kirkmabreck, Stoneykirk, perforate maul from, 

54. 
Kirklauchline, Stoneykirk, large celts from, 25, 

48 ; derivation of name, 25 ». ; fort at, 63. 
Kirkmaiden, celt from, 22, 23, 48, 49 ; flakes 

from, 34 ; axehead from, 53 ; fortification in, 

62. 
Kirminnoch, Leswalt, fort at, 71. 
Klashherne, New Luce, rings at, 64. 
Knockdoon, Stoneykirk, fort at, 63. 
KnockhDl, Old Luce, fortified town at, 64. 
Knock-na-maize, Leswalt, circular fort at, 63. 
Knockneen, Kirkcolm, celt from, 49. 



Lake-Dwellings of Wigtonshire, by Robert 

Munro, 74. 
Langlands, Andrew, monk of Glenluce, 143. 
Larbrax, Leswalt, fort at, 63. 
Lashindarrock, Leswalt, fort at, 63. 
Lefnoll Point, Inch, fort at, 63. 
Leswalt, celt from, 25, 48 ; forts in, 63. 
Loch Inch (CryndU.) crannog, 106. 
Lochinch, residence of Lord Stair, 108. 
Lochinvar, lairdis of, and Garleis, 15. 
Lochlee, 102. 
Lochspouts, 102. 
Loughrea, 86. 

Lovaine, Lord, 76 ; on Swiss Lakes, 78, 
Low Mye, Stoneykirk, perforate axehead from, 

51. 
Low Culgroat, Stoneykirk, perforate axehead 

from, 50. 
Luce, Bay of, 23, 24 n. 
Lyon, Lady Margaret, 13. 



M'CosH, Peter, 45. 

M'Dowall, Alexander, of Garthland, arms of, 59. 

M'DowaU of Freugh, 59. 



194 



INDEX. 



M'Douall (Macdouall), James, of Logan, Esquire, 
44 ; arms of, 59. 

M'Dowall, Janet, 149. 

M'Dowall, Ughtred, nf Garthland, 149. 

M'Dowell, Fergus, of French, 141. 

M'Dowell, Johne, of GartMand, 141. 

Machers of Galloway described, 74. 

Machermore, Old Luce, axehead from, 51. 

Machermore I;Och, imperfoi-ate hammer from, 53. 

Macherowlcj", Kirkmaiden, celt from, 49. 

M'llvaue, John, 147. 

M'lhvraith of Kirklauchline, 25. 

M'llwraith of Stranraer, 111. 

Mackinlaj', Dr., 76. 

M'Master, Hugh, of Blairbuie, 55. 

M'Robert, James, 67. 

Mains, Penninghame, axehead from, 51. 

Maitland, Chancellor (Lord Thirlestane), 15. 

Maitland, Mrs., of Freugh, 38. 

Makcristen, Syraon, of Monkliill, 138. 

Margaret, Maid of Norway, 137. 

Martin, Saint, cathedral of, at Whithorn, 1. 

Mauchline, Priory of, 126. 

Maxwell, Sir Herbert Eustace, of Monreith, 
baronet of Nova Scotia (1681), arms of, 56; 
on St. Ninian's Cave, 1 ; on utensils, etc., of 
Wigtonshire, 21. 
Maxwell, Sir William, of Monreith, 76, 78, 82. 
Maybole, Convent of, 144. 
Medan, Saint, Cave of, at Kirkmaiden, 6. 
Melrose Abbey, 125, 126. 
Mondork (Mindork), 15, 16. 
Michael, Abbot of Glenluce, 129, 135. 
Mid Tons, Old Luce, celt from, 49. 
Mildriggan, Kirkinner, celt from, 52. 
Mochrum, axehead from, 30 ; forts in, 64. 
Monkhill, 138. 
Moore, John Carrick, of Corsewall, article by, 

9 ; 10, 11, 39. 
Moors of Galloway described, 74. 
Mordo, John, 129. 
Morrison, Mr., tenant of Derry, 41. 
MirU of Galloway, 38. 
Mull of Logan, 63. 

Mull of Sininness, Old Luce, imperforate ham- 
mer from, 54 ; ring at, 64. 
Munro, Dr., 34, 44, 46. 
Murchie's Ghost, 67. 
Murray, Regent, 144. 



Musard, Alexander, Abbot of Glenluce, 136. 
Myrton Loch, Monreith, island in, 82. 



New Abbey, Kirkcudbright, 106. 
Newton-Stewart, celt in Mechanics' Institute at, 

42. 
Northumberland, Duke of, 79. 
North Milton, Old Luce, perforate axehead from, 

50. 
Nicholson of Kidsdale, 2, 5, 7. 



Ochiltree, Penninghame, axehead from, 30, 52. 

Old Luce, celt from, 47, 48. 

Old Town Hall Garden, Whithorn, perforated 

hammer from, 54. 
Ornaments, etc., from Wigtonshire, 21. 
Over Airies, John Hathorn of, 6 1 w. 
Owen, Professor, and lacustrine bones from 

Do Walton, 88. 



Paisley, James IV. entertained at, 135. 

Park House, inscription on, 152. 

Patrick, R. W. Cochran-, M.P., of Woodside, 
Beith, 5, 6, 82 n., 99, 117. 

Penninghame, axehead from, 30, 50, 53 ; celt 
from, 42, 49 ; perforate hammer, 54. 

Percy, Lord, 85, 86, 88. 

Physgil, Glasserton, axehead from, 52. 

Pinkie, 149. 

Pitcairn, Robert, 13. 

Pius IV., Bull in favour of Thomas Hay, Abbot 
of Glenluce, 143. 

Pococke, Bishop, description of Glenluce Abbey 
in 1760 by, 129, 131, 134. 

Portglenone, Derry, trumpet from, 44. 

Portpatrick, perforated axehead from, 50 ; per- 
forated hammer from, 54 ; fort at, 63. 

Priories, Cistercian, list of, in Scotland, 126. 



Querns, Dowalton, 90. 



Ravenstone Moss, 83, 92 ; castle, 121. 
Reiffer Park, Sorby, axehead from, 52. 



INDEX. 



195 



Rerigonium, 43. 

Rhins of Galloway described, 74. 

Rispain, Roman camp of, 106. 

Robert, Abbot of Glenluce, 136. 

Robert, King, Glenluce charter by, 137. 

Robertson, Dr. Joseph, 76. 

Robertson, T. B., of Newton-Stewart, 28, 42. 

Roland of Galloway, Constable of Scotland, 125. 

Ros, Jacobus, 145. 

Ross, Major, of Airies, 68. 

Ryan Loch and Luce Bay united, 74. 



Saltpans Bat, Leswalt, 63. 

Sandal Abbey, 126. 

Sanders (Sanderson), vicar of Glenluce, 143, 

161. 
Saulseat Abbey, 125. 
Schanwell, John, Abbot of Cupar, 138. 
Schaw, Robert, Abbot of Paisley, 135. 
Scott, Michael, and Glenluce, 153. 
Selby, Dr., 33, 55. 

Shenanton, Kirkcowan, interment at, 46. 
Shinraggie, Inch, fortified town of, 63. 
Sinkers, 33. 

Skaith, Penninghame, axehead from, 51. 
Skeog, Whithorn, vessels from, 41. 
Skulls from Dounan, 11. 
Smith, Dr. John A. , on graves at Dounan, 1 1 ; 

on Dowalton bones, 88. 
Stair, Earl of, 39, 43. 
Stanley, Dean, visit to St. Ninian's, 2. 
Stellock, Glasserton, chisel from, 42 ; axehead 

from, 52. 
Stephenson, Augustus, 109. 
Stewart, Agnes, of Physgil, 61 n. 
Stewart, Alexander, of Garlics, 15. 
Stewart of Bonkill, 61 n. 
Stewart, Dame Catherine, 16. 
Stewart, Johnstone, Robert Hathom, of Physgil, 

Esquire, 5, 7 ; arms of, 60. 
Stewart, Horatio Granville Murray, of Cally 

and Broughton, arms of, 61. 
Stranraer, 38. 
Stoneykirk, large celt from, 25 ; gold torque 

from, 38 ; forts in, 63. 
Stuart, Dr., Secretary to the Society of Scottish 

Antiquaries, 85. 
Sweetheart Abbey, 125, 126. 



Symson, Andrew, minister of Kirkinner, 2, 
73, 128, 129 ; description of Glenluce Abbey 
in 1684 by, 134. 



Thirlage, system of, described, 77. 

Thirlestane, Lord, 15. 

Tongueland Abbey, 125, 137. 

Tor of Craigoch, Leswalt, fort at, 63. 

Torhouskie, Wigton, perforated axehead from, 

50 ; perforated hammer from, 54. 
Torrs, Old Luce, celt from, 47, 48. 
Treasury awards, intrinsic value for finds, 37. 
Trotter, Dr., of Kirkmaiden, 35, 46. 
Trotter, Dr., of Perth, 22. 
Turner, Professor, on Ballantrae skulls, 11 ; on 

Dowalton bones, 88. 



Ulmb (Holme) Culteam, magic books of Michael 

Scott at, 154. 
Utensils, etc., from Wigtonshire, 21. 



Vallis Ldcis, 138. 

Vans, John, of Bambarroch, 142. 

Vans, Patrick, of Cascrew, 148. 

Vans, Sir John, 13. 

Vaus, Sir Patrick, 13. 



Wallace, Charles, of Dally, 65, 68. 

Wallace, John, of Dundonald, 1 6. 

Walter, Abbot of Glenluce, 138. 

Waugh, Alexander, of Newton-Stewart, 37. 

Wans, Patrick, 147. 

Waus, Sir Patrick, 16. 

AVeapons, etc., of Wigtonshire, 21. 

WelLhouse, Kirkcolm, celt from, 50. 

West Mains, Baldoon, axehead from, 29, 52. 

West Mains, Kirkinner, celt from, 47 ; axehead 

from, 50. 
Whetstones from Wigtonshire crannogs, 33. 
Whetstone from Dowalton, 90. 
White Loch, Inch, 108. 
White Loch of Mertoun, 92. 
White Loch, Ravenstone, Lake-dwelling of, 121. 
Whithorn, Cathedral of St. Martin at, 1 ; celt 



196 



INDEX. 



from, 25 ; vessel from, 41 ; forts in, 64 ; 

diocese of, 164. 
Whorls from Wigtonshire, 33. 
Wigtonshire, heraldry of, 56 ; first Sootci 

crannogs proved to exist in, 76. 
Wigtown, perforated axeliead from, 51 ; Friary 

of, 135. 
William, Abbot of Glenluce, 136. 
Wibon, Eev. George, 21, 23, 33, 34, 43, 44. 



Wintoun, Countess of, 15. 
Wolsey, Cardinal, and Glenluce Abbey, 139. 
Wright, Mr., tenant of Dounan, 10. 
Walker, Mr., Dounan, 10. 

Yonue, Mr., tenant of Baloraig, Glasserton, 31, 

34. 
Young, Peter, of Seton, 152. 



END OF VOLUME FIFTH. 



Printed by R. & R. Clark, Edinburgh.