History of the Fifty-fourth regiment of Massachusetts volunteer infantry, 1863-1865

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THE JAMES VERNER SCAIFE

COLLECTION

CIVIL WAR LITERATURE

THE GIFT OF

JAMES VERNER SCAiFE

CLASS OF 1889

1919

A Brave Black Regiment.

/ know not where, in all human history, to any given thousand men
in arms there has been committed a ivork at once so proud, so precious,
so full of hope and glory. — Gov. John A. Andrew.

The regiment whose bayonets pricked the name of Colonel Shaw
into the roll of immortal honor. — THEODORE TiLTON.

Right in the van,
On the red rampart's slippery s^oell
With heart that beat a charge, he fell

Forward, as fits u man ;
But the high soul burns on to light men'' s feet
Where death for noble ends makes dying sweet.

Tames Russell Lowell.

T//e old flag never touched the groiDid, hoys.'

Sergt. William H. Carney, of Co. C
With the flag he saved at ^VAGNE^.

HISTORY

OF THE

Fifty-Fourth Regiment

OF

iWajSjsaci^uisettsj Volunteer ^nlantvv,

1863-1865.

BY

LUIS F. EMILIO.

BOSTON:

THE BOSTON BOOK COMPANY.

1891.
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Copyright^ 1891, ,/
Luis F. Emilio.

John Wilson and Son, Cambridge.

PREFACE.

THIS record has grown out of the researches
and material gathered for the preparation of
papers rea'd before the officers of the Fifty-fourth
and Fifty -fifth Massachusetts Infantry and other
veteran associations at reunions in recent years, as
well as newspaper articles. It is founded uppn the
compiler's daily record of events, his letters of the
period, contemporaneous records, and the very full
journal of Lieut. John Ritchie, as well as a briefer
one of Capt. Lewis Reed. To both these officers
grateful acknowledgments are rendered. Thanks
are also due to Lieut.-Cols. H. N. Hooker and
George Pope for valuable records. Sergt-Major
John H. Wilson, and Sergts. William H. Carney
and Charles W. Lenox have furnished important
particulars. Mention should be made of Capt.

VI PREFACE.

William C. Manning, Twenty-third U. S. Infantry,
whose field notes were most thankfully received.
Throughout the compilation Gen. A. S. Hartwell,
Col. N. P. Hallowell, and Capt. Charles C. Soule,
all of the Fifty-fifth Massachusetts Infantry, have
manifested unflagging interest.

L. F. E.

No. 6 East 58th Street,

New York City, Dec. 22, 1890.

PUBLISHBKS' PREFACE.

TT is twenty-six years since our Civil War ended, —
nearly the span of a generation of men. There has
been almost a surfeit of war literature. Every new book
issued to-day on war topics ought to be able to give good
reason for its existence.

Although this volume is only a regimental history, the
peculiar circumstances of the organization, character, repre-
sentative position, and soldierly conduct of the regiment
whose story is told, seem to give the history a sufficiently
wide and permanent interest to warrant its publication,
even at so late a day.

It will be sure to interest the surviving members of the
regiment whose life it chronicles. To them it should be
said that the author has spent many years in gradually
collecting material for this record, and in arranging it
methodically. What he here presents is the condensed
digest of a great mass of print and manuscript carefully
collated with the government records and with other regi-
mental histories. He has not been willing to publish his
material until this work of collection, arrangement, and
collation could be thoroughly accomplished.

To the present generation of the race from which the
Fifty-fourth Massachusetts Volunteers was recruited, the

viii PUBLISHEES' PREFACE.

history of the regiment should have peculiar interest.
The author's treatment of the subject is simple and
straightforward, with hardly a word of eulogy; and yet
the plain narrative of the soldierly achievements of this
black regiment is better evidence of the manly qualities
of the race than volumes of rhetoric and panegyric could
convey.

For those veterans who served in the Department of the
South, the maps of this volume, and the author's minute
account of actions and operations not elsewhere fully de-
scribed, will have more than transient interest and value.

For the general public, — for the surviving soldiers of
other regiments, white and black, and for the younger
men to whom the story of the Civil War is history, — this
book should also have great significance and interest. The
Fifty-fourth Massachusetts was a typical regiment — it
might almost be called the typical regiment — of our
army. It illustrated the patriotism of the period as well as
any organization in the service. It required of its mem-
bers even more resolution and courage at enlistment than
white regiments ; because at the time of its formation the
chances seemed to be that black soldiers and their officers,
if captured, would not be treated according to the usages
of civilized war, but would be massacred as at Fort Pillow.
Facing this risk at the outset, the men of the Fifty-fourth
proved their courage in so many battles and with such
serious losses as to earn a place among the three himdred
fighting regiments chronicled in Fox's " Regimental Losses
in the American Civil War."

But while the men of the Fifty-fourth shared the cour-
age and patriotism which characterized all our citizen
soldiery, they also represented more conspicuously, per-

PUBLISHERS' PREFACE. IX

haps, than any other colored regiment the political policy
of emancipation into which the war forced us, and the in-
teresting military experience embodied in the organization,
from a mob of freed slaves, of a disciplined and effective
army of two hundred thousand men. Though it was not
absolutely the first black regiment in the field, and though
there were others which saw severe service, the early dis-
tinction won in the assault on Wagner, together with the
gallant death of Colonel Sliaw on the ramparts, and his
bm-ial with his black soldiers where they fell, created a
wider and stronger interest in the Fifty-fourth than any
other colored regiment was fortunate enough to attract.

It was also the lot of the Fifty-fourth to bear the brunt
of the struggle against the bitter injustice of inferior pay
to which black troops were subjected, and the further
struggle to secure for the enlisted men who earned it by
intelligence and bravery, the right to rise from the ranks
and serve as officers.

The following editorial from the New York " Tribune,"
of Sept. 8, 1865, apparently from the pen of Horace
Greeley, bears contemporaneous testimony to the repu-
tation of the regiment : —

" The Fifty-fourth Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteers
was welcomed back to Boston on Saturday. There was a pub-
lic reception, a review by the Governor and Council at the
State House, another on the Common by the mayor, an address
to his officers and men by Colonel Hallowell ; and then the regi-
ment was disbanded. The demonstrations of respect were
rather more than have usually been awarded to returning regi-
ments, even in Massachusetts, which cherishes her soldiers with
an unforgettiug affection. They were so honored in this case,
we presume, because the regiment is a representative one.

X PUBLISHERS' PREFACE.

There were regiments from that State which had seen more
fighting than this, though none which had done any better fight-
ing when occasion offered ; none which had a higher reputation
for discipline, patient endurance, and impetuous valor. But
the true reason why Massachusetts singled out this regiment
for peculiar honor is because this was the first colored regiment
organized in the North, and was that one on whose good con-
duct depended for a long time the success of the whole experi-
ment of arming black citizens in defence of the Republic. It
is not too much to say that if this Massachusetts Fifty-fourth
had faltered when its trial came, two hundred thousand colored
troops for whom it was a pioneer would never have been put
into the field, or would not have been pat in for another year,
which would have been equivalent to protracting the war into
1866. But it did not falter. It made Fort Wagner such a
name to the colored race as Bunker Hill has been for ninety
years to the white Yankees, — albeit black men fought side by
side with white in the trenches on that 17th of June.

" To this Massachusetts Fifty-fourth was set the stupendous
task to convince the white race that colored troops would fight,
— and not only that they would fight, but that they could be
made, in every sense of the word, soldiers. It is not easy to
recall at this day the state of public opinion on that point, —
the contemptuous disbelief in the courage of an enslaved race,
or rather of a race with a colored skin. Nobody pretends now
that the negro won't fight. Anglo-Saxon prejudice takes an-
other shape, — and says he won't work, and don't know how to
vote ; but in the spring of 1863, when this regiment marched
down State Street in Boston, though it was greeted with cheers
and borne on by the hopes of the loyal city which had trusted
the fame and lives of its noblest white sons to lead their black
comrades, yet that procession was the scoff of evei-y Demo-
cratic journal in America, and even friends feared half as much
as they hoped. Many a white regiment had shown the white
feather in its first battle ; but for this black band to waver once

PUBLISHERS' PKEFACE. xi

was to fall forever, and to carry down with it, perhaps, the
fortunes of the Republic. It had to wait months for an oppor-
tunity. It was sent to a department which was sinking under
the prestige of almost uninterrupted defeats. The general who
commanded the department, the general who commanded the
division, and the general who commanded the brigade to which
this regiment found itself consigned, — neither of them believed
in the negro. When the hour came for it to go into action,
there was probably no officer in the field outside of its own
ranks who did not expect it — and there were many who de-
sired it — to fail. When it started across that fatal beach
which led to the parapet of Wagner, it started to do what had
not been successfully attempted by white troops on either side
during the war. It passed through such an ordeal successfully ;
it came out not merely with credit, but an imperishable fame.

" The ordinary chances of battle were not all which the Mas-
sachusetts Fifty-fourth had to encounter. The hesitating policy
of our government permitted the Rebels to confront every black
soldier with the threat of death or slavery if he were taken pris-
oner. If he escaped the bullet and the knife, he came back to
camp to learn that the country for which he had braved that
double peril intended to cheat him out of the pay on which his
wife and children depended for support. We trust Mr. Secre-
tary Stanton is by this time heartily ashamed of the dishonesty
which marked his dealings with the black troops, — but we are
not going into that question. We said then, and we reiterate
now, that the refusal of pay to the colored soldiers was a
swindle and a scandal, so utterly without excuse that it might
well have seemed to them as if intended to provoke a mutiny.
Few white regiments would have borne it for a month ; the
blacks maintained their fidelity in spite of it for a year and a
half. When the Fifty-fourth was offered a compromise, the
men replied with one voice : ' No. We need the money you
offer ; our families are starving because the government does not
pay us what it promised ; but we demand to be recognized as

XU PUBLISHERS' PREFACE.

soldiers of the Republic, entitled to the same rights which white
soldiers have. Until you grant that, we will not touch a dol-
lar.' It was a sublimer heroism, a loftier sentiment of honor,
than that which inspired them at Wagner. They would not
mutiny because of injustice, but they would not surrender one
iota of their claim to equal rights. Eventually they compelled
the government to acknowledge their claim, and were paid in
full by a special act of Congress.

"The name of Col. llobert G. Shaw is forever linked with
that of the regiment which he first commanded, and which he
inspired with so much of his own gentle and noble spirit as to
make it a perpetual legacy to the men who fought under and
loved him. His death at Wagner did as much perhaps for his
soldiers as his life afterwards could have done. Colonel Hal-
lowell, who succeeded him, proved the faithful and intelligent
friend of the regiment. Its other officers, with no exception
that we know of, were devoted and capable. They are en-
titled to a share of the renown which belongs to the regi-
ment, — they would be unworthy of it if they did not esteem
that their highest testimonial."

Because the Fifty-fourth Massachusetts occupied this
prominent position, the publishers deem it proper that the
history of its services which Captain Emilio has compiled
should be put into print. They have given the volume a
title the author was too modest to suggest, but which the
record fully justifies, — "A Brave Black Regiment."

CONTENTS.

Chabieb Pase

I. Recruiting 1

II. Readville Camp 19

III. The Sea Islands 35

IV. Descent on James Island 51

V. The Greater Assault on Wagner . .... 67

VI. Siege op Wagner 105

Vn. Bombardment of Charleston 128

VIII. Olustee 148

IX. Morris Island 186

X. Attack on James Island 199

XI. Siege of Charleston 217

XU. Honey Hill 236

XIII. Operations about Pocotaligo 254

XIV. Charleston and Savannah 277

XV. Potter's Raid 289

XVI. Final Service . . 310

Roster 327

Index 393

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE
128

48
144
176
128
144

Ampey, Isom (Co. K) . .
Appleton, Maj. J. W. M. .
Appleton, Capt. Thomas L.
Arnum, Charles H. {Co. E)
Bowman, Sergt. Thomas (Co. I)
Bridge, Capt. AVatson TV. .
Bridgham,ilss'«-6'urj. Charles B. 136

Bridgham, Lieut. Thomas S. . 280

Briggs, Surg. Charles E. . . 136

Brown, Abraham (Co. E) . . 176
Carney, Sergt. William H.

(Co. C) . . . . Frontispiece

Chipman, Capt. Charles G. . 232

Conant, Lieut. John H. . . . 272

Cotton, Sergt. Asa (Co. K) . . 176

Cousens, Capt. Joseph E. . 144

Dnren, Lieut. Charles M. . . 280

Edmands, Lieut. Benjamin B. . 272
Emerson, Capt. Edward B. .184

Emilio, Capt. Luis F. ... 192

Freeland, Milo J. (Co. A) . . 176

Gomes, Richard (Co. H) . 256

Goosberry, John (Mns Co. E) 32

Grace, Capt. James W. . . . 232

Hallett, Lieut. Charles O. . . 280

Hallowell, Col. Edward N. . . 16

Harrison, Chaplain Samuel . 8

Helman, Corp. Preston (Co. E) 208

Higginson, Capt. Francis L. . 232
Homans, Capt. William H. .184

Hooper, Lieut.-Col. Henry N. . 48

Howard, Capt. Willard ... 192

Jaclcsou, Sergt. Moses (Co. E) ,
James, Capt. Garth W. . . ,
Jewett, Lieut. Charles, Jr. . ,
Jewett, Capt. R. H. L. . . ,
Johnston, Lieut. Alexander
Jones, Capt. Edward L, . . .
Jones, Robert J. (Co. I) . . .
Joy, Capt. Charles F. . . .
Kelly, James A. (Co. E) .
Knowles, Lieut. Alfred H. . .
Lee, Com'y Sergt. Arthur B.
Lee, Harrison (Co. D) . . .
Lenox, Color Sergt. Charles W.

(Co. A)

Leonard, Lieut. Andrew W.
Lipscomb, Corp. George ( Co. I)
Littlefield, Lieut. Henry W.
McDermott, Lieut. William
Moore, Miles (Mus. Co. H)
Netson, William J. (Principal

Mus. Co. K)

Newell, Capt. Robert R.
Partridge, Capt. David A.
Pease, Ass't-Surg. Giles M.
Pope, Lieut.-Col. George
Pratt, Lieut. James A.
Radzinsky, Ass't-Surg. Louis D
Reed, Capt. Lewis . . .
Ritchie, Quartermaster John
Rogers, Lieut. Frederick E.
Rolls, Sergt. Jeremiah (Co. I)
Russel, Capt. Cabot J. . .

PAGE

208
192
280
184
288
232
32
184
208
288
256
256

176
272
128
288
280
32

32
184
144

64

48
272
136
144
136
288
128

96

XVI

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Shaw, Col. Robert G

Simms, Corp. Abram C. (Co. I)
Simpkins, Capt. William H.
Smith, Charles A. (Co. C) .
Smith, Capt. Grin E. . . .
Spear, Lieut. Daniel G. . .
Stevens, Lieut. Edward L. .
Stewart, Sergt. Henry (Co
Stone, Surg. Lincoln R.
Swails, Lieut. Stephen A. .
Tomlinson, Lieut. Ezekiel G.

E)

PAGE

PAGE

1

Treadwell, Ass't-Surg. 3 oshusiB

. 64

128

Tucker, Capt. Charles E. .

184

96

Vogelsang, Lieut. Peter . .

8

256

Walton, Maj. James M. . .

48

192

Weaver, George (Co. K) .

208

288

Webster, Lieut. Frederick H.

96

96

Welch, Lieut. Frank M. . .

8

32

Whitney, Lieut. William L.

272

64

Willard (Mann), Capt. Samuel

144

8

Wilson, Sergt.-Major John H.

128

280

Wilson, Joseph T. (Co. C) .

256

LIST OF MAPS.

PAGE

James Island 56

Fort Wagner. — Charge of 54th Mass 80

Plan of Siege Operations against Fort Wagner 112

Plan of Battle of Olustee, Fla 160

Charleston, S. C. — Lines of Attack and Defence 224

Approach to Honey Hill 240

Battle of Honey Hill 248

Action at Boykin's Mills 304

Field of Operations of 54th Mass. Regiment End

Colonel Robert G. Shaw.

FIFTY-FOURTH
MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

CHAPTER I.

RECRUITING.

A T the close of the year 1862, the military situation
was discouraging to the supporters of the Federal
Government. We had • been repulsed at Fredericksburg
and at Vicksburg, and at "tremendous cost had fought the
battle of Stone River. Some sixty-five thousand troops
would be discharged during the ensuing summer and fall.
Volunteering was at a standstill. On the other hand, the
Confederates, having filled their ranks, were never better
fitted for conflict. Politically, the opposition had grown for-
midable, while the so-called, "peace-faction" was strong,
and active for mediation.

In consequence of the situation, the arming of negroes,
first determined upon in October, 1862, was fully adopted
as a military measure; and President Lincoln, on Jan.
1, 1863, issued the Emancipation Proclamation. In
September, 1862, General Butler began organizing the
Louisiana Native Guards from free negroes. General
Saxton, in the Department of the South, formed the First
South Carolina from contrabands in October of the same
year. Col. James Williams, in the summer of 1862,

1

2 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

recruited the First Kansas Colored. After these regi-
ments next came, in order of organization, ihe Fifty -fourth
Massachusetts, which was the first raised in the Northern
States east of the Mississippi Eiver. Thenceforward the
recruiting of colored troops, North and South, was rapidly
pushed. As a result of the measure, 167 organizations
of all arms, embracing 186,097 enlisted men of African
descent, were mustered into the United States service.

John A. Andrew, the war Governor of Massachusetts,
very early advocated the enlistment of colored men to aid
in suppressing the Rebellion. The General Government
having at last adopted this policy, he visited Washing-
ton in January, 1863, and as the result of a conference
with Secretary Stanton, received the following order,
under which the Fifty-fourth Massachusetts Volunteer
Infantry was organized : —

War Depaktment,
Washington City, Jan. 26, 1863.

Ordered : That Governor Andrew of Massachusetts is au-
thorized, until further orders, to raise such number of vol-
unteers, companies of artillery for duty m the forts of Massa-
chusetts and elsewhere, and such corps of infantry for the
volunteer military service as he may find convenient, such
volunteers to be enlisted for three years, or until sooner dis-
charged, and may include persons of African descent, organized
into special corps. He will make the usual needful requisitions
on the appropriate staff bureaus and officers, for the proper
transportation, organization, supplies, subsistence, arms and
equipments of such volunteers.

Edwin M. Stanton,

Secretary of War.

With this document the Governor at once returned to
Boston, anxious to begin recruiting under it before the

RECRUITING. S

Government could reconsider the matter. One of his first
steps was to transmit the following letter, outlining his
plans : —

Boston, Jan. 30, 1863.
Francis G. Shaw, Esq., Stateu Island, N. Y.

Dear Sir, — As you inay have seen by the newspapers, I
am about to raise a colored regiment in Massachusetts. This I
cannot but regard as perhaps the most important corps to be
organized during the whole war, in view of what must be the
composition of our new levies ; and therefore I am very anxious
to organize it judiciously, in order that it may be a model for all
future colored regiments. I am desirous to have for its oflicers
— particularly for its field-officers — young men of military ex-
perience, of firm antislavery principles, ambitious, superior to
a vulgar contempt for color, and having faith in the capacity
of colored men for military service. Such officers must neces-
sarily be gentlemen of the highest tone and honor ; and I shall
look for them in those circles of educated antislavery society
which, next to the colored race itself, have the greatest interest
in this experiment.

Reviewing the young men of the character I have described,
now in the Massachusetts service, it occurs to me to offer the
colonelcy to your son. Captain Shaw, of the Second Massachu-
setts Infantry, and the lieutenant-colonelcy to Captain Hal-
lowell of the Twentieth Massachusetts Infantry, the son of
Mr. MoiTis L. Hallowell of Philadelphia. With my deep con-
viction of the importance of this undertaking, iu view of the
fact that it will be the first colored regiment to be raised in the
free States, and that its success or its failure will go far to
elevate or depress the estimation in which the character of the
colored Americans will be held throughout the world, the com-
mand of such a regiment seems to me to be a high object of
ambition for any officer. How much your son may have re-
flected upon such a subject I do not know, nor have I any
information of his disposition for such a task except what I

4 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

have derived from his general character and reputation ; nor
should I wish him to undertake it unless he could enter upon it
with a full sense of its importance, with an earnest determi-
nation for its success, and with the assent and sympathy and
support of the opinions of his immediate family.

I therefore enclose you the letter in which I make him the
offer of this commission ; and I will be obliged to you if you
will forward it to him, accompanying it with any expression to
him of your own views, and if you will also write to me upon
the subject. My mind is drawn towards Captain Shaw by
many considerations. I am sure he would attract the suppoi-t,
sympathy, and active co-operation of many among his imme-
diate family relatives. The more ardent, faithful, and true
Republicans and friends of liberty would recognize in him a
scion from a tree whose fruit and leaves have always con-
tributed to the strength and healing of our generation. So it
is with Captain Hallowell. His father is a Quaker gentleman
of Philadelphia, two of whose sons are officers in our army,
and another is a merchant in Boston. Their house in Phila-
delphia is a hospital and home for Massachusetts officers ; and
the family are full of good works ; and he was the adviser arid
confidant of our soldiery when sick or on duty in that city. I
need not add that young Captain Hallowell is a gallant and
fine fellow, true as steel to the cause of humanity, as well as
to the flag of the country.

I wish to engage the field-officers, and then get their aid in
selecting those of the line. I have offers from Oliver T. Beard
of Brooklyn, N. Y., late Lieutenant-Colonel of the Forty-
eighth New York Volunteers, who says he can already furnish
six hundred men ; and from others wishing to furnish men
from New York and from Connecticut ; but I do not wish to
start the regiment under a stranger to Massachusetts. If in
any way, by suggestion or otherwise, you can aid the purpose
which is the burden of this letter, I shall receive your co-opera^
tion with the heartiest gratitude.

RECEUITING. 5

I do not wish the office to go begging ; and if the offer is
refused, 1 would prefer it being kept reasonably private.
Hoping to hear from you immediately on receiving this letter,
1 am, with high regard,

Your obedient servant and friend,

John A. Andrew.

Francis G. Shaw himself took the formal proffer to his
son, then in Virginia. After due deliberation, Captain
Shaw, on February 6, telegraphed his acceptance.

Robert Gould Shaw was the grandson of Robert G.
Shaw of Boston. His father, prominently identified with
the Abolitionists, died in 1882, mourned as one of the
best and noblest of men. His mother, Sarah Blake
Sturgis, imparted to her only son the rare and high traits
of mind and heart she possessed.

He was born Oct. 10, 1837, in Boston, was cai-efully
educated at home and abroad in his earlier years, and
admitted to Harvard College in August, 1856, but discon-
tinued his course there in his third year. After a short
business career, on April 19, 1861, he marched with his
regiment, the Seventh New York National Guard, to the
relief of Washington. He applied for and received a
commission as second lieutenant in the Second Massachu-
setts Infantry ; and after serving with his company and on
the staff of Gen. George H. Gordon, he was promoted to a
captaincy. Colonel Shaw was of medium height, with
light hair and fair complexion, of pleasing aspect and
composed in his manners. His bearing was graceful, as
became a soldier and gentleman. His family connections
were of the highest social standing, character, and influ-
ence. He married Miss Haggerty, of New York City, on
May 2, 1863.

6 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

Captain Shaw arrived in Boston on February 15, and at
once assumed the duties of his position. Captain Hallo-
well was already there, daily engaged in the executive
business of the new organization ; and about the middle of
February, his brother, Edward N. Hallowell, who had
served as a lieutenant in the Twentieth Massachusetts
Infantry, also reported for duty, and was made major of
the Fifty-fourth before its departure for the field.

Line-officers were commissioned from persons nominated
by commanders of regiments in the field, by tried friends
of the movement, the field-officers, and those Governor
Andrew personally desired to appoint. This freedom of
selection, — unhampered by claims arising from recruits
furnished or preferences of the enlisted men, so powerful in
officering white regiments, — secured for this organization
a corps of officers who brought exceptional character, ex-
perience, and ardor to their allotted work. Of the twenty-
nine who took the field, fourteen were veteran soldiers
from three-years regiments, nine from nine-months regi-
ments, and one from the militia ; six had previously been
conamissioned. They included representatives of well-
known families; several were Harvard men; and some,
descendants of officers of the Revolution and the War of
1812. Their average age was about twenty-three years.

At the time a strong prejudice existed against arming
the blacks and those who dared to command them. Tlie
sentiment of the country and of the army was opposed to
the measure. It was asserted that they would not fight,
that their employment would prolong the war, and that
white troops would refuse to serve with them. Besides
the moral courage required to accept commissions in the
Fifty-fourth at the time it was organizing, physical cour-

RECRUITING. 7

age -was also necessary, for the Confederate Congress, on
May 1, 18G3, passed an act, a portion of which read as
follows : —

" Section IV. That every white person being a commissioned
oflScer, or acting as such, who, duiing tlie present war, shall
command negroes or mulattoes in arms against the Confederate
States, or who shall arm, train, organize, or prepare negroes
or mulattoes for mUitai-y service agamst the Confederate States,
or who shall voluntarily aid negroes or mulattoes in any mili-
tary enterprise, attack, or conflict in such service, shall be
deemed as inciting servile insurrection, and shall, if captured,
be put to death or be otherwise punished at the discretion of
the Coui-t."

The motives which influenced many of those appointed
are forcibly set forth in the following extracts from a
letter of "William H. Simpkins, then of the Fortyrfourth
Massachusetts Infantry, who was killed in action when a
captain in the Fifty-fourth : —

" I have to teU you of a pretty important step that I have
just taken. I have given my name to be forwarded to Massa-
chusetts for a commission in the Fifty-fourth Negro Kegiment,
Colonel Shaw. This is no hasty conclusion, no blind leap of
an enthusiast, but the result of much hard thinking. It will
not be at first, and probably not for a long time, an agreeable
position, for many reasons too evident to state. . . , Then this
is nothing but an expei-iment after all ; but it is an experiment
that I think it high time we should try, — an experiment which,
the sooner we prove fortunate the sooner we can count upon
an immense number of hardy troops that can stand the effect
of a Southern climate without injury ; an experiment which the
sooner we prove unsuccessful, the sooner we shall establish an
important tnith and rid ourselves of a false hope."

8 FIFTY-FOORTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

Prom first to last the original officers exercised a con-
trolling influence in the regiment. To them — field, staff,
and line — was largely due whatever fame was gained by
the Fifty-fourth as the result of efficient leadership in
camp or on the battlefield.

In his "Memoirs of Governor Andrew" the Hon. Peleg
W. Chandler writes : —

" When the first colored regiment was formed, he [Governor
Andrew] remarked to a friend that in regard to other regi-
ments, he accepted men as oflflcers who were sometimes rough
and uncultivated, 'but these men,' he said, 'shall be com-
manded by officers who are eminently gentlemen.' "

So much for the selection of officers. When it came to
filling the ranks, strenuous efforts were required outside
the State, as the colored population could not furnish the
number required even for one regiment.

Pending the effort in the wider field available under
the plan proposed, steps were taken to begin recruiting
within the State. John W. M. Appleton, of Boston, a
gentleman of great energy and sanguine temperament, was
the first person selected for a commission in the Fifty-
fourth, which bore date of February 7. He reported to
the Governor, and rsceived orders to begin recruiting.
An office Was taken in Cambridge Street, corner of North
Eussell, upstairs, in a building now torn down. On
February 16, the following call was published in the
columns of the " Boston Journal " : —

To CoLOKED Men.

Wanted. Good men for the Fifty-fourth Regiment of Mas-
sachusetts Volunteers of African descent. Col. Robert G. Shaw.

Colored Officers.

Chaplain Samuel Harrison.
Lieut. Stephen A. Swails.

Lieut. Frank M. Welch.
Lieut. Peter Vogelsang.

KECRUITING. 9

$100 bounty at expiration of term of service. Pay $13 per
mouth, and State aid for families. All necessary information
can be obtained at the office, corner Cambridge and North
Russell Streets.

Lieut. J. W. M. Appleton,

Recruiting Officer.

In five days twenty-five men were secured ; and Lieu-
tenant Appleton's work was vigorously prosecuted, with
measurable success. It was not always an agreeable
task, for the rougher element was troublesome and insult-
ing. About fifty or sixty men were recruited at this office,
which was closed about the last of March. Lieutenant
Appleton then reported to the camp established and took
command of Company A, made up of his recruits and
others afterward obtained.

Early in February quite a immber of colored men were
recruited in Philadelphia, by Lieut. E. N. Hallowell,
James M. Walton, who was subsequently commissioned
in the Fifty-fourth, and Robert R. Corson, the Massa-
chusetts State Agent. Recruiting there was attended with
much annoyance. The gathering-place had to be kept
secret, and the men sent to Massachusetts in small parties
to avoid molestation or excitement. Mr. Corson was
obliged to purchase railroad tickets himself, and get the
recruits one at a time on the cars or under cover of dark-
ness. The men sent and brought from Philadelphia went
to form the major part of Company B.

New Bedford was also chosen as a fertile field. James
W. Grace, a young business man of that place, was se-
lected as recruiting officer, and commissioned February 10.
He opened headquarters on Williams Street, near the post-
office, and put out the United States flag across the street.

10 FIFTY-FOUETH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

Colored ministers of the city were informed of his plans ;
and Lieutenant Grace visited their churches to interest the
people in his work. He arranged for William Lloyd Garri-
•son, Wendell Phillips, Frederick Douglass, and other noted
men to address meetings. Cornelius Rowland, C. B. H.
Fessenden, and James B. Congdon materially assisted and
were good friends of the movement. While recruiting,
Lieutenant Grace was often insulted by such remarks as,
"There goes the captain of the Negro Company! He
thinks the negroes will fight ! They will turn and run at
the first sight of the enemy ! " His little son was scoffed
at in school because his father was raising a negro com-
pany to fight the white men. Previous to departure, the
New Bedford recruits; and their friends gathered for a
farewell meeting. William Berry presided; prayer was
offered by Rev. Mr. Grimes ; and remarks were made by
Lieutenant-Colonel Hallowell, Lieutenant Grace, C. B. H.
Fessenden, Ezra Wilson, Rev. Mr. Kelly, Wesley Furlong,
and Dr. Bayne. A collation at A. Taylor and Company's
followed. Temporarily the recruits took the nabae of
"Morgan Guards," in recognition of kindnesses from S.
Griffiths Morgan. At camp the New Bedford men, — some
seventy-five in number, — with others from that place
and elsewhere, became Company C, the representative
Massachusetts company.

Only one other commissioned officer is known to the
writer as having ' performed effective recruiting service.
This is Watson W. Bridge, who had been first sergeant,
Company D, Thirty-seventh Massachusetts Infantry. His
headquarters were at Springfield, and he worked in Wes-
tern Massachusettts and Connecticut. When ordered to
camp, about April 1, he had recruited some seventy men.

KECRUITING. 11

Much the larger number of recruits were obtained
tlirough the organization and by the means which will
now be described. About February 15, Governor Andrew
appointed a committee to superintend the raising of re-
cruits for the colored regiment, consisting of George L.
Stearns, Amos A. Lawrence, John M. Forbes, William I.
Bowditch, Le Baron Russell, and Richard P. Hallo well, of
Boston; Mayor Howland and James B. Congdon, of New
Bedford; Willard P. Phillips, of Salem; and Francis G.
Shaw, of New York. Subsequently the membership was
increased to one hundred, and it became known as the
" Black Committee. " It was mainly instrumental in pro-
curing the men of the Fifty-fourth and Fifty-fifth Massa-
chusetts Infantry, the Fifth Massachusetts Cavalry, besides
3,967 other colored men credited to the State. All the
gentlemen named were persons of prominence. Most of
them had been for years in the van of those advanced
thinkers and workers who had striven to help and free
the slave wherever found.

The first work of this committee was to collect money ;
and in a very short time five thousaijd dollars was received,
Gerrit Smith, of New York, sending his check for five
hundred dollars. Altogether nearly one hundred thousand
dollars was collected, which passed through the hands of
Richard P. Hallowell, the treasurer, who was a brother of
the Hallowells commissioned in the Fifty-fourth, A call
for recruits was published in a hundred journals from
east to west. Friends whose ' views were known were
communicated with, and their aid solicited; but the
response was not for a time encouraging.

With the need came the man. Excepting Governor
Andrew, the highest praise for recruiting the Fifty -fourth

12 I-IFTY-FOUETH MASSACHTJSSTTS INFANTRY.

belongs to George L. Stearns, who had been closely iden-
tified with the struggle in Kansas and John Brown's
projects. He was appointed agent for the committee, and
about February 23 went west on his mission. Mr. Steams
stopped at Rochester, N. Y., to ask the aid of Fred Doug-
lass, receiving hearty co-operation, and enrolling a son of
Douglass as his first recruit. His headquarters were made
at Buffalo, and a line of recruiting posts from Boston to
St. Louis established.

Soon such success was met with in the work that after
filling the Fifty-fourth the number of recruits was suffi-
cient to warrant forming a sister regiment. Many news-
papers gave publicity to the efforts of Governor Andrew
and the committee. Among the persons who aided the
project by speeches or as agents were George E. Stephens,
Daniel Calley, A. M. Green, Charles L. Remond, William
Wells Brown, Martin R. Delany, Stephen Myers, 0. S. B.
Wall, Rev. William Jackson, John S. Rock, Rev. J. B.
Smith, Rev. H. Garnett, George T. Downing, and Rev. J.
W. Loqueer.

Recruiting stations ^ere established, and meetings held
at Nantucket, Fall River, Newport, Providence, Pittsfield,
New York City, Philadelphia, Elmira, and other places
throughout the country. In response the most respectable,
intelligent, and courageous of the colored population everj--
where gave up their avocations, headed the enlistment
rolls, and persuaded others to join them.

Most memorable of all the meetings held in aid of
recruiting the Fifty-fourth was that at the Joy Street
Church, Boston, on the evening of February 16, which was
enthusiastic and largely attended. Robert • Johnson, Jr.,
presided ; J. R. Sterling was the Vice-President, and Fraii-

RECRUITING. 13

cis Fletcher Secretary. In opening, Mr. Johnson stated
the object of the gathering. He thought that another
year would show the importance of having the black man
in arms, and pleaded with his hearers, by the love they
bore their country, not to deter by word or deed any
person from entering the service. Judge Russell said in
his remarks, "You want to be line-officers yourselves."
He thought they had a right to be, and said, —

" If you want commissions, go, earn, and get them. [Cheers.]
Never let it be said that when the country called, this reason
kept back a single man, but go cheerfully."

Edward L. Pierce was the next speaker; and he re-
minded them of the many equalities they had in common
with the whites. He called on them to stand by those
who for half a century had maintained that they would
prove brave and noble and patriotic when the opportunity
came. Amid great applause Wendell Phillips was intro-
duced. The last time he had met such an audience was
when he was driven from Tremont Temple by a mob.
Since then the feeling toward them had much changed.
Some of the men who had pursued and hunted him and
them even to that very spot had given up their lives on
the battlefields of Virginia. He said • —

" Now they offer you a musket and say, ' Come and help
us.' Thequestion is, wUl you of Massachusetts take hold? I
hear there is some reluctance because you are not to have offi-
cers of your own color. This may be wrong, for I think you
have as much right to the first commission in a brigade as a
white man. No regiment should be without a mixture of the
races. But if you cannot have a whole loaf, will you not take
a slice?"

14 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

He recited reasons why it would be better to have white
officers, stating among other things that they would be
more likely to have justice done them and the prejudice
more surely overcome than if commanded by men of their
own race. He continued : —

" Your success hangs on the general success. If the Union
lives, it will live with equal races. If divided, and you have
done your duty, then you will stand upon the same platform
with the white race. [Cheers.] Then make use of the offers
Government has made you ; for if you are not willing to
fight your way up to office, you are not worthy of it. Put
yourselves under the stars and stripes, and fight yourselves
to the marquee of a general, and you shall come out with a
sword. [Cheers.] "

Addresses were then made by Lieutenant-Colonel Hal-
lowell, Robert C. Morris, and others. It was a great
meeting for the colored people, and did much to aid
recruiting.

Stirring appeals and addresses were written by J. M.
Langston, Elizur Wright, and others. One published by
Frederick Douglass in his own paper, at Rochester, N. Y.,
was the most eloquent and inspiring. The following is
extracted : —

"We can get at the throat of treason and slavery through
the State of Massachusetts. She was first in the War of Inde-
pendence ; first to break the chains of her slaves ; first to make
the black man equal before the law ; first to admit colored chil-
dren to her common schools. She was first to answer with her
blood the alarm-cry of the nation when its capital was menaced
by the Rebels. You know her patriotic Governor, and yon know
Charles Sumner. I need add no more. Massachusetts now
welcomes you as her soldiers." . . .

RECRUITING. 15

In consequence of tbe cold weather there was some
suffering in the regimental camp. When this became
known, a meeting was held at a private residence on
March 10, and a committee of six ladies and four gentle-
men was appointed to procure comforts, necessities, and
a flag. Colonel Shaw was present, and gave an account of
progress. To provide a fund, a levee was held at Chicker-
ing Hall on the evening of March 20, when speeches were
made by Ralph Waldo Emerson, Wendell Phillips, Rev.
Dr. Neale, Rev. Father Taylor, Judge Russell, and Lieu-
tenant-Colonel Hallowell. Later, through the efforts of
Colonel Shaw and Lieutenant-Colonel Hallowell, a special
fund of five hundred dollars was contributed to purchase
musical instruments and to instruct and equip a band.

Besides subscriptions, certain sums of money were re-
ceived from towns and cities of the State, for volunteers
in the Fifty-fourth credited to their quota. The members
of the committee contributed liberally to the funds re-
quired, and the following is a partial list of those who
aided the organization in various ways: —

George Putnam, George Higginson,

C. G. Loring, Thomas Russell,

J. H. Walcott, E. P. PhUbriok,

S. G. Ward, Oliver Ellsworth,

J. M. Barnard, R. W. Hooker,

William F. Weld, J. H. Stephenson,

J. Wiley Edmands, John H. Silsbee,

William Endicott, Jr., Manuel FenoUosa,

Francis L. Lee, G. Mitchell,

Oakes Ames, J. W. Brooks,

James L. Little, S. Cabot, Jr.,

Marshall S. Scudder, John LoweH,

16

FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

James T. Field,

Henry Lee, Jr.,

George S. Hale,

William Dwight,

R. P. Waters,

Avery Plummer, Jr.,

Alexander H. Rice,

John J. May,

John Gardner,

Mrs. Chas. W. Sumner,

Albert G. Browne,

Ralph Waldo Emerson,

W. B. Rogers,

Charles Buffum,

John vS. Emery,

Gerrit Smith,

Albert G. Browne, Jr.,

Mrs. Urbino,

E. W. Kinsley,

W. & J. Ritchie,

Pond & Duncklee,

John H. and Mary E, Cabot,

Mary P. Payson,

Manuel Emilio,

Miss Halliburton,
Frederick Tudor,
Samuel Johnson,
Mary E. Stearns,
Mrs. William J. Loring,
Mrs. Governor Andrew,
Mrs. R. C. Water ston,
Wright & Potter,
J. B. Dow,
William Cumston,
J. A. Higginson,
Peter Smith,
Theodore Otis,
A. Plummer,
James Savage,
Samuel May,
Mrs. May,
Josiah Quincy,
William Claflin,
Mrs. Harrison Gray Otis,
George Bemis,
Edward Atkinson,
Professor Agassiz,
J. G. Palfrey,

H. N. Holland,
besides several societies and fraternities.

Most of the papers connected with the labors of the
committee were destroyed in the great Boston fire, so
that it is difficult now to set forth properly in greater
detail the work accomplished.

In the proclamation of outlawry issued by Jefferson
Davis, Dec. 23, 1862, against Major-General Butler, was
the following clause : —

Col. Edward N. Hallowell.
brevet brig. gen. u.s.v.

RECEDITING. 17

" Third. That all negro slaves captured in arms be at once
delivered over to the executive authorities of the respective
States to which they belong, to be dealt with according to the
laws of said States."

The act passed by the Confederate Congress previously
referred to, contained a section which extended the same
penalty to negroes or mulattoes captured, or who gave aid
or comfort to the enemies of the Confederacy. Those
who enlisted in the Fifty-fourth did so under these acts
of outlawry bearing the penalties provided. Aware of
these facts, confident in the protection the Government
would and should afford, but desirous of having ofiicial
assurances, George T. Downing wrote regarding the
status of the Fifty-fourth men, and received the follow-
ing reply: —

COMHONWEALTH OF MASSACHtTSETTS, EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT,

Boston, March 23, 1863.
George T. Downing, Esq., New York.

Deab Snt, — In reply to your inquiries made as to the posi-
tion of colored men who may be enlisted into the volunteer
service of the United States, I would say that their position in
respect to pay, equipments, bounty, or any aid or protection
when so mustered is that of any and all other volunteers.

I desire further to state to you that when I was in Washing-
ton on one occasion, in an interview with Mr. Stanton, the
Secretary of War, he stated in the most emphatic manner that
he would never consent that free colored men should be ac-
cepted mto the service to serve as soldiers in the South, until
he should be assured that the Government of the United States
was prepared to guarantee and defend to the last dollar and the
last man, to these men, all the rights, privileges, and immu-
nities that are given by the laws of civilized warfare to other
soldiers. Their present acceptance and muster-in as soldiers

2

18 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

pledges the honor of the nation in the same degree and to the
same rights with all. They will be soldiers of the Union,
nothing less and nothing different. I believe they will earn
for themselves an honorable fame, vindicating their race and
redressing their future from the aspersions of the past.
I am, yours truly,

John A. Andrew.

Having recited the measures and means whereby the
Fifty-fourth was organized, the history proper of the
regiment will now be entered upon.

CHAPTER 11.

READVILLE CAMP.

T lEUTENANT E. N. HALLOWELL, on Feb. 21,
-*— ' 1863, was ordered to Readville, Mass., where, at
Camp Meigs, by direction of Brig. -Gen. R. A. Peirce,
commandant of camps, he took possession with twenty-
seven men of the buildings assigned to the new regi-
ment. Readville is on the Boston and Providence Rail-
road, a few miles from Boston. The ground was flat, and
well adapted for drilling, but in wet weather was muddy,
and in the winter season bleak and cheerless. The
barracks were great barn-like structures of wood with
sleeping-bunks on either side. The field, staff, and com-
pany ofi&cers were quartered in smaller buildings. In
other barracks near by was the larger part of the Second
Massachusetts Cavalry, under Col. Charles R. Lowell, Jr. ,
a brother-in-law of Colonel Shaw.

During the first week seventy -two recruits were received
in camp, and others soon began to arrive with a steady
and increasing flow ; singly, in squads, and even in detach-
ments from the several agencies established throughout
the country.

Surgeon- General Dale, of Massachusetts, reported on the
Fifty-fourth recruits as follows : —

" The first recruits were sent to Camp Meigs, Readville, in
February, 1863 ; their medical examinatioa was most rigid and
thorough, nearly one third of the number offering being peremp-

20 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

torily rejected. As a consequence, a more robust, strong, and
healthy set of men were never mustered into the service of the
United States."

Companies A and B were filled by March 15 ; Company
D was then formed ; Company C came to camp from New
Bedford on March 10. These four companies were mus-
tered into the United States service on March 30. Lieu-
tenant Partridge on March 28 was assigned to begin
Company E; Lieutenant Bridge, reporting from recruit-
ing service, was placed in command of Company P, just
forming; Lieutenant Smith, on April 10, was chosen to
organize Company G. As recruits came in during April
at the rate of one hundred per week, these three compa-
nies were ready for muster on April 23. Companies H, I,
and K were mustered May 13, completing the regiment.

With some twenty-one officers and four hundred men
in camp, on April 1, the regiment was fairly under way.
The material of which it was to be composed could fairly
be judged from what was at hand. There were ample
grounds for encouragement even to the most sceptical.
It is pleasant to record that the soldier appointed to the
command was early assured of the fact that he had not
dared to lead in a hopeless task, for on March 25, Colonel
Shaw wrote : —

" If the success of the Fifty-fourth gives you so much
pleasure, I shall have no diflBculty in giving you good words of
it whenever I write. Everything goes on prosperously. The
intelligence of the men is a great surprise to me. They learn
all the details of guard duty and camp service infinitely more
readily than most of the Irish I have had under my command.
There is not the least doubt that we shall leave the State with
as good a regiment as any that has marched."

REAUVILLE CAMP. 21

A considerable number of the men had prepared them-
selves in some measure for bearing arms, others had been
officers' servants or camp followers; and as has been
noted in all times and in all races of men, some were
natural soldiers. Passive obedience — a race trait —
characterized them. During their whole service their
esprit du corps was admirable.

Only a small proportion had been slaves. There were
a large number of comparatively light-complexioned men.
In stature they reached the average of white volunteers.
Compared with the material of contraband regiments, they
were lighter, taller, of more regular features. There were
men enough found amply qualified to more than supply all
requirements for warrant officers and clerks. As a rule,
those first selected held their positions throughout service.
The co-operation of the non-commissioned officers helped
greatly to secure the good reputation enjoyed by the Fifty-
fourth ; and their blood was freely shed, in undue propor-
tion, on every battlefield. Surgeon-General Dale, in the
report previously quoted from, speaks further of the Fifty-
fourth as follows: —

" From the outset, the regiment showed great interest in
drilling, and on guard duty it was always vigilant and active.
The barracks, cook-houses, and kitchens far surpassed in
cleanliness any I have ever witnessed, and were models of
neatness and good order. The cooks, however, had many of
them been in similar employment in other places, and had
therefore brought some skill to the present responsibility.

" In camp, these soldiers presented a buoyant cheerfulness
and hilarity, which impressed me with the idea that the mo-
notony of their ordinary duties would not dampen their feeling
of contentment, if they were well caved for. On parade, their

22 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

appearance was marked with great neatness of personal ap-
pearance as concerned dress and the good condition in which
their arms and accoutrements were kept. Their habits being
imitative, it was natural that they should be punctilious in
matters of military etiquette, and such observances as the well-
disciplined soldier, in his subordinate position, pays to his
superior. And fortunately for them, they had the teachings
of those who were not only thoroughly imbued with the im-
portance of their trusts, but were gentlemen as well as
soldiers.

" It was remarked that there was less drankenness in this
regiment than in any that had ever left Massachusetts ; hut this
may have been owing to the fact that the bounty was not paid
them until a day or two previous to their departure. Never-
theless, it is my dispassionate and honest conviction that no
regiments were ever more amenable to good discipline, or were
more decorous and proper in their behavior than the Fiftj'-
fourth and Fifty-fifth Massachusetts Colored Volunteers."

Owing to heavy and frequent rains in March and the
early days of April, the mud was often very deep between
the barracks and officers' quarters, requiring much labor
to clean paths. During cold weather the quarters were
kept warm by wood fires. In stormy weather squad and
company drills went on in vacant barracks. Later in the
season the companies under commissioned officers were
taken several times each week to bathe in a pond near by
to insure personal' cleanliness.

Fast Day, April 2, was largely given up to rest and
recreation, with religious services in the afternoon. The
first dress parade took place the next day, when four com-
panies were in line. Every day, hut especially on Sun-
days, large numbers of visitors were present. Many ladies
graced the camp with their presence. People came from

READVILLE CAMP. 23

distant places to witness the novel sight of colored sol-
diers in quarters and on the drill ground. For the pur-
pose of securing familiarity with drill and tactics, and to
obtain uniformity in the unwritten customs of the service,
an officers' school was begun April 20, at headquarters,
and held frequent sessions thereafter, until the regiment
departed for field service. There were a few deaths
and a moderate amount of siciiness while at Readville,
mainly from pneumonia and bronchitis, as the men were
first exposed in the trying months of February and
March.

Now and then the monotony of camp life was broken by
some noteworthy event. On April 21, a visit was received
from the "Ladies' Committee." Mrs. Governor An-
drew, Mrs. W. B. Rogers, Mrs. B. D. Cheney, Mrs. C.
M. Severance, Miss Abby May, Judge Russell, Rev. Mr.
Grimes, Charles W. Slack, and J. H. Stephenson were
of the party. Another event was the review by Governor
Andrew and Secretary Chase in the afternoon of April 30,
the President's Fast Day. The line was formed with
eight hundred and fifty men ; and the distinguished visi-
ters were received with due honors. Dr. Howe, Robert
Dale Owen, Mr. Garrison, and other gentlemen were also
present.

On April 30, the regiment drew nine hundred and
fifty Enfield rifled muskets and a suitable number of non-
commissioned officers' swords. Lieutenant Jewett, ap-
pointed ordnance officer, issued the arms on the following
day. May 2, the regiment was drilled for the first time
in the School of the Battalion. General Peirce, accom-
panied by Surgeon-General Dale and the. Governor's
Council, reviewed the Fifty-fourth on May 4. Brig. -Gen.

24 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

Edward A. Wild, who was authorized to recruit a brigade
of colored troops, visited the camp informally on the
11th. That portion of the Second Massachusetts Cavalry
at Readville left for the field on May 12. At noon the
Fifty-fourth formed in great haste to escort the cavalry,
and marched to their camp, only to learn that the Second
had already departed.

By May 11, more recruits had arrived than were re-
quired, and the Fifty-fifth Massachusetts was begun
with the surplus on the succeeding day. They occupied
the old cavalry camp. Of the following officers trans-
ferred to it from the Fifty-fourth, N. P. Hallowell be-
came colonel; Alfred S. Hartwell, colonel and brevet
brigadier-general; William Nutt, colonel; and Joseph
Tilden, captain, during service with the Fifty-fifth, Sev-
eral non-commissioned officers and privates were also
transferred to the new regiment to assist in its organiza-
tion. Details for guard duty at the new camp were for a
time furnished from the Fifty-fourth. Rolls were made
out on May 14 for the bounty of fifty dollars for each
enlisted man, voted by the State.

Friends had procured flags, and it was determined to
make the occasion of their presentation, on May 18, a
memorable one. The day was fine and cloudless. Very
early, friends of the command began to arrive in private
carriages, and by the extra trains run to Readville.
Many prominent persons were present, including Surgeon-
General Dale,- Hon. Thomas Russell, Professor Agassiz,
Prof. William B. Rogers, Hon. Josiah Quincy, George
S. Hale, William Lloyd Garrison, Wendell Phillips,
Samuel May, Rev. Dr. Neale, Frederick Douglass, and
many others. The parade was thronged with white and

EEADVILLE CAMP. 25

colored people of both sexes, to the number of over a
thousand.

Line was formed at eleven o'clock, and the regiment
was broken into square by Colonel Shaw. Governor
Andrew, with his military staff in full uniform, took
position inside the square. Brilliant in color and of the
finest texture, fluttering in the fresh breeze blowing, the
flags destined for the regiment were ready for presenta-
tion. They were four in number, — a national flag, a
State color, an emblematic banner of white silk with the
figure of the Goddess of Liberty, and the motto, " Liberty,
Loyalty, and Unity," and another with a cross upon a
blue field, and the motto, In Soc Signo Vinces.

By invitation, the Rev. Mr. Grimes offered an appropri-
ate prayer. Governor Andrew then stepped forward ; and
the flow of eloquent words delivered with the earnestness
which characterized him, heightened by the occasion, will
never be forgotten by those that heard his voice. Stand-
ing in plain attire, and facing Colonel Shaw, he spoke as
follows : —

Colonel Shaw : As the oflicial representative of the Com-
monwealth, and by favor of various ladies and gentlemen, citi-
zens of the Commonwealth, and friends of the Fifty-fourtli
Eegiment of Massachusetts Volunteers, I have the honor and
the satisfaction of being permitted to join you this morning for
the purpose of presenting to your regiment the national flag,
the State colors of Massachusetts, and the emblematic banners
which the cordial, generous, and patriotic friendship of its
patrons has seen fit to present to you. Two years of expe-
rience in all the trials and vicissitudes of war, attended with
the repeated exhibition of Massachusetts regiments marching
from home to the scenes of strife, have left little to be said or
sucfgested which could give the interest of novelty to an occa-

26 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

sion like this. But, Mr. Commander, one circumstance per-
taining to the composition of the Fifty-fourth Regiment,
exceptional in its character, when compared with anything we
have seen before, gives to this liour an interest and importance,
solemn and yet grand, because the occasion marks an era in
the history of the war, of the Commonwealth, of the country,
and of humanity. I need not dwell upon the fact that the
enlisted men constituting the rank and file of the Fifty-fourth
Massachusetts Regiment are drawn from a race not hitherto
connected with the fortunes of the war ; and yet I cannot forbear
to allude to the circumstance for a brief moment, since it is
uppermost in your thoughts, and since this regiment, which for
many months has been the desire of my own heart, is present
now before this vast assembly of friendly citizens of Massa-
chusetts, prepared to vindicate by its. future, — as it has already
begun to do by its brief history of camp life here, — to vin-
dicate in its own person, and in the presence, I trust, of all who
belong to it, the character, the manly character, the zeal, the
manly zeal, of the colored citizens of Massachusetts, and of
those other States which have cast their lot with ours.

I owe to you, Mr. Commander, and to the officers who, asso-
ciated with you, have assisted in the formation of this noble
corps, composed of men selected from among their fellows for
fine qualities of manhood, — I owe to you, sir, and to those of
your associates who united with me in the original organization
of this body, the heartiest and most emphatic expression of
my cordial thanks. I shall follow you, Mr. Commander, your
officers, and your men, with a friendly and personal solicitude,
to say nothing of official care, which can hardly be said of any
other corps which has marched from Massachusetts. My own
personal honor, if I have any, is identified with yours. I stand
or fall, as a man and a magistrate, with the rise or fall in the
history of the Fifty-fourth Massachusetts Regiment. I pledge
not only in behalf of myself, but of all those whom I have the
honor to represent to-day, the utmost generosity, the utmost

EEADVILLE CAMP. 27

kindness, the utmost devotion of hearty love, not oinly for the
cause, but for you that represent it. We will follow youi- for-
tunes in the camp and in the field with the anxious eyes of
brethren, and the proud hearts of citizens.

To those men of Massachusetts and of surrounding States
who have now made themselves citizens of Massachusetts, I
have no word to utter fit to express the emotions of my heart.
These men, sir, have now, in the Providence of God, given to
them an opportunity which, while it is personal to themselves,
is still an opportunity for a whole race of men. "With aims
possessed of might to strike a blow, they have found breathed
into their hearts an inspiration of devoted patriotism and regard
for their brethren of their own color, which has inspired them
with a purpose to nerve that arm, that it may strike a blow
which, while it shall help to raise aloft their country's flag —
their country's flag, now, as well as ours — by striking down
the foes which oppose it, strikes also the last shackle whicU
binds the limbs of the bondmen in the Rebel States.

I know not, Mr. Commander, where, in all human history,
to any given thousand men in arms there has been committed
a work at once so proud, so precious, so full of hope and glory
as the work committed to you. And may the infinite mercy of
Almighty God attend you every hour of every day through all
the experiences and vicissitudes of that dangerous life in which
you have embarked ; may the God of our fathers cover your
heads in the day of battle ; may He shield you with the arms of
everlasting power ; may He hold you always — most of all, first
of all, and last of all — up to the highest and holiest concep-
tion of duty, so that if, on the field of stricken fight, your souls
shall be delivered from the thraldom of the flesh, your spirits
shall go home to God, bearing aloft the exulting thought of
duty well performed, of glory and reward won, even at the
hands of the angels who shall watch, over you from above !

Mr. Commander, you, sir, and most of your ofHcers, have
been carefully selected from among the most intelligent and

28 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY,

experienced ofHcers who have already performed illustrious ser-
vice upon the field during the two years of our national conflict.
1 need not say, sir, with how much confidence and with how
much pride we contemplate the leadership which this regiment
will receive at your hands. In yourself, sir, your staff and
line officers, we are enabled to declare a confidence which knows
no hesitation and no doubt. Whatever fortune may betide you,
we know from the past that all will be done for the honor of
the cause, for the protection of the flag, for the defence of the
right, for the glory of your country, and for the safety and the
honor of these men whom we commit to you, that shall he
either in the human heart, or brain, or arm.

And now, Mr. Commander, it is my most agreeable duty and
high honor to hand to you, as the representative of the Fifty-
fourth Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteers, the American
flag, "the star-spangled banner" of the Republic. Wherever
its folds shall be unfurled, it will mark the path of glory. Let
its stars be the inspiration of yourself, your officers, and your
men. As the gift of the young ladies of the city of Boston to
their brethren in arms, they will cherish it as the lover cherishes
the recollection and fondness of his mistress ; and the white
stripes of its field will be red with their blood before it shall
be surrendered to the foe.

I have also the honor, Mr. Commander, to present to you
the State colors of Massachusetts, — the State colors of the
old Bay State, borne already by fifty-three regiments of Mas-
sachusetts soldiers, white men thus far, now to be borne by
the Fifty-fourth Regiment of soldiers, not less of Massachu-
setts than the others. Whatever may be said, -Mr. Comman-
der, of any other flag which has ever kissed the sunlight or
been borne on any field, I have the pride and honor to be
able to declare before you, your regiment, and these wit-
nesses, that from the beginning till now, the State colors of
Massachusetts have never been surrendered to any foe. The
Fifty-fourth now holds in possession this sacred charge, in

READVILLE CAMP. 29

the performance of their duties as citizen soldiers. You will
never part with that flag so long as a splinter of the staff or
a thread of its web remains within your grasp. The State
colors are presented to the Fifty-fourth by the Relief Society,
composed of colored ladies of Boston.

And now let me commit to you this splendid emblematic
banner. It is prepared for your acceptance by a large and
patriotic committee, representing many others besides them-
selves,— ladies and gentlemen of Boston, to whose hearty
sympathy and powerful co-operation and aid much of the
success wliich has hitherto attended the organization of this
regiment is due. The Goddess of Liberty erect in beautiful
guise and form ; Liberty, Loyalty, and Unity, — are the em-
blems it bears. The Goddess of Liberty shall be the lady-love,
whose fair presence shall inspire your hearts ; Liberty, Loy-
alty, Unity, the watchwords in the fight.

And now, Mr. Commander, the sacred, holy Cross, repre-
senting passion, the highest heroism, I scarcely dare trust
myself to present to you. It is the emblem of Christianity.
I have parted with the emblems of the State, of the nation, —
heroic^ patriotic emblems they are, dear, inexpressibly dear to
all our hearts ; but now In hoc signo vinces, — the Cross
which represents the passion of our Lord, I now dare to pass
into your soldier hands ; for we are fighting now a battle, not
merely for country, not merely for humanity, not only for
civilization, but for the religion of our Lord itself. When
this cause shall ultimately fail, if ever failure at the last
shall be possible, it will only fail when the last patriot, the
last philanthropist, and the last Christian shall have tasted
death, and left no descendants behind them upon the soil of
Massachusetts.

This flag, Mr. Commander, has connected with its history
the most touching and sacred memories. It comes to your
regiment from the mother, sister, friends, family relatives, of
one of the dearest and noblest boys of Massachusetts. I

30 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

need not utter the name of Lieutenant Putnatii in ordfe'r to
excite in every heart the tenderest emotions of fond regard, or
the strongest feeling of patriotic fire. May you, sir, and
these, follow not only on the field of battle, but in all the
walks and ways of life, in camp and hereafter, when, on return-
ing peace, you shall resume the more quiet and peaceful duties
of citizens, — may you but follow the splendid example, the sweet
devotion, mingled with manly, heroic character, of which the
life and death of Lieutenant Putnam was one example ! How
many more there are we know not, — the record is not yet com-
plete ; but oh, how many there are of these Massachusetts
sons, who, like him, have tasted death for this immortal cause !
Lispired by such examples, fired by the heat and light of love
and faith which illumined and warmed these heroic and noble
hearts, may you, sir, and these march on to glory, to victory,
and to every honor ! This flag I present to you, Mr. Commander,
and your regiment. In hoc signo vincei.

At tlie conclusion of the Governor's remarks, when
the applause had subsided, Colonel Shaw responded
as follows : —

YotjR Excellency : We accept these flags with feelings of
deep gratitude. They will remind us not only of the cause
we are fighting for, and of our country, but of the friends we
have left behind us, who have thus far taken so much interest
in this regiment, and whom we know will follow us in our
career. Though the greater number of men in this regiment
are not Massachusetts men, I know there is not one who will
not be proud to fight and serve under our flag. May we have
an opportunity to show that you have not made a mistake in
intrustmg the honor of the State to a colored regiment, — the
first State that has sent one to the war.

I am very glad to have this opportunity to thank the oflS-
cers and men of the regiment for their untiring fidelity and

READVILLE CAMP. 31

devotion to their work from the very beginning. They have
shown that sense of the importance of the undertaking without
which we should hardly have attained our end.

After the command was reviewed by the Governor, the
battalion was dismissed, and oiEcers and men devoted
themselves to the entertainment of their guests.

Gen. David Hunter, commanding the Department of the
South, desired the Fifty-fourth sent to South Carolina.
His wishes were gratified; for on May 18 the Secretary
of War telegraphed Governor Andrew to have the Fifty-
fourth report to General Hunter at once. With a field of
service under a commander who had shown such faith
in colored soldiers, the regiment prepared to depart upon
the arrival of a steamer ordered from New York.

May 28, at 6.30 a. m., the regiment formed line for the
last time at Eeadville, and marching to the railroad
station, embarked on cars, arriving at Boston about nine
o'clock. As the companies filed into the street from the
station, the command was received with cheers from a
large gathering. One hundred policemen, under the chief.
Colonel Kurtz, were present, to clear the streets. Un-
known to the general public, reserves of police were
held in readiness, under cover, to repress any riotous
proceedings.

Preceded by Gilmore's band, the line of march was
taken up through Pleasant, Boylston, Essex, Chauncy,
Summer, High, Federal, Franklin, Washington, School,
and Tremont streets, Pemberton Square, Somerset and
Beacon streets to the State House. All along the route
the sidewalks, windows, and balconies were thronged with
spectators, and the appearance of the regiment caused

32 PIFTY-rOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

repeated, cheers and waving of flags and handkerchiefs.
The national colors were displayed everywhere. Passing
the house of Wendell Phillips, on Essex Street, William
Lloyd Garrison was seen standing on the balcony, his
hand resting on the head of a bust of John Brown. Only
hearty greetings were encountered ; not ail insulting word
was heard, or an unkind remark made. At a point on
Essex Street, Colonel Shaw was presented with a bouquet
by a lady.,

. Halting at the State House, Governor Andrew, his
staff, and many distinguished gentlemen were received
with due honor, and thence escorted along Beacon Street
to the Common, which was entered by the Charles Street
gateway. This historic parade-ground was crowded with
spectators.

After a short rest. Governor Andrew, with Major-
Generals Sutton and Andrews, and their respective staffs.
Senator Wilson, the Executive Council, the Mayor of
Boston, officers of other regiments, and other distin-
guished persons, took position at the reviewing stand.
When all was ready, Coloiiel Shaw led his regiment in
column over the intervening ground, and past the review-
ing stand.

Again a rest; until, about noon, the regiment moved
from the Common by the West Street gate, marched
through Tremont, Court, State, and Commercial streets,
and arrived at Battery Wharf. Entering State Street, the
band played the stirring music of John Brown's hymn,
while passing over ground moistened by the blood of
Crispus Attucks, and over which Anthony Burns and
Thomas Sims had been carried back to bondage. It is
a curious fact that Sims himself witnessed the march of

Miles Moore, Mus., Co. H.

foiIN GOOSBERRY, MuS., Co. E.

William J. Netson, Principal Mus., Co. K.
Robert J. Jones, Pvt., Co. I. Henry Stewart, Sergt., Co. E.

READVILLE CAMP. 33

the Fifty-fourth. All along this street the reception
accorded was most hearty; and from the steps of the
Exchange, crowded with business men, the appearance of
the, regimental colors was the signal for repeated and
rousing cheers.

Of this march the papers of the day were full of items
and accounts. One journal said : —

" No regiment has collected so many thousands as the Fifty-
fourth. Vast crowds lined the streets where the regiment was
to pass, and the Common was crowded with an immense number
of people such as only the Fourth of July or some rare event
causes to assemble. . . . No white regiment from Massachu-
setts has surpassed the Fifty-fourth in excellence of drill, while
iu general discipline, dignity, and military bearing the regiment
is acknowledged by every candid mind to be all that can be
desired."

Upon arriving at Battery Wharf, the lines were main-
tained by the police. Many friends were allowed to re-
main with the officers for parting words until the vessel
sailed.

It was about one o'clock in the afternoon when the regi-
ment embarked on the steamer "De Molay," and four
o'clock before the lines were cast off and the vessel
slowly moved from the wharf, where friendly and loving
hands waved adieus, to which those on board responded.
A few friends, including Adjutant-General Schouler and
Frederick Douglass, remained until the steamer was well
away, when they too said their farewells, and returned
to the city on a tugboat.

Soon the city, the islands, and the shores faded from
view, as the " De Molay " steamed rapidly out of harbor.
The Fifty-fourth was en route for rebellious soil.

34 I'lFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

The following roster of officers of the Fifty-fourth com-
prises all those who departed for the field with the regi-
ment on May 28, and their respective rank and assignment
at the time . —

Colonel, — Robert G. Shaw.
Major, — Edward N. Hallowell.
Surgeon, — Lincoln E. Stone.
Assistant-Surgeon, — Charles B. Bridgham.
Adjutant, — Garth W. James.
Quartermaster, — John Ritchie.

Company A. Company F.

Capt., John W. M. Appleton. Capt, Watson W. Bridge.
\st Lieut., Wm. H. Homans. 2d Lieut., Alexander Johnston.

Company B. Company G.

Capi., Samuel Willard [Mann]. \st Lieut., Orin E. Smith.
Ist Lieut., James M. Walton. 2cJ Lieut., James A. Pratt.
2d Lieut., Thomas L. Appleton.

Company C. Company H.

Ist Lieut, James W. Grace. Oapt., Cabot J. Russel.
2d Lieut, Benjamin F. Dexter. 2d Lieut., Willard Howard.

Company D. Company I.

Capt, Edward L. Jones. Capt., George Pope.

1st Lieut, R. H. L. Jewett. \st Lieut., Francis L. Higginson.

2d Lieut., Charles E. Tucker.

Company E. Company K.

Capt, Luis F. Emilio. Capt, William H. Simpkins.

2d Lieut., David Reid. 2d Lieut, Henry W. Littlefield.

Lewis H. Douglass, a son of Frederick Douglass, was
the original sergeant-major. Arthur B. Lee, of Company
A, was made commissary-sergeant; and Theodore J.
Becker, hospital steward.

CHAPTER III.

THE SEA ISLANDS.

MANY of the Fifty-fourth, born in the interior, never
had seen the ocean ; others had not voyaged upon
it. Several of the officers, however, had been over the
course, or a portion of it, before. For all it was a season
of rest. The " De Molay " was a commodious, new, and
excellent transport. The staterooms were comfortable,
the cabin finely furnished, and the table well provided.
For the men bunks were arranged between decks for sleep-
ing, and large coppers for cooking purposes; plenty of
condensed but unpalatable water was furnished. May 29,
the sea was smooth all day, and the weather fine but not
clear. Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket were passed in
the morning. At night a fine moon rose. Foggy weather
prevailed on the 30th, with an increasing ground-swell,
causing some seasickness. The next day the steamer
struggled against a head wind. At midnight the craft
narrowly escaped grounding on Point Lookout shoals.
Some one had tampered with the sounding-line. June 1,
pleasant weather enabled the seasick to take some interest
in life. The air was soft and balmy, as we ran down the
North Carolina coast, which was dimly visible. A few
porpoises and a shark or two followed the ship. Distant
sails were sighted at times. When evening came, the sun
sank into the sea, red and fiery, gilding the horizon. A

36 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY,

stiff breeze blew from ahead, which freshened later. Fine
weather continued throughout daylight of June 2. With
the evening, however, it clouded up in the south, and a
squall came up, with lightning and some rain, driving all
below.

Morning dawned the next day, with the sun shining
through broken clouds. At reveille, some fifteen sail of
outside blockaders off Charleston were seen far away, and
soon passed. The sandy shores of South Carolina were in
full view, fringed here and there with low trees. A warm
wind was blowing, ruffling the water beneath a clouded
sky. Every one was busy with preparations for landing,
— writing letters, packing knapsacks, and rolling blank-
ets. Running below Hilton Head, a pilot came alongside
in a boat rowed by contrabands, and took the vessel back
into Port Royal, completing a voyage at 1 p. m., which
was without accident or death to mar its recollection.
Colonel Shaw, personally reporting to General Hunter, was
ordered to proceed to Beaufort and disembark. On that
day General Hunter wrote the following letter : —

Headquarters Dep't of the South,
Hilton Head, Port Rotal, S. C, June 3, 1863.
His Excellexct, Governoe Andrew, Massachusetts.

Governor, — I have the honor to aunounce that the Fiftj'-
fourth Massachusetts (coloi'ed) troops, Colonel Shaw command-
ing, arrived safely in this harbor this afternoon and have been
sent to Port Koyal Island. The regiment had an excellent pas-
sage, and from the appearance of the men I doubt not that this
command will yet win a reputation and place in history deserv-
ing the patronage you have given them. Just as they were
steaming up the bay I received from Col. James 'Montgomery,
commanding Second South Carolina Regiment, a telegraphic
despatch, of which certified copy is enclosed. Colonel Mont-

THE SEA ISLANDS. 37

gomery'e is but the initial step of a system of opeiations which
will rapidly compel the Rebels either to lay down their arms and
sue for restoration to the Union or to withdraw their slaves into
the interior, thus leaving desolate the most fertile and pro-
ductive of their counties along the Atlantic seaboard.

The Fifty-fourth Regiment Massachusetts Volunteers shall
soon be profitably and honorably employed ; and I beg that
you wiU send for service m this department the other colored
regiment which Colonel Shaw tells me you are now organizing
and have in forward preparation.

Thanking you heartily for the kindness and promptness with
which you have met my views in this matter, and referring you
to my letter to Mr. Jefferson Davis as a guarantee that all sol-
diers fighting for the flag of their country in this department
will be protected, irrespective of any accident of color or birth,
I have the honor to be. Governor, with the highest esteem,
"Your very obedient servant,

D. Hunter,
Major- General Commanding.

It was 4 P. M. when the "De Molay " started for Beau-
fort, leaving the storehouses, quarters, and long pier mak-
ing up the military station of Hilton Head. The steamer
crossed the grand harbor with some seventy sail moored
upon its waters, including the frigates " Wabash " and
"Vermont," a monitor, several gunboats, and a Trench
steamer, and reached Beaufort before dark. Col. James
Montgomery, with the Second South Carolina Colored, was
just debarking from a successful foray up the Combahee
River, bringing several hundred contrabands. Brig. -Gen.
Rufus Saxton was temporarily absent, and Col. W. W. H.
Davis was in command of the district. June 4, at 5 a. m.,
the regiment landed too early in the day to attract the
attention of any but a few loiterers. Passing through the

38 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRT.

town to a point about half a mile from the river, the com-
mand bivouacked in an old cotton-field of the Thompson
plantation. Shelters from the hot sun were made from
bushes or blankets. During this first afternoon on South
Carolina soil Colonel Shaw thoughtfully sent to the
officers a present of champagne.

Beaufort was our abiding-place for only four days, and
the Fifty- fourth never returned to it. Sandy streets
shaded with fine oaks crossed one another at right
angles. There were some fine old houses and gardens
skirting the shell road running along the low bluffs,
with churches, public buildings, and a spacious green.
Scattered about the island were some white and the
two South Carolina colored regiments, besides some
cavalry and artillery. The landward side of Port Eoyal
Island, fronting Rebel territory, was strongly picketed
and fortified.

"While camped there, the days were intensely hot, with
cooler nights. Troublesome insects infested our camp.
Shelter tents for the men were issued and put up. Our
first taste of fatigue work in the field was on June 6, when
Companies A, D, and H were sent out on the shell road to
work on fortifications. The Second South Carolina had
departed for the Georgia coast. Late in the day orders
came to embark. Colonel Shaw having applied for active
service.

Camp was struck at sunrise on the 8th, after a rainy
night, and an hour later saw the regiment in line in accord-
ance with orders establishing the positions of the several
companies for the first time. The formation was with
Company B on the right as follows : —

HFGDEKCIAB.

THE SEA ISLANDS. 39

Having marched to the wharf, embarkation took place
at once ; but the start was not made until 9 a. m. , when
the steamer swung into the stream and ran down river,
the men singing "John Brown" gayly. About a mile
below town the steamer grounded, delaying arrival at
Hilton Head vmtil noon. There Colonel Shaw was in-
structed by General Hunter to report to Colonel Mont-
gomery, at St. Simon's Island, Ga. , and the " De Molay "
steamed out of harbor at 5. 30 P. M.

After a rather rough voyage of some eighty miles dur-
ing the night, the " De Molay " dropped anchor at 6 a. m.
in the sound off the southern point of St. Simon's Island.
Colonel Shaw landed and rode across the island to report
to Colonel Montgomery. At noon the steamer " Sentinel, "
a small craft that looked like a canal-boat with a one-
story house built upon it, came alongside, and eight
companies were transferred, Companies A and C under
Captain Appleton remaining to get the cargo in readiness
for a second trip.

The little steamer took the regiment up the winding
river, along the west and inland shore of the island, past
Gascoign's Bluff, where the Second South Carolina was
encamped, to Pike's Bluff, some eight or ten miles, where
the regiment disembarked on an old wharf. It was a
pretty spot on a plantation formerly owned by a Mr.
Gould. There was a large two-story house surrounded
by fine trees, and situated close to the wharf, which was
taken for use as headquarters. Close by it was an old
barn in which the supplies were stored when they arrived.
On the edge of a cleared field the men pitched shelters
for the night.

Col. James Montgomery, commanding the post, was a

40 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTES'.

noted man. He wais born in Ohio, in 18l4. In Kansas,
from 1866 to 1861, he was the central figure in the Free
State party. Early in the war he was for a time colonel
of a Kansas regiment. By bold raids into the enemy's
country in 1863, he recruited his colored regiment. He
was a man of austere bearing, cool, deliberate, and of
proved courage. In personal appearance he was tall,
spare, rather bowed, with gentle voice and quiet manner.
After his resignation in September, 1864, he returned to
Kansas, and died there in December, 1871.

Colonel Montgomery, with five companies of his regi-
ment, on June 6, had made an expedition from St. Simon's
up the Turtle River to Brunswick and beyond, and destroyed
a span of the railroad bridge over Buffalo Creek. Quarter-
master Ritchie issued A and wall tents to the Fifty-fourth
on June 10; and all were at work pitching camp and
clearing the ground, when a steamer came to the wharf.
Colonel Montgomery was on board, and hailing Colonel
Shaw from the deck, said, " How soon can you be ready to
start on an expedition ? " Colonel Shaw replied, " In half
an hour," and at once caused the long-roll to be sounded.
Hurried preparations were at once made, and at 6 p. m.
eight companies of the regiment embarked on the " Senti-
nel." Companies P and C were left behind as a camp
guard.

Running down the river to Montgomery's camp, the
armed transport "John Adams" was found with troops
on board. Besides the Fifty-fourth, five companies of the
Second South Carolina, and a section of Light Battery C,
Third Rhode Island Artillery, under Lieut. William A.
Sabin, took part in the expedition. Owing to the " Sen-
tinel " grounding after proceeding a short distance farther,

THE SEA ISLANDS. 41

and the " Adams " also rimning on a shoal, there was long
delay waiting for the flood-tide. Not until 1 a. m. did
the " Sentinel " run up the coast, entering Doboy Sound at
sunrise. There the gunboat " Paul Jones " and the
"Harriet A. Weed" joined. Entering the Altamaha
River, with the gunboats occasionally shelling houses and
clumps of woods, the vessels proceeded until the town of
Darien appeared in sight. Then the gunboats searched
it with their shells and fired at a few pickets seen east of
the place.

At 3 p. M. the troops landed without resistance at some
of the deserted wharves. Pickets were posted, and the
troops formed in the public square. Only two white
women and a few negroes were found. The inhabitants
were living at the " Ridge, " a few miles inland. Some fif-
teen or twenty men of the Twentieth Georgia Cavalry, under
Capt. W. A. Lane, picketed the vicinity, but had retired.

Darien, the New Inverness of early days, was a most
beautiful town as Montgomery's forayers entered it that
fateful June day. A broad street extended along the
river, with others running into it, all shaded with mul-
berry and oak trees of great size and beauty. Storehouses
and mills along the river-bank held quantities of rice and
resin. There might have been from seventy-five to one
hundred residences in the place. There were three
churches, a market-house, jail, clerk's office, court-house,
and an academy.

After forming line, orders came for the Fifty-fourth to
make details and secure from the houses such things as
would be useful in camp, besides live-stock, resin, lumber,
etc. Soon the plundering thus legitimized began. An
officer thus describes the scene: —

42 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

" The men began to come in by twos, threes, and dozens,
loaded with every species and all sorts and quantities of furni-
ture, stores, trinkets, etc., till one would be tired enumerating.
We had sofas, tables, pianos, chairs, mirrors, carpets, beds,
bedsteads, carpenter's tools, cooper's tools, books, law-books,
account-books in unlimited supply, china sets, tinware, earthen-
ware, Confederate shinplasters, old letters, papers, etc. A
private would come along with a slate, yard-stick, and a brace
of chickens in one hand, and in the other hand a rope with a
cow attached."

But the crowning act of vandalism is thus set forth in
one of Colonel Shaw's letters : —

" After the town was pretty thoroughly disembowelled, he
[Montgomery] said to me, ' I shall burn this town.' He speaks
in a very low tone, and has quite a sweet smile when addressing
you. I told him I did not want the responsibility of it, and
he was only too happy to take it all on his own shoulders. . . .
The reasons he gave me for destroying Darien were that the
Southerners must be made to feel that this was a real war, and
that they were to be swept away by the hand of God like the
Jews of old. In theory it may seem all right to some ; but
when it comes to being made the instrument of the Lord's ven-
geance, I myself don't like it. Then he says, 'We are out-
lawed, and therefore not bound by the rules of i-egular war-
fare.' But that makes it none the less revolting to wreak our
vengeance on the innocent and defenceless."

By Montgomery's express orders, therefore, the town
was fired, only one company of the Fifty-fourth partici-
pating with the Second South Carolina, Montgomery ap-
plying the torch to the last buildings with his own hand.
Fanned by a high wind, the flames eventually destroyed
everything but a church, a few houses, and some lumber-

THE SEA ISLANDS. 43

works owned in the North. The schooner "Pet," with
fifty-five bales of cotton for Nassau, lying in a small creek
four miles above, was captured, and a flatboat with twenty-
five bales near by was also secured.

Our transports had been loaded with plunder, and late
in the afternoon the troops re-embarked. Some ware-
houses had been fired, and the river-bank was a sheet of
flame. A few moments' delay or a change of wind might
have resulted disastrously. The heat was so intense that
all were driven to the farther side of our boat, and gun-
barrels became so hot that the men were ordered to hold
them upward. Five miles below the town the steamer
anchored. The light of the fire was seen that night at St.
Simon's, fifteen miles away. Colonel Shaw wrote two
official letters bearing upon this expedition. One was
to Governor Andrew, giving an account of the expedition,
wherein he expressed his disapprobation of Colonel Mont-
gomery's course. The other is as follows : —

St. Simon's Island, Ga., June 14, 1863.
Lieutenant-Colonel Halpinb, A. A. G. Tenth Army Corps,
and Department of the South.

Deak Sik, — "Will you allow me to ask you a private ques-
tion, which of course you are at liberty to answer or not? Has
Colonel Montgomery orders from General Hunter to burn and
destroy all town and dwelling bouses he may capture?

On the 11th inst., as you know, we took the town of Darien
without opposition, the place being occupied, as far as we ascer-
tained, by non-combatants ; Colonel Montgomery burned it to
the ground, and at leaving finally, shelled it from the river.

If he does this on his own responsibility, I shall refuse to
liave a share in it, and take the consequences ; but, of course,
if it is an order from headquarters, it is a different matter, as in
that case I suppose it to have been found necessary to adopt

44 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

that policy. He ordered me, if separated from him, to burn all
the plantation houses I came across.

Now, I am perfectly ready to burn any place which resists,
and gives some reason for such a proceeding ; but it seems to
me barbarous to turn women and children adrift in that way ;
and if I am only assisting Colonel Montgomery in a private
enterprise of his own, it is very distasteful to me.

I am aware that this is not a military way of getting informa-
tion ; and I hope you will feel that I shall not be hurt if you
refuse to answer my question.

Believe me, very truly yours,

KoBERT G. Shaw,
Colonel Commanding Fifly-fourlh Massachusetts Regiment.

It is not known to the writer that any answer was
vouchsafed to this letter; but Colonel Shaw afterward as-
certained that Colonel Montgomery acted in accordance
with General Hunter's orders.

The " Sentinel " at 3 a. m. got under way, landing the
Fifty-fourth, after a passage of twelve hours, at the camp.
Our first mail since leaving home came that afternoon.
Colonel Montgomery had gone to Hilton Head, leaving
Colonel Shaw in command of the post.

Camped on the Gould place, the Fifty-fourth quietly
remained until its departure from St. Simon's. The plun-
der acquired afforded many comforts and even luxuries.
Officers and men lived on army fare, supplemented with
poor fresh beef, as a few cattle had been found. Religious
services were sometimes held in the yard of a little church
near by, most beautifully situated amid a wealth of foli-
age which overshadowed many old, decayed tombstones.
Hardly a day passed without more or less rain falling.
It was very warm at midday, but later came cool breezes
from seaward.

THE SEA ISLANDS. 46

Besides the usual camp guard the Fifty-fourth furnished
details for a long picket line, and a number of posts
watching the river.

St. Simon's came nearer a realization of the ideal Eden
than one could hope to find the second time. There was
a subtile languor in the hum of insects, the song and flight
of birds, the splash of the warm green water upon the
shore. Grand old oaks, laden with moss and vines, cano-
pied the flowers and verdure beneath. Perfume of shrubs,
plants, trees, and grass filled the air, vying with the
fresher and more invigorating sweetness from marsh and
sea. One could almost see and hear the growth of plant
and cane, as the life-giving sun warmed the sap, burst the
blossom, and drew the tendril skyward. Gigantic ferns
covered the shadier places, while the pools and swamps
were beautiful with lilies.

There were a number of deserted plantations on the
island, the most notable of which were those of T. Butler
King, James E. Cpuper, and Pierce Butler. The latter
was the husband of Fanny Kemble, and his place the one
of which she wrote in her "Journal of a Residence on a
Georgian Plantation, in 1838-39. " All these places were
neglected and abandoned, except by a few old negroes.

Historically, St. Simon's Island was noted ground.
Near the camp of the Fifty-fourth were the " tabby " walls
of Frederica, founded by Governor Oglethorpe in 1736, of
which John W,esley was the minister. In the centre of
the island was "Bloody Swamp," where the invading
Spaniards were defeated July 7, 1742. It is a fact not
widely known that with the Spanish force was a regi-
ment of negroes and another of mulattoes. During the
Revolution the British overran the island. On the next

46 riFTY-FOUETH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

island to the south Lamar landed his last cargo of slaves
frohi the "Wanderer." St. Simon '.s had been fortified
early in the Civil War; but in February, 1862, the arma-
ment was removed, and then the few remaining inhabi-
tants went away.

While the Fifty-fourth were enjoying the delights of St.
Simon's, Brig. -Gen. Quincy A. Gillmore had relieved
General Hunter. Admiral John A. Dahlgren was to
replace Admiral Dupont. Tidings of these changes, of
Lee having crossed the Rappahannock, the capture of
Harper's Ferry, and the investment of Port Hudson,
were received by the "Harriet A. Weed," on June 23.
Orders also came for the Fifty-fourth to report at Hilton
Head.

During the afternoon and evening of June 24, the regi-
ment was taken in detachments on thfe " Mayflower " to
the ocean steamer, "Ben Deford," lying off Montgomery's
camp, whence it sailed early the next day for Hilton
Head. Colonel Montgomery's regiment was also ordered
away. About noon. Colonel Shaw reported his arrival
and was ordered to St. Helena Island, across the harbor.
A new object of interest was the Confederate iron-
clad "Atlanta," captured June 17 by the monitor
" Weehawken. "

Rain was falling as the Fifty-fourth landed on the
wharf. Marching for a mile or so, we camped in an old
cotton-field near the water. Many regiments were on the
island preparing for active operations. The post was
commanded by Brig. -Gen. George C. Strong, a brilliant
young officer who had recently arrived. The Fifty-fourth,
with the Second South Carolina camped near by, consti-
tuted the "Colored Brigade," under Colonel Montgomery.

THE SEA ISLANDS. 47

Although it rained very frequently, the moisture was
speedily absorbed by the sandy soil. There was a terrible
thunder-storm on the 28th, accompanied with such violent
wind that many tents were blown down. One man was
killed, and several stunned, by lightning, in adjoining
camps.

Being near the water, sea-bathing was convenient and
thoroughly enjoyed. A few trees, shrubbery, and some
negro houses bounded the prospect landward. There was
swampy ground in front of the camp. Beyond and back
from the shore line were many plantations and fine woods.
Remains of former camps were found everywhere. Many
contrabands were employed planting under Northern
men.

While at this camp the condition of the regiment was
excellent, and the men in high spirits^ eager for service.
Drills went on incessantly. A musician of the Forty-
eighth New York was instructing the band. On the 30th,
the Fifty-fourth was mustered for pay. It was then first
rumored that the terms of enlistment would not be adhered
to by the Government. The situation is best evidenced
by the following letter of Colonel Shaw : —

St. Helena Island, S. C, July 2, 1863.
His Excellency Governor Andrew.

Dear Sib, — Since I last wrote you, the Fifty-fourth has left
St. Simon's Island and returned to St. Helena near Hilton
Head. We are now encamped in a healthy place, close to the
harbor, where we get the sea breeze.

You have probably seen the order from Washington which
cuts down the pay of colored troops from $13 to flO. Of
course if this affects Massachusetts regiments, it will be a great
piece of injustice to them, as they were enlisted on the express

48 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

understanding that they were to be on precisely the same foot-
ing as all otlier Massachusetts troops. In my opinion they
should be mustered out of the service or receive the full pay
which was promised them. The paymaster here is inclined to
class us with the contraband regiments, and pay the men only
$10. If he does not change his mind, I shall refuse to have
the regiment paid until I hear from you on the subject. And
at any rate I trust you will take the matter in hand, for every
pay-day we shall have the same trouble unless there is a special
order to prevent it.

Another change that has been spoken of was the arming of
negro troops with pikes instead of firearms. Whoever proposed
it must have been looking for a means of annihilating negro
troops altogether, I should think — or have never been under a
heavy musketry fire, nor observed its effects. The project is
now abandoned, I believe.

My men are well and in good spirits. We have only five
in hospital. We are encamped near the Second South Carolina
near Greneral Strong's brigade, and are under his immediate
command. He seems anxious to do all he can for us, and if
there is a fight in the Department will no doubt give the black
troops a chance to show what stuff they are made of.

With many wishes for your good health and happiness, I
remain,

Very sincerely and respectfully yours,

Robert 6. Shavt.

A deserter from the Second South Carolina was brought
by Lieut. George W. Brush of his regiment before Colonel
Montgomery on June 28. After questioning him, the
colonel ordered him to be taken away and shot, which was
done at once. Montgomery was never taken to task for
this illegal action. Most of the troops at St. Helena had
departed for Folly Island by July 3. Pears prevailed that
the colored regiments were not to take part in actiye

Lt.-Col. Henry N. Hooper.
Maj. T- W. M. Appleton.

.^^■^ .^ * 'MK

Lt.-Col. George Pope.
Maj. James M. Walton.

THE SEA ISLANDS. ,49

operations. Colonel Shaw's disappointment found cour-
teous expression as follows : —

St. Helena Island, July 6, 1863.
Brio.-Gkn. George C. Strong.

General, — I did not pay my respects to you before you
left this post because I did not wish to disturb you when mak-
ing your preparations for departure.

I desire, however, to express to you my regret that my regi-
ment no longer forms a part of the force under your command.
I was the more disappointed at being left behind, that I had
been given to understand that we were to have our share in the
work in this department. I feel convinced too that my men
are capable of better service than mere guerilla warfare, and
I hoped to remain permanently under your command.

It seems to me quite important that the colored soldiers
should be associated as much as possible with the white troops,
in order that they may have other witnesses besides their own
officers to what they are capable of doing. I trust that the
present arrangement is not permanent.

With many wishes for your success, believe me very sincerely
and respectfully

Your obedient servant,

Robert G. Shaw,
Colonel Commanding Fifty-fourth Regiment Mass. Infantry.

Upon the national holiday all unnecessary duty was
dispensed with. Everywhere on land and water the stars
and stripes were displayed and saluted. At the camp
many men were permitted to pass the lines. Several
officers visited the camp of the Second South Carolina.
Colonel Shaw and others attended a celebration of the day
held by the freedmen in the yard of the Baptist Church,
some six miles distant, where the Declaration of Indepen-

4

50 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

dence was read, hymna sung, and addresses made. Rev.
Mr. Lynch, a colored clergyman from Baltimore, held
religious services for the Fifty-fourth on Sunday, the 5th.
News was received of the promotion of Major Hallowell
to be lieutenant-colonel in place of his brother, promoted
colonel of the Fifty-fifth Massachusetts.

CHAPTER IV.

DESCENT ON JAMES ISLAND.

ALL suspense regarding the employment of the Fifty-
fourth ended July 8, with the receipt, about noon,
of orders to move at an hour's notice, taking only blankets
and rations. Three hours after, the regiment began to
embark, headquarters with seyen companies finding trans-
portation on the steamer " Chasseur, " the remaining ones
on the steamer "Cossack," with Colonel Montgomery
and staff.

Lieutenant Littlefield, with a guard of one hundred
men, was detailed to remain at St. Helena in charge of
the camp. Assistant-Surgeon Bridgham also remained
with the sick. Captain Bridge and Lieutenant Walton
were unable to go on account of illness. A start was
made late in the afternoon in a thimder-storm, the " Cos-
sack " stopping at Hilton Head to take on Captain Emilio
and a detail of ninety men there. The following night
was made miserable by wet clothes, a scarcity of water,
and the crowded condition of the small steamers.

About 1 A. M. on the 9th, the transports arrived off
Stono Inlet; the bar was crossed at noon; and anchors
were cast off Folly Island. The inlet was full of trans-
ports, loaded with troops, gunboats, and supply vessels,
betokening an important movement made openly.

General Gillmore's plans should be briefly stated. He
desired to gain possession of Morris Island, then in the

52 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

enemy's hands, and fortified. He had at disposal ten
thousand infantry, three hundred and fifty artillerists, and
six hundred engineers ; thirty-six pieces of field artillery,
thirty Parrott guns, twenty-seven siege and three Cohorn
mortars, besides ample tools and material. Admiral
Dahlgren was to co-operate. On Folly Island, in our
possession, batteries were constructed near Lighthouse
Inlet, opposite Morris Island, concealed by the sand hil-
locks and undergrowth. Gillmore's real attack was to
be made from this point by a coup de main, the infantry
crossing the inlet in boats covered by a bombardment
from land and sea. Brig. -Gen. Alfred H. Terry, with four
thousand men, was to make a demonste-ation on James
Island. Col. T. W. Higginson, with part of his First
South Carolina Colored and a section of artillery, was to
ascend the South Edisto Eiver, and cut the railroad at
Jacksonboro. This latter force, however, was repulsed
with the loss of the guns and the steamer " Governor
Milton."

Late in the afternoon of the 9th Terry's division moved.
The monitor "Nantucket," gunboats "Pawnee" and
" Commodore McDonough, " and mortar schooner " C. P.
Williams " passed up the river, firing on James Island to
the right and John's Island to the left, followed by thir-
teen transports carrying troops. Col. W. W. H. Davis,
with portions of his regiment — the One Hundred and
Fourth Pennsylvania — and the Fifty-second Pennsyl-
vania, landed on Battery Island, advancing to a bridge
leading to James Island.

Heavy cannonading was heard in the direction of Morris
Island, at 6 a. m. on the 10th. Before night word came
that all the ground south of Fort "Wagner on Morris Island

DESCENT ON JAMES ISLAND. 63

was captured with many guns and prisoners. This news
was received with rousing cheers by Terry's men and the
sailors. At dawn Colonel Davis's men crossed to James
Island, his skirmishers driving a few cavalry. At an
old house the main force halted with pickets advanced.
While this movement was taking place, a portion of the
other troops landed. That day a mail brought news of
Vicksburg's capture and Lee's defeat at Gettysburg.
Lieut. Edward B. Emerson joined the Fifty-fourth from
the North.

About noon of the 11th, the regiment landed, marched
about a mile, and camped in open ground on the furrows
of an old field. The woods near by furnished material for
brash shelters as a protection against the July sun. By
that night all troops were ashore. Terry's division con-
sisted of three brigades, — Davis's, of the Fifty-second and
One Hundred and Fourth Pennsylvania and Fifty-sixth
New York; Brig. -Gen. Thomas G. Stevenson's, of the
Twenty-fourth Massachusetts, Tenth Connecticut, and
Ninety-seventh Pennsylvania; and Montgomery's, of the
Fifty-fourth Massachusetts and Second South Carolina.

James Island is separated from the mainland by Wappoo
Creek. From the landing a road led onward, which soon
separated into ' two : one running to the right through
timber, across low sandy ground to Secessionville ; the
other to the left, over open fields across the low ground,
past Dr. Thomas Grimball's house on to the Wappoo.
The low ground crossed by both these roads over cause-
ways formed the front of Terry's lines, and was com-
manded by our naval vessels. Fort Pemberton, on the
Stono, constituted the enemy's right. Thence the line
was retired partially behind James Island Creek, con-

54 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

sisting of detached light ■works for field-guns and infantry.
Their left was the fortified camp of Secessionville, where,
before Battery Lamar, General Benham was repulsed in
the spring of 1862.

General Beauregard, the Confederate Department com-
mander, considered an attack on Charleston by way of
James Island as the most dangerous to its safety. He
posted his fotces accordingly, and on July 10 had 2,926
effectives there, with 927 on Morris Island, 1,168 on Sulli-
van's Island, and 850 in the city. Pew troops from other
points were spared when Morris Island was attacked on
the 10th; therefore Terry's diversion had been effec-
tive. Had Beauregard's weakness been known, Terry's
demonstration in superior force might have been con-
verted into a real attack, and James Island fallen before
it, when Charleston must have surrendered or been
destroyed.

Captain Willard, on the 11th, with Company B, was sent
to John's Island at Legareville to prevent a repetition of
firing upon our vessels by artillery such as had occurred
that morning.

In the afternoon the Tenth Connecticut and Ninety-
seventh Pennsylvania, covered by the "Pawnee's" fire,
advanced the picket line. Word was received of an un-
successful assault on Fort Wagner, with considerable loss
to us. Abraham F. Brown of Company E accidentally
shot himself to death with a small pistol he was cleaning.
Late that afternoon Lieutenant-Colonel Hallowell, with
Companies D, P, I, and K, went out on picket in front
of our right, remaining throughout a dark and stormy
night. During the night of the 13th, Captain Emilio,
with Company E, picketed about Legareville. Gapt. A.

DESCENT ON JAMES ISLAND. 55

P. Eockwell's First Connecticut Battery arrived from
Beaufort on the 14th.

Between the 10th and 16th there had arrived for the
enemy from Georgia and North Carolina two four-gun
batteries and six regiments of infantry. Beauregard also
reduced his force on Morris Island and concentrated on
James, under command of Brig. -Gen. Johnson Hagood.
Gillmore still kept Terry there, inviting attack, although
the purpose of the diversion had been accomplished. On
the 15th the enemy demonstrated in front of the Tenth
Connecticut pickets. It was rumored that two scouts had
been seen about our lines.

Some thought had been given to securing a line of re-
treat; for the engineers were reconstructing the broken
bridge leading from James Island, and repairing cause-
ways, dikes, and foot-bridges across the marshes along
the old road to Cole's Island, formerly used by the
Confederates.

Companies B, H, and K, of the Fifty-fourth, under
command of Captain Willard, were detailed for picket on
the 15th, and about 6 p. m. relieved men of Davis's bri-
gade. Captain Eussel and Lieutenant Howard, with Com-
pany H, held the right from near a creek, over rolling
ground and rather open country covered with high grass
and thistles. Captain Simpkins and Lieut. R. H. L.
Jewett held the left of the Fifty-fourth line with Company
K and a portion of Company B. It was over lower ground,
running obliquely through a growth of small timber and
brush. There was a broken bridge in the front. A re-
serve, consisting of the remainder of Company B, under
Lieut. Thomas L. Appleton, was held at a stone house.
Captain Willard's force was five officers and about two

56 FIFTY-POURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRT.

hundred men. Prom Simpkins's left to the Stono the
picket line was continued by men of the Tenth Connecti-
cut, holding a dangerous position, as it had a swamp in
rear. Frequent showers of rain fell that evening. All
night following, the enemy was uneasy. Lurking men
were seen, and occasional shots rang out. Captain Wil-
lard, mounting the roof of the house, could see great
activity among the signal corps of the enemy. He sent
word to his officers to be vigilant, and prepared for attack
in the morning.

About midnight the men were placed in skirmishing
order, and so remained. Sergeant Stephens of Company B
relates that George Brown of his company, a "dare-devil
fellow," crawled out on his hands and knees and fired at
the enemy's pickets.

An attack was indeed impending, arranged on the fol-
lowing plan : Brig. -Gen. A. H. Colquitt, with the Twenty-
fifth South Carolina, Sixth and Nineteenth Georgia, and
four companies Thirty-second Georgia, about fourteen
hundred men, supported by the Marion Artillery, was to
cross the marsh at the causeway nearest Secessionville,
"drive the enemy as far as the lower causeway [nearest
Stbno] rapidly recross the marsh at that point by a flank
movement, and cut off and capture the force encamped at
Grimball's." Col. C. H. Way, Fifty-fourth Georgia, with
eight hundred men, was to follow and co-operate. A re-
serve of one company of cavalry, one of infantry, and a
section of artillery, was at Rivers's house. Two Napoleon
guns each, of the Chatham Artillery, and Blake's Battery,
and four twelve-pounders of the Siege Train, supported
by four hundred infantry, were to attack the gunboats
"Pawnee " and " Marblehead " in the Stono River.

DESCENT ON JAMES ISLAND. 57

In the gray of early dawn of July 16, the troops in
bivouac on James Island were awakened by dropping
shots, and then heavy firing on the picket line to the
right. Clambering to the top of a pile of cracker-boxes,
an officer of the Fifty-fourth, looking in the direction of
the firing, saw the flashes of musketry along the out-
posts. In a few moments came the sharp metallic ex-
plosions from field-guns to the left by the river-bank.
Wilkie James, the adjutant, rode in post-haste along the
line, with cheery voice but unusually excited manner,
ordering company commanders to form. "Fall in! fall
in ! " resounded on all sides, while drxmis of the several
regiments were beating the long-roll. But a few moments
sufficed for the Fifty-fourth to form, when Colonel Shaw
marched it to the right and some little distance to the
rear, where it halted, faced to the front, and stood in line
of battle at right angles to the Secessionville road.

Rapid work was going on at the outposts. Before dawn
the pickets of the Fifty-fourth had heard hoarse commands
and the sound of marching men coming from the bank of
darkness before them. Soon a line of men in open order
came sweeping toward them from the gloom into the
nearer and clearer light.

Colquitt, with six companies of the Eutaw Regiment
(Twenty-fifth South Carolina), skirmishing before his in-
fantry column, crossing Rivers's causeway, was rapidly
advancing on the black pickets.

Simpkins's right was the first point of contact; and the
men, thus suddenly attacked by a heavy force, discharged
their pieces, and sullenly contested the way, firing as they
went, over rough and difficult ground, which obstructed
the enemy's advance as well as their own retirement.

58 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

Soon the enemy gained the road at a point in rear of
Kussel's right. Some of the men there, hardly aware
of their extremity, were still holding their positions
against those of the enemy who appeared in the immediate
front. It seemed to Sergt. Peter Vogelsang of Company
H, who had his post at a palmetto-tree, that in a moment
one hundred Rebels were swarming about him. He led his
comrades to join men on his left, where they advanced,
firing. With effect too, for they came to the body of a
dead Rebel, from whom Vogelsang took a musket.

Russel's right posts, thus cut off, were followed by a
company of the Nineteenth Georgia, and after the desul-
tory fighting were driven, to escape capture, into the
creek on the right of the line, where some were drowned.
Those most courageous refused to fall back, and were
killed or taken as prisoners. Sergt. James D. Wilson of
Company H was one of the former. He was an expert
in the use of the musket, having been employed with the
famous Ellsworth Zouaves of Chicago. Many times he
had declared to his comrades that he would never retreat
or surrender to the enemy. On that morning, when at-
tacked, he called to his men to stand fast. Assailed by
five men, he is said to have disabled three of them. Some
cavalrymen coming up, he charged them with a shout as
they circled about him, keeping them all at bay for a
time with the bayonet of his discharged musket, until the
brave fellow sank in death with three mortal besides
other wounds.

Captain Russel, finding that the enemy had turned his
flank before he could face back, had to retire with such
men as were not cut off, at double-quick, finding the foe
about the reserve house when he reached it. A mounted

DESCENT ON JAMES ISLAND. 59

officer charged up to Russel, and cut twice at his head
with his sword. Preston Williams of Company H caught
the second sweep upon his bayonet and shot the Confed-
erate through the neck, thus saving his captain's life.
Prom the reserve house Russel and his men retired, fight-
ing as they could.

Captain Simpkins's right, as has been told, first bore the
force of the attack. By strenuous efforts and great per-
sonal exposure that cool and gallant officer collected some
men in line. With them he contested the way back step
by step, halting now and then to face about and fire, thus
gaining time, the loss of which thwarted the enemy's
plan. Of his men, Corp. Henry A. Field of Company K
especially distinguished himself.

Captain Willard at the reserve house at once sent back
word, hy a mounted orderly, of the situation. To the
support of his right he sent Lieutenant Appleton with
some men, and to the left First Sergeant Simmons of
Company B with a small force, and then looked for aid
from our main body. He endeavored to form a line of
skirmishers, when the men began coming back from the
front, but with little success. The men could not be
kept in view because of the underbrush nearly as high as
a man. As the expected succor did not come, the officers
and the remaining men made their way back to the
division.

It will be remembered that with the first musket-shots
came the sound of field-guns from the Stono. The enemy's
four Napoleons had galloped into battery within four hun-
dred yards of the gunboats, and fired some ten rounds be-
fore they were replied to ; their shots crashed through the
" Pawnee " again and again, with some loss. It was im-

60 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

possible for the gunboats to turn in the narrow stream, and
their guns did not bear properly. To drop down was
dangerous, but it was done ; when out of close range, the
" Marblehead, " " Pawnee, " and " Huron " soon drove their
tormentors away from the river-bank.

To capture the Tenth Connecticut, the enemy, after
dealing with the Fifty-fourth, sent a portion of his force ;
but the resistance made by Captain Simpkins had al-
lowed time for the Tenth Connecticut to abandon its
dangerous position at the double-quick. None too soon,
however, for five minutes' delay would have been fatal.
A correspondent of " The Reflector, " writing from Morris
Island a few days later, said : —

" The boys of the Tenth Connecticut could not help loving
the men who saved them from destruction. I have been deeply
affected at hearing this feeling expressed by oflScers and men
of the Connecticut regiment ; and probably a thousand homes
from Windham to Fairfield have in letters been told the story
how the dark-skinned heroes fought the good fight and covered
with their own brave hearts the retreat of brothers, sons, and
fathers of Connecticut."

The valuable time gained by the resistance of the Fifty-
fourth pickets had also permitted the formation of Terry's
division in line of battle. Hardly had the Fifty-fourth
taken its position before men from the front came strag-
gling in, all bearing evidence of struggles with bush and
brier, some of the wounded limping along unassisted,
others helped by comrades. One poor fellow, with his
right arm shattered, still carried his musket in his left
hand.

Captain Russel appeared in sight, assisting a sergeant,

DESCENT ON JAMES ISLAND. 61

badly wounded. Bringing up the rear came Captains
Willard and Simpkins, the latter with his trousers and
rubber coat pierced with bullets. As the pickets and their
officers reached the regiment, they took their places in
line.

A lew minutes after these events, the enemy, having
advanced to a position within about six hundred yards of
the Federal line, opened fire with guns of dihe Marion
Artillery, making good line shots, but fortunately too
high.

It was a supreme moment for the Fifty-fourth, then
under fire as a regiment for the first time. The sight of
wounded comrades had been a trial ; and the screaming shot
and shell flying overhead, cutting the branches of trees to
the right, had a deadly sound. But the dark line stood
stanch, holding the front at the most vital point. Not
a man was out of place, as the officers could see while they
stood in rear of the lines, observing their men.

In reply to the enemy's guns the Connecticut battery
fired percussion-shells, and for some time this artillery
duel continued. To those who were anticipating an attack
by infantry, and looking for the support of the gunboats,
their silence was ominous. Every ear was strained to
catch the welcome sound, and at last it came in great
booms from Parrott guns. Very opportunely, too, on the
night before, the armed transports " John Adams " and
" Mayflower " had run up the creek on our right flank,
and their guns were fired twelve or fifteen times with good
effect before the enemy retired.

The expected attack on Terry's line by infantry did not
take place, for after about an hour the enemy retired in
some confusion. By General Terry's order, the Fifty-

62 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

fourtli was at once directed to reoccupy the old picket
line. Captain Jones with two companies advanced,
skirmishing; and the main hody followed, encountering
arms and equipments of the enemy strewn over a hroad
trail. At the reserve house the regiment halted in sup-
port of a strong picket line thrown out. Parties were
sent to scour the ground, finding several wounded men
lying in thte brush or in the marsh across the creek.
They also brought in the body of a Confederate, almost a
child, with soft skin and long fair hair, red with his own
blood. This youthful victim of the fight was tenderly
buried soon after.

Some of our dead at first appeared to be mutilated ; but
closer inspection revealed the fact that the fiddler-crabs,
and not the enemy, did the work. It was told by some of
those who lay concealed, that where Confederate officers
were, the colored soldiers had been protected ; but that in
other cases short shrift was given, and three men had
been shot and others bayonetted.

Colonel Shaw had despatched Adjutant James to re-
port that the old line was re-established. He returned
with the following message from General Terry : " Tell
your colonel that I am exceedingly pleased with the
conduct of your regiment. They have done all they
could do."

During the afternoon a mail was received. After read-
ing their letters Colonel Shaw and Lieutenant-Colonel
Hallowell conversed. The colonel asked the major if he
believed in presentiments, and added that he felt he
would be killed in the first action. Asked to try to
shake off the feeling, he quietly said, "I will try."

General Beauregard reported his loss as three killed.

DESCENT ON JAMES ISLAND. 63

twelve wounded, and three missing, which is believed
to be an under-estimate. We found two dead Confederates,
and captured six prisoners representing four regiments.
The Adjutant-General of Massachusetts gives the Fifty-
fourth loss as fourteen killed, eighteen wounded, and thir-
teen missing. Outside our regiment the casualties were
very light.

General Terry in his ofi&cial report says : —

" I desire to express my obligations to Captain Balch, United
States Navy, commanding the naval forces in the river, for the
very great assistance rendered to me, and to report to the com-
manding general the good services of Captain Rockwell and
his battery, and the steadiness and soldierly conduct of the
Fifty-fourth Massachusetts Regiment who were on duty at
the outposts on the right and met the brunt of attack."

Greneral Terry was ordered to evacuate James Island
that night.. At about five o'clock p. m., the Fifty-fourth
was relieved by the Fifty-second Pennsylvania, and re-
turned to the bivouac. While awaiting the marching
orders, several officers and men of the Tenth Connecticut
came to express their appreciation of the service rendered
by the Fifty-fourth companies attacked in the morning, by
which they were enabled to effect a safe retreat. After-
ward, upon Morris Island the colonel of that regiment
made similar expressions.

CoL W. W. H. Davis, with his own and Montgomery's
brigades, and the Tenth Connecticut, was to retire by the
land route. Brigadier-General Stevenson's Twenty-fourth
Massachusetts and Ninety-seventh Pennsylvania were or-
dered to take transports from James Island.

By Colonel l)avis'8 order the Fifty-fourth Massachusetts

64 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

was given the advance, moving at 9.30 o'clock that night,
followed by the other regiments, the route being pointed
out by guides from the engineers, who accompanied the
head of column.

All stores, ammunition, and horses of the Fifty-fourth
were put on board the steamer " Boston " by Quartermaster
Ritchie, who, with his men, worked all night in the mud
and rain. Surgeon Lincoln R. Stone of the Fifty-fourth
and Surgeon Samuel A. Green of the Twenty-fourth
Massachusetts saw that all the wounded were properly
cared for, and also embarked.

It was a stormy night, with frequent flashes of light-
ning, and pouring rain. Colonel Davis, at the proper
time, saw to the withdrawal of the Fifty-second Pennsyl-
vania, which held the front lines. So silently was the
operation accomplished that the enemy did not discover
our evacuation until daylight. When the Fifty-sixth
New York, the rear-guard, had crossed the bridge leading
from James Island, at 1a. m. , on the 17th, it was effec-
tually destroyed, thus rendering pursuit difiBcult.

That night's march was a memorable one, for the diffi-
culties of the way were exceptional, and only to be encoun-
tered upon the Sea Islands. After passing the bridge,
the road led along narrow causeways and paths only wide
enough for two men to pass abreast; over swamps, and
streams bridged for long distances by structures of frail
piling, supporting one or two planks with no hand-rail.
A driving rain poured down nearly the whole time, and
the darkness was intense. Blinding flashes of lightning
momentarily illumined the way, then fading but to render
the blackness deeper.

Throughout most of the march the men were obliged to

■3s:oxs "H N^o^NI^ -OHng

DESCENT 0^!il JAMES ISLAND. 65

move in single file, grop ng their way and grasping their
leader as they progressed, that they might not separate or
go astray. Along the foot-bridges the planks became
slippery with mire from muddy feet, rendering the footing
insecure, and occasioning frequent falls, which delayed
progress. Through the woods, wet branches overhanging
the path, displaced by the leaders, swept back with bitter
force into the faces of those following. Great clods of
clay gathered on the feet of the men.

Two hours were consumed in passing over the dikes
and foot-bridges alone. In distance the route was but a
few miles, yet it was daybreak when the leading compa-
nies reached firmer ground. Then the men flung them-
selves on the wet ground, and in a moment were in deep
sleep, while the column closed up. Reunited solidly
again, the march was resumed, and Cole's Island soon
reached. The regiments following the Fifty-fourth had
the benefit of daylight most of the way.

Footsore, weary, hungry, and thirsty, the regiment was
halted near the beach opposite Folly Island about 5 a. m.,
on the 17th. Sleep was had until the burning sun awak-
ened the greater number. Regiments had been arriving
and departing all the morning. Rations were not pro-
curable, and they were fortunate who could find a few
crumbs or morsels of meat in their haversacks. Even
water was hard to obtain, for crowds of soldiers collected
about the few sources of supply. By noon the heat and
sflare from the white sand were almost intolerable.

In the evening a moist cool breeze came; and at eight
o'clock the regiment moved up the shore to a creek in
readiness to embark on the "General Hunter," lying in
the stream. It was found that the only means of board-

5

66 FIFTY-FOTJRTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

ing the steamer was by a leaky long-boat whicli would
hold about thirty men. Definite orders came to report the
regiment to General Strong at Morris Island without de-
lay, and at 10 P. M. the embarkation began. By the light
of a single lantern the men were stowed in the boat.

Rain was pouring down in torrents, for a thunder-
storm was raging. Throughout that interminable night
the long-boat was kept plying from shore to vessel and
back, while those on land stood or crouched about in
dripping clothes, awaiting their turn for ferriage to the
steamer, whose dim light showed feebly in the gloom.
The boat journey was made with difficulty, for the current
was strong, and the crowded soldiers obstructed the rowers
in their task. It was an all night's work. Colonel Shaw
saw personally to the embarkation; and as daylight was
breaking he stepped in with the last boat-load, and him-
self guided the craft to the "Hunter." Thus with rare
self-sacrifice and fine example, he shared the exposure of
every man, when the comfortable cabin of the steamer
was at his disposal from the evening before.

CHAPTER V.

THE GREATER ASSAULT ON WAGNER.

ON the " General Hvmter " the officers procured break-
fast ; but the men were still without rations. Re-
freshed, the officers were all together for the last time
socially; before another day three were dead, and three
wounded who never returned. Captain Simpkins, whose
manly appearance and clear-cut features were so pleasing
to look upon, was, as always, quiet and dignified; Cap-
tain Russel was voluble and active as ever, despite all
fatigue. Neither appeared to have any premonition of
their fate. It was different with Colonel Shaw, who
again expressed to Lieutenant-Colonel Hallowell his ap-
prehension of speedy death.

Running up Polly River, the steamer arrived at Pawnee
Landing, where, at 9 a. m., the Fifty-fourth disembarked.
Crossing the island through woods, the camps of several
regiments were passed, from which soldiers ran out, shout-
ing, " Well done ! we heard your guns ! " Others cried,
"Hurrah, boys I you saved the Tenth Connecticut! "
Leaving the timber, the Fifty-fourth came to the sea
beach, where marching was easier. Stretching away to
the horizon, on the right, was the Atlantic; to the left,
sand hillocks, with pine woods farther inland. Occasional
squalls of rain came, bringing rubber blankets and coats
into use. At one point on the beach, a box of water-
soaked hard bread was discovered, and the contents speedily

68 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

divided among the hungry men. Firing at the front had
been heard from early morning, which toward noon was
observed to have risen into a heavy cannonade.

After a march of some six miles, we arrived at Light-
house Inlet and rested, awaiting transportation. Tuneful
voices about the colors started the song, "When this
Cruel "War is Over," and the pathetic words of the chorus
were taken up by others. It was the last song of many ;
but few then thought it a requiem. By ascending the
sand-hills, we could see the distant vessels engaging
Wagner. When all was prepared, the Fifty-fourth boarded •
a small steamer, landed on Morris Island, about 5 P. M. ,
and remained near the shore for further orders.

General Gillmore, on the 13th, began constructing
four batteries, mounting forty-two guns and mortars, to
damage the slopes and guns of Wagner, which were com-
pleted under the enemy's fire, and in spite of a sortie at
night, on the 14th. He expected to open with them on
the 16th; but heavy rains so delayed progress that all
was not prepared until the 18th. Beyond this siege line,
which was 1, 350 yards south of Wagner, stretched a nar-
row strip of land between the sea and Vincent's Creek,
with its marshes. At low tide, the beach sand afforded
a good pathway to the enemy's position ; but at high tide,
it was through deep, loose sand, and over low sand hil-
locks. This stretch of sand was unobstructed, until at
a point two hundred yards in front of Wagner, the
enemy had made a line of rifle trenches. Some fifty
yards nearer Wagner, an easterly bend of the marsh
extended to within twenty-five yards of the sea at high
tide, forming a defile, through which an assaulting column
must pass.

THE GREATER ASSAULT ON WAGNER. 69

Nearly covered by this sweep of the marsh, and com-
manding it as well as the stretch of sand beyond to the
Federal line, was "Battery Wagner," so named by the
Confederates, in memory of Lieut. -Col. Thomas M.
Wagner, First South Carolina Artillery, killed at Fort
Sumter. This field work was constructed of quartz sand,
with turf and palmetto log revetment, and occupied the
whole width of the island there, — some six hundred and
thirty feet. Its southern and principal front was double-
bastioned. Next the sea was a heavy traverse and cur-
tain covering a sally-port. Then came the southeast
bastion, prolonged westerly by a curtain connected with
the southwest bastion. At the western end was another
sally-port. An infantry parapet closed the rear or north
face. It had large bombproofs, magazines, and heavy
traverses.

Wagner's armament was reported to its commander,
July 15, as follows: on sea face, one ten-inch Columbiad,
and two smooth-bore thirty-two-pounders; on southeast
bastion, operating on land and sea, one rifled thirty-two-
pounder; on south point of bastion operating on land,
one forty-two-pounder carronade; in the curtain, with
direct fire on land approach to embrasure, two eight-inch
naval shell-guns, one eight-inch sea-coast howitzer, and
one thirty-two-pounder smooth-bore ; on the flank defences
of the curtain, two thirty-two-pounder carronades in em-
brasures; on the southerly face, one thirty-two-pounder
carronade in embrasure ; in southwest angle, one ten-inch
sea-coast mortar; on bastion gorge, one thirty-two-pounder
carronade. There were also four twelve-pounder howit-
zers. All the northerly portion of Morris Island was in
range of Fort Sumter, the eastern James Island and the

70 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

Sullivan's Island batteries, besides Fort Gregg, on the
northerly extremity of Morris Island, which mounted three
guns.

Brig. -Gen. William B. Taliaferro, an able officer, who
had served with distinction under " Stonewall " Jackson,
was in command of Morris Island, for the Confederates.
Wagner's garrison, on the 18th, consisted of the Thirty-
first and Fifty-first North Carolina, the Charleston Bat-
talion, two companies Sixty-third Georgia Heavy Artillery,
and two companies First South Carolina Infantry, acting as
artillery, and two guns each of the Palmetto and Blake's
Artillery, — a total force of seventeen hundred men.
Such was the position, armament, and garrison of the
strongest single earthwork known in the history of
warfare.

About 10 A. M., on the 18th, five wooden gunboats
joined the land batteries in shelling Wagner, lying out of
the enemy's range. At about 12.30 p. m., five monitors
and the " New Ironsides " opened, and the land batteries
increased their fire. A deluge of shot was now poured
into the work, driving the main portion of its garrison
into the bombproofs, and throwing showers of sand from
the slopes of Wagner into the air but to fall back in place
again. The enemy's flag was twice shot away, and, until
replaced, a battle-flag was planted with great gallantry
by daring men. From Gregg, Sumter, and the James
Island and Sullivan's Island batteries, the enemy returned
the iron compliments; while for a time Wagner's can-
noneers ran out at intervals, and served a part of the
guns, at great risk.

A fresh breeze blew that day; at times the sky was
clear ; the atmosphere, lightened by recent rains, resounded

THE GKEATEE ASSAULT ON WAGNEK. 71

with the thunders of an almost incessant cannonade.
Smoke-clouds hung over the naval vessels, our batteries,
and those of the enemy. During this terrible bombard-
ment, the two infantry regiments and the artillery com-
panies, except gun detachments, kept in the bombproofs.
But the Charleston Battalion lay all day under the para-
pets of Wagner, — a terrible ordeal, which was borne
without demoralization. In spite of the tremendous fire,
the enemy's loss was only eight men killed and twenty
wounded, before the assault.

General Taliaferro foresaw that this bombardment was
preliminary to an assault, and had instructed his force
to take certain assigned positions when the proper time
came. To three companies of the Charleston Battalion
was given the Confederate right along the parapet; the
Fifty-first North Carolina, along the curtain; and the
Thirty-first North Carolina, the left, including the south-
east bastion. Two companies of the Charleston Battal-
ion were placed outside the work, covering the gorge.
A small reserve was assigned to the body of the fort.
Two field-pieces were to fire from the traverse flanking
the beach face and approach. For the protection of the
eight-inch shell-guns in the curtain and the field-pieces,
they were covered with sand-bags, until desired for ser-
vice. Thoroughly conversant with the ground, the Con-
federate commander rightly calculated that the defile would
break up the formation of his assailants at a critical
moment, when at close range.

General Gillmore, at noon, ascended the lookout on a
hill within his lines, and examined the ground in front.
Throughout the day this high point was the gathering-
place of observers. The tide turned to flow at 4 p. m.,

72 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS rNFANTRY.

and about the same time firing from Wagner ceased, and
not a man was to be seen there. During the afternoon
the troops were moving from their camps toward the
front. Late in the day the belief was general that the
enemy had been driven from his shelter, and the arma-
ment of Wagner rendered harmless. General Gillmore,
after calling his chief officers together for conference,
decided to attack that evening, and the admiral was so
notified. Firing from land and sea was still kept up
with decreased rapidity, while the troops were preparing.

Upon arriving at Morris Island, Colonel Shaw and
Adjutant James walked toward the front to report to
General Strong, whom they at last found, and who an-
nounced that Fort Wagner was to be stormed that evening.
Knowing Colonel Shaw's desire to place his men beside
white troops, he said, " You may lead the column, if you
say 'yes.' Your men, I know, are worn out, but do as
you choose." Shaw's face brightened, and before reply-
ing, he requested Adjutant James to return and have
Lieutenant-Colonel Hallowell bring up the Fifty-fourth.
Adjutant James, who relates this interview, then departed
on his mission. Receiving this order, the regiment
marched on to General Strong's headquarters, where a
halt of five minutes was made about 6 o'clock p. M.
Noticing the worn look of the men, who had passed two
days without an issue of rations, and no food since morn-
ing, when the weary march began, the general expressed
his sympathy and his great desire that they might have
food and stimulant. It could not be, however, for it
was necessary that the. regiment should move on to the
position assigned.

Detaining Colonel Shaw to take supper with him,

THE GREATER ASSAULT ON WAGNEK. 73

General Strong sent the Fifty-fourth forward under the
lieutenant-colonel toward the front, moving by the middle
road west of the sand-hills. Gaining a point where these
elevations gave place to low ground, the long blue line
of the regiment advancing by the flank attracted the atten-
tion of the enemy's gunners on James Island. Several
solid shot were fired at the column, without doing any
damage, but they ricochetted ahead or over the line in
dangerous proximity. Realizing that the national colors
and the white flag of the State especially attracted the
enemy's fire, the bearers began to roll them up on the
staves. At the same moment, Captain Simpkins, com-
manding the color company (K) turned to observe his
men. His quick eye noted the half-furled flags, and his
gallant spirit took fire in a moment at the sight. Point-
ing to the flags with uplifted sword, he commanded in
imperative tones, " Unfurl those colors ! " It was done,
and the fluttering silks again waved, untrammelled, in
the air.

Colonel Shaw, at about 6.30 p. m., mounted and accom-
panied General Strong toward the front. After proceed-
ing a short distance, he turned back, and gave to Mr,
Edward L. Pierce, a personal friend, who had been Gen-
eral Strong's guest for several days, his letters and some
papers, with a request to forward them to his family if
anything occurred to him requiring such service. That
sudden purpose accomplished, he galloped away, overtook
the regiment, and informed Lieutenant-Colonel Hallowell
of what the Fifty-fourth was expected to do. The direc-
tion was changed to the right, advancing east toward the
sea. By orders, Lieutenant-Colonel Hallowell broke the
column at the sixth company, and led the companies of

74 PIFTY-FOUETH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

the left wing to the rear of those of the right wing.
When the sea beach was reached, the regiment halted and
came to rest, awaiting the coming up of the supporting
regiments.

General Gillmore had assigned to General Seymour the
command of the assaulting column, charging him with
its organization, formation, and all the details of the
attack. His force was formed into three brigades of in-
fantry : the first under General Strong, composed of the
Fifty-fourth Massachusetts, Sixth Cormecticut, Forty-
eighth New York, Third New Hampshire, Ninth Maine,
and Seventy-sixth Pennsylvania; the second, under Col.
Haldimand S. Putnam, of his own regiment, — the Sev-
enth New Hampshire, — One Hundredth New York, Sixty-
second and Sixty-seventh Ohio; the third, or reserve
brigade, under Brig. -Gen. Thomas G. Stevenson, of the
Twenty-fourth Massachusetts, Tenth Connecticut, Ninety-
seventh Pennsylvania, and Second South Carolina. Four
companies of the Seventh Connecticut, and some regular
and volunteer artillery-men manned and served the guns
of the siege line.

Formed in column of wings, with the right resting near
the sea, at a short distance in advance of the works, the
men of the Fifty-fourth were ordered to lie down, their
muskets loaded but not capped, and bayonets fixed. There
the regiment remained for half an hour, while the forma-
tion of the storming column and reserve was perfected.
To the Fifty-fourth had been given the post of honor,
not by chance, but by deliberate selection. General
Seymour has stated the reasons why this honorable but
dangerous duty was assigned the regiment in the follow-
ing words : —

THE GREATER ASSAULT ON WAGNER. 75

"It was believed that the Fifty-fourth was in every respect
as efficient as any other body of men ; and as it was one of the
strongest and best officered, there seemed to be no good reason
why it should not be selected for the advance. This point was
decided by General Stiong and myself."

In nxunbers the Fifty-fourth had present but six hun-
dred men, for besides the large camp guard and the sick
left at St. Helena Island, and the losses sustained on
James Island, on the 16th, a fatigue detail of eighty men
under Lieut. Francis L. Higginson, did not participate in
the attack.

The formation of the regiment for the assault was, as
shown in the diagram below, with Companies B and E
on the right of the respective wings.

Right Wikg. K C I A B

Left Wing. H F G D E

Colonel Shaw, Lieutenant-Colonel Hallowell, Adjutant
James, seven captains, and twelve lieutenants, — a total
of twenty-two officers, — advanced to the assault.

Surgeon Stone and Quartermaster Ritchie were present
on the field. Both field officers were dismounted; the
band and musicians acted as stretcher-bearers.

To many a gallant man these scenes upon the sands
were the last of earth ; to the survivors they will be ever
present. Away over the sea to the eastward the heavy
sea-fog was gathering, the western sky bright with the
reflected light, for the sun had set. Far away thunder
mingled with the occasional boom of cannon. The
gathering host all about, the silent lines stretching away
to the rear, the passing of a horseman now and then carry-

76 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

ing orders, — all was ominous of the impending onslaught.
Far and indistinct in front was the now silent earthwork,
seamed, scarred, and ploughed with shot, its flag still
waving in defiance.

Among the dark soldiers who were to lead veteran
regiments which were equal in drill and discipline to
any in the country, there was a lack of their usual light-
heartedness, for they realized, partially at least, the dan-
gers they were to encounter. But there was little
nervousness and no depression observable. It took but a
touch to bring out their irrepressible spirit and humor in
the old way. When a cannon-shot from the enemy came
toward the line and passed over, a man or two moved
nervously, calling out a sharp reproof from Lieutenant-
Colonel Hallowell, whom the men still spoke of as "the
major." Thereupon one soldier quietly remarked to his
comrades, " I guess the major forgets what kind of balls
them is ! " Another added, thinking of the foe, " I guess
they kind of 'spec's we 're coming ! "

Naturally the officers' thoughts were largely regarding
their men. Soon they would know whether the lessons
they had taught of soldierly duty would bear good fruit.
"Would they have cause for exultation or be compelled
to sheathe their swords, rather than lead cowards ? Un-
known to them, the whole question of employing three
hundred thousand colored soldiers hung in the balance.
But few, however, doubted the result. Wherever a white
officer led that night, even to the gun-muzzles and bayo-
net-points, there, by his side, were black men as brave and
steiadfast as himself.

At last the formation of the column was nearly per-
fected. The Sixth Connecticut had taken position in

THE GREATER ASSAULT ON WAGNER. 77

column of companiea just in rear of the Fifty-fourth.
About this time, Colonel Shaw walked back to Lieutenant-
Colonel Hallowell, and said, " 1 shall go in advance with
the National flag. You will keep the State flag with you ;
it will give the men something to rally round. We shall
take the fort or die there ! Good-by ! "

Presently, General Strong, mounted upon a spirited gray
horse, in full uniform, with a yellow handkerchief bound
around his neck, rode in front of the Fifty-fourth, accom-
panied by two aids and two orderlies. He addressed the
men; and his words, as given by an officer of the regi-
ment, were : " Boys, I am a Massachusetts man, and I
know you will fight for the honor of the State. I am
sorry you must go into the fight tired and hungry, but
the men in the fort are tired too. There are but three
hundred behind those walls, and they have been fighting
all day. Don't fire a musket on the way up, but go in
and bayonet them at their guns. " Calling out the color-
bearer, he said, " If this man should fall, who will lift the
flag and carry it on ? " Colonel Shaw, standing near,
took a cigar from between his lips, and said quietly, " I
will." The men loudly responded to Colonel Shaw's
pledge, while General Strong rode away to give the signal
for advancing.

Colonel Shaw calmly walked up and down the line of
his regiment. He was clad in a close-fitting staff-officer's
jacket, with a silver eagle denoting his rank on each
shoulder. His trousers were light blue; a fine narrow
silk sash was wound round his waist beneath the jacket.
Upon his head was a high felt army hat with cord. De-
pending from his sword-belt was a field-officer's sword of
English manufacture, with the initials of his name worked

78 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

into the ornamentation of the guard. On his hand was
an antique gem set in a ring. In his pocket was a gold
watch, marked with his name, attached to a gold chain.
Although he had given certain papers and letters to his
friend, Mr. Pierce, he retained his pocket-book, which
doubtless contained papers which would establish his
identity. His manner, generally reserved before his men,
seemed to unbend to them, for he spoke as he had never
done before. He said, " Now I want you to prove your-
selves men," and reminded them that the eyes of thou-
sands would look upon the night's work. His bearing
was composed and graceful; his cheek had somewhat
paled; and the slight twitching of the corners of his
mouth plainly showed that the whole cost was counted,
and his expressed determination to take the fort or die
was to be carried out.

Meanwhile the twilight deepened, as the minutes,
drawn out by waiting, passed, before the signal was given.
Officers had silently grasped one another's hands, brought
their revolvers round to the front, and tightened their
sword-belts. The men whispered last injunctions to com-
rades, and listened for the word of command.

The preparations usual in an assault were not made.
There was no provision for cutting away obstructions,
filling the ditch, or spiking the guns. No special instruc-
tions were given the stormers ; no line of skirmishers or
covering party was thrown out; no engineers or guides
accompanied the column; no artillery-men to serve cap-
tured guns ; no plan of the work was shown company offi-
cers. It was understood that the fort would be assaulted
with the bayonet, and that the Fifty-fourth would be
closely supported.

THE GREATER ASSAULT ON WAGNER. 79

While on the sands a few cannon-shots had reached the
regiment, one passing between the wings, another over
to the right. When the inaction had become almost
unendurable, the signal to advance came. Colonel Shaw
walked along the front to the centre, and giving the
command, " Attention ! " the men sprang to their feet.
Then came the admonition, "Move in quick time until
within a hundred yards of the fort; then double quick,
and charge ! " A slight pause, followed by the sharp
command, " Forward ! " and the Fifty-fourth advanced to
the storming.

There had been a partial resumption of the bombard-
ment during the formation, but now only an occasional
shot was heard. The enemy in Wagner had seen the
preparations, knew what was coming, and were awaiting
the blow. With Colonel Shaw leading, sword in hand,
the long advance over three quarters of a mile of sand
had begun, with wings closed up and company officers
admonishing their men to preserve the alignment. Guns
from Sumter, Sullivan's Island, and James Island, began
to play upon the regiment. It was about 7.45 p. m., with
darliness coming on rapidly, when the Fifty-fourth moved.
With barely room for the formation from the first, the
narrowing way between the sand hillocks and the sea soon
caused a strong pressure to the right, so that Captains
Willard and Emilio on the right of the right companies of
their wings were with some of their men forced to march
in water up to their knees, at each incoming of the sea.

Moving at quick time, and preserving its formation as
well as the difficult ground and narrowing way permitted,
the Fifty-fourth was approaching the defile made by the
easterly sweep of the mai-sh. Darkness was rapidly com-

80 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

ing on, and each moment became deeper. Soon men on
the flanks were compelled to fall behind, for want of room
to continue in line. The centre only had a free path,
and with eyes strained upon the colonel and the flag, they
pressed on toward the work, now only two hundred yards
away.

At that moment Wagner became a mound of fire, from
which poured a stream of shot and shell. Just a brief
lull, and the deafening explosions of cannon were re-
newed, mingled with the crash and rattle of musketry.
A sheet of flame, followed by a running fire, like electric
sparks, swept along the parapet, as the Fifty-first North
Carolina gave a direct, and the Charleston Battalion a
left-oblique, fire on the Fifty-fourth. Their Thirty-first
North Carolina had lost heart, and failed to take position
in the southeast bastion, — fortunately, too, for had its
musketry fire been added to that delivered, it is doubtful
whether any Federal troops could have passed the defile.

When this tempest of war came, before which men fell
in numbers on every side, the only response the Fifty-
fourth made to the deadly challenge was to change step
to the double-quick, that it might the sooner close with
the foe. There had been no stop, pause, or check at
any period of the advance, nor was there now. As the
swifter pace was taken, and officers sprang to the fore
with waving swords barely seen in the darkness, the men
closed the gaps, and with set jaws, panting breath, and
bowed heads, charged on.

Wagner's wall, momentarily lit up by cannon-flashes,
was still the goal toward which the survivors rushed in
sadly diminished numbers. It was now dark, the gloom
made more intense by the blinding explosions in the

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THE GREATER ASSAULT ON WAGNER. 81

front. This terrible fire which the regiment had just
faced, probably caused the greatest number of casualties
sustained by the Fifty-fourth in the assault; for nearer
the work the men were somewhat sheltered by the high
parapet. Every flash showed the ground dotted with
men of the regiment, killed or wounded. Great holes,
made by the huge shells of the navy or the land batteries,
were pitfalls into which the men stumbled or fell.

Colonel Shaw led the regiment to the left toward the
curtain of the work, thus passing the southeast bastion,
and leaving it to the right hand. From that salient no
musketry fire came; and some Fifty-fourth men first
entered it, not following the main body by reason of the
darkness. As the survivors drew near the work, they
encountered the flanking fire delivered from guns in the
southwest salient, and the howitzers outside the fort, which
swept the trench, where further severe losses were sus-
tained. Nothing but the ditch now separated the stormers
and the foe. Down into this they went, through the two
or three feet of water therein, and mounted the slope
beyond in the teeth of the enem}', some of whom, stand-
ing on the crest, fired down on them with depressed
pieces. Both flags were planted on the parapet, the
national flag carried there and gallantly maintained by
the, brave Sergt. William H. Carney of Company C.

In the pathway from the defile to the fort many brave •
men had fallen. Lieutenant-Colonel Hallowell was se-
verely wounded in the groin. Captain Willard in the leg,
Adjutant James in the ankle and side. Lieutenant Homans
in the shoulder. Lieutenants Smith and Pratt were also
wounded. Colonel Shaw had led his regiment from first
to last. Gaining the rampart, he stood there for a mo-

6

82 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

ment with uplifted sword, shouting, "Forward, Fifty-
fourth ! " and then fell dead, shot through the heart, be-
sides other wounds.

Not a shot had been fired by the regiment up to this
time. As the crest was gained, the crack of revolver-
shots was heard, for the officers fired into the surging
mass of upturned faces confronting them, lit up redly
but a moment by the powder-flashes. Musket-butts and
bayonets were freely used on the parapet, where the
stormers' were gallantly met. The garrison fought with
muskets, handspikes, and gun-rammers, the officers strik-
ing with their swords, so close were the combatants.
Numbers, however, soon told against the Fifty-fourth, for
it was tens against hundreds. Outlined against the sky,
they were a fair mark for the foe. Men fell every mo-
ment during the brief struggle. Some of the wounded
crawled down the slope to shelter; others fell headlong
into the ditch below.

It was seen from the volume of musketry fire, even
before the walls were gained, that the garrison was
stronger than had been supposed, and brave in defending
the work. The first rush had failed, for those of the
Fifty-fourth who reached the parapet were too few in num-
bers to overcome the garrison, and the supports were not
at hand to take full advantage of their first fierce attack.

Repulsed from the crest after the short hand-to-hand
struggle, the assailants fell back upon the exterior slope
of the rampart. There the men were encouraged to re-
main by their officers, for by sweeping the top of the
parapet with musketry, and firing at those trying to serve
the guns, they would greatly aid an advancing force. For
a time this was done, but at the cost of more lives. The

THE GREATER ASSAULT ON WAGNER. 83

enemy's fire became more effective as the numbers of the
Fifty-fourth diminished. Hand grenades or lighted shells
were rolled down the slope, or thrown over into the
ditch.

All this time the remaining officers and men of the
Fifty-fourth were firing at the hostile figures about the
gims, or that they saw spring upon the parapet, fire, and
jump away. One brave fellow, with his broken arm lying
across his breast, was piling cartridges upon it for Lieu-
tenant Emerson, who, like other officers, was using a
musket he had picked up. Another soldier, tired of the
enforced combat, climbed the slope to his fate; for in a
moment his dead body rolled down again. A particularly
severe fire came from the southwest bastion. There a
Confederate was observed, who, stripped to the waist,
with daring exposure for some time dealt out fatal shots ;
but at last three eager marksmen fired together, and
he fell back into the fort, to appear no more. Capt.
J. W. M. Appleton distinguished himself before the
curtain. He crawled into an embrasure, and with his
pistol prevented the artillery-men from serving the gun.
Private George Wilson of Company A had been shot
through both shoulders, but refused to go back until he
had his captain's permission. While occupied with this
faithful soldier, who came to him as he lay in the em-
brasure. Captain Appleton's attention was distracted, and
the gun was fired.

In the fighting upon the slopes of Wagner, Captains
Russel and Simpkins were killed or mortally wounded.
Captain Pope there received a severe wound in the
shoulder.

All these events had taken place in a short period of

84 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

time. The charge of the Fifty-fourth had been made and
repulsed before the arrival of any other troops. Those
who had clung to the bloody slopes or were lying in the
ditch, hearing fighting going on at their right, realized at
last that the expected succor would not reach them where
they were. To retire through the enveloping fire was as
dangerous and deadly as to advance. Some that night
preferred capture to the attempt at escaping; but the
larger portion managed to fall back, singly or in squads,
beyond the musketry fire of the garrison.

Captain Emilio, the junior of that rank, succeeded to
the command of the Fifty-fourth on the field by casualties.
After retiring from Wagner to a point where men were
encountered singly or in small squads, he determined to
rally as many as possible. With the assistance of Lieu-
tenants Grace and Dexter, a large portion of the Fiftj^-
fourth survivors were collected and formed in line,
together with a considerable number of white soldiers of
various regiments. While thus engaged, the national flag
of the Fifty-fourth was brought to Captain Emilio ; but as
it was useless as a rallying-point in the darkness, it was
sent to the rear for safety. Sergeant Carney had bravely
brought this flag from Wagner's parapet, at the cost
of two grievous wounds. The State color was torn from
the staff, the silk was found by the enemy in the moat,
while the staff remained with us.

Finding a line of rifle trench unoccupied and no indi-
cation that dispositions were being made for holding
it, believing that the enemy would attempt a sortie,
which was indeed contemplated but not attempted. Captain
Emilio there stationed his men, disposed to defend the
line. Other men were collected as they appeared. Lieu-

THE GREATER ASSAULT ON WAGNER. 85

tenant Tucker, slightly wounded, who was among the
last to leave the sand hills near the fort, joined this
force.

Desultory firing was still going on, and after a time,
being informed that some troops were in the open
ground, the force, numbering some two hundred, was
formed by its commander, and advanced from the rifle
trench. It is believed this was the only organized body
of rallied men ready and able to support Stevenson's
brigade, which alone was prepared after the repulse of the
others to resist attack. Presently the Twenty-fourth Mas-
sachusetts was encountered; but upon reporting, it was
found that support was not required. Marching back
to the still deserted trench, that line was again occupied.
By midnight firing entirely ceased. About 1 a. M., on
the 19th, a mounted ofiicer rode up, inquired what force
held the trench, and asked for the commanding officer.
Captain Emilio responded, and recognized General Steven-
son, who thanked him for the support given the reserve
brigade, and his dispositions for holding the line. He
was also informed that a regiment would be sent to relieve
his men, and shortly after, the Tenth Connecticut arrived
for that purpose. When this was done, the white soldiers
were formed into detachments by regiments, and sent to
find their colors.

The Fifty-fourth men were then marched to the rear,
and after proceeding a short distance down the beach, en-
coimtered Lieutenants Jewett, Emerson, and Appleton,
with some of the men. There the Fifty-fourth bivouacked
for the night, under the shelter of the sand-bluffs.

Although the storming column and supports did not
move forward with a close formation and promptness in

86 PIFTY-rOUETH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

support of the Fifty-fourth, which might have won Wagner
that night, their attacks when made were delivered with
a gallantry and persistence that made their severe losses
the more deplorable and fruitless, by reason of such faulty
generalship.

When Strong's brigade advanced, it met the same
devastating fire at the defile ; but a considerable number of
the survivors, mainly of the Sixth Connecticut and Forty-
eighth New York, pushed on to the southeast bastion,
feebly defended by the Thirty-first North Carolina, and
entered, securing a portion of the salient. Farther they
could not penetrate against superior numbers. General
Strong accompanied his column, and, as always, exhib-
ited the utmost bravery.

General Seymour, learning the failure of Strong's bri-
gade to carry the work, ordered Colonel Putnam to ad-
vance his regiments. That officer gallantly led forward
his brigade, meeting the same severe fire as he neared the
fort. With survivors of the Seventh New Hampshire, he
entered the disputed salient, followed by portions of the
Sixty-second and Sixty-seventh Ohio. His One Hundredth
New York advanced to a point near the work, in the con-
fusion and darkness poured a volley into our own men
in the salient, and, then retired. It must be understood,
however, that all these regiments suffered severe losses;
but losses that night do not necessarily indicate effective
regimental action. The greatest number of men in the
salient at any time hardly equalled a regiment, and were
of different organizations. They were fighting in a place
unknown to them, holding their ground and repelling
attacks, but were incapable of aggressive action. Fight-
ing over traverses and sand-bags, hemmed in by a fire

THE GREATER ASSAULT ON WAGNER. 87

poured across their rear, as well aa from the front and
flanks, the struggle went on pitilessly for nearly two
hours. Vainly were precious lives freely offered up, in
heroic attempts to encourage a charge on the flanking
guns. The enveloping darkness covered all; and the
valiant, seeing how impotent were their efforts, felt like
crying with Ajax, " Give us but light, 0 Jove ! and in the
light, if thou seest fit, destroy us ! "

Every field-officer in the bastion was at last struck down
except Major Lewis Butler, Six;ty-seventh Ohio. Colonel
Putnam had been shot through the head. When all hope
of expected support was gone, Major Butler sent out the
regimental colors, and gave orders to leave the bastion.
There were, according to his account, about one hundred
men each of the Sixty-second and Sixty-seventh Ohio,
about fifty of the Forty-eighth New York, and some small
detachments of other regiments, some with and some
without ofiicers. When this force had departed, and the
enemy had been re-enforced by the arrival of the Thirty-
second Georgia, the wounded, those who feared to en-
counter the enclosing fire, and those who failed to hear or
obey the order for abandonment, were soon surrounded
and captured. General Stevenson's brigade had advanced
toward the fort, but it was too late, and the men were
withdrawn.

Upon the beach in front of the siege line, drunken
soldiers of the regular artillery, with swords and pistol-
shots, barred the passage of all to the rear. They would
listen to no protestations that the regiments were driven
back or broken up, and even brutally ordered wounded
men to the front. After a time, their muddled senses
came to them on seeing the host of arrivals, while the

88 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTEY.

vigorous actions of a few determined officers who were
prepared to enforce a free passage, made further opposi-
tion perilous.

Thus ended the great assault on Fort Wagner. It was
the second and last attempted. The Confederate loss was
181 killed and wounded, including Lieut. -Col. J. C.
Simkins, Captains W. H. Ryan, W. T. Tatom, and P. H.
Waring, and Lieut. G. W. Thompson, killed. Our loss
was 1,515, including 111 officers, and embracing General
Seymour wounded, General Strong mortally wounded, and
Colonel Putnam (acting brigadier) killed. Of the ten
regimental commanders, Colonel Shaw was killed. Col.
J. L. Chatfield, Sixth Connecticut, mortally wounded,
and five others wounded. Such severe casualties stamp
the sanguinary character of the fighting, and mark the
assault as one of the fiercest struggles of the war, con-
sidering the numbers engaged. This is further evidenced
by the fact that the losses exceeded those sustained by our
forces in many much better-known actions during the Re-
bellion, — notably Wilson's Creek, Pea Ridge, Cedar Moun-
tain, Chantilly, Prairie Grove, Pleasant Hills, Sailor's
Creek, Jonesborough, Bentonville, and High Bridge, in
most of which a much larger Federal force was engaged.

The following is the official report of the part borne by
the Fifty-fourth in the assault : —

Headquarters Fifty-Fourth Mass. Vols.,
Morris Island, S. C, Nov. 7, 1863.

Brig.-Gen. T. Setmocr, Commanding U. S. Forces, Morris Islanfl, S. C.

General, — In answer to your request that I furnish you
with a report of the part taken by the Fifty-fourth Massachu-
setts Volunteers in the late assault upon Fort Wagner, I have
to state : —

THE GREATER ASSAULT ON WAGNER. 89

During the afternoon of the 18th of July last, the Fifty-
fourth Massachusetts Volunteers, Col. R. G. Shaw commanding,
landed upon Morris Island and reported at about six o'clock
p. M. to Brig.-Gen. G. C. Strong. Colonel Shaw's command
present consisted of a lieutenant-colonel of the field, a sur-
geon, adjutant, and quartermaster of the staff, eight captains
and eleven subaltern officers of the line and six hundred en-
listed men. General Strong presented himself to the regi-
ment, and informed the men of the contemplated assault
upon Fort Wagner, and asked if they would lead it. They
answered in the affirmative. The regiment was then formed
in column by wing, at a point upon the beach a short dis-
tance in the advance of the Beacon house. Col. R. G. Shaw
commanded the right wing, and Lieut.-Col. E. N. Hallowell
the left.

In this formation, as the dusk of evening came on, the regi-
ment advanced at quick time, leading the column. The enemy
opened on us a brisk fire, our pace now gradually increasing
till it became a run. Soon canister and musketry began to tell
on us. With Colonel Shaw leading, the assault was commenced.
Exposed to the direct fire of canister and musketry, and, as the
ramparts were mounted, to a like fire on our flanks, the havoc
made in our ranks was very great.

Upon leaving the ditch for the parapet, they obstinately con-
tested with the bayonet our advance. Notwithstanding these
difficulties, the men succeeded in driving the enemy from most
of their guns, many following the enemy into the fort. It was
here upon the crest of the parapet that Colonel Shaw fell ; here
fell Captains Russel and Simpkins ; here were also most of the
officers wounded. The colors of the regiment reached the crest,
and were there fought for by the enemy ; the State flag there
torn from its staff, but the staff remains with us. Hand gre-
nades were now added to the missiles directed against the
men.

The fight raged here for about an hour, when, compelled to

90 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

abandon the fort, the men formed a line about seven hundred
yards from the fort, under the command of Capt. Luis F. Emilio,
— the ninth captain in the line ; the other captains were either
killed or wounded. The regiment then held the front until
relieved by the Tenth Connecticut at about two o'clock a. m.
of the 19th.

The assault was made upon the south face of the fort. So
many of the officers behaved with marked coolness and bravery,
1 cannot mention any above the others. It is due, however, to
the following-named enlisted men that they be recorded above
their fellows for especial merit : —

Sergt. Robt. J. Simmons Co. B.

" William H. Carney " C.

Corp. Henry F. Peal " F.

Pvt. Geo. Wilson "A.

The following is the list of casualties : —

Officers.

Col. E. G. Shaw killed

Lieut.-Col. E. N. HalloweU .... wounded

Adjt. G. W. James "

Capt. S. WiUard "

" C. J. Russel missing, supposed to be killed

" W. H. Simpkins " " " " "

" Geo. Pope wounded

" E. L. Jones . "

" J. W. M. Appleton "

" O. E. Smith "

1st Lieut, R. H. L. Jewett "

" Wm. H. Homans .... "

2d Lieut. C. E. Tucker "

" J. A. Pratt ...... "

THE GREATElt ASSAULT ON WAGNER. 91

Unlisted Men.

KUled 9

Wounded 147

Missing 100

Total 256

I have the honor to be, very respectfully,
Your obedient servant,

E. N. Hallowell,
Colonel Commanding Fifty-fourth Massachusetts Volunteers.

Lieutenant Howard, in falling back from the fort, with
a few men he had gathered, retired directly down the
beach, not encountering the larger part of the regiment.
Lieut. T. L. Appleton retired first but a short distance,
where, in the sand-hills, he found General Strong with
some detachments which he was urging to advance.
Lieutenant Appleton moved forward again a short dis-
tance, but finding there was no concerted advance, Y^i^t
rearward. Sergeant S wails of Company P was with Cap-
tains Simpkins and Russel imder the left bastion. They
climbed the parapet, and were at once fired upon. Cap-
tain Russel fell wounded, and Simpkins asked him if
he would be carried off. When he declined, and asked
to lie straightened out, Simpkins directed Swails to help
him do this, and while kneeling over his friend's head,
facing the enemy, was himself hit. Putting his hand to
his breast, he fell across Russel, and never spoke or moved
again. Swails, who relates this, says he was soon
asked by Russel to change his position, that he (Swails)
might not draw the Rebel fire on the wounded, and did
so. Frank Myers, of Company K, whose arm was shat-
tered, states that he stood under the uplifted arm of

92 FIFTY-FOtJRTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

Colonel Shaw, while that officer was on the parapet, wav-
ing his sword, and crying, " Forward, Fifty-fourth ! " He
saw the colonel suddenly fall, and was struck himself a
moment after. Thomas Burgess, of Company I, makes a
similar statement.

Capt. J. W. M. Appleton, at the curtain, hearing firing
at last on the right, climbed with Captain Jones and
Lieutenant Emerson into the southeast bastion, and joined
in the desperate fighting there. Captain Appleton was
finally badly wounded, and made his way out with great
difficulty, to report the situation in the bastion. Cap-
tain Jones was also severely wounded. He fell into the
moat, where he remained until assisted rearward by
George Remsley of Company C. Lieutenant Emerson in
the bastion used the musket he had picked up before the
curtain. To protect the wounded lying near he pulled out
sand-bags. When a volunteer was wanted to report their
situation to some general officer, he offered himself, say-
ing, " I will go, but if I am killed, just tell them I did
not run away ! " As he was still able to fight. Captain
Appleton, who was disabled, went instead. Lieutenant
Homans was wounded near the fort, and thought himself
mortally hurt, as he was spitting blood, but staggered
along until he was met by Lieutenant Dexter, who as-
sisted him to the rear.

Sergt. George E. Stephens of Company B, in a letter
to the writer, says, —

" I remember distinctly that when our column had, charged
the fort, passed the half-flUed moat, and mounted to the parapet,
many of our men clambered over, and some entered by the
large embrasure in which one of the big guns was mounted, the
firing substantially ceased there by the beach, and the Rebel

THE GREATER ASSAULT ON WAGNER. 93

musketry fire steadily grew hotter on our left. An oflScer of
our regiment called out, ' Spike that gun ! ' . . . Just at the
very hottest moment of the struggle, a battalion or regiment
charged up to the moat, halted, and did not attempt to cross it
and join us, but from their position commenced to fire upon us.
I was one of the men who shouted from where I stood, ' Don't
fire on us ! We are the Fifty-fourth.' I have heard it was a
Maine regiment. . . . Many of our men will jom me in saying
that in the early stages of the fight we had possession of the
sea end of Battery Wagner. . . . When we reached the Gatling
battery drawn up to repel a counter-attack, I remember you
were the only commissioned officer present, and you placed us
indiscriminately, — that is, without any regard to companies in
line, — and proposed to renew the charge. The commanding
officer, whom I do not know, ordered us to the flanking rifle-pits,
and we then awaited the expected counter- charge the enemy
did not make."

Lieutenant Smith, severely wounded, remained on the
field until the next day, when he was brought in. Lieu-
tenant Pratt, wounded in two places, concealed himself in
the marsh. There he remained many hours, until at last,
braving the fire of Rebel pickets, he escaped into our
lines. First Sergeant Simmons of Company B was the
finest-looking soldier in the Fifty-fourth, — a brave man
and of good education. He was wounded and captured.
Taken to Charleston, his bearing impressed even his cap-
tors. After suffering amputation of the arm, he died
there.

Contemporaneous testimony is complete as to the gal-
lant part taken by the Fifty-fourth in the assault. Samuel
W. Mason, correspondent of the New York "Herald," on
Morris Island, wrote under date of July 19, 1863, of the
regiment : —

94 FIFTY-rOXTETH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

" I saw them iight at Wagner as none but splendid soldiers,
splendidly officered, could flght, dashing through shot and shell,
grape, canister, and shrapnel, and showers of bullets, and
when they got close enough, fighting with clubbed muskets, and
retreating when they did retreat, by command and with choice
white troops for company."

Edward L. Pierce, the correspondent of the New York
"Tribune," in a letter to Governor Andrew, dated July
22, 1863, wrote, —

" I asked General Strong if he had any testimony in relation
to the regiment to be communicated to you. These are his pre-
cise words, and I give them to you as I noted them at the time :
' The Fifty-fourth did well and nobly ; only the fall of Colonel
Shaw prevented them from entering the fort. They moved up
as gallantly as any troops could, and with their enthusiasm
they deserved a better fate.' "

To the correspondent of the New York " Evening Post "
General Strong said that the Fifty -fourth "had no sleep
for three nights, no food since morning, and had marched
several miles. . . . Under cover of darkness they had
stormed the fort, faced a stream of fire, faltered not till
the ranks were broken by shot and shell ; and in all these
severe tests, which would have tried even veteran troops,
they fully met my expectations, for many were killed,
wounded, or captured on the walls of the fort."

The Confederate commander of Wagner has written, —

" One of the assaulting regiments was composed of negroes
(the Fifty-fourth Massachusetts), and to it was assigned the
honor of leading the white columns to the charge. It was a
dearly purchased compliment. Their colonel (Shaw) was
killed upon the parapet, and the regiment almost annihilated,
although the Confederates in the darkness could not tell the
color of their assailants.''

THE GREATER ASSAULT ON WAGNER. 95

Official reports show, and the same Confederate officer
has stated as his impression, that " the greater part of our
loss was sustained at the beginning of the assault, and in
front of the curtain, although we suffered some addi-
tional loss from the troops who gained the bastion,""
which loss must necessarily have been inflicted by the
Fifty-fourth, as it was the leading regiment, and attacked
the curtain.

Further Confederate testimony is furnished in a letter
of Lieut. Iredell Jones, who writes, —

" I visited the battery [Fort "Wagner] yesterday. The dead
and woanded were piled up la a ditch together sometimes fifty
in a heap, and they were strewn all over the plain for a dis-
tance of three fourths of a mile. They had two [only one,
the Fifty-fourth?] negro regiments, and they were slaughtered
in every direction. One pile of negroes numbered thhty.
Numbers of both white and black were killed on top of our
breastworks as well as inside. The negroes fought gallantly,
and were headed by as brave a colonel as ever lived. He
mounted the breastworks waving his sword, and at the head
of his regiment, and he and a negro orderly sergeant fell
dead over the inner crest of the works. The negroes were as
fine-looking a set as I ever saw, — large, strong, muscular
fellows."

Of those reported missing belonging to the Fifty-fojirth,
some sixty were captured, about twenty of whom were
wounded. The remainder were killed. Their capture
occasioned one of a number of new and important ques-
tions raised for governmental consideration,, which it was
the fortune of the regiment to present and have decided
for the benefit of all other colored soldiers. Before the
actions of July 16 and 18, no considerable number of

96 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTKY.

black soldiers had been captured. Under the acts of the
Confederate Congress they were outlaws, to be delivered
to the State authorities when captured, for trial ; and the
penalty of servile insurrection was death.

The fate of Captains Russel and Simpkins was also
unknown. It was thought possible that they too were
captured. Governor Andrew and the friends of the regi-
ment therefore exerted themselves to have the Govern-
ment throw out its protecting hand over its colored
soldiers and their officers in the enemy's hands.

Two sections were at once added to General Orders
No. 100 of the War Department, relating to such prisoners,
a copy of which was transmitted to the Confederate com-
missioner, Robert Ould. The first set forth that once a
soldier no man was responsible individually for warlike
acts; the second, that the law of nations recognized no
distinctions of color, and that if the enemy enslaved or
sold the captured soldier, as the United States could not
enslave, death would be the penalty in retaliation. The
President also met the case in point involving the Fifty-
fourth prisoners, by issuing the following proclamation :

Executive Mansion, Washington, July 30, 1863.
It is the duty of every government to give protection to its
citizens of whatever class, color, or condition, and especially
to those who are duly organized as soldiers in the public ser-
vice. The law of nations and the usages and customs of war,
as carried on by civilized powers, permit no distinction as to
color in the treatment of prisoners of war as public enemies.
To sell or enslave any captured person on account of his color,
and for no offence against the laws of war, is a relapse intft
barbarism and a crime against the civilization of the age. The
Government of the United States will give the same protection

7r-»-!-~T->.Tr^-^.I-=?'^^ "* ' kjj

Died ill Service.

Lieut. Frederick H. Webster. Capt. William II. Simpkins.

Capt. Cabot J. Russel. Lieut. Edward L. Stevens.

THE GREATER ASSAULT ON WAGNER. 97

to all its soldiers ; and if the enemy shall sell or enslave any
one because of his color, the offence shall be punished by re-
taliation upon the enemy's prisoners in our hands.

It is therefore ordered that for every soldier of the United
States killed in violation of the laws of war, a Eebel soldier
shall be executed, and for every one enslaved by the enemy
or sold into slavery, a Rebel soldier shall be placed at hard
labor on the public works, and continue at such labor until the
other shall be released and receive the treatment due a prisoner
of war.

Abraham Lincoln.
By order of the Secretai-y of War,
E. D. TowNSEND, Assistant Adjutant-General.

Such prompt and vigorous enunciations had a salutary
effect; and the enemy did not proceed to extremities.
But the Fifty-fourth men were demanded by Governor
Bonham, of South Carolina, from the military authorities.
A test case was made ; and Sergt. Walter A. Jeffries of
Company H, and Corp. Charles Hardy of Company B,
were actually tried for their lives. They were successfully
defended by the ablest efforts of one of the most brilliant
of Southern advocates, the Union-loving and noble Nel-
son Mitchell, of Charleston, who, with a courage rarely
equalled, fearlessly assumed the self-imposed task. Thence-
forth never noticed, this devoted man died a few months
after in Charleston, neglected and in want, because of
this and other loyal acts. For months no list could be
obtained of the Fifty-fourth prisoners, the enemy abso-
lutely refusing information. After long imprisonment in
Charleston jail, they were taken to Florence stockade, and
were finally released in the spring of 1865. The best
attainable information shows that the survivors then num-
bered some twenty-seven, some of whom rejoined the regi-

7

98 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

ment, while others were discharged from parole camps or
hospitals.

Colonel Shaw's fate was soon ascertained from those
who saw him fall, and in a day or two it was learned
from the enemy that his body had been found, identified,
and, on July 19, buried with a number of his colored sol-
diers. The most circumstantial account relating thereto
is contained in a letter to the writer from Capt. H. W.
Hendricks, a Confederate officer who was present at the
time, dated from Charleston, S. C, June 29, 1882; and
the following extracts are made therefrom : — ■

"... Colonel Shaw fell on the left of our flagstaff about
ten yards towards the river, near the bombproof immediately
on our works, with a number of his officers and men. He was
instantly killed, and fell outside of our works. The morning
following the battle his body was carried through our lines ;
and I noticed that he was stripped of all his clothing save
under-vest and drawers. This desecration of the dead we en-
deavored to provide against ; but at that time — the incipiency
of the Rebellion — our men were so frenzied that it was next to
impossible to guard against it ; this desecration, however, was
almost exclusively participated in by the more desperate and
lower class of our troops. Colonel Shaw's body was brought
in from the sally-port on the Confederate right, and conveyed
across the parade-ground into the bombproof by four of our
men of, the burial party. Soon after, his body was carried out
via the sally-port on the left river-front, and conveyed across
the front of our works, and there buried. ... His watch and
chain were robbed from his body by a private in. my company,
by name Charles Blake. I think he had other personal prop-
erty of Colonel Shaw. . . . Blake, with other members of my
company, jumped our works at night after hostilities had ceased,
and robbed the dead. . . . Colonel Shaw was the only officer
buried with the colored troops. ..."

THE GREATER ASSAULT ON WAGNER. 99

Such disposal of the remains of an officer of Colonel
Shaw's rank, when his frieads were almost within call,
was so unusual and cruel that there seemed good ground
for the belief that the disposition made was so specially
directed, as a premeditated indignity for having dared to
lead colored troops. When known throughout the North,
it excited general indignation, and fostered bitterness.
Though recognizing the fitness of his resting-place, where
in death he was not separated from the men he was in
life not ashamed to lead, the act was universally con-
demned. It was even specifically stated in a letter
which appeared in the "Army and Navy Journal," of
New York City, written by Asst. -Surg. John T. Luck,
U. S. N., who was captured while engaged in assisting
our wounded during the morning of July 19, that Gen.
Johnson Hagood, who had succeeded General Taliaferro
in command of Battery Wagner that morning, was re-
sponsible for the deed. The following is extracted from
that letter : —

"... While being conducted into tlie fort, I saw Colonel
Shaw of the Fifty-four Massachusetts (colored) Eegiment lying
dead upon the ground just outside the parapet. A stalwart
negro man had fallen near him. The Rebels said the negro was
a color sergeant. The colonel had been killed by a rifle-shot
through the chest, though he had received other wounds.
Brigadier-General Hagood, commanding the Rebel forces, said
to me : 'I knew Colonel Shaw before the war, and then esteemed
him. Had he been in command of white troops, I should have
given him an honorable barial ; as it is, I shall bury him in the
common trench with the negroes that fell with him.' The
burial party were then at work ; and no doubt Colonel Shaw
was buried just beyond the ditch of the fort in the trench where

100 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

I saw our dead indiscriminately thrown. Two days afterwards
a Rebel surgeon (Dr. Dawson, of Charleston, S. C, I think)
told me that Hagood had carried out his threat."

Assistant-Surgeon Luck's statement is, however, con-
tradicted by General Hagood ; for having requested infor-
mation upon the matter, the writer, in December, 1885,
received from Gen. Samuel Jones, of Washington, a copy
of a letter written by Gen. Johnson Hagood to Col.
T. W. Higginson, of Cambridge, Mass., dated Sept. 21,
1881. General Hagood quotes from Colonel Higginson's
letter of inquiry relative to Colonel Shaw's burial, the
conversation which Assistant-Surgeon Luck alleges to
have had with him at Battery Wagner about the disposi-
tion of Colonel Shaw's body, as set forth in the extract
given from Assistant-Surgeon Luck's letter, and then-
gives his (General Hagood's) account of the meeting with
Assistant-Surgeon Luck as follows, the italics being those
of the general : —

" On the day after the night assault and while the burial
parties of both sides were at work on the field, a chain of senti-
nels dividing them, a person was brought to me where I was
engaged within the battery in repairing damages done to the
work. The guard said he had been found wandering within
our lines, engaged apparently in nothing except making obser-
vations. The man claimed to be a naval surgeon belonging to
gunboat ' Pawnee ; ' and after asking him some questions about
the damages sustained by that vessel a few days before in the
Stono Kiver from an encounter with a field battery on its banks,
I informed him that he would be sent up to Charleston for such
disposition as General Beauregard deemed proper. I do not
recall the name of this person, and have not heard of him since,
but he must be the Dr. Leech [Luck?] of whom you speak. 1

THE GBEATEK ASSAULT ON WAGNER. 101

have no recollection ofotlier conversation with Aim than that given
above. He has, however, certainly reported me incorrectly La
one particular. / never saw or heard of Colonel Shaw until his
body was pointed out to me that morning, and his name and rank
mentioned. ... I simply give my recollection in reply to his
statement. As he has confounded what he probably heard from
others within the battery of their previous knowledge of Colonel
Shaw, he may at the distance of time at which he spoke have
had his recollection of his interview with me confounded in
other respects.

" You fui-ther ask if a request from General Terry for Colonel
Shaw's body was refused the day after the battle. I answer
distinctly. No. At the written request of General GUlmore, I,
as commander of the battery, met General Vogdes (not Terry),
on a flag of truce on the 22d. Upon this flag an exchange
of wounded prisoners was arranged, and Colonel Putnam's
body was asked for and delivered. Colonel Shaw's body was
not asked for then or at any other time to my knowledge. . . .
No special order was ever issued by me, verbally or otherwise,
in regard to the burial of Colonel Shaw or any other officer or
man at Wagner. The only order was a verbal one to bui-y
all the dead in trenches as speedily as possible, on account of
the heat ; and as far as I knew then, or have reason to believe
now, each oflflcer was buried where he fell, with the men who
surrounded him. It thus occurred that Colonel Shaw, com-
manding negroes, was buried with negroes."

These extracts from the letters of Assistant-Surgeon
Luck and General Hagood are submitted to the reader
with the single suggestion that what is said about Colonel
Shaw's body being brought into Fort Wagner, contained
in Captain Hendricks's letter, should be borne in mind
while reading the latter portion of the extracts from
General Hagood's letter.

But how far General Hagood may be held responsible

102 FIFTY-FOUETH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

for the lack of generous and Christian offices to the re-
mains of Colonel Shaw, his family and comrades, is
another matter. And the writer submits that these faults
of omission are grave ; that the acknowledged bravery of
Colonel Shaw in life, and his appearance even in death,
when, as General Hagood acknowledges, "his body was
pointed out to me that morning," should have secured
him a fitting sepulture, or the tender of his body to his
friends. This burial of Colonel Shaw, premeditated and
exceptional, was without question intended as an igno-
miny. It served to crown the sacrifices of that young life,
so short and eventful, and to place his name high on the
roll of martyrs and leaders of the Civil War.

Colonel Shaw's sword was found during the war in a
house in Virginia, and restored to his family. His silk
sash was purchased in Battery Wagner from a private
soldier, by A. W. Muckenfuss, a Confederate officer, who,
many years after, generously sent it North to Mr. S. D.
Gilbert, of Boston, for restoration to the Shaw family.
Only these two articles have been recovered, so far as
known.

No effort was made to find Colonel Shaw's grave when
our forces occupied the ground. This was in compliance
with the request contained in the following letter : —

New York, Aug. 24, 1863.
Bkigadigk-Gbnebal Gillmore, Commanding Department of the South.

Sir, — I take the liberty to address you because I am in-
fonned that efforts are to be made to recover the body of my
son. Colonel Shaw of the Fifty-fourth Massachusetts Regiment,
which was buried at Fort Wagner. My object in writing is to
say that such efforts are not authorized by me or any of my
family, and that they are not approved by us. We hold that a

THE GREATER ASSAULT ON WAGNER. 103

soldier's most appropriate burial-place is on the field where he
has fallen. I shall therefore be much obliged, General, if in
case the matter is brought to your cognizance, you will forbid
the desecration of my son's grave, and prevent the disturbance
of his remains or those buried with him. With most earnest
wishes for your success, I am, sir, with respect and esteem.
Your obedient servant,

Fkancis George Shaw.

Captains Russel and Simpkins were doubtless interred
with other white soldiers, after their bodies had been
robbed of all evidences of their rank during the hours
of darkness.

After all firing had ceased, about midnight, Brig. -Gen.
Thomas G. Stevenson, commanding the front lines, ordered
two companies of the Ninety-seventh Pennsylvania, under
Lieutenant-Colonel Duer, to advance from the abatis as
skirmishers toward "Wagner, followed by four companies
of the Ninety-seventh, without arms, under Captain Price,
to rescue the wounded. General Stevenson saw to this
service personally, and gave special instructions to rescue
as many as possible of the Fifty-fourth, saying, "You
know how much harder they will fare at the hands of the
enemy than white men. " The rescuing party, with great
gallantry and enterprise, pushed the search clear up to the
slopes of Wagner, crawling along the ground, and listen-
ing for the moans that indicated the subjects of their
mission. When found, the wounded were quietly dragged
to points where they could be taken back on stretchers in
safety. This work was continued until daylight, and
many men gathered in by the Ninety-seventh; among
them was Lieutenant Smith of the Fifty-fourth. It was a
noble work fearlessly done.

104 FIFTY-FOUETH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

Throughout the assault and succeeding night, Quarter-
master Ritchie was active and efficient in rendering help
to the wounded of the regiment and endeavoring to ascer-
tain the fate of Colonel Shaw and other officers. Surgeon
Stone skilfully aided all requiring his services, sending
the severely wounded men and officers from temporary
hospitals to the steamer "Alice Price."

CHAPTER VI.

SIEGE OP WAGNER.

EARLY on the morning of July 19, the men of the
Fifty-fourth were aroused, and the regiment marched
down the beach, making camp near the southern front of
the island at a point where the higher hills give way to a
low stretch of sand bordering the inlet. On this spot the
regiment remained during its first term of service, at Morris
Island.

That day was the saddest in the history of the Fifty-
fourth, for the depleted ranks bore silent witness to the
severe losses of the previous day. Men who had wandered
to other points during the night continued to join their
comrades until some four hundred men were present. A
number were without arms, which had either been de-
stroyed or damaged in their hands by shot and shell, or
were thrown away in the effort to save life. The officers
present for duty were Captain Bmilio, commanding, Sur-
geon Stone, Quartermaster Ritchie, and Lieutenants T. W.
Appleton, Grace, Dexter, Jewett, Emerson, Reid, Tucker,
Johnston, Howard, and Higginson.

Some fifty men, slightly wounded, were being treated in
camp. The severely wounded, including seven officers,
were taken on the 19th to hospitals at Beaufort, where
every care was given them by the medical men. General
Saxton, his officers, civilians, and tlie colored people.

106 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTEY.

By order of General Terry, commanding Morris Island,
the regiment on the 19th was attached to the Third Bri-
gade with the Tenth Connecticut, Twenty-fourth Massachu-
setts, Seventh New Hampshire, One Hundredth New York,
and Ninety-seventh Pennsylvania, under General Stevenson.
Upon the 20th the labors of the siege work began, for in
the morning the first detail was furnished. Late in the
afternoon the commanding ofi&cer received orders to take
the Fifty-fourth to the front for grand-guard duty. He re-
ported with all the men in camp — some three hundred —
and was placed at the Beacon house, supporting the Third
New Hampshire and Ninety-seventh Pennsylvania. There
was no firing of consequence that night. In the morning
the Fifty-fourth was moved forward into the trenches.

Capt. D. A. Partridge, left sick in Massachusetts, joined
July 21, and, as senior officer, assumed command.

Preparations were made for a bombardment of Sumter
as well as for the siege of Wagner. Work began on the
artillery line of July 18, that night, for the first parallel,
1,350 yards from Wagner. When completed, it mounted
eight siege and field guns, ten mortars, and three Requa rifle
batteries. July 23, the second parallel was established
some four hundred yards in front of the first. Vincent's
Creek on its left was obstructed with floating booms. On
its right was the " Surf Battery," armed with field-pieces.
This parallel was made strong for defence for the purpose
of constructing in its rear the " Left Batteries " against
Sumter. It mounted twenty-one light pieces for defence
and three thirty-pounder Parrotts and one Wiard rifle.
The two parallels were connected by zigzag approaches to
protect passing troops. In the construction of these works
and the transportation of siege material, ordnance, and

SIEGE OF WAGNER. 107

quartermaster's stores, the Fifty-fourth was engaged, in
common with all the troops on the island, furnishing large
details. So many men were called for that but a small
camp guard could be maintained, and at times non-commis-
sioned officers volunteered to stand on post.

Col. M. S. Littlefield, Fourth South Carolina Colored, on
July 24, was temporarily assigned to command the Fifty-
fourth. The colonel's own regiment numbered but a few
score of men, and this appointment seemed as if given to
secure him command commensurate with the rank he held.
It gave rise to much criticism in Massachusetts as well as
in the regiment, for it was made contrary to custom and
without the knowledge of Governor Andrew. Though
silently dissatisfied, the officers rendered him cheerful
service.

Anticipating a bombardment of Sumter, the enemy were
busy strengthening the gorge or south wall with both cot-
ton-bales and sand-bags. A partial disarmament of the
fort was heing effected. "Wagner was kept in repair by
constant labor at night. To strengthen their circle of
batteries the enemy were busy upon new works on James
Island. About 10 a. m., on the 24th, the Confederate
steamer " Alice " ran down and was met by the " Cos-
mopolitan," when thirty-eight Confederates were given
up, and we received one hundred and five wounded, in-
cluding three officers. There was complaint by our men
that the Confederates had neglected their wounds, of the
unskilful surgical treatment received, and that unneces-
sary amputations were suffered. From Col. Edward C.
Anderson it was ascertained that the Fifty-fourth's pris-
oners would not be given up, and Colonel Shaw's death
was confirmed.

108 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

Battery Simkins on James Island opened against our
trenches for the first time on the 25th. For the first time
also sharpshooters of the enemy fired on our working par-
ties with long-range rifles. Orders came on the 26th that,
owing to the few officers and lack of arms, the Fifty-fourth
should only furnish fatigue details.

Quartermaster Ritchie, who was sent to Hilton Head, re-
turned on the 29th with the officers, men, and camp equi-
page from St. Helena, and tents were put up the succeeding
day. Some six hundred men were then present with the
colors, including the sick. The number of sick in camp
was very large, owing to the severe work and terrible
heat. About nineteen hundred were reported on August 1
in the whole command. The sight of so many pale, en-
feebled men about the hospitals and company streets was
dispiriting. As an offset, some of those who had recovered
from wounds returned, and Brig.-Gen. Edward A. Wild's
brigade of the First North Carolina and Fifty-fifth Massa-
chusetts, both colored, arrived and camped on Folly Island.

Mr. De Mortie, the regimental sutler, about this time
brought a supply of goods. After August 2 the details
were somewhat smaller, as the colored brigade on Folly
Island began to send over working parties. But calls were
filled from the regiment daily for work about the landing
and the front. Two men from each company reported as
sharpshooters in conjunction with those from other
regiments.

The famous battery known as the " Swamp Angel " was
begun August 4, and built under direction of Col. E. W.
Serrell, First New York Engineers, and was situated in
the marsh between Morris and James islands. It was
constructed upon a foundation of timber, with sand-bags

SIEGE OF WAGNEK. 109

filled upon Morria Island and taken out in boats. A two-
hundred-pounder Parrott gim was lightered out to the work
at night with great difficulty. Its fire reached Charleston, a
distance of 8,800 yards. This gun burst after the first few
discharges. Later, two mortars were mounted in the work
in place of the gun. Capt. Lewis S. Payne,- One Hundredth
New York, the most daring scout of our forces, at night,
August 3, while at Payne's dock, was captured with a
few men.

August 5 the men were informed that the Government
was ready to pay them $10 per month, less $3 deducte^for
clothing. The offer was refused, although many had suf-r
faring families. About this time a number of men were
detached, or detailed, as clerks, butchers, and as hands
on the steamers " Escort " and " Planter." Work was
begun on the third parallel within four hundred yards of
Wagner on the night of the 9th. When completed, it
Avas one hundred yards in length, as the island narrowed.
Water was struck at a slight depth. The weather was
excessively hot, and flies and sand-fleas tormenting. Only
sea-bathing and cooler nights made living endurable. The
Fifty-fourth was excused from turning out at reveille in
consequence of excessive work, for we were daily fur-
nishing parties reporting to Lieut. P. S. Michie, United
States Engineers, at the Left Batteries, and to Colonel
Serrell at the " Lookout."

Fancied security of the Fifty-fourth camp so far from
the front was rudely dispelled at dark on August 13 by a
shell from James Island bursting near Surgeon Stone's
tent. These unpleasant visits were not frequent, seemingly
being efforts of the enemy to try the extreme range of their
guns. Reinforcements, consisting of Gen. George H. Gor-

110 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

don's division from the Eleventh Corps, arrived on the 13th
and landed on the 15th upon Polly Island. No rain fell
from July 18 until August 13, which was favorable for the
siege work, as the sand handled was dry and light. This
dryness, however, rendered it easily displaced by the
wind, requiring constant labor in re-covering magazines,
bombproofs, and the slopes. The air too was full of the
gritty particles, blinding the men and covering everything
in camp.

By this date twelve batteries were nearly ready for action,
moif iting in all twenty-eight heavy rifles, from thirty to
three hundred pounders, besides twelve ten-inch mortars.
Those for breaching Sumter were at an average distance
of -3,900 yards. Detachments from the First United States
Artillery, Third Rhode Island Artillery, One Hundredth
New York, Seventh Connecticut, Eleventh Maine, and the
fleet, served the guns. These works had been completed
under fire from Sumter, Gregg, Wagner, and the James
Island batteries, as well as the missiles of sharpshooters.
Most of the work had been done at night. Day and night
heavy guard details lay in the trenches to repel attack.
The labor of transporting the heavy guns to the front was
very great, as the sinking of the sling-carts deep into the
sand made progress slow. Tons of powder, shot, and shell
had been brought up, and stored in the service-magazines.
It was hoped by General Gillmore that the demolition
of Sumter would necessitate the abandonment of Morris
Island, for that accomplished, the enemy could be prevented
from further relief of the Morris Island garrison. Sumter
was then commanded by Col. Alfred Rhett, First South
Carolina Artillery ; and the garrison was of his regiment.
In all this work preparatory to breaching Sumter the Fifty-

SIEGE OF WAGNER. Ill

fourth had borne more than its share of labor, for it was
exclusively employed on fatigue duty, which was not the
case with the white troops. There had been no time for
drill or discipline. Every moment in camp was needed
to rest the exhausted men and officers. The faces and
forms of all showed plainly at what cost this labor was
done. Clothes were in rags, shoes worn out, and haver-
sacks full of holes. On the 16th the medical staff was
increased by the arrival of Asst.-Surg. G. M. Pease.
Lieut. Charles Silva, Fourth South Carolina (colored),
was detached to the Fifty-fourth on the 21st, doing duty
until November 6.

Shortly after daybreak, August 17, the first bombard-
ment of Sumter began from the land batteries, the navy
soon joining in action. The fire of certain guns was di-
rected against Wagner and Gregg. Capt. J. M. Wampler,
the engineer ofiicer at Wagner, and Capt. George W.
Rodgers and Paymaster Woodbury of the monitor " Cat-
skill" were killed. Sumter was pierced time and again
imtil the walls looked like a honeycomb. All the guns on
the northwest face were disabled, besides seven others. A
heavy gale came on the 18th, causing a sand-storm on the
island and seriously interfering with gun practice. Wagner
and Gregg replied slowly. Lieut. Henry Holbrook, Third
Rhode Island Heavy Artillery, was mortally wounded by
a shell.

By premature explosion of one of our shells, Lieut. A. F.
Webb, Fortieth Massachusetts, was killed and several men
wounded at night on the 19th. The water stood in some
of the trenches a foot and a half deep. Our sap was
run from the left of the third parallel that morning. The
One Himdredth New York, Eighty-fifth Pennsylvania, and

112 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

Third New Hampshire were detailed as the guard of the
advance trenches. An event of the 20th was the firmg for
the first time of the great three-hundred-pounder Parrott.
It hroke down three sling-carts, and required a total of
2,500 days' labor before it was mounted. While in transit
it was only moved at night, and covered with a tarpaulin
and grass during the daytime. The enemy fired one hun-
dred and sixteen shots at the Swamp Angel from James
Island, but only one struck. Sumter's flag was shot away
twice on the 20th. All the guns on the south face were
disabled. Heavy fire from land and sea continued on the
21st, and Sumter suffered terribly.

A letter from Gillmore to Beauregard was sent on the
21st, demanding the surrender of Morris Island and Sumter,
under penalty, if not complied with, of the city being
shelled. The latter replied, threatening retaliation. Our
fourth parallel was opened that night 350 yards from
"Wagner, and the One Hundredth New York unsuccessfully
attempted to drive the enemy's pickets from a small ridge
two hundred yards in front of Wagner. The Swamp Angel
opened on Charleston at 1.30 a. m. on the 22d. By one
shell a small fire was started there. Many non-combatants
left the city. Wagner now daily gave a sharp fire on our
advanced works to delay progress. The " New Ironsides "
as often engaged that work with great effect. Late on the
22d a truce boat came from Charleston, causing firing to be
temporarily suspended.

Although almost daily the Fifty-fourth had more or less
men at the front, it had suffered no casualties. The men
were employed at this period in throwing up parapets,
enlarging the trenches, covering the slopes, turfing the bat-
teries, filling sand-bags, and other labors incident to the

112 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

Third New Hampshire were detailed as the guard of the
advance trenches. An event of the 20th was the firing for
the first time of the great three-hundred-pounder Parrott.
It broke down three sling-carts, and required a total of
2,500 days' labor before it was mounted. While in transit
it was only moved at night, and covered with a tarpaulin
and grass during the daytime. The enemy fired one hun-
dred and sixteen shots at the Swamp Angel from James
Island, but only one struck. Sumter's flag was shot away
twice on the 20th. All the guns on the south face were
disabled. Heavy fire from land and sea continued on the
21st, and Sumter suffered terribly.

A letter from Gillmore to Beauregard was sent on the
21st, demanding the surrender of Morris Island and Sumter,
tmder penalty, if not complied with, of the city being
shelled. The latter replied, threatening retaliation. Our
fourth parallel was opened that night 350 yards from
Wagner, and the One Hundredth New York unsuccessfully
attempted to drive the enemy's pickets from a small ridge
two hundred yards in front of Wagner. The Swamp Angel
opened on Charleston at 1.30 A. M. on the 22d. By one
shell a small fire was started there. Many non-combatants
left the city. Wagner now daily gave a sharp fire on our
advanced works to delay progress. The " New Ironsides "
as often engaged that work with great effect. Late on the
22d a truce boat came from Charleston, causing firing to be
temporarily suspended.

Although almost daily the Fifty-fourth had more or less
men at the front, it had suffered no casualties. The men
were employed at this period in throwing up parapets,
enlarging the trenches, covering the slopes, turfing the bat-
teries, filling sand-bags, and other labors incident to the

SIEGE OF WAGNER. 113

operations. In the daytime two men were stationed on
liighei" points to watcli the enemj^'s hatteries. Whenever
a puff of smoke was seen these " lookouts " called loudly,
" Cover ! " adding the name by which that particular bat-
tery was known. Instantly the workers dropped shovels
and tools, jumped into the trench, and, close-covered,
waited the coming of the shot or shell, which having ex-
ploded, passed, or struck, the work was again i-esumed.
Some of the newer batteries of the enemy were known by
peculiar or characteristic names, as " Bull in the Woods,"
" Mud Digger," and " Peanut Battery." At night the men
worked better, for the shells could be seen by reason of the
burning fuses, and their direction taken ; unless coming in
the direction of the toilers, the work went on. Becoming
accustomed to their exposure, in a short time this " dodging
shells " was reduced almost to a scientific calculation by
the men. Most of all they dreaded mortar-shells, which,
describing a curved course in the sky, poised for a moment
apparently, then, bursting, dropped their fragments from
directly overhead. Bomb or splinter proofs alone protected
the men from such missiles, but most of the work was in
open trenches. Occasionally solid shot were thrown, which
at times could be distinctly seen bounding over the sand-
hills, or burying themselves in the parapets.

Our batteries and the navy were still beating down the
walls of Sumter on the 23d, their shots sweeping through
it. That day Colonel Rhett, the commander, and four
other officers were there wounded. With Sumter in ruins,
the breaching fire ceased that evening, and General Gill-
more reported that he " considered the fort no longer a fit
work from which to use artillery." He then deemed his
part of the work against Charleston accomplished, and ex-

114 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

pected that the navy would run past the batteries into the har-
bor. Admiral Dahlgren and the Navy Department thought
otherwise, declining to risk the vessels in the attempt.

Captain Partridge about August 23 applied for sick leave
and shortly went north. In consequence Captain Emilio
again became the senior officer and was at times in charge
of the regiment until the middle of October. On the 23d
the brigade was reviewed on the beach by General Gillmore,
accompanied by General Terry. The latter complimented
the Fifty-fourth on its appearance. That evening Captain
Emilio and Lieutenant Higginson took one hundred and
fifty men for grand guard, reporting to Col. Jos. R. Hawley,
Seventh Connecticut, field-officer of the trenches. This
was the first detail other than fatigue since July 21. The
detachment relieved troops in the second parallel. During
the night it was very stormy, the rain standing in pools in
the trenches. But few shots were fired. Charleston's
bells could be heard when all was still. At midnight the
Swamp Angel again opened on the city. About 10 a.m.,
on the 24th, Wagner and Johnson both opened on us, the
former with grape and canister sweeping the advanced
works. In the camp, by reason of rain and high tides, the
water was several inches deep in the tents on lowest
ground. A new brigade — the Fourth — was formed on
the 24th, composed of the Second South Carolina, Fifty-
fourth Massachusetts, and Third United States Colored
Troops (the latter a new regiment from the north), under
Colonel Montgomery.

About dark on the 25th a force was again advanced
against the enemy's picket, but was repulsed. It was found
that a determined effort must be made to carry the sand
ridge crowned by the enemy's rifle-pits. Just before dark

SIEGE OF WAGNER. ]15

the next day, therefore, a concentrated lire was maintained
against this position for some time. Col. F. A. Osborn,
Twenty-fourth Massachusetts, with his regiment, supported
by the Third New Hampsiiire, Capt. Jas. F. Randlett, then
advanced and gallantly took the line in an instant, the
enemy only having time to deliver one volley. They cap-
tured sixty-seven men of the Sixty-first North Carolina.
Cover was soon made, a task in which the prisoners as-
sisted to insure their own safety. The Twenty-fourth lost
Lieut. Jas. A. Perkins and two enlisted men killed, and
five wounded. Upon this ridge, two hundred yards from
Wagner, the fifth parallel was immediately opened. Be-
yond it the works, when constructed, were a succession of
short zigzags because of the narrow breadth of the island
and the flanking and near fire of the Confederates. Our
fire was being more directed at Wagner, which forced its
garrison to close their embrasures in the daytime. It had
also become more difficult to send their customary reliev-
ing force every third day to Mori-is Island. Fire upon us
from the James Island batteries on the left became very
troublesome, occasioning numerous casualties. Our own
moi-tar-shells, on the 27th, in the evening killed seven
men, and wounded two of the Eighty-fifth Pennsylvania.

That night there was a severe thundei'-storm drenching
everything in camp and leaving pools of water in the tents.
A warm drying sun came out on the 28th. In the evening
there was some disturbance, soon suppressed, in conse-
quence of ill feeling toward the regimental sutler. In the
approaches work was slow by reason of the high tides and
rain. Moonlight nights interfered also, disclosing our
working parties to the enemy. Colonel Montgomery, com-
manding the brigade, on the 29th established his head-

116 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

quarters near the right of our camp. It was learned that
a list of prisoners recently received from the enemy con-
tained no names of Fifty-fourth men. On the 30th Lieut.-
Col. Henry A. Purviance, Eighty-fifth Pennsylvania, was
killed by the premature explosion of one of our own shells.
The enemy's steamer " Sumter," returning from Morris
Island early on the 31st with six hundred officers and men,
was fired into by Port Moultrie, and four men were killed
or drowned.

With our capture of the ridge on the 26th the last natu-
ral cover was attained. Bej'ond for two hundred yards
stretched a strip of sand over which the besiegers must ad-
vance. It seemed impossible to progress far, as each at-
tempt to do so i-esulted in severe losses. Every detail at
the front maintained its position only at the cost of life.
So numerous were the dead at this period of the siege
that at almost any hour througliout the day the sound of
funeral music could be heard in the camps. Such was the
depressing effect upon the men that finally orders were
issued to dispense with music at burials. The troops were
dispirited by such losses without adequate results. That
the strain was great was manifested by an enormous sick
list. It was the opinion of experienced officers that the
losses by casualties and sickness were greater than might
be expected from another assault.

Success or defeat seemed to hang in the balance. Under
no greater difficulties and losses many a siege had been
raised. General Gillmore, however, was equal to the
emergency. He ordered the fifth parallel enlarged and
strengthened, the cover increased, and a line of rifle trench
run in front of it. New positions were constructed for the
sharpshooters. All his light mortars were moved to the

SIEGE OF WAGNER. 117

front, and his guns trained on Wagner. A powerful cal-
cium light was arranged to illumine the enemy's work, that
om- fire might be continuous and effective. Changes were
also made in the regiments furnishing permanent details
in the trenches and advanced works, and an important
part, requiring courage and constancy, was now assigned
to our regiment. It is indicated in the following

order : —

Headquarters U. S. Forces,

Morris Island, S. C, Aug. 31, 1863.
Special Orders No. 131.

II. The Fifty-fourth Massachusetts Volunteers, Col. M. S.
Littlefield, Fourth South Carolina Volunteers, commanding, are
hereby detailed for special duty in the trenches under the di-
rection of Maj. T. B. Brooks, A. D. C. and Assistant Engineer.
The whole of the available force of the regiment will be divided
into four equal reliefs, which will relieve each other at intervals
of eight hours each. The first relief will report to Major
Brooks at the second parallel at 8 a. m. this day. No other
details will be made from the regiment until further orders.

By order of

Buig.-Gen. a. H. Terry.

Adrian Terry,
Captain, and Assistant Adjutant-General.

Major Brooks, in his journal of the siege under date of
August 31, thus writes, —

" The Third United States Colored Troops, who have been
on fatigue duty in tlie advance trenches since the 20th iust. ,
were relieved to-day by the Fifty-fourth Massachusetts Volun-
teers (colored), it being desirable to have older troops for the
important and hazardous duty required at this period."

Throughout the whole siege the First New York En-
gineers held the post of honor. Their sapping brigades took

118 riFTT-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

the lead in the advance trench opening the ground, followed
hy fatigue details which widened the cut and threw up the
enlarged cover. These workers were without arms, but
were supported by the guard of the trenches. Upon this
fatigue work with the engineers, the Fifty-fourth at once
engaged. During the night of the 31st work went on
rapidly, as the enemy fired but little. Out of a detail of
forty men from the One Hundred and Fourth Pennsylvania,
one was killed and six were wounded. One of the guard
was killed by a torpedo. A man of Company K, of our
regiment, was mortally wounded that night.

Early on September 1 our land batteries opened on
Sumter, and the monitors on Wagner. Four arches in the
north face of Sumter with platforms and guns were carried
away. Lieut. P. S. Michie, United States Engineers, was
temporarily in charge of the advance works on the right.
Much work was done in strengthening the parapets and re-
vetting the slopes. Our Fifty-fourth detail went out under
Lieutenant Higginson that morning, and had one man
wounded. Rev. Samuel Harrison, of Pittsfield, Mass.,
commissioned chaplain of the regiment, arrived that day.

September 2 the land batteries were throwing some few
shots at Sumter and more at Wagner. Capt. Jos. Walker,
First New York Engineers, started the sap at 7 P. M. in a
new direction under heavy fire. Considering that the
trench was but eighty yards from Wagner, good progress
was made. The sap-roller could not be used, because of
torpedoes planted thereabout. Our fire was concentrated
upon Wagner on the 3d, to protect sapping. But little
success resulted, for the enemy's sharpshooters on the left
enfiladed our trench at from one hundred to three hundred
yards. At this time the narrowest development in the

SIEGE OF WAGNER. 119

whole approach was encountered, — but twenty-five yards ;
and the least depth of sand, — but two feet. Everywhere
torpedoes were found planted, arranged with delicate ex-
plosive mechanism. Arrangements were made to use a
calcium light at night. From August 19 to this date,
when the three regiments serving as guards of the trenches
were relieved by fresher troops, their loss aggregated ten
per cent of their whole force, mainly from artillery fire.

On the night of the 3d, Wagner fired steadily, and the
James Island batteries now and then. Our detail at the
front had George Vanderpool killed and Alexander Hunter
of the same company — H — wounded. Throughout the 4th
we fired at Wagner, and in the afternoon received its last
shot in daylight. Captain Walker ran the sap twenty-five
feet in the morning before he was compelled to cease.

Wlien the south end of Morris Island was captured,
Maj. 0. S. Sanford, Seventh Connecticut, was placed in
charge of two hundred men to act as " boat infantry."
Prom their camp on the creek, near the Left Batteries,
details from this force were sent out in boats carrying six
oarsmen and six armed men each. They scoured and
patrolled the waters about Morris Island. Throughout the
whole siege of Charleston this boat infantry was kept up,
under various commanders. It was thought that could
Gregg be first taken, Wagner's garrison might be captured
entire ; and an attempt to do so was arranged for the night
of September 4. Details for the enterprise, which was to
be a surprise, were made from four regiments under com-
mand of Major Sanford. The admiral was to send boats
with howitzers as support. When all was ready, the boats
started toward Gregg. Neariiig that work, several musket-
shots were heard. A navy-boat had fired into and cap-

120 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

tured a barge of the enemy with Maj. F. P. Warley, a
surgeon, and ten men. This firing aroused Gregg's gar-
rison ; our boats were discovered and fired upon. Thus the
surprise was a failure, and the attack given up.

Wagner was now in extremis, and the garrison enduring-
indescribable misery. A pen pictm-e of the state of things
there is given by a Southerner as follows : —

" Each day, often from early dawn, the ' New Ironsides ' or
the monitors, sometimes all together, steamed up and delivered
their terrific fire, shaking the fort to its centre. The noiseless
Cohorn shells, falling vertically, searched out the secret recesses,
almost invariably claiming victims. The burning sun of a
Southern summer, its heat intensified by the reflection of the
white sand, scorched and blistered the unprotected garrison, or
the more welcome rain and storm wet them to the skin. An
intolerable stench from the unearthed dead of the previous
conflict, the carcasses of cavalry horses lying where they fell
in the rear, and barrels of putrid meat thrown out on the beach
sickened the defenders. A large and brilliantly colored fly,
attracted by the feast and unseen before, inflicted wounds more
painful though less dangerous than the shot of the enemy.
Water was scarcer than whiskey. The food, however good
when it started for its destination, by exposure, first, on the
wharf in Charleston, then on the beach at Cumming's Point,
being often forty-eight hours in transitu, was unfit to eat.
The unventilated bombproofs, filled with smoke of lamps and
smell of blood, were intolerable, so that one endured the risk
of shot and shell rather than seek their shelter. The incessant
din of its own artillery, as well as the bursting shell of the
foe, prevented sleep. . . ."

General Beauregard on September 4 ordered Sumter's
garrison reduced to one company of artillery and two of
infantry under Maj. SteJDhen Elliott. Early on the 5th

SIEGE OIT WAGNER. 121

the land batteries, " Ironsides," and two monitors opened
a terrific bombardment on Wagner which lasted forty-two
hours. Under its protection our sap progressed in safety.
Wagner dared not sliow a man, while the approaches were
so close that the more distant batteries of the enemy feared
to injure their own men. Our working parties moved
about freely. Captain Walker ran some one hundred and
fifty yards of sap; and by noon the flag, planted at the
head of the trench to apprise the naval vessels of our
position, was within one hundred yards of the fort. The
Fifty-fourth detail at work there on this day had Corp.
Aaron Spencer of Company A mortally wounded by one
of our own shells, and Private Chas. Van Allen of the
same company killed. Gregg's capture was again at-
tempted that night by Major Sanford's command. When
the boats approached near, some musket-shots were ex-
changed ; and as the defenders were alert, we again
retired with sliglit loss.

Daylight dawned upon the last day of Wagner's memo-
rable siege on September 6. The work was swept by our
searcliing fire from land and water, before which its traverses
were hurled down in avalanches covering the entrances to
magazines and bombproofs. Gregg was also heavily bom-
barded. As on the previous day our sappers worked rapidly
and exposed themselves with impunity. The greatest danger
was from our own shells, by which one man was wounded.
Lieutenant McGuire, U. S. A., was in charge a part of the
day. He caused the trenches to be prepared for holding
a large number of troops, with means for easy egress
to the front. Late that evening General Gillmore issued
orders for an assault at nine o'clock the next morning, the
hour of low tide, by three storming columns under General

122 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

Terry, with proper reserves. Artillery fire was to be kept
up until the stormers mounted the parapet. At night
the gallant Captain Walker, who was assisted by Captain
Pratt, Fifty-fifth Massachusetts, observed that the enemy's
sharpshooters fired but scatteringly, and that but one
mortar-shell was thrown from Wagner. About 10 p. M.
he passed into the ditch and examined it thoroughly.
He found a fraise of spears and stakes, of which he
pulled up some two hundred. Eeturning, a flying sap was
run along the crest of the glacis, throwing tlie earth level,
to enable assailants to pass over readily.

From early morning Col. L. M. Keitt, the Confederate
commander of Morris Island, had been signalling that
his force was terribly reduced, the enemy about to as-
sault, and that to save the garrison there should be trans-
portation ready by nightfall of the 6th. He reported
his casualties on the 5th as one hundred out of nine
hundred ; that a repetition of that day's bombardment
would leave the work a ruin. He had but four hundred
effectives, exclusive of artillerymen. His negro laborers
could not be made to work ; and thirty or forty soldiers had
been wounded that day in attempting to repair damages.
General Beauregard, who had been, since the 4th at least,
jeopardizing the safety of the brave garrison, then gave the
necessary order for evacuation.

A picket detail of one hundred men went out from the
Fifty-fourth camp at 5 p. M. on the 6th. Our usual detail
was at work in the front under the engineers. It was not
until two o'clock on the morning of September 7 that the
officers and men of the regiment remaining in camp were
aroused, fell into line, and with the colored brigade marched
up over the beach line to a point just south of the Beacon

SIEGE OF WAGNER. 123

house, where these regiments rested, constituting the re-
serve of infantry in the anticipated assault. Many of the
regiments were arriving or in position, and the advance
trenches were full of troops. Soon came the gray of early
morning, and with it rumors that Wagner was evacuated.
By and hy the rumors were confirmed, and the glad tidings
spread from regiment to regiment. Up and down through
the trenches and the parallels rolled repeated cheers and
shouts of victory. It was a joyous time ; our men threw
up their hats, dancing in their gladness. Officers shook
hands enthusiastically. Wagner was ours at last.

In accordance with instructions, at dark on the 6th the
Confederate ironclads took position near Sumter. Some
transport vessels were run close in, and forty harges under
Lieutenant Ward, C. S. N., were at Cumming's Point. A
courier reported to Colonel Keitt that everything was pre-
pared, whereupon his troops were gradually withdrawn, and
embarked after suffering a few casualties in the movement.
By midnight Wagner was deserted by all but Capt. T. A.
Huguenin, a few officers, and thirty-five men. The guns
were partially spiked, and fuses prepared to explode the
powder-magazine and burst the guns. At Gregg the heavy
guns and three howitzers were spiked, and the magazine
was to be blown up. The evacuation was complete at 1.30
A. M. on the 7th. At a signal the fuses were lighted in
both forts ; but the expected explosion did not occur in
cither work, probably on account of defective matches.

Just after midnight one of the enemy, a young Irishman,
deserted from Wagner and gained our lines. Taken before
Lieut.-Col. O. L. Mann, Thii'ty-ninth Illinois, general officer
of the trenches, he reported the work abandoned and the
enemy retired to Gregg. Half an hour later all the guns

124 riFTY-rOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

were turned upon Wagner for twenty minutes, after which
Sergeant Vermillion, a corporal, and four privates of the
Tliirty-nintli Illinois, all volunteers, went out. In a short
time they returned, reporting no one in Wagner and only
a few men in a boat rowing toward Gregg. On the receipt
of this news the flag of the sappers and the regimental
color of the Thirty-ninth Illinois were both planted on the
earthwork. A hasty examination was made of Wagner,
in the course of which a line of fuse connecting with two
magazines was cut. Every precaution was taken, and
guards posted at all dangerous points.

A few moments after our troops first entered Wagner
two companies of the Third New Hampshire under Captain
Randlett were pushed toward Gregg. Capt. C. R. Brayton,
Third Rhode Island Heavy Artillery, and some Fifty-fourth
men started for the same point. Amid the sand-hills
the Third New Hampshire men stopped to take charge of
some prisoners, while Captain Brayton kept on, and was the
first to enter Gregg, closely followed by the Fifty-fourth
men. In Wagner eighteen pieces of ordnance were found,
and in Gregg, seven pieces. All about the former work
muskets, boarding-pikes, spears, and boards filled with
spikes were found arranged to repel assaults. Inside and
all around, the stench was nauseating from the buried and
unburied bodies of men and animals. The bombproof was
indescribably filthy. One terribly wounded man was found
who lived to tell of his sufferings, but died on the way to
hospital. Everywhere were evidences of the terrific bom-
bardment beyond the power of pen to describe.

About half a dozen stragglers from the retiring enemy
were taken on the island. Our boats captured two of the
enemy's barges containing a surgeon and fifty-five men,

SIEGE OF WAGNER. 125

and a boat of the ram " Chicora " with an officer and seven
sailors.

Wagner's siege lasted fifty-eight days. During that
period 8,395 soldiers' day's woi'k of six hours each had been
done on the approaches ; eighteen bomb or splinter proof
service-magazines made, as well as eighty-nine emplace-
ments for guns, — a total of 23,500 days' work. In addition,
forty-six thousand sand-bags had been filled, hundreds of
gabions and fascines made, and wharves and landings con-
structed. Of the nineteen thousand days' work performed
by infantry, the colored troops had done one half, though
numerically they were to white troops as one to ten.
Three quarters of all the work was at night, and nine tenths
under artillery and sharpshooters' fire or both combined.

Regarding colored troops, Major Brooks, Assistant Engi-
neer, in his report, says, —

"It is probable that in no military operations of the war
have negro troops done so large a proportion, and so important
and hazardous fatigue duty, as in the siege operations on the
island."

The colored regiments participating were the Fiftj'-fourth
and Fifty-fifth Massachusetts, First North Carolina, Second
South Carolina, and Third United States Colored Troops.
Officers serving in charge of the approaches, when called
upon by Major Brooks to report specifically upon the com-
parative value of white and colored details under their
charge for fatigue duty during the period under considera-
tion, gave testimony that for perseverance, docility, steadi-
ness, endurance, and amount of work performed, the blacks
more than equalled their white brothers. Their average
of sick was but 18.97, while that of the whites was 20.10.

126 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

The percentage of duty performed by the blacks as com-
pared with the whites was as fifty-six to forty-one.
Major Broolis further says, —

" Of the numerous infantry regiments which furnished fatigue
parties, the Fourth New Hampshii-e did the most and best work,
next follow the blacks, — the Fifty-fourth Massachusetts and
Third United States Colored Troops."

General Beauregard reports his loss during the siege as
a total of 296, exclusive of his captured. But the official
" War Records " show that from July 18 to September 7
the Confederate loss was a total of 690. The Federal loss
during the same period by the same authority was but
358.

Despite the exposure of the Fifty-fourth details day and
night with more or less ofi&cers and men at the front, the
casualties in the regiment during the siege as given by the
Adjutant-General of Massachusetts were but four killed
and four wounded.

Shortly after the fall of Wagner the following order was
issued to the troops.

Department of the South,

Morris Island, S, C, Sept. 15, 1863.

It is with no ordinary feelings of gratification and pride that
the brigadier-general commanding is enaliled to congratulate
this army upon the signal success which has crowned the enter-
prise in which it has been engaged. Fort Snmtor is destroyed.
The scene where our country's flag suffered its first dishonor
you have made the theatre of one of its proudest triumphs.

The fort has been in the possession of tlie enemy for more
than two years, has been his pride and boast, lias been strength-
ened by every appliance known to military science, and has
defied the assaults of the most powerful fleet the world ever saw.

SIEGE OF WAGNER. 127

But it has yielded to your courage aud patient labor. Its walls
are uow crumbletl to ruius, its formidable batteries are silenced,
and though a hostile flag still floats over it, the fort is a harm-
less aud helpless wreck.

Forts "Wagner and Gregg, works rendered memorable by
their protracted resistance aud the sacrifice of life they have
cost, have also been wrested from the euemy by your per-
severing courage aud skill, and the graves of your fallen com-
rades rescued from desecration and contumely.

You now hold in undisputed possession the whole of Morris
Island ; and the city aud harbor of Charleston lie at the mercy
of your artillery from the very spot where the first shot was tired
at your country's flag aud the Eebellion itself was inaugurated.

To you, the officers and soldiers of this command, and to
the gallant navy which has co-o])erated with you are due the
thanks of your commander and your country. You were called
upon to encounter untold privations and dangers, to undergo
unremitting and exhausting labors, to sustain severe a4id dis-
heartening reverses. How nobly your patriotism and zeal have
responded to the call the results of the campaign will show and
your commanding general gratefully bears witness.

Q. A. GiLLMORE,

Brigadier- General Commanding.

CHAPTER VII.

BOMBARDMENT OP CHARLESTON.

MORRIS ISLAND was ours ; but no sooner had the
enemy evacuated than Wagner, Gregg, and the
intervening ground were daily subjected to a fire from the
James and Sullivan's Island batteries. A heavy action on
land and water occurred on the morning of September 8,
occasioned by the grounding of the monitor " Weehawken ; "
and in the course of the day a magazine blew up in Moul-
trie, and the village of Moultrieville was set on fire by
our shells.

Admiral Dahlgren having demanded the surrender of
Sumter, which was refused, a night assault was determined
upon jointly by the armj' and navy ; but differences arose
regarding the command. When the time came, Gillmore's
force was detained in shallow waters by the tide. Com-
mander T. II. Stevens, with eighteen officers and some four
hundred sailors and marines, embarked in thirty boats for
the enterprise. The leaders landed at Sumter after mid-
night on the 9th. Major Elliott was prepared for and re-
ceived the assault with musketry and fragments of the epaul-
ment. In a few minutes all was over, for the brave leaders,
finding it impossible to scale the walls, were made pris-
oners. Our loss was ten officers and one hundred and fom-
men captured and three men killed.

As Forts Wagner and Gregg wei-e ordered to be turned
for offensive purposes, a covered way between these two

jF.RE\riAii R'jLLS, iNl Sci-yt., C('. I. Abram C. SIMMS, Cor|i., Co. I.

'jC'-'l"7g I ■n^/'..».ju I'oip (_'o. I. TllnMAS l!o^\^rA\, Sei^l.. Co. I.

IsoM AiMrEY, l'\t,, Co. K. . loiiN II. \\'iLsoN. Ser-t. Majoi .

CHAPTER VII.

BOMBARDMENT OP CHARLESTON.

MOERIS ISLAND was ours; but no sooner had the
enemy evacuated than Wagner, Gregg, and the
intervening ground were daily subjected to a fire from the
James and Sullivan's Island batteries. A heavy action on
land and water occurred on the morning of September 8,
occasioned by the grounding of the monitor " Weehawken ; "
and in the course of the day a magazine blew up in Moul-
trie, and the village of Moultrieville was set on fire by
our shells.

Admiral Dahlgren having demanded the surrender of
Sumter, which was refused, a night assault was determined
upon jointly by the army and navy ; but differences arose
regarding the command. When the time came, Gillmore's
force was detained in shallow waters by the tide. Com-
mander T. IT. Stevens, with eighteen officers and some four
lumdred sailors and marines, embarked in thirty boats for
the enterprise. The leaders landed at Sumter after mid-
night on the 9th. Major Elliott was prepared for and re-
ceived the assault with musketry and fragments of the epaul-
ment. In a few minutes all was over, for the bra^'e leaders,
finding it impossible to scale the walls, were made pris-
oners. Our loss was ten officers and one hundred and four
men captured and three men killed.

As Forts Wagner and Gregg were ordered to be turned
for offensive purposes, a covered way between these two

jERE^riAii Koi,LS, isl Sijr;;l., Co. I. Aoraaf C. Siaims, L'dip., Co. f

Geokoe Lir^C'oMii, L'oi-(>.. Co. I. Tii<i,mas IJon^iAN, .Suil;!.. Cd. I.
Iso.M .Vmpev, l'\t., Cd. K. Ti.'iiN II. WiL-ioK, StiLit. Major.

BOMBARDMENT OF CHARLESTON. 129

works begun, and new batteries ordered to be constructed,
there were heavy demands for fatigue. Besides its details
at Cumming's Point, the Fifty-fourtli soon began to send
working parties for the " Bluff Battery " in the southerly
sand-hills near the beach-front. To retard our proo-ress
with the works at the front, the enemy maintained a con-
stant cannonade. Batteries Simkins and Cheves were most
active agamst us. On the 15th the enemy's magazine in
the latter work was accidentally blown up with 1,200 pounds
of powder, causing some casualties. The force of this
explosion was felt all over Morris Island. Black Island,
between Morris and James islands, where we had a battery,
was also frequently shelled.

First Sergeant Gray of Company C had received a
Masonic charter and organized a lodge on Morris Island.
The meeting-place was a dry spot in the marsh near our
camp, where boards were set up to shelter the members.
Furloughs for thirty days having been granted a certain
proportion of the troops, the Fifty-fourth men selected de-
parted, overjoyed at the prospect of seeing home and
friends. The equinoctial storm set in about the middle of
September, accompanied by high tides and wind. The dike
protecting our camp was broken, and the parade overflowed,
necessitating considerable labor to repair damages. With
the cessation of this severe storm cooler weather came, — a
most welcome relief.

In recognition of the capture of Morris Island and the
demolition of Sumter, General Gillmore was promoted
major-general of volunteers. To do him honor, a review
of the First Division, Tenth Army Corps, took place on
Morris Island September 24. Partial relief from excessive
labors had permitted the troops to refit. Line was formed

9

130 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

on the beach at low tide, the division extending a dis-
tance of some two miles. The pageant was unsurpassed in
the history of the department. Our colored brigade pre-
sented a fine appearance, and many compliments for the
Fifty-fourth were received by Captain Emilio, commanding.
Paymaster Usher arrived in camp September 27, ready
to pay the men -flO per month from enlistment, less $3 per
month deducted for clothing. Upon the non-commissioned
officers being assembled, they with great unanimity declined
the reduced payment for themselves and their comrades.
The paymaster again came on the 30th to renew his offer.
It was on this date that Colonel Montgomery appeared and
made the men a remarkable and characteristic address,
which Sergeant Stephens of Company B has given in sub-
stance as follows ; —

"Men: the paymaster is here to pay you. You must re-
member you have not proved yourselves soldiers. You must
take notice that the Government has virtually paid you a thou-
sand dollars apiece for setting you free. Nor should you ex-
pect to be placed on the same footing with white men. Any
one listening to your shouting and singing can see how gro-
tesquely ignorant you are. I am your friend and tlie friend of
the negro. I was the first person in the country to employ
nigger soldiers iu the United States Army. I was out in Kan-
sas. I was short of men. I had a lot of niggers and a lot of
mules ; and 3'ou know a nigger and a mule go very well together.
I therefore enlisted the niggers, and made teamsters of them.
In refusing to take the pay offered you, and what you are only
legally entitled to, you are guilty of insubordination and mutinj',
and can be tried and shot by court-martial."'

Montgomery besides made some gross and invidious in-
sinuations and reflections because the Fifty-fourth men

BOMBARDMENT OF CHARLESTON 131

were so light-colored, which it would be improper to repeat.
The colonel seemed to be unaware that his remarks were
insulting, and most of the men he addressed born free.

Sergt. Henry Stewart, of Company E, a faithful soldier
who had actively engaged in recruiting the regiment,
died of disease September 27, and was buried with proper
honors. His and other deaths, with an increased side list,
called for sanitary measures about this time. No radical
change of camp was possible, as the ground available for
such purposes was limited ; but tents were struclc so that
the air and sun could reach the ground beneath, and a
daily inspection of streets, sinks, and the cooked food
instituted.

The Sanitary Commission furnished ice, raspberry vine-
gar, pickles, and other needed supplies ; but there was a
lack of fresh vegetables. Early in October, however, Mr.
Reuben Tomlinson brought a large supply for the Fifty-
fourth, — a present from the contrabands about Beaufort ;
and similar welcome gifts followed from the same source
from time to time. Tobacco, dried apples, lime-juice, writ-
ing-paper, brushes, etc., were purchased with the company
funds, as the men had no money.

To replace the State color lost on July 18, Governor
Andrew caused a new one to be forwarded to the Fifty-
fourth. Its receipt on October 2 was attended with great
enthusiasm, the rousing cheers of the men being heard for
a mile around.

It was noticeable about the 1st of October that our fire
was stronger than for several weeks upon Sumter, Johnson,
and Moultrie. Two monitors were doing picket duty near
the island.

The monotony of daily events was broken at 10 a. m..

132 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

October 5, by the sound of the long-roll. Shots had been
iieard among the naval vessels. Our regiment took position
in the old Confederate rifle trenches near Oyster Point on
the inlet. This alarm was caused by the attempt of Lieut.
William T. Glassell, C. S. N., to blow up the " Ironsides."
With a small boat — the " David " — he exploded a spar tor-
pedo near our iron-clad without serious damage to that
vessel; but the "David" was swamped. Glassell and one
of his men were captured. The other two men righted
their craft and returned to the city by midnight. This
enterprise was one of the boldest undertakings of the war,
and nearly successful.

Henry N. Hooper, formerly captain, Thirty-second Massa-
chusetts Infantry, commissioned major of the Fifty-fourth,
arrived October 16, and relieved Captain Emilio of the com-
mand. It was his fortune to lead the regiment for a longer
period and in more actions than any other officer, owing to
the assignment of Colonel Hallowell to higher command.
On all occasions he proved an able and courageous soldier.
Colonel Hallowell, promoted during his absence, returned
the day after Major Hooper's arrival, and was waited upon
by the officers, who expressed their pleasure at his recov-
ery and return. A stanch friend of the Fifty-fourth was
a visitor in camp about this time, in the person of Albert
G. Browne, Esq., the special agent of the Treasury Depart-
ment, whose headquarters were at Beaufort. His son. Col.
Albert G. Browne, Jr., was the military secretary of Gov-
ernor Andrew, and also one of the regiment's early and
tried friends.

There had been several promotions in consequence of
the action of July 18. Lieutenant Smith was made captain
of Company G, but was still North ; Lieutenant Walton,

BOMBAUDMENT OF CHARLESTON. 133

captain of Company B, vice Willard, resigned. Second
Lieutenants T. L. Appleton, Tucker, Howard, Pratt, and
Littlefield were made first lieutenants. These ofiicers were
all present except Lieutenant Pratt, who never re-joined.
Captain Bridge and Lieutenant Emerson had returned from
sick leave. Lieutenants B. G. Tomlinson and Charles G.
Chipman, appointed to the regiment, had joined. A num-
ber of the wounded had returned from hospital, and the
first lot of furloughed men came back, and with them
Capt. J. W. M. Appleton. By these accessions the Fifty-
fourth had more officers and men present toward the last
of October than at any time after it left St. Helena Island.

Our new and old works being in readiness at Cumming's
Point, what General Gillmore calls the "second bom-
bardment of Sumter " was begun October 26. Its purpose
was to prevent guns being mounted there, and to cut down
the southeast face, that the casemates of the channel face
be taken in reverse. General Seymour had returned and
assumed command of the island on the 18th. Under his
direction our batteries opened from seven heavy rifles (in-
cluding a three-hundred-pounder) in Wagner, and four in
Gregg and from two mortars. Some fire was directed
against Fort Johnson also, the enemy replying briskly.
The next day the cannonade was renewed with one gun in
Gregg turned upon the city. Our range against Sumter
being less than was the case during Wagner's siege, ren-
dered the force of our shot much greater. Sharpshooters
in Sumter armed with the long-range Whitworth rifles
were trying to disable our gunners in Gregg, without
success.

After four days' bombardment, a breach was disclosed in
the southeast face of Sumter, extending half its length, on

134 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY,

which our land and sea fire was concentrated. For about
a week longer our bombardment was kept up with great
vigor, during which time the enemy suffered many casual-
ties, and Sumter was pounded into a mound of debris cov-
ering the lower casemates, in which the garrison found
safe refuge. Through the centre of the Morris Island face
of Sumter the terre-plein could be seen. Major Elliott ap-
prehended another assault and prepared for it.

In honor of some of the officers who had fallen during
the operations, Gregg was renamed Fort Putnam ; Wagner,
Fort Strong ; the Bluff Battery, Fort Shaw ; the new work
near Gregg, Battery Chatficld ; a work on Lighthouse In-
let, Battery Purviance ; and another opposite the last, on
Folly Island, Fort Green. By the same order General
Gillmore announced that medals of honor, his personal
gift, would be furnished to three per cent of the enlisted
men who had borne part in the engagements and siege.
This medal, however, was not received for some months.
In the case of the Fifty-fourth it was awarded to the four
men specially mentioned in Colonel Hallowcll's report of
the assault of July 18, previously printed herein. There
arrived for the regiment a present from Mrs. Colonel Shaw
of one thousand small copies of the Gospels, neatly bound
in morocco of various colors, which were distributed.

Fine weather continued to pi-evail, although the month
of October was drawing to a close. Early each morning
a dense fog swept in from the eastward, covering land and
sea until dispelled by the rising sun. Then came warm
fall days, followed by cooler nigiit hours.

Our gunners at the front were firing from Chatfield and
Gregg with mortars and the heavy rifles mainly at night,
besides using field-pieces in Gregg for accurate practice

BOMBARDMENT OF CHARLESTON. 135

against the enemy's sharpshooters lodged in the ruins.
Their shots caused small daily casualties in Sumter, swell-
ing out to nineteen in number October 31, when a fallino-
wall killed many, and fifteen on November 6, when a mor-
tar-shell exploded in front of a bombproof. Capt. T. C.
Ferris, Independent New York Battalion (Les Enfans Per-
dus),madea daring reconnoissance of the fort at night,
November 2. He landed, and with one man scaled the wall
until discovered and lired upon. Then they retired safely
to their comrade in the boat, bringing some bricks away
as trophies.

There was a gala day in Charleston on November 2
when Jefferson Davis arrived on his return from a visit
to General Bragg at Dalton. General Beauregard ex-
tended to him all official courtesy ; but their private rela-
tions were strained. Davis found the troops and works in
good condition. Beauregard was apprehensive of attack
at some point on his long lines at this period, and thought
an attack on Sullivan's Island or another assault on Sumter
not improbable.

Colonel Hallowell on his return used every means to have
the many detached and detailed men returned to the colors,
as heavy working parties of from one hundred to two hun-
dred men were still called for to labor on the new works.
Our first instalment of furloughed men having returned,
the second left for Hilton Head on November 12. Lieuten-
ant Howard relieved Lieutenant Littlefield as acting adju-
tant. Sergeant Swails of Company F was made acting
sergeant-major and Sergeant Vogelsang of Company H
quartermaster-sergeant.

News was received the last of November that the matter
of pay had come up in a new form. Governor Andrew in

136 FIFTY-FOUETH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

his message recommended the provisions of an Act which
passed the Massachusetts Legislature November 16 in words
as follows : " An Act to make up the Deficiencies in the
Monthly Pay of the Fifty-fourth and Fifty-fifth Regiments,"
etc., and Section I. of this Act read as follows : —

" There shall be paid out of the Treasury of the Common-
wealth to the non-commissioned ofHcers, musicians, and privates
of the Fifty-fourth and Fifty-fifth regiments of Massachusetts
Volunteer Infantry, to those who have been honorably dis-
charged from the service, and to the legal representatives of
those who have died in the service, such sums of money as,
added to the amounts paid them by the United States, shall
render their mouthly pay and allowances from the time of their
being mustered into the service of the United States equal to
that of the other non-commissioned officers, musicians, and
privates in the volunteer or regular military service of the
United States."

Upon the receipt of a copy of the Governor's address and
the Act, Colonel Hallowell, on November 23, wrote to Gov-
ernor Andrew, that notwithstanding the generous action of
the State authorities, the men of the Fifty-fourth had en-
listed as other soldiers from Massachusetts, and that they
would serve without pay until mustered out, rather than
accept from the United States less than the amount paid
other soldiers. Enlisted men were not less prompt to
write to their friends expressing their disapprobation.
Theodore Tilton, in a communication to the Boston
" Journal," dated New York, Dec. 12, 1863, quotes from
a letter received by him "from a Massachusetts soldier
in the Fifty-fourth " : —

" A strange misapprehension exists as to the matter of pay,
and it pains us deeply. We came forward at the call of Gover-
nor Andrew, in which call he distinctly told us that we were to be

i*'l

./ .

Surg. Charlks E. Briggs. C^i'arterim \.ster Joiu\ Ritchie.

.AsBT' -Svnc. diAniiiiM ife-BypGHAM. A.sst.-Surg. Louis D. Radzinskv.

136 rxKTY-rouBTH Massachusetts inpantky.

his message recommended the provisions of an Act which
passed the Massachusetts Legislature November 16 in words
as follows : " An Act to make up the Deficiencies in the
Monthly Pay of the Fifty-fourth and Fifty-fifth Regiments,"
etc., and Section I. of this Act read as follows : —

" There shall be paid out of the Treasury of the Common-
wealth to the non-commissioned officers, musicians, and privates
of the Fifty-fourth and Fifty-fifth regiments of Massachusetts
Volunteer Infantry, to those who have been honorably dis-
charged from the service, and to the legal representatives of
those who have died in the service, such suras of money as,
added to the amounts paid them by the United States, shall
render their monthly pay and allowances from the time of their
being mustered into the service of the United States equal to
that of the other non-commissioned officers, musicians, and
privates in the volunteer or regular military service of the
United States."

Upon the receipt of a copy of the Governor's address and
the Act, Colonel Hallowell, on November 23, wrote to Gov-
ernor Andrew, that notwithstanding the generous action of
the State authorities, the men of the Fifty-fourth had en-
listed as other soldiers from Massachusetts, and that they
would serve without pay until mustered out, rather than
accept from the United States less than the amount paid
other soldiers. Enlisted men were not less prompt to
write to their friends expressing their disapprobation.
Theodore Tilton, in a communication to the Boston
" Journal," dated New York, Dec. 12, 1868, quotes from
a letter received by him "from a Massachusetts soldier
in the Fifty-fourth " : —

" A strange misapprehension exists as to the matter of pay,
and it pains us deeply. We came forward at the call of Gover-
nor Andrew, in which call he distinctly told us that we were to be

iP-

Surg. Ciiarlus E, Briggs. Qj-ARXERni aster Ioii.x Ritchie.

AssT.-Si RG. Charles D. IlRinofiA^i. Asst.-Surg. Louis D. Radzinsky.

BOaiBAUDMENT OF CHAllLESTON. 137

subsisted, clothed, paid, and treated in all respects the same as
other Massachusetts soldiers. Again, ou the presentation of
flags to the regiment at Camp Meigs, the Governor reiterated
this promise, ou the strength of which we marched through
Boston, holding our heads high as men and as soldiers. Nor
did we grumble because we were not paid the portion of United
States bounty paid to other volunteer regiments in advance.
Now that we have gained some reputation, we claim the right
to be heard.

" Three times have we been mustered in for pay. Twice
have we swallowed the insult offered us by the United States
paymaster, contenting ourselves with a simple refusal to ac-
knowledge ourselves different from other Massachusetts sol-
diers. Once, in the face of insult and intimidation such as
no body of men and soldiers were ever subjected to before, we
quietly refused and continued to do our duty. For four mouths
we have been steadily working night and day under fire. And
such work ! Up to our knees in mud half the time, causing the
tearing and wearing out of more than the volunteer's yearly
allowance of clothing, denied time to repair and wash (what
we might by that means have saved) , denied time to drill and
perfect ourselves in soldierly qualities, denied the privilege of
burying our dead decently. All this we 've borne patiently,
waiting for justice.

" Imagine our surprise and disappointment on the receipt by
the last mail of the Governor's address to the General Court,
to find him making a proposition to them to pay this regiment
the difference between what the United States Government
offers us and what they are legally bound to pay us, which, in
effect, advertises us to the world as holding out for money and
not from principle, — that we sink our manhood in consideration
of a few more dollars. How has this come about ? "What false
friend has been misrepresenting us to the Governor, to make
him think that our necessities outweigh our self-respect ? I am
sure no representation of ours ever impelled him to that action."

138 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

To the letter Theodore Tilton added some forcible sen-
tences. Among other things he wrote, —

" They are not -willing that the Federal Government should
throw mud upon them, even though Massachusetts stands ready
to wipe it ofi. And perhaps it is not unsoldierly in a soldier,
white or black, to object to being insulted by a government
which he heroically serves. The regiment whose bayonets
pricked the name of Colonel Sliaw into the roll of immortal
honor can afford to be cheated out of their money, but not
out of their manhood."

Our brigade number was changed from " Fourth " to
" Third " on November 23. Its colored regiments were
still required to perform an undue proportion of fatigue
work, and but few details for grand guards came for them.
After this discrimination had long been borne. General
Gillmore in an order said, —

" Colored troops will not be required to perform any labor
which is not shared by the white troops, but will receive in all
respects the same treatment, and be allowed the same oppor-
tunities for drill and instruction."

During the third week of November several events of in-
terest occurred. On the 15th the Moultrie House on Sul-
livan's Island, which had long flown a hospital flag, was torn
down, disclosing a powerful battery, which opened a terrible
fire on us in unison with two other works. This, occurring
at 10 P. M., it was thought might cover a boat attack, so
our troops were called into line, where they remained until
firing ceased. Meanwhile from Gregg and the " Ironsides "
our calcium lights swept the waters about the harbor to
discover any force approaching. Our monitor " Lehigh "
grounded the next morning. Under a fierce cannonade a

BOMBxVRDMENT OF CHARLESTON. 139

hawser was carried from the " Nahaiifc," and by it and the
rising tide she was floated at 11 a. m.

From Gregg and Chatficld our guns, mounted for the
purpose, began to lire on the city at 10 a. m. on tlie 17th,
tlirowing twenty-one shells. We could see the smoke from
the explosions as the shells struck about the wharves, in
the " burnt district," or well up among the houses. This
bombardment of Charleston was from this time maintained
with more or less vigor each day and night. Against
Sumter, from November 1 to the 20th, we fired an average
of five hundred shots daily. Our new work nearest Gregg
was named Battery Seymour, and was armed with ten-inch
mortars ; another still farther south was called Battery
Barton.

Major Conyngham, Fifty-second Pennsylvania, with
two hundred and fifty men from his regiment, the One
Hundred and Fourth Pennsylvania, and the Third New
Hampshire, made a boat reconnoissance of Sumter at night,
November 19. Our expedition approached to within three
hundred yards of the fort, was discovered, and after an
engagement of fifteen minutes withdrew with three men
wounded. In this affair a portion of Sumter's garrison
acted badly, and three officers were censured. Capt. F. H.
Harleston, First South Carolina Artillery, a most gallant
and able officer, while examining the defences of the fort
on November 24 was struck by a Parrott-shell, and died in
a few hours.

Thanksgiving Day, November 26, by general orders, was
observed by the suspension of all unnecessary labor. At
1.30 p. M. the Fifty-fourth formed with side-arms only, and
marched to the beach in front of the Third Brigade head-
quarters. There, with all the other troops on the island,

140 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

they joined in religious services. It was a glorious day,
well fitted for the thorough enjoyment of the feast and
sports which followed. In response to a call of the
" Black " Committee the friends of the regiment had con-
tributed for Thanlcsgiving dinner many luxuries. Prom
this source, the company funds, and the effoi'ts of the
officers and company cooks, a most abundant and unusual
feast was provided. In the afternoon there was much
amusement and sport indulged in by the men. A greased
pole some twenty feet high was erected, and at the top was
suspended a pair of trousers the pockets of which con-
tained $13. After four hours of ludicrously unsuccessful
trials on the part of a number of men, Butler of Company
K secured the " full pay " and the trousers. Wheelbarrow
and sack races closed the games.

December came in, cold and rainy, for the winter weather
had set in. The day, however, was a happy and memorable
one, for news was received of General Grant's great victory
at Missionary Ridge, and every fort fired a salute, causing
spiteful replies from the enemy. A high Avind prevailed
on the 6th, and those who were upon the bluff or beach
witnessed a terrible disaster to the fleet. At 2 p. M. the
monitor "Weehawken," off the island, foundered, carrying
to their death, imprisoned below, four officers and twentj"--
seven men.

There was much heavy weather about the first ten days
of December. After it subsided, the beach of Morris
Island was strewn with logs some thirty feet long and
eighteen inches through, a number of which were bolted
together with iron. Others were found floating with the
tide. A wooden affair, some fifty by thirty feet, double
planked, looking like a floating battery, was washed ashore

BOMBARDMENT OF CHARLESTON. 141

Oil Folly Island about the same time. The enemy had
been loosing a part of the harbor obstructions.

Wc were now firing an average of twenty shells each
day into Charleston. The time of firing was purposely
varied throughout the day and night, that the Confederates
might not be prepared to reply. From " Mother Johnson,"
Simkins, and Moultrie we received an average of two hun-
dred shots per day, most of which failed to strike our works.
But few casualties were sustained, the warning cry of the
lookouts sending all to cover.

Against Sumter our firing was light after November.
But on December 11 some two hundred and twenty shots
were hurled at that work. While we were firing slowly
at 9.30 A. M., the southwest magazine there exploded. Tim-
bers, bricks, and debris, as well as the flag, were shot up
into the air, while below arose a black cloud of smoke
which streamed out over the harbor. A fire broke out
later. The garrison lost on this day eleven men killed and
forty-one wounded.

By reference to his official correspondence, it is found
that about the middle of December General Gillmore enter-
tained the project of attacking Savannah, and then, with a
portion of his force, operating in Florida. He thought
that to move with the fleet against Charleston's inner de-
fences, now bristling with guns, either by way of the Stono
or Bull's Bay, he should be reinforced with ten thousand or
twelve thousand men. He urged that the War Department
adopt measures which would enable him to go to work at
once.

Calls for fatigue were now lighter and better borne, for
seventy-three conscripts arrived for the Fifty-fourth on
November 28, and twenty-two recruits on December 4.

142 FIFTY-rOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

Battalion and brigade drills were resumed. We were fur-
nishing heavier details for grand guard, composed usually
of several officers and two hundred and fifty men. They
went out every third or fourth day during our further
stay on the island. For the diversion of the officers the
" Christy Minstrels " gave their first performance Decem-
ber 5 in Dr. Bridgham's hospital tent, enlarged by a wall
tent on one side. Songs were sung and jokes cracked
in genuine minstrel style.

To carry out the provisions of tlie Act for the relief of
the Fifty-fourth and Fifty-fifth Massachusetts Infantry,
Maj. James Sturgis, accompanied by Mr. E. W, Kinsley,
a public-spirited citizen, arrived at our camp December 12.
They had previously visited the Fifty-fifth Massachusetts,
when Colonel Hartwell informed Major Sturgis that neither
regiment would receive the relief. Upon meeting Colonel
Hallowell the same information was given. At Major
Sturgis's request the officers and first sergeants were then
assembled, when the matter was freely discussed. Both
gentlemen explained fully the purpose of the Governor and
the legislation securing it. Some of the officers and
non-commissioned officers replied by a recital of the rea-
sons for refusal hereinbefore set forth. Finally the non-
commissioned officers on behalf of the men positively re-
fused the State aid. At their conclusion cheers were given
for Governor Andrew, to whom they were grateful for the
proffered help. The result of his unsuccessful mission was
reported in writing by Major Sturgis to the Governor under
date of December 13. In his report he says, —

" I deem it proper to say here, that among the many regi-
ments that I saw at Hilton Head, St. Helena Island, Beaufort,
Folly, and Morris Island, white and colored, there are none, to

BOMBARDMENT OF CHARLESTON. 143

my iaexperienced eye, that equalled the Fifty-fourth and Fifty-
fifth, unless it was the Fortieth Massachusetts, while none
surpassed them in any respect."

Late in the afternoon of December 17 the Fifty-fourth
with all the troops was formed to see a deserter shot.
The unfortunate man was Joseph Lane, a drafted soldier
of the Third New Hampshire. On November 28 he started
from Morris Island toward James. At last, despairing of
crossing the water ways, he turned back to our lines, rep-
resenting himself as a Rebel deserter. Taken to the post
guard-house, he was recognized by some of his own com-
pany, whereupon he was tried and sentenced to death.
General Stevenson commanded the division, by reason of
General Terry's illness. After forming, the column moved
slowly up the beach followed by a wagon, in which, seated
upon his coffin, rode Lane. When the troops halted, the
wagon passed along the line to the lower beach. There
the coffin was unloaded, the deserter knelt upon it, and at
a signal, in full view of all the troops, the blindfolded man
received the musket-shots of the firing party, falling for-
ward on his face a quivering corpse.

Cliristmas day was cold and windy. The only note-
worthy event in camp was the arrival of a mail. Besides
fatigue parties a detail for grand guard of two hundred
and fifty men went out under Captain Pope. Our rifles
had sounded their fearful Christmas chimes by throwing
shells into the city for three hours after one o'clock that
morning. About 3 a. m. a fire broke out in Charleston
which illumined the whole sky and destroyed twelve build-
ings before it was subdued, the falling walls injuring many
firemen. Chatfield joined Gregg in the bombardment
directed upon the fire. The enemy opened rapidly for

144 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

a time and then gradually ceased, but our guns continued
to fire with more or less vigor all day. On their part the
Confederates prepared a Christmas surprise for the gun-
boat " Marblehead " lying in the Stono near Legareville.
At 6 A. M. some pieces on John's Island, brought there at
night, opened on the gunboat, but were soon driven away
with loss of men and guns.

New Year's Day being the first anniversary of the Eman-
cipation Proclamation, the non-commissioned officers ar-
ranged for a celebration. The men formed and proceeded
to the parade-ground, where a drj'-goods box covered with
a rubber blanket was placed, to serve as a speaker's
stand. Chaplain Harrison offered a prayer and then intro-
duced the orator of the day, Sergeant Barquet of Com-
pany H. Barquet was in high spirits, and began with
the quotation, " What means this sea of upturned faces,"
etc. The speaker had hardly warmed np to his work,
when in the midst of a most impassioned harangue the
dry-goods box caved in, carrying him down. Barquet, in no
way disconcerted, from the wreck shouted out the appro-
priate but well-worn gag.: " Gentlemen, I admire your
principles, but damn your platform ! " After the hilarity
resulting from the discomfiture of the chief speaker had
subsided, others addressed the meeting with more or less
effect. In the evening the non-commissioned officers had
a supper in the large tent nsed to cover quartermaster's
stores. Among the good things provided were baked beans
and Indian pudding.

From November 1 to January 8 the following changes
took place among the officers, — Major Hooper was pro-
moted lieutenant-colonel, and Capt. J. W. M. Appleton,
major ; Lieutenant Grace, captain of Company A ; Lieut.

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Capt. SAA7UEr. Will \RD (iSlAiiNj.
Capt. Watson W niuuGE.

CAfT. Daviii a. Paktrtdge.

CaI'T. TiIOM\s L. ArPLETdN.

BOMBARDMENT OF CHARLESTON. 145

R. H. L. Jewett, captain of Company K ; and Lieutenant Hig-
ginson, captain of Company H ; Second Lieutenants David
Reid, Emerson, and Tomlinson became first lieutenants ;
Lieutenants A. "W. Leonard, Lewis Reed, Alfred H. Knowles,
Robert R. Newell, and Chas. M. Duren, newly appointed,
reported. Captains Jones and Pope and Assistant-Surgeon
Pease re-joined. Surgeon Stone went North, and was then
appointed surgeon. United States Volunteers. Lieutenant
Higginson was promoted while absent sick, and was after-
ward transferred to the Fifth Massachusetts Cavalry as cap-
tain. Lieutenant Johnston was discharged. A change in the
line formation was necessary after these promotions, which
was ordered as follows. Company D being on the left : —

DBAEHFK CGI

Greek fire was used from our " city guns " experimentally
in twenty shells on January 3. Previous firings with this
compound had not been satisfactory in result. The charges
on this day seemed more effective, apparently causing a
fire in Charleston. It is stated on Confederate authority
that the whole number of our shells fired into the city from
August 21 to January 5 was 472, of which twenty-eight fell
short. They are said to have killed five persons. Our
opening thereupon from Cumming's Point was the occasion
of great dismay and confusion. A hegira to the country
took place, by railroad and every kind of vehicle laden
with household effects. Those who remained became
somewhat accustomed to our shelling. The collection
of old iron after each explosion was a regular business.
Non-exploded shells were purchased by the authori-
ties. From the " Battery " up to Wentworth Street, about

10

146 FIFTY-FOUETII MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

the middle of the city, nearly all the houses had been
penetrated.

Wagner having been thoroughly prepared for our pur-
poses and armed, on the 12th a distinguished company
assembled therein to witness the raising of tlie stars and
stripes on the high flag-staff erected. Captain Strahan,
Third Rhode Island Heavy Artillery, was made command-
ant of the work. General Gillmore removed his head-
quarters from Folly Island to Hilton Head about this time.
General Terry was given command of the Northern District
from Charleston to St. Helena. Col. W. AV. PI. Davis,
One Hundred and Fourth Pennsylvania, assumed control
of Morris Island. His force was composed of one colored
brigade and two white brigades, besides artillerymen and
engineers.

During the time the Fifty-fourth had served with white
troops a few officers and men manifested their dislike to the
black regiment in various ways. Sometimes white sentinels
Avould pretend not to see the approach of' our officers, to
avoid rendering the proper salute. Occasionally officers in
charge of armed parties failed to give the marching salute
to similar parties of the Fifty-fourth. In all such cases
reports were made of the discourtesy. The following in-
stance of preference given white troops, when on joint duty
with blacks, occurred. Captain Emilio, with two hundred
and fifty men and several officers, reported for grand-
guard duty, and as the first on the ground, was entitled to
the right of all others. This position, despite protest, was
denied him by Maj. Michael Schmitt, Independent New
York Battalion. When the tour of duty was completed, a
report was made of the affair and forwarded to post head-
quarters. The discrimination did not occur again. By

BOMBARDMENT OF CHARLESTON. 1-17

persistent and firm assertion of the rights of the men on
the part of all the Fifty-fourth officers, a discontinuance of
these and other discourtesies was at last obtained.

There arrived from Long Island, Mass., on the 20th, some
one hundred and twelve recruits for the regiment, which
served to fill the ranks nearly to the maximum. With a
single exception they were all volunteers. By this date the
Fifty-fourth was well clothed, fully equipped, and prepared for
any service. The colder weather, although it brought some
discomfort, served to lessen the number of sick. Pood was
better and more varied. Quartermaster Ritchie, assisted
by Sergeant Barquet and Private King, secured bricks
from the old lighthouse and constructed an oven which
furnished soft bread. It had a capacity of two hundred
loaves each baking.

Troops had been moving from various posts to Hilton
Head during January, and on the 27th our brigade was
ordered to embark as soon as transportation was provided.
Dm-ing the afternoon of the 28th everything but the tents
was loaded upon two steamers assigned to the Fifty-fourth.
As darkness fell, camp was struck ; but as the vessels could
not leave until the next forenoon, the regiment through the
early part of the night remained on shore, gathered about
small camp-fires.

CHAPTER VIII.

OLUSTEE.

C"^ ENERAL GILLMORE had resolved upon an expe-
^ dition to Florida, which General Halleck approved,
but remarked that such movements had little effect upon
the progress of our arms. President Lincoln also desired
to make Florida a loyal State. Gillmore's purposes were
to secure an outlet for cotton, lumber, turpentine, and other
products, cut off a source of the enemy's commissary sup-
plies, obtain recruits for the colored regiments he was au-
thorized to form, and to inaugurate measures to restore
Florida to her allegiance.

In darkness, at 3 a. m., on January 29, Companies C, F,
G, H, I, and K, embarked on the steamer " J. B. Collins,"
the remaining ones on the steamer " Monohansett." The
departure took place at 10 a. m. It was not known that
the regiment would ever return, so notwithstanding the
uninviting aspect of the sandy island, its fading lines were
scanned by all with mingled feelings of attachment and
regret. Soon, however, the men began to chatter. Cheery
voices exclaimed : " No more fatigue at the front ! " " We '11
have a rest from the sound of the guns ! " " No more long-
rolls," etc. Then they comfortably disposed themselves for
the short voyage. Hilton Head was made at 3.45 p. m. by
the " Monohansett," and at 7 p. m. by the '•' Collins," both
vessels lying up at the pier. The companies on the former

OLUSTEE. 149

vessel landed at midnight, bivouacked in one of the streets,
and early next morning marched a mile and a half to
the Pope plantation outside the intrenchments, going into
camp near the Second South Carolina and the Eighth
United States Colored Troops, — the latter a new regi-
ment from the North. Our other companies came to camp
at 7 A. M. Tents were pitched on the 31st. A wood
extended nearly to the camp, from which green boughs
were brought for shelter and shade as well as fuel. All
enjoyed the change of landscape, — green fields, trees, and
herbage in place of the sand and sea wastes of Morris
Island.

Around us troops were encamped or arriving daily. The
Third United States Colored Troops joined on the 31st,
uniting the brigade, which was enlarged by the assign-
ment to it of the Eighth United States Colored Troops.
Some fifty recruits for the Fifty-fourth came on Feb-
ruary 1 ; but as the rolls were full, a provisional com-
pany, " L," was formed, and placed in charge of Lieut.
T. L. Appleton. Service with the Fifty-fourth was eagerly
sought for, and it was seen by Colonel Hallowell that
several additional companies could be recruited. With the
approval of General Gillmore, he therefore applied to Gov-
ernor Andrew, on February 8, that the Fifty-fourth be
placed on the footing of a heavy artillery regiment. This
recommendation, however, bore no fruit.

Captain Partridge was discharged for disability January
19, and Captain Smith for the same cause January 25 ;
Lieutenant Dexter having resigned, departed North, and
afterward became second lieutenant Sixty-first Massachu-
setts Infantry ; Chaplain Harrison received sick leave, re-
signing at the North March 14. He was refused pay as

150 riFTY-rOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

chaplain, because of his color. The matter received Gov-
ernor Andrew's attention ; and on April 23 Attorney-Gen-
eral Bates rendered the opinion that the chaplain, because
he was of African descent, could not be deprived of the
pay affixed to the office he lawfully held.

After a review by General Gillmore of all the troops on
February 4, on returning to camp the officers were informed
that the regiment would embark the next day. The sick,
some recruits, and the camp were to remain in charge of
Lieut. T. L. Appleton. Captain Jones was too ill to accom-
pany us.

Orders came to march at supper-time on the 5th ; and the
Fifty-fourth pi-oceeded from its only camp at Hilton Head
to the pier. Major Appleton, with Companies A, B, and D,
embarked on the steamer " Maple Leaf," which was General
Seymour's flag-ship. Captaiii Emilio, with Company E,
some recruits. Quartermaster Ritchie, and the stores, took
passage on the schooner " R. C. A. Ward." Colonel Hal-
lowell, with the remaining companies, was assigned to the
steamer " General Hunter."

Gillmore's Florida expedition was afloat, for the troops
comprising his force had embarked on some twenty-eight
transports, in darkness. It was probable that our point of
attack would be unknown. But General Beauregard was
awai-e of some movement, and notified General Gilmer at
Savannah to prepare, and had troops ready to move over
the railroads to the southward. He personally visited
Savannah on January 16, returning to Charleston Feb-
ruary 3.

General Seymour, assigned to command the expedition,
was to have a force of about seven thousand men. His
transports were ordered to rendezvous at the mouth of

OLUSTEE. 151

the St. John's River, Florida. Admiral Dahlgren was to
co-operate, with some naval vessels.

It was most enjoyable voyaging down the coast. A
few men were seasick, but soon recovered. The " Maple
Leaf " arrived off the St. John's at 8.50 a. m. on the 7th,
and the " General Hunter " at 9 a. m. Eleven steamers
and smaller craft had arrived or were coming in ; and as
the transports passed one another, the troops cheered
enthusiastically. There, too, the gunboats " Ottawa " and
" Norwich " were found ready to escort the fleet. At
about noon, the larger portion of the vessels started up
the river for Jacksonville, some twenty-five miles distant.

Just three hundred years before, Ren^ de Laudonni^re
led a French fleet up the same river, known then as the
" River of May," following the lead of the famous Ribaut
the previous year. The beautiful and historic stream
glided to the sea as placidly as then through the marshy
lowlands, past the white bluffs and forests of pine and
cedar. Amid the romantic scenery, through this historic
region, on a delightful day, the fleet proceeded up the de-
vious stream with the gunboat " Ottawa " in the lead, fol-
lowed by the " Maple Leaf " and " General Hunter."
Evidences of former Federal occupation or Rebel abandon-
ment were seen in burned saw-mills, deserted houses, and
decayed landings.

Upon rounding a point late in the afternoon, Jackson-
ville appeared in view, looking much like a devastated
Northern city, with its ruined gas-works, burned saw-mills,
and warehouses ; but many residences and stores ap-
peared in good repair. As the vessels approached nearer
the town, some women and children were discovered, waving
handkerchiefs from places near the water-front. A few

152 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

men were also seen lurking about, as if fearing musket or
cannon shots. When abreast of the place, the " Norwich "
continued up the stream a short distance and anchored.
General Seymour, on the " Maple Leaf," ran up to a wharf,
and Major Appleton had his men ashore in a moment. A
few cavalrymen had been discovered, who, as our Fifty-
fourth men were formed, fired some shots, one of which
wounded the mate of the " General Hunter," from which
Colonel Hallowell and his six companies were disembark-
ing. As the shots were fired, General Seymour ordered
Major Appleton to " take his men and catch the Rebels."
What followed, the major thus describes : —

" I tried, but our men with knapsacks were not fleet enough.
I had a dark overcoat on, and was conspicuous. One 'Johnny'
took deliberate aim at me over a fence. I saw him just as he
fired. The ball came quite close, but did not hit me. By
orders I placed men in each street, and pushed the command to
the outskirts of the town, with no casualties on our side. We
took a few prisoners, civilians, etc. Porter of Company A shot
a Rebel through his leg, and got him and his horse."

While the major was thus engaged, the six companies of
the regiment landed from the " General Hunter ; " and
Colonel Hallowell, also throwing out skirmishers, advanced
through the town to the west side, where the regiment was
reunited soon after. Pickets were thrown out, and the
Fifty-fourth went into bivouac for the night.

The pursuit of the enemy was taken up and continued
five miles by Major Stevens with his Independent Bat-
talion Massachusetts Cavalry, which landed after the Fifty-
fourth. They captured eleven Confederates, including some
signal-men.

OLUSTEE. , 153

Transports which had beeu delayed having arrived with
infantry, artillery, etc., on the 8th, at 4 p. M., General Sey-
mour moved toward Baldwin. Much to the regret of all,
the Fifty-fourth was ordered to remain behind. Colonel
Hallowell was made commandant of Jacksonville. Captain
Walton was appointed provost-marshal, with Company B
as provost-guard. Company E, with the recruits, joined the
regiment on the 9th. Lieutenant-Colonel Hooper, with
details by companies, picketed the approaches to the town,
holding a line mainly along two small creeks. For several
days troops were landing and moving out to the advance.

Before the war Jacksonville contained some three thou-
sand inhabitants, and was the key-point of Eastern Florida.
It had been thrice before occupied by the Federal forces,
and twice suffered from devastating fires. The enemy only
held it in small force, their main body being at Camp
Finegan, eight miles inland. It contained some tasteful
residences, on wide streets densely shaded with old trees,
the usual public buildings, churches, and stores. On the
outskirts were old earthworks, facing cleared ground to
woods beyond.

Col. Guy V. Henry's mounted troops, on the 8th, in dark-
ness, flanked Camp Finegan, and at Ten-Mile Run cap-
tured five guns. Early on the 9th, he occupied Baldwin,
capturing another gun and large stores. Our infantry, the
first evening, entered Camp Finegan, whence some two
hundred of the enemy fled. That night the steamer " St.
Mary " was scuttled in a small creek, the navy securing
a rifled gun, but her cargo, of two hundred and seventy
cotton-bales, was burned. Our infantry advanced to Bald-
win on the 9th, over bad roads, where both Seymour and
Gillmore also arrived that day.

164 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

On the 10th the Light Brigade, consisting of the Mas-
sachusetts Cavahy Battalion, the Fortieth Massachusetts
(mounted), and Elder's horse battery, First United States
Artillery, some nine hundred men, under Colonel Henry,
started out, followed by the infantry. About 11 a. m.
the mounted force reached Barber's. A reconnoissance,
"with loss, disclosed the enemy, consisting of about one
hundred and fifty men of the Second Florida Cavalry,
under Maj. Robert Harrison, holding the south fork of the
St. Mary's River. Henry, securing a position enfilading
the ford, and the cavalry battalion charging across, drove
the enemy in confusion, capturing their horses and arms.
"We lost four killed and thirteen wounded ; the enemy, two
killed and three wounded. Henry resumed the advance at
1 p. M., entering Sanderson three hours later. Gen. Joseph
Finegan, the Confederate commander of East Florida, had
retired, firing buildings and stores. The infantry column
reached Barber's at midnight on the 10th. Henry, at San-
derson, rested until 2 A. M. on the 11th, when he again set
out. No enemy was encountered until 11 a. m., when his
skirmishers were found in the woods near Lake City.
After developing his line, and a company had broken
through the enemy's left, Henry, fearing to be outflanked
by a stronger force, retired five miles. But the Confederate
reports show that General Finegan had there in Henry's
front only four hundred and fifty infantry, one hundred
and ten cavalry, and two guns. Our loss was three men
wounded; the enemy's, two killed and several wounded.
The result of this affair was most unfortrmate. It was the
turning-point of the Florida expedition, for had the smaller
Confederate force been driven by Henry's superior one, and
followed up sharply at that time before Finegan's rein-

OLUSTEE. 155

forcements had arrived, Seymour might have gone to the
Suwanee River, a strong, defensive line.

Seymour arrived at Sanderson with Barton's brigade on
the evening of the 11th, amid a torrent of rain. Gillmore
on the 11th sent instructions to Seymour not to risk a re-
pulse at Lake City, but to hold Sanderson and the south
fork of the St. Maiy's. Seymour withdrew to Barber's
on the 12th.

From Jacksonville on the 10th, Major Appleton, with
Companies C, D, F, and K, went to Camp Finegan, where
the next day he was joined by Company E, and on the 12th
his force marched to Baldwin. This hamlet was the junc-
tion of the Atlantic and Gulf, and Fernandina and Cedar
Keys railroads. It consisted of a hotel, railroad depot,
freight-house, and a few small, unpainted dwellings. The
telegraph was in working order from there to Jacksonville.
Supplies were brought up by means of captured cars drawn
along the rails by horses.

Col. B. C. Tilghman, Third United States Colored Troops,
with his regiment, and a company of the First New York
Engineers, held the post. "Work began and continued
daily on intrenchments, block houses, and a stockade.
Scouting parties and foraging details went out each day,
the latter bringing in beeves, poultry, and potatoes. Pickets
from the Fifty-fourth alternated with those from the Third
United States Colored Troops, and furnished garrisons for
the block houses and stockades.

From beyond the St. Mary's our advance forces had been
all drawn back to Barber's by the 13th. Henry was sent
to the southward. Capt. George Marshall, Fortieth Massa-
chusetts, at Gainesville on the 15th repulsed the noted
Captain Dickison, Second Florida Cavalry, with a superior

156 FIFTY-FODRTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

force. From Barber's on the 14th a detachmen-t went to
Callahan Station and destroyed the railroad and bridges
there.

This Florida expedition was a subject of Congressional
inquiry. Seymour's letters disclose a most remarkable
change of views and purposes. Gillmore was for holding
Jacksonville as a base, and Baldwin, Pilatka, and other
secondary posts with small garrisons and earthworks.
After a conference with Seymour on the 14th at Jack-
sonville, Gillmore departed for Hilton Head. In his re-
port to Halleck he says, —

" I considered it well understood at the time between Geu-
eral Seymour and myself that do advance would be made
without further instructions from me until the defences were
well advanced."

Seymour, left in command, at once issued a number of
orders for the governing of his territory. One of these
honored the memory of the regiment's first commander in
the following words : —

Headquarters District op Florida, Dep't of the Sonm,
Jacksonville, Fla., Feb. 16, 1864.

General Orders No. 2.

The Camp of Instruction, established by direction from De-
partment headquarters on the railroad eight miles from Jackson-
ville, will be known as Camp Shaw, in memory of the young
and devoted patriot who fell in the assault of July 18, 1863,
upon Fort Wagner, S. C, and whose name will constantly sug-
gest to the troops of this camp all that is honorable and
meritorious.

By order of

Brig.-Gen. T. Seymour.
R. M. Hall, \st Lieut. 1st U. S. ArVy, Act. Ass't-Adj't-Gen'l.

OLUSTEE 157

Disregarding his instructions, Seymour prepared to exe-
cute the advance which he had resolved to make, seemingly
in complete ignorance of the enemy's force. Disaster and
failure were inevitable. By letter on the 17th, he informed
Gillmore that he would move to the Suwanee River to destroy
the railroad. His letter closed with a postscript reflecting
upon all his higher officers in these words : " Send me a
general for the command of the advance troops, or I shall
lie in a state of constant apprehension." On the 18th Gill-
more did send him a general in the person of General
Turner, his chief of staff, not for the purpose requested,
but to suspend the movement, bring Seymour back to Bald-
win, and deliver letters expressing his surprise at the
advance. When Turner, delayed many hours by stormy
weather, reached Jacksonville, Seymour was engaged with
the enemy.

In response to calls in every direction for help. General
Finegan began to receive aid immediately after our retire-
ment from Lake City. On the 13th, with a force num-
bering two thousand men, he moved forward toward
Sanderson, taking post at Olustee, where he constructed
strong works, to better defend his position. Reinforce-
ments continued to join, so that on the 18th he had
forty-six hundred infantry (largely veterans), about six
hundred cavalry, and three batteries of twelve guns. The
enemy's knowledge of our force was accurate, and of our
plans considerable, for despatches from Gillmore to Terry
at Folly Island were intercepted and deciphered. Beaui e-
gard therefore stripped his garrisons elsewhere to meet us
in Florida.

A diversion made by General Schimmelfennig on John's
Island, S. C, occurred too early, and another by Col. J. B.

158 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

Howell, Eighty-fifth Pennsylvania, at Whitmarsh Island,
Ga., too late to serve Seymour.

Colonel Plallowell, commanding Jacksonville, occupied the
Crespo house as headquai-ters. The Fifty-fifth Massachu-
setts arrived on the lith, and the next day relieved the
Fifty-fourth from picket and provost-guard duty. Colonel
Hartwell succeeded Colonel Hallowell in command of the
post. Second Lieut. Thomas S. Bridgham, a brother of our
assistant-surgeon, first joined at Jacksonville.

With Companies A, B, G, and H, at 8 a. m., February 18,
Colonel Hallowell set out from Jacksonville for Baldwin.
A march of some eighteen miles was made that day, and
the next morning at 8.30 o'clock the Fifty-fourth was again
reunited. Our pickets and details were relieved, rations of
coffee and sugar issued, knapsacks lightened of much cloth-
ing, which was stored, and the regiment moved at 10 a. m.,
with orders to report at Barber's. The distance of twelve
miles was compassed with four halts for rest. Mile after
mile of pine barren was passed through, bounding the
sandy road on either side, many of the trees bearing the
scarification of the axe made to secure the resinous sap.
But few habitations were encountered, and those seen were
small log or slab huts, in cleared spaces, whose only touch
of beauty were the aj^ple and peach trees in blossom.

About 6 p. M. the Fifty -fourth arrived at Barber's,
bivouacking in the woods on the left of the road near the
First North Carolina. Fires were made ; and the quarter-
master having borrowed four daj's' rations of hard bread,
the men made a hasty meal, and turned in for the night.
There had been no time or inclination to look about, but there
around Barber's house lay Seymour's little army of some
five thousand men resting beside the flickering camp-fires.

OLUSTEE. 159

Reveille sounded at 5 a. m. on the eventful Feb. 20,
1864, and at seven o'clock the troops began to move, —
the Light Brigade in advance, followed by Hawley's, then
Barton's, the Artillery, and Montgomery's in rear guard-
ing the train. Just before the Fifty-fourth started, Major
Appleton was ordered to remain in command at Barber's,
with Company E on picket, covering the railroad trestle,
and Company A at Barber's house. Lieut. Lewis Reed,
with thirty men, was to protect the telegraph line as the
column advanced.

In fine spirits, the Fifty-fourth, followed by the First
North Carolina, began the march, while the men sang,
" We 're bound for Tallahassee in the morning." The
country was more open than that below. The road ran
for long distances beside the railroad. Occasionally the
forest widened out into savannas yellow with grasses and
dotted with hemlock patches. From a clear sky the warm
sun glistened and gleamed through the tall pines bordering
the pathway. About every hour the brigade halted for a
short rest.

Sanderson, some nine miles from Barber's, was reached
by our advance before noon. People there stated that the
enemy were in force beyond, and truly predicted our defeat ;
but their words were little heeded. Near an old mill be-
yond Sanderson, Henry's men came upon a few cavalry
of the enemy, who fled when fired upon. Henry halted
there until Hawley's infantry and Hamilton's battery came
up, when the advance was resumed, the Seventh Connecti-
cut, as skirmishers, leading.

Meanwhile, General Finegan at Olustee, receiving word
that we were approaching in small numbers, sent out his
cavalry under Col. Carraway Smith, with orders to skir-

160 FIFTY-rOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTKY.

mish and draw us on to the works at Olustee. As sup-
port he sent the Sixty-fourth Georgia and two companies
of the Thirty-second Georgia. Moving forward two miles,
where the wagon-road crossed the railroad, the infantry
halted, the cavalry proceeding until near a point where the
railroad recrossed tlie country road. The intervening
ground, between the two crossings, was the battlefield of
Olustee. The Confederates call the action the battle of
Ocean Pond, from the extensive lake near the field on the
north.

Over the last-mentioned crossing our skirmishers ad-
vanced at about 1.30 p. M., Elder's battery occasionally
shelling the woods. The enemy's cavalry fell back, as
instructed, to their infantry, at the crossing. At that
point, Brig.-Gen. A. H. Colquitt had ari-ived with the Sixth,
Nineteenth, and Twenty-eighth Georgia, and ordering the
cavalry to his flanks, threw out skirmishers and formed
line of battle. Perceiving our strength, he sent for re-
inforcements and ammunition.

Moving through open pine woods, our advance now met
firm resistance for the first time. By General Seymour's
direction, Hawley moved his brigade into line. Personally
leading the Seventh New Hampshire by the flank to the
right, to avoid a small pond, he ordered a deployment
under fire. He supposed the noise and confusion caused
his order to be misunderstood, for the Seventh scattered,
and went drifting to the rear notwithstanding the efforts
of Colonel Abbott, his officers, and the gallant color-bearer,
Thomas H. Simington. Hamilton placed liis six guns
under heavy fire within one hundred and fifty yards of the
enemy ; and the Eighth United States Colored Troops
went into line on the left. Henry, with the Fortieth

■^ '» , ■*

PLAN OF

BATTLE OF

OLU5TEE, FLA.

FEBY 20, 1864. ^ ^ ^ ^, _,

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OLUSTEE. 161

xMassachusetts (mounted) and the Massachusetts Cavahy
Battalion, held the flanks. Opposed to a superior force
and murderous fire, the Seventh Connecticut and Eighth
United States Colored Ti"oops were, after excessive losses,
forced to give ground. Hamilton, who was wounded,
bravely supported the line with his guns, but was finally
obliged to abandon two pieces for want of horses to bring
them off. Col. Charles W. Fribley, of the Eighth United
States Colored Troops, after displaying the utmost gal-
lantly, was mortally wounded.

But fresh troops were at hand, for Barton's brigade was
coming up, supported by Elder's battery of four pieces on
the right, and Langdon's battery of six guns, with a section
(two guns) of Battery C, Third Rhode Island Artillery, under
Lieut. Henry Metcalf, on the left. Barton formed on the
right of the road at the new position taken up by Hawley.
Colquitt, however, had received reinforcements, putting
the Sixth Florida Battalion and Twenty-third Georgia into
line, and the First Georgia (regulars) and the Thirty-sec-
ond Georgia, which arrived shortly after, to prolong his left.
He then advanced with the Chatham Artillery in rear of
his centre, opening a destructive fire along the whole front.
Finding feeble opposition on his right, he threw the Sixth
Florida Battalion forward to enfilade our line. Barton now
only maintained his position at a terrible cost of officers
and men, and all his regimental commanders — Col. Henry
Moore, Forty-seventh, Major VV. B. Coan, Forty-eighth, and
Colonel Sammon, One Hundred and Fifteenth New York
— wounded. Colquitt's men were out of cartridges for a
time ; but supplies came, and fresh troops also, composed
of a section of Guerard's Battery, Bonaud's Battalion, the
Twenty-seventh Georgia, and Second Florida Battalion.

11

162 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

The enemy's artillery too was supplemented by a heavy gun
mounted on a railroad car. With these accessions to his
force, Colquitt moved the Sixth and Thirty-second Georgia
to flank the right of Barton's brigade, and notwithstand-
ing stubborn resistance, was gi-adually forcing it back.

General Seymour throughout these events was present
on the field, exhibiting great personal gallantry. Discern-
ing that victory was not for him, after such grievous
losses, he sent to hasten the colored brigade into action,
and made disposition to retire under cover of Montgom-
ery's attack.

About 2.30 p. M. the colored brigade was resting, — the
Fifty-fourth in the shade on the left of the road at a place
where wood had lately been felled. Musketry firing had
been heard in the distance, but after a time there came
the sound of cannon. " That's home-made thunder," said
one man. " I don't mind the thunder if the lightning don't
strike me ! " was the response. Another remarked, " 1
want to go home ! " " You '11 stay forever, maybe ! " was
the reply. Soon an orderly rode up at full speed, calling
for the commanding officer. Colonel Hallowell sprang to
his feet, and received an order for his rapid advance. In
a few moments the regiment was moving at the double-
quick, urged on by the heavier sound of battle. When the
pace began to tell on the men, knapsacks, blankets, and
even haversacks were cast away to lighten their load. At
the railroad crossing, Colonel Montgomery, who was lead-
ing, was met by a staff-officer from General Seymour, bring-
ing the order to move forward he had anticipated.

Nearing the battleground, resounding with caimon-shots
and musketry, the dispiriting scene so trying to troops about
to engage, of hundreds of wounded and stragglers, was en-

OLUSTKE. 163

countered. All sorts of discouraging shouts met the ear as
the regiment speeded onward, as, " We 're badly whipped ! "
" You '11 all get killed." Still farther on was part of a dis-
abled battery also going to the rear. But through this rift
and drift of conflict the tired and panting men pressed on,
and led by Sergeant Cezar of Company D, found breath
to shout their battle-cry, " Three cheers for Massachusetts
and seven dollars a month ! " As the Fifty-fourth advanced,
the field hospital of the Eighth United States Colored Troops
was passed, which its coming saved from the threatening
enemy. Adjutant Howard relates that as he was riding
over the field beside Colonel Hallowell, General Seymour
rode up to that officer and told him in substance that
the day was lost, and that everything depended on the
Fifty-fourth.

When the regiment arrived at the battle-front, it was
about four o'clock. Colonel Hawley in his report thus
describes the event : —

" Colonel Montgomery's brigade had come up. The Fifty-
fourth Massachusetts, Colonel Hallowell, went into action on
our left, the First North Carolina on our right between us and
Barton's retiring brigade, halting and firing fiercely, with its
right well forward so as to form an angle of perhaps 120° with
the line of the Fifty-fourth."

He further says, —

"About that time an aid came to say that the general wished
me to fall back, as the enemy were only feinting on our right,
and were preparing to flank us in force."

This, then, was the situation as the Fifty-fourth took
position : Barton retiring ; the only other infantry — the
Seventh Connecticut Battalion — ordered to fall back ;

164 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

and Seymour believing that the enemy were preparing to
flank us on the left, where the Fifty-fourth alone were taking
post. Well might Seymour think that everything depended
on our regiment. Under these adverse conditions the
colored brigade was to hold the enemy in check until
a new line could be formed in the rear.

Colonel Hallowell led his regiment by the flank into the
woods on the left of the road, and forming by file into line,
immediately opened fire. The Fifty-fourth had thirteen
officers and 497 men in action, with a formation as below.
Company D being on the left, —

DBHFKCGI

The following-named officers were present, — Colonel
Plallowell, Lieutenant-Colonel Hooper, Acting Adjutant
Howard ; Company I, Lieutenant Homans ; Company G,
Lieut. David Reid ; Company C, Lieutenant Tomlinson,
commanding, and Lieutenant Bridgham ; Company K, Lieu-
tenant Littlefield, commanding, and Lieutenant Leonard ;
Company F, Captain Bridge ; Company H, Lieutenant Chip-
man ; Company B, Lieutenant Newell ; Companj^ D, Lieu-
tenant Duren. Assistant-Surgeons Bridgham and Pease, and
Quartermaster Ritchie, were on the field. Sergeant Wilkins,
of Company D, bore the national flag in the ranks of Com-
pany K, and Corporal Peal, of Company F, the State color.
Captains Pope and Jewett, of the Fifty-fourth, on Colonel
Montgomery's staff, took part in the action.

About the same time the First North Carolina went into
action on the right of the road. The Fifty-fourth formed
in a grove of pine extending around on every side over
ground nearly level. So open was the forest that the

OLUSTEE. 1G5

enemy's line and colors could be seen about four hundred
yards distant, with two guns in front of our right well
advanced, apparently without much support. On the ex-
treme left front were guns covered by the railroad embank-
ment. A Confederate plan of the battle shows Bonaud's
battalion advanced, supported by the Nineteenth Georgia
and Sixth Florida, all between the wagon-road and the
railroad, while beyond the railroad to their right were two
guns of Guerard's battery and some cavali-y. Only the
Fifty-fourth in the latter part of the action was on our left
of the wagon-road in the battle-front.

Upon taking position the regiment received a steady but
not severe musketry fire, with a flanking fire of shell from
the artillery on our left front. The horses of the field and
staff had been sent to the rear. Colonel Hallowell mounted
the stump of a tree some fifty feet in rear of his centre to
oversee his men and the position. After a time Companies
D and B on the left were thrown back to present a better
front and guard that flank. While retiring from making
report of tliis to Colonel Hallowell, Acting Sergeant-
Major Swails was wounded.

On the extreme right, Lieutenant Homans, an impetuous
and brave officer, noticing the exposed position of the two
pieces, sprang in fi'ont of his line, and shouting, " Now is a
good opportunity ; we '11 try and take those guns ! " led his
men forward ; but he was soon ordered back into line.

In the centre, where Captain Bridge was prominent, our
companies were enduring an increased musketry fire from
front and flank. Sharpshooters were observed perched in
the trees, but a few volleys brought them down. We were
sustaining casualties every moment ; but most of the
missiles passed overhead.

166 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

Assistant-Surgeons Bridgham and Pease brought their
ambulance to the field and proceeded to establish them-
selves not far from the line. After some time, and a shell
having fallen near by, they retired to a less exposed place.
Colonel Montgomery, accompanied by his staff, was round
and about the Fifty-fourth line exposing himself freely ;
perceiving the strong fire coming from the direction of
the railroad, he shouted, " Fire to the left ! Fire to the
left ! "

Under such conditions after a ■while the men began to
chafe, and exhibit a desire for aggressive action. Already
"Warren Moorhouse, of Company E, and another man had
crept out as sharpshooters. Sergeant Stephens, of Company
B, remembered distinctly that " a little black fellow, whose
name I cannot recall, would run forward beyond theline in
his excitement, discharging his piece, fall back and load,
and then rush out again. Our line was doing its level
best. Shortly, this man I speak of fell, shot through
the head."

Now there occurred an episode which shows that the
colored soldiers, of the Fifty-fourth at least, possessed
other than passive courage. They had, as stated, endured
the situation with growing impatience. Suddenly Sergeant
Wilkins, with the national flag, was seen advancing, fol-
lowed by the men about him. They had proceeded some
one hundred and fifty paces when Colonel Hallowell,
realizing that the regiment without orders might follow
them into a dangerous position unsupported, sent word
for a return.

Meanwhile in the action Captain Jewett (who had been
relieved from staff duty at his own request), Lieuten-
ants Littlefield and Tomlinson, and many men had been

OLUSTEB. 167

wounded, and some killed. The regiment had been firing
very rapidly ; for many of the men, by jarring their pieces
ou the ground, sent the loads home without using the ram-
rods. It was observed that the muslcetry lire of the enemy
was more effective than that of their artillery. Their shells
were fired too high, passing over into the trees back of the
Fifty-fourth. From the heavy gun on the railroad car
came reports which dominated all other battle sounds.

This spirited movement into action of the colored brigade
is acknowledged to have caused the enemy's right to give
way somewhat, and imperilled the guns of Captain Whea-
ton's Chatham Artillery. Under cover of its onset Sey-
mour withdrew his white troops to a new line some one
hundred yards in the rear, — Langdon being forced to aban-
don three of his guns. This retirement was continued in
successive lines of battle. A newspaper correspondent,
writing of the action, said, " The two colored regiments had
stood in the gap and saved the army." But the cost had
been great, particularly to the First North Carolina, for
it lost Lieut.-Col. "Wm. N. Reed, commanding, mortally
wounded ; Maj. A. Bogle, Adjt. W. C. Manning, tlu-ee cajj-
tains, and five lieutenants wounded ; one captain killed,
and some two hundred and thirty enlisted men killed,
wounded, or missing. Having maintained the contest for
some time, it was withdrawn.

Every organization had retired but the Fifty-fourth, and
our regiment stood alone. From the position first taken
up it still held back the enemy in its front. What had
occurred elsewhere was not known. Why the Fifty-fourth
was left thus exposed is inexplicable. No orders were
received to retire. No measures were taken for its safe
withdrawal. It would seem either that the position of

168 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

the regiment was forgotten, or its sacrifice considered
necessary.

Darliness came on early amid the tall pines. It was now
about 5.30 p. m. Tlie Fifty-fourth had lost heavily. Cor-
poral Peal, with the State color, was mortally wounded,
and from his hands Corp. Preston Helman, of Company E,
received the flag. Of the color guard Corporal Gooding, of
Company C, was mortally wounded, and Corporals Glasgow
of B and Palmer of K were also wounded. One other non-
commissioned officer was killed, and seven wounded. Only
a few cartridges remained in the boxes ; more were brought,
but they proved to be of the wrong calibre.

From the sounds of battle extending behind our right,
it at last became apparent that our forces had fallen back.
Colonel Montgomery was with the Fifty-fourth, and seems
to have determined to retire it in his bushwhacking way.
This he did, as his staff-officer Captain Pope relates, by
telling the men to save themselves. Lieutenant-Colonel
Hooper recalls that the men informed him that Montgomery
said, " Now, men, you have done well. 1 love you all. Each
man take care of himself." But this plan did not please
Lieutenant-Colonel Hooper, so telling Color Sergeant Wil-
kins to stand fast, and securing the co-operation of officers
and reliable men near at hand, he shouted, " Rally ! " and a
line was again formed.

At this time Colonel Hallowell with others became sepa-
rated from the main portion. Lieutenant-Colonel Hooper,
thus in command, briefly addressed the men, ordered bayo-
nets fixed, and exercised the regiment in the manual of
arms to bring it completely under control. Lieutenant
Loveridge of Montgomery's staff at Lieutenant-Colonel
Hooper's request rode out to the right, and returning,

OLUSTEE. 169

reported the enemy following our forces without order. The
regiment was then directed to give nine loud cheers to
make it appear we were receiving reinforcements. In line
of battle faced to the rear the Fifty-fourth then marched
off the field, stopping every two or three hundred yards
and retiring again. The enemy did not follow closely,
but some of their cavalry were on the right flank. Stray
cannon-shots and musket-balls occasionally fell about.
After thus moving back some considerable distance, the
Fifty -fourth, passing through woods, came in sight on the
left of part of a regiment armed with breech-loaders. This
body of men retired, and soon another body of men was
encountered, which also retired. At last the regiment
came up with Seymour's main force, where Colonel Hallo-
well found it, and assumed commaud.

Before the Fifty-fourth retired, the boxes of unused
ammunition of the wrong calibre were thrown into mud-
holes. Assistant-Surgeon Bridgham also sent on before
his only ambulance with wounded officers and men. Lieu-
tenant Leonard, when leaving the field, found Adjutant
Manning, First North Carolina, helplessly wounded ; so
swinging his friend upon his back, he carried him to a
point of safety. Sergeant Swails, wounded in the head,
set out toward Sanderson, but soon fell exhausted beside
the road, unable to make himself known. Lieut. Lewis
Reed, passing by, recognized him, and had him placed on
a cart. Sergeant Vogelsang relates tliat Colonel Hallo-
well had, in charge of a servant, a mule laden with his
camp kit, etc., packed in two champagne baskets. Upon
going to the rear, some guards would not allow the servant
and his mule to pass. The servant pleaded with them,
saying, " Gentlemen, for God's sake, let the mule go ! " and

170 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

•while doing so, the mule, taking matters into its own hands,
kicked up its heels and broke through the line, strewing
the path with pots, kettles, and pans, tipped out of the
overturned baskets. This caused great merriment; and
"Let the mule go!" became a saying in the regiment.

From the general field hospital, established behind a small
stream, Seymour made his final retirement. Some forty
men severely wounded were left in charge of Assistant-
Surgeon Devendorf, Forty-eighth New York, there ; and
at Sanderson some twenty-three more remained. Moving
toward Sanderson, the narrow road was choked with a
flowing torrent of soldiers on foot, wounded and unwounded,
vehicles of every description laden with wrecks of men,
while amid the throng rode others, many of whom roughly
forced their jaded animals through the crowd. In this
throng generous and self-sacrificing men were seen helping
along disabled comrades, and some shaking forms with
bandaged heads or limbs, still carrying their trusty mus-
kets. About the sides of the road exhausted or bleeding
men were lying, unable to proceed, i-esigned, or thoughtless
of inevitable captivity.

While our advance presented these deplorable scenes,
the rear-guard was still full of courage and obedient to
command. Notable among these organizations were the
Seventh Connecticut, the Fifty-fourth Massachusetts, and
Henry's brigade. When Sanderson was reached, the troops
halted until the place was cleared of wounded and vehicles,
when fires were set to stores previously spared, and it was
abandoned. With the Seventh Connecticut deployed in
rear of the infantry, and Henry's mounted men covering
all, the army retired to Barber's, destroying bridges and
the railroad as they proceeded.

OLUSTEE. 171

General Finegan, who came upon the field during the
later part of the action, ordered Colquitt to pursue and
occupy Sanderson. Colquitt representing that his men
were fatigued and without food, and that reports had come
in that we had gone into camp and were in good order,
these instructions were countermanded. Finegan states that
although he gave repeated orders for his cavalry under
Colonel Smith to press our flanks and pursue, it was not
done except by two companies on our right for a short
distance. All the Confederates, except one regiment, re-
tired to Olustee that night, and no advance was made in
force by the enemy until February 22.

Major Appleton at Barber's was relieved just after dark
by Colonel Hartwell with six companies of the Fifty-fifth
Massachusetts. He then set out, as instructed, to join the
regiment with the two companies, and Lieut. W. B. Pease
and twenty-five men of the Eighth United States Colored
Troops, who had come up. Ten miles on, a surgeon with
wounded gave the first intimation of defeat, although the
firing had been heard at Barber's. Hastening onward
through an ever-increasing throng, when within one mile
of Sanderson Major Appleton halted, disposing his men to
restore order. The sight of his compact little force was
encouraging; and the unwounded, when approached, readily
placed themselves in line imtil some six .hundred men were
collected. Major Appleton soon received orders to escort
the train to Barber's, and did so, arriving at 2 a. m. on the

21st.

Forming part of the covering column, the Fifty-fourth
made the night-march over the littered road until at 2 a, m.
the bivouac fires of the Fifty-fiftli at Barber's were reached.
Then the regiment, worn out with the enervating events of

172 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

the day, and the march of thirty-two miles since the pre-
ceding morning, went to rest on the ground previously oc-
cupied. Soon, however, Companies A and E were detailed
for picket across the St. Mary's, — the former on the line,
and the latter occupying a block house. Pickets from the
Fifty-fifth were also put out. An attack was of course
expected ; hut notwithstanding the probable danger, it was
difficult for the officers to keep their exhausted men awake.
But the night passed without alarm of any kind. Through-
out those hours the wounded and stragglers kept coming in.
Barber's house and outbuildings were used to shelter the
wounded, while others were taken to or gathered about the
large fires Colonel Hartwell caused to be made. Assistant-
Surgeon Bridgham sheltered the wounded of the Fifty-
fourth in an old house, and never ceased to care for them
till morning.

Olustee was the most sanguinary engagement in which
the troops of the Department met the enemy. Our loss
was greater than in many better-known actions else-
where. Fought without the shelter of earthworks, with
nearly equal numbers on each side, it was a fair field
fight. Our force was beaten in detail, as they came up,
Seymour repeating his error committed at the assault of
Wagner. It is natural to speculate as to the result, had
he amused the enepay with skirmishers until all his troops
arrived on the field, and then attacked, or attempted to
draw the enemy on to a selected position ; but had Sey-
mour prevailed at Ocean Pond, there still was the strong
intrenched position at Olustee Station to encounter.

Phisterer's Statistical Record gives the Union loss as 193
killed, 1,175 wounded, and 460 missing, a total of 1,828.
Many of the wounds were slight, however. Our losses in

OLUSTEE. 173

the Fifty-fourth are given by the Adjutant-General of
Massachusetts as three officers wounded, and of enlisted
men thirteen killed, sixty-three wounded, and eight missing.
It is probable that besides Corporal Gooding, of Com-
pany C, who died at Andersonville Prison, several others
of the Fifty-fourth reported missing were there confined.
General Finegan gives his casualties as 93 killed and
841 wounded. His killed included Lieutenant-Colonel
Barrow, Sixty-fourth Georgia, Captain Cameron command-
ing, and Lieutenants Dancy and Holland, First Georgia
(regulars). Among his wounded were Colonel Evans,
Sixty-fourth Georgia, Col. D. L. Clinch, Fourth Georgia
Cavalry, and Captain Crawford, Twenty-eighth Georgia.
After the war in 1867 or 1868 the remains of Union sol-
diers buried on the field of Olustee were taken to the
National Cemetery at Beaufort, S. C, for reinterment.
The battlefield remains in much the same state as in
1864, — an open pine barren with many trees bearing the
scarifications of shot and shell.

Provision was made for carrying the wounded from
Barber's, February 21, by placing them on wagons, and on
cars drawn by animals over the railroad. Our army fol-
lowed in three parallel columns. The Fifty-fourth, placed
under Colonel Hawley's command, moved at 9 a. m. When
relieved from picket, Companies A and E were temporarily
attached to the Fifty-fifth Massachusetts, which, with two
other regiments, retired from Barber's in line of battle for
some distance, covering the other infantry. In rear of all
was the Light Brigade. Passing through Darby's, where
an immense pile of barrels of turpentine was flaming and
smoking, the regiment arrived at Baldwin about 4 p. m.

174 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

The Fifty-fourth was not allowed to take the clothing
left there, which was destroyed with other stores. There
Companies A and E re-joined, and the regiment con-
tinued on to near McGirt's Creek, where it halted for the
night after throwing out pickets. A twenty-two mile march
had been made that day. Barton's brigade and Mont-
gomery with the First North Carolina continued on farther.

At 4 A. M. on the 22d the Fifty-fourth stood to arms
until daylight. Hawley, with the Fifty fourth, Seventh
New Hampshire, and Eighth United States Colored Troops,
moved on at 7 a. m., the Seventh Connecticut having
been left at Baldwin to support the Light Brigade. Four
miles farther on, Colonel Hallowell received orders from
General Seymour to march his regiment back to Ten-Mile
Station, and bring on the railroad train, as the locomo-
tive had broken down. It was a hard trial for the footsore
and hungry men to retrace their steps ; but the thought of
the cars laden with wounded nerved them to the tasli, so
they faced about cheerfully. Upon arriving at the station,
Quartermaster Ritchie found some hard bread on the train
which he distributed to our men, sadly in need of food.
Then ropes were attached to the engine and cars ; and the
Fifty -fourth furnishing the motive-power, they were pushed
and dragged over the rails to Camp Finegan, where horses
were provided for further progress.

Dr. Marsh, of the Sanitary Commission, who was present,
thus describes this event : —

" Through eagerness to escape the supposed pursuing enemy,
too great pressure of steam was employed, and the flue collapsed ;
and here the immortal Fifty-fourth (colored) did what ought to
insure it higher praise than to hold the field in the face of a
victorious foe, — with ropes it seized the engine (now useless^

OLUSTEE. 175

and dragged it with its doomed freight for many miles. . . .
They knew their fate if captured ; their humanity triumphed.
Does history record a nobler deed?"

During our short halt at Camp Finegan the men rested
after their exhaustive efforts. Lieutenant Knight, Second
South Carolina, kindly brought refreshments for the officers ;
and the men were supplied with some rations. The march
Avas resumed at 4 P. M., and the Fifty-fourth without further
incident arrived at Jacksonville about 8 p. m., going into
camp on the old ground outside the town. Nearly one
half the regiment was without shoes ; their blankets and
knapsacks were sacrificed to get speedily into action ;
they had no rations or shelter, so with crippled feet and
weary limbs they cast themselves on the bare ground for
rest after the march of twenty-two miles that day. The
Adjutant-General of Massachusetts reported that " the
Fifty-fourth marched 120 miles in 102 hours, yet the roll-
call showed no stragglers ; " and it should be added, of this
time forty-four hours were given to sleep.

Seymour's infantry was all back at Jacksonville or vicin-
ity by the 22d ; his mounted force was in advance at Cedar
Run. As it was feared the enemy would attack Jackson-
ville, reinforcements arrived daily, including Brigadier-
General Vogdes with Fostei-'s and Ames's brigades. An
extensive line of earthworks was begun, encircling the
town.

General Finegan, having repaired the railroad, advanced,
occupying the territory to within ten or twelve miles of
Jacksonville. He was soon succeeded by Brig.-Gen. W. M.
Gardner. By March 3 the Confederate force in front
numbered some eight thousand men. Their position was
soon protected by earthworks, and was called Camp Milton.

176 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

A mail received February 24 brought news of the dis-
charge of Captain Higginson for transfer, and Adjutant
James and Lieutenant Pratt for disability. Assistant-
Surgeon Bridgham resigned, and departed on the 26th.
In accordance with the desire of his officers as well as
his own. Colonel Hallowell on the 24tli recommended to
Governor Andrew that Sergeant Swails be commissioned,
in recognition of many soldierly qualities and his gal-
lantry at Olustee.

Our short season of quiet was disturbed on the 25th,
when, in the morning, camp was moved to a point south
of the railroad near the cemetery, in a grove and partly in a
brickyard, next the Fifty-fifth Massachusetts. Soon both
regiments were ordered back as the pickets were retiring.
The Fifty-fourth took post on the left of the railroad in
prolongation of the earthworks, and after two hours' work
its front was covered by a good parapet. Quartermaster
Ritchie hauled out ammunition, and then as no crackers
were to be had, finding an old oven, had soft bread baked.
The worthy quartermaster describes his first batch as " a
sort of indigestible paste very good for diarrhoea."

Our wounded were first cared for at Jacksonville, and
then sent to Hilton Head and Beaufort. Major Appleton,
on the 26th, with Companies A, B, and E, was sent to
occupy works at the front as a reserve, should the cavalry
be forced hndi. That day the Fifty-fourth and Fifty-fifth
Massachusetts were brigaded together for the first time,
under Col. M. S. Littlefield, Twenty-first United States
Colored Troops. Our camp was again shifted to the brick-
yard on the 27th. Late that day Company E and thirty
men of Company F, with Lieutenants Lewis Reed and
Knowles, under Captain Emilio, were sent to guard the

n

/

Abraham Brou-x, Pvt., Co. E. Ciiaiu.ks \V. LE\n\, Color Sei-t., Co. A.

MiLfi [. FRiiicLvxn. l'\t., Co. A.
Charles H. Akxum, Pvt., Co. E. As.\ Cotton, Ser-t., Co. K.

OLUSTEE. 177

railroad and telegraph to Cedar Run. Messrs. Jones and
Whitfield, sutlers, arrived with a cargo of goods on the 28th,
and as they gave credit to the men, were well patronized.

About this time a corporal and private of the Fifty-fourth,
posted on the railroad, while firing at a stray hog acci-
dentally wounded a bandsman of the Fortieth Massachusetts.
Col. Guy V. Henry sent for the men, took them to his camp,
and there tied them up in a manner which caused great
suffering. General Seymour expressed his intention to
have the men shot. Such threats for trivial offences were
frequent during General Seymour's command in Florida.
An officer of the One Hundred and Fifteenth New Yorlc
relates that a man of his regiment was ordered to be shot
in three hours, for firing his musket. The provost-marshal
asked him if he was ready to die, and the poor fellow with
streaming eyes inquired if there was no hope. Only the
pleading of his officers saved his life. Another man of the
same regiment for taking a chicken received a similar
sentence, but was pardoned.

By the last of February the number of troops at Jack-
somdlle was quite large. They were encamped beyond
the earthworks, which extended about a mile and a half
around. In the river the gunboats " Mahaska," " Ottawa,"
and " Pawnee " were ready to aid in the defence. Churches
in the town were opened, wharves were repaired, and ware-
houses put in order. Bay Street along the river-front was
teeming with busy life. Vessels were arriving and depart-
ing. Stores were opened by sutlers and tradespeople, and
a newspaper, " The Peninsula," was printed. Never be-
fore had Jacksonville held so many people. All enjoyed
the charming weather of those warm and balmy spring

days.

12

178 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

Colonel Hallowell was given command of our third
brigade of Ames's division on February 29, making his head-
quarters at the Florida House. The next day General
Gill more reviewed all his troops at Jacksonville. On the
same date, from their strong defensive line at McGirt's
Creek, Colonel Zachry, Twenty-seventh Georgia, with in-
fantry and artillery, started out to advance the enemy's
picket. He was met by Colonel Henry with two companies
of the Fortieth Massachusetts and one gun, and our force
was obliged to retire to Cedar Run. After a sharp skirmish
there, we fell back still farther to Three-Mile Run. Henry
lost one man killed, four wounded, and five captured ; the
enemy seven killed and more than thirty wounded. Captain
Emilio, with the Fifty-fourth men, on the railroad, retired
with the cavalry. In consequence of this affair all the
troops were drawn back to the lines, as an attack was
expected.

Camp was again changed to the brickyard from the lines
on the 3d, where the regiment remained until its departure
from Florida. On this date we had thirteen oiBcers and
725 men present. Thereafter three companies were fur-
nislied for picket every third day.

General Beauregard arrived at Camp Milton March 2,
and inspected the lines. Maj.-Gen. J. Patton Anderson
assumed immediate command there the succeeding day.
Beauregard telegraphed the War Department that he would
endeavor to draw us out for battle. He gave our force as
twelve thousand and his own eight thousand. In reply
he was told that we were overestimated, and he was ordered
to attack. Now was the opportunity for the offensive he
so many times had fruitlessly recommended against the
" Abolitionists," as he was wont to call us. But he only in-

OLUSTEE. 179

formed the Department that he should not attack, and that
he was willing to turn over the command to General
Anderson, who would attack, if ordered. Then the War
Department seems to have done nothing further about the
matter.

Barton's brigade, with some artillery and cavalry, em-
barked for Pilatka up the St. John's on the 9th, and occu-
pied the place the next day. ,^l»^

With a return to the monotony of camp the questiorr«ilC-
pay again became a source of discontent. False rumors
of Congressional action in behalf of the men came, but to
be soon contradicted. By every mail they received letters
setting forth the sufferings of their families. The officers,
jealous of the good name and behavior of the regiment,
were in fear of some overt act such as had occurred in
other regiments, where colored soldiers had refused duty
and suffered punishment. At this time an officer of the
Fifty-fourth wrote, —

" Sometimes we almost despair about our men in the matter
of pay and proper recoguition. We cannot but think it needs
only to be thoroughly understood — this case of ours — to have
justice done us. . . . These men were enlisted either legally
under the Act of July, 1861, and they should then be paid
as soldiers, or illegally, and then they should be mustered ont
of the service. . . . Think of what the men do and suffer ;
think of their starving families. There is Sergeant Swails, a
man who has fairly won promotion on the field of battle. While
he was doing the work of government in the field, his wife and
children were placed in the poorhouse."

In a letter to Hon. Wm. Whiting, Solicitor of the War
Department at Washington, Lieutenant-Colonel Hooper
wrote, —

180 FIFTY-rOUETH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

" The question whether the men of the Fifty-fourth were
legally enlisted into the service of the United States is about to
be put before a court-martial here, — that is, a man of the regi-
ment is to be tried by a court-martial for a military offence,
aud he will put in a plea in bar of trial, on the ground that he
is not amenable to a court-martial because he is not a soldier ;
that he is not a soldier because he was illegally enlisted, —
hence he is no soldier."

Lieutenant-Colonel Hooper then recited the Act of July
22, 1861, saying that its provisions were read to the man
and subscribed to by him. But the Government instructed
its agents that it could only pay the Fifty-fourth (to which
this man belonged) according to the provision of the Act
of July 17, 1862. He asked assistance in solving the ques-
tion in behalf of his men, and further asked for a decision
from Judge Holt bearing upon the point at issue.

Advices from the North informed us of the efforts of the
Massachusetts Congressmen in Washington to equalize the
pay of colored and white troops. The first hill offered by
Senator Wilson was not retrospective, and received the
opposition it merited in Congress and by the press. To
remedy this defect the senator reported a joint resolution
on February 3, which, variously amended, came up until
March 2, when it was returned to committee. Senator
Fessenden, of Maine, led the opposition. The key-note of
his remarks in debate was : " What propriety is there in
our going back and paying them for services already ren-
dered ? " The Maine senator's course received the merited
scorn of Wendell Phillips at a meeting of the Antislavery
Society. He said, —

" Senator Fessenden was the son of one of the first Aboli-
tionists of that State, the ablest debater in the Senate, the leader

OLUSTEE. 181

of that body. Governor Andrew's proclamation was published
in one hundred papers of the United States calling colored men
to arms for Massachusetts. The War Department knew of it.
It was a government contract. The Government, accepting these
men, accepted the contract. Wilson said to Fessenden, 'Will
you fulfil it?' This pettifogger, representing the State of
Maine, replied, ' I would like to see Governor Andrew's written
authority ! ' "

Mr. Wilson, on March 2 reported a new bill equalizing
soldiers' pay. By one section colored soldiers were given
the same pay as whites from Jan. 1, 1864 ; another section
gave the same bounties to colored as to white volunteers
in the loyal States, enlisted under the Act of October,
1863 ; and still a third gave the same pay to colored sol-
diers as other volunteers from muster- in, if so pledged to
them by authority of the War Department, the Secretary
of War to determine the question of fact. This bill passed
the Senate March 10, and went to the House. There was
still to be the struggle amending the Army Appropriation
Bill, that the provisions of the Equalizing Bill could be
carried out, if agreed upon by the House. Copies of
Mr. Wilson's bill were received by Colonel Hallowell soon
after its presentation; and it was ordered read to the
enlisted men of every company of the Fifty-foui-th, which
was done.

In Massachusetts the friends of the regiment were, through
the committee, doing much to aid the distressed families
within their reach, by contributions of money and clothing.
Those in other States were numerous, and the story of their
sufferings would fill a volume.

General Seymour issued the following order, which was
read to the regiments of his command, —

182 EIFTY-rOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

Headquarters District of Florida, Dep't of the South,
Jacksonville, Fla., March 10, 1864.

General Orders No. 13.

The brigadier-general commanding recurs with great satis-
faction to the conduct of his troops in their late battle, and
desires to convey to them in the most public manner his full
appreciation of their courage on that well-contested field.

Against superior numbers holding a position chosen by them-
selves, you were all but successful. For four hours you stood
face to face with the enemy ; and when the battle ended, and it
ceased only with night, you sent him cheers of defiance.

In your repulse there was perhaps misfortune, but neither
disaster nor disgrace ; and every officer and soldier may remem-
ber with just pride that he fought at Olustee.
By order of

Bkigadier-Gekeral Seymour.

Lieut. Thos. L. Appleton re-joined on the 11th, bringing
on the steamer " Boston " the camp equipage ; and tents
were put up on the 14th. Although there was more rain
in March than during the preceding month, the weather in
the main was most enjoyable, and camp-life under canvas
a pleasure. Our frequent tours of picket duty in the pine
woods were always delightful, amid the trees, vines, and
beautiful ferns.

Deserters came in occasionally. From them it was
learned that the enemy was fortifying a strong position
in front of Baldwin. Most of their cavalry was ordered
elsewhere in March. Both forces were apprehensive of
attack, and alarms occurred frequently, occasioned by picket
firing and reconnoissances. On the 23d the prize steamers
"Sumter" and "Hattie Brock," captured at Deep Creek
on the 14th, were brought to Jacksonville.

During March, Lieutenant Howard was made adjutant.

OLUSTEE. 183

Captains Jones and Walton re-joined. Lieutenants Clias.
Jewett, Jr., and Daniel G. Spear, newly appointed, joined.
Assistant-Surgeon Pease went North siclt, and never re-
turned. News of a number of promotions came on the
26th. Lieutenant Homans was made captain of Company
C, vice Partridge ; Lieutenant Tucker captain of Company
H, vice Higginson ; Lieut. T. L. Appleton captain of Com-
pany Gr, vice Smith. Second Lieutenants Chipman, Lewis
Reed, Leonard, Knowles, Duren, and Newell were promoted
first lieutenants. Sergt. Stephen A. Swails, of Company F,
was commissioned second lieutenant.

Brig.-Gen. John P. Hatch relieved General Seymour of
the command in Florida, March 28. He was a West Point
graduate, who had served with the Third Infantry and
Mounted Rifles in Mexico and on the frontier. His com-
mission dated Sept. 28, 1861, and he had been connected
with tlae Army of the Potomac. Colonel Henry, with the
Fortieth Massachusetts, Seventy-fifth Ohio, and One Hun-
dred and Sixty-ninth New York, went upon a reconnois-
sance April 2. He found the enemy's outposts a mile
beyond Cedar Eun, and drove them until a strong skir-
mish line was shown, when he retired, with four men
wounded.

General Anderson courteously sent to us on the 6th a
list of our wounded and captured at Olustee, giving 449
names, nine of which purported to be Fifty-fourth men.
In tlie Record of Massachusetts Volunteers but five of these
names are found ; namely, Corp. J. H. Gooding, Company C,
who is given as having died at Andersonville ; Private Isaac
H. Hawkins, Company D, who was discharged June 20,
1865 ; Private Wm. Mitchell, Company F, discharged as a
prisoner of war ; and Jason Champlin and Wm. PI. Morris,

184 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

of Company K, whom the Record reports as missing, but
who probably died in prison.

At the camp, drills and parades had been resumed for
some time. On April 3 the number of officers was increased
by the arrival of Lieut. Edward L. Stevens, newly appointed.
On April 12 the Eighth United States Colored Troops was
added to our brigade. The Fifty-fifth Massachusetts since
March 11 had been detached at Pilatka.

By this period in April regiments began to move
from Florida. Pilatka was evacuated on the 14th. Sev-
eral transports were sailing away daily, the men cheering,
bands playing, and flags fluttering, as they departed. In
the public square regiments drawn from the lines were
bivouacked, awaiting embarkation. News was received that
the steamers " General Hunter " and " Maple Leaf " had
been blown up by torpedoes at Buckle's Bluff. Thus the
two transports which had brought us to Florida were sunk
in the St. John's.

April 17 was the last day of our sojourn in Florida.
Line was formed at 9 a.m., and the march to the transport
began. Passing into town, the regiment halted and pre-
sented arms at the headquarters of General Hatch, the
district, and General Ames, the division commander. Em-
barkation was speedily effected. Major Ten Eyck paid
the officers on board. At 11 a. m. the " Cosmopolitan "
steamed down river. Our transport was a noble craft, the
hospital steamer of the department. As on our advent,
the day of departure was delightful ; and the vessel glided
over the waters of the majestic river steadily and swiftly.
Those few weeks in the " land of flowers " left recollections
never to be effaced of soft skies, beautiful plants, perfume
of orange and magnolia, the resinous odor of the pines ;

,.^^-

*P^*'m''

Capt. R. 11. L. |e\m:ti'.
Capt. Robert R. NEaEi.i..
Capt. Willi \m H- IIi>m\ns.

Capt. Ciiahlks li. 'I'ltKEK.
Cai'T. Edwvuii n. Cmersox.
Cai'i". Cii \rlen I". Ji>\ .

OLUSTEE. 185

of battle and defeat, severe marches, midnight alarms, and
long hours of picket in woody solitudes. But speculations
as to where we were going were then uppermost in our
minds. Were we to join the armies of the North with a
prospect of military glory and its accompanying danger,
or to be doomed to comparative inaction in the Depart-
ment of the South, depleted of its troops ? Musing thus,
we ran past part of our sister regiment, the Fifty-fifth, at
Yellow Bluff, continuing down the river to its junction
with blue water. There the tide was found not to be serv-
ing ; and our transport lay swinging and rolling lazily in
unison with other craft, similarly detained, until the bar
could be safely crossed and the open sea gained.

In the North great movements were preparing. Lieuten-
ant-General Grant had been appointed to the chief com-
mand of the armies. A combined movement of the Army
of the Potomac and the Army of the James against Rich-
mond was determined upon, and General Gillmore was
ordered to join the latter army with the divisions of Terry,
Turner, and Ames, of the Tenth Corps, as rapidly as they
could be transported. General Hatch was to take com-
mand of the Department of the South.

Aware of the impending stroke in Virginia and the
withdrawal of our main force from Florida, by April 18
the enemy had sent away the larger part of his troops.
General Beauregard had been relieved of the command
on Api'il 20 by Maj.-Geu. Samuel Jones, and departed for
Weldon, N. C.

CHAPTER IX.

MORRIS ISLAND.

OUR voyage from Florida terminated at Stono Inlet
on the morning of April 18. The steamer thence
proceeded up Folly River, but running aground, the left-
wing companies were transferred to the steamer " Canoni-
cus." Disembarking at Pawnee Landing about 3 P. M., the
Fifty-fourth at once marched to Lighthouse Inlet in a heavy
rain-storm, and there crossed on a large flat boat to Morris
Island. Shelter for the night was provided in the ordnance
building for the men, the officers finding accommodations
with friends. That evening Captain Emilio was ordered to
command the outpost of Black Island with Companies C, E,
and H, as the garrison.

Camp was established where the receding sand-hills
formed a sort of natural amphitheatre, at a point about a
mile up the beach, near the signal hill. There the regiment
remained during its continuance on Morris Island. A com-
pany was sent to Fort Wagner that evening, and the next
day suffered the loss of one man, killed by a shell.

Again the Fifty-fourth was upon the sand isle, which the
winds and tides had perceptibly encroached upon during
our absence. At the front the thunder of great guns rang
out only occasionally, in place of incessant bombardment.
Monitors, gunboats, and supply-vessels still rode upon the
near waters ; and blockaders appeared and disappeared
along the horizon before the beleaguered port. But the

MORRIS ISLAND. 187

thousands of blue-garmented soldiery had departed for
other fields, leaving but a remnant behind. Col. W. W. H.
Davis still commanded, but had only his own regiment, — the
One Hundred and Fourth Pennsylvania, — the Fifty-second
Pennsylvania, and five companies of the Third Rhode Island
Heavy Ai-tillery on Morris Island, and the Eleventh Maine
on Black Island. Few events of importance had occurred
during the winter months. Vessels still ran the blockade,
but sometimes came to grief, as did the " Presto," which
went ashore on Sullivan's Island February 2, and was de-
stroyed by our guns. The navy lost the " Housatonic " on
February 17, sunk by a torpedo boat, the latter also going
to the bottom with all on board. Sumter had been made
stronger against assault, and a few guns were mounted on
its channel face.

Black Island was reached by the three companies, after
laboriously rowing up Lighthouse Inlet and the creeks, on
the evening of the 18th. The Eleventh Maine was relieved
there and departed the next day. This outpost, occupied
by a portion of the Fifty-fourth until Charleston was evacu-
ated, merits description. It was of small extent and almost
the only dry spot amid the marshes between Morris and
James islands. The safety of Lighthouse Inlet and the
inland channel from Stono depended upon its safe main-
tenance. Our heavy guns, mounted there in August, 1863,
had been removed. There was an enclosed work holding
a single Wiard rifle-gun. As it was within range of the
lower James Island batteries, bombproofs had been con-
structed. From a platform near the top of a tall pine-tree
called the " Crow's Nest," commanding a fine view of the
whole region, a constant watch was kept. Messages were
sent to and received from Morris Island by signal flags

188 FIFTY-FOUKTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

and torches. A foot-bridge over the marshes connected it
with the main post. Stores had to be brought in row-
boats. Much vegetation covered the ground, rendering it
altogether a pleasanter spot than Morris Island. Some
twenty-five men were detailed daily for guards and pickets.
A non-commissioned officer and five men in each of two
boats were sent at night to guard the water-ways toward
James Island. Sergt. Joseph Sulsey of Company E was
appointed acting sergeant-major. A detail of twenty-three
non-commissioned officers and men was placed under
instruction until proficiency was attained in artillery
practice.

Colonel Hallovvell assumed command of Morris Island on
the 20th, relieving Colonel Davis, who, with the Fifty-
second and One Hundred and Fourth Pennsylvania,
departed for Hilton Head. The next day Colonel Mont-
gomery arrived and relieved Colonel Hallowell. He brought
the Thirty-fourth United States Colored Troops (formerly
the Second South Carolina) and the Twenty-first United
States Colored Troops. Col. William Gurney, with his
regiment, the One Hundred and Twenty-seventh New
York, came on the 23d, and in turn relieved Montgomery.
In consequence of these frequent changes of post-com-
mander some of the Fifty-fourth companies were as often
shifted from one duty to another. On the 23d Companies
B and G were made the provost-guard at Morris Island ;
but Company B was relieved therefrom in two or three
days. Companies A, I, and K, under Lieutenant Leonard,
were detailed for a few days as boat infantry. Captain
Jones, with Company D, relieved a company of the Thirty-
fourth United States Colored Troops as the garrison of
Fort Shaw.

MOERIS ISLAND. 189

A very heavy wind swept the island on the 25th, which
blew down the Beacon house on the beach-front. This
prominent landmark was a frame building, resting on a
masonry foundation. On the northerly end was the chim-
ney-stack, and surmounting the roof was a cupola. It had
long been stripped of weather boarding, and stood, skeleton-
like, in our daily pathway to and from Cumming's Point.

General Schimmelfennig, commanding the Northern Dis-
trict, and Colonel Gurney visited Black Island May 1, and
after inspecting the post, viewed the enemy's lines beyond.
About this period the commanding officer thus wrote : —

" So near are we to the enemy on this island that we can dis-
tinctly hear the bands and di'ums on James Island, and see them
drilling in the daytime. For the past few nights we could hear
them having jolly times at Secessionville, cheering, etc., and
from seeing regiments leaving in heavy marching order, with
baggage-wagons in the rear, judge that the uproar was occa-
sioned by these departures of troops, probably to join Lee."

General Gillmore, on May 1, formally relinquished com-
mand of the department to General Hatch. Admiral
Dahlgren, who had been North, returned that day and
records in Ids journal : " Hatch says that Gillmore has
taken off twenty thousand men, and leaves him no more
than enough to hold on." On the 17th Dahlgren writes
that Hatch had some fourteen thousand men remaining,
" which were barely sufficient for the defensive."

No mails came to Morris Island for many days, while the
steamers were all employed in transporting troops North.
The infantry regiments went out in regular turn for grand
guard, and fatigue work, at the front, or at the ordnance
and quartermaster's depots. Our artillerymen were throw-

190 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTKY.

ing about a dozen shells into Charleston daily. Against
Sumter they were firing mainly with mortars at night. A
new commander was in charge of the Confederates there,
for Capt. John C. Mitchel, First South CaroUna Artillery,
relieved Colonel Elliott on May 4.

For some time a very few men of the Fifty-fourth had
manifested sullenness and an indisposition to promptly
obey orders, justifying their actions to themselves and
others on the ground of non-payment. Advices from the
North regarding Congressional action were surely discour-
aging. Mr. Wilson, on April 22, had moved to add the
Equalizing to the Appropriation Bill, which was finally
agreed to by the Senate ; but the House amended it as to
the amount of bomity and the clause authorizing the Secre-
tary of War to allow full pay to those colored soldiers who
had been promised it. In place, the House inserted a pro-
vision allowing full pay only to free persons of color who
were enlisted. This the Senate refused to agree with on
May 3. Two conference committees were appointed, but
the House rejected their reports. Colonel Hallowell used
every means to secure the just claims of the men by letters
to their friends. His frequent applications for leave of
absence upon this business had not been granted. When
informed of the threatening disposition of the few men
referred to, he visited each post, addressed the companies,
explaining the causes of delay, and counselling patience
still longer; but he warned the disaffected that orders
must be obeyed, and set forth the sure penalty of disobe-
dience. His words were disregarded in but two instances.
On May 12, a private of Company B, for refusing duty,
was slightly wounded by a pistol-shot from an officer ;
and on the 21st another man (of Company H) was shot at

MORRIS ISLAND. 191

and slightly wounded by an officer for a similar offence.
This summary punishment inflicted was effective in its
results to the command.

Colonel Hallowell on June 4 informed Governor Andrew
that the regiment had not been paid, and requested that
he demand of the Secretary of War that the Fifty-fourth
be paid or sent to Massachusetts for muster-out, as the
contract was broken.

For the further security of Black Island, early in May,
Company E was ordered to encamp within the fort to guard
against sudden attack ; and Lieutenant Spear, in charge of
the picket-boats from there, placed a boom of barrels,
connected by chains, across the creek, in advance of his
night stations. While visiting the pickets in the patrol-
boat after dark, Captain Homans on one occasion discov-
ered a floating torpedo, which he secured and brought to
Black Island. It was made of staves, cigar-shaped, with
a large cap to explode by contact.

Lieutenant-Colonel Hooper assumed command of the
"Defences of Lighthouse Inlet" on May 7. They included
Black Island, Battery Purviance, and Fort Green, on Folly
Island, opposite Purviance. These two batteries mounted
thirty-pounder Parrotts for offensive purposes against James
Island. Lieutenant-Colonel Hooper made his headquarters
at Fort Green. Captain Tucker, with Company H, left
Black Island and relieved Lieutenant-Colonel Fox and
Companies A and F, Fifty-fifth Massachusetts, at Fort
Green on the 7th. Company I, under Lieut. Lewis Reed,
took the place of Company H at Black Island.

A rude structure of logs raised above the marsh had
been built by the Confederates near the water-ways toward
James Island. We called it " Block House No. 1." Lieu-

192 FIFTY-FOUKTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

tenant Spear made a reconnoissance of it on the night of
the 8th, and was twice fired upon. Capt. T. L. Apple-
ton, provost-marshal on Colonel Gurney's staff, had been
for some time making preparations to capture tliis block
h6use. With a party of Fifty-fourth men he went there
on the night of the 14th, only to find it unoccupied. It
was visited a number of -times afterward by our officers
from Black Island.

There was an utter stagnation of active operations in the
department. Hatch was considering a plan of moving up
the Wando River in connection with the ironclads, and a
foray at Murrell's Inlet and Georgetown. Admiral Dahl-
gren had convened another council of his chief officers
■\rhen the project of attack on Sumter was again negatived .
He was contenting himself with a sharp bombardment of
the fort with an ironclad or two for the purpose of prevent-
ing work there. The land forces were firing more briskly
in unison with the navy. High tides somewhat damaged
our works at Cumming's Point toward the close of May.

Further changes of station occurred for some of our com-
panies, as, on the 18th, Captain Emilio, with Company E,
relieved Company H at Fort Green, and the succeeding day
Captain Bridge, with Company F, took post at Battery
PLirviance. Company H retuimed to Black Island, where
Captain Homans was in command ; and the garrison there
was increased toward the last of May by a portion of Com-
pany F, under Lieutenant Edmands. Then the Fifty-fourth
held all the posts about Lighthouse Inlet. Our men at
Green and Purviance in a short time became efficient artil-
lerists, as had those of Company H. Both works on Light-
house Inlet were frequently engaged with the lower James
Island batteries about Secessionville, at long range.

TX

1^

1

Capt. Orin E. Smith.
Cai'T. (i MJTii W. Iaiif.s.

LAf'T. Lris l~. ElMILlO.
Capt. Willard Howard.

MORRIS ISLAND. 193

General Hatch, liariug concluded to try to cut the rail-
road at xVsliepoo, sent Brig.-Gen. William Birncy with some
sixteen hundred men to make the attempt. He landed at
the mouth of Mosquito Creek on May 25, advancing about
six miles in the evening. The naval vessels landed a force
to co-operate on Johassie Island. The steamer " Boston,"
on which were Colonel Montgomery and the Thirty-fourth
United States Colored Troops, ran aground and was fired
upon by the enemy with artillery, compelling her abandon-
jnent and destruction bj' fire. General Birney's force re-
tired to Port Royal on tlie 27th.

Maj.-Gen. John G. Foster, a distinguished officer, who
graduated from West Point in 1846, took command of the
Department May 26. He was no stranger there, for in
April, 1861, he was the engineer officer at Moultrie and
Sumter, and in January, 1862, brought a large part of the
Eighteenth Corps to South Carolina. Throughout the Civil
War he suffered from a wound received in Mexico.

As Lieutenant-Colonel Hooper was detailed for court-
martial duty and Captain Emilio as judge-advocate at
Hilton Head, on May 29, Captain Bridge took command
of Lighthouse Inlet and Capt. T. L. Appleton of Fort
Green. During the ensuing night some of our officers
perpetrated a great joke on the Johnnies. Making the
stuffed figure of a soldier, they took it out in a boat and
stood it on top of Block House No. 1, placing an imi-
tation gun in its hands. When morning broke, the
Johnnies espied the supposed sentinel, and fired at him
for half an hour, through which he seemed to bear a
charmed life. When they opened, we replied fi-om Green
and Purviance.

Lieutenant Swails, when commissioned, was placed on

13

194 PIFTY-rOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

duty as an officer, but the application for his muster in-
augurated a new struggle with the War Department.
When the usual request was made, it was refused on ac-
count of Lieutenant Swails's African descent, although to
all appearances he was a white man. After the regiment
came under Colonel Gurney, Swails was ordered to discard
Ills officer's uniform and take duty as an enlisted man.
Colonel Hallowell, however, procured him a furlough, and
sent him, provided with the necessary papers, to see Gen-
eral Foster at Hilton Head. There Lieutenant Swails
presented his claims in person and received the general's
recommendation for muster, to be forwarded to higher
authority.

We had only seven monitors before Charleston June 1,
with but four of that number serviceable, while the enemy
had four ironclads. Their garrisons were depleted to the
last man, artillerymen holding their forts with feeble sup-
ports. On James Island there was not a single infantry
regiment ; and for some time the Citadel Cadets, composed
of youths, and some companies of city firemen, armed for
the duty, served at that point. One of their supply-
steamers groimded during the night of the 4th between
Sumter and Johnson, and the next morning Gregg opened
on her, and soon destroyed the craft. A few vessels,
under skilful and daring officers, managed to run the
blockade into Charleston. Prom first to last some sixty-
seven steamers and twcnt3^-one sailing-vessels eluded us,
of which a large proportion were OAvned by J. Praser &
Co. With spool-cotton at $12.50 per dozen, sole-leather
19.25 per pound, writing-paper |72 per ream, steel pens
$8.50 per gross, and other foreign goods in like propor-
tion, enormous profits were realized, as the cotton ex-

MORRIS ISLAND. 195

ported cost but little over the ordinary price. A clear
profit of $150,000 for the round trip was not unusual.
Captains of vessels frequently realized |5,000 for the
voyage.

Colonel Hallowell having at last received permission to
proceed North to press the claims of the regiment in per-
son, left Morris Island on June 6, and Major Appleton
assumed command. On the same day the great ironclad,
" New Ironsides," steamed away for the North. Our boat
parties were spurred on to activity by General Schimmel-
fennig, who was desirous of obtaining information of the
enemy's lines by such means, or from prisoners who might
be secured. A steadier and increased fire on the city was
ordered by General Foster.

General Jones, the Confederate Department commander,
about this time bethought himself of an expedient by
which he hoped to cause a cessation of our bombardment.
He set forth his inhumane plan as follows: —

Charleston, June 1, 1864.

General Bragg, — The enemy continue their bombardment

of the city with increased vigor, damaging private property and

endangering the lives of women and children. I can take care

of a party —say fifty — Yanliee prisoners. Can you not send

me that number including a general — Seymour will do — and

other officers of high rank, to be confined in parts of the city

still occupied by citizens under the enemy's fire?

S. Jones.

In response to this telegram. Generals Wessells, Scam-
mon, Shaler, Seymour, and Heckman, and forty-five field-
ofiicers were sent to Charleston and placed under fire,
General Jones notifying General Foster of the fact on
June 13. In compliance with General Foster's request

196 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

to the President, on the 29th Generals Gardner, Ptenart,
Archer, Jeff. Thompson, and Edward Johnson, hesides forty-
fh-e Confederate field-oflficers, were received at Hilton Head
and confined on the hrig " Dragoon " there. It was General
Foster's purpose if necessary to imprison these officers un-
der fire in retaliation.

Our Morris Island garrison was reinforced on June 13
by the return of the Fifty-second Pennsylvania, Col. H. M.
Hoyt; and the next day the Thirty-third United States
Colored Troops landed and camped above the Fifty-fourth.
A company of the One Hundred and Twenty-seventh New
York relieved Company G, of our regiment, from provost
duty on the 15th. On the next day at 5 P. M. the enemy
fired salutes of shotted guns from every battery in view,
besides two rams, probably in honor of some success to
their arms.

Lieutenant-Colonel Hooper returned on the 18th and
took command of the regiment, Major Appleton assuming
charge of the defences of the inlet. During May and June
the following changes took place among the officers : Surg.
Chas. E. Briggs and Lieutenants Fred. E. Rogers, Joseph
E. Couseus, Chas. 0. Hallett and Benj. B. Edmands, newly
appointed, reported ; Capt. R. H. L. Jewett and Lieutenant
Littlefield re-joined from the North ; Assistant-Surgeon
Pease resigned ; Assistant-Surgeon Bridgham, who had
been reappointed, reported June 5, but went to Beaufort,
sick, resigning there on the 16th. Lieutenant Tomlinson
was discharged at the North.

There was variable weather the second week in June, but
remarkably cool for three days previous to the 15th, with
rain. Then the hot weather set in, the temperature often
being 90° in the shade. Orders were given for thorousrh

MORRIS ISLAND. 197

policing, the burial of garbage, and the free use of disin-
fectants. Every man was required to bathe twice each
week. Where practicable, sentry-boxes were built for
shelter. The troops suffered from want of ice. Desiccated
vegetables, soaked overnight and boiled with fresh beef,
were issued twice a week. As fresh vegetables were sorely
needed, Commissary-Sergeant Lee was sent to Beaufort and
brought back a limited quantity.

Our daily duties of fatigue and grand guard went on
unvaryingly week after week. The troops only looked for-
ward to the arrival of the mails to bring news of events
taking place elsewhere. Some sick and wounded comrades
returned ; and on June 20 we received twelve recruits for
the regiment. That same day Quartermaster Ritchie re-
corded in his journal that he saw and talked with " Wash-
ington Smith just escaped from Charleston," who told him
about the Fifty-fourth prisoners there. This seems to be
the first news received of these men, then confined nearly
a year.

Until late in June it was not expected that any active
operations would be attempted, at least during the summer
months. But on the 19th there were demonstrations made
by our troops from Folly Island about the Stono. By the
29th evidences of some projected movement became appar-
ent. Our scouting parties were urged to greater activity ;
boats were put in order, bridges toward James Island were
laid, and ammunition was served out. The time seemed
favorable, for the enemy were few in number, and did not
expect attack.

Major Appleton, commanding Lighthouse Inlet, made a
boat reconnoissance on the night of the 29th, nearly up to
the enemy's lines at Secessionville. Orders were received

198 FIFTr-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

on the 30th for the Fifty-fourth, except Companies C, H,
I, and part of F at Black Island, to move at sunset, witli
arms and intrenching tools. But at 9 p. m., after waiting
three hours, the orders to march were countermanded for
twenty-four hours.

CHAPTER X.

ATTACK ON JAMES ISLAND.

ADMIRAL DAHLGREN ou June 20 received a letter
from tlie Navy Department, informing him that the
enemy was preparing to attack his fleet, inside and outside,
to facilitate the shipment of a large amount of cotton from
Charleston. He conferred with General Foster, and it was
arranged to engage the enemy in maintaining his own lines
hy simultaneously attacking several points. It was hoped
that the Charleston and Savannah Railroad might be cut,
and a nearer and better position gained in front of the city.
Brig.-Gen. Wm. Birney, ordered to Port Royal from Florida
with a brigade of colored troops, was to ascend the North
Edisto and destroy the railroad at Adam's Run. General
Hatch with two brigades was to land at Seabrook Island,
cross to John's Island, and be at the ferry near Rantowle's
Bridge the succeeding night, to demonstrate against the
city and Fort Pemberton from across the Stono. General
Schimmelfennig's force, landing on James Island, was to
front Secessionville ; and he was also to send troops to
John's Island to open communication with General Hatch.
The navy was to assist at all these points, but more strongly
in the Stono. Our batteries at Cumming's Point and on
Lighthouse Inlet were to engage the enemy's attention.

July 1, at 6 P. M., the Fifty-fourth moved to the landing,
crossed to Folly Island on pontoon-boats and scows, and

200 FEFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

Companies E and F having joined, marched to Stono. Al-
tlioiigh the men were lightly equipped, it was warm and
exhausting. Arriving at 2 a.m., the regiment embarked on
the steamer " Fraser ; " and after provoking delays, which
enabled the other regiments to precede us, we landed on
Cole's Island at 4 a.m., on the 2d. Marching just affer
daybreak, the Fifty-fourth crossed to James Island over the
route traversed a year before in the opposite direction. As
the road and bridges had been repaired, there was little to
remind us of the old pathway. While advancing, skirmish
firing and cannon-shots were heard in the front.

Colonel Hartwell, ordered to attack on the right, with his
regiment, — the Fiftj'-fifth Massachusetts, — the Thirty-third
United States Colored Troops, and the One Hundred and
Third New York, passed from Long to Tiger Island in dark-
ness, and at daylight on the 2d crossed tlie marsh to James
Island and advanced to surprise Fort Lamar. His skir-
mishers received the fire of the enemy's vedettes, drove them,
and captured some prisoners and horses. Unknown to us,
a force of the enemy was stationed every night at Rivers's
Causeway, which this morning was composed of two guns
of Blake's Battery under Lieutenant De Lorme, posted in
a small fieldwork and supported by fifteen men of the
Palmetto Siege Train under Lieutenant Spivey, besides the
picket reserves. Our force was received with an unex-
pected fire of grape-shot and musketry, which caused some
losses and created confusion in the Thirty-third and One
Hundred and Third. But Colonel Hartwell, promptly de-
ploying the Fifty-fifth under Lieutenant-Colonel Fox, pushed
it rapidly forward in spite of a severe fire, drove off the
supports, and gallantly captured De Lorme's two twelve-
pounder Napoleons. In this charge the Fifty-fifth had seven

ATTACK ON JAMES ISLAND. 201

men killed, and Captains Thurber and Goodwin and nine-
teen men wounded. The guns were manned and fired at
the retiring enemy. Colonel Hartwell moved beyond the
fieldwork a short distance, and strengthening a hedge-
bank and ditch, held this position throughout the day
under hre from Lamar and other works. As all hope of
a surprise was over, orders were signalled to malie no
farther advance at that point.

Lieutenant-Colonel Bennett with his Twenty-first United
States Colored Troops and two guns under Lieutenant
Wildt, of Battery B, Third New York Artillery, landed
on John's Island to open communication with General
Hatch's force. Col. Wm. Heine (One Hundred and Third
New York), with the Fifty-fourth New York, Seventy-fourth
Pennsylvania, a section of Battery B, Third New York
Artillery, and a rocket battery, moved from Cole's Island
to James Island, driving the enemy's pickets under Major
Managault. His force started at the same time as Colonel
Hartwell's, and advanced to the lines of the previous year
at the head of Grimball's Causeway. Only the gunboat
"McDonough" was ready to co-operate, for the monitors
were not on hand.

Even during these early hours the troops suffered greatly
from the heat, and in moving over Cole's Island several
men of the Fifty-fourth fell exhausted, and one dropped
senseless. The bridge to James Island was crossed at
6 A.M., bringing us upon familiar ground. Captains Wal-
ton and Appleton, of General Schimmelfennig's staff, were
greeted as they passed by the officers. Some prisoners
were encountered going to the rear under guard. Passing
our old camp-ground and bearing to the left, the Seventy-
fourth Pennsylvania (a German regiment, as was the Fifty-

202 PIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

fourth New York) was seen deployed as skirmishers.
About a mile and a half from the bridge the low ground
was crossed ; and Lieutenant-Colonel Hooper deployed
the regiment under artillery fire. The line was formed
as below, with Company D on the right, —

F G B E A K D

and with the following officers present : Lieutenant-Colonel
Hooper, commanding ; Major Appleton ; Adjutant Howard ;
Company D, Captain Jones and Lieutenant Swails ; Com-
pany K, Lieutenant Leonard, commanding, and Lieutenant
Chas. Jewett, Jr. ; Company A, Lieutenant Knowles ; Com-
pany E, Captain Emilio and Lieutenants Chipman and
Cousens ; Company B, Lieutenant Newell, commanding, and
Lieutenant Hallett ; Company G, Lieut. David Reid ; Com-
pany F, Captain Bridge and Lieutenant Duren. Sergt.
Chas. A. Lenox, of Company A, bore the national flag, and
Corp. Jos. Stiles, of Company F, the State color, in
the ranks of Company E. There were 363 enlisted men
present. Quartermaster Ritchie was also on the island.
Surgeon Briggs was detailed on Morris Island, and an as-
sistant-surgeon (whose name is not known), was tempo-
rarily assigned to the regiment. All the horses had been
left at Stono.

Though partially concealed by woods and irregularities
of the ground, we of the Fifty-fourth knew the formidable
character of the enemy's works in our front, for from the
" Crow's Nest " on Black Island we had seen in reverse
the line constructed since the previous summer in advance
of the older works. Fort Pemberton and Batteries Pringle
and Tynes were on the Stono to our left front ; and from

ATTACK ON JAMES ISLAND. 203

there to Fort Lamar and Secessioiiville were mutually
supporting and detached fieldworks for artillery united
by curtains for infantry. The enemy's force comprised
some Georgia Volunteers, Lucas's battalion, the South
Carolina Siege Train, detachments of the Second South
Carolina Artillery, Blake's battery, and the Chatham Ar-
tillery. Brig.-Gen. Wm. B. Taliaferro, commanding James
Island, made drafts on the garrisons of Fort Johnson, and
Batteries Haskell and Tatom, to supplement the small force
on the lines. He states that his available troops that
day, other than artillerymen, did not exceed three hundred
men.

Moving slowly, the Fifty-fourth advanced in line of battle
over open and rising ground, gome distance to the right
was another regiment and the rocket battery. Our move-
ment caused the retirement of the enemy ; but the Chat-
ham Artillery in rear of their skirmish line fired briskly
on the Fifty-fourth. We had no field-guns with which to
reply ; but the missiles from the rocket-stands on our right,
while they did no damage, served to frighten the enemy's
artillery horses. To avoid casualties from this artillery
fire, Lieutenant-Colonel Hooper kept shifting the position
of the Fifty-fourth as the enemy secured the range ; and
the necessary movements were effected with admirable
precision and promptness, as on ordinary exercise. Pro-
gress forward was made to within some six hundred yards
of the enemy, while solid shot came bounding and rico-
chetting over the intervening space toward the line. Some
shells too from guns on our right front dropped unpleas-
antly near. The regiment in this advance passed to the
right of a small fieldwork, or redoubt. A little distance
beyond it the Fifty-fourth was halted and ordered to lie

204 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

down in perfectly open ground, exposed to the hot rajs of
the sun and the dropping fire of the enemy.

Though many solid shot fell about or passed through or
over the line, only Private Cornelius Price, of Company A,
was mortally, and Sergeant Palmer, of Company K, slightly
wounded. There were many narrow escapes, liowever ;
among them, a corporal, of Company E, had his canteen
struck from his side, and his musket doubled up. Colonel
Heine, commanding at that portion of the field, was a large
man, rendered more conspicuous by white clothes, and was
noticeable the whole day for activity and personal gallantry.
He came to our line and directed Lieutenant-Colonel
Hooper to draw back the Fifty-fourth to the old fieldwork.
Captain Jones, with Companies A, D, and K as skir-
mishers, advanced and took position well to the front of the
work, and to the right and left of a hedge, where the men
were ordered to lie down in the grass and weeds which
grew waist high. This position the skirmish line kept till
relieved, unmolested by the enemy's infantry, but subjected
to cannon-shot whenever our men exposed themselves.
No opposing skirmishers were seen. Our men held their
fire so as not to disclose their location. Captain Jones's
line did not immediately connect with any other ; but some
distance to the left were trooi^s.

At the old redoubt the men were put to work with the
tools they carried, extending the flanks of the intrench-
ment for better protection. With excessive heat during
the morning hours, by midday it became almost unbearable
to the skirmishers, stifled in the high grass on the line, who
were compelled to maintain a prostrate and immovable
position, and to the support at the fieldwork, obliged to sit
crowded for space. Throughout that whole day, with a

ATTACK ON JAMES ISLAND. 205

temperatiire at 110°, officers and men on James Island,
both Union and Confederate, were succumbing to the heat
of the sun. More than fifty men of the Fifty-fourth were
affected to a greater or lesser degree ; and Private John
Hale, of Company D, died at his post with the skirmishers,
lyiajor Appleton was completely prostrated, and while lying
on the ground received a contusion from a solid shot which
ultimately forced him to leave the service. Captain Jones,
commanding the skirmishers, was compelled to retire, and
was taken to the rear delirious. He suffered all his life
thereafter in head and brain, and died from the effects
hi 1886. Lieut. Chas. Jewett, Jr., was seriously injured
from the same cause, and died from it in 1890. Lieu-
tenants Newell, Chipman, and David Reid were also badly
affected. Most of those prostrated were on the skirmish
line. So great were their sufferings that at last word was
sent to Lieutenant-Colonel Hooper that they could no
longer endure it, and that many men were lying uncon-
scious and helpless, for their stronger comrades could not
leave their positions. It was not possible to send a reliev-
ing force without sustaining heavy casualties, so stretchers
were taken out, and upon them a number of men were
brought back.

Under such conditions hour after hour of that seemingly
interminable day wore on. Our position was isolated ; there
appeared to be momentary probability of attack by an over-
whelming force ; but Colonel Heine's orders were that the
position must be held at all hazards. The officers by con-
fident bearing did their best to make light of the situation,
and Colonel Heine's actions helped greatly. He was about
the skirmish line and the fieldwork, and at one time
mounted the parapet of the redoubt and therefrom fa-

206 FIFTY-FOTJRTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

cetiously harangued the Rebels, to divert the men. Soon
after dark the Chatham Artillery in our front withdrew to
their lines, as General Taliaferro feared a sudden dash.
There were no further infantry movements or fighting
during the remainder of the day ; but from the river the
gunboat continued to fire, and receive shots from Battery
Pringle. During these events a force of the First New
York Engineers and civilian employees had thrown up a
defensive line along our margin of the low ground ; and to
it General Schimmelfennig ordered all his troops in ad-
vance to retire after nightfall. It Avas not until 11 p. m.,
however, that the Fifty-fourth called in its skirmishers
and silently withdrew to the main line. Bivouac was
made in a cornfield just at the general's headquarters.
Lieutenant Leonard and a large part of Company K
were in the darkness inadvertently left on post until
Lieutenant Swails, who was sent back with ten men,
brought them in.

Thus ended a most memorable day for the regiment, not
sanguinary, but full of trials requiring not only courage, but
constancy to siiffer and endure. Having drawn the enemy
to the south lines of James Island, General Schimmelfennig
prepared a daring attack on Fort Johnson. Colonel Gurney
commanded ; and his force was the Fiftj^-second Pennsyl-
vania, One Hundred and Twenty-seventh New York, and a
detachment of the Third Rhode Island Artillery. It left
Payne's Dock in twenty-eight barges at 2 a. m., July 3, but
was delayed in crossing the harbor and bar. The boats
were observed and fired upon. A portion, however, landed
near Battery Simkins, and was at once repulsed. Colonel
Hoyt, Fifty-second Pennsylvania, and a number of his
officers and men, were not supported by their comrades,

ATTACK ON JAMES ISLAND. 207

but landing, captured the Brook's gun battery. They then
pressed on toward Johnson under heavy lire, before which
they were obliged to retire to the captured battery where
they all surrendered. The retreating boats communicated
their disorder to those carrying the One Hundred and
Twenty-seventh ; and they too fell bade against the per-
emptory orders of Maj. Edward H. Little, commanding,
and Captain Little and Lieutenants Little and Abercrombie,
who brought their men of the One Hundred and Twenty-
seventh to land. This surprise, which, if successful, might
have sealed the fate of Charleston soon after, thus failed.
A military court, on Nov. 7, 1864, found that —

" Colonel Gurney, Cue Hundred and Twenty-seventh New
York Regiment, commanding Morris Island, who was charged
with sending the expedition, did not accompany it, but remained
at Payne's Dock. There seems to be no sufficient reason for
this conduct."

The report further says, —

' ' The chief cause of failure was the lack of spirit, energy,
and power of command on the part of subordinate officers."

Captain Homans with the Fifty-fourth companies at
Black Island was ordered to cross in boats to James Island,
and attack toward Secessionville, to co-operate with the
movement against Johnson. Preparations were made, and
the boats transported across the island in accordance with
specific instructions ; but in transit, without proper means,
they were so damaged as to make their use impracticable,
and the expedition necessarily impossible.

At Port Royal three brigades of troops embarked on
transports and sailed for the Edisto on the evening of July

208 FIFTY-FOUETH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

1, arriving early on the 2d. There General Hatch, with
Saxton's and Davis's brigades, landing at Seabrook, crossed
to John's Island at the Haulover Bridge, and bivouacked
some distance beyond for the night. General Birney, with
his brigade and a marine battery, went up the North Edisto
and landed at White Point. He then moved toward
Adam's Run, but meeting the enemy in small numbers,
halted for the night, after marching but two miles. Resum-
ing the advance early on the 3d, Birney drove the enemy's
light troops some five miles to King's Creek, where on the
opposite bank the Confederates under Gen. B. H. Robert-
son had a battery which opened on our force. General
Foster, with two armed transports, ran up the Dawhoo
River, and co-operated by throwing shells across the inter-
vening ground. After two or three hours of cannonading
and skirmishing, and as General Birnej' reported that it
was expedient to withdraw. General Foster ordered a re-
tirement to White Point, where the force took transports
for James Island.

In response to General Jones' requests for reinforce-
ments, the First Georgia (regulars) Fourth Georgia Cavalry,
and three companies of the Third South Carolina Cavalry,
all dismounted, were sent to John's Island from Savannah,
for news had been received of the landing of Hatch's and
Birney's forces. The enemy was apprehensive of attacks
l)y way of the Stono, which was the route taken by the
British in 1780. During the night of the 2d the Thirty-
second Georgia, Col. Geo. P. Harrison, reported to General
Taliaferro ; and every available mail was taken from other
points to reinforce the southern lines on James Island.

Supposing that we still held the positions of the previous
day, Colonel Harrison, with several companies of his regi-

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ATTACK ON JAMES ISLAND. 209

ment and two guns, was ordered to ascertain our strength.
About 9 A. M. on the 3d, this force was discovered ad-
vancing, and our pickets retired before it. Then the
monitors " Montauk " and " Lehigh " and the gunboat
" Pawnee," having taken position in the Stono the previous
evening, opened, preventing their farther advance, and caus-
ing a retirement at 11 a. m. But they manojuvred in our
front the whole day, with skirmishers established about the
old fieldwork we held on the 2d. Our rifle trenches were
strengthened with two guns posted on Colonel Heine's
front ; and Colonel Hartwell's captured pieces were also in
position. The naval vessels slackened fire in the afternoon.
Excessively warm weather continued. No service was re-
quired of the Fifty-fourth during that day. Surgeon Briggs
reported for duty, and Lieutenant Newell was sent to hos-
pital. At dark the Fifty-fourth relieved the Seventy-fourth
Pennsylvania. Our main body occupied the rifle trenches,
with Captain Emilio and seventy-five men, supported by one
gun thrown forward upon the causeway within three hun-
dred yards of the enemy's line, and Lieutenant Cousens and
twenty-five men still farther advanced. Our line was quiet,
but on the right there were frequent shots, and a few rifle-
l^alls fired by our own troops in rear of our flank fell near.
Our mortar schooner " Racer " kept firing slowly. So the
night passed with but one man of another regiment killed.
General Hatch on John's Island that day advanced on the
road running parallel with Bohicket Creek and halted at
Parker's, where a road branched to Stono on the right.
The march, though short, was severe because of the heat.

Just at dawn on Independence Day, the Fifty-fourth
was reduced one half for the day. We could see that
the enemy had fortified their line at or about the old

14

210 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

redoubt. They occasionally showed themselves, and threw
out a skirmish line whenever we advanced. In the Stono
the naval vessels at 8 a. m. were dressed with flags at the
signal given from the admiral's flagship, " Philadelphia."
Pringle opened immediately after, and some of our vessels
replied, occasioning a lively duel. Birney's brigade, of the
Seventh, Thirty-fourth, and Thirty-fifth United States
Colored Troops, landed on James Island that day, occupy-
ing a second line in rear of our right. Two thirty-pounder
Parrotts were placed on the lines. Refreshing rain with a
strong wind came in the afternoon. At the rifle trench
held by the Fifty-fourth, Captain Emilio in command ad-
vanced twelve men to draw the enemy's fire, which was
done without casualty. Later two companies of the Fifty-
fourth New York moved out, skirmishing, and being met
by a strong fire from the enemy's pickets commanded by
Captain Lewis, Thirt3'^-second Georgia, retired with the loss
of two killed and six wounded. Our naval vessels shelled
the enemy whenever discovered, and soon forced them to
cover. After our force fell back, we could see a man of
the Fifty-fourth New York lying on the open ground be-
tween the lines. He was alive, for he would occasionally
raise himself. The enemy would not permit him to be
brought in. A gallant officer of the staff essayed the dan-
gerous task, but was fired upon. Our officers and men of
the Fifty-fourth Massachusetts were exasperated at this
firing on men engaged in a humane act, and sharply re-
plied to the enemy for an hour. At dark a field-piece was
brought near, and under cover of grape, a party of eight
men from Company E with a stretcher went out to bring
the poor fellow in. He was found dead. It was impossible
to secure his body, as the enemy was rapidly advancing

ATTACK ON JAMES ISLAND. 211

with a company. Capt. Gustav Blau and his men of the
Fifty-fourth New York relieved our force at 9 r. M.

Admiral Dahlgren records that on the 4tli, with Gen-
eral Foster, he reconnoitred the enemy's position from
a point on John's Island across the Stono, " right oppo-
site Pringle, in full view seventeen or eighteen hundred
yards off." He recommended that a heavy battery be
there established to enfilade the James Island lines ; but
it was not done. Our naval vessels fired slowly all that
night.

General Hatch, on the 4th, moved on the road toward
the Stono, making but six miles. He rested at a plantation
where the road from Legareville came into the one that he
was following. It was a terribly hot forenoon ; little water
could be found, and scores of men were sunstruck or fainted
from fatigue and thirst. At this halting-place the force
from General Schimmelfennig joined General Hatch. As it
was feared many musket-charges had been spoiled by the
rain of the previous day, all the regiments on James
Island were marched to the front at 9 a. m., on the 5th,
and discharged their pieces at the enemy. There was
some light skirmishing. A few shells came over the line
from Secessionville without damage. Our foe was busy
erecting an earthwork and extending his trenches, seriously
interfered with by the huge eleven and fifteen-inch shells
of the navy and the fire of twelve-pounders from the decks
of the monitors.

On the 5th the position of the Fifty-fourth was
changed to the centre of General Schimmelfennig's line,
which it held with the Thirty-third United States Col-
ored Troops, both regiments under Lieutenant-Colonel
Hooper's command.

212 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

General Hatch on the 5th moved foi-Avard some miles
and took post at the " Huts." He occupied a good defen-
sive line behind a creek, crossed at one point by a bridge.
The failure to push on to the head of John's Island that
day, before the enemy had concentrated there, was unfortu-
nate, for they posted several guns of the Marion Artillery
on a hill supported by infantry, and on the 6th shelled
Hatch's lines.

All the day-hours of the 6th the Fifty-fourth was rest-
ing in bivouac. At 8 P.M., a picket of four officers and
132 men under Captain Bridge went out in front of the
right. The weather was more comfortable. It was very
apparent that the enemy was stronger. The succeeding
day, on the lines, only an occasional shell from the enemy
disturbed the quietness. A mail came in the afternoon.
Supplies were more abundant ; and from sutlers at Cole's
Island some additions to the army fare were procured.
In the morning the naval vessels shelled Pringle and the
woods until later, when they concentrated upon the bat-
tery. During the ensuing evening Colonel Montgomery
with Birney's brigade was sent to join General Hatch.
General Birney had returned to Florida.

At John's Island on the 7th, Colonel Silliman, with his
regiment, the Twenty-sixth United States Colored Troops,
supported by Lieutenant Wildt's section of Battery B,
Third New York, made a gallant but unsuccessful
attempt to capture the enemy's field-guns on the hill be-
yond the lines. Some ninetj^-seven men were killed and
wounded. General Jones was considerably reinforced by
this date from Atlanta and Wilmington. He also stripped
Sullivan's Island of troops to confront us.

Quietness reigned at James Island on the 8th during

ATTACK ON JAMES ISLAND. 213

the eai-ly hours, after a night disturbed only by the slow
firing of the navy. As the day advanced, however, our
vessels opened a terriiic fire on Port Pringle and Battery
Tynes, which was continued for several hours, our fire
overpowering that of the enemy and so exhausting the
garrison of Pringle as to require its relief. There was a
conference that afternoon between Generals Foster and
Hatch and Admiral Dalilgren, when it was decided that
the enemy's force, in connection with their works, was
" too large to render further serious efforts profitable," and
that General Hatch should withdraw from John's Island
on the night of the 9th. The admiral records, " I am
utterly disgusted," and in another place, speaking of General
Foster, " The general remarked that he had done all he
intended."

In the afternoon a fire broke out in the hamlet of Legare-
ville on John's Island. Lieutenant Spear, who came in a
rowboat from Black Island, visited the regiment, and in-
formed us that mortars were being planted there to fire
upon James Island. At 7 P. M. Captain Emilio was placed
in charge of a fatigue detail of two hundred men from the
Fifty-fourtli and Fifty-fifth Massachusetts and Thirtj^-third
United States Colored Troops, and began work on a road
from the left of our line toward a point of woods in our
front, designed to facilitate the advance of infantry and
artillery in the event of an assault.

Early on the morning of the 8th at John's Island, there
was an artillery duel between our field-pieces and those of
the enemy on the hill. From the tree-tops our lookouts
there saw reinforcements crossing the Ashley River to
join the enemy. An attack was fully expected the
next day ; and the troops slept in position on their arms

214 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRl',

that night, their rest being broken bj shells from Battery
Tynes.

Gen. B. H. Robertson, the Confederate commander on
John's Island, with four regiments, a battalion of Georgians,
and two field batteries was ordered to attack General Hatch
in his threatening position. Colonel Harrison led the ad-
vance at 4 A. M., on the 9th, covered by a fog, and surjjrised
the One Plundred and Forty-fourth New York on jDicket
beyond the bridge, driving it back. But the troops defend-
ing the lines received the enemy with a hot fire of musketry
and canister, which forced them to a sheltered position and
strewed the ground with dead and wounded. Bringing up
artillery, the enemy made another attempt to carry the
bridge at 6.30 a.m., with a similar result, after which their
main body withdrew. This engagement is known as
" Bloody Bridge." We lost some eighty-two killed and
wounded, the enemy some seventeen killed and ninety-
tliree wounded, according to their own account. That
night, in pursuance of the prearranged plan. General Hatch
withdrew from John's Island upon transports without
molestation, Montgomery's brigade returning to James
Island.

About daylight our troops on James Island heard the
sounds of battle across the Stono. The day was close and
sultry. There occurred the usual bombardment of Pringle,
Tynes, and the enemy's lines. Replies from a Brook gun
and a ten-inch Columbiad in Pringle were effective against
our gunboats, but the monitors stood their ground. Late
that day it was seen that we were to abandon James Island.
A fatigue party of the Fifty-fourth was engaged construct-
ing another bridge to Cole's Island ; all the surplus stores
were conveyed away, and the wharf repaired. When it was

ATTACK ON JAIiIES ISLAND. 215

dark the troops began to move over the bridges, the Fifty-
fourth marching with other regiments, all in silence. Com-
panies G and K were detailed to burn a house, the lookout,
and one of the bridges. Our pickets were supported by the
Seventy-fourth Pennsylvania until all the other troops were
withdrawn, when they crossed to Cole's Island. Colonel
Hartwell conducted the retreat and put out a picket line on
Cole's Island. Our naval vessels kept up the usual night-
shelling until daylight, when they got under way and ran
down the river.

After a scanty breakfast the Fifty-fourth, at 9 a.m.,
marched to Stono, accomplishing the three miles in as
many hours, for the day was hot and the men much
exhausted. There a sutler was found, from whom some
supplies were obtained. The regiment crossed the inlet
on the steamer " Golden Gate," whose captain kindly
furnished refreshments for the officers. Our march to
Lighthouse Inlet was equally severe, for the temperature
was at 98°. Thence the companies repaired to their sev-
eral stations, and welcomed the opportunity for rest, baths
in the surf, and clean clothes.

Thus the combined movements, admirably planned,
against a weaker enemy came to naught, for want of con-
certed action and persistence in attack. At every point
we largely outnumbered the enemy. General Hatch's
force, had it not been so delayed, might have found no
enemy in its front capable of withstanding its advance.
Many thought at the time that had Hatch's force been
sent against the repulsed enemy after the action at Bloody
Bridge, John's Island might have been swept of them, and
the James Island lines thus flanked, Charleston would
have fallen. Our total of losses in all the forces engaged

216 riFTY-FOUKTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

was perhaps three hundred men, including the one hun-
dred and forty captured with Colonel Hoyt, and eighteen
drowned by the capsizing of a boat in the Stono. That
of the enemy must have equalled ours. Their accounts
of our losses, exaggerated as usual, gave the number as
seven hundred.

CHAPTER XI.

SIEGE OF CHARLESTON.

T TPON returning to their several stations, the Fifty-
*-^ fourth companies reassumed the old duties. The
first noteworthy incident occurred on July 13, when, at
noon, six shells passing over the Third Rhode Island Ar-
tillery camp, fell into ours, one of which, exploding in a
tent, killed Private John Tanner and Musician Samuel
Suffhay, both of Company B. We had supposed the location
safe from any shell firing. These missiles came from Sulli-
van's Island, clear across the harbor. A lookout posted
on the sand-bluff near by gave warning thereafter when
this gun opened, which it did at intervals until the last of
August. At such times, day or night, we were obliged to
leave the camp for the sea beach. No further casualties
occurred, however.

Another example of dislike to colored troops took place
on the 15th. Lieut. John S. Marcy, Fifty-second Pennsyl-
vania, when directed to join the Fifty-fourth detail for duty
at the Left Batteries, with some of his men, the whole
force to be under one of our officers, refused to do so, say-
ing, " I will not do duty with colored troops." He was
arrested and court-martialled, and, by General Foster's
order, dishonorably dismissed. Colonel Hallowell returned
on the 16th, bringing assurances that the men would soon
be paid. With him came as visitors Mr. and Mrs. Lewis,
relatives of Quartermaster Ritchie.

218 FIFTY-FOUETH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

During the heated term, which began with the month
and seemed interminable, we went about arrayed in
as few clothes as possible. The blazing siui heated the
sand beneath our feet, and reflected from land and sea,
dazzled the eyes. No relief came until nightfall, when the
sea breeze sprang up. On the 21st a change of weather
brought cooler temperature for some days. Mr. Hoadly,
the efficient agent of the Sanitary Commission on Morris
Island, was supplying the troops with stores. Ice was
still scarce.

For some weeks Sumter had been bombarded with un-
usual vigor, as during our season of quietness the enemy
had constructed two large bombproofs there, and mounted
five guns on the channel face. It was estimated that one
hundred of the garrison were killed or wounded during
this latest bombardment. Captain Mitchel, its com-
mander, was killed, July 19, by a mortar-shell, and was
succeeded by Capt. T. A. Huguenin, First South Caro-
lina (regulars), who continued in charge until its final
abandonment.

A special exchange of the fifty Confederate officers for
the same number of ours in Charleston was effected on
August 3. The released officers were received with cheers
and a display of flags from the vessels. From Edward R.
Henderson, steward of the truce boat " Cosmopolitan,"
Quartermaster Ritchie received a list containing forty
names of Fifty-fourth prisoners captured July 16 and 18,
1863, which was smuggled out by an exchanged officer.

Maj.-Gen. Daniel Sickles, who was on a tour of inspec-
tion, landed on Morris Island on the 3d, accompanied by
General Poster, and was received with a salute of thirteen
guns. During the succeeding night two officers of the One

SIEGE OF CHARLESTON. 219

Hundred and Third Ohio came to our lines, having escaped
from Charleston, and, with the assistance of negroes, pro-
cured a boat in which to cross the harbor. The enemy's
fire on Cummiug's Point on the night of the 6th wounded
five men of a colored regiment. A large propeller was
discovered aground toward Sullivan's Island on the morn-
ing of the 8th, whereupon our guns opened from land and
sea, soon destroying her. We gave our fire sometimes
from the great guns in volleys, — their united explosions
shaking the whole island and covering the batteries with
a white pall of smoke. Peaceful intervals came, when
the strange stillness of the ordnance seemed like stopped
heart-beats of the siege. Then the soft rush of the surf
and the chirp of small birds in the scant foliage could be
heard.

Major Api^leton, who had been in hospital since the
movement to James Island, departed North on the 7th,
and never returned. His loss was a great one to the regi-
ment, for he was a devoted patriot, a kind-hearted man, and
an exceedingly brave soldier. Captain Emilio came to
camp with Company E from Fort Green, on the 8th, when
relieved by Lieutenant Newell with Company B. Captain
Tucker and Company H reported from Black Island on the
20th, and Lieutenant Duren and Company D were relieved
at Fort Shaw on the 23d. Captain Pope succeeded Cap-
tain Homans in the command of Black Island on the 24th.
Our details for grand guard were increased after the 16th,
when the Thirty-second United States Colored Troops was
ordered to Hilton Head.

Salutes in honor of Admiral Farragut's victory at Mobile
were fired on the 25th. On the 28th, and again on Sep-
tember 1, the navy sent torpedoes, heavily charged, to float

220 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

and explode near Port Sumter, in the hope of shattering
the structure ; but they caused no damage.

In Congress the third Conference Committee reported,
on June 10, that the House recede from the amendments
reducing the bounty, and that all persons of color who were
free on April 19, 1861, should, from the time of entering
service, be entitled to the pay, bounty, and clothing allowed
by the laws existing at the time of their enlistment. The
Attorney-General was to determine any law question, and
the Secretary of War make the necessary regulations for
the pay department. After discussion this unjust com-
promise was accepted by both branches of Congress. Over
two months, however, passed, until, on August 18, the War
Department issued Circular No. 60, providing that officers
commanding colored organizations should make an investi-
gation to ascertain who of their men enlisted prior to Jan-
uary 1, 1864, were free April 19, 1861. The fact of free-
dom was to be settled by tlie sworn statement of the sol-
dier, and entered against the man's name on the muster-
rolls.

August 29, Sergeant Cross and a few men of the Fifty-
fourth returned from Beaufort, where they had received
full pay from enlistment in accordance with the foregoing
regulations. Colonel Hallowell made the first effective
muster for pay of the regiment on the 31st. As no par-
ticular form of oath had been prescribed, he administered
the following : —

"You do solemnly swear that you owed no man unrequited
labor on or before the 19th day of April, 1861. So help you
God."

This form had been the subject of much thought, and
was known in the regiment as the " Quaker Oath." Some

SIEGE OF CHARLESTON. 221

of our men were held as slaves April 19, 1861, but they
took the oath as freemen, by God's higher law, if not by
their country's. A more pitiful story of broken faith, with
attendant want and misery upon dependent ones, than this
deprivation of pay for many months cannot be told. If
ever men were seemingly driven to desperation and overt
acts, they were. How they bore it all, daily exposing
their lives for the cause and the flag they loved, has been
feebly told. That they were compelled to take this or
any oath at the last was an insult crowning tlie injury.

There was another meeting of truce steamers in the
harbor on the 3d, when a release without equivalent was
made by the enemy of thirty persons, — chaplains, sur-
geons, and some women. General Schimmelfennig, who
had removed district headquarters from Folly to Morris
Island August 2, on September 4 departed North, when
General Saxton took command. The next day the Fifty-
sixth and One Hundred and Fifty-seventh New York ar-
rived ; and Col. Charles H. Van Wyck of the Fifty-sixth
assumed command of Morris Island, relieving Colonel
Gurney.

Captain Homans, with Company A, having reported from
Black Island to camp about September 1, there were the
following companies with the colors ; namely. A, D, B, G, H,
and K, a larger number than for some months. On the
6th, several boxes of canned goods were received for the
regiment, — the gift of Count Leo B. Schwabe, of Boston.
This gentleman belonged to a noble family, and was born
at Castle Schaumberg on the Weser. Before the war he
lived in South Carolina, where he owned slaves and planta-
tions. The slaves he freed as the war broke out. His
means were lavishly given for building chapels and hos-

222 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

pitals, establishing camp libraries, besides donations of
money and provisions for Union soldiers. He died but
I'ecently ; and it is sad to record that his last days were
passed in reduced circumstances.

September 1, several hundred Confederate officers, sent
to be confined under fire in retaliation for a similar hard-
ship suffered by our officers in Charleston, arrived off Mor-
ris Island on the steamer " Crescent." An enclosed camp
was made for them just nwth of Wagner, in full view of
the enemy and exposed to his fire. The enclosure was
228 by 304 feet, and formed of palisading of pine posts, ten
feet above ground, supporting a platform from which sen-
tinels could watch the prisoners. The " dead line," marked
by a rope stretched on posts, was twenty feet inside the
palisading. Good A tents, each to hold four men, were
pitched and arranged, forming eight streets. The ground
was clean, dry, quartz sand.

Several days before, the Fifty-fourth was assigned to
guard this prison camp. On September 7, Colonel Hallo-
well, with Companies D, E, G, and K marched to the land-
ing, where the steamer " Cossack " soon arrived with the
Confederates. The escort was composed entirely of colored
soldiers. First came three companies of the Twentj^-first
United States Colored Troops in column, then the priso-
ners, flanked on either side by two companies of the Fifty-
fourth, the rear closed by two companies of the Twenty-
first in column. In this order the Confederates were taken
to the camp.

This body of five hundred and sixty officers thus placed
in our charge was a singular-looking set of soldiers. There
were among them tall, lank mountaineers, some typical
Southerners of the books, —dark, long-haired, and fierce

SIEGE OF CHARLESTON. 223

of aspect, — and a lesser number of city men of jauntier
appearance. The major part were common-looking, evi-
dently of the poorer class of Southerners, with a sprinkling
of foreigners, — principally Germans and Irish. Hardly
any two were dressed alike. There were suits of blue jeans,
homespuns, of butternut, and a few in costumes of gray
moi'e or less trimmed. Upon their heads were all sorts of
coverings, — straw and slouch hats, and forage caps of
gray, blue, or red, decorated with braid. Cavaliy boots,
shoes, and bootees in all stages of wear were on their feet.
Their effects were wrapped in rubber sheets, pieces of car-
pet, or parts of quilts and comforts. Some had hand-sacks
of ancient make. Haversacks of waterproof cloth or cotton
hung from their shoulders. Their physical condition was
good ; but they made a poor showing for chosen leaders of
the enemy. It did seem that men of their evident mental
and intellectual calibre — \vith some exceptions — might
be supporters of any cause, however wild or hopeless. They
were of all grades, from colonels down in rank.

At the camp the prisoners were divided into eight de-
tachments, with a non-commissioned officer of the Fifty-
fourth, detailed from the guard, in charge of each, as
warden. Clean straw was provided for the tents, and a
good blanket given each officer. The regulations, so far
as they related to the prisoners, were read to them. Our
six companies of the Fifty-fourth were formed into three
reliefs ; namely, A and H, D and G, and E and K, each relief
furnishing one hundred men, with proper officers, for duty
at the stockade from 6 p. m. until the same hour the fol-
lowing day. When relieved, the detachment went into
Wagner for the succeeding night, returning to camp the
next morning. At the gate of the stockade was posted a

224 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

Requa rifled battery in charge of the reserve, and a sec-
tion of Battery B, Third Rhode Island Heavy Artillery,
reported there each day.

Three times a day the roll was called by the wardens,
and every man accounted for to the officer of the day..
Policing of the streets was done by the prisoners. Sick
call was attended to by a surgeon, who removed the severe
cases to hospitals outside. Barrel-sinks were provided and
cared for by the prisoners. At night the camp and vicinity
were made bright as moonlight by means of a calcium light
on "Wagner's parapet. Oil lanterns were also used inside
the stockade when required. After taps sounded, no light
was allowed the prisoners, and they were not permitted
to enter the streets except to go to the barrel-sinks. Dur-
ing the day they had free range of the camp ; but groups
of more than ten prisoners were warned to disperse under
penalty of being fired upon if the order was disregarded.
Our charges were allowed to purchase writing materials,
pipes, tobacco, and necessary clothing. Letters could be
sent after inspection. Their rations were cooked by men
of the guard. The nearness of the enemy necessitated the
utmost vigilance. It was a tempting opportunity for some
bold rescue, and a boat attack was not improbable. At
first there was thought to be some danger from stray shells,
as Cumming's Point was the focus of the enemy's fire.
But as time passed, this seeming danger to friend and foe
was not realized.

Everything was done to care for and protect these unfor-
tunate officers whom the fortunes of war placed in our
hands except in two particulars, — they were kept in a
place within reach of the enemy's fire, and their rations
were reduced to conform in quantity to those furnished

SIEGE OF CHARLESTON. 225

our ofi5cers in Charleston, at first to one half the army
ration, and after some time still less. Food and cook-
ing -^vas the same otherwise as furnished the Fifty-fourth.
Of these inflictions in retaliation the enemy was duly in-
formed as the result of their own uncivilized acts, which
would be discontinued whenever they ceased to practise
the same.

September 9, Wagner fired a salute of shotted guns in
honor of the capture of Atlanta, Ga. The next day a re-
connoissance was made in small force by the army and
navy about Bull's Bay. Our shells caused a large fire in
Charleston on the 17th, plainly seen from Cumming's
Point, by which twenty-five buildings were destroyed.
Another, the next day, burned two mansions at the corner
of Trade and Meeting streets. With increased elevations
our shells fell a distance of two blocks beyond Calhoun
Street. A prisoner of war in Charleston thus graphically
describes the firing : —

" Every fifteen or twenty minutes we could see the smoke and
hear the explosions of ' Foster's messengers,' — two hundred-
pound shells. They told us of the untiring perseverance of our
forces on Morris Island. So correct was their aim, so well
did the gunners know our whereabouts, that shells burst all
around, in front, and often fell, screeching, overhead, without
injury to us. When the distant rumbling of the Swamp Angel
was heard, and the cry, ' Here it comes,' resounded through
the prison-house, there was a general stir : sleepers sprang to
their feet ; conversation was hushed ; and all started to see
where the messengers would fall. . . . The sight at night was
truly beautiful. We traced through the sky a slight stream
of fire similar to the tail of a comet, followed its course, until
' whiz ! whiz ! ' came the little pieces like grape-shot."

15

226 PIFTY-FOUETH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

Charleston papers gave us information tliat yellow fever
was prevalent and increasing, not only among the pris-
oners, but the citizens, and especially the Germans.

At the stockade the captives gave no trouble, and readily
conformed to the rules. The wardens took great pride in
their office. At roll-calls they accurately dressed the lines,
and doubtless imparted some useful hints to the Con-
federate officers. From Major McDonald, Fifty-first North
Carolina, who was present in "Wagner during the assault
of July 18, 1863, very interesting particulars of the affair
were obtained. He confirmed the story of Colonel Shaw's
death and manner of burial.

After a few days' experience the prisoners lost all fear
of being struck by stray shells thrown by their friends ;
but they watched the bombardment always with interest,
so far as they were able. When Wagner opened, the heavy
Parrott projectiles passed directly over the camp, but high
in air. Our charges lounged about during the day, visiting
friends, or played cards, smoked, and read. There were
ingenious fellows who passed much time making chains,
crosses, rings, and other ornaments from bone or gutta-
percha buttons. Our officers found a number of most
agreeable gentlemen among them, who seemed to appre-
ciate such attentions and politenesses as could be extended
within the scope of our regulations.

Sudden orders came on September 21, at 10 A. M., to re-
move the prisoners to Lighthouse Inlet. This was done
by the Fifty-fourth, and they were placed on two schooners.
The reason for this temporary change is not known. Pos-
sibly some fear of a rescue under cover of the exchange
which was to take place may have occasioned it. On the
23d, after the truce had expired, the Fifty-fourth escorted

SIEGE OF CHARLESTON. 227

the prisoners back to the camp. When the rolls were
called, it was discovered that six officers were missing.
Without a moment's delay, Lieutenant-Colonel Hooper and
Quartermaster Ritchie rode to Lighthouse Inlet, and with
guards, searched all the vessels there. Five officers were
recaptured just as they came from the hold of a vessel with
no clothes on, prepared to swim in an attempt to escape.
Lieutenant-Colonel Hooper himself searched every part of a
steamer previously examined, and at last found his missing
man concealed in the paddle-box. The recaptured officers
were doubtless surprised when the lieutenant-colonel took
them to his tent, offered stimulants, told them they were
blameless, and gave them peiunission to try again, before
sending them to join their comrades.

Among the prisoners were some rabid Secessionists
who would receive no favors at our hands. It is pleas-
ant to record, that, on the 27th, Capt. Henry A. Buist,
Twenty-seventh South Carolina (now a prominent lawyer
of Charleston), about to be exchanged, politely expressed
his thanks to our officers for kindnesses received.

September 28 was a red-letter day for the Fifty-fourth.
Paymaster Lockwood, on that date and the 29th, paid the
men from enlistment. They were wild with joy that their
only trouble was over. An officer wrote : —

" We had been eighteen months waiting, and the lialeidoscope
was turned, — nine hundred men received their money; nine
hundred stories rested on the faces of tliose men, as they
passed in at one door and out of the other. Wagner stared
Eeadville in the face ! There was use in waiting ! Two days
have changed the face of things, and now a petty carnival pre-
vails. The fiddle and other music long neglected enlivens the
tents day and night. Songs burst out everywhere ; dancing is

228 riFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS rNTANTEY.

incessant ; boisterous shouts are heard, mimicry, burlesque,
and carnival ; pompous salutations are beard on all sides. Here
a crowd and a preacher ; there a crowd and two boxers ; yon-
der, feasting and jubilee. In brief, they have awakened ' the
pert and nimble spirit of mirth, and turned melancholy forth to
funerals.' "

It required 1170,000 to pay the Fifty-fourth. Over
$53,000 was sent home by Adams' Express ; and the sum
ultimately forwarded reached 1100,000. There was for a
time lavish and foolish expenditure of money on the part
of some.

October came in with clear, warm mornings and soft
breezes in the afternoon. During a truce on the 3d some
prisoners were exchanged, and two thousand suits of cloth-
ing and many packages were sent to our prisoners. We
received clothing and tobacco for the Confederate officers
from Charleston people. Brig.-Gen. E. P. Scammon on the
4th relieved General Saxton of the district command, and
reviewed the Morris Island troops on the 6th. We had
twenty-four officers and seven hundred and twenty-six
enlisted men of the regiment present for duty at the
several posts on this date.

For some time the freedmen had been contributing to a
Shaw monument fund to which the Fifty-fourth added
liberally. The following letters relate thereto ; —

Headquarters FiFTT-PotiRTn Mass. Vols,,
Morris Island, S. C, Oct. 7, 1864.
Brig.-Gen. R. Saxton.

Dear G-eneeai,, — In behalf of the enlisted men of the Fifty-
fourth Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, I respectfully request
you to receive the enclosed sum of money to be added to the
sum subscribed by the freedmen of the Department for the

SIEGE OF CHAliLESTON. 229

purpose of erecting a monument to the memory of Col. Robert
G. Shaw and those who died with him.

Thanking you for the interest you have always manifested in
the cause which is so dear to us, and for the trouble you have
taken to do honor to those who so nobly died in its support, I
have the honor to be, General, very respectfully.
Your obedient servaut,

E. N. Hallo WELL,
Colonel Commanding Begiment.

HeADQ DARTERS U. S. FORCES,

District of Beaufort, Oct. 17, 1864.

Mt dear Colonel, — I have received your letter of the 7th,
forwarding $1,545, as a contribution from the enlisted men of
youi' regiment to the monument soon to be erected in memory
of their former colonel, Robert Gould Shaw, and those who fell
with him in the assault on Fort Wagner. Please inform the
donors that their generous contribution with that contributed
by the freedmen in this Department makes the fund now about
§3,000. It is safely invested in Massachusetts interest-bearing
bonds. The glorious work which our armies in the field and
patriots at home are now doing means that the day is not far
distant when a granite shaft shall stand unmolested on South
Carolina soil, to mark the spot where brave men died, not, as
recent developments have shown, alone as soldiers, but as mar-
tyrs in the cause of Freedom. When for a month under my
command, your brave regiment guarded so vigilantly and so
soldierly six hundred Rebel officers near the spot where their
colonel and comrades were massacred, it required but little
faith to believe that the scales of justice were turning toward
the right, and that it was time to commence the monument.
I am. Colonel, with great respect, yours sincerely,

R. Saxton,
Brig.-Qen. Volunteers.

To CoL. E. N. Hallowell,
Commanding Fifly-fourlh Mass. Infantry.

230 FIPTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

Further sums were subsequently sent by the Fifty-fourth,
until, on the last of October, the total contributed by them
was 12,832. A much larger amount would have been
given had it been proposed to erect the monument else-
where than near Fort Wagner. It was then seen that
what has since occurred would take place, — the sea was
gradually washing away Morris Island at that point. Be-
sides, there was no confidence that a monument erected on
South Carolina soil would be respected when the Union
forces were withdrawn. Ultimately the project was given
up and the money used to aid in establishing a free
school for colored children in Charleston, bearing Colonel
Shaw's name. Efforts were made in the North to erect
some memorial to our colonel. One fund at least exists.
To this day no object stands in public place to point the
lesson of Shaw's life and glorious death. Nevertheless he
lives in memory, and his work renders his name immortal.

A large steamer on the night of October 5, in attempting
to run into Charleston, struck a wreck and sank, showing
only her masts above water when daylight came. On the
8th the weather suddenly grew colder, with lower tempera-
ture the next day, when a chilling northwest wind blew.
"We received forty-seven recruits on the 11th, who had
looked forward to joining the regiment of their choice.
As our rolls were full, they were transferred to the Fifty-
fifth Massachusetts on Folly Island. Our musicians were
made happy by the receipt of twelve brass drums. Still
another change of post commander occurred on the 19th,
when Colonel Hallowell relieved Colonel Van Wyck, who
went North temporarily.

General Foster, when informed that the Union officers
under fire in Charleston were removed elsewhere, ordered

SIEGE OF CHARLESTON. 231

the Confederates on Morris Island to be conveyed to Fort
Pulaski. Accordingly, on the 21st, Captain Emilio, with
a battalion of the Fifty-fourth composed of Companies
D, E, G, and K, escorted the prisoners to the lauding and
turned them over to Col. P. P. Brown and his One
Hundred and Fifty-seventh New York. During the time
they were in our charge not one had been injured by the
artillery firing ; there was no disturbance, no complaint of
ill usage or lack of medical attention. None had escaped.
Only two cases of shooting by the guard occurred. In
one instance two quarrelsome men engaged in a fight,
and when warned by a sentinel to desist, failed to do so,
were fired upon, and both were slightly wounded. The
other case occurred at night, when a light being discovered,
a sentinel fired as instructed, wounding an innocent man.
In both instances it was a clear disregard of orders, involving
a penalty known to the offenders and their comrades. The
following official letter was received at headquarters and
read as ordered, fitly closing the record of the duty.

Headquaeteks Northern District, Department of the South,
Morris Island, Nov. 2, 1864.
Col. E. N. Hallowell, Fifty-fourth Mass. Vols.

Colonel, — The brigadier-general commanding desires me, in
the name of the major-general commanding the Department, to
tender you his sincere tlianks for the ]prompt and efficient
manner in which you and the officers and men of your command
discharged their duties while guarding the Rebel prisoners-of-
war. Your close observance of orders and vigilance have at-
tracted the attention of the major-general commanding. This
letter will be read to your command on dress parade. I have
the honor to be, Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

Thomas J. Robinson,
First Lieutenant Twenty-First U. S. C. T. and A. A. A. Oen'l.

232 riFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS LNFANTEY.

Nearly every night about this period escaped prisoners
came into our lines at various points about Charleston.
Each had a new and thrilling story to tell of trial and peril
on the way ; but all united in acisnowledging the kind-
ness and assistance of their only friends, the negroes.
Besides the departure of the One Hundred and Fifty-
seventh New York, on the 21st, the Morris Island gar-
rison was further reduced by the transfer of the One
Hundred and Twenty-seventh New York to Beaufort.
This necessitated the detail the next day of Lieutenant
Leonard and Company K as provost guard, and Company
A joined in that duty shortly after. At a meeting of the
officers on the 24th the Rev. James Lynch, a colored man,
was elected chaplain of the Fifty-fourth. He was subse-
quently commissioned, but not mustered. Sergeant Cezar,
of Company D, was appointed acting sergeant-major, and
Wm. J. Netson, principal musician.

With a diminished garrison the duties bore heavily on
the remaining troops. The Fifty-fourth began furnishing
grand-guard details when relieved of the prisoners. It was
nearly two miles from the camp to Gregg. Eeliefs going
beyond Wagner were exposed to the enemy's fire. On this
service, after the pickets were established on posts about
the works, and along the water-fronts, the reserves were
held inside the forts, sheltered in the damp and vermin-
infested bombproofs. The officers were generally the
guests of the permanent officers in charge, and occupied
tents. There were also the ceaseless calls for fatigue de-
tails to land ordnance and other stores at the wharf, drag
guns to the front, and return disabled pieces to the depot,
besides constant work repairing the batteries damaged by
the enemy's fire or the elements.

Capt. Edward L. Joxrs.
Capt. FnANcrs L. I Iti.c.ivsox.

Cai't. [ahies \\'. Grace.
L'att. Charles G. CiiirMAN.

SIEGE OF CHARLESTON. 233

A large sidewheel steamer with smokestacks painted red
and lead-color, called the " Flore," was chased ashore on
Sullivan's Island during the night of the 22d, and was de-
stroyed the next day by our guns. On or about the 29th,
Brig.-Gen. Edward E. Potter assumed command of the dis-
trict, relieving General Scammon. About this period our
fire upon the city was stronger than for some time. No-
vember 5, a small vessel was discovered ashore in front of
Fort Moultrie. She seemed to be loaded with cotton and
turpentine, for our shells soon set her on fire, and she
burned until after dark. Colonel Mulford, our commissioner
of exchange, had arrived at Hilton Head with 3,200 Con-
federate prisoners. He met Captain Black, the Confederate
agent, on the 11th, in the Savannah River, and arranged
for exchanges at that point which took place soon after-
ward. With November came colder and more stormy
days, rendering it bleak and cheerless on Morris Island,
exposed to the chilling winds and damp atmosphere.
News of the re-election of President Lincoln was re-
ceived with enthusiasm as a guarantee that the war
would be vigorously prosecuted. Brigadier-General Hatch
relieved General Potter on the 17th of the district
command.

Some changes had taken place among the officers since
the return from James Island. Lieut. Frederick H. Webster
reported for duty July 16, and Asst.-Surg. Louis D. Rad-
zinsky, August 16. Captain Jones departed North sick,
July 29, and never returned. Lieutenant-Colonel Hooper,
Adjutant Howard, Quartermaster Ritchie, and Captains
Emilio and Tucker received leave of absence for short
periods. Lieutenant Swails 'was furloughed to prosecute
his claims for muster in the North. Captain Bridge was

234 FirTT-FOUETH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

in command of the regiment during Lieutenant-Colonel
Hooper's absence ; and Lieut. David Eeid acted as quarter-
master while Lieutenant Ritchie was away.

Thanksgiving Day, November 24, Colonel Hallowell as-
sembled the regiment and conducted proper seiwices. Af-
terward there were foot and sack races on the beach,
" Spanish horse," and various sports. In the evening the
Shaw Glee Club gave a musical performance in the store-
house of the post quartermaster.

Orders were received on the 24th for the Fifty-fourth to
be prepared for moving at short notice. When the depart-
ure took place, Colonel Hallowell remained in command of
Morris Island with Captain Walton and Lieutenant Duren
on his staff. Captain Bridge with Company P at Battery
Purviance, Lieutenant Newell with Company B at Fort
Green, and Lieutenant Edmands with part of Company F
at Black Island remained at their posts. Companies C
and I at Black Island were relieved by two companies of
the Fifty-second Pennsylvania, under Capt. John B. Fisk,
and reported at camp to proceed with the regiment.
Lieutenant Littlefield was ordered to remain in charge
of the camp and sick on Morris Island. Owing to the
scarcity of transportation, the Fifty-fourth departed in
detachments. Acting Major Pope, with Companies A, D,
I, and K, crossed to Folly Island on the evening of the
26th, made a night march, and arrived at Stono about
midnight. At dark the next day this force embarked
with the Fifty-sixth New York and General Hatch and
staff on the " Cosmopolitan," reaching Hilton Head on
the 28th. Lieutenant-Colonel Hooper, with Companies C,
E, G, and H, left Morris Island on the steamer " Gen-
eral Hooker " on the 27th, arriving at Hilton Head about

SIEGE OF CHARLESTON. 235

3 A. M. the next day. This departure from Morris Island
was the final one for these eight companies and their
officers. The companies of the regiment tliat remained
held their several stations until Charleston fell into our
hands.

CHAPTER XII.

HONEY HILL.

OUR arrival with otlier troops at Hilton Head was in
consequence of General Foster's orders to co-operate
with General Sherman in his " march to the sea," for the
latter had telegraphed General Halleck from Kingston,
Ga., November 11, —

" I would lilie to have Foster break the Charleston and Sa-
vannah Eailroad about Pocotaligo about the 1st of December."

A force of some five thousand men was gathered at Port
Royal and organized as the " Coast Division," under com-
mand of General Hatch. Gen. E. E. Potter's First Brigade
was composed of the Fifty-sixth, One Hundred and Twenty-
seventh, One Hundred and Forty-fourth and One Hundred
and Fifty-seventh New York, Twenty-fifth Ohio, Thirty-
second, Thirty-fourth, and Thirty-fifth United States Colored
Troops ; Col. A. S. Hartwell's Second Brigade, of the
Fifty-fourth and Fifty-fifth Massachusetts, Twenty-sixth
and One Hundred and Second United States Colored
Troops. Lieut.-Col. William Ames commanded the artil-
lery, consisting of Batteries B and F, Third New York, and
Battery A, Third Rhode Island. Capt. George P. Hurlbut,
Fourth Massachusetts Cavalry, had a detachment of his
regiment. Admiral Dahlgren formed a naval brigade of
sailors and marines with some howitzers for duty ashore
under Commander George H. Preble, and ordered the

HONEY HILL. 237

gunboats " Pawnee," " Mingoe," " Pontiac," " Sonoma,"
" Winona," and " Wissahickon " to take part.

Our regiment started on this expedition in light marching
order, with Lieutenant-Colonel Hooper, commanding. Acting
Major Pope, Surgeon Briggs, Assistant-Surgeon Radzinsky,
Adjutant Howard, Quartermaster Ritchie; Company C,
Captain Homans and Lieutenants Bridgham and Spear ;
Company E, Lieutenant Chipman, commanding, and Lieu-
tenant Cousens ; Company G, Lieut. David Reid, command-
ing, and Lieutenant Webster ; Company H, Captain Tucker
and Lieutenant Stevens ; Company A, Lieutenant Knowles ;
Company D, Lieutenant Emerson, commanding, and Lieu-
tenant Hallett ; Company I, Lieut. Lewis Reed ; Com-
pany K, Lieutenant Leonard, commanding, and Lieut.
Charles Jewett, — a force of twenty-one officers and 540
men. Captains T. L. Appleton and R. H. L. Jewett were
on staff duty with General Hatch.

A large fleet was ready at Port Royal, the decks of the
transports crowded with troops ; and the pier at Hilton
Head was full of stores and men awaiting transportation.
During the 28th Captain Pope's companies were trans-
ferred to the steamer " Golden Gate," on which was Colonel
HartweU. After Companies C and E under Captain
Homans were taken upon the steamer " Eraser," General
Hatch made the " General Hooker " his flagship.

Orders were issued that the fleet start before daylight
on the 29th at a signal light ; but just as anchors were
hauled up, a hea-v^ fog came drifting in, preventing much
progress. Owing to a mistAke, the naval vessels did not
move until 4 a.m., by which hour it was clear overhead,
but the fog clung to the water below. However, they crept
up Broad River, and at 8 A. M. entered a creek and were

238 FIFTY-FOUETH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

soon at Boyd's, where a dilapidated wharf served as a land-
ing ; not an army transport was to be seen, for they had
either run into the wrong estuary, grounded, or come to
anchor in consequence of the thick weather.

As the naval vessels approached, loud "holloas" came
from a picket of the Third South Carolina Cavalry through
the misty atmosphere ; and their fires were seen burning in
front of some huts. Soon uncultivated fields, stock graz-
ing, and fine woodland about a plantation house were dis-
covered as the fog lifted. Prom the landing a tortuous
wagon-road led to Grahamville, — a village some eight or
ten miles distant, near the Charleston and Savannah
Eailroad. Only a squadron of the Third South CaroUna
Cavalry and one field-piece were in the vicinity at this
time. General Foster had selected this line of advance
instead of the fortified roads leading to Coosawhatchie
and Pocotaligo.

General Hatch's fiagboat, the "Fraser," flying a blue
pennant with a single star, on which were Companies G
and H, was the first army vessel to arrive. The Fifty-fourth
men, headed by Lieutenant-Colonel Hooper, sprang ashore
eagerly, and were the first troops to land. A skirmish
line was formed, and advanced without opposition, though
several of the enemy's cavalrymen were seen along the
edge of the stream. Moving about half a mile, the com-
panies were then halted and disposed to watch the enemy
and resist attaclc. The Naval Brigade landed and advanced
to the first cross-road, pushing a small force farther to
the right, which met a few of the enemy. It then moved
to a second cross-road and halted. The Thirty-second
United States Colored Troops, one of the first regiments
to arrive, was sent to support the blue jackets.

HONEY HILL. 239

Our companies on the "Golden Gate" started at the
signal ; but about daylight the pilot admitted that he Ts^as
lost. When the fog lifted and land was seen near by, a
boat was sent ashore to obtain information. At last the
proper course was ascertained, and the craft made Boyd's
Landing, the fourth transport to arrive. Captain Pope
landed his men on the rude wharf one at a time, and then
joined Lieutenant-Colonel Hooper up the road. Captain
Homans's companies on the " Eraser " moved on time, but
the steamer grounded. After a while she floated, and this
detachment also disembarked at the landing and joined the
regiment.

In the afternoon the creek was crowded with craft.
General Foster was there at 2 p.m., and General Potter
at 3.30. The latter infused new life into affairs. Small
boats wei'e employed to put men ashore. General Potter
moved out with the larger part of his brigade about 4 p. m.
At the cross-road the general and Commander Preble
had a consultation. Concluding that the map furnished
was incorrect, and that the Naval Brigade was on the wrong
road. General Potter moved the whole force back to the
Coosawhatchie cross-road. There the Naval Brigade re-
mained; and Potter's troops, continuing on to Bolan's
church two miles distant, marched to the left in the di-
rection of Savannah, when they should have turned to the
right at the church to reach Grahamville. It is said
that the guide employed was either ignorant or faithless.
Potter continued the march on the wrong road until after
midnight, when he retraced his steps, going into bivouac
about 2 A. M., on the 30th, at Bolan's church. About this
rude structure painted wliite, the troops rested without
fires, the pickets disturbed by occasional shots on the
Grahamville road during the night.

240 FIFTY-F,OURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTEY.

Our failure to seize the railroad on the 29th or very
early the next morning was fatal to success, for the enemy
took prompt and effective measures to oppose us. Their
small cavalry force in the vicinity was collected ; word was
sent in every direction of our landing, and that reinforce-
ments must arrive the next morning or the positions would
be given up. General Hardee could spare no troops from
Savannah, but ordered two regiments from Charleston to
Grahamville. But fortune favored the enemy by the op-
portune arrival at Savannah at 2 A. M., November 30, of
Gen. Gustavus W. Smith with a force of Georgia militia
brought from Macon by a roundabout way. Governor
Brown had refused to allow his State troops to serve else-
where than in Georgia ; but General Smith permitted himself
to execute the instructions of General Hardee, and the cars
holding the Georgians were shunted from the rails of the
Gulf to those of the Charleston and Savannah Railroad ;
the leading brigade arriving at Grahamville about 8 a. m.,
on the 30th. With Smith's and the local force it was
hoped to protect the railroad until the arrival of other
troops later in the day.

Col. C. J. Colcock, the district commander, who was
temporarily absent, arrived at Grahamville at 7 a. M. It
was arranged that General Smith should advance about
two miles to Honey Hill, which was already fortified for
defence, and that Colonel Colcock should take some cavalry
and one field-piece, and move in advance of that point to
support his pickets and contest our advance.

Colonel Hartwell at the landing made his headquarters
at Boyd's house, and saw to the disposition of the troops
as they arrived. The regiments were bivouacked in the
fields ; and the troops, not knowing how moments necessary
for success were being lost, were in fine spirits.

HONET HILL. 241

Before daybreak on November 30, the regiments of Pot-
ter's brigade at the landing moved to join him, followed by
Colonel Hartwell, -with the Fifty-fifth Massachusetts and
the remaining artillery. The Twenty-sixth and One Hun-
dred and Second United States Colored Troops had not
arrived at that hour. At about 7 a. m. our cavalry be-
yond Bolan's church reported the enemy advancing down
the Grahamville road. General Hatch moved his column
at 7.30 A. M., preceded by tlie One Hundred and Twenty-
seventh New York, skirmishing. For half a mile the road
■was bounded by dense woods, then a cotton-field, beyond
■which ■were thick -woods reaching to a creek crossed by a
causeway. Across this field our skirmishers at 8.15 a. m.
met the enemy's light troops, who retired slowly.

Our advance had crossed the field, when, at 8.30 a.m.,
the fii'st cannon-shot -was heard, coming from the enemy.
General Hatch formed line of battle, and Lieut. B. A.
Wildt's section. Battery B, Third New York, shelled the
Confederates. Then our skirmishers entered the -woods,
and Col. George W. Baird's Thirty-second United States
Colored Troops, moving along the causeway by the flank at
the double-quick, through a severe fire which wounded
Lieut.-Col. Edward C. Geary and killed or wounded a num-
ber of men, cleared the head of the causeway. Before this
retirement the enemy set fire to the dead grass and stubble
of an old field beyond the swamp which delayed our pro-
gress as intended, and they continued to annoy our ad-
vance ■with occasional shots. Over part of the way still
farther onward the troops were confined to the narrow
road in column by woods and swamps, while the skir-
mishers and flankers struggled through vines and under-
bi'ush. At a point where the road turned to the left, Col-

16

242 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

cock made his last stand before seeking his works at
Honey Hill ; and in the artillery firing that ensued the
brave Lieutenant Wildt received a mortal wound.

General Smith was in position, protected by the earth-
works at Honey Hill. In his front was a swamp thick with
underbrush and grass, through which flowed a sluggish
stream. This stream was about one hundred and fifty
yards in front of the earthwork, and was crossed by a
bridge, the planks of which were torn up. Bushes and
trees covered the slight elevation occupied by the enemy.
Their left reached into pine lands ; the right along a fence
skirting the swamp. The enemy's position and the bridge
were concealed from our troops, coming up the road to
the turn, by a point of woods. Just before the turn was
reached, as one came from Bolan's church, a wood-road
ran from the main road to the right, with an old dam
between it and the creek.

General Smith's force engaged in the battle is given as
about fourteen hundred effectives, and consisted of the
First Brigade of Georgia Militia, the State Line Brigade of
Georgia, Thirty-second and Fortj'-soventli Georgia Volun-
teers, Athens Battalion, Augusta Battalion, detachments
from four companies Third South Carolina Cavalry, and
two guns each of the Beaufort Artillery and De Pass's Bat-
tery, and three guns of the Lafayette Artillery. It is be-
lieved, however, that this force exceeded the total as given.
General Smith posted his main body at the earthwork sup-
porting the guns in position, a heavy line of skirmishers on
either flank and a small reserve, giving Colonel Oolcock
the executive command.

Our skirmishers, on turning the bend of the road, were
at once met by a heavy fire which drove them to cover.

HONEY HILL. 243

General Hatch, perceiving that the enemy held a strong
position, directed General Potter to put his troops into line,
and the One Hundred and Twenty-seventli New York
formed on the left of the road, then the Fifty-sixth New
York and the One Hundred and Fifty-seventh New York
on the extreme left. To the right of the road he sent the
One Hundred and Forty-fourth New York and Twenty-fiftli
Ohio. Lieut. George H. Crocker, with the section of Bat-
tery B, Third New York, was ordered into battery at the
turn. Although it is difficult to establish the relative time
of events, it is believed that these dispositions having been
made, the Thirty-fifth United States Colored Troops, Col.
James C. Beecher, charged up the road. It went forward
with a cheer, but receiving a terrible fire, after severe loss,
was forced to retire and form in support of the artillery.

Colonel Hartwell, commanding the Second Brigade, with
eight companies of the Fifty-fifth Massachusetts under
Lieut.-Col. Charles B. Fox, hearing volley firing breaking
the pervading stillness, moved rapidly to the front. There
the leaders filing along the wood-road, three companies
became separated from the regiment when Colonel Hart-
well ordered a charge in double column. Twice forced to
fall back by the enemy's fire, their brave colonel giving the
command, " Follow your colors ! " and himself leading
on horseback, the Fifty-fifth turned the bend, rushed u})
the road, and in the face of a deadly fire advanced to the
creek. But it was fruitless, for the pitiless shot and shell
so decimated the ranks that the survivors retired after
losing over one hundred men in five minutes, including
Color Sergeant King, killed, and Sergeant-Major Trotter,
Sergeant Shorter, and Sergeant Mitchell, wounded. Colonel
Hartwell, wounded and pinned to the ground by his dead

244 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

horse, was rescued and dragged to the wood by the gallant
Lieut. Thomas F. Ellsworth of his regiment. Captains
Crane and Boynton were both killed after displaying fear-
less gallantry. The One Hundred and Twenty-seventh
New York supported this charge by an advance, but after
the repulse retired also. On the right the Twenty-fifth
Ohio and Thirty-second United States Colored Troops,
swinging to the left, moved from the wood-road, forcing
the enemy's left back to their works, but being met by a
murderous fire, were brought to a stand, sustaining their
position with great tenacity under severe losses for a con-
siderable time. To this line the Battalion of Marines from
the Naval Brigade was brought up later, forming on the
right of the Thirty-second ; and the three companies of the
Fifty-fifth Massachusetts under Maj. William Nutt, which
had separated from their regiment, formed to the left of
the Twenty-fifth, while the One Hundred and Forty-fourth
New Yorlc remained in support.

General Smith, on the part of the Confederates, was
obliged to put his reserve into action when the full force of
our attack was made. A Confederate officer wrote, when
the action was at its height : —

" The noise of the battle at this time was terrific, — the artil-
lery crashing away in the centre, while volley after volley of
musketry ran down both lines and were reverberated from the
surrounding forests."

It was 5 A. M. when reveille sounded for the Fifty-fourth,
and two hours after, the regiment moved from bivouac.
It was the rear-guard, and was directed to secure the
communications for the division. The regiment marched
rapidly over good roads with a bright sun overhead, mak-

HONEY HILL. 245

ing the morning hours delightful. Not a hostile sound
reached their ears as the men moved at route step, with
only the tinkle, tinkle, of pans and cups striking the
bayonets, for music. After marching about two and a
half miles, we came to the Coosawhatchie cross-road
unprotected even by a picket. Lieutenant-Colonel Hooper,
deeming it imperative that this important point should be
covered, detached Captain Pope with Companies C, D, G,
and K to remain there until relieved. He then moved
on with the other companies to Bolan's church, wbere
Companies A and I under Lieut. Lewis Reed were left
to picket the road beyond.

Pushing forward again over a road clear of troops, Lieu-
tenant-Colonel Hooper proceeded with only Companies E
and H. Nearing the front, from which came sounds of
battle, some stragglers and soldiers were encountered sit-
ting on or about the fences at the sides of the road. As
we approached, they took off their hats, and after hurrahing,
shouted, " Here 's the Fifty-fourth ! " Farther on the
sailors were found halted. They were in good spirits, call-
ing out, " Go in, boys ! No loading in nine times there ! "
Still farther onward at about noon Lieutenant-Colonel
Hooper was met by Col. William T. Bennett, the chief of
General Hatch's staff, to whom application was made for
orders. Bennett seemed excited, according to the lieu-
tenant-colonel's account, and said but little else than
" Charge ! charge ! " pointing to the front. Lieutenant-
Colonel Hooper naturally asked, " Where ? " but received
no other reply than " Charge ! " Desirous to render ser-
vice, but realizing the folly of attempting to carry out such
orders with but two companies when there was no con-
certed movement, and the artillery just at that time not

246 FIFTY-PODRTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRT.

being served, Lieutenant-Colonel Hooper moved his men to
the left of the road and attempted to enter the wood by
company front. Vines and underbrush, however, offered so
great obstructions that at last, pushing on ahead, the men
followed him as best they could. He formed line not far
from the road on wooded ground sloping to the creek,
through the middle of which ran a fence. There the men
were ordered to lie down, to avoid the enemy's fire, which
at times was sharp, and to which they were directed not to
reply, but husband their ammunition. Firing came in their
direction too from the rear, and as it was found to proceed
from the One Hundred and Twenty-seventh New York,
stationed behind and somewhat to the left, Lieutenant-
Colonel Hooper sent word of our position, and it was dis-
continued. Hugging the ground, although the firing in
front swelled out at times into volleys, we suffered com-
paratively little. The whole left was paralyzed, in the
position occupied, throughout the action. Such was the
nature of the ground that it could have easily been held
with a smaller force, and a part of the troops been spared
for more enterprising work on the flanks.

Meanwhile at the Coosawhatchie cross-road the wisdom
of having that point guarded was demonstrated. Captain
Pope's account is, —

"I immediately threw out one company (K) under Leonard
on the Coosawhatchie road as skirmishers, and with the others
threw up a barricade across the road. Soon Leonard reported
a body of cavaU-y coming down the road, and at the same time
a naval ensign with two boat howitzers manned by sailors re-
ported to me, sent back by Hatch from the main force. I was
very glad to see them, and at once sent word to Leonard to fall
back as fast as the Rebel cavalry advanced. This he did ; and

HONEY HILL. 247

when -(vitliin easy range I ordered the ensign to fire. He gave
them shrapnel with good aim, and they were apparently sur-
prised, as they had seen nothing of artillery."

After this repulse and some time had elapsed. Captain
Pope was relieved by the Thirty-second United States Col-
ored Troops, and moved on. Halting at the church for
dinner, just as lires were lighted, heavy volleys were heard,
and he again moved forward at the double-quick. Nearing
General Hatch and staff, the enthusiastic Capt. T. L. Ap-
pleton of " ours " flung up his cap, shouting, " Hurrah !
here comes the old Fifty-fourth ! " The road was found
blocked with ambulances, caissons, and wagons causing
the men to be strung out. It was about 1.30 p. m. Cap-
tain Pope continues, saying, —

" I saw General Hatch speak to Colonel Bennett, chief of
staff, who at once rode to me and said, 'Follow me.' I replied,
'I would like a moment to close my men up, Colonel,' when he
said in a most excited manner, ' General Hatch's orders are for
you to follow me.' . . . Well, after Bennett's remark I had
only to follow, which I did. Arriving near the section of artil-
lery posted at the intersection of the roads, he halted, and said,
' Go to the rear of that battery, file to the left, and charge.'
I obeyed orders, all but charging. Arriving on the right of the
battery, I looked round for the first time and found only Lieut.
David Eeid and eight men. How the shot tore down that hill
and up the road ! I could see where the Fifty-fifth had charged,
and their dead lying there. I went back, and only two men
followed me."

Lieutenant Reid and Corp. R. M. Foster of Company C
were there killed. Captain Pope joined Colonel Beecher,
Thirty-fifth United States Colored Troops, in the front battle-
line, and after nearly an hour, hearing a familiar cheer on

248 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

the right of the Thirty-fifth, found his companies there.
Captain Homans's account is that the four conapanies were
following Captain Pope, when, owing to the blockaded road
and the passage of a light battery at full gallop, few were
able to cross the road and they lost their leader. In conse-
quence, the column halted, uncertain where to go. Homans
took command and led to the right along the wood-road
and formed on the right of the Thirty-fifth United States
Colored Troops. Adjutant Howard, the colors, and guard,
owing to a mistaken order, did not follow Lieutenant-
Colonel Hooper's companies, but joined the four com-
panies when they came up. In the position taken,
Homans ordered the men to lie down. Color Sergeant
Lenox, writing of that time, says, —

" We were hurried up and went into the woods on the right
side of the road, and took our position near where there were, I
think, three pieces of artillery. The gunners liad a hard time
of it. I believe two of the cannon were disabled. I saw two
of the horses struck by shells, and an officer pitching out car-
tridges with liis sword, and in a few minutes tlie caisson blew
up. The woods were so thick in front that the movements of
most of the force could not be seen. . . . Wagner always
seemed to me the most terrible of our battles, but the muslietry
at Honey Hill was something fearful. The so-called ' Rebel
yell ' was more prominent than I ever heard it."

It is probable that the battery at full gallop which Cap-
tain Homans refers to was Battery F, Third New York
Artillery, relieving Battery B, which Lieutenant Crocker
had fought long and gallantly, although wounded.

Our last regiment to reach the field was Col. H. S. Chip-
man's One Hundred and Second United States Colored
Troops. That officer took command of the Second Brigade.

•i.. <t j''„a«»'* ■" ■■;,/i, « ; '■■r"-'* ^-■>*^ c-^i.-.

HONEY HILL. 249

After a severe contest our right fell back to the line of the
old dam. Reconnoissances made from this force to the
right front fomid no enemy. As the afternoon wore on, the
sounds of battle sometimes stilled down to scattering shots,
to rise again into crashes of musketry and cannon dis-
charges. After a while the musket ammunition ran low ;
and as the supply received was small, it was sparingly used
to repel attack. It was reported to General Hatch by de-
serters that the enemy was receiving reinforcements by
railroad; and indeed Gen. B. H. Robertson arrived with
the Thirty-second Georgia, a battery, and a company of
artillery.

Our Fifty-fourth companies on the wood-road held an
angle of the line much exposed to the enemy's fire. They
at times blazed away into the woods they fronted. Lieu-
tenant Emerson was severely wounded in the face ; and
Lieutenant Hallett in the left thigh. Captain Homans
received a severe contusion on the inside of the left leg,
a pocket-book with greenbacks therein saving him from
a mortal wound. Besides the officers, one enlisted man
was killed, twenty-one wounded, and three missing. Ser-
geant-Major Wilson states that sometime in the afternoon,
with Sergt. H. J. Carter, Corp. John Barker, and Privates
J. Anderson, Thomas Clark, and Peter J. Anderson, all
of Company G, he went out from Captain Homans's posi-
tion, and brought back Lieutenant Reid's and Corporal
Foster's bodies. The former was killed by a grape-shot.

Meanwhile Lieutenant-Colonel Hooper with Companies
E and H maintained their line unchanged on the left of
the main road. During the afternoon Lieutenant-Colonel
Hooper made a personal reconnoissance of the ground in
front, and returning, sent two notes to General Hatch, say-

250 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

ing that with two regiments the enemy's right could be
flanked. His suggestion was not acted upon. Lieutenant
Chipman was wounded in the left arm, and thirteen enlisted
men wounded. At one time that day Colonel Beecher,
Thirty-fifth United States Colored Troops, who was
wounded, came along in rear of our line acting in a dazed
sort of way. Fearing he would be killed, Lieutenant-
Colonel Hooper sent two men to assist him to the rear.

At about 3.40 p. m., Battery F's section was relieved by
two of the heaviest naval howitzers under Lieutenant-Com-
mander Matthews. In hauling back the army guns by
hand, the One Hundred and Second United States Colored
Troops lost a number of officers and men. When the
naval guns began firing, the sailors worked their pieces
in a lively manner on their hands and knees. The enemy's
fire slackened at 3.30 p. m. They made no serious attempt
to advance at any time ; neither did we make further
aggressive movement. Preparations were made for re-
tirement at dark by General Potter, who bore himself
with conspicuous gallantry at the front throughout. He
caused a reserve of two regiments supported by artil-
lery to be first posted half a mile in rear; and when
darkness covered the field, the retreat began and was
executed by means of successive lines. One section of
the naval howitzers fired until the ground was abandoned
about 7.30 p. m. The retirement was effected without
alarm or loss.

When the order came for the Fifty-fourth to move. Cap-
tain Pope filed off, meeting Lieutenant-Colonel Hooper's
companies, which were coming into the road from the left.
Our few ambulances, crowded with sufferers, had departed;
and as many wounded remained, the Fifty-fourth and Fifty-

HONET HILL. 251

fifth Tvere broken into squads to remove them. Stretchers
were improvised from muskets, shelter tents, and blankets,
by which means and bodily help the Fifty-fourth alone
carried one hmidred and fifty wounded from the field.
When we came to Bolan's church, the whole vicinity was
weii'dly lighted by great fires of fence-rails and brush-
wood. A confused turmoil of sounds pervaded the night
air, from the rumbling of artillery, the creaking wagons of
the train, and the shouts of drivers urging on their ani-
mals. The church, cleared of seats, afforded resting-places
for the wounded, whom Surgeon Bi'iggs of the Fifty-fourth
and his assistants were attending there or outside. Stores
of every description were strewn about to make room in
the vehicles for their further conveyance to the landing.
General Potter arrived at Bolan's church about midnight.
Having disposed troops to cover it, he addressed himself to
the task of further retirement, and did not cease therefrom
until 3 A. M., December 1.

After moving back to the church, the Fifty-fourth took a
lai'ge number of wounded onward, many men makmg more
than one trip. Our regiment bivouacked on the ground
occupied the night before. General Hatch's front line was
kept at the Coosawhatchie cross-road, where the guns
were placed in position, supported by the Naval Brigade
and the Thirty-fourth and Thirty-fifth United States Col-
ored Troops.

Regarding this battle, General Potter reports of the
troops : " Nothing but the formidable character of the ob-
stacles they encountered prevented them from achieving
success." Capt. Charles C. Soule, Fifty-fifth Massachusetts,
a participator, in his admirable account of the battle in the
Philadelphia " Weekly Times," says : " The generalship

252 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

displayed was not equal to the soldierly qualities of the
troops engaged. There appears to have been a lack of
foresight in the preparations." He gives our loss, from
official sources, as eighty-eight killed, six hundred and
twenty-three wounded (of which one hundred and forty
were slight cases), and forty-three missing: a total of
seven hundred and fifty-four. Of the Fifty-fourth (with
six companies engaged, numbering sixteen officers and
three hundred men), the loss was one officer killed and
three wounded ; and of enlisted men, one killed, thirty-five
wounded, and four missing : a total of forty-four. Lieu-
tenant Eeid, who was killed, fully expected his fate. He
gave last injunctions regarding his family before leaving
Morris Island to a Ijrother officer. At Hilton Head he
purchased an emblem of the Freemasons, with which
order he was affiliated. Lieutenant Chipman wrote ; —

" I can remember poor Reid that morning before we broke
camp at the landing. He was blue enough, and said to me that
it was his last day on earth ; that he should be killed in the
fight. Lieutenant Reid was a faithful, experienced, and brave
otHcer, and met his death in the forefront of battle, his body
lying in advance of the artillery pieces until brought back."

The Confederat(3s fought steadily and gallantly. But
their position more than counterbalanced our preponder-
ance of numbers. It is doubtful, however, if we had
more than thirty-five hundred men engaged. Lieut.-Col.
C. C. Jones, Jr., in his " Siege of Savannah," gives their
loss as four killed and forty wounded. But the Savannah
" Republican " of Dec. 1, 1864, stated, " Our loss was be-
tween eighty and one hundred killed and wounded." Our
defeat lost us results which are thus summarized by Lieu-
tenant-Colonel Jones : " The victory at Honey Hill re-

HONEY HILL. 253

leased the city of Savannah from an impending danger,
which, had it not thus been averted, would have necessi-
tated its immediate evacuation."

As Sherman's army on November 29 was about Louis-
ville, Ga., threatening Augusta, it would seem now that if
our movements had been delayed a week, when Sherman
was near Savannah, Hardee's whole army might have been
captured, as the enemy then would not have dared to de-
tach against Foster, and our force could have cut the rail-
road, thus preventing escape of the Confederates by the
only available route.

It would seem with the light of the present that our
position was as strong for us to hold as was the enemy's.
This granted, the natural criticism is, Would not the battle
have been better fought to have held the position with a
portion of our troops and pushed out the main body well
on one flank or the other, drawing the enemy from his
work to fight us and preserve his communications ?

CHAPTER XIII.

OPERATIONS ABOUT POCOTALIGO.

ABOUT Boyd's Landing on the morning of December 1,
the wounded were being gathered for conveyance to
Hilton Head. In the forenoon the division moved out to
the cross-road, where with the other troops, the Fifty-
fourth maintained a line of battle for some time. It was
formed in the Avoods, a small stream and swamp covering
a portion of the front. The Twenty-sixth United States
Colored Troops having arrived, its colonel, William Silli-
man, assumed command of our Second Brigade. During
the day Companies A and I with Captain Homans as
brigade officer of the day went out on the skirmish line.
A few of the enemy were seen, but they made no demon-
stration, though reinforced since the battle by Brig.-Gen.
James Chestnut, with three hundred and fifty South Caro-
lina Reserves and Baker's brigade of two thousand men.
Their Georgia State troops returned to Savannah that day.
A quiet night followed : but at 7 a. m. on the 2d the
enemy opened with field-pieces, forcing the skirmishers
back and then shelling the centre of our line, to which our
guns replied. An intrenchment was ordered constructed
covering the cross-road, and the Fifty-fourth completed
its allotted work rapidly. Trees were cut and laid to
form a foundation for the parapet. As the ground was
wet in places, large areas of the surface had to be taken
to procure sufficient earth. Rations were not procurable ;

OPERATIONS ABOUT POCOTALIGO. 255

but oui" quartermaster borrowed hard bread from the naval
force, and secured three head of cattle. Good weather pre-
vailed on the 3d, when the Fifty-fourth moved to the right
for work on a prolongation of the fortifications. In the af-
ternoon the Thirty-second and One Hundred and Second
United States Colored Troops and part of the Fifty-fifth
Massachusetts and two guns went toward Bolan's church,
and after light skirmishing returned with but one casualty.
That night there was much wild picket firing by men of
new colored regiments ; and Capt. Alonzo B. Whitney,
Twenty-sixth United States Colored Troops, was mortally
wounded by our own people.

Except occasional shots from the outposts and gun dis-
charges from the naval howitzers on the left to try the
range, the forenoon of the 4th j)assed quietly. Later, a
reconnoissance was made by the Thirty-fourth and Thirty-
fifth United States Colored Troops, the One Hundred and
Forty-fourth New York, and some artillery four miles to-
ward Coosawhatchie, driving the enemy's skirmishers to a
battery, with which cannon-shots were exchanged. That
day the Twenty -fifth Ohio went by water to Blair's Landing,
advanced on the Beaufort road, and flanking a work of the
enemy, compelled its abandonment and captured two guns,
one of which was brought away, and the other spiked. Our
naval vessels were daily reconnoitring up the rivers and
shelling hostile works when discovered.

From the cross-road on the 5th two reconnoitring par-
ties went out, — the Fifty-fifth Massachusetts and two naval
howitzers to the left as a diversion, while General Potter,
with part of his brigade, moved upon the battery found
the previous day, which was again cannonaded. Important
Information was received from a " galvanized Yankee,"

256 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

who deserted from the Forty-seventh Georgia to Potter's
force. His regiment had a considerable number of men
Ulie himself, — Union soldiers who enlisted to escape starva-
tion when prisoners-of-war, — numbers of whom deserted to
us subsequently. That evening the outposts were drawn
closer in, and dispositions made to hold the line with the
Second Brigade only, as the remainder of our force, with a
part of the artillery, moved at midnight to the landing.
Just as daylight broke on the 6th the Fifty-fourth marched
to the extreme right of the intrenchments near Merceraux's
Battery B, Third New York Artillery. That day the cav-
alry made a short reconnoissance ; and at sunset our guns
shelled the woods vigorously.

Potter's and the Naval Brigade landed on the 6th at
Devaux's Neck, and with the howitzers pushed toward the
railroad, which, crossing to the Neck by means of a bridge
over the CoosaAvhatchie, ran over the peninsula and left it
by another bridge spanning the Tullifinny River. Potter,
leading his skirmishers, forced back the enemy's light
troops, making a few captures. Brig.-Gen. L. H. Gartrell,
the Confederate district commander, sent the Fifth Georgia,
supported by a body of Georgia Reserves and a battery, to
oppose us. They took position in the woods along the
State road, between us and the railroad, and delivered a
sharp musketry fire as we advanced. After some prelim-
inary movements, a charge of the Fifty-sixth and One
Hundred and Twenty-seventh New York was made, which
nearly enveloped the Fifth Georgia, and secured some
prisoners and its flag. The enemy, on retiring, left twenty
killed and wounded, and partially destroyed the Coosaw-
hatchie Bridge. Our loss was aljout twelve killed, and
perhaps one hundred wounded. Potter, first destroying

k»%~'4

"[(jsepii T. Wilson. Pvt., Co. C. II.xrkishx Lei;, P\t., Co. 1).

RroiiARD Gomes, Pvt., Co. H.
Cn.\RLF,s A. .Smith, P\t.. Co. C. Arthur P.. Lf.e, Coni'v .Seryt.

OPERATIONS ABOUT POCOTALIGO. 257

Mason's Bridge on the State i"oad, over the Tullifiuny, and
throwing out a skirmish line, intrenclied, awaiting rein-
forcements.

December 7, orders came for the abandonment of the
cross-road at Boyd's Neck. General Hatch directed the
Fifty-fifth Massachusetts, the cavalry, and some artillery to
remain and hold the landing covered by the gunboat " Pon-
tiac." About midnight the pickets were drawn in by
Captain Emilio, brigade officer of the day, and joined the
Fifty-fourth, which had marched to the landing. From
its arrival until nearly daylight, the regiment was embark-
ing amid a heavy rain-storm on the steamer " Mayflower,"
on which were General Hatch and Colonel Silliman. Our
transport started out of the creek when day dawned, ran
up Broad Kiver, and into the TuUifinny, where she
grounded. Small craft were brought, and the command
was ferried to the lower landing, while rain still poured
down. Lieutenant-Colonel Hooper without delay, soon
after 2 p. M., marched to the front, where the regiment
formed division column and bivouacked.

General Jones, upon receiving news of our invasion of
Devaux's Neck, gathered a force to attack us. Col. A. C.
Edwards, Forty-seventh Georgia, with his regiment, a bat-
talion of the Thirty-second Georgia, Major White's battalion
of South Carolina Cadets, and the German Artillery (four
gams), was to move from the TuUifinny trestle-bridge, and
give battle. General Gartrell, with the Coosawhatchie force,
was ordered against our left. At 7 a. M. on the 7th, covered
in their advance to within sixty yards of our front, by a
heavy growth of timber and foggy weather, the enemy
moved to surprise us. He first struck the Thirty-second
United States Colored Troops, causing severe losses ; but

17

258 riFTY-FOUBTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

the regiment repulsed the foe. The attempt was renewed,
but we were then better prepared, and our infantry and
artillery beat them back with loss. Our left was then
assailed by Gartrell's force, when the same result fol-
lowed. After an action lasting about three hours the
enemy called back his troops, with a loss which we esti-
mated at one hundred; ours was about eighty. That
day a detachment from the Coast Division landed at
Mackay's Point across the TuUifmny, marched up, and
took post opposite Gregory's plantation, where it in-
trenched. Gregory's was made the landing-place on De-
vaux's Neck for all our supplies and stores.

So near were the troops to the railroad that the rumbling
of trains and whistling of locomotives could be heard.
The position was in an open space surrounded by woods,
the main body well intrenched, with pickets in the forest
confronted by those of the enemy. Our attempts to reach
the railroad on the Neck having failed, the purpose now
was to destroy or command it with artillery. It was also
important to keep as many of the foe in our front and
from Sherman's as possible, for the coming of the Western
army was daily looked for. No change occurred in the
position of the Fifty-fourth from that first taken up until
6 p. M. on the 8th, when, carrying boards for intrenching,
it moved to slightly higher ground in rear of the right of
our line, and worked all night by reliefs.

Brig.-Gen. B. H. Robertson on the 8th assumed com-
mand of the enemy in our front, comprising some fifty-
five hundred effectives.

It was determined to cut an opening through the woods
before our right, to better cannonade the railroad. Ac-
cordingly, on the 9th, Colonel Silliman led forward with

OPERATIONS ABOUT FOCOTALIGO. 259

the One Hundred and Twenty-seventh and One Hundred
and Fifty-seventh New York, skirmishing. General Potter
followed with the Fifty-sixth and One Hundred and
Forty-fourth New York and One Hundred and Second
United States Colored Troops, constituting the main line ;
then came the Twenty-fifth Ohio with axes to execute the
work, and a reserve of the Thirty-second, Thirty-fourth,
and Thirty-fifth United States Colored Troops. The Naval
Brigade also took part. In this order, on that cold, raw
morning, the troops having formed at 8.45 o'clock, ten
pieces of artillery opened fire for fifteen minutes to clear
the woods in front. Colonel Silliman advanced the skir-
mishers about half a mile and became engaged just before
10 A. M., the enemy replying briskly. General Potter sup-
jjorting with the main line, the woodsmen from the West
followed, felling the trees. This novel operation of war
caused the familiar sound of battle to be allied on this
occasion with that of falling timber crashing down to
earth. The path of the forest reapers, twenty yards
wide, could be plainly seen from the rear as the axemen
advanced.

Our skirmishers moved to within six hundred yards of
the railroad. General Potter was at the extreme front.
Capt. W. C. Manning of his staff, ascending a tall tree to
make a sketch of the ground, could see the railroad, and a
Rebel battery firing, to the left. It was 3 p. m. when the
lane, five hundred yards long, was cut through the belt of
wood to an opening beyond. Suddenly, as we were about to
withdraw, the enemy became bolder, and a regiment out of
cartridges fell back, exposing the woodsmen of the Twenty-
fifth Ohio. Lieutenant-Colonel Haughton of that regiment
ordered muskets unslung, and as the foe came on with their

260 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRr.

raobbish scream, gave them a costly repulse. All attacks
along our whole line were successfully met ; but when
driven back, the enemy still maintained a brisk response. '
From the reserve, late in the afternoon, the Thirty-second
United States Colored Troops relieved the One Hundred
and Forty-fourth New York and Twenty-fifth Ohio, when
their ammunition was expended. Our artillery, supple-
mented by Hamner's Third Rhode Island Battery, toward
the close, was ably handled. At dark the enemy fell
back, when our troops retired to their fortified camp.
The enemy's loss was about one hundred in all, including
General Gartrell wounded. Ours was about two hundred.
Colonel Silliman, after displaying marked gallantry, was
mortally wounded. His aid, Lieut. Edwin R. Hill, Fifty-
fifth Massachusetts, an able soldier of experience and
valor, was also mortally wounded.

In this action the Fifty-fourth was in reserve, and
throughout the day continued working upon the rifle
trench, and a battery for guns to command the opening
cut in the forest. All was in readiness for a call to
the front, but the demand was not made. At 5 P. M.
that day Colonel Hallowell arrived with five hundred men
of the Fifty-fourth New York and Thirty-third United
States Colored Troops. He took command of our Second
Brigade, retaining Lieut. Geo. F. McKay, Fifty-fifth Mas-
sachusetts, as acting assistant adjutant-general. At night
Lieutenant Knowles was wounded on picket, and went to
the rear.

Though foiled in further advance, we held on, not know-
ing where Sherman might strike the coast. Deserters re-
ported his near approach. We were within good range of
the railroad. Another battery was constructed in the

OPERATIONS ABODT POCOTALIGO. 261

swamp on our left, mainly to command a culvert on the
railroad. From that point four half-moons of the enemy
could be seen near Coosawhatchie. General Hatch made
his headquarters imder canvas, while General Potter occu-
pied Talbird's house.

From our camp of shelter tents pitched in an open field,
details for picket and worii on the intrenchments went out
daily. Damp, rainy weather prevailed, causing consider-
able sickness, but it cleared, with sunny outbursts, on the
11th. The Seventy-fifth and One Hundred and Seventh
Ohio joined the division on the 10th. Our brigade the
next day was increased by the transfer to it of the Thirty-
fourth United States Colored Troops. We were shelling
the railroad through the cut whenever trains were heard,
and also at intervals after nightfall. Firing in the direc-
tion of Savannah occurred on the 11th, and, as we hoped,
proved to be Sherman's guns. On the 12th, Captain Dun-
can, Third Illinois Cavah'y, and two men, drifted down
past the enemy's batteries at Savannah in a boat, and
brought a despatch that the Western army was confronting
that city.

Frosty nights were now the rule, and the troops, lightly
sheltered, thinly clothed, and in many cases without
blankets, suffered. Supplies came regularly, and fresh
beef in limited quantity was issued. The Sanitary Com-
mission at Devaux's Neck did much for the sick and well.
It was now a daily occurrence to hear Sherman's guns.
Companies D and 1, on the 14th, were detailed as guard at
brigade headquarters. We had present at Devaux's Neck
about four hundred and ninety enlisted men. News came
on the evening of the 14th that Fort McAllister was taken,
and Sherman and Foster in communication. As the news

262 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

spread through the camps the men turned out, giving re-
peated cheers, while the only band present played the
" Star Spangled Banner." These noisy demonstrations
aroused the Johnnies, who set up the usual, yelling. Cap-
tain Emilio, in command of the pickets, on the 17th made
a reconnoissance with a few men to a point near the enemy's
line on the TuUifinny.

In a letter from General Sherman to General Poster
dated December 18, the former expressed his desire to
have the railroad cut. As an alternative he suggested,
" or it may be that you could diminish that force and use
the balance in a small handy detachment east of TuUi-
finny over about old Pocotaligo."

December 19, at 11 p. m., the Fifty-fourth and Thirty-
third United States Colored Troops moved to Gregory's
Landing, whence the Thirty-third fii'st crossed on the " Gen-
eral Hooker." The Fifty-fourth followed at 3 a. m. on the
20th, upon the same steamer. We ran up the river a short
distance, and disembarked at Graham's Neck. Rain was
falling, as was usual, seemingly, when the regiment moved.
Marching about two miles to higher ground included in the
" Mike " Jenlcins plantation, arms were stacked, and we
rested. Near by were the Twenty-sixth and Thirty-third
United States Colored Troops, which, with the Fifty-fourth,
constituted the force under Colonel Hallowell. We per-
haps made up the "small, handy detachment" Sherman
had suggested, as old Pocotaligo was in our front.

When morning came, preparations were made for an ad-
vance. About 4 p. M. the Thirty -third made a reconnois-
sance, and Companies H and I of the Fifty-fourth moved
in support. The Thirty-third met some of the enemy's
light troops after a march of two miles or more, drove

OPERATIONS ABOUT POCOTALIGO. 263

them, and then returned to camp. It is probable that
Colonel Hallowell's force would have been called upon
for an attempt against the enemy's works about old Poco-
taligo had not Savannah fallen on the night of the 20th.
Hardee evacuated the city after abandoning or burning
immense stores and many guns, retiring to Hardeeville,
S. C, across the river.

Graham's Neck, occupied by our brigade, is the point of
land between the TuUifinny and Pocotaligo rivers. Along
its length farther inland than our position was a road from
Mackay's Point on the Broad to the State road, which
crossed Graham's as well as Devaux's Neck. In our vi-
cinity were the abandoned plantations known to us as the
Dr. Hutson, Mason, Steuart, and Howard places. To our
right front was an open country as far as Pramton Creek ;
but in our immediate front bordering the Tullifinny were
creeks, swamps, and heavy woods.

During the night of the 21st, the pickets of the Twenty-
sixth United States Colored Troops captured three cavalry-
men. In retaliation, the next morning the enemy attacked
their line, killing one man and wounding another, forcing
them back. Major Pope, with Companies C, E, H, and K,
relieved the Twenty-sixth men later that morning, taking
up the same badly run and dangerous line, which was
given up for a better position the same evening.

Our brigade expected an attack the succeeding day, as
Colonel Hallowell was warned to be on the alert. At night
news came of the occupation of Savannah, causing great
enthusiasm. Early each morning the brigade moved to
and occupied an intrenched line beyond the Fifty-fourth
camp. Daily scouting parties were sent out. Quarter-
master Ritchie drew rations at Gregory's, ferried them

264 riFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTEY.

over in pontoons, and brought them to camp witli details
of men, as there were no teams. A commissar}'^ was
established at Gregory's, but no sutler was with the
troops.

Christmas was a cloudy day, and brought no festivities
for the regiment. Some " Quaker " guns were made and
mounted to deceive the enemy, as we had no artilleiy. On
the 26th a party of five deserters came in, bringing a false
report that Wilmington was captured. Across the river
on Devaux's Neck little was going on besides shelling the
railroad. Such portions of Hardee's army as passed, did
so on foot, but cars laden with guns and ammunition ran
the gauntlet of our fire over the rails. General Beauregard
expected that Sherman would make an immediate advance,
and directed Hardee to oppose his progress behind the
large streams, and secretly to prepare for evacuating
Charleston. Governor Magrath of South Carolina and
the newspapers were frantically but fruitlessly calling
upon all men to arm and defend the State.

From Devaux's Neck, on the 28th, the Naval Brigade
departed for Port Royal, where it disbanded two days later.
A family of ten contrabands came in to us at Graham's
on the 29th, reporting but few Confederates in our imme-
diate front, and that they were taking up the railroad iron.
Captain Tucker, the next day, with twenty men, went out
on a scout, and exchanged shots with the enemy. The
last day of the year was warm and springlike ; but after
sundown the temperature fell, ice formed, and large fires
were found necessary for warmth. The chilly nights drove
the officers to make huts of logs or slabs, first covered with
straw and then with earth. Though cave-like, they proved
warm.

OPERATIONS ABOUT POCOTALIGO. 265

By this date the troops on Devaux's Neck were reduced
by the departure of some regiments. January 3, at niglitj
the Twenty-sixth United States Colored Troops left Gra-
hain's for Beaufort, and the Fifty-fourth the next morning
took position at the former regiment's old camp close
behind the intrenchment. With the shanties there, and
boards brought from a plantation, the command found
better shelter. Lieutenant-Colonel Hooper, V7ith four offi-
cei^s and 125 men, reconnoitred that day toward Po'cotaligo,
returning at dark, having seen a few mounted men only.

Sherman was now transferring his right wing from
Thunderbolt to Beaufort; his left wing was ordered, to
Robertsville. There seemed to be some uncertainty re-
garding the movements of the Fifty-fourth about this time,
for it was rumored at Morris Island that we were to return
there, and on the 5th our horses were ordered to Hilton
Head. A deserter from the Fiftieth North Carolina came
in on the 10th, reporting ten regiments in our front, —
making a total force of two thousand men.

Januaiy 14, Lieutenant-Colonel Hooper at 10 a.m., with
four officers and 125 men, went out to the Stewart house, see-
ing but a picket of the enemy. Colonel Hallowell, about
4 p. M., with 225 men and ofificers of the Fifty-fourth and
about the same number of the Thirty-third, marched out
under instructions to find and engage any hostile force.
We fully expected a fight, but at the Steuart house orders
came from General Hatch postponing the attack. That
evening there were cannon-shots in our front, and at De-
vaux's Neck the sound of moving wagons and artillery
was heard. Those of the Fifty-fourth on picket very
early on the 15th were first mystified and then elated by
hearing drums and fifes far to our right and front, sound-

266 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

iiig reveille and plajdng national airs. Captain Emilio, in
charge of the line, at once sent word to brigade headquar-
ters that a part of Sherman's army was near. Colonel Hal-
lowell, at 11 A. M., with the Fifty-fom-th and Thirty-tliird,
moved to the Steuart house, and coming to the Mackay
Point and Pocotaligo road, turned into it. Captain Tucker,
with Companies A, G-, H, and I, preceded the column,
skirmishing. It was a fine bright day, and we moved on
over high rolling land on the route pursued by Gen. J. M.
Brannan's force, when, in October, 1862, he attacked the
enemy at Pocotaligo. Remains of fires and the debris of
picket posts were seen as we advanced. Coming near lower
ground, we could see a strong line of works beyond a swamp
with heavy woods in rear, the road running along the front
of the low ground bordering Framton Creek. It had been
fortified since Brannan's attack, and could have been held
by a small force against an army. Halting our column
on the higher ground. Colonel Hallowell sent the skir-
mishers forward, and they soon occupied the abandoned
works. Moving onward past the intrenchment, we at last
gained the State road, coming in from the left. A mile and
a half farther on we arrived near a bridge and Pocotaligo,
where the strong works were found in possession of a
division of the Seventeenth Corps ; near there we halted.
The Fiftj'^-fourth had formed a junction with Sherman's
army, the first body of Eastern troops in the field to meet
the stalwart Westerners.

On the morning of Januai-y 14, the larger part of the
Seventeenth Corps, imder Maj.-Gen. Prank Blair, crossed
from Port Royal Island to the main on a pontoon bridge,
and moved toward Pocotaligo, twenty-five miles from
Beaufort. They encountered Colonel Colcock, our old

OPERATIONS ABOUT POCOTALIGO. 267

friend of Honey Hill, at Gardner's Corners, and drove liiua
with loss to the works mounting twelve guns, at Pocotaligo,
before which they bivouacked, intending to assault in the
morning ; but the enemy under Gen. L. McLaws during
the night abandoned this and all his positions along our
front, and retired behind the Combahee. Thus fell a strong-
hold before which the troops of the Department of the
South met repeated repulses. It was the most important
position between Charleston and Savannah, for there, over
the Pocotaligo River, was a trestle of a mile in length, cross-
ing a swamp over which the railroad ran. This trestle the
enemy attempted to destroy ; but it was only partially
damaged. After resting, at 3.30 P. M. the brigade took up
the return march for camp, where the regiment arrived,
well tired out. At Devaux's Neck that morning the usual
pickets of the enemy in front of the railroad were not seen,
and om" men soon discovered that their works were aban-
doned ; several regiments at once occupied them.

It was a welcome cliange to be freed from the anxiety of
the enemy's proximity and thus enabled to sleep until day-
light, and relieved from all picket duty. With rest, sup-
plies and drills the regiment was speedily brought into
fine condition once more. It soon became manifest that
we were to assist in refitting Sherman's troops. Poco-
taligo was thoroughly strengthened as a base. Gen. 0. 0.
Howard, commanding that wing, was directed not to de-
monstrate up the peninsula, but toward the Salkehatchie,
as if preparing to advance directly on Charleston ; and
as early as the 15th he made such movements. Dense
smoke-clouds over the railroad indicated its destruction
along our whole front.

South Carolina was already feeling the mailed hand her

268 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

temper had invoked. Hei' sons made frantic efforts to
convince others that the success of the Confederates de-
pended upon meeting Slierman there even at the expense
of Kichmond. The newspapers also assailed their chosen
leaders. The Charleston " Mercury " said on January 12 :

" Let old things pass away. "We want no more Jeff. Davis
foolery. . . . North Carolina, Georgia, and South Carolina
are in no mood for trifling. . . . South Carolina don't intend
to be conquered. She don't intend to be hampered or turned
over to the enemy. When she is thus dealt with, there will
be reckoning, — a reckoning where there will be no respecter
of persons."

By orders from the War Department received January
17, Lieutenant Swails was permitted to muster, thus end-
ing a struggle waged in his behalf for nearly a year by
Colonel Hallowell and Governor Andrew. He was one
of the earliest if not the first colored officer mustered ;
and this decision, persistently solicited and finally granted,
must rank high with the moral victories wrung from the
general government by the regiment and its founders.

On the 18th the steamer " Wyoming " landed the first
supplies for Sherman's army at our wharf. That day news
was received of the capture of Port Fisher, North Carolina,
by our old commander. Gen. A. H. Terry, causing great
rejoicing. Our horses were returned from Hilton Head
on the 19th. Rainy weather seriously interfered with
bringing up supplies. Daily details from the Fifty-fourth
were sent out repairing roads or to the wharf unloading
stores. All the enlisted men and eight officers were em-
ployed on the 21st making a corduroy road from the
landing. Innumerable wagons of Sherman's army came
and went over the roads, carrying supplies from various

OPERATIONS ABOUT POCOTALIGO. 269

landings on the TuUifinny and Pocotaligo rivers to the
camp.

January 2J: was cold but clear, after several days of rain.
In accordance with orders received to move when favor-
able weather came, Colonel Hallowell that day transferred
his command to Devaux's Neck. The Fifty-fourth moved
at 8.30 A. M., and crossing the river on lighters, camp was
established in a large field near the hospital. While in
this location the regiment received clothing and camp
supplies, long sadly needed.

Sherman was now ready for his " great next," and
Hatch's Coast Division was ordered to Pocotaligo to relieve
Gen. Giles S. Smith's division of the Seventeenth Corps.
With the Second Brigade the Fifty-fourth moved at 8 A. M.,
on the 28th, through the old intrenchments to the State
road, and along it to Pocotaligo. We passed through the
Rebel fort there, and by the Seventeenth Corps, noting
the immense train of wagons, ambulances, and pontoons
parked thereabout. Keeping on to the extreme right front,
after a march of some ten miles we halted at a point
a mile and a quarter from Salkehatchie Creek. Brigade
line was formed with the Fifty-fourth, Thirty-third, Thirty-
fourth, and One Hundred and Second United States Colored
Troops and the artillery, in the near ^acinity of some of
Sherman's men. In a good position with low ground in
front, the Fifty-fourth being in the woods, a rifle trench
was made, shelters were pitched, and we camped.

Here we had a brief opportunity of seeing the Western
troops. They were a seasoned, hardy set of men. They
wore the army hat, instead of the forage-caps affected by
most of our regiments. Their line-officers were generally
clad in government clothes, with only shoulder-straps and

270 HFTY-rOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

swords to distinguish them. Altogether they impressed
us with their individual hardiness, powers of endurance,
and earnestness of purpose, and as an army, powerful, full
of resources and with staying qualities unsurpassed.

In letters to General Foster dated January 28 and 29,
General Sherman expressed his wish that Hatch's force
should not he reduced or moved until Foster ascertained
the effect of his (Sherman's) appearance west of Branch-
ville, upon the Charleston garrison. He said, —

" My movement to the rear of Charleston is the principal,
and all others should be accessory, merely to take advantage
of any ' let go.' "

He did not wish the railroad broken until the latter part
of the succeeding week. Should the enemy retire beyond
the Edisto, then Foster was to cut the railroad on our side
anywhere. Admiral Dahlgren should make demonstrations
on February 1 and 2 in the Edisto and Stono, and the
troops on Morris Island effect a lodgement, if possible, on
James Island.

Colonel Van Wyck's bi'igade, of Hatch's division, came to
our vicinity on the 29th. Sherman's men near us moved
on the morning of the 30th, to get into proper position for
advancing. When they departed, our men visited the de-
serted camps, finding much corn and rice, besides many
useful articles. Four cannon-shots were heard in the dis-
tance that morning. The Salkehatchie Bridge had been
burned by the enemy ; and the high water which overflowed
the banks made it difficult to reach the stream itself.

By General Sherman's order General Hatch sent the
Twenty-fifth Ohio, on the 30th, to the forks of the wagon-
road and railroad, from where a reconnoissance was pushed

OPERATIONS ABOUT POCOTALIGO. 271

to the stream, and shots were exchanged. Strong works
were seen on the farther bank. Again the camp of the
Fifty-fourth was changed, for on the 31st, we marched
along the ra'h-oad track hack to Pocotaligo. Passing
around the fort there, we camped near the raih'oad station,
on the extreme left of our line, upon ground formerly
occupied by Sherman's men. From the debris strewn
about and log foundations for shelter tents, we soon made
this resting-place comfortable. Brigade headquarters were
located at John A. Cuthbert's house, the mansion of a fine
rice plantation previously occupied by Gen. Frank Blair.

There the writer first saw the famous William T. Sher-
man. He was riding unattended upon a steady-going horse,
and was instantly recognized from his portraits. His
figure, tall and slender, sat the horse closely, but slightly
bowed. Upon his head was a tall army hat covering a
face long and thin, bristling with a closely cropjjed sandy
beard and mustache. His bright keen eyes seemed to
take in everything about at a glance. There was hardly a
sign of his I'ank noticeable, and his apparel bore evidence
of much service. He was on his way to General Hatch's
headquarters. Captain Appleton relates what occui-red
there. He and others of the staff were playing cards when
the door opened and a middle-aged officer asked for General
Hatch. "Without ceasing their card-playing, the young offi-
cers informed the stranger of the general's absence. Im-
agine their consternation when their visitor quietly said,
" Please say to him that General Sherman called." They
started up, ashamed and apologizing, but the general softly
departed as he came. The next day he took the field with
the Fifteenth Corps.

February 1, a report came that the enemy had crossed

272 riFTY-rouRTH Massachusetts infantry.

to our side of the Combaliee Eiver and intrenched. At
noon, Colonel Hallowell with the Fifty-fourth and two
guns moved to Gardner's Corners, Avhence, with the One
Hundred and Seventh Ohio also, he proceeded. We ar-
rived at Combahee Ferry about 6 p. m., where observations
were purposely made quietly, after dark. Abandoned
works were found on our side, and a foot-bridge crossing
the stream. On the farther bank were posts of the
enemy and their camp.

After Sherman departed, we picketed the front again.
Our camp was near Daniel B. Heyward's plantation, in a
rice country. It was rainy weather, with mud everywhere
under foot. At this time Lieutenant-Colonel Hooper
wrote, —

" Slierman destroys every tiling that stands in his line of
march, — rice-mills, houses, fences. All through this country,
as far as it can be seen, pillars of black smoke rise. . . . The
saying is that ' when Sherman gets through South Carolina, a
crow can't fly across the country unless he carries rations with
him.' "

The Western army had crossed the Salkehatchie and
compelled McLaws to fall back upon Branchville. In
the action at Rivers's Bridge, Brig.-Gen. Wager Swayne lost
a leg, and with other wounded was brought back to Poco-
taligo. Foster, on the 3d, made demonstrations with the
Fifty-fifth Alassachusetts and One Hundred and Forty-
fourth New York in the South Edisto, and with the Thirty-
second United States Colored Troops on Edisto Island.
On the 4th, the Twenty-fifth Ohio crossed at Combahee
Ferry, and after unsuccessful attempts to flank works be-
yond the rice-fields, recrossed with small loss.

News came of Lieutenant Webster's death, at Beaufort,

Lieut. |.\mi:s A. Pratt. Lieit. Andrew W. Leo.\^\];d.

Lieut. John H. Conant.

OPERATIONS ABOUT VOCOTALIGO. 273

January 25, of fevei-. This faithful young officer was the
only one the Fifty-fourth lost by disease. On the 5th a
force went to a cross-road three miles in advance, from
whence the enemy retired over a branch of the Salke-
hatchie, rendering the bridge spanning it impassable.
We lost three men wounded in an attempt to cross.

February 7, at 8 a.m., Colonel Hallo well with the Fifty-
fourth and One Hundred and Second United States Col-
ored Troops marched in a rain-storm over the destroyed
railroad to Salkehatchie. The enemy had abandoned his
extensive works on the farther side of the burned trestle-
bridge there. We were joined there by two guns of the
Third New York Artillery and two companies of the
Fourth Massachusetts Cavalry. An advance was then
made simultaneously along both the railroad and turn-
pike. Crossing the river, the Fifty-fourth moved on the
turnpike, Captain Emilio, with Companies E, H, and I,
preceding the column skirmishing. Rain was falling, and
continued nearly all day, drenching us to the skin, and
making the road a quagmire. Soon the enemy, supposed
to be of Cobb's Georgia Legion, was discovered in small
force, mounted, with a piece of artillery. They halted on
every bit of rising ground, or on the farther side of
swamps, to throw up barricades of fence-rails against a
rush of our cavalrymen, and delayed our advance by shell-
ing us with their field-piece. But our skirmishers moved
on steadily through water, swamp, and heavy under-growth,
until their flanks were threatened, when, after exchanging
shots, they would retire to new positions. About noon,
the enemy were driven out of their camp in haste ; and
after a rest, the column moved on again. At dark, orders
came for Colonel Hallowell to retire about a mile, to a

18

274 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

cross-road, five miles from Pocotaligo, where his force
halted and intrenched.

Maj. Newcomb Clark, One Hundred and Second United
States Colored Troops, on the 8th, with four companies of
his regiment, made a reconnoissance toward Cuckwold
Creek, and after light skirmishing, destroyed a part of
the railroad. Our force at the cross-road was joined b}-
the Twenty-fifth Ohio and two guns. Lieut. P. McLaughlin,
quartermaster of the One Hundred and Second United
States Colored Troops, was killed by guerillas on that date.
February 9, the One Hundred and Twenty-seventh New
York and Twenty-fifth Ohio advanced with some artillery
and cavalry, driving the enemy from positions about the
rice plantations, and damaging the railroad. The Fifty-
fourth was now divided up and stationed on picket at
several points.

General Gillmore had returned and relieved General
Foster, Avliose old wound required attention. This change
gave great dissatisfaction to Admiral Dahlgren, who dis-
liked Gillmore, and he asked to be relieved. Our naval
vessels were engaging the enemy's batteries in the Edisto.
General Schimmelfennig on the 10th landed tlig Fifty-fifth
Massachusetts, One Hundred and Forty-fourth New York,
and Thirty-second and Thirty-third United States Colored
Troops on James Island, and drove the enemy from some
advanced works, effecting captures. He withdrew his force
on the succeeding day. General Hatch, on the 10th, with
a portion of the division, attempted to pass Cuckwold
Creek, but desisted after finding the bridge burned and the
enemy in strong position. This force bivouacked ten miles
from Salkehatchie that night, and retired the next day.

February 12, Captain Homans had a man wounded, while

OPERATIONS ABOUT POCOTALIGO. 275

foraging. A scouting party of the One Hundred and Sev-
enth Ohio was fired into that morning, having one man
wounded and another missing. Guerillas, or small parties
of the enemy, were about, and Captain Emilio with Com-
pany E and Lieutenant Reed with Company G scoured the
region for them without success. At dark the Fifty-fourth,
except Companies E and G, left on picket, moved back from
the cross-road in company with the Twenty-fifth Ohio, our
regiment bivouacldug inside the fort at Salkehatchie.

On the evening of the 12th, word was received that the
enemy had abandoned Combahee Ferry. The Twenty-fifth
Ohio, by a night's march, crossed the river the next day,
and took station at Lownde's plantation. The effect of
Sherman's advance was being felt in our front, for the
Western army was across the North Edisto near Orange-
burg. Gen. A. R. Wright retired from Ashepoo across the
Edisto, and McLaws from Branchville to Four Hole Swamp.
Hardee was also concerned for Charleston, as General Pot-
ter, with the Fifty-fifth Massachusetts, One Hundred and
Forty-fourth New York, and Thirty-second United States
Colored Troops entered Bull's Bay on the 12th, shelled the
enemy's batteries at Owendaw Creek, and landing on the
16th, intrenched. General Schimmelfennig was again
making demonstrations on James Island.

We received early news of this retirement, for on the
13th a party of thirteen contrabands arrived and reported,
" De Rebs clean gone to Ashepoo." During the night
Company H joined the others on picket, and two escaped
Union prisoners came in, one of whom, unfortunately, our
pickets wounded. General Hatch pushed the One Hundred
and Second United States Colored Troops along the rail-
road, and the Twenty-fifth Ohio through Green Pond, to

276 FIPTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFAKTRY.

Ashepoo, on the 14th, where the bridges were found burned.
A force crossed the river in boats, and drove a. few of the
enemy away.

Meanwhile, during our field service, the following changes
had occurred in the Fifty-fourth : Lieutenant Duren, hav-
ing broken a leg by falling from his horse at Morris Island,
went North, and never returned. Lieutenant Littlefield
resigned, and Lieutenant Hallett took charge of the camp.
Lieutenant Rogers re-joined the regiment from there.
Lieutenant James, recommissioned, reported ; but his old
wound soon forced him to return to Hilton Head. Cap-
tain Pope was made major. Lieutenant Howard captain of
Company I, and Second Lieutenants Stevens and Charles
Jewett, Jr., were promoted first lieutenants. Lieutenants
Charles F. Joy and William L. "Whitney, Jr., newly
appointed, joined.

CHAPTER XIV.

CHARLESTON AND SAVANNAH.

ALL the strong positions along the i-ailroad having been
abandoned by the enemy, the road to Charleston
was now open to the Coast Division for an advance without
opposition. Colonel Hallowell, on February 15, was oi'dered
with the Fifty-fourth, One Hundred and Twenty-seventh
New York, some artillery, and a small force of cavalry to
proceed to Ashepoo by way of a road above the railroad
leading through Blue House. "We moved at noon of a
bright, warm day, the companies on picket joining the regi-
ment as it passed. From recent rain the road was heavy
with clayey mud, making marching most wearisome. There
was constant delay passing through overflowed places, or
while bridges were being repaired. We I'eached Blue
House and a mile beyond at 8 P. M., making but six miles.
Three bridges had been rebuilt, and two more were reported
just in front. Colonel Hallowell, finding it impossible to
longer piu-sue that route, then moved back. We were on
a causeway, and in turning around, a wagon stalled and
was abandoned. The Fifty-fourth secured from it one hun-
dred and thirty pairs of trousers and three hundred pairs
of shoes, free of government charges. After one of the
hardest marclies the Fifty-fourth ever made, we reached
Salkehatchie fort at 3 a. m. on the 16th. Our advance
troops were, on the 15th, at the junction of the roads to
Jacksonboro and Parker's Ferry.

278 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

February 16, Colonel Hallowell was directed to move
forward again by way of Combahee Ferry ; and at 9 A. m.
the Fifty-fourth proceeded, with the usual rests, over a
rough country. Much standing water was found in places,
and at times the wading was knee-deep. In the afternoon
we came to a higher point, where a view of the region bor-
dering the river was obtained. Spread below us was the
finest tract we saw in the South, — a cultivated countiy,
thickly spotted with plantations. It was the famous and
fertile valley of the Combahee, devoted to rice culture.
The negro quarters and mills had been burned by our ad-
vance. After crossing a bridge over the river, we moved
on a mile and rested after a march of twelve miles.

With fine weather again, on the 17th the Fifty-fourth
marched at 9 a. m. toward Ashepoo, which being only eight
miles distant and the road excellent, we reached at 1 p. m.
There we camped near the railroad bridge on the planta-
tion of Col. Charles Warley. Tlie mansion of this gentle-
man of wealth and prominence had been plundered by the
first comers; and fine books, furniture, and household effects
were strewn about, making a sad scene of wastage and
pitiless destruction.

Reveille was sounded by the Fifty-fourth bugles at sun-
rise on the 18th. Foraging parties brought in immense
quantities of corn, poultry, sweet potatoes, and honey.
J\Iany of the field-hands were found on the plantations,
and our coming was welcomed with joyful demonstra-
tions. A Dr. Dehon and his son were brought in and
entertained by the brigade staff that night. Refugees and
contrabands were coming into our camps in considerable
numbers.

Having repaired the bridge over the Ashepoo, the First

CHARLESTON AND SAVANNAH. 279

Brigade crossed on the 19th, and marched for the South
Edisto. Our Second Brigade remained. Dr. Dehon had
been sent to General Hatch, but returned that afternoon.
Lieutenant Eitchie relates the following particulars of
this gentleman's troubles : —

" While gone, his ' chattels ' had been helping themselves and
carrying furniture off by whole boat-loads. Uehon brings an
order from General Hatch that his ' slaves ' shall be permitted
to choose for themselves whether to go back to the plantation
with him or not. Dehou got us to bacli this up, and as a con-
sequence, loses all his slaves, young and old."

Just at dark, we received the great news that Charleston
was evacuated by the enemy. Cheer after cheer rang out ;
bonfires were lighted ; and the soldiers yelled long and fran-
tically. Far into the night nothing else was talked about
around the camp-fires.

Our Third Brigade having arrived at Ashepoo on the
20th, at 1 P. M., the Second Brigade moved for Jacksonboro
and the Edisto, where our advance had crossed that day in
boats. The Fifty-fourth arrived at the Edisto by 5 p. m.,
going into bivouac in a pine grove but thirty miles from
Charleston. We were detained there by repairs upon the
burnt bridges over the river until noon of the 21st, when
the march was resumed. Just beyond, we passed a Rebel
work mounting four guns. Proceeding three miles, the
Second Brigade turned to the right into a road running
nearly parallel with the main route, and four miles farther
brought us to Adam's Run. This was a small hamlet
with numerous rough barracks, — an old and important
camp of the Confederates. Beyond, some four miles, we
camped at a cross-road about 6 P. m., where the One Hun-
dred and Second United States Colored Troops joined us at

280 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRV.

9 P. M. During that day the countrj^ was thorouglily scouted
as the division advanced by the different roads.

February 22 we resumed the onward march at 9 a. m.,
the Fifty-fourth in rear, and passed through woods nearly
the whole day, with here and there a plantation and cul-
tivated fields. By orders everything along the road was
burned. Foraging parties brought in all kinds of provi-
sions which they loaded into every description of vehicle ;
wagons, carts, and even antiquated family coaches were
used, drawn by horses, mules, and bullocks, which, with
the contrabands, made our train a curious spectacle. Some
twelve miles from the Ashley River we passed an aban-
doned battery of three guns commanding Rantowle's Ferry ;
another was found on the right at Wallace's. The Fifty-
fourth camped at dark ten miles from Charleston. Our
l)ivouac was a festive one, for supplies of chickens, turkeys,
ducks, geese, honey, rice, meal, sheep, and beef, were in
profusion. Only a few armed but ununiformed men had
been seen, who, when we followed, escaped, and were
thought to be guerillas.

A move was made early on the 23d, our Second Brigade
in advance, the Third Brigade following. The First Bri-
gade remained to secure abandoned guns, for the whole
region was thickly studded with works. We marched
rapidly over good roads, arriving at the Ashley at 1 p. m.
There, across the river, we saw Charleston, long the Mecca
of our hopes ; but the bridges were burned, so we camped
with our long train, impatiently awaiting orders to cross.
Captain Emilio was made acting assistant provost-marshal
of the division, with Company E and a company of the
One Hundred and Second as the guard. While there, the
weather was rainy and chillv. On the 25th orders came

P^ffi^f^l^KSffiWMS!!?

5."!!'«iTEi.'?53'^;»'-'^y

Lieut. Thomas S. Brtdgiiam.

IaKI-T. t'lTART.ES M. DUREX.

Lieut. William ISkDERMOTT.
Lieut. Cu.\rles O. IIallett.

CHARLESTON AND SAVANNAH. 281

for the First Brigade to report to General Potter, our
Second Brigade to take post on Charleston Neck and
the Third Brigade to remain. At 6 p. m. we marched to
a wharf, hut as transportation was not furnished, returned
again to camp. With this day the Fifty-fourth completed
its longest term of field service.

General Hardee in command of Charleston, disregard-
ing General Beauregard's orders, deferred abandoning the
city until the last moment. For some days previous to
February 17, trains loaded with army supplies and citi-
zens with their effects were being sent away. At the last
the place was largely deserted by its people, the streets
littered with refuse and the books and papers of the
merchants, and stores and residences showed few signs
of occupancy. From James and Sullivan's islands the
Confederates moved to the city on the 17th, thence tak-
ing the road to Cheraw, their ranks depleted by desertion
as they marched. Detachments were left in the city until
the 18th with orders to burn every building holding cotton.
They fired a large shed at the Savannah railroad wharf
and another on Lucas Street. Lucas's mill and Walker's
warehouse were destroyed. The bridge over the Ashley
was burned. A terrific explosion occurred at the North-
eastern Railroad Depot, filled with ordnance stores, causing
great loss of life and communicating the flames to several
adjoining blocks.

Not only on land but on the water was this fell work
carried out. The gunboats " Palmetto State," " Chicora,"
and " Charleston " were fired, and blew up with deafening
reports ; and vessels in the shipyards, torpedo-boats, and
blockade-runners, were scuttled or burned. Over 450
pieces of ordnance in the city and vicinity were abandoned.

282 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

besides immense stores of provisions and army supplies.
That the whole city was not obliterated in consequence of
these acts of General Beauregard and his subordinates, can
only be attributed to the exertions of our soldiery and the
negro inhabitants.

Our companies at Morris Island passed the winter months
with little of moment to disturb the quiet of garrison life.
At about 1 A.M., on February 18, the bridge over the
Ashley River was discovered burning, fires were seen in
various parts of Charleston, and the storeship " John
Ravenel" was a mass of flames lighting up the harbor.
At 6 A. M. the magazine of Battery Bee blew up. When
day dawned, a heavy fog covered the waters, Imt at 7.45 a. m.
it lifted. With powerful glasses no enemy could be seen
at Sumter, James, or Sullivan's Island, although Rebel
flags were over the works.

Lieut.-Col. A. G. Bennett, Twenty-First United States
Colored Troops, commanding Morris Island, gave orders
for his force to gather at Cumming's Point, and had boats
prepared to transport the troops. Major Hennessy, Fift3'-
second Penn.sylvania, was sent to Sumter, and Lieut. John
Hackett, Third Rhode Island Artillery, to Moultrie, and the
navy despatched Acting Ensign Anson to ]\Ioultrie, and
Acting Master Gifford to Mt. Pleasant. At all these points,
about 9.30 a.m., the Rebel flags gave place to the stars and
stripes planted by these officers.

Lieutenant-Colonel Bennett, with Lieut. J. F. Haviland,
One Himdred and Twentj'-seventh New York, joined on
the way by other boats containing a few officers and men
of the Fifty-second Pennsylvania and Twenty-first United
States Colored Troops, reached Mills's wharf on the city
front at 10 A. M., after hoisting the United States flag over

CHAELESTON AND SAVANNAH. 283

Castle Pinckney and Fort Ripley. There they were wel-
comed by a gathering of colored people, who cheered them
and the national symbol. Soon George W. Williams,
Dr. Albert G. Mackey, and other citizens appeared, and
representing that the Rebel rear-guard was still in the
place, begged protection, and assistance in quelling the
flames, which threatened the total destruction of the city.
Major Hennessy was despatched to the arsenal, and Lieuten-
ant-Colonel Bennett with the remainder of his force, which
had been increased by the arrival of some of the Third
Rhode Island Artillery, moved to the Citadel. Guards
were soon sent to public buildings, storehouses, and impor-
tant points, and the abandoned fire apparatus, manned by
negroes, firemen, and soldiers, was put into use, checking
the fires.

Captain Walton and Lieutenant Newell with Company B,
and Captain Bridge with Company P, on the 18th, proceed-
ing from Morris Island in rowboats, reached Charleston
after the advance troops under Lieutenant-Colonel Bennett.
Being the first considerable body of colored soldiers to
arrive, their march through the streets was a continual
welcome from crowds of their people of both sexes. Upon
reaching the Citadel, officers and men were placed on pro-
vost duty. Lieutenant Edmands and his Fifty-fourth men
at Black Island, with the Fifty-second Pennsylvania com-
panies there, rowed to Fort Johnson, where they remained
until the 19th and then joined Company F in Charleston.

General Schimmelfennig, with a force from Cole's Island,
crossed to James Island on the night of the 17th. He
early discovered the evacuation, and at 1 P. M., on the 18th,
entered Charleston after crossing the Ashley. General
Potter learned of the abandonment on the 19th, and moved

284 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

from Bull's Bay through the Christ Church lines to Mt.
Pleasant on the 20th. Potter, on the 22d, with a force,
followed Hardee's track to St. Stephen's depot, but as the
latter had burned the Santee River Bridge, he returned.

Into the war-ravaged city of Charleston, with its shat-
tered buildings, disrupted grass-grown streets, deserted
wharves, and scuttled hulks, the Fifty-fourth entered at
9 A.M., on the 27th, having crossed the river on the steamer
" Croton." We could not but be exultant, for by day and
night, in sunshine and storm, through close combat and
far-reaching cannonade, the city and its defences were the
special objects of our endeavor for many months. Moving
up Meeting and King streets, through the margin of the
" burnt district," we saw all those fearful evidences of fire
and shell. Many colored people were there to welcome the
regiment, as the one whose prisoners were so long confined
in their midst. Passing the Mills House, Charleston Hotel,
and the Citadel, the Fifty-fourth proceeded over the plank
road one and a half miles to the Neck, where the Confeder-
ate intrenchments extended clear across the peninsula.
Turning to the right,we entered Magnolia Cemetery, through
which the line of works ran, and camped along it among
the graves. It was the extreme right of the fortifications,
fronting Belvedere Creek. The One Hundred and Second
took post on our left. Brigade headquarters were at the
Cary house near by. Companies B and P, relieved in the
city, re-joined the regiment that day.

Our camp among the tombstones seemed a desecration
of the beautiful grounds which should have been sacred to
the dead ; but our foes were responsible for constructing
the lines there. Lieutenant Cousens, on the 28th, was sent
for our camp effects at Morris Island, and as a portion

CHARLESTON AND SAVANNAH. 285

was brought in small boats, some damage by water resulted
to company books and officers' baggage. Major Pope, on
March 1, with Companies C, E, H, and I, visited the Ben-
jamin Whaley place thirteen miles distant, moving over
the plank road and fording Nine-Mile Run on the way.
At the plantation the detachment rested for the night, re-
ceiving abundant supplies from the negroes. Some fifty
hands were found there, and the next day returned to
Charleston with our force.

There was bad weather the first week of March ; then
warm and springlike days came. We received a large
number of men who had been detailed, detached, or were
sick when the Fifty-fourth left Morris Island. Details
were furnished for picket duty, generally along the plank
road. Headquarters for the line were at the Eour-Mile
House, which had been a tavern, but was then occupied by
a hospitable Irishman — Lawler by name — and his wife.
Opportunities were given officers and men to visit the city,
where they wandered about, deeply interested in sight-seeing.
Several Fifty-fourth officers were detailed there, and always
entertained visiting associates. The most interesting build-
ing to us of the Fifty -fourth was the jail, — a brick struc-
ture surmounted by a tower and enclosed with a high wall,
where the prisoners of the regiment were confined many
months with black and white criminals as well as other
Union soldiers.

Of the townspeople but some ten thousand remained,
largely blacks, all mainly dependent upon our bounty. The
whole banking capital of Charleston was lost. A loyal
edition of the " Courier " newspaper was being issued ; the
" Mercury " had decamped to Cheraw. Schools were opened,
and market-wharves designated. The post-office was estab-

286 FIFTV-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

lished at the southwest corner of King and George streets,
the headquarters of the commandant at the northwest cor-
ner of Meeting and George streets, and General Hatch, the
district commander, was at No. 13 King Street. Applicants
thronged the provost-marshal's office to take the oath of
allegiance, and the recruiting of colored troops was going
on rapidly.

Regimental orders, on the 8th, directed the line to be
formed as below, with Company F on the right, —

EGDAHBIKCF

The brigade having been ordered to Savannah, on the
12th, Lieutenant-Colonel Hooper marched the right wing to
the city and embarked on the steamer " W. W. Coit,"
which in the afternoon ran down the harbor past the now
silent batteries on either side, and arrived at Hilton Head
about midnight. Proceeding in the morning, the steamer
entered the Savannah River and tied up at the city front
at noon. Disembarking, the wing moved out Bull Street
and to the edge of the place, where on high ground it took
possession of a fine camp of board shelters constructed by
Sherman's men, near the One Hundred and Second United
States Colored Troops, camped on our right. Major Pope,
with the left wing, left Charleston March 13 on the
steamer " Chas. Houghton," arriving at Hilton Head about
midnight. There the men disembarked on the pier, while
the vessel went elsewhere to coal. At 3 p. m., on the 14th,
this wing proceeded by way of Shell Creek and the inside
channel, arriving at Savannah four hours later.

Upon the 14th also the Tliirty-third United States Colored
Troops arrived, and with the Fifty-fourth and One Hundred

CHARLESTON AND SAVANNAH. 287

and Second United States Colored Troops, made up the
colored brigade under Colonel Hallowell, who occupied No.
109 Broad Street, procured for him by Lieutenant Ritchie
at the same rent as the Jacksonville houses. Bvt. Maj.-
Gen. Cuvier Grover commanded the district, and his division
of the Nineteenth Corps held the posts. Bvt. Brig.-Gen.
E. L. Moleneux commanded the defences.

Savannah ■was a most attractive city, with wide, shaded
streets, numerous parks, and many good buildings, and
elegant residences. All the approaches to it had been
well fortified by the enemy, for there were heavy works on
the river and a line of fortifications from the Savannah
to the Little Ogeechee River. Beyond, facing this land
defence, were the works thrown up by the besiegers. On
every side were the deserted camps of Sherman's and Har-
dee's armies, marked by debris, rough shanties, cleared
spaces, and approaching roads. AVhen captured, the popu-
lation was estimated as twenty thousand, of whom thou-
sands were supported upon army supplies or those sent
from the generous North by ship-loads. The most attrac-
tive spot was the beautiful cemetery of Bonaventure, with
its majestic live-oaks and wooded paths. Savannah had
fallen by siege in every war ; to the British in 1788 and
1812, and to the Federal troops in 1864.

It was a busy time, our short stay there, for returns were
in arrears, and the books had to be written up. Clothing
Avas issued and drills resumed. The regiment furnished
picket details in proper turn for the brigade. It was
delightful weather, the gardens already blooming with
camellias, japonicas, and Cape jessamine. On the 18th,
the Fifty-fourth with the whole division was inspected by
Brig.-Gen. Seth Williams, U. S. A. Our regiment was in

288 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

excellent condition, and the colored brigade made a good,
appearance, numbering twenty-three hundred men.

It seemed that the government, having paid us once in
the two years' service, was allowing that to suffice, for six
months' pay was due at this time. The officers were penni-
less, and had to send North for money or borrow it to subsist
upon. Sherman's victorious progress, Sheridan's brilliant
successes, Lee's inability to hold back Grant, and the
whole seaboard fallen, made it manifest that the war was
virtually over. The Fifty-fourth then expected but a brief
period of garrison duty, followed by a homeward voyage,
without again hearing a hostile shot; but a new field of
service was before them, for after a review of the troops on
the 25th by General Grover at " The Plain," orders came
for the Fifty-fourth and One Hundred and Second United
States Colored Troops to proceed to Georgetown, S. C.

The following changes took place among the officers at
Savannah, — Lieutenant Emerson re-joined ; Lieutenant
Knowles resigned at the North ; Captains Emilio and
Homans were mustered out at the expiration of their
personal terms of service ; Lieutenant Chipman was pro-
moted captain of Company D ; Lieutenant Duren, still at
the North, was appointed adjutant.

On the 27th Lieutenant-Colonel Hooper embarked with
the right wing on the steamer " W. W. Coit," accompanied
by Colonel Hallowell. The same day Major Pope with the
left wing boarded the steamer " Canonicus." After getting
to sea, both transports touched at Hilton Head and then
went on to Charleston, where Colonel Hallowell was directed
to report to General Hatch. Bad weather and the want of
coal prevented sailing thence until the morning of the 31st,
when the voyage was resumed.

Lieut. ALEXANJjiiR [ohnstox.

Lieut. l-IE^R^ W. Littleficli).

CHAPTER XV.

potter's raid.

\T rHTLE at Columbia, S. C, General Sherman sent
* • and destroyed the railroad to Kings ville and the
Wateree Bridge. From Cheraw he broke the railroad
trestles toward Florence as far as Darlington, and the
enemy burned the railroad bridge over the Pedee. Between
Florence and Sumterville was a vast amount of rolling-
stock thus hemmed in. Sherman, considering that this
should be destroyed before the roads could be repaired, and
that the food supplies in that section should be exhausted,
wrote General Gillmore from Fayetteville, N. C, directing
him to execute this work. He suggested that Gillmore's
force be twenty-five hundred men, lightly equipped, to move
from Georgetown or the Santee Bridge, that the troops be
taken from Charleston or Savannah, and added, —

" I don't feel disposed to be over-generous, and should not
hesitate to burn Charleston, Savannah, and Wilmington, or
either of them, if the garrisons were needed. . . . Those cars
and locomotives should be destroyed if to do it costs you five
hundred men."

These instructions caused the concentration of a selected
force at Georgetown, of which the Fifty-fourth formed a
part. The resultant movement, called " Potter's Raid,"
during which almost the last encounters of the Rebellion
occurred, is little known, as it took place when momentous
military events were taking place elsewhere.

19

290 PIFTY-rOtTRTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

Georgetown was the port of one of the richest regions
in the South, and until our vessels were stationed off its
entrance, a resort of blocltade-runners. There were de-
cayed wharves, regular streets, some fine residences, public
buildings, and the hall of the Winyaw Indigo Society in the
place. Up the "Waccamaw some fifteen miles was " The
Oalfs," the plantation of Governor Alston, whose wife, the
beautiful and accomplished Theodosia, only daughter of
Aaron Burr, was lost at sea on the pilot-boat " Patriot,"
with all on board.

Major Pope and the left wing of the Fifty-fourth on the
" Canonicus " entered Winyaw Bay, ran up the river some
eleven miles past Battery White and other works, and dis-
enibarlced on March 31, the first troops to arrive. The
wing marched to the outskirts and camped in a field where
the right wing soon joined. Most of the troops for the
expedition having arrived, on April 2, General Gillmore
reviewed them in a large ploughed field. The " Provisional
Division," under Gen. Edward E. Potter, was organized,
composed of the First Brigade, commanded by Col. P. P.
Brown, One Hundred and Fifty-seventh New York, of
the One Hundred and Fifty-seventh New York, a detach-
ment of the Fifty-sixth New York, and the Twenty-fifth
and One Hundred and Seventh Ohio ; and the Second
Brigade under Colonel Hallowell, composed of the Fifty-
fourth Massachusetts, eight companies of the Thirty-sec-
ond United States Colored Troops, and five companies of
the One Hundred and Second United States Colored
Troops. There were also detachments of the First New
York Engineers and Fourth Massachusetts Cavalry, and
two guns of Battery B, Third New York Artillery. It was
a total force of about twenty-five hundred men.

POTTER'S RAID. 291

Our regimeut marched with six hundred and seventy-five
enlisted men and the following officers: Lieutenant-Colonel
Hooper, Major Pope, Surgeon Briggs, Acting Adjutant
Whitney, and Acting Quartermaster Bridgham ; Com]3any
F, Captain Bridge ; Company C, Lieutenant Spear ; Com-
pany B, Lieutenant Hallett ; Company JET, Captain Tucker
and Lieutenant Stevens ; Company A, Lieutenant Rogers ;
Company D, Captain Chipman and Lieutenant S wails ;
Company G, Captain Appleton ; Company E, Lieutenant
Emerson, commanding, and Lieutenant Cousens ; Com-
pany I, Captain Howard ; Company K, Lieutenant Reed.
Lieutenants Newell and Joy took part on Colonel Hal-
lowell's staff. Lieutenant Leonard was directed to remain
in charge of the camp. A pioneer corps of twenty men
was placed under Sergeant Wilkins of Company D for this
field service.

April 5, at 8 A. m., Potter's force moved from George-
town, the First Brigade in advance, over the centre or
Sampit road for three miles, when the column took another
to the right leading to Kiugstree. Marching through a
heavily timbered country and encountering no hostiles, the
division compassed nineteen miles, camping at nightfall
near Johnson's Swamp. Hallowell's brigade had the ad-
vance on the 6th, preceded by the cavalry, the close, warm
day causing some exhaustion and straggling. The column
entered a better region with rolling ground, where foraging
parties found good supplies and draught animals. Major
Webster of the cavalry encountered a few of the enemy's
mounted men, who skirmished lightly, and toward even-
ing exchanged shots with them at Seven-Mile Bridge on the
right, which the foe burned. Camp was made at Thorntree
Swamp after a nineteen-mile march, with Kiugstree across
the Black River, seven miles to our riglit.

292 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

All early start was made on the 7th toward the north-
west, through a more open and settled country, containing
still more abundant supplies, which our foragers secured,
but, by orders, burned all cotton and mills. Light troops
of the enemy, easily dislodged, kept in front of the column.
Potter reached the Northeastern Railroad that day and
broke the track for several miles, and the One Hundred
and Second United States Colored Troops, sent to the
right, destroyed the Kingstree Bridge across the Black
River, exchanging shots with a small force.

Captain Tucker, with Companies A and H of the Fifty-
fourth, was sent to Eppes's Bridge on the Black River at
about 3 P. M. That oflScer furnishes the following account
of what befell him : —

" Leaving the main column, we filer! to the right, marching by
that flauk nearly or quite a mile. I had previously mounted
old Cyclops [a horse of Lieutenant Ritchie's, who was not on
the raid], and put on as many 'general' airs as my general
liealth and anatomy would endure. Great clouds of smoke
were now coming up over the woods directly in our front.
Stevens deployed one platoon on the left of the road, holding
the other for support. Rogers disposed of his company on the
right in the same way. Advancing, we soon found the ground
low and overflowed with water. The men were wading knee-
deep. We had not gone far before we received the fire from
the enemy. Tlie fire was returned. We advanced in sight of
the bridge and easy musket-range, when the enemy abandoned
the temporary works they had improvised from the flooring of
the bridge on the opposite side of the river, making quick their
retreat and leaving behind the heavy timbering of the work in
flames. During the interchange of shots Rogers and two men
of his company were wounded. We did not or could not cross
the river. I remember well of being suflliciently near to give them
a bit of my Yankee eloquence and calling attention to their

POTTER'S RAID. 293

uervousness in not being able to shoot even old ' Cyclops.'
Our object being accomplished, we started for and joined the
regiment at Mill Branch about two o'clock next morning. My
impression is that the force opposed to me was a company, or
part of a company, of dismounted cavalry."

Privates J. C. Joliusou and J. H. White, of Company H,
were the men wounded. When Lieutenant Rogers was
disabled, Lieutenant Stevens took command of Company A,
whicli he retained until his death. After a march of fifteen
miles the Fifty-fourth camped at Mill Branch.

April 8, the column moved over fair roads through a
wooded country, with a bright sky overhead, our advance
sighting the enemy now and then on the flanks and front.
For four miles the course was westerly ; then, in conse-
quence of a false report that a bridge in front near Ox
Swamp was burned, to the left five miles, on a road running
toward the Santee. Then turning again to the right
northwesterly until the road of the morning was again
entered, it was pursued toward Manning. On the edge of
that town our cavalry had a slight skirmish, driving out a
small force. Manning, a town of a few hundred inhabi-
tants, was occupied at dark, after an eighteen-mile march
that day. General Potter established himself at Dr.
Hagen's house. Major Culp, Twenty-fifth Ohio, Colonel
Cooper, One Hundred and Seventh Ohio, and some soldier-
printers took possession of " Tlie Clarendon Banner "
newspaper office, and changing the title to read " The
Clarendon Banner of Freedom," issued an edition which
was distributed. In the evening Colonel Hallowell, receiv-
ing orders to build a bridge across Pocotaligo Swamp,
moved his force to the river of that name, and prosecuted
the work to completion by midnight.

294 FIFTT-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

At 1.30 A. M. on the 9tli the Second Brigade broke camp,
marched to and crossed the Pocotaligo Bridge, and advanced
two miles, where it bivouaclced in i-eadiness for attack.
At daybreak on a rainy morning the troops moved toward
Sumterville, through a fine region with numerous planta-
tions, from which the negroes flocked to the force by hun-
dreds. The train had grown to a formidable array of
vehicles, augmented every hour. During the morning the
enemy's light troops fell back readily after exchanging
shots. Information was received that the enemy was to
dispute our progress at Dingle's mill on Turkey Creek four
miles from Sumterville, with five hundred men, chiefly
militia, and three guns. A mile from Dingle's the division
halted, and a reconnoissance was made. Hallowell's brigade
was then sent to the left and rear of the enemy's position ;
but the guide furnished proving incompetent, the brigade
returned to the main force, arriving after the action was
over. At 2 p. m. the skirmishers of the First Brigade
pushed toward the swamp, the enemy holding earthworks
beyond a burned bridge, and opening with artillery as we
came in range. The Twenty-fifth and One Hundred and
Seventh Ohio, on either side of the road, moved forward to
a dike on the border of the swamp, from which a musketry
fire was maintained. At the same time Potter sent the
One Hundred and Fifty-seventh and Fifty-sixth New York
to turn the enemy's left, which was done, the Rebels re-
tiring, leaving their dead, wounded, and some prisoners,
besides the three guns, in our hands.

Our force then crossed the creek, the Twenty-fifth Ohio
forcing the enemy into the woods, where they made another
stand along a fence skirting the timber. Upon the arrival
of the One Hundred and Seventh Ohio, the force advanced

POTTER'S llAID. 295

and the enemy fled, closing the action, in which our loss
was small. The division then moved to Sumterville, arriv-
ing at dark, after a march of eighteen miles that day.

Sumterville, on the Manchester and Wilmington Railroad,
boasted some good dwellings, two female seminaries, and
the usual public buildings. Here the soldier-printers issued
a loyal edition of the " Sumter Watchnran." Every one
was in fine spirits at having gained the railroad without
serious opposition, for the rolling-stock was known to be
below on the Camden Branch. Another cause of exultation
was the news that Richmond, Mobile, and Selma were in
our hands, in honor of which a salute of thirteen shots
was fired from the captured guns. During the 10th, the
Thirty-Second United States Colored Troops moved along
the railroad to Maysville, where some seven cars and "a
bridge were destroyed. The One Hundred and Second
United States Colored Troops went at the same time
toward Manchester about three miles, burning a long cov-
ered railroad-bridge, four cars, two hundred bales of cot-
ton, a gin-house, and a mill filled with corn. Our regiment,
from its bivouac in the town, sent details which destroyed
three locomotives, fifteen cars, and the large and thor-
oughly equipped railroad machine-shop in the place.

Gen. A. S. Hartwell with the Fifty-fifth Massachusetts,
Fifty-fourth New York, and two guns of the Third New
'York Artillery, from Charleston, reached Eutaw Springs
on April 10, by way of Monk's Corner and Pineville, to
co-operate with General Potter. An effort was made to
open communication from there by Maj. William Nutt,
Fifty-fifth Massachusetts, with two companies of his regi-
ment, which was unsuccessful, for Potter was thirty miles
distant. Hartwell's force returned to Charleston on the

296 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

12tli, with over one thousand negroes and many wagons
and draught animals.

Potter resumed the march April 11, leaving the Twenty-
fifth Ohio as a covering force for the division, the large
number of contrabands, and the immense train. The Fifty-
fourth passed through Sumterville singing John Brown's
hymn in chorus, and with the brigade, reached Manchester
after a march of twelve miles. A mile and a half beyond
that town the other regiments of the brigade bivouacked
toward evening on the Statesburg road ; the First Brigade
moved on a mile or so farther, camping in a fine grove on
the Singleton plantation.

At Manchester the Fifty-fourth was detached, moving
along the railroad about six miles and to a point near
Wateree Junction. A reconnoissance made by Lieutenant-
Colonel Hooper resulted in the discovery at the junction of
cars, water-tanks, and several locomotives, — one of which
had steam up. It was not known whether there was any
armed force there or not ; and it was important to seize the
locomotive before it could be reversed and the rolling-stock
run back. Night had set in. Some sharpshooters were
posted to cover an advance and disable any train-men.
Then our column, led by Lieutenant Swails, First Sergeant
Welch, of Company F, and eighteen picked men, rushed
over an intervening trestle for the junction. Swails was
the first man of all, and jumped into the engine-cab where,
while waving his hat in triumph, he received a shot in his
right arm from our sharpshooters, who in the darkness
])robably mistook him for the engineer. The train-hands,
some fifteen in number, fled down the railroad embank-
ment into the swamp.

There were five engines and thirteen cars, besides tanks.

POTTER'S KAID. 297

a turn-table, and a large quantity of finished timber found
at Wateree Junction. Learning from a contraband that
there was more rolling-stock to the westward, after first
burning the trestle-bridge on the Camdeu Branch, so that
the enemy could not interfere suddenly, Cajitain Tucker
with two companies was sent in search of it. Shortly after,
Lieutenant-Colonel Hooper started on the return, leaving
Major Pope with a detacliment at the junction. Later the
One Hundred and Seventh Ohio came there from the direc-
tion of Camden along the railroad.

Captain Tucker proceeded some three miles, and secured
three locomotives and thirty-five cars without opposition.
Steam being up in one engine, to return more rapidly he
embarked his men, and himself acting as engineer, ran
back until he came in sight of the trestle, which we had
fired, supposing he would march back. Captain Tucker
thus narrates the sequel : —

" Knowing that any delay would be dangerous, and that life
and death hung in the balance, I crowded on all steam, and we
crossed the bridge through flame and smoke in safety, but with
not a moment to spare, for scarcely had we accomplished the
passage when it tottered and feU, a heap of blazing ruins."

WhUe coupling cars, Sergeant-Major "Wilson and Private
George Jarvis of Company K were injured. Lieutenant
Swails, with his wounded arm in a sling, assisted by Lieu-
tenant Whitney, took charge of the leading engine and
train and proceeded slowly away. The Fifty-fourth men
and One Hundred and Seventh Ohio embarked on the cars
brought in, Major Pope helping Captain Tucker with his
engine. The destruction of all property at the junction
Avas effected, and then the trestle leading toward Man-

298 PIFTY-FOUETH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

Chester was burned after crossing it. As progress was
slow with the heavy second train, to lighten it cars were
dropped from time to time and destroyed, until at last the
engine alone proceeded with the injured men, while the
troops marched. Lieutenant-Colonel Hooper's force was
joined on the roadside. It was the hope to run the
engines and remaining cars to Manchester ; but a flue had
blown out of Lieutenant Swails's locomotive, so they like
the others were burned with the army supplies in them,
estimated at a total value of $300,000.

When this was completed, and rest taken, the Fifty-
fourth moved on, re-joining the Second Brigade at 7 a. m.
on the 12th, after marching twenty-five miles and working
all night. Sergeant Wilkins of Company D, relieved from
charge of the pioneers by Sergeant Dorsey, of Company I,
was appointed acting sergeant-major on the 12th. At 11
A. M. the regiment with the brigade moved forward and
joined the First Brigade at Singleton's plantation. From
there, on that day, Capt. Frank Goodwin of Potter's staff,
accompanied by Lieutenant Newell of Hallowell's, with the
Thirty-second United States Colored Troops as escort, took
the wounded, several thousand contrabands, and the long
train to Wright's Bluff on the Santee, twenty-five miles
distant. They found some of our light draught vessels in
the river, on which the wounded and the women and chil-
dren were placed. Captain Good^rin distributed some two
hundred captured muskets to the men and sent them
overland to Georgetown.

From Singleton's on the 13th the One Hundred and Fifty-
seventh New York went to Statesburg, thirteen miles dis-
tant, where it destroyed some stores.

The next day the Twenty-fifth Ohio was sent to gain the

POTTER'S RAID. 299

rear of the enemy on the Statesburg road. Throughout
the 13th and 14th the remainder of the division was sta-
tionary. Toward eyening of the 14th some twenty of
the enemy made demonstrations against our Fifty-fourth
pickets, and later, Lieutenant-Colonel Hooper, with the
right wing of the regiment, reconnoitred for two miles
toward Statesburg, but found no enemy, and returned.

Everything was ready for an early advance on the 15th,
but it was not made until 3 p. M., when the Thirty-second
United States Colored Troops having returned from
Wright's Bluff, the division moved from Singleton's. It
rained in the afternoon and evening. That morning the
Twenty-fifth Ohio, ordered to Statesbui'g to await the di-
vision, encountered the enemy and drove them to Round
Hill, where they made a 'stand, causing the Twenty-fifth
some loss in repulsing them from there. Potter coming
up with the main force, the One Hundred and Seventh
Ohio was sent with six companies of the Twenty-fifth to
engage the enemy as a demonstration, while the rest of
the division, taking a road five miles from Singleton's, lead-
ing to the right, moved to flank the enemy collected on the
main road. Potter marched until midnight, making twelve
miles, and bivouacked near Jenning's Swamp and Provi-
dence Post-Ofiice. The force on the main road after dark
withdrew, joining the main column.

April 16, the march was resumed, the colored brigade
leading, and Providence Post-Office was left on the right
hand. With good weather the route was through a hilly
and rolling country sparsely settled with poor whites. A
halt was made for dinner at Bradford Springs ; and when
the column again proceeded, the enemy's skirmishers were
encountered, who gave way readily, but kept up a running

fight all the afternoon. Private Lewis Clark, of Company C,
was killed, and Private Levi Jackson, of the same company,
wounded that day while foraging. The skirmishers of the
Thirty-second United States Colored Troops killed one
Rebel and captured another. By sunset the colored brigade
had advanced sixteen miles and camped at Spring Hill.

On the 17th the last forward march of the division was
made. It moved at 6.30 a. m. toward Camden, the First
Brigade leading, the foe yielding until we came to swampy
ground, where works were discovered. There the Ph'st
Brigade fronted the enemy ; and a part of the Twenty-fifth
Ohio flanked the position, when the Rebels retired. The
Second Brigade was also sent to the left for the same pur-
pose, but its aid was not required. No further opposition
was made ; and Potter's force entered Camden, the Second
Brigade following the First, coming in at dark. Camden
was historic ground, for there Gates was defeated by Corn-
wallis in 1780, and Greene by Lord Rawdon at Hobkirk's
Hill near by in 1781. Sherman's Fifteenth Corps entered
the town Feb. 24, 1865, after some resistance, when the rail-
road bridge, depot, and much cotton and tobacco were de-
stroyed. It was ascertained that the rolling-stock had
been sent below during our advance from Singleton's,
making success assured, though fighting was expected.

Potter turned back from Camden toward Statesburg at
7 A. M. on the 18th. Our main body moved along the pike ;
the One Hundred and Seventh Ohio on tlie railroad with
only slight resistance until we came to Swift Creeli, after
marching some seven miles. Tliere the enemy held earth-
works running through a swamp and over the higher ground
beyond the creek. Gen. P. M. B. Young commanded the
Confederates, his force consisting of four hundred men of

POTTER'S RAID. 301

Lewis's Tennessee, and three hundred and fifty of Hannon's
Alabama brigades of mounted men, and Hamilton's field
battery.

General Potter, demonstrating with his main body along
Swift Creek in front, sent the Fifty-fourth, One Hundred
and Second United States Colored Troops, and One Hun-
dred and Seventh Ohio to attempt crossings down the
stream to the right, under the guidance of a native. In
this flanking movement Lieutenant-Colonel Hooper led the
Fifty-fourth along the creek over ploughed fields bordering
the wood of the swamp, with Company F, under Captain
Bridge, skirmishing. From contrabands it was learned
that the swamp was impassable nearer than Boykin's Mills,
some two miles from the road. When in the vicinity of
the mills, the enemy's scouts were seen falling back.

Leading from a small clearing, a road was found ap-
parently running in the proper direction, and our skir-
mishers were again ordered forward. Just then Warren
Morehouse, of Company E, who had been scouting in the
woods to the left, came to Major Pope, saying, " Major,
there's a lot of Rebs through there in a barn." The regi-
ment was moving on ; and deeming quick action essential,
Major Pope faced the left company about and led it toward
the point indicated through the woods ; and as we ap-
proached, the enemy retired across the stream. This com-
pany was left at that point temporarily, and the major
hastened to rejoin the regiment.

Captain Bridge pushed forward his skirmishers through
the wood bordering the road until the mills were in view.
It was found that the stream was there dammed by a dike,
the water above it forming a pond. At each end of the
dike were sluice-gates, controlling the water, which served

302 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

to run a grist-mill at one eztremity and a saw-mill at the
other. The divided waters passed away in two streams, form-
ing a sort of island ; but the two branches united farther
on. The road discovered ran to the first stream, where the
water, seven feet deep, was crossed by a bridge, which had
been burned, only a stringer remaining, thence over the
island to the second stream, where was a ford through water
waist-deep. Some fifteen yards beyond the ford up a slight
ascent, the enemy held breastworks of cotton-bales. It
was found that the dike and the road were one hundred
and fifty yards apart on our side of the creek ; but as the
stream made a bend there, they met on the enemy's
bank.

Captain Bridge's skirmishers, moving rapidly over the
road, came to the ruined bridge. The leaders at once
attempted to cross over the stringer, but received a volley
which killed Corp. James P. Johnson, mortally wounded
Corp. Andrew Miller, and wounded Sergeant Bennett and
Privates Harding, Postley, and Sylvia, all of Company F.
Thus checked. Captain Bridge retired to cover of the
ground, keeping up a return fire. Lieutenant-Colonel
Hooper, seeing that the position was strong and well de-
fended against an attack in front, determined to make a
diversion a quarter of a mile farther down the stream,
where a ford was reported to be. He therefore sent Acting
Adjutant Whitney to Major Pope with instructions to take
the left wing and essay the task under the guidance of an
old white-headed negro.

As the left company was already detached, Major Pope
took only Companies A, D, G, and I, proceeding by a detour
through the woods and swamps, with Company A under
Lieutenant Stevens skirmishing; after pursuing a road

POTTER'S RAID. 30-3

fringed with heavy timber and underbrush, this force
arrived near the point indicated. Tlie enemy was there,
for Major Pope and Lieutenant Stevens in crossing the
wood-road drew several shots. To feel the strength of the
opposing force opposite, Company A, which was in the
brush along the bank of the creek, was directed to fire a
volley. As if acting under the same impulse, at the very
moment this order was executed, the enemy also fired a
volley, one shot striking Lieutenant Stevens in the head,
killing him instantly. He fell partially into the stream.
It was a dangerous duty to remove him ; but two men were
selected from volunteers, who, crawling forward, brought
back his body. As the orders were to entail no unneces-
sary risk of life, word was sent to Lieutenant-Colonel
Hooper of the situation. Captain Chipman with Company
D relieved Company A on the skirmish line.

"While awaiting the result of Major Pope's flanking move-
ment, Lieutenant-Colonel Hooper caused a musketry fire
to be kept up from about the mill and the bridge, which
enfiladed the enemy's breastworks. He also caused the
sluice-gates of the dam at the first stream to be broken
to allow the water in the pond to flow off, that a crossing
there might be facilitated should Major Pope's project
not succeed. "Wlien word came of Major Pope's en-
counter, Lieutenant-Colonel Hooper sent a message to
General Potter informing him that the stream could only
be crossed with a considerable sacrifice ; but that if a field-
gun was sent him, the enemy might be driven out, or a
charge covered. At the same time Major Pope was ordered
to hold his position.

A gun having been brought, dispositions were made to
charge over the log dike at the mill. Lieutenant Hallett

304 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTEY.

with a force was directed to cross tlie dam to the island
between the streams, and open a covering fire from there
when all was ready. Then the gun having fired some half
a dozen shells, the Fifty-fourth, led most gallantly by Lieu-
tenant Reed, charged across the dike in single file, re-
ceiving the enemy's fire, but causing their precipitate
retirement. In this charge Corp. Wm. H. Brown, of Com-
pany K, ahvays conspicuous for bravery, was the first
enlisted man to gain the farther bank. We sustained the
loss of Privates Scott, Freeman, and Green, of Company
H ; Johnson and Jay, of Company B ; and McCuUar, of
Company K, — all wounded.

This last fight of the Fift3--fourth, and also one of the
very last of the war, was well managed by Lieutenant-
Colonel Hooper, when less discretion would have resulted
in a repulse and heavy loss. The charge was a plucky
affair under exceptionally adverse conditions. Our total
regimental loss that day was one officer killed, one enlisted
man killed, one mortally wounded, and twelve wounded :
a total of fifteen, the greatest number of casualties sus-
tained by one regiment in any action during Potter's Raid.

It was aljout 4 p. m. when the position was carried.
Simultaneously with our victorious cheers, the One Hun-
dred and Second United States Colored Troops and One
Hundred and Seventh Ohio on the creek above, as well as the
troops on the main road, advanced, the enemy flying before
them. Major Weljster with the cavalry pursued for some
distance. At the mills the Fifty-foiirth destroyed fifty-four
bales of cotton and three of corn fodder used in the breast-
works, besides the grist and saw mill. Lieutenant Stevens's
body was buried at Boykin's, as was that of Corporal John-
son. Their bodies and resting-p'aces were marked. In

POTTER'S RAID. 305

July, 1885, through the information furnished by Lieuten-
ant Whitney, secretary of the " Association of Officers
Fifty-fourth Massachusetts Volunteers," their bodies were
removed to the National Cemetery at Florence, S. C. Lieu-
tenant Stevens was a genial comrade and brave officer.
He must have been the last officer, or one of the very
last officers, killed in action during the Rebellion.

Leaving Boy kin's by a cross-road, the Fifty-fourth marched
to the pike and re-joined the division, which proceeded sev-
eral miles and camped for the night, after making twelve
miles that day. A thunder-storm prevailed, the rain con-
tinuing all night. At this camp Colonel Chipman, with the
right wing of the One Hundred and Second United States
Colored Troops, joined Pottei''s force, ha'sHing left Charles-
ton April 11, crossed the Santee at Wright's Bluff, and
made a bold march, meeting the enemy and losing some
men.

April 19, a start was made at 6 a. m., the First Brigade
in the lead, the Second Brigade following with the Fifty-
fourth as rear-guard. Hardly had the column left camp
and passed from the woods into open country, when the
enemy was found posted behind breastworks of rails, sup-
ported by a piece of artillery. The Twenty-fifth Ohio and
One Hundred and Fifty-seventh New York on the road and
flank soon drove him thence, and later, from another stand
on higher ground, until he retired across Big Rafting Creek.
Some forty or fifty of the enemy followed the Fifty fourth
in rear during the march, occasionally firing upon us.
Reaching the creek, the main body engaged the attention
of the foe, while the One Hundred and Second and a wing
of the Thirty-second went to flank him on the right ; the
other wing of the Thirty-second, and the One Hundred and

20

306 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

Seventh Ohio, were ordered down the Camden Branch of
the railroad. After a slight resistance the enemy fell
back.

At noon the Fifty-fourth was relieved as rear-guard, and
for the rest of the day was with the advance. It was
showery in the afternoon. Our road was through an open
hilly country. Near Statesburg at a swamp and creek the
enemy again fronted the division ; but our skirmishers
pressed him over the creek and in spirited style up the
rising ground beyond, in full view of the troops. Lieuten-
ant Chickering, of the cavalry, was wounded. Beyond
Statesburg the resistance was slight, the column proceeding
until 10 p. M., when the Fifty-fourth reached its former
camp at Singleton's, having marched eighteen miles.

Fighting was now over. The rolling-stock was ours,
massed on the Camden Branch, whence it could not be
taken, as the Fifty-fourth had destroyed the trestle at
Wateree Junction, on the 11th. General Potter devoted
the 20th to its destruction. That day the Fifty-fourth
marched to Middleton Depot and with other regiments
assisted in the work. About this place for a distance of
some two miles were sixteen locomotives and 245 cars
containing railway supplies, ordnance, commissary and
quartermaster's stores. They were burned, those holding
powder and shells during several hours blowing up with
deafening explosions and scattering discharges, imtil prop-
erty of immense value and quantity disappeared in smoke
and flame. Locomotives were rendered useless before the
torch was applied. The Fifty-fourth alone destroyed fifteen
locomotives, one passenger, two box and two platform cars
with the railway supplies they held. After completing this
work, the regiment returned to Singleton's.

POTTER'S RAID. 307

Every purpose of the movement having been accom-
plished, on April 21 the return to Georgetown was ordered.
It was about one hundred miles distant by the proposed
route through Manchester and Fulton Post-Office. Early
that morning three companies of the One Hundred and
Second United States Colored Troops on picket were at-
tacked by two hundred of the enemy, whom they repulsed.
The column started at 6 a.m., the Second Brigade in ad-
vance, moving over the Santee River road southwesterly.
Onr rear-guard was the Twenty-fifth Ohio, the enemy
follo\ving and attacking near Manning's plantation, but
they were driven bade.

John L. Manning, a former governor of South Carolina,
was at home. He was a distinguished man and one of the
leaders of the Union party in nullification times. After
the war he was elected United States Senator, but was not
allowed to take his seat. He died only recently. While
we were at his plantation, a Confederate officer came to the
outposts with a flag of truce, to notify General Potter that
an armistice had been concluded between Generals Sher-
man and Johnston. Hostilities were not to be renewed
without forty-eight hours' notice. This great news created
the most intense joy and excitement, for it seemed to end
the war, as the Rebels themselves acknowledged. Cheers
without number were given, and congratulations exchanged.
Then the Fifty-fourth was brought to a field, where the
last shots loaded with hostile intent were fired as a salute.
Soon after, the march was resumed in sultry weather with
frequent showers. Ten miles from the Santee the division
bivouacked after completing a journey of twenty miles.

On the 22d the troops continued on over the Santee road.
When opposite Wright's Bluff, the wounded, sick, and about

308 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

five hundred contrabands were sent to the river for trans-
portation by water. News was received of Lee's surren-
der which, tliough not unexpected, caused great rejoicing.
General Potter turned over tlie command to Col. P. P.
Brown, One Hundred and Fifty-seventh New York, and
departed for Charleston to convey news of the armistice.
After marching twenty-three miles, the troops halted for
the night. At 5.30 a.m., on the 23d, the Second Brigade
led out for the day's march. Now that hostilities had
ceased, the force was dependent upon such supplies as could
be purchased. A very large number of contrabands were
with the column, straggling, and obstructing the rapid
progress it was desirable to make. The day was cool and
pleasant ; the roiite through a fine country mainly, but
wooded and low in places. Intelligence of President Lin-
coln's assassination was received, — sad tidings which could
hardly be credited. There was much bitter feeling indulged
in by the soldiery for a time. The division accomplished
twenty-three miles that day, bivouacking at Stagget's Mill.

April 24, the troops proceeded through a wooded region
where no supplies could be obtained. As a substitute for
rations two ears of corn were issued to each man. A
journey of twenty-three miles was made. Our last bivouac
in the field was broken on the morning of April 25th,
when in good weather through a timbered country we
completed the march. Major Pope and Acting Quarter-
master Bridgham preceded the regiment into Georgetown
to prepare camp and rations. The troops reached town
at 5 p. M. after making twentj^-two miles.

Potter's Raid occupied twenty-one days, during which
the troops marched some thi-ee hundred miles. About
three thousand negroes came into Georgetown with the

POTTER'S KAID. 309

division, while the whole number released was estimated
at six thousand. Our train was very large, for besides
innumerable vehicles, live hundred horses and mules were
secured, of which number the Fifty-fourth turned in one
hundred and sixty.

Having taken possession of the old camp, the regiment
rested. By the 28th troops began to depart for other posts.
A tragedy occurred in the Fifty-fourth, on the 30th, when
Private Samuel J. Benton shot and killed Corp. Wm. Wil-
son, of Company A, in a private quarrel. Benton was tried
and sentenced to imprisonment, serving time until Decem-
ber, 1865, when he was pardoned.

Orders came foj' the Fifty-fourth to report at Charleston,
when transportation could be furnished. Captain Bridge,
with Companies A, F, and H, embarked on the steamer
" Island City," May 4, and sailed, accompanied by Colonel
Hallowell, in the morning. Lieutenant-Colonel Hooper,
with Companies D, E, G, and K, sailed on the same steamer,
May 6th ; and the next day Major Pope, with Companies
B, C, and I, followed on the " Loyalist."

CHAPTER XVI.

PINAL SERVICE.

UPON the arrival of the several detachments of the
Fifty-fourth at Charleston, Companies A, C, P, H,
and K, comprising the right wing under Lieutenant-Colonel
Hooper, located camp on the Neck in an open field to the
right of the plank road, and nearer the city than Mag-
nolia Cemetery. Major Pope, with the left wing, relieved
the Fifty-fifth Massachusetts at St. Andrew's Parish, across
the Ashley River, opposite the city, where they occupied
high ground not far from the camp made just before
first entering Charleston. From the Ashley to Wappoo
Cut was an intrenched line with several redoubts made
by the Confederates.

Colonel Hallowell was placed in charge of what was
known as the "Defences of Charleston," comprising the
intrenched line around the city, that at St. Andrew's
Parish, and the James Island lines ; Mount Pleasant was
soon included in his command. The troops under him
were the Fifty-fourth, One Hundred and Seventh Ohio, and
Twenty-first United States Colored Troops. His head-
quarters were first at the Cary house, but on the 8th were
removed to Nos. 6 and 8 Meeting Street, Charleston.

From camp on the Neck Lieutenant Reed, with Company
A, was sent on the 8th as train guard over the South Caro-
lina Railroad to Summerville, returning the next day.
The One Hundred and Seventh Ohio arrived on the 8th

FINAL SERVICE. 311

and 9th, taking post at the intrenchments. The Twenty-
first United States Colored Troops was stationed on James
Island and Mount Pleasant. Orders being received for the
right wing to join the left, on the 14th it inarched from the
Neck, crossed the river, and camped at St. Andrew's Par-
ish, thus reuniting the regiment under Lieutenant-Colonel
Hooper. Ho retained command until the 29th, when, hav-
ing received leave of absence, he departed for the North,
leaving Major Pope in charge of the regiment.

In accordance with Department orders issued May 29,
Colonel Hallowell, Colonel Gurney, One Hundred and
Twenty-seventh New York, and Major Willoughby, Twenty-
first United States Colored Troops, were constituted a
board for the examination of volunteer officers in the
Northern District, with a view to their retention in the
military service. All the officers of the Fifty-fourth ap-
peared before this board.

Captain Tucker with twenty-five men, on June 2, was
sent on a " tin-clad " steamer to the Santee River. On
the 7th the men welcomed back to the regiment eleven of
their comrades who had been prisoners of war. Two
others had previously reported. These men were paroled
near Wilmington, N. C, on March 4. Colonel HalloweU's
command was broken up June 5 ; the Fifty-fourth was or-
dered to Charleston ; the One Hundred and Seventh Ohio
and Twenty-first United States Colored Troops remaining
brigaded under Colonel Hallowell until the 10th. Our
regiment was ordered to relieve the Thirty-fifth United
States Colored Troops, forming part of the garrison. On
the 8th four companies crossed the Ashley in small boats,
taking post at the Citadel. They were joined by five other
companies on the 10th, Company I remaining at St. An-

312 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

drew's Parish. Colonel Hallowell took command of his
regiment on the 10th.

Quartered in the Citadel, the Fifty-fourth entered upon
the usual duties incident to guard and patrol service in the
Upper District of the city. The event of each morning
was guard mounting on Citadel Square, which always at-
tracted numbers of colored people, young and old, to wit-
ness the evolutions and listen to the martial music. It
was agreeable service for all. "When off duty officers had
the range of the city and its attractions. The men were al-
lowed frequent passes outside the spacious Citadel grounds,
making friends with the colored people, which in some cases
resulted in a partnership for life.

Charleston at this time was slowly recovering from the
effects of war and the siege. There was a growing trade
in merchantable articles. The churches were turned over
to their several congregations. The negroes who flocked
in from the country greatly increased the population.
This soon resulted in a heavy death-rate among this class,
which at one time reached one hundred per week. Whites
and blacks were closely watching the political develop-
ments, causing much friction. Dr. Mackey was the Col-
lector of the Port, and Mr. Sawyer Inspector of Internal
Revenue. Some arrests of prominent Secessionists were
made, — notably that of George A. Trenholm, the Confed-
erate Secretary of the Treasury. Prominent citizens were
returning. Among them were Theodore D. Wagner, J. B.
Campbell, James H. Taylor, William Gregg, Motte A. Prin-
gle, and Judge William Pringle. General Hatch was oc-
cupying the fine mansion of the latter gentleman, situated
on King Street, as his headquarters. Some cotton was
coming in, and more was expected as soon as the railroads

FINAL SERVICE. 313

were repaired. Vegetables and fruits were becoming
abundant in the markets. Beef, mutton, and veal were
ruling at thirty cents per pound. Shipments were made
North from the large stores of rice in the city. From the
paroled armies of the defunct Confederacy came large num-
bers of soldiers in dilapidated garments and emaciated
physical condition. They flocked to take the oath of alle-
giance and receive the bounty of government. Such was
their destitution that they were glad to share the rations
of our colored soldiers in some instances. President John-
son's Amnesty Proclamation, when received, was variously
regarded, according to the status of the critic as a Seces-
sionist Radical or Conservative.

Major P. E. Dye paid Companies A, B, and C of the
Fifty-fourth on the 17th, and the remaining companies on
the two succeeding days. This was only the second pay-
ment of the enlisted men while in service. In Charleston
the Masonic Lodge organized on Morris Island, of which
First Sergeant Gray of Company C was the Master, met in
the third story of a house just across from the Citadel.
Sergeants Vogelsang, Alexander Johnson, and Hemming-
■way were among the members, who numbered some twenty-
five or thirty. It is thought that the charter of this lodge
was surrendered ultimately to Prince Hall Lodge of Boston,
whence it came.

Admiral Dahlgren departed for the North on the 17th,
after taking leave of his squadron in orders. On the 18th
an affray occurred on the Battery between a guard of the
One Hundred and Twenty-seventh New York and some of
the Thirty-fifth United States Colored Troops, when a
few soldiers and civilians were wounded. A part of Jeffer-
son Davis's and Beauregard's effects and correspondence

314 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

brought into Jacksonville was turned over to Lieut. John
W. Pollock, Assistant Provost-Marshal at Charleston, on
the 24th. It included three handsome uniforms presented
to Beauregard by the ladies of Columbia, Augusta, and
Selma.

Independence Day was celebrated with great enthusiasm
by the loyal citizens and soldiery. National salutes were
fired from Sumter, Moultrie, Bee, Wagner, and Gregg, the
harbor resounding with explosions, bringing to memory the
days of siege. The troops paraded, the Declaration of In-
dependence and the Emancipation Proclamation were read,
and orators gave expression to patriotic sentiments doubly
pointed by the great war which perfected the work of the
fathers.

Captain Howard, with Company I, reported to the regi-
ment from St. Andrew's Parish about July 1, but was soon
sent to McClellansville, where this company remained
until just before muster-out. On July 11 orders were
received for the discharge of the Fifty-fourth. They ema-
nated from General Gillmore, who afterward, finding that
his authority was questionable, telegraphed to Washington
for instructions. Meanwhile Capt. Thomas J. Robinson,
Fifty-fourth New York, mustering officer, furnished neces-
sary instructions for preparing the rolls. Naturally this
order gave great satisfaction. At one time it was thought
that the colored regiments would be retained until the ex-
piration of their term of service.

Colonel Gurney's One Hundred and Twenty-seventh New
York was mustered out on June 30, and the next day
departed from Charleston. Brev. Brig.-Gen. William T.
Bennett, Thirty-third United States Colored Troops, suc-
ceeded to the command of the city. Lieutenant Whitney,

FINAL SERVICE. 315

Avith Company K, on July 31, was ordered to Fort John-
son to dismount guns on James Island for transportation
elsewhere. This work was prosecuted until the company
Avas relieved on August 16. Orders were received fi'om
General Gillmore directing that the commanding officers of
the -Fifty-fourth and Fifty-fifth Massachusetts, Twenty-sixth,
Thirty-second, and One Hundred and Second United States
Colored Troops, about to be mustered out, should nominate
such officers of their regiments as were desirous of ap-
pointments in other colored organizations. No assurances
were given of their receiving a higher grade than second
lieutenancies. It is not known whether any nominations
were made from the Fifty-fourth.

During the interval of time between the arrival of the
regiment and its mustei'-out, many changes of rank and
duties occurred. Commissions were received for Quarter-
master-Sergeant Vogelsang and First Sergeant Welch, of
Company F, as second lieutenants. May 22. Applica-
tions being made for their muster, they were returned "dis-
approved," and the commissions for some reason destroyed.
Colonel Hallowell, determined that the precedent estab-
lished in the case of Lieutenant S wails should be followed,
appealed to higher authority, sending for new commis-
sions. These colored men were finally mustered as officers,
and ultimately promoted to first lieutenancies. Commis-
sions wei-e also issued to First Sergeant George E. Stephens,
of Company B, and First Sergeant Albert D. Thompson, of
Company D, but they were not mustered under them.

George Cranch, John H. Conant, and William McDer-
mott, newly appointed, reported and ultimately became first
lieutenants. Joshua B. Treadwell reported for duty as
assistant-surgeon. Colonel Hallowell was brevetted briga-

316 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

dier-general. Major Pope was promoted lieutenant-colonel ;.
and Captain Walton, major. Lieutenant Emerson became
captain of Company B ; Lieutenant James, captain of Com-
pany C ; Lieutenant Reed, captain of Company K ; and
Lieutenant Newell, captain of Company B. Lieutenant
Cousens, promoted first lieutenant, was afterward made
captain of Company E. Lieutenant Joy, after taking the
intermediate rank, became captain of Company F. Lieu-
tenants Edmands, Swails, and Whitney were promoted first
lieutenants. Assistant-Surgeon Radzinsky was made sur-
geon One Hundred and Fourth United States Colored
Troops ; and Lieutenants Leonard and Hallett, captains
One Hundred and Third United States Colored Troops.

Those who resigned, or were mustered out at the expira-
tion of their personal terms of service, were Lieutenant-
Colonel Hooper, Adjutant Duren, Quartermaster Ritchie,
Captains Bridge, Jewett, and Emerson, and Lieutenants
Spear, Rogers, Bridgham, and Jewett. Lieutenant Edmands
acted as quartermaster until June 21, when Lieutenant
Vogelsang was made regimental-quartermaster. Lieuten-
ant Joy relieved Lieutenant Whitney as acting adjutant
until Lieutenant Swails relieved him July 1. The latter
was then succeeded by Lieutenant Conant. Sergeant
Wilkins, of Company D, was appointed acting sergeant-
major, and Thomas E. Platner, of Company A, principal
musician.

Preparatory to discharge the Fifty-fourth was relieved
from garrison duty, and ordered to rendezvous at Mount
Pleasant. Headquarters were located there on the 14th,
and by the 17th the companies were all present. At this
last camp the rolls and final papers were completed.
Under the supervision of Capt. Thomas J. Robinson the

FINAL SERVICE. 317

Fifty-fourth was discharged August 20. The roster of
officers at the time was as follows : —

Field and Staff, — Colonel and Brevet Brigadier-General,
E. N. Hallowell ; Lieutenant-Colonel, George Pope ; Major,
James M. Walton ; Surgeon, Charles E. Briggs ; Assistant
Surgeon, Joshua B. Treadwell.

Captains, — James W. Grace (A), Thomas L. Appleton
(G), Charles E. Tucker (H), Willard Howard (I), Charles
G. Chipman (D), Garth W. James (C), Lewis Reed (K),
Robert R. Newell (B), Joseph E. Cousens (E), Charles F.
Joy (F).

First Lieutenants, — Benjamin B. Edmands, Stephen A.
S wails, Peter Vogelsang (Regimental-Quartermastei"), Frank
j\L "Welch, George W. Cranch, William L. Whitney, Jr.,
John H. Conant, William McDermott.

Of the twenty-three officers, but eight were of those who
left Massachusetts May 28, 1863, forthe field.

August 21, at night. Brevet Brigadier-General Hallo-
well, with the right wing, embai'ked on the steamer " C. F.
Thomas," sailed at 5 a. m. on the 22d, and reached Boston
at noon of the 26th, where it disembarked at Gallop's
Island. Lieutenant-Colonel Pope, with the left wing, left
Charleston on the 23d upon the steamer " Ashland," com-
pleting the voyage on the 28th. Captain Grace did not
return North with the regiment, and fifty-nine enlisted men
were left behind sick in hospital. At Gallop's Island,
in Boston harbor, the Fifty-fourth remained until Septem-
ber 2. There the stores pertaining to tlie quartermaster's
department were turned over to the government officer,
and the ordnance stores to Major C. P. Kingsbury. About
two thirds of the men exercised the privilege of purchasing
their arms, as mementos of service in the war. On Sep-

318 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

tember 1 final payment was made, accounts settled, and
discharges given out.

A telegram from Charleston of the departure of the
regiment was sent to the Adjutant-General of Massachusetts.
Upon its receipt the friends of the officers and men ar-
ranged for their proper reception in Boston. The news-
papers made announcement of the event, indicated the
route, and requested the display of the national colors
and that refreshments be served on the march.

September 2, the Fifty-fourth at 9 a. m. landed at Com-
mercial Wliarf from the tugs "Uncle Sam," "William
H. Stroud," and another. There it was received by the
Fourteenth Unattached Company Massachusetts Volunteer
Militia (Shaw Guards, colored), Capt. Lewis Gaul; the
Hallowell Union Association, A. M. Hewlett, marshal ; a
delegation from the Rev. William Grimes's Twelfth Baptist
Society ; and many citizens, accompanied by Gilmore's Band,
— all under direction of J. J. Smith, chief marshal. The
Boston Brigade Band was also provided for the Fift}'-
fourth.

After the regiment had landed and passed the escort,
the column moved from Commercial to State Street. This
thoroughfare was thronged with people, who greeted the
veterans with repeated cheers. Groat enthusiasm was
displayed ; and the passing of the colors was especially
honored. As the Fiftj'-fourth moved through Washington,
Franklin, Devonshire, Summer, and Winter streets, similar
plaudits greeted it from every side. Entering Treraont
Street from Winter, an incident of the occasion was the
display in the window of Childs and Jenks's establish-
ment of a portrait of Lieutenant Webster, deceased, of
the Fifty-fourth, draped in mourning. In passing, appro-

FINAL SERVICE. 319

priate music was played, and the regiment gave a march-
ing salute in honor of the deceased comrade.

From Tremont Street the column entered Park, thence
to the State House, where from tlie steps Governor Andrew,
accompanied by his staff and the Executive Council, re-
viewed the veterans as they passed. Proceeding down
Beacon Street througli Joy, Cambridge, West Cedar, Mount
Vernon, Walnut, and Beacon to the Common, everywhere
along the route clieers went up from admirers, and friends
rushed to shake hands with relatives or acquaintances
among the officers and men. Everywhere along the jour-
ney the public buildings, inchiding the State House, and
parks of the city floated the stars and stripes. Through
the tlirong of citizens lining the curb, the Fifty-fourth
marclicd, welcomed at every step, with the swing only
acquired by long service in the field, and the bearing of
seasoned soldiers.

Arriving upon the Common, tlie regiment halted. In the
presence of a very large assemblage, including Mayor Lin-
coln, Colonel Kurtz, chief of police, Hon. Plenry Wilson,
and otlier gentlemen of prominence, the regiment was ex-
ercised for a few moments in tire manual of arms. Form-
ing from line into a hollow square, Brevet Brigadier-General
Hallowell called his officers around him, thanked them for
the efficient and manly way they had performed their ser-
vice, their uniform kindness to him, and tendered his best
wishes for their success and happiness through life. He
then addressed the enlisted men, thanking them for the
brave manner in which they had supported him in many
trying times throughout their service. He said whenever
a " forlorn hope " had been called for, the Fifty-fourth had
been ready and prompt to respond. They had protected

320 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

their colors and brought them home again, — there was
little left of them, but enough to show how bravely they
had been defended. They had proved good soldiers in the
lield ; now he hoped they would become good citizens.
When they left Massachusetts, it was the only State which
recognized them as citizens. Now the whole country
acknowledged their soldierly qualities. He hoped that by
good behavior they would show their title to all the privi-
leges of citizenship.

Continuing, he reminded them that their blood had en-
riched the soil of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida ;
might the sweat of their brows now enrich the soil of
Massachusetts. Might they show themselves to be men,
without respect to color or former condition. He bade
them good-by. He was glad to disband them, but he was
sorry to part from them. Still, he knew they looked upon
him as their friend, and felt siu'e that wherever he might
go he would find friends among colored soldiers and col-
ored men. In conclusion, he reminded them that having
received large sums of money just paid to them, it should
be kept. He hoped that all who had homes out of the city
would return to them when disbanded.

Upon the conclusion of this address repeated cheers were
given for General Hallowell. Then the square was reduced,
and some manceuvres were executed by the regiment. It
then marched to the Charles-street Mall, and there par-
took of a collation spread upon tables, which had been pre-
pared by William Tufts at the order of friends of the
Fifty-fourth. Then the regiment was disbanded.

Company C, recruited largely in New Bedford, was
escorted to the cars by the Shaw Guards. At New Bed-
ford, when the company arrived, a large number of citizens,

FINAL SERVICE. 321

a reception committee, and the Carney Guards (colored),
with the New Bedford Band, were in waiting. With the
escort, the veterans, some twenty-two in number, passed
through crowded streets to the City Hall. There a meeting
was held in their honor, which was called to order by
W. H. Jolinson, at which speeches were made by Henry
F. Harrison and James B. Congdon. Afterward a colla-
tion was provided by the colored people for the company.

Before the officers of the Fifty-fourth parted, an invita-
tion was extended to them for the succeeding Monday
evening, to attend a reception at the residence of John
Ritchie, Esq., their late quartermaster, at Chester Park.

The Boston " Evening Transcript " thus referred to the
event of the day : —

" The Fifty- fourth Massachusetts Regiment, the pioueer
State colored regiment of this country, recruited at a time
when great prejudices existed against enlisting any but so-
called white men in the army, when a colored soldiery was con-
sidered in the light of an experiment almost certain to fail,
this command — which now returns crowned with laurels, and
after two hundred thousand of their brethren, from oue end of
the traitorous South to the other, have fought themselves into
public esteem — had such a reception to-day as befitted an
organization the liistory of which is admitted to form so con-
spicuous a part of the annals of the country."

In the words of Yon Moltke, " War is an element in the
order of the world ordained by God. In it the noblest
virtues of mankind are developed, — courage and the ab-
negation of self, faithfulness to duty and the spirit of sacri-
fice: the soldier gives his life." With the loyal volunteers
who defended the Union of States these virtues were not
only dominant, hut were joined with the nobler one of

21

322 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

patriotism, which nerved them to contend against national
dissolution, brought on by Southern politicians to perpetu-
ate their waning power, under the guise of a struggle for
slavery and State rights.

It has been written that " the regiment is the family."
To the soldier his true commander is a father ; his
superiors, elder brothers to be deferred to and obeyed ;
the recruits, his younger kinsmen whom he cares for and
supports by example. He cherishes and proudly recounts
the traditions of glorious deeds and dangerous enterprises.

The flag is the object of his sentimental devotion,
which he has sworn to defend with his life. Every hole
in the tattered silk or mark upon its staff tells of valor-
ous strife in a just cause. Each legend inscribed upon its
stripes is the brief story of regimental glory.

Such esprit du corps in its fullest perfection has served
to carry men joyfully to death in the effort to win the
imperishable renown secured by famous regiments. It
earned for the Fifty-seventh Demi-Brigade before Mantua,
in Napoleon's first Italian campaign, the name of " The
Terrible ; " for the Forty-second Royal Highlanders, whose
black tartans shadowed many a battlefield, its undy-
ing reputation; and for the Zouaves of the Guard who
led the assault upon the Malikoff, the plaudits of their
countrymen. The gallant deeds of these foreign regi-
ments were rivalled in our Civil War; but, unlike them,
our organizations were of brief existence, and are of
the past.

A recent writer upon our late war has said of the private
soldier : —

" He does not expect to see liis own name on the titlepage
of history, and is content with a proper recognition of the old

FINAL SERVICE. 323

command in which he fought ; but he is jealous of the record of
his regiment, and demands credit for every shot it faced and
every grave it filled."

It is with a pride in the regiment which we trust others
may deem pardonable, a painstaking endeavor to satisfy
the natural expectations of the survivors who helped to ac-
quire its honorable record and to preserve the traditions
and recount the cheerful sacrifices of both the living and
the dead, that this history has been written.

During a period of field-service covering twenty-six
months almost every kind of military duty fell to the lot
of the Fifty-fourth. Not only did it, in common with
other infantry organizations, encounter the foe on advanced
posts, in assault, and battle-line, but its services under fire
as engineers and artillerymen were required during the
siege operations in which it bore part.

Thrice was the regiment selected for desperate duty, —
to lead the charge on Wagner, to advance the siege-works
against the same stronghold when defeat confronted the
troops, and to hold back the victorious enemy at Olustee
until a new battle-line could be formed. Twice did it
land upon hostile territory preceding all other regiments
of the invading force, receiving the fire of the enemy or
driving his light troops. The important task of guarding
several hundred Confederate officers was also especially
given to it.

But these services were not rendered without serious
losses. How great they were was not even known to the
author until after the history, except these closing lines,
was in print, as the Roster which follows was not com-
pleted, and only from it could be gleaned the long list of
those who died of wounds in hospital, home, and prison-

324 FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

pen. The mortality and casualty lists evidence the sacri-
fices made by the Fifty -fourth in the line of duty. With an
aggregate enrolment of 1,354 officers and men, the regi-
ment suffered a loss of 5 officers and 95 men known to
have been killed or who died of their wounds. There were
106 men reported missing, 19 of whom are known to have
died in prison, and 30 who lived to be i-eleased, leaving 57
missing in action. The casualty list is completed by the
further loss of 20 ofScers and 274 men woiinded, making
a total loss of 500, which is 36.9 per cent of the enrol-
ment. The death of 93 men out of an enrolment of
1,286, from disease and accident alone, gives a percentage
of 7.2 against 15.9, which is said to be the rate for the
total of colored troops enrolled. This evidences superior
material or care on the part of the Fifty-fourth.

It has been shown how the regiment by its steadfast
resolve, with the assistance of its friends, wrung justice
and equal rights with white soldiers from the Govern-
ment in the matter of pay and the muster of colored
officers.

In connection with other colored organizations, the Fifty-
fourth contributed to the estalilishment of a fact bearing
.'itrongly upon the military resources of our country then
and now. Wc have read in the opening chapter that the
United States only called the blacks to bear arms when
disaster covered the land with discouragement and volun-
teering had ceased. It is also to be remembered that our
enemy, having from the incipiency of the Rebellion em-
ployed this class as laborers for warlike purposes, at the
last resolved upon enrolling them in their armies. This
plan, however, was still-born, and was the final and wildest
dream of Davis, Lee, and the crumbling Confederacy. But

FINAL SERVICE. 325

the courage and fidelity of the blacks, so unmistakably
demonstrated during the Civil War, assures to us, in the
event of future need, a class to recruit from now more
available, intelligent, educated, and self-reliant, and more
patriotic, devoted, and self-sacrificing, if such were possible,
than thirty years ago.

ROSTER

FlFTY-FOUliTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

Compiled by GEORGE F. McKAY,
Capt. 55th Mass. Inf. Bvt. Major U. S. V.

THIS Roster has been prepared from original records in the
Department of the Adjutant-General of Massachusetts,
verified, so far as practicable, by reference to the records of
the War Department, U. S. A., and supplemented by private
information obtained through the Association of Officers of the
Regiment.

Note : In the Roster of Commissioned Officers names are in
order of rank, and information is arranged as follows : date
and place of birth ; condition, married or single ; occupation ;
place of entry into service. Service in this regiment with dates
of commission and muster-in ; date and cause of termination of
service ; casualties. Service in other regiments or staff duty,
and last-known address.

Of Enlisted Men, names are by companies alphabetically,
and there is given, — age ; married or single ; occupation ; place
aud date of enlistment ; termination of service and cause ;
casualties ; State bounty and last-known address.

Of Unassigned Recruits, names are given alphabetically,
with date of enlistment ; termination of service and State
bounty.

A large proportion of the enlisted men received only $50 of
State bounty. By a later law, $325 cash was paid, or, at the

328

EOSTEB OF THE

option of the soldier, $50 in cash and $20 per montli during
service.

Termination of service " 20 Aug 65 " signifies muster-out
with the regiment at Boston at the end of its service.

Where it has been found impossible to obtain an item of in-
formation, its absence is indicated by a dash ( ).

Where no rank is given, that of Private is understood.

The name of the State is omitted after places in Massachu-
setts, and after well-known cities, such as New York, Phila-
delphia, etc. ; also after Fort Wagner.

Abbreviations.

Aclg .

Acting.

Mus. . .

Musician.

Captd .

Captured.

Must. . .

Mustered-in.

Comd . .

In command of.

Pris.

Prisoner of War.

Bis. .

Disability.

Re-enld. .

Re-enlisted.

Dist . .

District.

Rel. . . .

Returned to regt.

Ex. . .

Exchanged.

Sin. . . .

Single.

Ex. term .

Expiration of service.

Trsfd.

Transferred.

Gen. Eos.

General Hospital.

U.'S.C.T.

U. S. Colored Troops

Mar. .

Married.

COMMISSIONED OPFICEES.

Field and Staff.

Shaw, Robert Gould; Colonel.

10 Oct 37 Boston ; married ; student ; New York.
Major 31 Mch 63, must. 11 Apl ; Col 17 Apl 63, must. 13 May. Killed
18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner.
Other seroice: — Co. F 7th N. Y. Nat. Guard. 19 Apl 61 ; 2d Lt 2d Mass.
25 May 61 ; 1st Lt 8 Jly 62 ; Capt 10 Aug 62. A. D. C. to Gen. George
H. Gordon.
Hallowell, Edward Needles ; Colonel.

3 Nov 36 Philadelphia ; single ; merchant ; Medford.
Capt Co. B 6 Mch 63, must. 30 Mch ; Major 17 Apl 63, must. 13 May ;
Lt. Col. 31 May 63, must. 31 Jly; Col. 18 Jly 63, must. 1 Sep; Bvt.
Brig Gen. V. S. Vols. 27 Je 65. Discharged 20 Aug 65 ex. term.
Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner.
Other seroice : — Staff duty with Gen. John C. Fremont in Mo. 2nd Lt
20th Mass. 11 Jan 62 ; 1st Lt 20 Nov 62 ; staff of Gen. N. J. T. Dana.

FIFTY-FOUETH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 329

Commanded Post of Morris Id. S. C, the city of Jacksonville, Fla.,
Defences of Charleston ; 3rd Brig. 1st Div. lOtli Army Corps ; 2nd
Brig. Coast Div. Dept. So. and a Brigade in Potter's Uaid.
Died 26 Jly 71 West Medford, Mass.
Hallowell, Nokwood Penrose ; Lieut. Col.

13 Apl 39 Philadelphia ; single ; student ; Cambridge.
Lt. Col. 17 Apl 63, must. 2i Apl. Discharged 30 May 63 for promotion.
Other service: — 1st Lt 20th Mass. 10 Jly 61 ; Capt 26 Nov 61. Colonel
55th JMass 30 May 63. Kesigned 2 Nov 63 account of wounds
received at Autietam.
West Medford, Mass.
Hooper, Henry Northet ; Lieut. Col.

16 Dec 34 Boston ; married ; Roxbury.

Major 24 Aug 63, must. 12 Sep ; Lt. Col. 18 Jly 63, must. 5 Dec. Dis-
charged 11 Jly 65 expiration of personal service.
Other service : —2d Lt 32nd Mass. 26 May 62; 1st Lt 14 Aug 62; Capt
21 Apl 63. Staff of Gen. Charles Griffin. Apl 64 Comdg No. Dist.
Morris Id. S. C. Comdg Defences Lighthouse Inlet.
Brooklyn, N. Y.
Pope, George ; Lieut. Col.

9 Jan 44 Boston ; single ; clerk ; Brookline.

Capt Co. I. 11 May 63, must. 13 May ; Maj. 3 Dec 64, must. 14 Dec.
Lt. Col. 11 Jly 65, must. 27 Jly. Discharged 20 Aug 65 ex. term.
Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner.
Other service : — Co. F 44th Mass. 12 Sep 62, Corpl. Staffs of Gen. Tru-
man Seymour and Cols. Wm Gurney and James Montgomery.
Hartford, Conn.
AppLETON, John Whittibr Messer; Major.
1 Apl 32 Boston ; married ; clerk ; Boston.

2d Lt 7 Feb 63, must. 9 Feb; Capt Co. A 14 Apl 63, must. 21 Apl;
Major 18 Jly 03, must. 26 Dec. Resigned 21 Nov 64 account of
wounds. Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner.
Other service : — Nov Dec 63 Actg. Asst. Inspector General 3d Brig. 10th
Army Corps. Major 1st Battalion Mass Hy. Arty 18 Mch 66. Re-
signed 5 Aug 65.
Salt Sulphur Springs, W. Va.
Walton, James Morris ; Major.

12 Jly 38 Philadelphia ; single ; lawyer ; Philadelphia.
1st Lt 19 Mch 63, must. 28 Mch ; Capt 7 Oct 63, must. 19 Nov ; Major
11 Jly 65, must. 27 Jly. Discharged 20 Aug 65 ex. term.
Other service : — Oct 64 Actg Provost Marshal ; Jan Feb 65 Actg A. D. C.
No. Dist. Dept. So. ; Mch Apl 65 Provost Judge Savannah, Ga.; May
65 Actg Judge Advocate No. Dist. Dept. So.
Died 25 May 74 Pittsfield, Mass.
Ddeen, Charles Maltbt ; 1st Lieut, and Adjutant.
21 Jan 42 Bangor, Me ; single ; clerk ; Cambridge.
2d Lt 19 Jly 6.3, must. 7 Jan 64; 1st Lt 11 Mch 64, must. 30 Mch ;
Adjutant 18 Mch 65. Resigned 17 May 65 for disability.

330 KOSTER OF THE

Other service : — Co. C 24th Mass. 24 Oct 61, Sergt. Staff of Gen. E N.
Hallowell.
Died 16 Mch 69 Bangor, Me.
Ritchie, John ; 1st Lieut, and Quartermaster.

4 Aug 36 Boston ; single ; student ; Boston.

2d Lt 19 Feb 63, not must. Quartermaster 20 Feb 63, must. 20 Feb.
Resigned 20 Je 65.
Other service : — StafE duty as Brig. Quartermaster, various times.
Boston, Mass.
Vogelsang, Peter ; 1st Lieut, and Quartermaster.

21 Aug 15 New York ; married ; clerk ; Brooklyn, N. Y.

Co. H 17 Apl 63, Sergt, Quartermaster Sergt. 2d Lt 28 Apl 65, must.

3 Je ; 1st Lt 20 Je 65, must. 18 Jly ; Quartermaster 18 Jly 65. Dis-
cliarged 20 Aug 65 ex. term. Wounded 16 Jly 63 James Id. S. C.

Died 4 Apl 87 New York.
Stone, Lincoln Ripley ; Major and Surgeon.

5 Aug 32 Bridgeton, Me ; single; physician; Salem.

Surgeon 21 Apl 63, must. 16 May. Discharged 10 Dec 63 for pro-
motion.
Other service: — Asst. Surg. 2d Mass 24 May 61, Surgeon 7 Nov 62. Sur-
geon U. S. Vols. 4 Dec 63, Brevet Col. U. S. Vols. 1 Oct 65. Dis-
charged 15 Oct 65.
Newton, Mass.
Briggs, Charles Edward ; Major and Surgeon.

6 Apl 33 Boston ; single; physician; Boston.

Surgeon 24 Nov 63, must. 26 Apl 64. Discharged 20 Aug 65 ex. term.
Other service: — Asst. Surg. 24 Mass. 13 Aug. 62.
St. Louis, Mo.
Bkidgham, Charles Burr; 1st Lieut, and Asst. Surg.
1 May 41 Buckfield, Me ; single ; student ; Buckfleld, Me.
Asst. Surg. 1 May 63, must. 6 May. Resigned 29 Feb 64. Ee-apptd

4 May 64, must. 5 Je. Resigned 16 Jly 64.

Other service : — Hospital Steward 2d U. S. Sharpshooters Nov. 61. Sep
63 Actg Chief Medical Officer 1st Div. Dept. So.
Cohasset, Mass.
Pease, Giles Moselet ; 1st Lieut, and Asst. Surg.
3 May 39 Boston ; single ; physician ; Boston.

Asst. Surg. 20 Jly 63, must. 3 Aug. Resigned 28 May 64 for dis-
ability.
Other service: — Actg Asst. Surg. U. S. N. Nov. 61.
San Francisco, Cal.
Radzinskt, Louis Daniel ; 1st Lieut and Asst. Surg.

12 Apl 35 Geneva, Switzerland ; physician ;

Asst. Surg. 8 Aug 64, must. 16 Aug. Discharged 14 Je 65 for pro-
motion.
Other service : — Asst. Surg 36th N. Y. 4 Jly to 11 Dec 61. Actg Asst.
Surg U. S. A. 18 Feb to 5 Jly 62 ; 9 Aug 62 to 8 Je 63 ; 2] Nov 63 to
8 Aug 64. Surgeon 104th U. S. C. T. 14 Je 65. Discharged 5 Feb 66

FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 331

ex. term. Actg. Asst. Surg. 8th U. S. Inf. 1867 to 1869. Actg. Asst.
Surg U. S. A. 17 Oct to 22 Dec 68.
McKeesport, Pa.
Tbeadwell, Joshua Braceett; 1st Lieut, and Asst. Surg.
17 Oct 40 New Market N. H ; single ; pliysician ; Boston.
Asst. Surg. 14 Je 65, must. 1 Jly. Diseliarged 20 Aug 66 ex. term.
Other service : — Asst. Surg 45tli Mass. 28 Oct 62 to 7 Jly 63. Surgeon
5th Mass. Vol. Mil. 28 Jly 64 to 16 Nov 64. Surgeon 62d Mass. 28
Feb 65 to 6 May 65.
Died 6 May 85 Boston, Mass.
Harrison, Samuel ; Chaplain.

15 Apl 18 Philadelphia ; married; clergyman; Pittsfield.

Chaplain 8 Sep 63, must. 12 Nov. Resigned 14 Mcli 64 for disability.

Pittsfield, Mass.

CAPTAINS.

Haetweli,, Alfred Stedman ; Captain Co. D.
11 Je 36 W. Dedham ; single ; student ; Natick.

Capt 16 Mch 63, must. 30 Mch. Discharged 30 May 63 for promotion.
Other service : — Corpl 3rd Mo. Reserves May 61 ; 1st Lt Co. F 44th Mass.
12 Sep. 62. Lt. Col. 55th Mass 30 May 63 ; Colonel 30 Nov 64 ;
Brevet Brig. Gen. U. S. Vols. 30 Nov 64. Discharged 30 Apl 66.
Honolulu, Hawaian Islds.
Partridge, David Allen ; Captain Co. C.

3 Apl 63 Milf ord ; married ; bootmaker ; Medway.
1st Lt 6 Mch 63, must. 10 Mch ; Capt 14 Apl 63, must. 23 Apl. Re-
signed 19 Jan 64 for disability.
Other service: — 1st Lt 42nd Mass. 13 Sep 62.
West Medway, Mass.
Bridge, Watson Wilberforce ; Captain Co. F.
27 Sep 63 Coleraine ; married ; clerk ; Wilbraham.
2d Lt 19 Feb 63, must. 2 Mch ; Capt. Co. F 14 Apl 63, must 23 Apl.
Discharged 20 Jly 65 expiration of personal service.
Other service : — Co D 37 Mass .30 Aug 62 ; 1st Sergt.
Died 6 Sep 84 New Haven, Conn.
RussEL, Cabot Jackson ; Captain Co. H.

21 Jly 44 New York ; single; student; Boston.

1st Lt 23 Mch 63, must. 30 Mch ; Capt 11 May 63, must. 18 May.
Killed 18 Jly 63 Ft Wagner.
Other service : — Co. F. 44th Mass. 12 Sep 62, Sergt.
SiMPKiNS, William Harris ; Captain Co. K.
6 Aug 39 Boston ; single ; clerk ; W. Roxbury.
Capt 11 May 63, must. 13 May. Killed 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner.
Other service : — Co. F 44th Mass. 12 Sep 62, Corpl, Sergt.
Emilio, Luis Fenollosa; Captain Co. E.

22 Dec 44 Salem ; single ; student ; Salem.

832 ROSTER OF THE

2d Lt 30 Mch 63, must. 30 Mch ; 1st Lt 14 Apl 63, must. 23 Apl ; Capt
22 May 63, must. 23 May. Discharged 27 Mcli 65 expiration of
personal service.
Other service : — Co. F 28rd Mass. 19 Oct 61, CorpI, Sergt. Actg Judge
Advocate 1st Div. 10th Array Cori)s and So. Dist. Dept. So. Actg
Provost Marshal Coast Div. Dept. So.
New Yorlf, N. Y.
Jones, Edvvakd Lloyd; Captain Co. D.

11 Jly 39 Templeton ; single ; clerls ; Boston.

1st Lt 13 May 63, must. 16 May ; Capt 14 May 63, must. 25 May.
Resigned 16 Dec 64 account of wounds. Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft.
Wagner.
Other service ; — Co. F 44th Mass. 12 Sep 62, Sergt.
Died 3 Jan 86 Templeton, Mass.
(Mann), Samoel Willaed; Captain Co. B.

30 Oct 39 Landgrove, Vt ; married ; tradesman ; Boston.
Capt 14 Apl 63, must. 25 May. Resigned 6 Oct 63. Wounded 18 Jly
63 Ft. Wagner.
Other service : — Co. D 20th Mass. 18 Jly 61, Sergt; 2d Lt 1 Oct 62.
Natick.
Smith, Orin E. ; Captain Co. G.

1840; single; seaman; Webster.

1st Lt 5 Mch 63, must. 23 Apl ; Capt 31 May 63, must. 31 Aug. Re-
signed 25 Jan 64 for disability. Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner.
Other service : — Co. H 2d Mass. 25 May 61, 1st Sergt.
Webster, Mass.
Jewett, Richard Henry Lee ; Captain Co. K.

10 Jly 34 W. Greenwich, R. I; single ; engineer; Boston.
2d Lt 5 Meh 63, must. 20 Apl ; 1st Lt 22 May 63, must. 30 May ;
Capt 19 Jly 63, must. 6 Jan 64. Resigned 19 Je 65. Wounded

18 Jly 63 Ft Wagner and 20 Feb 64 Olustee, Fla.

Other service: — Co. E 2nd Mass. 30 Aug 62, Corpl. Staff of Cols. Jas.
Montgomery, B. F. Tilghman, Wm Gurney and Gen's John P. Hatch
and E. N. Hallowell.
St. Paul, Minn.
Grace, James William ; Captain Co. A.

30 Dec 33 Bath, Me; single; merchant; New Bedford.

2d Lt 10 Feb 63, must. 10 Feb; 1st Lt 14 Apl 63, must. 26 May; Capt

19 Jly 63, must. 26 Jan 64. Discharged 20 Aug 65 ex. term.

Other service: —Sep 63 Actg Engineer Officer Dept. So. Mch 64 to May
65 Actg Ordnance Officer, Morris Id. S. C. Apptd 2d Lt 3rd U. S.
Arty, declined.
Jacksonboro, S. C.
HoMANS, William Henry ; Captain Co. C.

20 Oct 40 Augusta, Me ; single ; clerk ; Maiden.

2d Lt 19 Feb 63 ; must. 26 Feb ; 1st Lt 14 Apl 63, must. 23 Apl ; Capt

20 Jan 64, must. 11 Mch. Discharged 30 Mch 65 expiration of per-
sonal service. Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. Waener.

FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 333

Olher sei-vice : — Co. 1 1st Mass. 24 Mny 61, Corpl.
Denver, Col.
Apflbton, Thomas Labkin ; Captain Co. G.
14 Oct 4.1 Boston ; single; salesman ; Brighton.
2nd Lt 19 Feb 63, must. 27 Feb ; 1st Lt 24 May 63, must. 21 Aug ;
Capt 2G Jan 64, must. SO Mch. Discharged 20 Aug 65 ex.
term.
Olhej- service : — Co. C 13th Mass. 16 Jly 01. Staff of Gen's. Alex. Schim-
melfennig, Edwd. E. Potter, Rufus Saxton, E. P. Scamraon, and
Jno. P. Hatch.
Chelsea, Mass.
TucKEB, Charles Edwabd; Captain Co. H.

28 Feb 37, Gardner, Me ; single ; cleric ; Boston.

2d Lt 13 May 63, must. 13 May ; 1st Lt 28 May 63, must. 21 Aug ;
Capt 3 Feb 64, must. 30 Mcli. Discliarged 20 Aug 65 ex. term.
Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner.
Othei- sen-ice : — Co. E 44 Mass,, Corpl. Asst. Provost Marslial Charles-
ton, S. C. summer 05.
Fortuna, Humboldt Co. Cal.
Howard, Willard ; Captain Co. I.

10 Jly 38 No Bridgewater ; single ; salesman ; Boston.
2d Lt 13 May 63, must. 18 May ; 1st Lt 31 May 63, must. 8 Oct ; Ad-
jutant 1 Mch 64 ; Capt 3 Dec 64, must. 14 Dec. Discharged 20 Aug
65 ex. term.
Other service: — Co. D 44th Mass 12 Sep 62. Nov 63 to Mch 64 Actg
Regtl. Adjutant.
Baltimore, Md.
Chipman, Charles Gustavus; Captain Co. D.
28 Jan 41 Salem ; single ; cleric ; Salem.

2d Lt 31 May 63 ; must. 24 Oct ; 1st Lt 20 Jan 64, must. 11 Mch ;
Capt 16 Dec 64, must. 12 Mch 65. Discharged 20 Aug 65 ex. term.
Wounded 30 Nov 64 Honey Hill, S. C.
Other service : — Co. A 5th Mass. Vol. Mil. 1 May 61 to 31 Jly 61 ; Co. B
24th Mass. 5 Sep 61 ; 1st Sergt. Staff of Gen's. E. N. Hallowell
and W. T. Bennett.
Died 25 Jan 87 Green Bay, Wis.
Emerson, Edward Bctlkelet ; Captain Co. E.

17 Feb 46 Gt. Barrington ; single ; student ; Pittsfield.
2d Lt 3 Je 63, must. 10 Jly ; 1st Lt 19 Jly 63 must. 6 Jan 64 ; Capt 30
Mch 65; must. 8 May. Discharged 14 Jly 65 expiration of personal
service. Wounded 30 Nov 64 Honey Hill, S. C.
Other service / — Co K 34th Mass. 31 Jly 62, Corpl, Sergt. Apl to Aug
64 Actg Ordnance Officer, Beaufort, S. C.
Died 16 Feb 89 St Paul, Minn.
James, Garth Wilkikson; Captain Co. C.

21 Jly 45 New York ; single ; student ; Concord.
1st Lt and Adjutant 23 Mch 63, must, 24 Apl, Resigned 30 Jan 64
account of wounds. 1st Lt 3 Dec 64 must. 14 Dec; Capt 30 Moli

334 ROSTER OF THE

65, must. 12 May. Discharged 20 Aug 65 ex. term. Wounded 18
Jly 63 Ft. Wagner.
Other service : — Co. F 44th Mass 12 Sep 62, Corpl, Sergt. Staff of Gen's.
Q. A. Gilmore and E. N. Hallowell.
Died 15 Nov 83 Milwaukee, Wis.
Reed, Lewis ; Captain Co. K.

26 Oct 42 E. Abiugton ; single ; stitcher ; Abington.
2d Lt 9 Jly 63, must. 26 Nov ; 1st Lt 4 Feb 64, must. 26 Mch ; Capt 19
Je 65, must. 17 Jly. Discharged 20 Aug 65 ex. term.
Other service : — Co. G 12th Mass. 8 Jly 61, Corpl, Sergt. Provost Judge
at Charleston S. C. summer 1865.
Rockland, Mass.
Newell, Robert Ralston ; Captain Co. B.

22 Dec 43 Cambridge ; single ; student ; Cambridge.
2nd Lt 12 Dec 63, must 5 Jan 64 ; 1st Lt 4 Feb 64, must. 30 Mch ;
Capt 11 Jly 65, must. 27 Jly. Discharged 20 Aug 65 ex. term.
Other service : — Staff of Gen. E. N. Hallowell.
Died 23 Feb 83 Cambridge, Mass.
CousENS, Joseph Emmons ; Captain Co. E.

4 Nov 23 Lyman, Me ; single ; carpenter ; Newton.
2d Lt 4 Feb 64, must. 12 May ; 1st Lt 22 Feb 65, must. 8 May ; Capt
17 Jly 65 must. 12 Aug. Discharged 20 Aug 65 ex. term.
Other service : — Co K 32nd Mass. 13 Aug 62 ; Sergt ; re-enld 27 Feb 64.
Newton Centre, Mass.
Jot, Chaeles Fredebick ; Captain Co. F.
8 Je 45 Roxbury ; single; clerk; Brighton.

2d Lt 30 Sep 64, must. 30 Dec ; 1st Lt 30 Mch 65, must. 8 May ; Capt
17 Jly 65, must. 12 Aug. Discharged 20 Aug 65 ex. term.
Other service : — Co. E 44th Mass. 12 Sep 62 ; Co. F 2nd Mass. Hy. Arty
I 31 Aug 63, Sergt. Feb to May 65 Actg Assistant Adjutant General,

2nd Brig. Coast Div. Dept. So.
Chelsea, Mass.

FIRST LIEUTENANTS.

WnLFF, Erick ; 1st Lieut.

1837 Sweden ; single; soldier; Boston.

2d Lt 26 Feb 63, must. 28 Feb; 1st Lt 6 Mch 63, must. 16 Mch.
Discharged 17 Mch 64 for promotion.
Other service: — Co. I 20th Mass. 13 Aug to 15 Oct 62. Je 63 to Mch 64
Staff of Gen. R. A. Pierce. Capt 5th Mass. Cav. 17 Mch 64. Re-
signed 4 Jlj' 64.
HiGGiNSON, Francis Lee ; 1st Lieut.

11 Oct 41 Boston ; Boston.

2d Lt 28 Feb 63, must. 23 Apl ; 1st Lt 14 Apl 63, must. 23 Apl ; Capt
19 Jly 63, not must. Discharged 2 Feb 64 for promotion.
Other service: — Capt. 5th Mass. Cav. 13 Jan 64. Discharged 31 Oct 65
ex. term.

FIFTT-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 335

TiLDBN, Joseph ; 1st Lieut.

19 Dec 38 Lowell ; single ; merchant ; Boston.

2d Lt 1 Apl 63, not must. ; 1st Lt 13 May 63, must. 13 May. Dis-
charged 27 Miiy 63 for promotion.
Other service: — Co. I 44th Mass. 12 Sep 62, Sergt. Capt 56th Mass. 27
May 63 must. 27 May. Resigned 31 May 63.
Died 9 Jly 85 at Honolulu, H. L
Wild, Walter Henrt ; 1st Lieut.

19 Je 36 Brookline ; single ; clerk ; Brookline.

1st Lt 11 Apl 63, must. 15 May : Discharged 14 Aug 63 for promotion.
Other service: — Corpl, Tompkins' Ind. Light Battery R. I. 17 Apl 61 to
6 Aug 61. Co. M 3d R. I. Hy. Arty 15 Mch 62. Staff of Gen. E. A.
Wild, Capt 36th U. S. C. T. 14 Aug 63. Ordnance Officer Arty
Brig. 25th Army Corps. Discharged 14 Aug 66 expiration of per-
sonal service.
Springfield, Mass.
LiTTLEFiELD, Henry Wabken ; 1st Lieut.
30 Oct 42 Quincy ; single ; clerk ; Milton.

2d Lt 11 May 6.3, must. 25 May ; 1st Lt 7 Oct 63, must. 19 Nov. Re-
signed 9 Feb 65 for disability. Wounded 20 Feb 64 Olustee, Fla.
Other service : — Co. D 44th Mass. 12 Sep 62. Sep 63 Actg Regtl Adjutant
Philadelphia Pa.
ToMLiNSON, EzEKiEL Gauleeet J Ist Lieut.

3 Aug 41, Radnor, Pa ; clerk ; single ;

2d Lt 11 Aug 63, must. 15 Sep ; 1st Lt 19 Jly 63, must. 6 Jan 64. Re-
signed 3 May 64 for disability. Wounded 20 Feb 64 Olustee, Fla.
Other service : — Co. I 29th Pa. 9 Jly 61, 1st Sergt, Sergt. Major.
Died 5 Dec 85.
Reid, David ; 1st Lieut.

1829 ; married ; book-keeper ; Boston.

2d Lt 17 Apl 63, must. 23 Apl ; 1st Lt 19 Jly 63, must. 1 Mch 64.
Killed 30 Nov 64 Honey Hill, S. C.
Other service : — Co. F 11th Mass 9 Sep 61, Commissary Sergt. Mch and
Oct 64 Actg Regtl. Quartermaster.
Leonard, Andrew Watson ; 1st Lieut.

19 Mch 43 Boston ; single ; clerk ; Charlestown.

2d Lt 18 Aug 63, must. 19 Nov ; 1st Lt 31 Jan 64, must 5 Mch. Dis-
charged 16 May 65 for promotion.
Other service: — Co. D 13th Mass. 16 Jly 61. Apl 64 Detached with Boat
Infy. Morris Id. S. C. Capt 103d U. S. C. T. 9 May 65 Discharged
16 Apl 66 ex. term.
Died 4 Jan 80 Independence, la.
Knowles, Alfred H. ; 1st Lieut.

28 .Tan 42 Orleans; single; plumber; Orleans.

2d Lt 7 Oct 63, must. 7 Dec ; Ist Lt 4 Feb 64, must. 30 Mch. Resigned
21 Feb 65. Wounded 9 Dec 64 Deveanx Neck, S. C.
Other service: — Co. F 24th Mass. 7 Oct 61, Sergt.
Arlington, Mass.

336 ROSTER OF THE

Bridgham, Thomas Sydenham; 1st Lieut.

25 Nov 37 Buckfield, Me ; lawyer; Buckfield, Me.

2d Lt 19 Jly 63, must. 12 Feb 04; 1st Lt 4 May 64, must. 15 Je. Re-
signed 16 Aug 65 for disability.
Other service : — Co. A. 30th Maine. Apl, May 65 Actg Regtl. Quarter-
master.
Buckfield, Me.
Jewett, Charles jr. ; 1st Lieut.

2 Apl 31 E. Greenwich R. I. ; single ; farmer ; Millbury.

2nd Lt 15 Aug 63, must. 17 Mch 64 ; 1st Lt 3 Dec 04, must. 12 Mch 65.
Resigned 17 Je 65.
Otiier service: — "Volunteer in suppressing Sioux Indian outbreak Ft.
Ridgeley, Minn. 62. Jan to Mch 65 Actg Regtl. Quartermaster.
Died 1 Jan 90 Grand View, Tenn.
Stevens, Edward Lewis ; 1st Lieut.

30 Sep 42 Boston ; single ; clerk ; Brighton.

2d Lt 31 Jan 64, must. 3 Apl ; 1st Lt 16 Dec 64, must, 19 Mch 65.
Killed 18 Apl 65 Boykins Mills, S. C.
Other service : — Co. E 44th Mass. 12 Sep 62 to 18 Je 63. Aug Sep 64
Actg Regtl. Adjutant.
Edmands, Benjamin Bruce ; 1st Lieut.

3 Je 2-5 Charlestown ; married ; potter ; Brooldine.

2d Lt 20 Jan 64, must. 19 May ; 1st Lt 30 Mch 65, must. 13 May.
Discharged 20 Aug 65 ex. term.
Other service : — Co. B 36th Mass. 16 Aug 62, Corpl. Jly 65 Actg Regtl
quartermaster.
Providence, R. I.
SwAiLS, Stephen Atkins ; 1st Lieut.

23 Feb 32 Columbia, Pa; married ; boatman ; Elmira, N. Y.
Co. F 23 Apl 63, 1st Sergt ; 2d Lt 11 Mch 64, must. 17 Jan
65; 1st Lt 28 Apl 65, must. 3 Je. Discharged 20 Aug 65 ex.
term. Wounded 20 Feb 64 Olustee, Fla. and 11 Apl 65 near
Camden, S. C.
Washington D. C.
Ckanch, George William 1st Lieut.

11 Mch 47 Rome, Italy ; single ; student ;

2nd Lt 10 Feb 65, must. 13 May ; 1st Lt 19 Je 65, must. 22 Jly. Dis-
charged 20 Aug 65 ex. term.
Died 17 Sep 67 Fishkill, N. Y.
Welch, Frank Mark ; 1st Lieut.

22 Oct 41 Philadelphia; single; barber; W. Meriden, Conn.
Co. F 12 May 63, Sergt. 1st Sergt. 2d Lt 28 Apl 65, must. 3 Je ; 1st Lt
20 Je 65 must. 22 Jly. Discharged 20 Aug 65 ex. term. Wounded
18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner.
Other service ; — 2d Lt. 14th TJ. S. Ily. Arty. 29 Sep 65.
Washington, D. C.
Whitney, William Lambert, jr. ; 1st Lieut.

1 Feb 44 Cambridge ; single; student; Cambridge.

FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 337

2d Lt 3 Dec 64, must. 22 Jan 65 j 1st Lt 28 Apl 65, must. 26 Jly. Dis-
charged 20 Aug 65 ex. term.
Other service : — Co. E 44th Mass. 12 Sep 62 to 18 Je 63. Apl May 65 Actg
RegtI. Adjutant.
CoNANT, John Hobart ; 1st. Lieut.

13 Jly 42 Nashua, N. H ; single; conductor; Brighton.
2d Lt 1 Blay 65 must. 1 Jly ; 1st Lt 11 Jly 65, must. 27 Jly. Dis-
charged 20 Aug 65 ex. term.
Other service : — Co. A 44th Mass. 12 Sep 62 ; Corpl ; re-enld 29th Co.
Mass. Hy Arty 19 Sep 64 ; 1st Sergt.
Died 16 Je 68 Cambridge, Mass.
McDekmott, William ; 1st Lieut.

1843 Fairfield, Vt. single ; farmer ; Cambridge.

2d Lt 1 Apl 65, must. 17 Jly 65 ; 1st Lt 17 Jly 65, must. 12 Aug.
Discharged 20 Aug 65 ex. term.
Other service : — Co. E 12th Vt. 30 Aug 62. Co. H 59th Mass. 21 Apl 64.
trsfd 57th Mass.
Died 24 Dec 77 Port Henry, N. Y.

SECOND LIEUTENANTS.

Wilder, John ; 2nd Lieut.

1844 : Cambridge.

2d Lt 9 Feb 63, must. 10 Feb. Discharged 23 Je 63 for promotion.
Other service : — Capt 2nd U. S. C. T. 23 Je 63, Lt. Col. 80 Jly 64.
Discharged 5 Jan 66 ex. term.
Bassett, Almon H. 2nd Lieut.

Pittsfield.

2d Lt 14 Feb 63, must. 14 Feb 6.3. Resigned and commission can-
celled. .

Dexter, Ben.tamin Franklin 2nd Lieut.

1843; married; printer; Cambridge.

2d Lt 2 Mch 63, must. 12 Mch. Resigned 5 Jan 64.
Other service : — Co. C 3rd Mass. Vol. Mil. 23 Apl 61 to 22 Jly 61 ; Corpl ;
11th Mass. 16 Aug 62. 2d Lt 61st Mass. 3 Apl 65. Discharged 4
Je 65 ex. term.
Died 29 Apl 87 Boston, Mass.
Pratt, Jamhs Albert ; 2nd Lieut.

6 Nov 38 Lowell ; married ; carpenter ; W. Roxbury.
2d Lt 5 Mch 63, must. 20 Apl ; 1st Lt 15 Aug 63, not must. Discharged
3 Feb 64 for promotion. Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner.
Other service : — Co. A 1st Mass. 23 May 61, Corpl, Sergt. Capt 56th.
Mass. 25 Je 64. Resigned 16 May 64 for disability.
Boston, Mass. •
NoTT, William ; 2nd Lieut.

5 Aug 36 Topsham, Vt; single; shoemaker; Natick.

2d Lt 5 Mch 63, must. 23 Apl ; 1st Lt 22 May 63, not must, Discharged

238 ROSTER OF THE

Other service : — Co. I 2nd Mass. 25 May 61, Corpl, 1st Sergt. Capt 55tli.
Mass. 23 May 63; Major 23 Nov 64 ; Lt. Col. 25 Je 65 ; Brevet Col.
U. S. Vols 13 Mch 65. Discharged 29 Aug 65 ex. term.
Natick, Mass.
Johnston, Alexander ; 2nd Lieut.
1844, single; student; Buckland.
2d Lt 28 May 63, must. 28 May. Resigned 4 Nov 6.3.
Other serrke : — Co. G 2d Mass. Cav. 9 Apl 63.
Speak, Daniel G. ; 2nd Lieut.

1840; single; sailmaker ; Boston.

2d Lt 19 Jly 63, must. 13 Mch 64. Resigned 3 Je 65.
Other service :— Co. H 24th Mass. 10 Oct 61, Corpl, Sergt; re-enld 4
Jan 64.

Died at Boston, Mass.

Rogers, Frederick Eugene ; 2nd Lieut.
16 Sep 45 Chelsea ; single ; clerk ; Chelsea.

2d Lt 4 Feb 64, must. 3 May. Resigned 12 Je 65. Wounded 7 Apl 65
near Kingstree, S. C.
Other service : — Co. D. 13th Mass. 24 Mch 62 ; re-enld. 4 Jan 64.
Waco, Tex.
Hallett, Charles Olmsted; 2nd Lieut.

21 Nov 42 Boston ; single ; clerk ; Brookline.

2d Lt 4 Feb 64, must. 12 May ; 1st Lt 10 Feb 65, not must. Dis-
charged 16 May 65 for promotion. Wounded 30 Nov 64 Honey
Hill, S. C.
Other service: — Co. F. 2nd Mass. 25 May 61; re-enld 30 Dec 63, Sergt.
Capt 103d U. S. C. T. 9 May 65. Discharged 16 Apl 66 ex. term.
Oakland, Cal.
Webster, Frederick Hedge ; 2nd Lieut.
2 Aug 43 Boston ; single; clerk; Boston.

2d Lt 4 May 64, must. 16 Jly. Died of disease 25 Jan 65 Gen. Hos.
Beaufort, S. C.

The following officers were commissioned in the regiment,
but were not mustered : —

BowDiTCii, Henry P. as Major 27 Jly 63 declined.
Lynch, James, as Cliaplain 27 Oct 64, commission cancelled.
Greeley, Adolphcs W. as 2nd Lieut. 28 Feb 63, commission cancelled.
Smith, Charles F. as 2nd Lieut. 9 Jly 63, commission cancelled.
Hall, F. A. as 2nd Lieut 1 Aug 63 commission cancelled.
Adams, Z. Boylston, as 2nd Lieut. 15 Aug 63 declined.
Hocking, Alfred as 2nd Lieut 4 May 64 declined.
Patten, Thomas H. as 2nd Lieut. 22 Feb 65, commission cancelled.
Haskins, William G. as 2nd Lieut. 1 Apl 65 commission cancelled.
Thompson, Albert D. as 2nd Lieut 20 Je 65, 1st Lieut. 17 Jly 65 not
mustered, see Co. D.

Stephens, George E. as 2nd Lieut. 11 Jly 65, 1st Lieut. 17 Jly 65 not

FIFTY-FODRTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 339

ENLISTED MEN.
Non-commissioned Staff.

Beckek, Theodore J. Hos. Stew. 32, mav. ; physician ; Fitcliburg, Mass. 23

Apl 63; 20 Aug 65. $50. Died 69 or 70 Cliiirleston, S. C.
Douglass, Lkwis H. Sergt. M-ijor. 2-2, sin.; printer; Rochester N. T. 26 Mch

63, Co. F; Sergt. Major 23 Ap 63; 10 May 64; dis. S50. Washington, D. C.
LzE, Arthur B. ; Coniinissary Sergt. 29, mar. ; harness maimer; Boston. 13 Feb

63 Co. A; Commissary Sergt 23 Apl 63. 20 Aug 65. S50. Milton, Wis.
Plainer, Thomas Edward; Principal Musician. 17, sin.; laborer; Hudson, N.Y.

10 Mch 63 Co. A. Prin. Mus. 12 Je 65. 20 Aug 65. $50. Rochester, N. Y.
Vogelsang, Peter Quartermaster Sergt. 46, mar.; clerk; Brooklyn, N. Y.

17 Apl 63 Sergt Co. H, Quartermaster Sergt 1 Dec 63. See Record as Commis-
sioned Officer.
Wilson, JtniN H. Sergt. Major. 23, mar.; painter; Cincinnati, 0. 14 Apl 63

Co. G, Sergt 10 May 63, Sergt Major 9 Apl 04. 20 Aug 65. Wounded 18 J ly 63

Ft Wagner. 550. Toledo, Ohio.

Company A.

Adams, Jacob 39, wid.; laborer; Lenox. 18 Feb 63; 20 Aug 65.

Lenox.
Addison, Dattd 25, sin.; laborer; Sheffield. 15 Feb. 63; deserted 14 Apl 63

Readville.

AiKENS, Wit,LTAM H. 26, mar.; laborer; Boston. 13 Mch 63; 20 Aug 65.

Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wngner. $bO. Portsmouth, N. H.
Albert, Henry 42, mar.; farmer; Boston. 3 Mcli 63; Killed 18 Jly 63 Ft.

Wagner. S50.
Allen, jAMf;s 26, wid.; brakeman; Lafayette, Ind. 12 May 63; died pris. 20

Dec 64 Florence, S. C. Captd 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. S;50.
Bancroft, John H. 26, sin.; shoemaker; Stoughton, 4 Mch 63; died of wounds

29 Jly 63 Gen. Hos. Beaufort, S. C. Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. $50.
Barton, Thomas 27, mar.; seaman; Chatham Four Corners, N. Y. 5 Mch. 63;

deserted 23 Apl 63 Readville.

Benton. Andrew 1st Sergt. 28, mar.; waiter. 10 Mch 63; missing 18 Jly 63

Ft. Wagner. $50. Catskill, N. Y.
Benton, Akthony 19, sin.; laborer; Hudson, N. Y. 5 Mch 63; 20 Aug 65.

Benton, Samuel J. 18, sin.; waiter; New York. 11 Mch 63; 4 Dec 65 Boston.
Sentenced by General Court Martial to be hanged for murder of Corpl W.
Wilson; commuted to 10 years imprisonment; remitted by order War Dept.

Berry, Samuel 23, sin.; farmer; W. Chester, Pa. 21Feby63; 15 Jly 64, Morris
Id, S. C. dis. »50. Dead.

Biddle, I'xr G. 17, sin.; painter; Boston. 14 Feb 63; 20 Aug 65. Wounded
18 Jlv 63 Ft. Wagner. .1^.50. New Haven, Conn.

Bird, Levi 37, mar.; blacksmith; Pittsfield. 23 Apl. 03; died 10 Jly 65 Charles-
ton, S. C. of disease. $50.

;^40 ROSTER OF THE

Bounds, Robert 20, mar.; farmer; Hudson, N. Y. 10 Mcli 63; 20 Aug 65.

$50.
llKOWN, John 18, sin.; laborer; Worcester. 21 Feb 6-3; 21 Aug 65 Boston, $50.
liUNDY, GEOnnicL. .Strict. 23, sin.; barber; Worcester. 22 Feb C3; 24 Dec 63

Fortsmoutb Grove, U. 1.; dis. Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. $50.
BuRGiiAKDT, HiiNEY F. 21, siu.; masoH; Mo. Lee. 18 F'eby 63; killed 18 Jly 63

Ft. Wagner. $60.
Cooper, Watson 18, sin. ; servant; Medfield. 21 Dec 63 ; 20 Aug 65. $325.
Cross, Martin B. Sergt. 31, mar.; barber; Catsliill, N. Y. 10 Mch 63; 20

Aug. 65. Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. $50.

Croziek, Eugene 21, sin.; laborer; Bristol, Tt. 14 Aug 64 ; 20 Aug 65.

Ckozier, Nelson 25, Liucoln, Vt. 18 Dec 63; 20 Aug 6o.

CUTLEH, George R. 22, mar.; hostler; Boston. 6 Mch 63; 20 Aug 65. $bO.

Boston, fliass.
Demmings, Owen 21, Vermont. 21 Dec 63; 19 Sep 65 New

York. .

DixsoN, Henry A. 21, mar.; mason; Boston. 1 Dec 63; 20 Aug 65. $463.-33.
DuoAN, George W. 44, wid.; farmer; Concord. 20 Feb 63; missing 18 Jly 03

I't. Wagner. $50.
Duncan, Justin M. Corpl. 19, sin.; laborer; Chester. 18 Feb 63; 20 Aug 65.

$50.
Duncan, LoRE.NZo S. 21, mar; farmer; Hinsdale. 15 Dec 63; 20 Aug 65. $-325.

Hartford, Conn.
Ellis, Geouge J. F. 19, sin.; hostler ; Providence, R. I. 10 Mch 63; missing 18

Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. $50.
Fletcher, Francis H. Sergt. 22, sin.; clerk; Salem. 13 Feb. 63; 20 .A,ug 65.

$50. Died at Salem.
Ford, Joseph 21, sin.; hostler; Boston. 2" Mch 03; missing 18 Jly 63 Ft.

Wagner. $50.
Foster, Moses 19, sin.; farmer; Pittsfield. 26 Dec 63 ; 20 Aug 65. $-325.
FkeeuAnd, MiLO J. 22, mar. ; laborer; Sheiiield. 16 Feb 63; 20 Aug 65. 5f.M.
Gardner, Ralph B. Corpl. 23, sin. ; laborer; Gt. Barrineton. 18 Feb 63; 27

Jly 65 Gen. Hos. Annapoli.s, Md. Captd 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner; ex. 13 Apl 65

Wilmington, N. C. S60.
Garrison, Silas 20, sin.; painter; Chatham, Can. 28 Mch 63; missing 18 Jlv

63 Ft. Wagner, f 50.
Gibson, Martin 18, sin.; waiter; Taunton. 10 Oct 63; 12 Sep 65 Boston. J^SO.

G. a. R. Post 50, Chicago.
Glazier, Abraham 18, sin.; farmer; Catskill, N". T. 4 Mch 63; died 3 Jan 65

Itcgtl. Hos. Morris Id. S. G. of disease. Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner.

$50.
Cover, Franklin 19, sin.; farmer; Gt. Barrington 18 Feb 03; 20 Sep 65.

$50. Pittsfield.
tiREEN, Joseph Henry 16, sin.; laborer; Boston 23 Feb. 63; 20 Aug 65. $.50.
Grey, Solomon 21, sin.; laborer; Woodstock, Can. 28 Mch 63; deserted 14

Apl 63. EeadviUe.

Groomer, Edward 19, siu.; seaman; Hudson, N. T. 5 Mch 63; 20 Aug fi.n

$50.
Hall, Elias 26, mar.; laborer; Boston. 11 Feb 63; 20 Aug 65. ,1f.50.
Halsted, James W. Corpl. 18, sin.; farmer; Farrington, Conn. 4 Mch 63-

20 Aug 65. $50.

FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFAISTRY. 341

Hamilton, Fkank 40, mar.; farmer; Hinsdale. 14 Dec 63; died IG Aug 64

Restl. Hos. Morris Id. S. C. Consumption. $325.
Hajultox, Fkank, 2d 22, mar.; farmer; Hinsdale. 15 Dec 63; 20 Aug 65.

S325. Pittslield.
Hamilton, Thomas 30, sin.; seaman; Buffalo, N. Y. 26 McU 63, 20 Aug 65.

Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. $50.
Habuis, Chakles E. 23, sin.; laborer; New York. 15 May 63; 16 Je 65 Cliarles-

ton, S. C. ; dis. $50. Selnia, Ala.
Hakkis, John H. 38, mar.; farmer; Abington. 28 Feb 63; 29 Aug 65 New York.

S50.
Hakkison, Wili.hm II. 23, sin.; laborer; Paris, Me. 7 Dec 63; 20 Aug 65.

£325. Hannibal, Mo.
Hill, Ale-xander 32, mar.; laborer; Hudson, N. Y. 10 Mch 63; 18 Jly 65

Charleston, S. C. Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft Wagner. |i50.
Hill, Willia.m F. 18, sin.; farmer; Sherborne. 10 JIcli 63; died pris. 20 Feb 05

Florence, S. C. Captd 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. $60.
HiNES, Edwakd 20, mar.; farmer; Norfolk, Conn. 4 MchG3; killed 18 JI3' 03

Ft. Wagner. $50.
HoLLENBECK, JoHN J. 23, mar.; laborer; Jersey City, N. J. 10 Mch 63; 20 Aug

65. $50.
Jackson, Abrah.\m A. 24, mar.; farmer; Gt. Barrington. 15 Jly 63; 20 Aug

65.

Jackson, Elmer H. 19, sin.; laborer; Troy, N. Y. 15 Dec 63; 20 Aug 60.

$325.
Jackson, James H. 18, sin.; waiter; Gt. Barrington. 3 Mcli 63; wounded and

missing 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. $50.
Jackson, Sanfokd 33, sin.; teamster; Amherst. 4 Mch 63; died of wounds 13

Sep 63 Gen. Hos. Beaufort, S. C. Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft Wagner.

850.
Jackson, Thomas 21, Lenox. 5 Mch 63; died 31 Mch 65

Insane Hos. Washington, D. C. Epilepsy.

.Jackson, William N. 21, sin.; farmer; Hudson, N. Y. 10 Mch 63; died 16

Oct 63 Morris Id. S. C. Consumption. $50.
Jartis, George 18, sin.; laborer; Sheffield. 9 Dec 63; 20 Aug 65. $325.
Jarvis, George W. 24, mar.; hair dresser; Greenfield. 23 Oct. 63; 21 Sep 65

Boston. $325.
Johnson, Nathaniel H. 24, mar. ; carpenter ; Sheffield. 16 Feb. 63; 20 Aug 65.

$50.
Johnson, Norman 22, sin. ; farmer ; Sheffield. 26 Feb 63 ; rejected. Drafted

15 Jly 63; 20 Aug 64 Morris Id, S. C. ; dis. Westlicld.

Johnson, Peter B. 29, mar.; turner; Springfield. 4 Mch 63; missing 18 Jly 63

Ft Wagner. $50.
Jones, Henky E. 19, sin.; farmer; Lanesborough. 30 Nov 63; 20 Aug 65.

$325.
.Tones, William Henry 44, mar.; store keeper; Boston. 10 Feb 64; 22 Sep 64

Morris Id. S. C; dis. S.50.
Kane, Charles 28, sin.; laborer; Buffalo, N. Y. 28 Mch 63; died of wound 15

Aug 63 Gen. Hos. Beaufort, S. C. Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft Wagner. S50.
Kelsey, Joseph 22, mar.; laborer; Peru. 17 Dec. 63; died iMay 65 Regtl.

Hos. Georgetown, S. C. of disease. $60.
Lamb, Marshall 19, sin.; laborer; Newbury, S. C. 7 May 63; missing 18 Jly
63 Ft Wagner. $50.

S42 ROSTER OF THE

Lenox, Charles W. Sergt. 38, sin.; barber; 'VVatevtown. 28 Feb 63 ; 20 Aug 65.

$50. Watertowii.
Lewis, Dougl.\ss 18, sin.; hostler; Chatham Four Corners, N. Y. 27 Feb 6-3;

15 Mav 64 Morris Id. S. C; ilis. S50.
Livingstone, Fhauklin E. 19, sin.; boatman; Hudson, N. Y. 5 Mch 03; 13

i\Iay 64 I3eauf(]rt, S. C. ; dis. Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. $50.
LusHAY, George 21, sin. ; teamster; New Yorli. 9 IMch 03 ; deserted 16 Apl 63

Readville.

IMartin, James M. 43, mar. ; cools; ; Cambridge. U Dec 03; 20 Aug 65. S325.
McCloud, James 21, sin.; seaman; St. Thomas, W. 1. 23 Dec 03; 20 Aug 65.

$325.
Merritt, William 21, mar.; boatman; Hudson, N. Y. 5 Mch 63; 20 Aug

65. $50.
Miller, William 27, mar. ; farmer; Cambridge. 14 Feb 63; 17 Aug 63 Morns

Id. S. C; dis. »50.
Nettle, .John H. 27, mar.; blacksmith; Boston. 27 Feb 63; died of wound 8

Aug 63 Gen. Hos. Beaufort, S. 0. Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. $50.
NoE, Charles Corpl. 26, mar.; teamster; Springlield. 4 Mch 03; 20 Aug 65.

$50.
Oliver, William H. 20, sin.; pedler; Springfield. 4 Mch 63; deserted 25 Apl

63. Keadville.

Pell, George M. 30, mar.; farmer; No. Lee. 15 Jly 64; died 6 Aug 64 Morris

Id. S. C. Typhoid Fever.

Perkins, Washington 35, mar.; laborer; Boston. 20 Feb. 63; 20 Aug 65.

$50. Boston.
Perow, Joseph 29, mar.; butcher; Burlington, N. J. 26 Mch 63; 16 Je 65.

Charleston, S. C; dis. Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. $50.
Peters, George 6. Ill, sin.; farmer; Lenox. 27 Feb 63; 20 Aug 05. S50.
Pierce, Hakhison 21, sin.; laborer; Munson. 3 Mch 63; killed 18 Jly 63 Ft.

Wagner. $50.
Pierce, Solomon 42, mar. ; farmer; Monson. 7 Dec 63; 20 Aug 65. ^.325.
Plekoe, Warren 19, sin.; farmer; Monson. 7 Dec 63; 20 Aug 65. $325.
PiPEK, Charles H. 23, mar.; farmer; Stockbridge. 15 Jly 64; 20 Aug 65.

Porter, William 23, sin.; weaver; New Bedford. 10 Oct 63; 20 Aug 65.

$50.
Porter, William D. 25, mar. ; musician ; New Y'ork. 7 May 63 ; 20 Aug 65.

$50. New York.
Potter, Franklin 26, mar.; teamster; New York. 15 Mch 65; 20 Aug 65.

Wounded 18 Jly 03 Ft. Wagner. $50.
Price, Cornelius 25, sin.; farmer; Underbill, Vt. 7 Aug 63; killed 2d Jly 64

James Island S. C.

Pruyn, Peter II. 26, mar. ; boatman; Lenox. 5 Mch 63; 20 Aug 65. Wounded

18 Jly 03 Ft. Wagner. g50.
RiNGGOLii, George W. Corpl. 20, sin.; barber; Pittsfield. 28 Feb 63; 20 Aug

65. $50.
Robinson, Lewis 21, sin.; farmer; Columbia, Pa. 26 Mch 65; 13 Sep 65

Boston. $50. York, Pa.
Robinson Thomas P. 21, sin.; farmer; Staten Id. N. Y. 7 Maj' 63; 20 Aug 65.

Wounded Jly 63 . $50.

Rollings, PiObekt 35, mar.; farmer; Andover. 28 Nov 63; 15 Sep 65 Boston.

$325.

FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. Mo

Roy, LiNDSLEY 22, sin.; waterman; Boston. IG Dec 63; 20 Aug 05. S326.
Saunders, Enoch 38, mar.; laborer; Cambridge. 19 Feb 63; 9 Oct 05 New

Yorls. $50.
SHARrs, James E. 24, mar.; farmer; No. Lee. 18 Feb 63; 3 Je 65 St. Andrews

Parish, S. C; dis. Wounded 18 . J ly 03 Ft. Wagner. $50.
Shakts, William H. 23, sin. ; laborer ; No. Lee. 18 Feb 03 ; 20 Aug 05. |)60.
SiscoE, John H. Corpl. 20, sin.; farmer; Catsldll, N. Y. 10 Mch 03; 20 Aug

65. $50.
SiscoE, KicHAED 19, siu. ; farmer; Catsliill, N. Y. 10 Mch 63; 20 Aug 65.

550. Brooklyn, N. Y.
Smith, Bukkill, jr. 1st Sergt. 18, sin.; laborer; Boston. 12 Feb 63; 20 Aug

65. Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. $50. Boston.
Smith, John 26, mar.; laborer; Somerset Co. Md. 7 May 63; 29 May — Gen.

Hos. Beaufort, S. C; dis. Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. $50.
Smith, Samuel 30, sin.; laborer; Boston. 13 Feb 63; died 5 Jny 65 Morris Id.

S. C of disease. $50,
Spescer, Aaron Corpl 20, sin.; farmer; No. Lee. 18 Feb 63; died of wound

6 Sep 63 Morris Id. S. C. $50.
Spriggs, Isaiah 19, sin.; laborer; Chelsea. 20 Mch 63 ; 20 Aug 05. $60.
Stevens, William A. 19, sin.; farmer; Gt. Barrington. 18 Feb 63; 20 Aug 65.

»50.
Sutherland, John 30, sin. ; farmer; Stockport, N. Y. 10 Mch 63; 20 Aug 65.

^50.
Tabb, America C. 37, sin.; laborer; Boston. 13 Feb 63; 26 Oct 63 Morris Id.

S. C; dis. »50.
Tavlor, Robert L. Sergt 20, sin. ; seaman; Boston. 4 Mch 63; 20 Aug 05. $50.
Taylor, William Thomas 18, sin.; farmer; Tyringham 18 Dec 03; 8 Je 65

Gen. Hos. Beaufort, S. C; dis. $325.
Thomas, Jacob H. 26, sin.; farmer; Gt. Barrington. 18 Feb 63; 20 Aug 65.

$50.
Thompson, Charles P. 21, mar.; farmer; Gt. Barrington. 20 Feb 03; 4 Oct 65

New York. $50.
TowNSEND, Ralset R. 35, mar.; teamster; Springfield, 3 Mch 03; missing 18

Jly 63 Ft. Wagner, $50.
Tucker, Henry J. .34, mar.; butcher; Sheffield. 18 Feb 63; 20 Aug 65. $50.
Tucker, Jeremiah 19, sin.; farmer; Boston. 28 Mch 63; 20 Aug 6.5. $50.
Van Allen, Charles 29, mar.; f.armer; Lenox. 27 Feb 63; killed 5 Sep 63 in

trenches before Ft. Wagner. $50.
Van Alstyne, Charles 22, mar.; laborer; Hudson, N Y 5 Mch 63; 20 Aug

65. $50.
Van Blake, John 21, sin.; laborpr; Pittsfield. 6 Mch 63; died 21 Dec 63

Morris Id. S. C. Consumption. $50.
Vernonhaus, Ale.'CAnder 29, sin.; seaman; Philadelphia. 3 Mch 63; 20 Aug

65. $50.
VosBURGH, John E. 24, sin.; blacksmith; Lenox. 4 Mch 63; died 26 Nov 63

Morris Id. S. C. Consumption. $50.
Wallis, Alaxson 21, sin. ; farmer; Monson. 4 Mch 63; 20 Aug 65. $50.
Wallis, James 23, sin.; farmer; Monson. 3 Mch 03; 20 Aug 05. $50.
Waterman, George F. 27, mar.; farmer; Lenox. 27Feby63; missing 18 Jly

63 Ft. Wagner.

Watson, Cornelius 31, mar.; preacher; Newburgh, N. Y. 7 May 63; killed

18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. $50.

3-14 ROSTER OF THE

Whipple, William Henry 21, sin.; waiter; Scituatc. 5 May 63; 24 Feb 04
Portsmouth Grove, R. I.; dis. Wounded 18 Jlj' 63 Ft. Waguer. $50.

W'hitfokd, Chaeles 26, mar.; farmer; Hudson, N. Y. 10 Mch 63; 20 Aug
«5. $50.

Williams, Alexandek 33, mar.; coachman; New York. 7 Maj' 63; 8 Je 65
Beaufort S. C; dis. $50. Lee.

Williams, Amos. 25, sin. ; farmer; Tyriugham. 16 JlyC3; 20 Aug 65.

Dillon, Cul.

Wilson, Eli Corpl. 28, sin.; farmer; Springfield. 4 Mch 63; 28 Sep 65
Boston. S50.

Wilson, Geouge 32, mar. ; laborer; Hudson, N. Y. 4 Mch 63; 24 Dec 63 Ports-
mouth Grove, R. I. ; dis. Wounded 18 July 63 Ft. Wagner. 850.

Wilson, William Corpl. 29, sin.; laborer; Indianapolis, Ind. 12 Msiy 63;
killed 30 Apl 65 in camp Georgetown, S. C. by S. J. Benton Co A. S,50.

Wilson, William II. 22, sin.; farmer; W. Chester, Pa. 26 Mch 63; 20 Aug 65.
S50.

Woods, Thomas Corpl. 38, mar. ; teamster; New York. 9 Mch 63; 20 Aug 65.
$50.

Company B.

Allison, Geokge 22 sin.; farmer; Philadelphia. 14 Mch 63; missing 18 Jly 63

Ft. Wagner. S. C; supposed killed. $50.
Anderson, Elijah 30, mar.; stevedore; Philadelphia. 27 Feby 63; 20 Aug

65. $50.
Anderson, Solomon E. 34, mar.; farmer; W. Chester, Pa. 9 Mch 63; died

pris. Jan 65 Florence, S. C. Captd. 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. $50.
AitMSTKONG, George A. Corpl. 22, mar.; barber; Philadelphia 3 Mch 63; de-
serted 10 May 63 Readville.

Bailey, David 22, sin.; laborer; Philadelphia. 25 Feb. 63; missing 18 Jly 63

Ft. Wagner, S. C. ; supposed killed. $50.
Ballard, Jacob 29, mar.; farmer; Philadelphia. 12 Mch 63; 20 Aug 65.

$50.
Baecus, EzEKiEL L. 36, mar. ; brickmaker; Philadelphia. 11 Mch 63.; died 10

Dec 63 Morris Id. S. C. dysentery. $50.
Blake, Lemuel 21, sin.; farmer; W. Chester, Pa. 9 Mch 03; 20 Aug 65. Captd.

16 Jly 63 James Id. S. C; ex. 4 Mch 05 Goldsboro, N. C. ; ret. 7 Je 65. S50.
Bond, Benjamin M. 38, mar. ; cook; Boston. 5 Dec 63; 20 Aug 65. $325.

liosLEY, Joseph E. 30, mar. ; laborer; Worcester. 11 July 63; 20 Aug. 65.

liiiADLEY, Daniel 20, mar.; brickmaker; Philadelphia. 14 Mch 63; 20 Aug

65. $50.
Ijeadley, Jeremiah 34, mar.; farmer; So. Adams. 8 Dec 63; 20 Aug. 65.

$325.
Branson, Alexander 21, sin.; barber; Philadelphia. 18 Feby 63; 20 Aug 65.

$50.
Beanson, Samuel 21, sin.; shoemaker; Philadelphia, 18 Feb 63; 20 Aug.

65. $50.
Rrooks, John Henry 36, mar.; waterman; Philadelphia. 21 Feb 63; missing

18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner; supposed killed. $50.
Brown, George 20, sin.; farmer; W. Chester, Pa. 3 Mch 63; 20 Aug 65.
Wounded 20 Feb 64 Olustee, Fla. $50.

FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 345

Bkowk, Henry 19, siu.; farmer; Hollidaysbiirg, Pa. 11 Mch 63; 20 Aug G5.

$50.
Brown, Jesse II. 23, sin.; farmer; W. Chester, Pa. 11 Mch 03; 20 Aug GD.

Wounded and pris. IS Jiy 63 Ft. Wagner; ex. 4 Alcii 65 Goldsboro, N. C; I'et.

8 Je 65. $50. W. Cliestcr Pa.
Brown, Morris 22, sin.; wagoner; W. Chester, Pa. 3 llch 63; missing 18 Jly

63 Ft. Wagner; supposed killed. $50.
Buck, Henry Georqe 22, mar.; laborer; Philadelphia. 3 Mch 63; 20 Aug Co.

$50.
CiiAJiPLiN, Davio H. Corpl 28, mar. ; laborer; Ilingham. 25 Aug 63; 20 Aug

65.

Clark, Isaac Jefferson 23, mar.; farmer; Philadelphia. 9 Mch 63; 20 Aug

65. $50.
Clow John 37, mar.; laborer; Stockbridge. 8 Dec 03.; 20 Aug 65. Wounded

accidentally by himself 2 Jly 64 James Id. S. C. $325.
Cole, James 19, sin. ; farmer; Oxford, Pa. 14 Mch 63; 20 Aug. 65. Wounded

18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. $50. Lincoln, Pa.
Cole, Joslvh 19, sin.; farmer; Chester Co. Pa. 11 Mch 63; 20 Aug. 65. $50.

Coatesville, Pa.
Cooper, Thomas F. 26, mar.; laborer; W. Chester, Pa. 4 Mch 63; died of

wound 1 Mch 64 Gen. Hos. Beaufort, S. C. Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner

and 20 Feb 64 Olustee, Fla. f 50.
Counsel, George 26, mar.; laborer; W. Chester, Pa. 25 Feb 63; 20 Aug 65.

Pris. 16 Jly 63 James Id. S. C; ex. 4 Mch 65 Goldsboro, N. C; ret. 7 Je 65.

$50.
Croslear, Edward A. 26, mar.; laborer; Sheffield. 7 Dec 63; 20 Aug 65.

$325. Shetheld.
Ceozier Oscar James Mus. 20, sin.; hostler; Philadelphia. 21 Feb 65; 20

Aug. 65. $50.
Davis, Jeremiah Corpl 33, sin.; farmer; Philadelphia. 3 Mch 63; 25 Aug 65

New York. $50.
Day, Robert M. 20, mar. ; laborer; Philadelphia. 14 Mch 63; 20 Mch 65 Davids

Id. N. y. ; dis. Wounded 16 Jly 64 Morris Id. S. C. $50.
Dickson, Anderson. 19, sin.; farmer; Muscatine, la. 12 May 63; 20 Aug 65.

$50.
Dixon, John W. 22, sin.; farmer; W. Chester, Pa. 4 Mch 63; 1 Sep 65 New

Tork. $50.
Douglass, -Iohn 23, sin. ; farmer; Unionville, Pa. 11 Jlch 63 ; 20 Aug 65. $50.
Draper, Charles 18, sin.; drummer; Philadelphia. 23 Feb 63; deserted 15

Apl 64 Jacksonville, Fla. $50.
Elletts, James. 27, mar. ; laborer; Hollidaysburg, Pa. 11 Mch 63; died pris.

Charleston, S. C. ; captd 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. $50.

Elletts, Samuel 18, sin.; farmer; Hollidaysburg, Pa. 11 Mch 63; 20 Aug 65.

$50.
Farmer, George Corpl 39, mar.; farmer; Unionville, Pa. 11 Mch 63; 20

Aug 65. $50.
F'ERRis, John R. 27, mar.; laborer; Gt. Barrington. 28 Nov 63; 20 Aug 65.

$325.
Gallas, Joseph 27, sin.; stevedore; Philadelphia. 3 Mch 63; 20 Aug 65.

Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. $50.
Garner, George H. 28, mar.; barber; Marlboro. 14 Jly 63; 30 Aug 65 New

York.

346 KOSTER OF THE

GiBBS, George 23, sin.; laborer; Philadelphia. 18 Feb 63; 29 Dec 65 Boston.

$50.
Glasgow, Abiu.ham Corpl. 2G, sin.; farmer; Unionville, Pa. llMch63;2()

Aug 65. Wounded 28 Sep 63 in trenches before Ft. Wagner and 20 Feb 64

Olustee, Fla. S&O.
Glasgow, London 22, sin.; farmer; Unionville, Pa. 11 Mch 63; missing 18

Jly 63 Ft. Wagner; supposed killed. $50.
Grant, George 20, sin.; farmer; Philadelphia. 3 Mch 63; 24 Je 65 Annapolis,

Md. Captd 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner ; ex. 4 Mch 65 Goldsboro, N. C. S50.
Gkeen, Alfred 26, mar.; farmer; HoUidaj'sbtirg, Pa. 11 Mch 63; 20 Aug

65. Captd 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner; ex. 4 Mch 65 Guldsboro, N. C. ; ret. 9 Jly 65.

$50. HolliJaysburg, Pa.
Hall, Aaron C. 33, mar.; laborer; Exeter, N. H. 29 Sep G3; 20 Aug 65.

Hall, George Henry 20, mar.; farmer; Philadelphia. 3 Mch 03; 22 Feb 64

Beaufort, S. 0; dis. Wounded 63 S50.

Hall, James Henry Corpl 38, sin.; barber; Philadelphia. 27 Feb. 63; 20

Aug 65. $50.
Hall, William D. 29, sin.; yeoman; Exeter, N. H. 13 Jly 63; 20 Aug 65.

South bridge.

Hammond, Alexander Corpl. 23, mar.; fanner; Philadelphia. 14 Mch 63;

20 Aug 65. Wounded 20 Feb 64 Ulustee, Fla. $50.
Hardy, Charles Corpl 20, mar. ; laborer; Philadelphia. 18 Feb GO; died pris.

18 Mch 65 . Captd 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. $50.

Harris, John C. 20, sin.; farmer; Sheffield. 12 Dec 63; 20 Aug 65. S325.
Harrison, William Henry 36, mar.; farmer; Philadelphia. 9 Mch 63; 20

Aug 65. $50.
Hazard, Austin 32, Woodstock, Vt. 24 Rec 63 ; 20 Aug 65.

Hazard, Solomon 22, sin.; farmer; W. Chester, Pa. 9 Mch 63; 20 Aug 65.

Wounded 63 . $50.

Hercules, Lewis 21, sin.; farmer; W. Chester, Pa. 9 Mch 63; died 24 Apl. 64

Jacksonville, Fla. Pneumonia. $50.
Hight, James 21, sin.; teamster; Philadelphia. 18 Feb 63; deserted 14 Nov 63

from furlough. $50.
Hill, William 19, mar.; teamster: Philadelphia. 25 Feb 63; 20 Aug G5.

AVounded 63 . $50.

HoosE, Edward 21, sin.; farmer; Dalton. 4 Dec 63; 20 Aug. G5. $-325.
Howard, James 19, sin.; farmer; Philadelphia. 9 Mch 63; 20 Aug 65.

Wounded accidentally by himself 20 Feb 64 Olustee, Fla. $50.
Hdrdle, Robert Harrison. 20, sin.; fanner; Faimonth. 9 Oct 63; died 20

May 64 Eegtl. Hos. Morris Id. S. C. Pneumonia. $50.
Jackson, Charles 18, sin.; laborer; Monterey. 17 Dec 63; 20 Aug 6.'). $325.
Jackson, Samuel D. 32, sin. ; farmer; Pittsfleld. 14 Dec 63 ; 30 Je 06. Charles-
ton S. C; dis. $325.
Jay, George 19, sin. ; farmer; Oxford, Pa. 11 Mch 64; 20 Aug 65. $.')0.
Jay, Wesley 26, sin.; farmer; Oxford, Pa. 14 Mch 63; 20 Aug 65. Wounded

18 Apl 65 Boykins Mills S. C. $50.
Jay, William 22, sin. ; farmer ; Oxford, Pa. 14 Mch 63; 20 Aug 65. Wounded

20 Feb 64 Olustee, Fla. accidentally bv himself and 18 Apl 65 Boykins Mills,

S. C. $50.
Johnson, Augustus 21, sin.; farmer; Philadelphia. 25 Feb 63; 20 Aug 65. $50.

FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 347

Johnson, Claytos. 18, sin.; farmei-; W. Clieslcr, Pa. 9 Mcli 03; 20 Aug 65.

Wounded 18 Apl B5 Uoykins Miils, S. C. .1t50. brooklyn, N. Y.
Johnson, Geokge W. 21, sin.j faiinev; Pliiladelphia. 11 Mcli 03; 20 Aug 65.

SoO. G. A. R. Post 255, New York.
Johnson, WosKS. 28, mar. ; Jaborer; Pliiladulpliia. 4 Mch 03 ; 20 Aug 65. $50.
.loNEs, William 45, mar.; laborer; Sheldeld. 18 Dec 03; 20 Aug 65. $325.

Sheffield.
Langlev, London S. 24, Rutlaud, Vt. 7 Dec 63; Trsfd 33d U. S.

C. T. 23 Apl 04. Dead.

Lee, Alkued, 20, sin.; farmer; Pliiladelpliia. 9 Mcli 63; 13 Sep. 65 Boston.

Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. $50.
Long, Henry 3.5, mar.; laborer; Harrisburg, Pa. 10 Dec 03 ; 20 Aug 05. $325.
Lyons, James Corpl. 34, mar. ; farmer, UoUidaysburg, Pa. 11 Mch 03; 20 Aug

05. $50.
Meko, Andrew H. 27, Ptutland, Vt. 9 Dec 03; 29 Sep 65 Boston.

BIeko, Edward H. 19, Woodstock, Vt. 30 Nov 63 ; 20 Aug 65-

Meko, Sylvester. 19; Woodstock, Vt. 5 Jan 64; 20 Aug 05.

Rutland, Vt.

Merrulan, George I'. Sergt. 22, sin.; farmer; W. Chester, Pa. 4 Mch 63;

died of wound 1 Aug 03 Gen. Hos. Beaufort, S. C. Wounded 10 Jly 03 James

Id. S. C. $50.
Miller, John 25, sin.; barber; Philadelphia. 21 Feb 03; 20 Aug 05. $50.
More, Edward 36, mar.; laborer; ShefKeld. 7 Dec 03; 20 Aug 65. $325.

Sheffield, Mass.
Morris, George Corpl 22, mar.; seaman; Philadelphia. 3 Mch 63; 20 Aug

05. Wounded and pris. 20 Feb 64 Olustee, Fla. ; Ex. 4 Mch 05 Goldsboro. N C. ;

ret. 7 Je 65. $50.
Neal, Samuel 24, mar. ; farmer; Philadelphia. 25 Feb 63; 20 Aug 65. Wounded

18 Jly 63 Ft Wagner. $50.
Newport, F.rastus 32, mar.; farmer; Monson. 7 Dec 63; 20 Aug 65. $325.
Nicholas, Lemuel A. 24, mar.; shoemaker; Philadelphia. 21 Mch 63; 20 Aug

65. $.50. Died New York.

Parker, Jeremiah 21, mar.; farmer; W. Chester Pa. 9 Mch 63; 20 Aug 05.

Wounded 20 Feb 64 Olustee, Fla. $50.
Parker, John 23, sin.; teamster; Philadelphia. 21 Mch 03; 20 Aug 65. $50.
Peer, John W. 21, sin.; barber; Philadelphia. 18 Feb 63; died 0 Aug 63

Morris Id. S. C. Dysentery. $50.
Putter, Charles W. 28, mar.; barber; Hinsdale. 15 Jly 04; 20 Aug OS.

Preston, Charles Henry 22, sin.; farmer; W. Chester, Pa. 9 Mch 63; 20

Aug 65. $.50.
Keed, John W. 22, mar. ; laborer; Philadelphia. 3 Mch 63; deserted 8 May 63

Readville.

Rich.vrdsc IN, Andrew 23, mar.; stevedore; Philadelphia. 27 Feb 63; 20 Aug
65. Wounded 16 Jly 63 James Id. S. C. $.50.

EiGBY, William 21, sin.; farmer; W. Chester, Pa. 11 Mch 63; 24 Je 65 An-
napolis, Md. Captd 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner; ex. 4 Mch 65 Goldsboro, N. C.
$50. W. Chester, Pa.

RiNGOLD, James W. 18, sin.; farmer; Philadelphia. 27 Feb 63; 30 Je 05
Charleston, S. C. dis. Wounded 28 Sep 63 Ft. Chatfield, Morris Id. S. C. $50.

348 ROSTER or THE

Ross, James 28, sin.; laborer; Boston. 11 Dec 63; 20 Aug 65. $325.

Scott, Geokge H. 18, Rutland, Vt. 11 Dec 63 ; 20 Aug 05.

Shihley, John L. 23, mar.; farmer; W. Chester, Pa. 9 Mch 63; 20 Aug 65.

$50. W. Chester, Pa.
Simmons, KoiiEiiT John 1st Sergt. 20, sin. ; clerk; Bermuda. 12 Mch 63; died

pris. Aug 63 Charleston, S. C. Wounded and pris. 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. $50.
Smith, Euwakd H. 21, sin.; farmer; W. Chester, Pa. 9 Mch 03; 20 Aug 05.

$50.
Smith, James 20, mar.; laborer; Philadelphia. 14 Mch 63; 20 Aug 65. $50.

Philadelphia.
Smith, Lewis Corpl. 19, sin.; laborer; Philadelphia. 4 Mch 63; drownedllDec

64 Folly Id. S. C. $50.
Snowdon, John A. 20, sin.; laborer; Philadelphia. 14 Mch 63; missing 18 Jly

63 Ft. Wagner; supposed killed. $50.
Spriggs, Enos 21, sin.; farmer; W. Chester, Pa. 3 Mch 63; 20 Aug 65.

$50.
States, Dakiel, 18, sin.; farmer; Philadelphia. 27 Feb 63; 20 Aug 65.

Wounded and pris. 18 Jly 03 Ft. Wagner; ex. 4 Mcli 65 Goldsboro, N. C. ;

ret. 7 Je 05. If50. Philadelphia.
Stephens, Geouge E. l<t Sergt. 31, mar.; cabinet maker; Boston. 30 Apl

63; 20 Aug 05. Coind 2d Lt 11 Jly 65; 1st Lt 17 Jly 65, not mustered. $50.

Died 24 Apl 88 Brooklyn, N. Y.
Story, Charles A. Sergt. 20, sin.; farmer; Hadley. 18 Jly 63; 20 Aug 65.

Story, William A 26, sin. ; barber; Hadley. 2 Dec 63; 20 Aug 65. $325.
Streets, Geokge Washington 19, sin. ; laborer; Hollidaysburg, Pa. 11 Mcli

63 ; died of wound 22 Jly 63 Gen. Hos. Beaufort, S. C. Wounded 18 Jly 03 Ft.
Wagner. $50.

SuFSHAY, Samuel Miis. 17, sin.; drummer; Philadelphia. 18 Feb 63; killed

15 Jly 64 in camp Morris Id. S. C. by shell. $50.
Swan, Charles 33, mar.; laborer; Monterey. 17 Dec 63; 31 Aug 65 New York.

$325.
Swan, Henry 45, mar.; laborer; Monterey, 18 Dec 63; 16 Jly 65 Gen. Hos.

Beaufort, S. C; dis. $325.
Tanner John 2u, mar. ; mechanic; Southbridge. 14 Jly 63; killed 15 Jly 64 in

camp Morris Id. S. C. by shell.

Thomas, John 22, sin. ; laborer ; Philadelphia. 25 Feb 63; 20 Aug 65. $50.
Valentine, Samuel Sergt. 21, mar. ; shoemaker; Boston. 3 Mch 63; 20 Aug

65. $50. Boston.
Vanalstyne, William D. 23, sin.; farmer; Plainfield. 7 Dec 63; died 10 Sep.

64 pris. Andersonville Ga. Captd 20 Feb 64 Olustee, Fla. $325.
Vanleeb, George R. 21, sin.; farmer; W. Chester, Pa. 9 Mch 63; deserted 10

May 63 Readville.

Walls, Albert 29, sin. ; farmer; Philadelphia. 14 Mch 63; missing 18 Jly 63

Ft. Wagner; supposed killed. $50.
Washington, Edward Sergt. 26, mar.; laborer; Philadelphia. 27 Feb 63; 20

Aug 65. Wounded -^63 . $50.

Washington, George A. 42, mar. ; seaman; Philadelphia. 25 Feb 63; 20 Aug

65. $50.
Washington, Stephen 27, mar.; laborer; W. Chester, Pa. 4 Mch 03; 20 Aug

65. $50.

FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 349

Washington, William Hknhv 21, sin.; laborer; W. Chester, Pa. 3 Mcli 63;

20 Aug 65. $50.
Wells, Avgustus 20, sin.; laborer; Pliiladelphia. 18 Feb 03; Aug 20, 64;

Morris Id, S. C; dis.

Wentvvokth, CHAiiUcs B. 45, Woodstock, Vt. 19 Dec 63; 13

Jly 65 Cliarleston, .S. C; dis.

White, Isaac 27, sin. ; teamster; Pliiladelpliia. 21 Feb 63; 20 Aug 65. $50.
WiLLi.iMS, Charles 20,mar.; bricl;niaker; Pliiladelpliia. 14Mcli63; diedpiis.

.Ian 65 Florence, S. C. Captd 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. $50.
Williajis, Cuktis. 18, sin.; servant; Newberne, N. C. 27 Nov 63; 20 Aug 65.

?46.j.i)9.
Willta:\!S, John 19, sin.; seaman; Philadelphia. 25 Feb Go; 12 Sep 65 Boston.

S50.
WiLLiAjis, John Q. 21, mar.; farmer; Stockbridge. 8 Dec 63; 20 Aug 65.

§■325.
Williams, Valorous W. 43, mar.; laborer; Stockbridge. 15 Dec 63; 13 Jly

65 Charleston, S. C. ; dis. $325.
Willis, Jekemiah 21, mar.; farmer; Philadelphia. 9 Mch 63; 20 Aug 65.

S50.
Wilson, Samuel R. 21, sin.; farmer; W. Chester, Pa. 9 Mch 63; missing 18

Jly 63 Ft. Wagner; supposed died pris. $50.
Winstox. JoeEPii 21, sin.; farmer; Philadelphia. 3 Mch 63; .30 Ang 05 New-
York. $50.
Woods. Robert 23, mar.; farmer; Philadelphia. 21 Feb 53 ; 20 Ang 65. $50.
Wright, John Mus. 19, mar. ; laborer ; Philadelphia. 25 Feb 63 ; 20 Aug 65.

$50.

Company C.

Allson, Charles. 36, mar. ; farmer; Rehohoth. 16 Jly 63; 20 Aug 65.

Anderson, John H. 32. mar.; barber; Chelsea. 4 May 63; 20 Apl 64 David's

Id. N. Y. dis. Wounded 18 .Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. $.50.
Baker, George. 30, mar.; laborer; Montrose, Pa. 21 Mch 64; 20 Ang 65.

$50. Dead.
Barton, Lot Lee 27, sin.; farmer; Chatham Four Corners, N. Y. 14Feby63;

20 Aug 65. $.50.
Benton, Nelson R. 28, mar.; laborer; Catskill, N. Y. 9 Mch 63; 30 .Je 04

Black Id. S.C; dis. Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. $.50. Catskill, N. Y.
Blackburn, John 20, sin.; laborer; New Bedford. 31 Aug63; 20Ang65.

ISlackbctrn, John W. 18, sin.; laborer; New Bedford. 14 Feb 63; 23 May 63

Readville; dis. $50.
Brewster, Henry T. 21, sin.; shoemaker; Boston. ISSfchfiS; 20Aug05. $.50.
Buchanan, .Jajies H., Corp. 22. mar.; laborer; New Bedford. 10 Feby 63;

killed 20 Feb. 64 Olustee, Fla. $-50.
Byard, Robert 26, sin. ; laborer; St. Albans, Vt. 28 Mch 63; 20 Aug 65. $!iO.
Campbell, Joseph R. 23, mar.; caulker; New Bedford. 11 Mch 63; missing

18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. $50.
Carney, William H. Sergt. 22, sin.; seaman; New Bedford. 17 Feb 63; 30

Je 64 Morris Id. S.C; dis. Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. 950. New

Bedford.

350 ROSTER OF THE

Cass, Isaiah 24, sin.; laborer; Woodford, Ky. 12 May 63; 8 Je 65 Beaufort,

S. C. ; dis. Wounded 18 Apl 65 Boykins Mills, S. C. $50.
Clark, Lewis. 19, sin.; laborer; Lebanon, 0. 12 May 6.3 ; killed 16 Apl 65 near

Camden, S. C. $50.
CooTNEY, RuDOLPHUS. 18, sin.; farmer; Green Co., 0. 12 May 63; died 28

Sep 63 Regtl Hos. Morris Id., S- C, consumption. $50.
Cornish, John 36, mar.; laborer; Springfield. 24 Mch 63 ; 20 Aug 65. 150.

Denver, Colo.
Ckaig, Noah. 28, sin. ; seaman; New Bedford. 18 Mch 63; 20 Aug. 65. $50.
Davis, Enoch 27, mar. ; laborer; E.Troy, N. Y. 18 Mcb 63; 20 Aug 65. f50.
Delavan, Geougk Corpl. 41, mar.; laborer; New Betlford. 22 Feb 63; 23

May 64 Davids Id. N. Y.; dis. Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. $.50. Dead.
Demoky, Fhanois 35, mar.; waiter; New Bedford. 21 Feb 63; 20 Aug 65.

Wounded 12 Feb 65 while scouting near Salkehatchie, S. C. $50.
Dei>p, Stephen 33, sin.; farmer; Lebanon, 0. 12 May 03; 20 Aug 65. $50.

Urbanna. 0.
Dexteh, Thomas 20, sin.; laborer; Plymouth. 17 Jly64; 20 Aug 65.

liichmond, Va.
Downing, James 20, sin.; barber; New Bedford, 28 Feb 03; 28 May 63 Eead-

ville; dis. $50.
Easton, James H. 20, sin.; laborer.; Newport, R. I. 24 Mcb 63; died 1 Aug 65

Post Hos. Charleston, S. C. Remittent Fever. $50.
EnwAiiD.s, John 30, mar. ; laborer; Philadelphia. 21 Mch 63; 20 Aug 65. $50.
Ennis, Stephen 25, mar.; musician; Montrose, Pa. 27 Mch 63; 20 Aug. 65.

$50.
EviNS, Joseph 22, sin. ; plasterer; Green Co., 0. 12 M.ay 63; 20 Aug 65. $50.
FiNNEMOUE, Chaples A. 27, mar. ; farmer; Amherst. 10 Mch 63; 20 Aug 65.

Wounded 20 Feb 64 Olustee, Fla. $50.
Flef.twood, Lewis A. 21, sin.; laborer; New Bedford. 21 Feb 63; 8 Je 64

New York; dis. Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wngner. $50.
Fletcher, David S., Corpl. 20, sin.; hostler; New Bedford. 20 Feb 63 ; 20

Aua; 65. Wounded 18 .Uy 63 Ft. Wagner. $50.
Fletcher, Meekick 43, 9 Mch 63; 28 May 63 Read-

ville; dis. .

Foster, Richard M. Corpl. 26, mar.; laborer; Troy, N. Y. 10 Feb 63; killed

30 Nov 64 Honey Hill, S. C. .1f50.
Franklin, Kli 32, mar.; laborer; Pittsfield. 18 Mch 63; died of wounds 31 Jly

63 Gen. Hos. Beaufort, S. C. Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. $50.
Freeman, Cyrus 36, mar. ; laborer ; Springfield. 24 Mch 03; 20 Aug 65. $50.
Furlong, Wesley Sergt. 24, sin.; steward; New Bedford. 16 Feb 63; 20

Aug 65. $50. Boston.
Gladden, Henry Corpl. 21, sin.; farmer; Greenwich, N. Y. 14 Feb. 63; 20

Aug. 65. Wounded 30 Nov 64 Honey Hdl, S. C. $.50.
Gooding, James H. Corpl. 26, m.ar.; seaman; New Bedford. 14 Feb 63; died

pris. 19 Jly 64 AndersonviUe, Ga. Wounded and pris. 20 Feb 64 Olustee, Fla.

$50.
Gray, William H. W. 1st Sergt. 38, mar.; seaman; New Bedford. 14 Feb. 63:

20 Aug. 65. Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. ^50. Dend.
Green, .John W. 19, sin.; farmer; Montrose, Pa. 21 Mch 63; 20 Aug 65. $50.

Boston.
Green, Lewis C. 22, mar.; laborer; Philadelphia. 21 Mch 63; killed 20 Feb

64 Olustee, Fla. $50.

FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 351

Gkeen. Peter 21, sin. ; laborer ; Montrose, Pa. 21 Mcli 63 ; 20 Aug 65. $50.

Wilkes Barre, Pa.
Greene, Chakues E. Corpl. 23, sin.; laborer; Providence, R. I. 20 Feb 03;

died 10 Apl 6i Gen. Hos. Beaufort, S. C. Consumption. Wounded 63

. S60.

GuNN, Benjamin J. 30, mar.; farmer; Columbia Co. N. Y. 5 Maj' 03; 20

Aug 65. $50.
GuNN, Titus M. 22, sin.; farmer; Columbia Co. N. Y. 9 Mch 03; 20 Aug 05.

$50.
Hall, Joseph Lee. 19, sin.; laborer; New Bedford. 14 Feb 63; missing 18

Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. $50.
Halset, Ira E. 25, mar.; laborer; Chatham Four Corners, N. Y. 1-t Feb 63;

missing IS Jly 03 Ft. Wagner. $50.
Harder, Peter' H. 22, sin.; laborer; Columbia Co. N. Y. 9 Mcli 63; 16 Je 65

Charleston S. C; dis. Wounded 30 Nov 64 Honey Hill, S. C. $50.
Harrison, Charles H. 19, sin.; laborer; New Bedford. 14 Feb. 63; 20 Aug 65.

$50.
Harrison, John H. 21, sin.; laborer; New Bedford. 14 Feb. 63; 20 Aug 65.

$50.
Hasbrook, James CorpI. 18, sin.; laborer; Catskill, N. Y. 9Mch03;20Aug

05. Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft Wagner. $50. Dead.
Hrnson, Cornelius 22, sin.; laborer; New Bedford. 28 Feb 63; 8 Jly 65 Bos-
ton. Captd 18 Jly 63 Ft Wagner; ex. 4 iMcb 65 Goldsboro, N. C. $50.
Henson, John 20, sin. ; laborer; Coatesville, Pa. 21 Mch 63; 20 Aug 05. $50.
Hicks, Henry J. 23, mar.; shoemaker; Cambridge. 9 July 03, 20 Aug 65.

. Maplewood.

Jackson, Charles, Corpl. 23, sin.; farmer; Ghent, N. Y. 9 Mch 63; 20 Aug

65. $50.
Jackson, Francis J. 18, sin. ; laborer; Gt Barrington. 24 Mch 63; died 10 Apl

64 Gt Barrington. Phthisic. $50.
Jackson, James L. 18, sin.; laborer; Columbia, N. Y. 19 Mch 03; 20 Aug 05.

?50.
Jackson, John H. 22, sin. ; laborer; Troy, N. Y. 24 Mch 03; 20 Aug 05. $50.
Jackson, Levi H. 20, sin.; waiter; Gt. Barrington. 18 l\Ich 63 ; died of wounds

12 May 05 Post Hos. Charleston, S. C. Wounded 16 Apl 65 near Camden, S. C.

$50.
Jackson, M.VTHiAS 18, sin.; laborer; Dutchess Co., N. Y. 19 Mch 03; 20 Aug

05. 150. San Pueblo, Colo.
Jackson, Samuel 20, sin.; hostler; Hudson, N. Y. 14 Feb 03; 30 Je 04 Black

Id. S. C; dis. $50.
Jefferson, Benjamin F. 21, sin.; hostler; So. Bend. 0. 12 May 63; 20 Aug

05. $50.
Jennings, William 44. 10 Mdi 63; 28 May 63 Read-

ville ; dis.

Jknnings, William H H. 22, sin.; farmer; Amherst. 10 Mch 03; 20 Aug 65.

$50.
Johnson, Alexanpfr H. Mus. 16, pin.; seaman; New Bedford. 2 Mch 63; 20

Aug 65. S50. Worcester.
Johnson, Frederick Sergt. 26, sin.; hair-dresser; Boston. 11 Mch 63; 20 Aug

65. 8.50.
Johnson, Henry 22, mar.; farmer; Montrose, Pa. 14 Mch 03; 20 Aug 05. $50.

Wilkes Barre, Pa.

352 ROSTER OF THE

Johnson, Isaac. 22, sin,; farmer; So. Reading. 14 Jly 63; 20 Aug G5.

Wounded 18 Aiil. 0.5 Boykins Mills, S. C.

Johnson, Samuisl 21, vuar.; farmer; Montrose, Pa. 21 Mch 63; niLssing Jly 18

63 Ft. Wagner. »50.
Johnson, William 29, mar.; farmer; Montrose, Pa. 21 Mck 63; 20 Aug 65.

$bO. Ithaca, N. Y.
Jones, Joseph 19, sin.; farmer; Coatesville, Pa. 21 Mch 63; 20 Aug 65. S50.
Kelly, William D. Corpl. 19, sin.; laborer; New Ucdford. 16 Apl 03; 20 Aug

65. S50. Leavenworth, Kan.
Lawrence, Robekt 28, sin.; laborer; New Bedford. 2.3 Feb 63; 20 Aug 65.

$50.
Lee, George H. Sergt. 21, sin. ; hostler; New Bedford. 20 Feb 63; 20 Aug 65.

S50. Wellesley.
Letghton, Samuel 41, mar. ; laborer; New Bedford. 19 Feb 03; 20 Aug 05.

Wounded 18 Jly 63 FtWagner. $50.
Lewis, Gkorge F. 28, mar.; laborer; Cambridgeport. 9 Mch 65; 24 Dec 63

Portsmouth Grove, li. I.; dis. Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. $50.
LoTT, John 18, ; barber; . 12 May 63; died of wounds 30 Mch 64.

Gen. Hos. Davids Id. N.Y. Wounded ] 8 Jly 03 Ft. Wagner. $.50.
IMagill, Benjamin. 30, sin.; farmer; Grove, Pa. 16 Jly 63; died 15 Oct 04

Eegtl. Hos. Morris Id. S. C. of phthisic. .

Marshall, Henry B. 45, mar. ; barber ; Brooklyn, N. Y. 16 Mch 63 ; 16 Jlv 65

Beaufort S. C; dis. Trsfd from Co. D. $.50. '
Middlexon, Samuel 23, mar.; farmer; Catskill, Pa. 21 Mch 63; 20 Aug 65.

.1550.
Mitchell, Edward 20, sin.; seaman; New York. 17 Jly 63; 5 Jly 65 Charles-
ton, S. C; dis. .

Monroe, George C. 20, sin.; laborer; Littleton. 13 Blch 63; 18 Jlv 65 Beau-
fort, S. C. ; dis. $50.
Monroe, Henry A. JNIus. 18, sin.; laborer; New Bedford. 25 Feb 03; 20 Aug

05. .foO. New York.
Murphy, Francis H. 18, sin.; teamster; Hudson, N.Y. 19 Mch 63; 20 Aug

65. Wounded 20 Feb 04 Olustee, Fla. $50.
N.1YL0R, Benjamin 18, sin.; mechanic; Montrose, Pa. 21 Mch 03; 20 Aug 65.

$50. Montrose, Pa.
ISTelson, Daniel 20, sin.; mechanic; Montrose, Pa. 21 Mch 63; died 30 ,lly 05

Post Hos. Charleston S. C. Small pox. $50.
Nelson, Richard 44, — — - ; 3 Mch 63; 28 May 63 Eead-

ville; dis.

Pennington, William F. 18, sin. ; farmer; Coatesville, Pa. 28 Mch 63; 20

Aug 65. Wounded 30 Nov 04 Honey Hill, S. C. $50.
Phelps, Emery 18, sin.; shoemaker; New Bedford. 25 Mcli 63; 20 Aug 65.

$50. Worcester.
Phelps, William J. 18, sin.; laborer; St. Albans, Vt. 25 Mch 63; 20 Aug 65.

Si50. St. Albans, Vt.
Price, George 30, mar, ; farmer; Montrose, Pa. 21 Mch 63; missing 18 Jlv 63

Ft. Wagner. $50.
Pri.s'Ce, Charles. 21, ; St. Albans, Vt. 1 Jan 64 ; 20 Aug 65.

. Bristol, Vt.

Prince, Danikl 21, St. Alb.ins, Vt. 14 Dec 03 ; 20 Aug 65.

Burlington, Vt.

Prince, Isaac 18, St. Albans, Vt. 14 Dec 63; 20 Aug 65.

FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTllY. 353

Kkmsley, Gkorgk 19, sin.; laborer; Green Co. 0. 12 May 63; 20 Aug G5. $50.

Toledo, O.
Kensellaek, Charles i\[. 21, sin.; blacksmith; Easlhainpton. 16 Nov 63; died

pris. 8 Je 61 Andei-sonville, Ga. Captd. 20 Feb 64 Olustee, Fla. S325.
KoGERS, EuwAKD 26, Burlington, Vt. 21 Dec 63; 20 Aug 65.

Schuyler, Arthur T. 18, sin.; laborer; Lawrence, i Web 63; 20 Aug 65.

$50.
Scott, Wiluam 21, sin.; coachraan; Newark, N.J. 14 Feb 63; 20 Aug 65.

Wounded 20 Feb 64 Olustee, Fla. $50. Norwich, Conn-
Smith, Charles A. 19, sin.; laborer; Montrose, Pa. 21 Mch 63; 20 Aug 65.

$50, Oneida, N. Y.
Smith, Johm 18, siu. ; farmer; Coatesville, Pa. 21 Mch 63; 20 Aug 65. $50.
Stevess, Robert 27, mar. ; fanner; New Bedford. 20 Peb 63 ; 20 Aug 65. $50.
T.vvLOK, Ale.-cander 27, mar.; farmer; Amherst. 18 Jly 63; 20 Aug 65.

Thomas, Isaac 22, mar.; seaman; Baltimore, Md. 17 Jly 63; 20 Aug 65.

Thompson, James 38, mar. ; farmer; Amherst. 10 Mch 63; 20 Aug 65. $50.
Thompson, Jeremiah 19, sin.; farmer; Urbanna, O. 12 May 63; 20 Aug 05.

Urbanna, 0.

Till, Samuel C. 18, sin.; broom maker; Hadley. 11 Dec 63; 20 Aug 65. $325.
ToKRENCE, Abeam p. 43, mar. ; laborer; New Bedford. 18 Feb 63; missing 18

Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. $.50.
Turner, Treadwell 21, sin. ; laborer; New Bedford. 15 Feb 63; missing 18 Jly

63 Ft. Wagner. $50.
Yan Alstine, William 19, sin. ; farmer; E. Troy, N. Y. 18 Mch 63; 20 Aug

65. Wounded 30 Nov 64 Honey Hill, S. C. $.50.
Yan Schaik, Solomon 28, mar.; cook; Troj-, N. Y. 24 Mch 63; 20 Aug 65.

$50.
Washington, Charles 18, sin.; farmer; Baltimore. 10 Dec 63; 20 Aug 65.

,f325.
Watson, Henry Corpl. 18, sin. ; laborer; Chatham Four Corners, N.Y. 9 Mch

63; 20 Aug 65. $50.
Weeben, Cornelius A. Corpl. 21, sin.; porter; Cambridge. 10 Jly 63; 20

Aug 65. $50. Hyde Park.
Williams, Charles E. 19, sin. ; laborer; Chatham Four Corners, N. Y. 9 Mch

63; deserted 31 Mch 63 Keadville.

WiLLiAM.S, Daniel 21, sin.; farmer; Bo.'ton. 4 Dec 63; 20 Aug 66. S325.
Williams, George W. 34, New Bedford. 9 Mch 63 ; 28 May 63

Readville; dis.

WnxiAMS, Warton A. Sergt. 24, mar. ; teamster; New Bedford. 24 Feb 63;

20 Aug 65. Wounded 20 Feb 64 Olustee, Fla. $50. Worcester.
AViLSON, Joseph T. 27, mar.; seaman; New Bedford. 18 Dec 63; 8 May 64

Boston; dis. Woimded 20 Feb 64 Olustee, Fla. $325. Norfolk, Va.
AVright, John 39, mar. ; laborer; New Bedford. 28 Feb 63 ; 20 Aug 65. $50.
Young, Hamilton. Corpl. 29, mar,; farmer; Montrose, Pa. 21 Mch 63; 20

Aug 65. 550. Montrose, Pa.
Young, Nathan L. 21, mar.; barber; New Bedford. 171\Ich63; diedof wounds

19 Jly 63 Gen. Hos. Beaufort, S. C. Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. .1|!50.

23

354 ROSTER OF THE

Company D.

Anderson, John 19, sia.; farmer; Lancaster, Pa. 19 Mcli 63; 20 Aug 65. S50.
Anbekson, John \V. 32, mar. ; slioeiiiaker; Chester, Pa. 19 jMcUO-J; 20 Aug 05.

$50.
Anthony, Pbancis. 25 liutland, Vt. 21 Dec 0.3; 20 Aug 65.

Aetis, Elias .30, mar.; farmer ; Shelby Co., 0. 12 May 63; deserted 27 Feb 64

Gen. Hos. Beaulbrt S. 0. Wounded 18 Jly 03 Ft. W agner. $50.
Barks, WiLn.i.M T. Corpl. 23, sin.; moulder; Montrose, Pa. 21 Mch 63; 20

Aug 65. .1f50. Pittsburgh, Pa.
Benson, John jr. 30, brickmaker; 19 Mcli 63; deserted 22 Apl 63

Keadville. .

Berky, Elij.vh 19, sin.; laborer; Lancaster, Pa. 19 Mch 63; deserted 20 May

63 Readville. $50.
Berry, Josisi'H Smitii 22, sin.; laborer; Franklin Co, Pa 29 Apl 63; 29 May

65 St. Andrews Parish S. C. dis. Wounded 20 Feb 04 Olustee, Fla. |:50.
Boss, Caleb J. 19, seaman; Boston. 18 Feb 65; Je 65 Georgetown S. C.

dis. $:m.
Briggs, Chauncey 20, mar.; farmer; Castleton, Vt. 20 Juh-63; died 25 Mch

65 Charleston S. C. of disease.

Briggs, Koyat. A. 18, Kutland Vt. 25 Dec 63; 20 Aug 65.

Burns, John 21, laborer ; Bath Co. Ky. 15 Feby 05; 20 Aug 65. S122.C0.

BuRRELL, Sylvester 19, sin.; laborer; Lancaster Co, Pa. 19 Mch 63; 20 Aug

65. $50.
Bush, Henry 26, sin.; seaman; Baltimore. 30 Nov 63; died 23 Feb 65 Morris

Id. S. C. of accidental burns. $325.
Butler, Joseph 25, sin. ; fanner; Harrisburg, Pa. 16 Mch 63; 20 Aug 65. $50.

Lynn.
BuTLEK, Richard 24, sin.; farmer; Franklin Co, Pa. 25 Mch 63; 20 Aug 65.

$50.
Butler, William 22, sin.; farmer; Boston. 10 Oct. 63; 20 Aug 65. $50.

Wounded 30 Nov 64 Honey Hill, S. C. Princeton, Ind

Cannon, Henry 41, seaman; 28 Nov. 64 : 20 Aug 65.

Cebolt, William 27, sin.; farmer; New Bedford. 9 Oct 63; 29 May 65 St

Andrews Parish, So. C. ; dis. $50.
Cezar, Garnet G. Sergt. 18, sin.; seaman; Buffalo, N. Y. 17 Mch 63; 20

Aug 65. Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. $50. Los Angeles, (Jal.
Chaney, Cato 34, sin.; farmer; Mercer Co. 0. 12Mav03; 13 May 64 Davids

LI, N. Y; dis. Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. $50."
Clark, Anhuew 30, mar.; farmer; Chester Co, Pa. 19 Mch 63; killed 18 Jly

63 Ft. ■Warner. $50.

CouTJKN, George E. 41, laborer; Boston. 13 Mch 65; 20 Aug 65. $105.99.

Cogswell, George E. 18, sin; farmer; Laconia, N. H. 19 Mch 63; died pris.

17 Je 64 Charleston, S. C. $50.
Craft, Samuel. 20, sin.; boatman; Naponock, N. Y. 29 Mch 63; deserted 20

Jlay 03 Readville. $50.
Cragg. Robert 22, sin.; farmer; Mercer Co, 0. 32 May 63; 20 Aug 65. $50.
Davis, James 18, sin. ; porter; Columbia, Pa. 19 Mch 63; 20 Aug 65. $50.

FIFTY-FOUKTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 355

Davis, John E. 2S, mar. ; cook; Niagara, N. Y. 18 Mcli 63 ; Tisfd 55th Mass.

$50.
Davis, Thomas 2-3, sin.; fai-mer; Oswego, N. Y. 18 McU 63; 20 Aug 65.

Wounded 18 Jly 63 l''t. Wagner. HoU.
Delanky, TousSAOT L'O. 18, siu.; laborer; ChatLam, Can. 27 Mcli 63; 20 Aug

65. $60.
Dover, John H. Sergt. 18, sin.; waiter; Buffalo, N. Y. 18 Mcli 63; 20 Aug

65. $50.
DusTiN, Moses N. 33, mar.; farmer; Canterbury, Vt. 19 Aug 63 ; 25 Aug 61

Morris Id. S. (J. ; dis. Penaeook, N. H.

EDGiiiiLY, William 20, sin.; farmer; Lancaster Co. Pa. 19 Mch 63; killed 18

Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. $50.

Ellis, Chahles L. 30, mar. ; barber; Hyannis. 15 Jly 63; 20 Aug 65.

Evans, Albeet 28, mar.; maciiinist; Springlield, O. 17 Mcli 63; killed 18 Jly

63 Ft. \Vagner. $50.

Firman, Joii.v 21, sin.; shoemaker; Philadelphia. 19 Mch 63; 20 Aug 05. $50.
Fisher Geouoe 25, mar.; farmer; Cumberland Co. Pa. 25 Mch 63; 30 Je 0-1

Morris Id. S. C; dis. Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft Wagner. $50.
Gardiner, Ira W. 26, sin. : cinik; Peun Yan. N. Y. 17 Mch 03; 20 Aug 05. $50.
Oilman, Martin 23, mar.; farmer; Chambersburg, Pa. 29 Apl 63; died of

w.nmds 27 July 63 Gen. Hos. Beaufort, S. C. Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner.

$50.
Green, Alexander F. 41, sin.; barber; Philadelphia. 11 Dec 63; died 19 Mch

64 Gen. Hos. Beaufort S. C. Chr. Diarrhoea. $325.

Green, AiMOS B. 23, sin.; seaman; Sheeban, Pa. 17 Dec 63; 20 Aug 65. $325.
Green, Franklin, 17, sin.; laborer; Uarnsburg, Pa. 15 Mch 63.; 20 Aug 65.

$50.
Green, .James W. 21, sin.; seaman; Sheeban, Pa. 17 Dec 63; died 30 Apl 64

Beaufort, S. C. — Chr. Diarrhcca. $325.
Green, John A. 18, sin.; farmer; Brookh-n, N. Y. 16 Mch 63; 30 Je 64 Morris

Id. S. C; dis. Wounded — Aug 63 in trenches before Ft. Wagner. $50.
Griffin, Sa.muel. Corpl. 22, mar.; brickmaker, Philadelphia. 19 Mch 63; 20

Aug 65. Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft Wagner. $50.
Hall, John 34, mar. ; seaman ; Lenox. 14 Mch 63; died 2 Jly 64 James Id. S. C.

Sunstroke

Hall, William 26, sin.; engineer; Lima, 0. 12 May 63; deserted 20 May 64.

S.:,0.
Hallowell, Joseph F. 32, sin.; cook; Marshall Co., Mo. 16 Mch 63; 29 May

65 St. Andrews Pari.sh, S. C; dis. $50.

Hankehson, Charles. 23, sin.; farmer; Burlington, N. J. 26 Mch 63; 20 Aug

65. Wounded 30 Nov 64 Honey Hill, S. C. ,f50.
Hamilton, Paul 19, sin.; farmer; Pittsfield. 21 Dec 63; 20 Aug 65. $325.

Tr.-IU from Co A. Pittsfield.
Harris, John 18, sin.; laborer; Candor, Pa. 16 Mch 63; 20 Aug 65. $50.
Harrison. John F. 18, sin.; laborer; Buffalo, N. Y. 19 Jlch 63; deserted 20

May 63 Readville.

Haskell, James F. 21, sin. ; farmer; Warner, N. 11. 19 Mch 63; 20 Aug 65

$50.
Hawkins, Isaac S. 29, mar.; sailor; Medina, N. Y. 12 Dec 03; 20 Je 65

Annapolis, Md. Captd 20 Feb 64 Olustee, Fla; ex 4 Mch 65 Goldsboro, N. C.
Hazard, Henry 10, sin. ; laborer; Shirley. 7 Dec 63; 7 Je 65 Gen. Hos. New

York; dis. $411.33

;15B ROSTER OF THE

I-Iazakd, Horace, 0. 28, sin.; barber; Townsend. 17 Jly 63; 20 Aug 65.

HazakI), Oliver E. 35, sin.; laborer; Townsend. 22 Dec 03; 20 Aug «5. $-325.

Wounded 20 i''eb C-t Olustee, Fla.
Hazakd, Tiijsodoke 20, mar.; j'eoman; Boylston. 13 Jly 63; 20 Aug 65.

Sterling.

HiiNDEESON, John 23, mar.; cook; Boston. 9 Dec 63; 1 Apl 65 Beaufort, S. C;

dis. Wounded 20 Feb 04 Olustee, Fla. $32.5.
Hogan, Benja.min 25, sin.; farmer; Mercer Co. 0. 12 May 63; killed 18 Jly 63

Ft. Wagner. $50.
Hopkins, Petek 20, sin.; waiter; Philadelphia. 21Mch63; 1 Jly 64 Morris Id.

S. C; dis. Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner and 20 Feb 64 Olustee, Fla. $50.

Hunter, James 38 2 Dec 64; 20 Aug 66.

UiiNTEE, Samuel 36, mar.; laborer; Fairhaven, Vt. 20 Jly 63; 2!) May 65 St.

Andrews Parish, S. C; dis. Wounded 30 Nov 64 Honey Hill, S. C.

Jackson, James H. Sergt. 19, sin.; blacksmith; Adrian, Mich. 8 Apl 63;

Trsfd. 55th Mass. 27 May 63. S50.
Jackson, William 32 Rutland, Vt. 19 Dec 63; 20 Aug 65.

Jeffrey, Nathan C. 18, sin.; laborer; Rochester, N. T. 18 Mch 63; 20 Aug

65. $50.
Johnson, John Henry IB, sin.; farmer; Lanesville, Va. 8 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65.

850.
Johnson, Ralph 25, sin.; laborer; Carroll Co. Md. 16 Mch 63; died 19 Sep 63

Morris Id. S. C. of disease. $50.
Jones, Alexander Corpl. 23, sin.; waiter; Pittsburgh, Pa. 16 Mch 63; died

7 Jly 04 Beaufort, S. C. of disease. S50.
Jones, Robert Mus. 20, sin.; laborer; Lancaster Co. Pa. 19 Mch 63; died 10

May 05 Beaufort S. C. of disease. $50.
Jordan, Wiley 29, sin.; engineer; Mercer Co., 0. 12 May 63; 20 Aug 65.

»50.
Kane, Robert Corpl. 21, sin.; laborer; Lancaster Co. Pa. 19 Mch 63; 20 Aug

65. $50.
Kennakd, William H. 20, sin.; farmer; Lancaster Co. Pa. 21 Mch 63; 2!J

May 65 St. Andrews Parish, S. C. ; dis. $50.
Knox, Thomas E. 21, sin.; barber; HoUidaysburg, Pa. 21 Mch 63; 29 May 65

St. Andrews P;irish, S. C; dis. $60.
Langley, .John N. 25, mar.; laborer; Rutland, Vt. 22 Jly 63; 20 Je 64 .

dis. Wounded accidentally by himself Feb 64. .

I.EK, Harrison. 21, sin.; laborer; New Bedford. 19 Aug 63; 20 Aug 65.

Little, William 18, sin.; butcher; Chambersburg, Pa. 25 Mch 63; 20 Aug 65.

.S50.
Lloyd, Thomas 20, sin.; farmer; Chester Co. Pa. 19 Mch 65; killed 18 Jly 63

Ft Wagner. $50.
Lloyd, William 25, sin.; seaman; Boston. 18 Mch 63; killed 18 Jly 63 Ft

Wagner. $50.
Lucas, George 28, mar. ; seaman ; Buffalo, N. Y. 27 Mch 63; 20 Aug 65. $50.
Lukes, Edwin 28, sin.; shoemaker; Steuben Co. N. Y. 18 Mch 63; deserted 20

May 03 Readville.

Macpherson, John 23, sin.; laborer; Harrisburg, Pa. 16 Mch 63; 20 Aug 65.

$50.

FIFTY-FOUETH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 357

Me-VDS, Andrew 21, sin.; laborer; Chambersbui-g, Pa. 16 Mch 63; 20 Aug 65.

S50.
Mills, James H. 2:!, siu.; laborer; Bradford, N. Y. 17 Meh 63; killed 18 Jly

63 Ft. Wagner. $50

MooKE, Georgk 21, farmer; Springtield. 17 Feb 05; 20 Aug 65. S325.

MooKi;, John W. 22, mar.; gunsmitli; Dundas, Cau. 16 Jlcb 63; 30 Je 64

Morris Id. S. C ; dis. S50.
MuHRis, Moses Corpl. 27, mar.; porter; Lancaster, Pa. 29 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65.

Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. 850.
Nelson, Jajies 24 sin.; cook; Cbatham, Can. 17 Mob 63; died 15 Mch 65

Charleston, S. C. of disease. S50.
Nesbitt, William W. Corp. 20, sin.; barber; Altooua, Pa. 17 Mch 63 ; 20 Aug

65. Wounded 20 Feb 64 Olustec, Fla. $50. Altooua, Pa.
Newton, Stephen 18, sin.; waiter; New Haven, Coun. 18 Apl 63; killed 18

Jly 63 Ft Wagner. $50.
Olivek, James Corpl. 25, mar.; waiter; Salem Co. N.J. lU Mch 63; 21 Sep

65 Boston. $50. Newark, N. J.
O'Neal John R. 24, mar.; cook; Buffalo, N. Y. 17 Mch 63; deserted 25 Apl

65 Georgetown, S. C. $50.
Parkek, Henry 22, mar.; laborer; Lancaster Co. Pa. 19 Mch 63; died 5 Oct

63 Morris Id. S. C. of disease. $50.
Passidy, William 27, mar.; farmer; Camden Co. N. J. 19 Mch 63; 20 Aug 05

$50.
PiNCKNEY, Alexander Sergt. 28, sin.; pedler; Chatham, Can. 27 Mch 03

20 Aug. 65. £50. Toledo, 0.
PiNER, Philip 22, seaman; 25 Nov 64; trsfj 55th Mass.

PiNN, Walter Samuel Corpl. 19, sin.; clerk; Lancaster Co. Pa. 19 Mch 63

20 Aug 65. $50.
Plowden, John (?orpl 22, sin.; laborer; Chambersburg, Pa. 29 Api 63; 29

May 65 St. Andrews Parish, S. C; dis. Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner

$50.
Porter, Charles C. 34, mar; farmer; New Haven, Conn. 28 Mch 63; trsfd

55th Mass. 27 May 03. $50. New Haven, Conn.
Pkatob, Anson 28, mar.; farmer; Lucas Co. O. 12 May 63; 20 Aug 05. $50

Toledo, O.
Prossek, George T. 21, sin. ; laborer; Columbia, Pa. 19 Mch 63; 20 Aug 05,

Captd 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner; ex.4 Mch 05 Goklsboro, N. C. ; ret. 7 Je 05,

$60.
PtEED, Charles 21, mar.; farmer; Barre. 1 Dec 63; 20 Aug 65. $325.
Ueed, Joseph W. 23, sin.; farmer; Plymouth, N. It. 3 Dec 63; 20 Aug 65

$325.
Renkins, Alexantier W. Corpl. 21, sin.; seaman; Buffalo, N. Y. 19 Jlch 63

7Je65 ; dis. Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner and 30 Nov 64 Honey

Hill, S. C. $50.
Rice, Joseph J. 22, mar.; farmer; Camden, N. J. 19 Mch 63; 20 Aug 65

850.
RiGGS, Thomas Peter 19, mar.; upholsterer; Georgetown, Can. 27 Mch 63;

killed 18 Jly 63 Ft Wagner. .1il.50.
Kobinson, John 19, sailor; Halifa.x, N. S. 14 Feb 65; 20 Aug 65

$173.33
Robinson, Samuel Corpl. 21, sin ; clerk; Eochester, N. Y. 18 Mch 63 ; trsfd.

55th Mass. 27 May 63. $50.

858 ROSTER or THE

Ryan, Wauren 19, sin.; farmer; Frederick Co. JId. 19 Mcli 63; 20 Aug 65.

•USO.
Saundeks, John 22, sin.; laborer; Chatliam, Can. 27 Mcli 63; 20 Aug 65.

Wounded 3U Nov 04 Honey Hill, S. C. $oO.
Scott, Giioiiciii 2-t, sin.; laborer; Harrisburg, Pa. 25 McU 6.3 ; died 7 Je 63 Beau-
fort, S. C. ot disease. $50.
Seaman, Hiciiaiiu 19, sin.; laborer; Brooklyn, N. Y. 19 Mch 6-3; 20 Aug 65.

S50.
Sessor, CscAE Corpl. 24, sin. ; seaman; Portsmouth, N. H. 17 Mch 63; trsfd

55th Mass. 27 May 03. 830.
Smith, Augustis 18, sin.; farmer; Orange Co, N. Y. 18 Mch 03; 20 Aug 65.

$50.
Smith, James H. 19, sin. ; seaman; Toronto, Can. 18 Mch 63; killed 22 Feb 65

Charleston S. C. while resisting Provost Guard. $50.
Spakbow, Nathaniel Corpl. 34, mar.; carpenter; Boston. 27 Mch 63; Nov

64 — ; dis. $60.

SrEAGUE, Nathan 23, Ptochester, N. Y. 3 Sep 64; 20 Aug 65,

Stewakt, Ciiaules W. 18, Fairhaven, Vt. 11 Dec 63; 20 Aut;

65.

Stewart, Hezekiaii 19, sin.; farmer; Shelby Co. 0. 12 May 63; 20 Aug 65.

S.jO.
Stotts, John H. Corpl. 26, mar.; laborer; Lancaster Co., Pa. 19 Mch 63; 20

Aug 65. $50.
Thomas, William 28, mar.; hostler; Boston. 12 Sep 63; killed 20 Feb 64

Olustee, Fla. $50.
Thomas, William H. 22, sin.; porter; Baltimore, Md. 19 Mch 63; 20 Aug 65.

.1f50.
Thompson, Albert D. 1st Serp;t. 18, sin.; bank porter; Buffalo, N. Y. 17

Mch 63; 20 Au^' 65. Comd 2d Lt. 20 Je 05; 1st Lt. 17 Jly 05; not mustered.

Wounded 20 Feb 64 Olustee, Fla. $50.
Turner, John J. 20, sin.; laborer; Columbia, Pa. 19 Mch 63; 29 May 65 St

Andrews Parish S. C; dis. $50. Wounded Jly 63

Turner, Solo.mon 22, sin.; farmer; Lancaster Co. Pa. 19 Mch 63; 20 A.ug 65.

5550.

Van Alstyne, Henry 23 14 Mch 63; 20 Aug 65. ^

Vroman, Samuel 26, mar.; blacksmith; Schoharie, N. Y. 27 Mch 63; 22 Sep

64 Morris Id. S. C. ; dis. $50. New Ilnven, Conn.
Walters, .Ioiin Mus. 16, sin.; waiter; Philadelphia. 10 Mch 63; 20 Aug 65.

.tp50.
Warrick. James 22, sin.; boatman; Bo.ston. 10 Oct 03; 24 Jly 64 Morris Id,

S. C.;dis. Wounded 20 Feb 64 Olustee, Fla. ^50.
Weever, Samuel 30, mar.; farmer; Lenox. 14 Mch 63; 24 Dec 63 Portsmouth

Grove, E. I; dis. Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. $50. Pittsfield.
Weir, James S. 18, sin.; foreman; Eochester, N. Y. 26 Nov 63; 20 Aug 05.

$.325. Died about 1879.
West, Lewis 22, mar.; waiter; Lancaster Co. Pa. 19 Mch 63; 20 Aug 65.

S.W.
WiMciNS, James H. Sergt. 21. sin.; painter; New Haven, Conn. 28 Mch 63; 20

Aug 05. $50. New Haven, Conn.
Willis, Franklin Corpl. 33, sin.; farmer; Chatham, Can. 27 Mch 63; killed

18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. $50.

FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 359

WiLMORE, Elias 19, sin.; laborer; Jamaica, N. Y. 16 Mcli 63; 20 Aug 60.
Wounded Jly 03 $50

Wilson, Webstek 24, 19 Mdi 63; 20 Aug 05.

WooDiN, Geokgb 21, sin; laborer; Laurel, Del. 5 Dec 03; 20 Aug 05. ,'S1325.

Wyntoop John K. 23, sin.; hostler; Philadelpliia. 1 Dec 03; 20 Aug 65.
$325.

YouKG, John W. 23, mar. ; laborer; Columbia, Pa. 27 Mcli 63; 10 Jly 65 Beau-
fort S. C. ; dis. $50. Circleville, 0.

Company E.

Addiso.x, George N. 26, mar.; barber; Elraira, N. Y. 29 Mch 63; died 26 Aug

63 Kegtl. Hos. Morris Id. S. C. Pneumonia. $50.
Andekson, WiLLiAjt 24, sin.; steward; Xenia, 0. 30Apl63; missing 18 Jlj' 63

Ft. Wagner. $50.
Annick, John H. 20, sin.; waiter; Toronto, Can. 4 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65. $50.
Arnum, Charles H. 21, sin.; teamster; Littleton, 4 Nov. 63; 20 Aug 65. $325.

No. Adams.
Ballou, Owen Corpl. 2-3, mar.; farmer; Harrisburg, Pa. 30 Apl 63; 20 Aug

65. «50.
Baekett, Isaac 19, sin.; laborer; Urbanna, 0. 12 Ma3' 63; 20 Aug 65.

Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. $50.

Battis, John 25, sin.; seaman; Boston. 17 Jly 63; 20 Aug 65.

Bell, Chables H. Corpl. 20, sin.; laborer; Albany, N.Y. 29 Mch 63; 20Aug

65. $.50.
Bell, Henrt 22, sin.; laborer; Binghampton, N. Y. 29 Mch 63; 20 Aug 65.

$50. Union, N. Y.
Bell, Samuel. Corpl. 26, sin.; hostler; New York. 22 Oct 63; 20 Aug 65.

$325.
Bond, Fredekick L. Corpl. 22. sin.; laborer; Binghampton, N. Y. 29 Mch

63; 20 Aug 65. Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. $50. Bingliampton, N. Y.
Bond, Willlam H. 10, '■ 29 Mch 63; deserted 18 Apl 63

Readville.

Brace, Peter 18, St. Albans, Yt. 15 Dec 63; 20 Aug 65.

Wounded 30 Nov 64 Honey Hill, S. C. St. Albans, Vt.

Briggs, William M. 21, sin.; waiter; Albany, N. Y. 29 Mch 63; died of

wounds 21 Jly 63 Gen. Hos. Beaufort, S. C. Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner.

g.50.
Broadwater, William 2-3, sin.; seaman; Havre de Grace, Md. 25 July 63;

20 Aug 65.

Brows, Arkaham .30, sin. : seaman; Toronto, N. Y. 4 Apl 63; killed 11 Jly 63

James Id. S. C. accidentally by himself. fSO.
Brown, Charles. 23, sin.; farmer; Sunberry, Pa. 23 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65.

$50.
Brown, Charles 2nd 23, mar.; farmer. Boston. 29 Sep 63; 7 Mch 66 Boston.

Brown, Joseph 35, sin.; liostler; Cazenovia, N. Y. 29 Mch 63; 20 Aug 65.

$.50. Cazenovia, N. Y.
Brown, Nathan 23, sin.; cook; Bryan, 0. 4 Apl 63; deserted 18 Apl 63

Eeadville.

360 ROSTER OF THE

Brown, Thomas A.. 44, mar. ; laborer ; Harrisburg, Pa. 16 Dec 63 ; 28 Sep 65

Boston. $325.
Brown, Willia.m 19, sin.; seaman; Detroit, Mich. 4 ApJ. 63; died 11 Dec 04

Folly Id. S. C. Fever. $60.
BuKCH, William A. 25, mar.; waiter; New York. 29 Mch 63; 20 Aug 65. $50.

Cincinnati, 0.
BuTLEU, GiiOKGE 23, mar., laborer; Harrisburg, Pa. 16 Dec 63; 20 Aug 65.

$325.
BuTLiiK, Morris 19, sin.; laborer; Mt. Holly, N. Y. 21 Apl 63; died pris. 12

I''eb 65 Florence, S. C. Captd 18 Jly 63 iilorris Id. S. C. $00.
C'alaman, Joseph. 20, siu.; laborer; Trenton, N. J. 29 Mch 03; 20 Aug 65.

$50.
Cartee, Jacob 26, sin.; barber; Syracuse, N. Y. 29 Mch 63; 20 Aug 65.

Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. $50.
Charles, George T. 24, sin. ; barber; Kichmond, Iiid. 12 May 03; 20 Aug 65.

$50.
Clayton, Samuel 18, sin.; laborer; Mt. Holly, N.Y. 1 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65.

$50.
Cleveland, Abeam 21, sin.; laborer; Syracuse, N. Y. 29 Mch 63; 31 Oct 65

Boston. 150.
Covington, Evans 30, mar. ; barber; Newburyport. 14 Aug 63; died 25 Sep 64

Insane Asylum, Washinglon, D. C.

Crawford, Joshua 35, mar.; laborer; Peekskill, N. Y. 3 Dec 63; 20 Aug 65.

$325.
Creamer, Charles L. 18, sin.; laborer; Syracuse, N. Y. 29 .Mch 63; 20 Aug

65. Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. $50.
Davis, Edward 20, sin.; moulder; Harrisburg, Pa. 30 Apr. 03; 20 Aug 65

$50.
Dean, Anthony A. 33, mar.; cook; Cleveland, 0. 4 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65.

Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. $50.
Decker, John 23, sin.; laborer; Syracuse, N. Y. 29 Mch 63; 20 Aue 66

»50. ^

Deforest, Andrew Sergt. 19, sin.; waiter; Svracuse, N. Y. 29 Mch 63; 20

Aug 65. Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft, Wagner and 30 Nov 64 Honey Hill S. C.

$50. ^

DiSBKOw, Theodore 30, 29 Mch 63; died 16 Apl. 63

Readville. Lung Fever. .

Esau, Albert E. 23, sin.; seaman ; Warren. 22 Oct 63: 20 Aug 65. $325
EvERSON, William H. 19, sin.; laborer; Albany, N. Y. 29 Mch. 63; 20 Aug

65. $50.

Fisher, Bbsjamin 19, sin.; waiter; Newberne, N. C. 29 Mch 63; 20 Aiitr 65
$50. ''

Francis, William A. 30, mar.; waiter; Albany, N. Y. 29 Mch 63- 15 Sen
65 New York. $50. Albany, N. Y. '

FURMAN, James A. 22, sin. ;' barber; Boston. 1 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65. $50
Washington, N. J. r . b ■»■ •

Gayton, Walter 18, 29 Mch 63; deserted 18 Apl 63

Readville.

Gibson, Joshua 21, sin.; seaman; Detroit, Mich. 4 Apl 63; 20 Au" 65 $50.
Chicago. °

GoosBEEKY, John 25, sin.; seaman; St. Catharines, Can. 16 Jlv 63; 20 Aug
65. '

FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTEY. 361

Gray, Jesse 30, sin.; laborer; Hari-isburg, Pa. 30 Apl 63; 20 Aug 05. $50.
Gkintun, William H. 21, siu.; butcher; Chicago, 111. 4 Apl 03; 20 Aug 65.

S50.
Grover, William 18, sin.; fanner; Hartford, Conn. 3 Apl 63; died pris. Feb

6a Florence, S. C. Captd 12 Nov 63 No. Edisto, S. C. $50.
liALL, Jajies A. Sergt. 21, siu. ; chairmaker; Detroit, Mich, i Apl 03 ; 20

Aug 65. 850.
Halmeks, Besjajun 28, sin.j waiter; Albany, N. Y. 20 Mch 63; 20 Aug CO.

*50.
Hakkis, Alfred 28, siu.; seaman; Detroit, iUich. i Apl 63; missing 18 Jly 63

Ft Wagner. $50.
Hakt, CiiuiSToruEE C. 23, sin.; waiter; Springfield, 0. 12 May 63 ; 20 Aug 65.

S50.
Helman, Preston Corpl. 30, sin. ; carpenter; Leoni, Mich. 29 Mch 63; 20

Aug 65. $50. Charleston, S. C.
Henry, Ale.xander 25, siu.; laborer; Syracuse, N. Y. 29 Mch 63; 20 Aug 65.

$50.
Heesey, Samuel E. 23, sin.; laborer; Churchville, N. Y. 29 Mch 63 ; 20 Aug

65. $50.
Hilton, LeEot Corpl. 28, sin. ; farmer ; Pittsburgh, Pa. 4 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65.

Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft Wagner. |50.
Hurley, Nathaniel 19, sin.; laborer; Rochester, N. Y. 29 Mch 63; died pris.

Feb 65 Florence, S. C. Captd 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. $bO.
HuTCHiNGS, James A. 22, sin.; waiter; Trenton, N. J. 29 Mch 63; 23 Sep 65

New York. $50. Trenton, N. J.
Jackson, George 30, mar.; laborer; Northampton. 3 Apl 63; 29 Jly 64 Ft.

Green, Folly Id. S. C. Wounded 18 July 63 Ft Wagner. $50.
Jackson, George F. 20, sin.; laborer; Binghampton, N. Y. 29 Mch 63; 20 Aug

65. $50. Union, N. Y.
Jackson, Mosks 24, sin.; barber; Gait. Can. 1 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65. $50.

Grand Puipids, Mich.
Johnson, George A. 1st Sergt. 20, sin. ; harness-maker ; Detroit, Mich. 4 Apl

63; 20 Aug 65. $50. Died Mch 79.
Johnson, John E 20, sin.; barber; Harrisburg, Pa. 14 Apl 63; deserted May

65 Charleston, S. C. $50. James Id. S. C.
Johnson, Thomas 20, sin.; seaman; Detroit, Mich. 4 Apl 63; 20 Aug 05. $50.

James Id. S. C.
Jones, James R. Sergt. 33, mar.; barber; Albany, N. Y. 29 Mch 63; 20 Aug

65. $50. Reported died 1885.
Kelley, James A. 23, sin.; barber; St Josephs, Mich. 29 Apl 63; 20 Aug. 65.

$50. Youngstown, 0-
Kelsey, Louis J. 19, sin. ; turner; Detroit, Mich. 4 Ap 63; 30 Aug 65 Beau-
fort, S. C ; dis. Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. $50.
King, John L 21, sin.; farmer; Farmington, Conn 3 Apl 63 ; deserted 15 May

64 Gen, Hos. Beaufort, S. C. Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft Wagner. $50.
Leader, John 20, sin.; boatman; Reading, Pa. 1 Apl 63; deserted 31 Mch 65

Savannah, Ga. $50.

Lee, Philip, 21, sin. ; yeoman ; Worcester. 11 Jly 63; 20 Aug 65.

LoPEMAN, Charles H. 19, sin.; boatman; Reading, Pa. 1 Apl 63; missing 18

Jly 63 Ft Wagner. $50.
Lowe, John Sergt. 26, sin.; barber; Detroit, Mich. 12 May 63; 20 Aug 65.

$50.

362 ROSTER OF THE

I.owKY, Joseph 21, sin.; farmer; Urbanna, 0. 12 May 63; 20 Aug 65 $50.

McQuoKN, CiiAHLiis 111, 4 Apl 03 ; licjected

Mkeivs, Joseph W. 20, biu.j shoemaker; Springfield, 0. 12 May 63, 20 Aug 65.

|i60.
Mills, Ebwakd 22, sin.; waiter; New York. 29 Mch 63; 3 Je 64 Boston; dis.

Wounded 18 Jly 63 i''t. Wagner. $50.
Mitchjell Hamilioh 25, mar. ; hostler; Boston. 4 Sep. 03; 20 Aug 05. $50.
MoouiiuusK, Stephen Warren 21, mar. ; laborer; Boston, 7 Sep 63 ; 20 Aug 65.

$50. Dead.
Morgan, Edgar T. 19, sin.; laborer; Alban}-, N. Y. 29 Mch 63; 20 Aug 65.

$50.
MonGAN, Joseph. 21, sin.; boatman; Reading, Pa. 1 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65.

$60.
Newbt, James R. 19, sia. ; seaman ; New London, Conn. 29 Mch 63; 20 Aug

05. $50.
Owens, Charles A. 24, sin.; cook; New Orleans, La. 4 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65.

$50.
Parker, George 21, sin. ; painter; Cleveland,©. 4 Apl 03; died 8 Feb 64

Gen. Hos. Beaufort, S. C. Diarrha-a $50.
Parker, John H. 21, sin.; laborer; Bridgeville, Del. 1 Apl 63; died 7 Feb 64

Gen. Hos. Hilton Head, S. C. Fever. KO.
Peters, William 27, mar.; porter; Pittslield. 14 Jly 64; 20 Aug 05.

Pittsfield.
Princeton, William 33, sin.; farmer; Cleveland, 0. 4 Apl 64; died 22 Apl

05 Wnglifs Bluff, S. C. Small-pox. $50.
Proctor, Joseph J. Corpl. 25, mar.; carpenter; Detroit, Mich. 4 Apl 63;

mis.^ing 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. $50.
Readei!, George J. 36, mar.; farmer; Granby, Conn. 3 Apl 63; died 21 Apl

63 Readville. Lung fever.

Reason, Charles K. 23, sin.; laborer; Syracuse, N. Y. 29 Mch 63; died of

wounds 27 Jly 03 Gen. Hos. Beaufort, S. C. Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft Wagner.

$50.
Richardson, Joseph T. 18, sin.; mason; Cleveland, 0. 4 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65.

$50.
Robinson, George 20, sin.; laborer; Plymouth. 1 Sep 03; 19 Sep. 65. $50.
Robinson, Peteu 28, sin.; laborer; New York. 29 Mch 03; 20 Aug 65. $50.
Robinson, William 21, 29 Mch 03; died 23 Apl 03 Read-
ville. Lung fever.

Robinson, William H. 21, sin.; laborer; Lynn. 1 Apl 63; 20 Aug 05. $50.
Kuss, Jordan 28, mar. ; blacksmith; Detroit, Mich. 4 Apl 03; 29 May 65 Beau-
fort, S. C; dis. Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. $50.
Sawyer, Isaac 21, sin.; hostler;' Brattleboro, Vt. 3 Apl 63; 20 .iug 65. $50.

Charleston, S. C.
Smith, Robert 30, mar.; brickmaker; .Springfield, 0. 12 May 63; 31 Aug 65

New York. Wounded accidentally 7 Jly 04 James Id. S. C. $50. Spring-
field, 0.
Spain, William 22, sin. ; farmer; Urbanna, 0. 12 May 63; 20 Aug 65. $50.

Urbanna, 0.
Steward, Henry Sergt. 23, sin.; farmer; Adrian, Mich. 4 Apl 63; died 27

Sep. 03 Regtl. Hos. Morris Id. S. C. Chr. Diarrl.tra. $50.
Stewart, Edward Corpl. 24, mar. ; fireman ; Pittsburgh, Pa. 5 May 63 ; died

18 Feb 65 Gen. Hos. Beaufort S. C. Fever. $50.

FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 363

Stewart, Hesry F. 19. sin. ; barber; Hor.ielie.ails, N. V. 2;J Mcli C.3; 20 Aug 65.

Wounded 30 Nov. 64 Honey Hill S. C. SDO.
SuLSEY, Joseph Sergt. 21, sin. ; dentist; Mt. Holly, N. Y. 1 Apl 6.3; 16 Je 65.

; dis. Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. $50. New Haven, Cimn.

Terhv, Makion 30, sin.; fanner; Detroit, Mich, i A|il 03; 20 Aug. 05. $50.
Thomas Jeremiah Corpl. 18, sin.; waiter; London, Can. 4 Apl 63; 20 Aug

65. S50.
Thoimas. John H. 37, mar. ; barber; Boston. 12 May 63 ; 16 Aug 04 Morris Id.

S. C ; dis. $-50.
Thomfson, Alexander 25, mar. ; laborer; Albany, N. Y. 20 McIi 03; 20 Aug

65. S50.
TiiojirsoN, George 42, mar.; laborer; Reading. Pa. 1 Apl G3; 23 Jly 64 Ft.

Green, Folly Id. S. C; dis. Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. $50. Reported

dead.
Thompson, George A. 23, sin.; barber; Montrose, Pa. 29 Mch 03; 20 Aug

65. S550.
Thompson, Willi.vm 18, sin.; laborer; Thomas, O. 1 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65. $50.
Titus, John H. 20, sin. ; laborer; Albany, N. Y. 29 Mcli 63; 20 Aug 65. $50.
VooRi-iEES, Isaac 22, sin.; teamster; Philadelphia. 20 Mch 63; died 24 Nov 63

Regtl. Hos. Jlorris Id. S. C. of disease. $50.
Washington, George 29, mar.; seaman; Syracuse, N. Y. 29 Mch 63; died 3

Aug 63 Gen. Hos. Beaufort, S. C. Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. $50.
Watson, William 21, sin.; laborer; Dublin, Md. 1 Apl 63; 20 Aug 05. $.50.
Webster, Edward 24, sin.; laborer; Havrisburg, Pa. 29 Mch 03; 20 Aug 65.

850.
Weeks, John 19, sin.; cook; Chatham, Can. 4 Apl 63; missing 18 Jly 63 Ft

Wagner. ^50.
Wells, William 30, mar.; laborer; Monterey. 30 Nov 63; died 29 May 64

Gen. Hos. Beaufort, S. C, consumption. $50.
White, Addison 41, sin.; saltmaker; Mechanicsburg, O. 12 May 63; 20 Aug

65. $50. Mechanicsbnrfr, O.
Whiten, Charles 26, sin.; laborer; Syracuse, N. Y. 27 Mch 63; 20 Aug 65.

Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft Wagner. $50. "
Williams, Joseph 21, sin.; farmer; Detroit, Mich. 4 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65. $50.
Willis, Charles J 24, sin.; machinist; Syracuse, N. Y. 29 Mch 63; 20 Aug

65. $50.
Wood, Charles Corpl. 19, sin.; chairmaker; Detroit, Mich. 4 Apl 63; 20

Aug 65. 850.
Yates, John W. 19, sin. ; hostler; Reading, Pa. 1 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65. $50.

COMPANT F.

Adgarson, James M. 22, sin.; farmer; Milton. 10 Oct 63; 20 Aug 05. 850.

Milton.
Archer, Sylvester 20, mar. ; farmer; Binghampton, N. Y. 8 Apl 63; 27 Oct

65 Boston. $50.
Armstrong, Wesley R. 39, mar. ; blacksmith ; Horseheads, N. Y. 8 Apl 63 ;

20 Aug 65. Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. $50.
A sberry, Joseph 22, sin. ; farmer; Oberlin, 0. 12 May 63; 20 Aug 65. $50.
Bell, Charles 19, sin.; servant; Boston. 9 Sept. 63 ; 20 Aug 65. $50. Boston.

364 ROSTER OF THE

Bennett, Horace B. Sergt 25, mar.; fanner; Middletown, Pa. 8 Apl 63; 8 Je
G5, dis. Wounded 18 Apl 65 Boykins Mills, S. C. |50. Hams-
burg, Pa.

Bond, Jofin H 39, sin.; fanner; Binghampton, N. Y. 8 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65.
$50. lic'ported dead.

Bowser, Cuakliss 18, sin.; laborer; Middletown, Pa. 8 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65,
$50.

BoYEE, Frank 19, sin.; farmer; Elmira, N. Y. 8 Apl 03; 20 Aug 65. $50.
Dead.

BiiowN, James. 33, mar.; laborer; Bardstown, Ky. 12May63;lJe64

dis. $50.

Brown, James E. 20, sin.; laborer; Oberlin, 0. 12 May 63; 30 Sep 65 Bos-
ton. $50. G. A. E. Post 50. Cliicago.

BuowN, John 25, sin.; seaman; Fort Erie, Can. 8 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65. $50.

BiiOWN, John A. 18, sin. ; farmer; Steubenville, 0. 8 Apl 63; died 1 Sep 63
Morris [d. S. C. $50.

Brown, William K. Corpl. 26, mar.; laborer; Elmira, N. Y. 8 Apl 63; died
25 MoU 05 Gen. Hos. Charleston S. C. Typhoid Fever. 5550.

Canady, Barker 23, mar.; fanner, E. Stougbton. 17 Jly 6i; 20 Aug 05.

Carroll, William 22, sin.; laborer; Harrisburg, Pa. 8 Apl. 63; 20 Aug 65.

$50.
Carter, Levi 38, mar.; laborer; Elmira, N. Y. 8 Apl. 63; 20 Aug 65. $50.
Cole, Philip Corpl. 19, sin.; laborer; Middletown, Pa. 8 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65.

$50. Cleveland, 0.
Cole, William 27, sin.; laborer; Middletown, Pa. 8 Apl. 63; 10 Je 63 Boston;

dis. $50.
Cooper, Peter S. 27, sin.; brickmaker; Medlord. 19 Dec 63; 20 Aug 65. $325.
OoKNisTi, Alford. Corpl. 18, sin.; painter; Binghampton, N. Y. 8 Apl. 63;

20 Aug 65. $50.
Crogek, George A. Corpl. 29, sin.; laborer; Elmira N. Y. 8 Apl 63; 20 Aug

65. $50.
Crossler, Chaunoy 33, mar.; farmer; Norfolk, Conn. 8 Apl. 63; 20 Aug. 65.

Captd 18 Apl 05 near Camden, S. C, escaped and ret. 2 Jly 65. $50.
Cunningham, Charles. 19, sin.; farmer; Middletown, Pa. 8 Apl. 03; 20 Aug

65. $50.
Cunningham, Ferdinanp 19, sin. ; farmer; Mt. Holly, N. Y. 8 Apl 63; 20 Aug

05. $50. Eochester, N. Y.
Dadford, Thomas H. W. 34, sin.; barber; Harrisburg, Pa. 4 Dec 63; 20 Aug

65. $325.
Davis, Frank 18, sin.; laborer; Elmira, N. Y. 8 Apl. 64; 20 Aug 65. $50.

Catharine, N. Y.
Davis, William 35, sin.; laborer; Elmira, N. Y. 8 Apl 63; died 29 May 63

Post ITos. Readville. $50.
Davis, William A. 38, St. Albans, Vt. 15 Dec 63; 8 Je 05

; dis. Burlington, Vt.

Derrick, Benjamin 36, mar.; farmer; Cooperstown, N. Y. 8 Apl 63; 20 Aug

65. $50. Afton, N. Y.
Dorsey, George W. 24, sin.; laborer; Adrian, Mich. 8 Apl 03; died 21 Oct

63 Regtl. Hos. Morris Id. S. C. $50.

Douglass, Chakles R. 19, sin.; printer; Rochester, N. Y. 18 Apl 63; 19 Mch

64 for promotion 1st Sergt. 5th Mass. Cav. $50.

FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 365

Kbbits. Wilmam H. H. 22, sin; yeoman; Worcester. 14 Jly 6.3; 20 Aug 65.

Worcester.

Klms, Jeffkuson Corpl. 19, sin.; boatman; Poughkeepsie, N. Y. 4 Apl 63;

-20 Aug 05. Captd IS Jly 6-3 Morris Id. S. 0; ex 4 Mcli 65 Goldsboro, N. C:

ret. 6 Je 05. |50.
l'"ooT, Abkasi 22, sin.; farmer; Spencer, N. Y. 8 Apl C3; died 1 Sep 64 Morrii

Id. S. C. of disease. ^50.
l-'uEKMAN, Isaiah Scrgt. 24, mar.; laborer; Freehold, N. J. 8 Apl 63; 20 Aug

65. 850.
I'nEEMAN, Theophilus D. 40, mar.; barber; So. BrooUfield. 3 Dec 03; 20 Aug

65. $325. Worcester.
l''i;EE5rAN, William T. 25, sin.; farmer; Lower Clianceford, Pa. 8 Apl 63; 20

Aug 65. SdO.
Gai.nes, John W. 20, sin. : laborer; Homestead, N. J. 8 Apl. 63; 20 Aug 05.

Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. $50.
(lAnuisox, Alexander 2.j,sin.; farmer; New York. 8Apl63; 20 Aug 65. $50.
Gibson, William 29, sin.; yeoman; Paxton. 13 Jly 63; 22 Sep 05 Boston.

Worcester.

(iooDMAN, Richard D. 20, sin.; farmer; Elmira, N. Y. 8 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65.

S50. Athens, Pa.
Gray, .Iohn 22, sin.; farmer; Poughkeepsie, N. Y. 4 Apl 6?,; captd 18 Jly

63 Morris Id. S. C. ; supposed died. $50.
Greeley, Howard 18, Corinth, Vt. 2 Dec 63; 20 Aug 05.

Bradford, Tt.

Harding, David Corpl. 22, sin.; brickmaker; Detroit, Mich. 8 Apl 63; 20

Aug 65. AVounded 18 Apl 65 Boykins Mills S. C. $50,
Hayes, George 20, sin.; carpenter; Wilmington, N. U. 8 Apl 63; 7 Sep 65.

Wounded 12 Feb 65 Morris Id. S. C. premature explosion. $50.
Hazzard, Adrastus 18, sin ; farmer; Groton. 9 Apl 63 ; died 7 Jly 65 Gen.

Hos. Beaufort, S. C. 9-50.
Hemmenway, a. F. 1st. Sergt. 28, mar.; barber; Worcester. 7 Ajil 63; 20

Aug 65. S50. Worcester.
Henry, William 19, sin. hostler. Ft. Erie, Can. 4 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65.

Wounded 20 Feb 04 Olustee, Fla. 550.
HiGGiNS, Thomas 22, mar.; waiter; New Brunswick, N. J. 8 Apl 03; 20 Aug

65. Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft AYagner. $iO.
Holmes, George 31, mar.; laborer; Elmira, N. Y 8 Apl 63; died of wounds

14 Aug 63 Gen. Hos. Beaufort, S. C. Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. $50.
Jackson, Simon A. 22, sin.: coaster; Haddam, Conn. 12 May 03; died 19 Aug

63 Regtl. Hos. Morris Id. S. C. -IfSO.
James, Henry 23, sin.; laborer; Foxboroiigh. 18 Dec 63; 20 Aug 65. 5f325.

Cambridge.
Johnson, Alexander 34, sin.; laborer; Elmira, N. Y. 8 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65.

$50.
.IohnsonB. S. 21, sin. ; blacksmith: Adrian, Mich. 8 Apl 03; 20 Aug 65. $50.
.Johnson Charles H. Corpl. 19, raar.; shoemaker; Warren. 23 Feb 63; died

of wounds 18 Sep 63 Gen. Hos. Beaufort, S. C. Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft Wag-
ner. f50.
Johnson, James P. 21, sin.; barber; Owego, N. Y. 8 Apl 03; killed 18 Apl

eSBovkinsMills, S. (■ *?50.
•Iokes, Willis 35, sin. ; laborer- Detroit, Mich. U Aug 63; 30 Aug 65 New

York,

366 ROSTER OF THE

Kelley, Daniel A. 19, sin.; farmer; Poughkeepsie, N. Y. 4Apl 63; killed 18

Jiy 63 Ft, Wagner. $50.
Kelley, James Edvvaud 19, sin.; farmer; Poughkeepsie, N. Y. 4 Apl 63;

deserted Mcli 65 Charleston, S. C. SoO.
Kesney, Sa.iiuel. Oorpl. 39, mar.; blacksmith; Motticksville, Pa. 8 Apl 63;
20Augt. 65. WoiindudlSJIy 63 Ft. Wagner. $50.

Langley, NicwEi.L C. 36, Ferrisburg, Vt. 20 Dec 63 ; 30 Aug 66

New York. . Williston, Vt.

Lee, WiLLi.vnt XI. 38, mar.; weaver; Elmira, N. Y. 12 May 63; died of wounds

4 Oct 53 IIos. Str "Cosmopolitan." Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft Wagner. $50.

Lowe, Francis 20, sin.; cook; Cleveland, 0. 8 Apl 63.; killed 18 July 63 Ft

A\'agner. fSO.
Lyons, JdiiN 19, sin.; laborer; Chicago, 111. 8 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65. Wounded

1 Apl 64 on picket at Jacksonville, F'la. S50.
Manuel, William L. G. 17, sin.; barber; Lowell, 9 Apl 63; died 28 Oct 63

Gen. Hos. Beaufort, S. 0. $50.
McClellan, William II. 21, sin.; cook; Detroit, Mich. 8 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65.

$50. Detniit, ;\Iich.
Miller, Andhew 39, mar.; blacksmith; Elmira, N". Y. 8 Apl 63; died of

wounds 20 Apl 65. Wounded 18 Apl 65 Buykins Mills, S. C. $50.
MiLLEii, John A. 18, sin.; laborer; Goshen, N. Y. 8 Apl 63 ; 20 Aug 65. S!50.
Mitchell, William 22, sin.; fiirmer; Oberliii, 0. 8 Apl 63; wounded and

prjs, 20 Feb 64 Olustee, Fla.; supposed dead, $50.
Moles, Samuel 23, sin.; laborer; Middletown, Pa. 8 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65.

Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft Wagner. $50. Brooklyn, N. Y.
MoouE, William 24, sin.; farmer; Edgartown. 9 Oct 63; 20 Augt, 65. $50.
MosHiioE, GiEORfiE W. 33, sin.; laborer; Elmira N. Y. 8 Apl 03; 30 Sep 65

Boston. Ciiptd 18 Jly 63 Ft Wagner; ex. 4 Mch 65 Goldsboro. N. C. $50.
Nelson, Jajies 28, sin.; farmer; Warbeck, Pa. 8 Apl 03; died 27 Dec 03 on

board Hos. Str " Cosmopolitan." $-50.
Norman, Heney Sergt. 20, sin.; farmer; Concordville, Pa. 8 Apl 63; 20

Aug 05. $60.
Owen, Clark 19, sin.; farmer; Mansfield, Kan. 8 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65. $50.

Cleveland, O.
Patterson, Henry J. Sergt. 20, sin,; mason; Oberlin, O. 8 Apl 63; 20 Aug

65, $50. Clevelanil, 0.
Peal, Hknry T. 2.5, sin.; shoemaker; Oberlin, 0. 8 Apl 63; died 24 Jly 64
Gen. Hos. Beaufort S. C. Dysentery. Wounded 20 Feb 04 Olustee, Fla. $51).
Pertiller, Hiciiakd 19, sin.; farmer; Owego, N. Y. 8 Apl 03; died 4 Apl

64 Hos. Jacksonville, Fla. Wounded 03 . $50.

Peters, Josei'ii F. 26, sin. ; fanner; Laconia, N. H. 9 Apl 63; 20 Aug. 05.

Wounded 63 . $50.

Petteuson, Ciiaeles T. 26, sin.; barber; Boston, 13 Nov 63; 20 Augt. 65.

$325. ,
PosTLEY, James 19, sin,; laborer; Ehnira, N. Y. 8 Apl 63; 12 Oct 65.

Wounded 18 Apl 65 Boykins Mills, S. C. $50.
Potter, Ciiaeles A. 18, sin.; laborer; Pittsfield. 8 Apl 63; 23 Sep 65 Charles-
ton, S. C; dis. Wounded 9 Jly 65 in street light Charleston, S. 0. $50.
Pittslield.
Powell, James II. Corpl. 20, sin.; farmer; Buffalo, N. Y. 4 Apl 63; 20 Aug

65. Jt50.
Price, John P. 38, mar.; barber; Elmira, N. Y. 8 Apl 63 ; 20 Aug 65. $50.

riFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFAISITRY. 367

Rector, Napoleox B. 28, sin.; porter; Sandusky, 0. 12 May 63 ; 20 Aug 05.

$50. Urbanaa, 0.
Rice, Thomas 28, mar.; farmer; Mercersburg-, I'a. 8 Apl 0-3; 20 Aug 05.

Wounaed 20 Feb U4 Ulustee Fla. !|f50.
KiDUKWAY, Olivek B. 36, uiar. ; wagoner; Oberlin, 0. 8 Apl 03; died 11 Jan

65 Morris Id. S. C. of disease. $50.
EoBUSSoJi, Milton 21, sin.; laborer; Indianapolis, Ind. 12 May 03 ; 20 Aug 65.

$50.
KoBiNSON, EiciiARD 25, mar.; barber; Worcester. 7 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65.

&50.
Roper, David K. 22, sin.; farmer; Indianapolis, Ind. 12 May 03; killed 18

Jly 63 Ft Wagner. S50.
Sheldcin, Thomas 2-3, sin. ; laborer; Middletown, Pa. 8 Apl 03 ; killed 18 Jly

03 Ft. Wagner. $50.
Silvia, Samuel 22, sin.; seaman; Gardsborough, N. S. 19 Aug 63; 8 Sep 65

New York. Wounded IS Apl 65 IWkins Mills, S. G.

Smith, George 21, sin.; laborer; Elmira, N. Y. 8 Apl 63 ; 20 Aug 65. $50.
Smith, Robert 21, sin.; laborer; Elmira, N. Y, 8 Apl 03; 20 Aug 65.

$50.
Smith, William P. 24. sin.; farmer; New Haven, Conn. 12 May 63; 20 Aug

65. Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. $50.
Snowden, Charles Sergt. 10, mar.; barber; Lewiston, Pa. 8 Apl 03; 20 Aug

65. $50.
Snowden, Philip 18, sin.; laborer; Elmira, N. Y. 8 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65. $50.

Reported dead.
Stackhouse, John 30, mar. ; laborer; Lynn. 23 Dec 03; 20 Aug 65. $325.
Steward, Charles. 23, seaman; 8 Apl 63; deserted 25 Apl. 63

Eeadville,

Stilles, .Joseph Corpl. 23, mar.; laborer; Middletown, Pa. 8 Apl 63; 20 Aug

65. S-50.
S WAILS, Stephen A. 1st Sergt. 30, mar. ; boatman ; Elmira, N. Y. 8 Apl 63;

16 Jan 65 for promotion. Wounded 20 Feb 64 Olustce, Fla, and 11 Apl 66 near

Camden, S. C. 850. See Record as Commissioned Officer.
Thomas, Andrew 18, sin.; boatman; Middletown, Pa. 8 Apl 63; 20 Aug. 65.

$50.
Thomas, George W. ID, sin. ; seaman ; Buffalo, N. Y. 8 Apl 03; 20 Aug 65.

Captd 18 Jly 63 Morris Id. S. C ; ex.4 Mch 65 Goldsboro, N. C. ; ret. 8 May

65. $50.
Thom.\.s, John 31, sin. ; farmer ; Pliiladelphia. 8 Apl 63 ; 20 Aug 65. $50.
Tho^ias, S.ViMlTEL .'i2, mar.; engineer; Binghampton N. Y. 8 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65.

S;50. Binghampton, N. Y.
TiiOMi'SON, Ae'.raiiam 36, sin.; farmer ; Albany, N. Y. 24 Nov 03 ; 20 Aug 65.

$•32.5. Westficld.
Thompson, Benjajiin 24, sin,; blacksmith; Jackson, Mich. 12 May 03; 20

Aug 65. Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. $50. No. Lansing, Jlich.

Thompson, Jamf.s 30, sin.; laborer; Monson. 15 Jly 03; 20 Aug 05.

Tucker, John 21, sin.; cook; Racine, Wis. 8 Apl 63; deserted 21 Jly 65

Charleston, S. C. $50.
Wa.shington, David 23, sin.; butcher; Buffalo, N. Y. 8 Apl 03; 22 Mch 60

Boston. $.50.
Washington, Peter 21, sin, ; coachman ; Middletown, Pa. 8 Apl 63 ; 20

Aug 65. $50.

368 ROSTER OF THE

Watson, William H. 27, mar. ; laborer; Elmira, N. Y. 8ApI63; 20 Aug C5.

ftSO.
Welch, Frank M. 1st Sergt. 21, sin.; barber; W. Meriden, Conn, 12 May

03; 3 Je 65 for promotion. Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft Wagner. $50. See Kecord

as Commissioned Officer.
White, John 19, sin.; shoemaker; Brantford, Can. 15 Dec 63; 20 Aug 65.

$325.
Williams, Edwakd 28, mar.; laborer; Oberlin, 0, 12 May 03; killed 18 July

63 Ft Wagner. $50.
Williams, Eugene T. 20, sin.; slioemaker; Oxford. 28 Nov 63; 20 Aug 65.

.1i;325. Oxford.
Williams, Jacob 35, sin.; fanner; White Plains, K. T. 7 Apl 63; 13 Sep G5

Boston. $50.
Wilson, Isaiah 21, sin.; laborer; Oberlin, 0. 8 Apl 63; 28 Aug 65 Boston. $50.
Wilson, James H. 19, sin.; laborer; Owego, N. Y. 8 Apl 03; 20 Aug 65.

Wounded 20 Feb 65 premature explosion. $50.
Young, William 39, sin.; yeoman; Spencer. 14 Jly 63 ; 20 Aug 65.

Company G.

Allen, John W. Corpl. 23, mar.; laborer; Logan Co. 0. 12 May 63.; 20 Aug

65. 150.
Andekson, James 33, mar.; laborer; Chester Co Pa. 12 Apl 63; 20 Aug. 65.

Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. $50.
Andekson, John 18, sin.; baker; Carlisle, Pa. 18 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65. $50.
Anderson, Lewis 30, sin.; farmer; Kentucky. 14 Apl 03; died of wounds 7

Aug 63 Gen. Hos. Beaufort S. C. Wounded"l8 Jly 63 Ft Wagner. $50.
Atkins, Charles G. 21, mar. ; boatman; Mt. Morris, N. Y. 0 Apl 63; 20 Aug

65. $50.
Barker, John L. Sergt. 28, sin.; farmer; Oberlin, 0. 14 Apl 63; 7 Je 65 :

dis. Wounded 18 Jly 63'Ft. Wagner, 20 Feb 64 Olustee, Fla. and 30 Nov 04

Honey Hill, S. C. $5"o. Norwalk, 0.
B \TsoN, John 20, sin.; farmer; Peachbottom, Pa. 12 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65.

$50. Cambridge, Md.
Battles, Robert Henry 38, mar.; hostler; Dedham. 28 Nov 63; 20 Aug 65,

$325.
Body, Charles 28, mar.; farmer; Lancaster Co. Pa. 12 Apl 63; missing 18 Jly

63 Ft. Wagner. 850.
BouLDON, John A. Corpl. 27, sin. ; saddler ; Cleveland, 0. 14 Apl 63; 3 Je 65

; dis. Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. $50. Cleveland, 0.

Bkown, Fielding C. 1st Sergt. 23, sin.; barber; Lebanon, 0. 14 Apl 63; 20

Aug 65. $50. Findlay, O.
Cain, William 18, sin.;' farmer; Xenia, 0. 12 May 63; 20 Aug 65. $50.
Carter, Henry J. Sergt. 29, mar.; stonecutter; Lenox. 11 Apl 63; 29 Mav

65 ; dis. Wounded 30 Nov 64 Honey Hill, S, C. $50. Dead.

Clark, Charles 1st 18, sin.; teamster; So Framingham. 11 Apl 63; died of

■H-ounds 21 Jly 03 Gen, Hos. Beaufort, S. C. Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. 'Wagner.

$50.
Clark, Thomas 27, mar, ; cook ; Frankfort, Ky. 9 Apl 63 ; 20 Aug 65. $50.

FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 369

Cleveland, Jajies 18, sin.; farmer; Cincianati, 0. 34 Apl, G3 ; 20 Aug 6-5.

S50. Cincinnati, 0.
Coleman, James 20, sin.; favnier; Adrian, Mich. 9 Apl 6-3; 1-3 Mav 04 Davids

Id, N. Y,dis. Wounded 18 JIv 63 Ft. Wagner. S50. Dead.
Coleman, John 1!), mar.; farmer; Adrian, Midi. 'J Apl 63; 20 Aug 65.

Wounded 18 Jly 63 l'"t. Wagner. SaO.
CoxAWAY, Shedkick Sergt. IS, sin.; waiter; Cleveland, 0. U Apl 63; 21)

Augt. 65. S50. Cleveland, O.
Cook, \Villiam 22, mar; brickmaker: Huntingdon, Pa. 9 Apl 63; missing 21

Feb 64. I-eft sick at Barber's Fork, Fla. $bh
Coopek, George 23, sin.; farmer; Winds(n-, Can. 9 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65.

S50.
CujiMiNGS, Aaron. 22, mar.; farmer; York Co. Pa. 12 Apl, 63; 20 Aug 65.

Wounded 20 Feb 64 Olustee, Fla. S50.
Ci:nningham, Williaji A. 20, sin.; boatman; Monlgomerj', N. Y. 9 Apl 63;

20 Aug 65. Wounded 20 Feb 64 Olustee, Fla. 850.
CuKRY, Josepttus 20, sin. ; farmer; Washington, ?a. 12 May 63; killed 18 Jlv

63 Ft. Wagner. SDO.
Dandridge, James 26, sin.; waiter; Winchester, Va. 8 Jly 64.; 20 Aug 65.

David, Anthony 26, sin.; cook; Jackson, La. 14 Apl 63; died of wounds 25
Mch 64 Gen. Hos. Beaufort S. C. Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft Wagner. S50.

Div, Solomon 2B, sin.; cook; Washtenaw, Mich. 9 Apl 63: 20 Aug 65. $50.

Demus, Charles M. 18, sin. ; laborer; Harrisburg, Pa. 16 Dec 63 ; 20 Aug 65.
^325.

Duncan, Samuei, 22, sin.; seaman; Franklin Co, 0. 20 Apl 63; 3 Je 65 St An-
drews Parish, S. C. ; dis. Wounded 30 Nov 64 Honey Hill, S. C. SbO.

Ellknder, George 33, sin.; forgeman ; York Co, Pa. 12 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65.
Wounded 33 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner and 20 Feb 04 Olustee, Fla. S.50.

Ellis, Henry 18, sin.; laborer; Cincinnati, 0. 9 Apl. 63; 20 Aug 65. $&C
Cincinnati, 0.

Elms, William Corpl. 24, sin.; farmer; Cincinnati, O. 14 Apl 63: died of
wonnds 10 Aug G3 Gen. Hos. Beaufort, S. C. Wounded 18 Jlv 63 Ft. Wagner.
$50.

Evans. George 22, mar.; laborer; Xenia, 0. 9 Apl 63; 20 AugC5. S50.

Evans. Richard 34, sin.; laborer; Xenia, O. 12 May 63 ; 20 Aug 65. Wounded
18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. $50.

FinvLis, William 20, sin.; laborer; Champaign, 0. 14 Apl 63; died U Oct 63
P.egll. Hos. of disease. $50.

Franklin, Stephen 40, mar.; blacksmith; Dayton, O. 14 Apl 63; 12 Jly 65
Worcester; dis. Wounded 30 Nov 64 Honey Hill, S. C. S50.

Garrison, William 25, sin.; laborer; Chambersburg, Pa. 12 Mav 63; 21
May 64 Morris Id S. C; dis. Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. $50. Pills-
burgh, Pa.

Goodwin, John 25, sin.; fanner; Fredericktown, Md. 20 Apl. 63; died 3 Sep
63 Morris Id. S. C. of disease. S.50.

Grimes, Romeo 34, mar.; laborer; Newberne, N C. 17 Aug 63; 20 Aug 65.

Grimmidge, Ben.tahin 18, mar.; farmer; Canada. 0 Apl 63; died of wounds

15 Nov 63. Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. ?50.
Haines, Wii.lum 19, mar , boatman, Schuylkill, Pa. 12 Apl 63; 20 Aug. 65.

$50. Atlantic City, N. J.

370 ROSTER OF THE

Hamilton, Alfred 18; single; farmer; Yates Co. N. Y. 9 ApT 63; 20 Augt

Ua. foU.
Hakding, Cornelius 41; mar.; barber; Utica N. Y. 9 Apl 6-3; 20 Aug 6o.

$50.
Harris, Hill 2G, mar.; farmer; Jackson, La. 9 Apl 63; 30 Sep 65 Boston.

Wounded and pris. 30 Nov 6i Honey Hill, S, C. , released 25 Apl 65. $bi).

Connersville, Ind.

Hart, GisoitGE 21, Rutland, Vt. 5 Dec 63; 20 Aug. 65.

Hawton, C'ii.mjncy Corpl. 20, mar., boatman, Newton N. J. 9 Apl 63; 20

Augt 65. %bO.
Hazzard, Jajies 30, Woodstock, Vt. 29 Dec 63; 20 Aug 65-

AVoodslock, Vt.

Hedgepatii, John Corpl. 23, sin.; farmer; Clinton Co, 0. 12 May 63; 20

Augt 65. Wounded — Jly 63 . $50.

Hoke, Bromily 18, sin.; farmer; Montgomery Co, N. Y. 14 Apl 63; 16 Je

65 Cliarlestou S. C; dis. $bO.
Holmes, Joseph R. 21, siu.; farmer; Cincinnati, 0. 14 Apl 03; 20 Aug. Co.

Wounded 18 ,lly 63 Ft. Waguer. 850.
Howard, Leandeu L. 20, sin.; harness maker; Oakland, 0. 14 Apl 63; 20

Aug 05. Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft Wagner and 20 Feby 04 Olustee, Fla. $50.

Cincinnati, O.
Jackson, Henry P. 32, Rutland, Vt. 1 Dec 63; 20 Aug 65.

Jackson, Horace 29, sin.; caulker; Glens Falls, N. Y. 9 Apl 63; 3 Je 65 St.

Andrews Parish S. C. dis. Wounded 20 Feb 64 Olustee, Fla. $50. Glens

Falls, N. Y.
Johnson, Edward 33, sin.; laborer; Evansville, Ind. 25 Jly 63; 16 Jly 65

Beaufort, S. C; dis. Wounded and pris. 20 Feb 64 Olustee, Fla. $50.
Johnson, Thomas A 2nd. Sergt. 39, sin.; farmer; Detroit, Mich. 9Apl63;20

Aug 65. S50.
Johnson, AViiEELER 26 Roekingham, Vt. 16 Dec 63; 20 Aug 65.

Jones, William 17,, sin.; farmer; Mt. Pleasant, 0. 14 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65.
$50.

King, Amos 43, mar.; farmer; Fulton Co. N. Y. 18 Apl 63; 16 Je 65 Charles-
ton, S. C; dis. $50.

King, Henhy 37, mar.; bricklayer; Boston. 9 Apl 63 ; 20 Aug 65. 5f50.

King, Oliver AV. 24, sin. ; laborer; Delaware, Md. 12 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65. 5550.

Knox, Norman 20, mar.; boatman; Utica, N. Y. 9 Apl 63; 25 Aug 65 New
York. ^50.

Lawrence, Thomas 18, sin. ; farmer ; Xenia, 0. 12 May 63 ; 20 Aug 65. $50.
Xenia, 0.

Lee, Benjamin F. 19, sin. ; shoemaker ; So. Scitnate. 10 Dec 63 ; 15 Sep 65
New York. $325.

Lee, Joseph 21, sin.; farmer; Brownville, Pa. 12 May 63; 20 Aug 65. $50.

Lloyd, Charles 20, mar. ; hostler; Utica, N. Y. 9 Apl 63; 20 Aug 05. $50.

Martin, William 19, mar.; seaman; West Indies. 16 Jly 63; 20 Aug 65.

Miller, John 38, mar.; seaman; Allegheny City Pa. 12 May 63; killed 20

Feby 64 Olustee, Fla. Wounded — Jly 63 . $.50.

Miller, Theodore 19, sin.; teamster, Montgomery Co. N. Y. 9 Apl 63; 20

Aug 65. $50.

riFTY-FOUKTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 371

MiLLTMAN, Jekemiah Covpl. 23, mar. J farmer; Saratoga Co. N. Y. 9 Apl 6^

20 Augt 65. $50.
MouGAN, John 1st Sergt. 2-t, mar. ; barber; Cincinnati, 0. 14 Apl 03; 6 Apl

64 ; dis. Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. S50.

SI YEliS, William 22, sin.; waiter; Washington, D. C. 14 Apl 03; missing 18

Jly 63 Ft Wagner. S50.
Nichols, Hakeison 26, sin. ; farmer ; Oberlin, 0. 14 Apl 03; missing 18 Jly 63

Ft Wagner S50.
NiLES, William H. 2], sin.; seaman; Kingston, U. I. 12 Dee 63; died 5 Mch

64 of disease. $325.
Oaky, John 24, mar.; laborer; Columbia, Pa. 12 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65.

SOU.
Pahuitt, William 20, sin.; glassmaker; Sbaron, Conn. 14 Jly 63; died 14

Jan 64 Jlorris Id. S. C. of disease.

Pattkn, Behjamin 23, siu.; farmer; Cincinnati, 0. 14 Apl. 63; 20 Aug 65.

S50.
Patterson, Alexandee 28, mar.; barber; Boston. 2 Dec 63; 16 Je 65 Charles-
ton, S. C; dis. S3-25.
Payne, Nelson 23, mar.; farmer; Adrian, Mich. 9 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65.

S50.
Peters, Amasa A. 21 Bristol, Vt. 5 Nov. 63; 20 Aug 65.

Porter, Marshall 18, Pownall, Vt. 4 Jan 64; 20 Aug 65.

Price, David 26, sin.; farmer; Saratoga Co. N. T. 9 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65.

S50.
Prince, Jason 24, sin.; farmer; Scltuate. 25 Aug 63; 3 Je 65 Beaufort,

S. C; dis.

Raymour, William 19, sin. ; laborer; Shippensburg, Pa. 12 Apl 63; 20 Aug

65. S50. Pittsburgh, Pa.
Reynolds, George 20, sin. ; teamster; Corning, N. Y. 14 Apl 63; 3 Je 65 St.

Andrews Parish, S. C; dis. W^ounded 30 Nov 64 Honey Hill, S. C. $50.

Binghampfon, N. Y.
Robinson, Charles 18, sin.; hostler ; Philadelphia. 9 Apl 63; deserted 25 Mch

65 Savannah, Ga. ©50.
Robinson, William 23, sin.; farmer; Detroit, Mich. 9 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65.

S50.
RoDiNsoN, William 2nd 19, mar. ; boatman; Sandy Hill, N. Y. 9 Apl 63; 20

Aug 05. 850.
Ross, Daniel 19, sin. ; farmer; Adrian, Mich. 9 Apl 63 ; 20 Aug 65. S50.
Rutl'edge, William 34, sin.; laborer; Oberlin, 0. 14 Apl 03; 20 Aug 65.

850.
Scisco, Stephen H. 22, sin.; farmer; Mendon. 15 Dec 63; 20 Aug 65.

Seaman, Alfred B. 25, mar.; laborer; Parksburg, Pa. 12 Apl 63; 28 Sep

65. 850.

Shorter John 16, mar.; farmer; Amboy, Mich. 9 Apl 63; 3 Je 65 St. An-
drews Parish, S. C; dis. Wounded 30 Nov 64 Honey Hill, S. C. 950

Simpson, Henry 21, .=in.; barber; Columbus, O. 9 Apl 03; 20 Aug 65. 850.

Simpson, Louis L. 22, mar.; shoemaker; Hingham. 25 Nov 03; 25 May 65
Worcester. Wonndert 30 Nov 64 Honey Hill, S. C. $325.

Sims, John Corpl. 36, mar.; engineer; Boston, 9 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65. 850.

372 ROSTER OF THE

Smith, Isaac 1st 19, sin. ; farmer , Mt. Pleasant, 0. 14 Apl 63 , 20 Ang G5.

$30.
Smith, Isaac 2c1. 30, sin.; cook; Cincinnati, 0. 14 Apl G-3; 20 Aug 65.

$50.
Smith, Samuel Corpl. 20, sin. , carpenter , Peltes Co, Mo. 14 Apl 63 , 25 Aug

65 New Yorii. S50.
SowAKD, John 30, mar., cook; Cleveland, 0. 14 Apl 63; 20 Aug 05.

$50.
Stanton, Charles 21, sin.; boatman; Glenns Falls, N. Y. 14 Apl 63, died

pris. Feb 65 Florence, S. C. Wounded and c;iptd 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner.

■S50.
SrisvENS, John 23, sin.; farmer; Pontiac, Mich. 9 Apl 63 , missing 18 Jly 63

Ft Wagner, S. 0 SoO.
Stewart, George H. 35, mar. ; seaman; Watertoivn, N. Y. 0 Apl 63, 7 Oct 6."i

Gen. Hos. Alexandria, Va. Captd 2U Feb 64 Olustee, Fla. ; ex. 4 Mcli 65

Goldsboro, N. C.
Storms, George F. 23, Rutland, Vt. 16 Dec 63, 20 Aug 00.

Worcester, Mass.

Taluot, Jacob 18, sin.; farmer: W. Bridgewater. 16 Dec 63, 20 Aug 65.

$325.
TiLi.MAN, Martin 22, mar.; laborer; Pittsburg, Pa. 12Ma}'03, 12 Jly 65.

, dis. $50.

Titus, James II, Corpl. 23, mar. ; teamster; Trenton, N.J. 12 Apl 63; 20 Aug

65. SrA). Dead.
Tripi', Abkaiiam 22, sin. , farmer; Littleton. 14 Nov 63; 3 Je 65 St. Andrews

Parish, S. C. ; dis. $325.
Tyi,er, William H. 23, sin.; laborer; Henry Co, Ky. 9 Apl 63, missing IS

Jly 63 Ft Wagner. S50.
Undekwood, William 25, mar. , druggist; Mason Co. Ky. 14 Apl 6"; miss-
ing 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. f50.
Van Allen, David H. Corpl. 33, mar. ; laborer , Gt Barringlon. 18 Dec 63;

20 Aug 65. 8325.
Walker, James. 25, mar.; barber; Cincinnati, 0. 16 Dec 63, 20 Aug 65

f.325.
Wall, Albekt G. 20, sin.; tailor; Oberlin, 0 12 Mav63; 22 May 64 Morris

Id. S. C.;dis. $50. Washington D. C.
Wall, John Sergt. 20, sin.; student; Oberlin, 0. 14 Apl 03; 20 Aug 65. .$50.

Oberlin, O

Waho, Augustus 19, sin ; seaman ; .Tackson.Miss. 9 Apl 63; 2 .Te 05 Cleveland

0. S50. G. A. K. Post 50, Chicago.
Washington, William 18, sin.; farmer, Washington, D. C. 15 Dec 63 , '>(!

Aug 65. $454.66.
Wekber, Sylvester 21, sin.; farmer; Ripley, O. 12 May 63, deserted 7 Jly

65 t'harleston, S. C. $60.
WiiKTUuuNE, Charles 22, sin.; cooper; Boston, 28 Jly 63 , 20 Au" 65.

WiLLiAM.s, Charles A. 2nd 21, mar. ; farmer; Ml. Healthy, 0. 14 Apl 63;

1 Jly 64 Morris Td. S. C; dis. Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft Wagner $50.
Williams, James H. 1st. 19, sin.; teamster; Glenns Falls, N Y 9Ad163'>0

Aug 65. $50.

Williams, John W. 24, Brattleboro, Vt. 5 Dec 63; 20 Auo- 65.

FlFXY-l-OURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 373

Winnie, Samuki, Sergt. 2T, sin.; hostler; Fultou Co. N. Y. 9Apl03i20Aug

ti5. WoundedlS Jly 6.5Ft Wagner. $50.
Wise, William 21, sin.; cook, Auburn, N. Y. 9 Apl 6-3, 20 Aug 65. Jt50.
YoiiNGKK, Thomas, 1st 10, siii., butcher; Chatham, Can. 9 Apl 63, 20 Aug

U5. 5550.

Company H.

Alexander, George 18, sin.; farmer; Syracuse, N Y. 21 Apl 63; 20 Je 65

New York; dis. Wouuded Jly 63 and 30 Nov 64 Honey Hill, S. C.

S50.
A.NDERSON, Washington 25 sm.; farmer; Chicago. 21 Apl 63, deserted 6

Feby 64 Hilton Head. S. C. $50.
Bakuuet, Joseph H. Sergt. 40, mar. ; mason , Galesbiirg, 111. 26 Apl 63; 20

Aug 65. $bO, Reported dead
Bateman, Charles I. 18, sm. , farmer, Northampton. 20 Oct. 63; 20 Aug 65.

S325.
Broady, George 28, mar.; laborer; Battle Creek, Mich. 13 May 63.; 20 Aug

65. WoundedlSJIy 03 Ft. Wagner and 30 Nov 64 Honey Hill. *50. Day,

Mich.
Brooks, James J. 23, sin.; farmer; Bellows Falls, Vt. 22 July 63, 20 Aug. 65.

Brooks, William H._ 28, mar.; laborer; Rutland, Vt. 5 Augt 63; 16 Je 65

Charleston, S. C. Wounded 20 Feb 64 Olustee, Fla. Westminster,

Vt.
Brown, David 35, mar.; laborer; Reading, Pa. 15 Apl. 63; 20 Aug 65.

Wounded 20 Feb 64 Olustee, Fla. 550.
Brown, George 16, sin.; porter, Chicago. 21 Apl. 63; 20 Aug 65. Wounded

30 Nov 64 Honey Hill S. C. $60.
BuRDOO, Silas. 37 Woodstock, Vt. 19 Dec 63. ; 1 Sep 65 New

York.

BuRKETT, Elisha 35, siu. ; farmer; Newport, Ind. 21 Apl 63; killed 16 Jly 63

James Id. S. C. $50.
Burns, John 34, mar ; laborer, Bowling Green, Mo. 26 Apl 63; died 25 Oct 63

TRegtl. Hos. Morris Id. S. C. of disease. $50,
Butler, George 20, mar.; hostler; Peekskill, N. Y. 3 Dec 63; 20 Aug. 65.

8325.
Caldwell, James. 10, sin.; blacksmith; Battle Creek, Mich. 17 Apl 03, 8

May 65 Boston. Captd 10 Jly 63 James Id. S C. ; ex. 4 Mch 65 Goldsboro,

X. C. $50.
Caldwell, Reuben 22, sin.; laborer; Galesburg, III. 26 Apl 63, 20 Aug 65.

»50.
Clark, Geo H. 40, mar.; laborer; Sandwich. 9 Dec 63; 20 Aug. 65. $325.

Sandwich.
Clark, JonN W. H. 27, mar.; laborer; Boston. 26 Apl. 63; 20 Aug 65. .$50.
Clifford, George Corpl. 26, sin.; brickmaker; Martinsburg, Va. 21 Apl.

63; 20 Aug 65. 850. Pittsburgh. Pa.
Coker, George W. 18. sin.; labnrcr; Brownsville, Mich. 26 Apl 63, deserted

30 Sep 64 Hilton Head S. C. $50.

874 ROSTER OF THE

Collins, John H. W. 1st Scvgt. 22, mar.; painter; Chicago. 21 Apl. 63; 20

Auij U5. WuuudeJ 18 Jly e:3 Ft. Waguur. SoO.
Davis, John 19, sjii.; laborer; Galesburg, 111. 2(i Apl. 63 ; 20 Aug 0.5. Wounded

16 Jly 63 James Id. S. C. $50.
Davis, Jcjiin H. Corpl. 22, sin.; waiter, Chicago. 29 Apl. 63; 20 Aug 6.5.

Wounded IG Jly 63 James Id. S. C. $50.
DiiNNis, IIiiNKY Corpl. 27, sin.; laborer; Ithaca, N. Y. 29 Apl 63.; drowned

ui action 16 Jly 63 James Id. S. C. $50.
Dickinson, John W. 30, sin.; laborer ; Galesburff, 111. 26 Apl 03, 20 Aug 65.

Captd 10 Jly 63 James Id. S. C. ; ex. 4 Jlch 65 Goldsboro, N. C. *50.
DoRSi£Y, William 35, sin.; steward, Cleveland, O. 29 Apl. 64; 20 Aug 65.

$;5o.

Ethekidge, Andrew J. 18, sin.; laborer; Kishwaiikee, III. 26 Apl 63; 20 Aug

65. Wounded 30 Nov 61 Honey Hill, S. C. 150.
Freeman, Coyden 23, sm.; laborer, Burlington, Vt. 11 Aug 03, 20 Aug 05.

Freeman, Leahder 20, sin.; laborer, Burlington, Vt. 11 Aug 63; 8 Je 05

Beaufort, S. C. ; dis. AVounded IS Apl 65 Boykins Mills, S. C.

Burlington, Vt.
Freeman, Thomas D. Corpl. 29, sin.; laborer; Boston. 21 Apl 63; 8 Je 65

Beaufort, S. C. ; dis. Wounded .30 Nov 64 Honey Hill, S. C. 150.
Freeman, Wakuen F. 18, sin. ; farmer; So Scituate. 10 Dec 63, 20 Aug 65.

$325.
Freeman, William II. 22, sin.; farmer , So. Scituate. 10 Dec 63; 20 Aug 65.

$325.
Galloway, Silas Corpl, 26, sin. ; laborer; Carlisle, Pa. 26 Apl 63, 20 Aug

65. Wounded 20 Feb 64 Olustee, Fla. $150.
Gamrell, Charles S. 25, sin.; painter; Springfield, 0. 12 Slay 63; killed 16

Jly 63 James Id. S. C. $50.
Garnet, IIiram 20, sin.; laborer; Galesburg, 111. 26 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65.

$50.
Gillespie, Peter 20,sin.; laborer , Chicago. 26 Apl 63, 20 Aug 65. Wounded

18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. $50.
GoFK, Charles H. 22, sin.; carpenter ; Springfield, 0. 12 May 63; 20 Aug 65.

Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. 5f50.
Gomes, KiCHARD 17, sin.; laborer; Battle Creek, Mich. 17 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65.

$50, Cedar Rapids, la.
Green, John 31, sin.; laborer; Carlisle, Pa. 15 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65. Wounded

18 Apl 65 Boykius Mills, S. C. $50.
Green, John S. 25, sni.; laborer; Carlisle, Pa. 15 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65.

$50.
Hales, Henry 24, sin.; laborer; Chicago. 26 Apl 63, 20 Aug. 65. Wounded

18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. $50.
Harris, Fleming 18, mar. ; laborer; Chicago. 20 Apl 03; 20 Augt 65. $50.
Harrison, William Henry 1st 35, mar.; teamster, Chicngo 26 Apl 03;

died pris. 26 Jan 65 Florence S. C. Typhoid Fever. Captd 16 Jly 63 James Id.

S. C. $50.
Harrison, William Henry 2nd 22, sin.; teamster; Battle Creek, Mich. 17

Apl 63 ; killed 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. 3P50.
Haves, Nathan E. 44 Rutland, Vt. 10 Dec 63; 16 Je 65

Charleston S G; dis. Rutland, Vt.

Henderson, William 22, mar.; laborer; Woodstock, Can. 21 Apl 63; 23 Je

FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 375

65 Worcester; dis. Wounded 10 Jly 63 James Id. S. C and 30 Nov G'l Honey

Hill, S. C. SoO.
Hill, Ciiakles Mkkin 18, sin., farmer ; Plymouth. 10 Oct 63; died 12 Oct 04

Insane Asylum, Wasliington, D. C. Apoplexy. $50.
Homes, Philip 20, sin.; hostler; Chambersbui-g, Pa. 29 Apl 03; 20 Aug. 05

-SoO.

Howard, Eobekt 13, sia. ; laborer; Carlisle, Pa. 15 Apl 63; 2^ .Vug 65.

SoO.
HuDBARD, George 23, sin. ; laborer; Galesburg, 111. 26 *,.^. 63; 20 Augt 65.

$50.
lIuN-TER, Ale.xandeu 23, sin. ; laborer; Cleveland, 0. 29 Apl 03; 30 Je 64

iMorris Id, S. 0 ; dis, Wounded 17 Aug 63 in trenches before Ft. Wagner.

$50.
Jameson, James 24, sin.; barber; Ithaca, N. Y. 29 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65. |50.

Sj'racusp, N. Y.
Jeffries, Walter A. Sergt. 38, mar.; laborer; Cincinnati, 0. 29 Apl 63; 20

Aug. 65. Captd 16 Jly 63 James Id, S. C; ex. 4 Mch 65 Goldsboro, N. C

$50.
Jenahngs, Frahcis N. 20, mar.; farmer; Iladley. 23 Nov. 63 ; 20 Aug 05.

$325.
Johnson, Ciiakles F. 20, sin.; farmer; Chicago. 21 Apl 03; 20 Aug 05.

$50.
Johnson, John 22, sin.; teamster; Chicago. 21 Apl 63; 29 Je 65 Gen. Hos.

Worcester; dis. Wounded 20 Feb 64 Olu.stee, Fla. $50.
Johnson, John 2nd. 23, sin.; laborer; Philadelphia. 15 Apl 03; 22 Je 65

Gen. Hi'^. Worcester; dis. Wounded accidentally in camp 3 Jly 63 and 30

Nov 64 Honey Hill, S. C. $50.
Johnson, John H. 23, upholsterer; Worcester. 20 Jly 63; 17 Je 64

Black fd. S. C. accidentally shot by guard. $50.
Johnson, JosErii C. 31, siii.; farmer; Chicago. 15 Apl 03; 20 Aug. 05.

Wounded 16 Jly 63 James Id. S. C. and 7 Apl, 05 Kpps Bridge, S. C. $50.
Jones, William 32, sin.; laborer; Indianapolis, Ind. 12 May 03; 20 Aug 65.

Wounded 13 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. $50.
King, Henry 27, sin.; laborer; Carlisle, Pa. 15 Apl 65; killed 16 Jly 63

James Id. S. C. $50.
Kirk, Henry 22, sin.; laborer; Galesburg, 111. 26 Apl 63; 27 Jly 05 Annapo-
lis, Md. Wounded and captd 13 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner; ex. 4 Mch 65 Golds-
boro, N. C. $50.
Lane, James 22, sin.; laborer; Buffalo, N. Y. 17 Apl 03; 20 Aug 05. $50.
Lane, Milton 31, sin.; laborer; Carlisle, Pa. 15 Apl 03; 20 Aug 65. Wounded

18 JIv 63 Ft Wagner. $50. Carlisle, Pa.
Leatherman, John 24, sin.; seaman; Ypsilanti, Mich. 21 Apl 63; 20 Aug
65 Wounded and captd 16 Jly 63 James Id. S. C; ex. 4 Mch 65 Goldsboro,
N. C. $50.
Lee, Manuel 22, sin. ; laborer; Buffalo, N. Y. 21 Apl. 63, 20 Aug 65. $50.

Died about 1370 Charleston, S. C.
Lewis, Augustus 20, sin.; laborer; Shippensburg, Pa. 29 Apl 63; killed 18

July 03 Ft. Wagner. $50.
Little, Thomas 20, sin. ; farmer ; Windsor,Tt. 25 Jly 03; 29 May 65 Beau-
fort S. Ci dis.

Milner, Martin 33, mar. ; farmer; Chicago. 21 Apl 63; 16 Je 65 Charlestou
S. C; dis. Wounded 10 Jlv 63 James Id. S. C. $50.

376 ROSTER OF THE

MoOKE, Miles Muse. 16, sin. ; laborer ; Elmira, N. Y. 29 Apl 63 ; 20 Aug 65.

S50.
Mouse, William H. 23, siu.; laborer; Chicago. 27 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65.

$50.
MujJUOE, James Sergt. 27, sin.; laborer; Kalamazoo, Mich. 17 Apl 63; 3 Je

65 Charleston S. C; dis. Wounded 18 Jiy 63 Ft Wagner. $50. Day,

Mich.
1'eguam, Edwakd. 25, sin.; laborer; Cleveland, 0. 29 Apl 63, died 13 Apl

65 Wrights Bluff. S. 0. Dysentery. 850.
Pekry, William 20, sin.; laborer; Eliuii-a, N. Y. 29 Apl 63 ; died 20 Dec 03

RegtI. Hos. Morris Id. S. C. Apoplexy. WO.
Phillips, Jehemuh. 28, sin.; laborer; Marshall, Mich. 21 Apl 03; 20 Aug 65.

$50. Lafayette, Ind.
Pleasant, William H. Sergt. 18, sin.; laborer; Cleveland, 0. 29 Apl 63;

20 Aug. 65. $50.
Pkice, James V. 31, sin.; laborer; Buffalo, N. Y. 21 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65.

150.
Pkince, Daniel 19, sin. ; laborer; Easton, Pa. 21 Apl. 63; 20 Aug, 65.

$50.
Prince, Henuy 24, mar; farmer; Charlotte, Vt. 14 Aug 63; 20 Aug 65.

Hinesburgh, Vt.

Prince, Isaac 21, sin.; farmer; Charlotte, Vt. 14 Aug 63; 16 Jly 65, Gen.

Hos. Beaufort S. 0; dis. Wounded 18 Apl 65 Boyluns .Mills, S.C.

Colchester, Vt.
Proctok, Joseph 24, sin,; cook; Chambersburg, Pa. 21 Apl 63; 23 Je 65

Annapolis, Md. Captd 16 Jly 63 James Id. S. C.\ ex. 4 Mch 65 Goldsboro,

N, C. $50.
Pryce, James H, 19, sin.; laborer; Wilmington, N. C. 7 Dec 63; 17 Mch 65

; dis. Wounded 20 Feb 64 Olustee, Fla. $325.

Rainer, Newman 18, sin.; laborer; Newport, Ind. 29 Apl 63; died 8 Dec 63

RegtI. Hos Morris Id. S. C. Chr Diarrhcea. $50.
Reynolds, Samuel 10, sin, ; laborer; Littleton, 7 Nov 63; 20 Aug 65, $325.
RiDGELEY, Richard 26, mar, ; laborer; Detroit, Mich, 17 Apl 03; 20 Aug 65.

Wounded 20 Feb 64 Ulustee, Fla, $50, Reported dead.
Riley, Ja.mes 17, sin, ; farmer ; Chicago. 21 Apl 63 , 20 Aug 65. Wounded 16

Jly 63 James Id. S, C, $50
Rouhdtree, Tyrel 28, sin, ; farmer; New Bedford. 9 Oct 63; 14 Apl 65 Gen.

Hos. New York; dis. Wounded 30 Nov 64 Honey Hill, S. C. S50.
Russell, James T. 35, sin.; laborer; Carlisle, Pa. 15 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65.

$50.
SciJENCK, Anthony 20, sin,; laborer; Buffalo, N. Y. 29 Apl 63; drowned in

action 16 Jly 63 James id. S. C. $50.
Scott, Alfred Freeman 20, sin.; farmer; Falmouth. 9 Oct 63; died 29 Feb

64 Beaufort, S. C. Pneumonia. S50.
Scott, Charles 24, sin,; laborer; Ann Arbor, ]\lich, 17 Apl 63; died of

wounds 1 May 65 Gen, Hos. Charleston, S. C. Wounded 18 Apl 65 Bovkins

Mills, S. C. '$50.
Scott, George Corpl. 18, sin.; farmer; Dorchester. 10 Oct 63; 20 Aug 65.

$50. Day, Mich.
Scott, Thomas 28, mar; confectioner; Boston, 3 Sep 63; 20 Aug 65. $50,
Shafeer, John Corpl. 22, sni., laborer; Newport, la. 13 May 63; 20 Au"
65. $50, "

FlFTY-l'OUETU MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 37T

Smith, Edward H. 18, sin.; cabinet maker; Lotkhaven, Pa. 29 Apl 63; 20

Aug Go. 850.
S.MHH, ExoB 30, sin.; laborer; Easton, Pa. 21 Apl 63; died pris. 20 Feb 65

Florence, S. C. CaptU 16 Jly 63 James Id, SC. $50.
Smith, Heury IS, sin.; laborer; Chicago, 111. 26 Apl 63; 20 Ang 65.

$50.
Smith, Robkrt 23, sin.; laborer; Cleveland, 0. 2'J Apl 63; 20 Aug 65.

$50.
SiEWAKT, Hendkksok 20, siu. ; farmer; Fall Kiver. 9 Oct 63; 20 Aug 65.

«50.
Stewart, Jkffeuson B. 18, sin.; laborer; Brownsville, Mich. 26 Apl 63; 14

Apl 65 Gen. Hos. New York; dis. Wounded 30 Nov 64 Honey Hill, S. C.

$50.
Tkuky, Johnson L. Corpl. 22, mar. ; barber; Reading, Pa. 19 Dec 63 , 20 Aug

65. S325.
TiM.MS, WiLLLVM H. H. 23, sin. ; barber; Galesburg, III. 26 Apl 63; 20 Aug

65. S50.
TiTis, William R. 19, siu.; laborer; Erie, Pa. 21 Apl 63; died 9 Jly 63

Readville, of disease. $50.
TowssEND, Charles 24, sin.; laborer; Detroit, Mich. 17 Apl 63; 16 Je

65 Charleston S. C; dis. $50.
Vanderpool, George 18, sin. ; laborer; Cocksackie, N. Y. 17 Apl 63; killed

i Sep. 63 in trenches before Ft. Wagner. $50.
Van Valkenberg, liicii.vKU 18, sin. ; laborer; Cocksackie, N. T. 17 Apl 63;

20 Aug 65. $50. Cleveland, O.
Yorce, James W. 21, sin. ; laborer; Cleveland, 0. 29 Apl 63; deserted 27 Ma}'

63 Readville. $50
Walker, David 22, sin.; blacksmith; Battle Creek, Mich. 17 Apl 63; 20 Aug

65. Wounded 30 Nov 64 Honey Hill, S. C. $60. So. Bend, Ind.
Wallace, Fkedebick 20, sin.; barber; Cincinnati, 0. 21 Apl 63; 7 Je 65 St

Andrews Parish, S. C. Wounded and captd 16 Jly 63 James Id. S. C. ; ex.

i Mch 65 Goldsboro, N. C. $50.
Watts, Isaac J. Mus'n. 18, sin. ; laborer; New Bedford. 15 Apl 63; 20 Aug

65. $50.
Way, Chakles T. 21, mar.; laborer; Stockbridge. 12 Dec 63; 20 Aug 65.

$.325. Stockbridge.
Welcome, Clay ID, sin. ; laborer; Galesburg, 111. 26 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65.

$50. Hannibal, Mo.
Wells, Samuel Corpl. 23, sin. : laborer; Galesburg, III. 26 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65.

Wounded 16 Jly 63 James Id. S. C. $50.
West, Petee 39, sin.; cook; Chicago. 21 Apl 63; 16 Je 65 Charleston, S. C. ;

dis. $50.
White, Joseph H. 20, sin.; hostler; Galesburg, 111. 26 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65.

Wounded 7 Apl 65 Epps Bridge, S. C. $50. Died about 1881 Charleston,

& C.
Wili^rd, Luther F. 20, sin.; laborer; New Haven, Conn. 15 Dec 63; died

30 Je 64 Regtl. Hos. Morris Id. S. C. Diarrhaia. $:i25.
Williams, Armistead Corpl. 30, sin.; laborer; Detroit, Mich. 21 Apl 63;

died pris. 21 Jly 64 Charleston. S. C. Typhoid Fever. Captd 10 Jly 63 James

Id. S. C. $50.
Williams, George 25, sin.; barber; Chicago. 21 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65.

$50.

378 ROSTER OF THE

Williams, Isaac, 22, mav.; farmer; Windsor, Vt. 10 Aug 63; 20 Aug 65.

Williams, James 0. 35, sin.; laborer; Carlisle, Pa. 15 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65.

Wounded aud captd 16 Jly 03 James Id. S. C; ex. 4 Mch 63 Goldsboro, N. C.

$50.
\riLLiAMS, John 20, sin.; laborer; Cliicago. 21 Apl 63; 30 Je 64 Morris Id,

S. 0; dis. Wounded 16 Jly 63 James Id. S. C. S50.
Williams, Peeston 23, sin. ; laborer; Galesburg, III. 20 Apl 63; drowned 6

Jlcb 04 Jacksonville, Fla. Wounded 18 Jly 03 Ft. Wagner. $50.
Wilson, JosKi'ii D. Sergt. 25, sin.; farmer; Chicago, III. 21 Apl 03; killed

16 Jly 63 James Id. S. C. $50.
WiNSLOW, Heney T. 18, sin.; shoemaker ; So. Scituate. 11 Dec 63; 20 Aug

65. S.:i2.5.
WiNSLOw, Richard S. 33, mar. ; shoemaker ; So Scituate. 10 Dec 03 ; 1 Sep.

65 New York. Wounded accidentally 10 Apl 65 Sumter, S. C. $325.
Wood, Henry 18, sin.; laborer; Albany, N. Y. 21 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65.

$50.
WoETHiKGTON, Hekry W. IS, sln., laborer; Defiance, O. 12 May 63; died

pris. 12 Jan 65 Floreuce, S. C. Wounded and captd 16 Jly 63 James Id. S. C.

$50.
Weiuiit, William 22, sin.; laborer; Carlisle, Pa. 15 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65.

$50.

Company T.

AsEUHY, Thomas. 25, mar. ; cook ; Dayton, O. 23 Apl 63 ; 19 Sep 65 Boston.

$50.
AsirPuET, Lemuel A. 18, sin.; farmer; So. Bridgewater. 10 Dec 63; 20 Aug

65. $325.
Atlee, Abnek 25, siu.; farmer; Morristown, Pa. 22 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65.

$50.
Augustus, Charles Corpl. 30, mar ; blacksmith ; Ypsilanti, Mich. 23 Apl 63,

missing 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner; supposed died pris. IS50.
Barnes, William 20, sm., laborer; Mercersburg, Pa. 22 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65.

$50. Mci-cersburg, Pa.
Bass, John 20, sin.; laborer; Columbus, 0. 28 Apl 63, 22 Aug 63 Morris Id.

S. C; dis. $50.
Beatty, Jones. 20, sin.; laborer; Lanesville, 0. 28 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65. $50.
Bell, Nathaniel 2-3, mar.; laborer; Carlisle, Pa. 22 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65. 3f50.
Bell, William 21, sin. ; brickmaker; Carlisle, Pa. 22 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65. $50.
Betenbough, Andrew H. 23, mar.; carpenter; Hamilton, O. 13 May 63; 20

Aug 05. $50. Newberry, S. C.
Betts, Thomas. 19, sin.; waiter; Columbus, O. 28 Apl 03, 20 Aug 65. $50.
Beverly. Thomas 21, sin.; laborer, Columbus, 0. 28 Apl 63; died 18 May 63

Readville of smallpox.

Bowman, Thomas Sergt. 27, siu.; trader; Cincinnati, 0. 28 Apl 63 j 20 Aug

65, Wounded 20 Feb 04 OInstee, Fla. $50. Reported dead.
Bradford, John 21, sin.; laborer, Harrisburg, Pa. 20 Apl. 63; 20 Aug 65.

$50.
Brady, Randolph Corpl. 24, mar. ; shoemaker; Hamilton, O. 28 Apl 63;

missing 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner; supposed died pris. $50.

FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 379

Ckittaxto, Lokenzo. 34, sin.; seaman; NewBedfovd. 28 Aug. 63; 20 Aug 65.

Bkown, John H. 19, sin.; farmer; Kalamazoo, Mich. 2-3 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65.

$50.
Bkumhzig, Gkokge. 20, sin. , laborer; Mercersburg, Pa. 22 Apl 63; 20 Aug 05.

3f50. Sioux City. la.
Burgess, Thomas E. 22, sin.; carpenter; Mercersburg, I'a. 22 Apl 63; 20 Aug

65. Wounded 18 Jly 63 I'"t Wagner. $50.
Butler, Davtd 29, mar.; tanner; Welsh Run, Pa. 29 Apl. 63; 13 Sep 65

Boston. S50. Carlisle, Pa.
CviiSON, George. 21, siu.; laborer; Mercersburg, Pa. 22 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65

$50.
Chakleton, Hemry C. 21, sin.; boatman; Cincinnati, 0. 2S Apl 63; died of

wounds 23 Jly 63 Geu. Uos. Beaufort, S. C. Wounded 18 Jly 03 Ft. Wagner.

$50.
Christy, Jacob 19, sin.; laborer; Mercersburg, Pa. 22 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65.

Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. $50. Pittsburgh, I^a.
Christy, Joseph. 16, sin.; woodcutter; Mercersburg, Pa. 22 Apl 63; 20 Aug

65. Wounded 20 Feb 61 Olustee, Fla. $50.
Christy, Samuel 23, sin., laborer; Mercersburg, Pa. 22 Apl 63, 20 Aug 65.

$50. Mercersburg, Pa.
Christy', WILH.S.M 21, sin.; laborer; Mercei-sburg, Pa. 22 Apl 03; missing 20

Feb 64 Olustee, Fla , supposed died pris. $50.
CoLEMAK, Samuel 37, mar.; laborer; Cincinnati, 0. 28 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65.

$50.
Cousins, William 18, sin.; farmer; Niles, Mich. 23 Apl 63; 20 Aug 05.

$50.
CowEX, George 22, sin.; barber; Oxford, 0. 28 Apl 63; 2 May 04 Morns Id.

S. C. , dis. $50. G. A. R. Post 50, Chicago.
Cuff, Thomas. 21, sin.; larrymau; Mercersburg, Pa. 22 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65.

$50.
Davenport, James 33, sin.; la'iorer; Broukline. 22 Dec 63; 20 Aug 65. $325.
DoGAN, Francis. 21, sin.; servant; Springfield. 7 Nov. 63; 20 Aug 65. $325.

Boston.
Dorsey, Thomas 23, sin.; laborer; Harrisburg, Pa. 26 Apl 63, 20 Aug 65.

$50.
Douglass, Charles H. 23, sin. ; laborer; Toronto, Can. 23 Apl 63 ; 20 Aug 65.

$50.
Rndicott, Henry C. 19, sin.; waiter; Plymouth. 10 Oct 63, 30 May 65 St.

Andrews Parish, S. C. ; dis. $50.
Fisher, Albanus S. Sergt. 32, mar.; laborer; Norristown, Pa. 22 Apl 63; 20

Auc 6.5. $50. Norristown, Pa.
FowLEK, William 25, sin.; cook; Battle Creek, Mich. 23 Apl 63; 10 May 64

Boston; dis. Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft Wagner, $50.
Freeman, .Tames E. 22, sin. ; farmer; Columbus, 0. 28 Apl 63; missing 18 Jly

63 Ft. Wagner; supposed died pris. $50.
Gaines, Noah 34, mar.; laborer; Haddonfield, N. Y. 26 Apl 63; missing 18 Jly

63 Ft. Wagner; supposed died pris. $50.
Gref.n, Bekjamin 21, mar.; engineer; Obeilin, 0. 23 Apl 63; 18 Aug 64

Black Id S. C; dis. $50.
Greek, George W. 18, sin.; laborer; Pittsfield. 17 Dec 63; 13 Sep 65 Bostoa.

$325.

380 ROSTER OF THE

Hall, Amos Ser^t. 24, mar.; favmer; Oxford, O. 28 Apl 63; died 16 Sept. fi4

Gen. IIos. Beaufort, ,S. C. of disease. $50.
Uamilto.n, Nai'Oleon 24, Siii.; fanner; Ypsilanti, Midi. 23 Apl 63; 20 Aug

05. $50. Lansing, Mieli.
Haumon, WiLLiAJi 24, sin.; farmer; Selina, Midi. 23 Apl 03; 30 May 65 St.

Andrews Parish, S. C; dis. ft50.
Haukison, Is.viAH 19, sin.; laborer; Mercersburg, Pa. 22 Apl 63; 18 Oct 05

New York; dis. $50. Mercersburg, Pa.
HocKiNS, He.nuy E. 19, sin.; laborer; Cresson, Pa. 22 Apl 63; 20 Sep 65 Bos-
t ton. Wounded 20 Peb 64 Olustee, Fla. $30.
HowAiiD, Charles. Corpl. 20, mar. ; waiter; Carlisle, Pa. 29 Apl 63; 20 Aug

65. $50.
Jackson, Pkancis 23, Eockingham, Vt. 16 Dec 63 ; 20 Aug OS-

Jackson, George 19, sin.; laborer; Ilarrisburg, Pa. 22 Apl 63; killed 9 Oct 03

in trenches before Ft Wagner. 3550.
Jackson, Levi 18, sin. ; laborer; O-Niford, 0. 28 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65. $50. 30

Mead st. Dayton, O.
Johnson, Davio 22, sin.; farmer; Detroit, Mich. 23 Apl 63; died 5 May 64

Morris Id. S. C. of disease. $50.
Johnson, Joseph 36, mar.; laborer; Hamilton, 0. 28 Apl 63; died of wounds

27 Jly 63 Gen. Hos. Beaufort, S. C. Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner.

850.
Johnson, Peter 26, mar.; seaman; Marthas Vineyard 6 Dec. 63; 20 Aug 65.

$325. Gay Head, Mass.
JoHUSON, Stanley 18, sin.; farmer; Mercersburg, Pa. 29 Apl 63, died of

wounds 21 Apl 64 Morris Id. S. C Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. $60.
Johnson, Williaji H. 34, mar. ; seaman; Brunswick, Me. 28 Nov 63; 20 Aug

65. $325.
Jones, Robert J. 20, sin.; farmer, Hamilton, 0. 28 Apl 63; missing 20 Feb 64

Olustee, Fla. ; supposed died pris. $325.
Jones, Samuel A. 19, sin.; laborer, Pittsfield. 17 Dec 63; 20 Aug 03. $325.

95 Beaver st, PittsIieUl
Lee, John 35, laborer, Harrisburg, Pa. 16 Dec 63; 12 Jly 65 Charleston,

S. C; dis. $-325.
Lee, William 23, sin.; farmer; Columbus, 0. 28 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65. $50.
Lewis, Lorenzo T. 19. sin.; woodman; Dearborn, Mich. 23 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65.

Wounded 30 Nov 64 Honey Hill, S. C. $50.
Lipscomb, George Sergt. 23, sin.; boatman; Cincinnati, 0. 28 Apl 63; 20

Aug 05. $50. Reported dead.
Lyons, Hubert Corpl. 21, sin.: farmer; Mercersburg, Pa. 29 Apl 63; missing

18 Jly 63 Ft Wagner ; supposed died pris. $50.
Madrey, George 19, sin.; farmer; Hamilton, O. 28 Apl 63, 20 Aug 65. $50.

Rochester, III.
Mayho, Varnale W. 29, mar.; laborer; Columbus, O. 28 Apl 63; 13 May 64

Davids Id, N. Y. ; dis. Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. $50.
McNally, James 21 Brattleboro, Vt. 26 Dec 63; 20 Aug 65.

McPherson, Alvus. 37, sin.; laborer; Oxford, 0. 28 Apl 63; died 1 Sep 63

Morris Id S. C. of disease. $50.
Means, Emsly B. 19, sin.; farmer; Abington. 10 Oct 63; died 31 May 64

Morris Id. S. C. of disease. $50.

FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTKY. 381
JIeko, Charles \V. ii • Rutland, Vt. 12 Deo 03; 20 Aug 65.

MiLTOs, 'William P. 24, mar.; farmer; Columbus, 0. 28 Apl 03; 25 Feb 6-t

rortsmoutU Grove, U. I; ills. Wounilcd 18 Jly 03 Fl. Wagner. $00.

Flint, O.
Monde, Akistide 24, sin.; machinist; N. Orleans, La. '■) Jly 03; 20 Aug 00.

New Orleans, La.

UroNTGOMEKY, Joiix H. 28, mar.; laborer; Hillsboro, Md 22 Apl 03; 20 Aug

05. 'Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. 'Wagner. $50.
Morse, George. 20, sin.; blacksmith; FayetteTillc, Pa 22 Apl 63; 20 Aug 05.

Wounded Jly 03 . SOO.

RIuRPHY, Ch..\rles 13, sin.; boatman; Detroit, Mich. 23 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65.

Wounded 20 Feb 64 Olustee, Fla. $50.
Murray, Horace W. 32, mar.; laborer; Harrisburg, Pa. 10 Dec 03; 20 Aug

65. ?32o.
Myers, John 33, mar.; teamster; Oxford, 0. 28 Apl 03; 20 Aug 05. »50.
N'ELSOS, Charles E. 21, Bristol, Vt. 0 Dec 03; killed 20 Feb 04

Olustee, Fla. $50.
Parker, William 21, sin.; farmer; Martinsburg, Pa. 29 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65.

S50. Pittsburgh, Pa.
Parks, Edward 43, mar.; hostler; Carlisle, Pa. 29 Apl 03; died 3 Oct 63

Morris Id. S. C. Dysentery. S.50.

Parks, Hesky 39, — '- 'Woodstock, Vt. 24 Dec 03 ; 20 Aug 05.

Pillow, William 23, sin.; farmer; Hamilton, O. 13 May 03; missing 18 Jly

63 Ft Wagner; supposed died pris. ^50.
Po\yELL, Allen 25, sin. ; blacksmith; Front Royal, Va. 29 Apl 63; 20 Aug 60.

■Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. AVagner. $B0.
Price, John E. 27, sin.; farmer; Cincinnati, 0. 28 Apl 63; died of wounds 28

Aug 63 Gen. Hos. I5eaufort S. C. 'Wounded 18 Jly 03 Ft. Wagner. .1F50.
Pagens, Geokge is, sin.; chimney sweep; Chambersburg, Pa 22 Apl 03; 20

Aug 65. Wounded 18 Jly 03 Ft. "Wagner. $50.
RiDEOUT, Ciiarlks 22. sin.; farmer; jMercersburg, Pa. 27 Apl 03; died 17 Feb

65 Gen. Hos. Beaufort S. C. Typhoid Feyer. $00.
RiDEOUT, James 17, sin.; laborer; Mercersburg, Pa. 22 xVpl 03; 20 Aug. 00.

AFercersburg, Pa.

RODERT.S, Mark 43, Bristol, Yt. 16 Oct 63 ; 16 Je 65 St. Andrews

Parish, S. C; dis, Worcester.

Rolls, Jeremiah 1st Sergt. 22, sin.; boatman; Cincinnati, O. 28 Apl 63; 20

Aug 65. $.50. Reported dead.
llussELL, Henry 21, sin.; laborer; Oxford, 0. 28 Apl 63: 20 Ang 65. $50.
Scott, Williaji 42, Rutland, Vt. 2 Dec 63; 30 May 65 St An-
drews Parish, S. C; <\'\'.

Shrewsbury, Joiix 21, mar.; boatman; Cincinnati, O. 28 Apl 63; 25 Feb 64

Portsmouth Grove, R, I. ; dis. "Wounded 18 Jly 03 Ft. Wagner. $50.
Simmons, John Corpl. 24, mar. ; foundry man; Kalamazoo, Mich. 23 Apl 63;

20 Aug 05. $50.
SIMMS, Abram C. Corpl. 20, sin.; farmer; Oxford, 0. 28 Apl 03 ; 20 Aug 65.

$.50. Oxford, O.
Slider, .John 21, sin.; laborer; Mercersburg, Pa. 22 Apl 03; died 28 Jly 65

Charleston, S. C. Diarrha-a. $50.
Smith, Baltimore 41, sin.; carpenter; Cincinnati, 0. 28 Apl 63; missing 18

Jly 63 Ft Wagner. J.jO.

382 ROSTER OF THE

Smith, Geimms Z. 23, mar. ; artist; Boston. 7 Sep. 63; desertea 11 Jly C>b

Charleston, S. C. $50.
Smith, He.nry 22, sin.; farmer; Niles, Mich. 23 Apl 63; died 27 Dec 63 Morris

Id. S. C. of disease. JfoO.
Sjmtit, James H. Corpl. 22, sin.; laborer; Harrisbiirg, Pa. 26 Apl 63; 20 Aug

Co. $S0.
Smith, Louis 25, mar. ; painter; Columbus, 0. 28 Apl 03; 20 Aug 05. SoO.
Smith, \Villi.\m Corpl. 22, sin.; laborer; Morgan Co. Va. 29 Apl 63; 20 Aug

65. .1f50.
Stevensun, William 18, sin.; laborer; Fayetteville, Pa 22 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65.

$50. Washington, D. C.
Stoheh, Thomas 18, sin.; laborer; Medford. 22 Apl 63; missing 18 Jly 63 Ft.

Wagner ; snpposed died pris. $50.
Taylou, WiLns. 21, sin.; drummer; Kalamazoo, Mich. 23 Apl 63; 20 Aug CO.

$50.
Teale, Jefferson 31, sin.; farmer; Mercersburg, Pa 29 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65.

$50. Mercersburg, I'a.
Teeuy, Stephen B. 24, sin.; seaman; Middleboro. 8 Sep. 63; died 21 Apl 65

Gen. Hos. Charleston, S. C. Small-pox.

Thompson, FuEEMAN 30, mar.; farmer; Hinsdale. 15 Dec 63; 20 AucfOS. $325.
Till, Benjamin A. 19, sin.; laborer; Hadley. 30 Nov 63; died ',) Apl 64 Jack-
sonville, I'la. $325.
Tiptin, Samuel 18, sin.; farmer; Battle Creek, Mich. 23 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65.

V.'oniided 18 Jly 63 FtWagner. $50. Pardee, Kan.
ToLBEUT, Geouge W. 22, mar. ; farmer; Cecil Co. Md. 22 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65

$50.
TowNBEND, James M. 20, sin.; farmer; Oxford, 0. 29 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65.

$51).
TuoicKR, C. Henry 18, sin.; farmer; Battle Crfek, Mich. 23 Apl 63; 29 Mav

65 Beanfort, S. C; dig. Wounded 18 Jnly 03 Ft Wagner. $50.
TuBNEK, Hendehson 22, sin.; farmer; Martinsbnrg, Pa 29 Apl C3 ; 20 Aug Go.

$50.
Valentine, Andrew H. 21, sin.; farmer; Chambcrsburg, Pa. 22 Apl 63; 20

Aug 65. $50.
ViN.wN, Joseph. 4-3, Barringfon, Yt. 14 Dec 63; 15 Sep 65 New

York. Pittsfield.

AVade, Benjamin 25, sin.; Laborer; Mnrphrecsboro, Tenn. 28 Apl 63; 20 Aug

65. .IfSfl
Walley, William W. 34, fireman; 15 Jly 63; 10 Mch 65;

illegally drafted.

Waterman, Henry 22, mar.; farmer; So Gardiner, Me. 9 Nov 63; 20 Aug 65.

$325. So Gardiner, Me
Waterman, Ira. 10, sin.; farmer; Sheffield. 13 Dec 63; 20 Aug 65. $325.
Watson, Anderson 26, mar.; boatman; Memphis, Tenn. 28 Apl 63; 20 Aug

C5. Wounded 18 Jly 03 Ft Wagner. $50.
Watson, Hezeiciah Corpl, 18, sin.; qiiarrvman ; Mercersburg, Pa. 22 Apl

63; 20 Aug 65. Wounded 18 Jly 03 Ft. Wagner. $50.
Watt, Charles 19, sin.; shoemaker; Cincinnati, 0. 28 Apl 63; 2 Jly 64

Black Id. S. C. ; dis. Wounded 13 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. $50.

Weeks, John 36, Paitland, Vt. 19 Dec 63; 20 Aug 05.

Wentworth, William l-I. 23, Woodstock, Vt. 11 Nov 63; 20

Aug 65.

FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 383

Whitiug, Alfred Sergt. 23, mar. ; waiter; Carlisle, Fa. 22 Apl 63; wounded

and captd IS Jly 63 ; ex. 4 Moll 65 Goldsboro, N. C. ; died 26 Je 65 Alexandria,

Va. Typhoid Kever.
■Williams Edwakd II. 34, mar.; laborer; Gt Barrington. 30 Nov 63; 20 Aug

65. $325.
Williams, EzEKiEL 20, sin.; laborer; Harrisburg, Pa. 20 Apl 63; missing 18

Jly 63 Ft. Wagner; supposed died pris. $50.
Williams, Henry B. 18, sin.; farmer; Chester Co. Pa. 22 Apl 63; missing 18

Jly 63 Ft Wagner; supposed died pris. $50.
AVilliasis, Richard E. 21, sin. ; brick layer; Detroit, Mich. 23 Apl 63; 20 Aug

65. $50.
Williamson, John 19, sin.; laborer; Hamilton, O. 28 Apl 63; missing 18 Jly

63 Ft Wagner; supposed died pris. $50.
Wilson, Geokue A. 23, U Jly 63 ; 20 Aug 65.

Pittsfleld.
Wilson, Henry 19, sin.; laborer; Pittsfleld. 17 Dec 63; died 31 J]y 65

Charleston, S. C. Dysentery. $325.
Woods, Stewart VV. 27, sin. ; laborer; Carlisle, Pa 29 Apl 63; died 15 Mch

65 Gen. Hos. Wilmingtou, N. C. Captd 18 Jly 63 Ft Wagner. $50.

Company K.

Addison, Hpinrt 25, mar.; mason; Shippensburg, Pa. 6 Ma3'63; 20 Aug 65.

1,50. Pittsburgh, Pa.
Ampey, Isom 21, sin.; farmer; Newport, Ind. 12 May 03; 20 Aug 66. $50.

Goblesville, Mich.
Ampey, Thomas E. 26, sin.; laborer ; Newport, Ind, 5 May 63; killed 18 Jly

63 Ft. Wagner. $50.

Aktist, Joseph 23, sin.; laborer; Urbanna, 0. 5 May 63; missing 20 Feby.

64 Olustee, Fla; died of wounds 25 Feb 64. $60.

Barrett, William 20, sin.; laborer; Salem, 0. 5 May 63; 20 Aug 65

$.50.
Bayard, Joseph 28. sin.; turnkey; Lockport, N. Y. 5 May 63; 24 Aug 65 Gen.

Hos. Worcester. Wounded and captd 18 Jly 63; ex. 4 Mch 65 Goldsboro, N. C.

$.50. Nat. Sol. Home, Dayton, O.
Bradish, Elisha 31, laborer; Woodstock, Vt. 1 Dec 63; died 13 Aug

65 Post Hosp. Charleston, S. C. of disease.

Brady, William 21, sin.; barber; Salem, 0. 5 May 63 ; killed 18 Jly 63 Ft.

Wagner. $50.
Bkonson, DA■^^D 20, .^in.; laborer ; Berryville, Pa. 5 May 63 ; 10 Jly 65 - — ■ —

dis. Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner and 30 Nov 64 Honey Hill, S. C.

$50.
Brown, Henry 37, sin.; laborer; Toledo, 0. 5 May 63; 20 Aug 65. $60.

Toledo, 0.
Brown, Isaac 21, sin.; waiter; Pittsburgh, Pa. 5 May 63; 4 Je 65

dis. $.50. Pittsburgh, Pa.
Brown William H. Corpl. 22, sin.; student; Wilberforce, 0. 12 May 63 ;

20 Aug 66. $.50. New Brighton, Pa.
Burgess, Wh.t.iam 20, sin.; farmer; Mercersburg, Pa, 6 May 63; 20 Aug

65. Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner, ,'650.

884 ROSTER OF THE

Burgess, Wilmam ir. 25, mar.; farmer; Mercersibnrs, Pa. 0 Hay 03 ; 25

Aug f?5 New York. Wounded 18 Jly 03 Ft. Wagner. SoO
Rush, James W. Ist Sorgt. 20, inar.; student; Xenia, 0. 12 May 03; 20 Aug

05. $50.
Ijutlek, Albert 27, mar.; engineer; Peelcskill, N. Y. 6 May 63; 20 Aug 05.

$60.
Oarkoll, Samuel. Corpl. 26, sin.; barter; Naf!)ville, Tenn. 5 MayOS;

died 3 Mcli 04 Jacksonville, Fla. of disease. $50.
Carson, Arthur 25, mar.; laborer ; Mercersburg, Pa. 0 May 03; 20 Aug 65.

$50.
(.^ITAMPION, John Battts. 22, sin.; laborer; Dominique, W. I. 3 Dec 03; "21)

Aug 65. S325.
Ciiamplin, Jason 30, sin.; farmer; Shutesbury. 13 Jly 03 ; missing 20 Feby

6i Olustee, Fla; supposed killed.

("iiURCHMAN, John 19, sin. ; laborer; Cartbagenia, 0. 5 May 03 ; deserted 8

Mch 65 Savannab, Ga. $50.
CooPEii, Llovo. 27, mar. ; laborer ; Cincinnati, O. 5 May 63 ; 13 Sep 65

Boston. $50.
Cotton, Asa. Scrgt. 21, sin.; farmer; Xenia, O. 12 May 63; 20 Aug 05.

$.50.
Craig, Henry 47, sin.; boatman; Cincinnati, 0. 6 Jfay 03 ; killed 18 Jly 03

Ft. Wagner. $50.
Crosier, Silas 18, sin.; farmer; Bristol, Vt. 15 Jly 63; 20 Aug 65.

Daniel, Plea.sant 21, sin.; drayman; Memphis, Tenn. 5 May 03; 20 Aug 05.

3f50.
Darks, Charles H. 18. sin. ; farmer; Mercersburg, Pa. 6 May 63; 20 Aug

65. Wounded 20 Feb 64 Olustee, Fla. $50. Mercersburg, Pa
Darks, Edward 25, mar.; farmer; Mercersburg, Pa. 6 Maj' 63; found dead

9 Jly 65 No 2 Market st. Cbarleston S. C. cause unknown. $50.
De Baptist, Benjamin B. 20, sin.; plasterer; Mt. Pleasant, 0. 5 May 03; 20

Aug 65. $50. Detroit, Mich.
Demus, David 22, mar.; farmer; Medford. 6 May 63; 4 Je 05 ; dis.

Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. \^'agner. $50.
Demus, George 18, sin.; farmer; Mercersburg, Pa. 5 Mav 63; 20 Aug 65.

S50.
DuNLAp, Cyrus 2.5, sin.; laborer; Pittsburg, Pa. 5 ]\rav63: 4 Jc 05 ;

dis. $50.
Edrington, Wii.i.iam 21, si)i.; laborer; Centervillo, Ind. 5 Mav 63; 20 Au"

05. Wounded Jly 63 . PiiO.

F.VERSON, William S. 22, sin. ; farmer; New York. 3 Mav 63; killed 16 Jlv

03 James Id. S. C. $.50.
Field, Henry A. Corpl. 36, sin.; painter; Xenia, 0. 12 Mav 63; died 25

Sep 64 Morris Id, S. C. of disease. $.50.
Floyd, Thomas 20, sin.; barber; Cincinnati, O. 5 Mav 63; deserted 30 Nov

64 Honey Hill, S. C. $.50.
Ford, Samuel 26, mar. ; laborer, Lancaster, Pa. 8 Mav 63; l,illcd 18 .Ily 63 Ft.

Wagner. $50.
Freeman, Aaron N. 36, Ferrisbnrg, Vt. 4 Jan 64; 20 Aug

65. Reported drad.

Fuller, John C. 21, Woodstock, Vt. 5 ,Tan 64; 20 Aug 65.

Rutland, Vt.

FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 885

Gaines, Alexander 20, sin.; porter; Pittsfield. 14 Dec 63; 20 Aug 05.

Wounded 20 Feb 64 Olustee, Fla. $325.
GoEnoN, Daniel 34 Bmlingtou, Tt. 11 Dec 63; 20 Aug 65.

Richmond, Va.

Green, Frank W. 17, sin.; laborer; Woburn. 28 Sep 63; 20 Aug 65. JfBO.
Hamilton, Henry 24, sin.; farmer; Pittsfield. 15 Dec 63; died 4 Aug 65 Post

Hos. Charleston S. C. accidental gunshot wound. S325.
Harper, John W. Corpl. 23, mar.; barber; Zanesville, 0. 6 May 63; 20

Aug 65. S50. Fort Meade, Dak.
Harris, Moses. 22, sin. ; laborer; Lancaster, Pa. 8 May 63. ; 20 Aug 65. $50.
H.izARD, William 23, mar. ; farmer; New York. 3 May 63 ; 20 Aug 65. $50.

New York.
Henderson, William H. 28, sin.; laborer; Quincy, 111. 5 May 63; 20 Aug

65. $50.
Heuston, Joseph. 21, sin.; teamster; Cincinnati, 0. 5 May 03; 20 Aug 65.

S50.
Hewett, James. Sergt. 21, sin; farmer; Xenia, 0. 12 May 63; 20 Aug 05.

$50. Brenham, Te.'c.
He"WETt, Thomas. Corpl. 19, sin.; farmer; Xenia, 0. 12 May 63; 20 Aug

65. Wounded 20 Feb 64 Olustee, Fla.

HoLLOWAY, Charles M. Corpl. 24, sin.; student; Wilberforce, 0. 12 May

63; killed 16 Jly 63 James Id. S. C. $50.
Jackson, Franklin 37, sin. ; farmer; Northampton. 20 Jly 63; died 11 Apl

64 Gen. Hos. Beaufort. S. C.

Johnson, William 21, sin. ; sailor; Baltimore, Md. 7 May 63; 20 Augt. 65.

$50.
Jones, William 22, sin.; farmer; W. Chester, Pa. 3 May 63; died 23 Feb 65

Morris Id. S. C. of disease. $50.
Keith, William 38, mar.; farmer; Mercersburg, Pa 6 May 63; 20 Aug 65.

S50.
Kino, George 30, sin. ; laborer; Toledo, 0. 5 May 63; died of wound 1 Sep

63 Post Hos. Morris Id. S. C. Wounded 1 Sep 63 in trenches before Ft. Wag-
ner. $50.
Krunkleton, Cypi-s, 19, sin.; farmer; Mercersburg, Pa. 6 May 63; killed 16

Jly 63 James Id. S. C. $50.
Krunkleton, James 19, sin.; farmer; Mercersburg, Pa. 6 May 63; 29 Je 65

; dis. WoundedlS Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. $50.

Krunkleton, Wesley 24, sin.; farmer; Mercersburg, Pa. 6 May 63; 20 Aug

65. Wounded 16 Jly 63 James Id, S. C. $50. Jlercersburg, Pa.
Krunkleton, William 21, sin.; farmer; Mercersburg, Pa. 6 May 63; died 14

Apl 65 Ptegtl. Hos. Georgetown, S. C. Pneumonia. Wounded 16 Jly 63 James

Id. S. C. $.50.
Langley, Lewis W. 40, Ferrisburg, Vt. 4 Jan 64; 7 Sep 65

Hilton Head, S. C. Dead.

Lawson, Jesse 31, sin.; farmer; Franklin, Pa. 5 May 63; 20 Aug 65. Wounded

Jly 63 . $50. Lansing, Mich.

Lewis, Alfred Corpl. 26, mar. ; laborer; Spartanburg, Ind. 5 May 63; 20 Aug

65. S50.
Lewis, Daniel D. H. 21, sin.; laborer; Richmond, Ind 5 May 63; 20 Aug 65.

$50.
Lewis, George 23, sin.; barber; Richmond, Ind. 5 May 63; died 1 Jly 65

Post Hos. Charleston, S. C. of disease. $50.

- 25

886 ROSTER OF THE

LocAED, Lewis J. 32, raar. ; boatman; Newcastle, Pa. 5 May 63; killed 16

Jly63 James Id. S. G. S50.
LoMACK, Samuel. 21, sin.; laborer; Columbus, 0. 5 Blaj' 63.; 20 Aug 65.

$60.
Mahan, Jesse 22, sin.; blacksmith; Xenia. 0. 12 May 63; wounded and

missing 18 Jly 03 Ft. Wagner, f 50.
McCoWAN, David 24, sin.; laborer; Morning Sun, 0. 5 May 63; 20 Aug 65.

S60.
McCowAN, Geoege T. 23, sin. ; farmer; Eichniond, Ind. 12 May 63; 20 Aug. 65.

«50.
McCowAN, Pleasant Corpl. 19, sin. ; laborer; Richmond, Ind. 5 May 63;

20 Aug 65. $50.
McCuLLAU, Thomas 22, mar.; farmer; Mercersburg, Pa. 6 May 63; 25 Aug

65 New York. Wounded 18 Apl 65 Boykins Mills, S. C. $50. Mercersburg,

Pa.
McJoHNSON, Robert 27, sin.; laborer; Preble Co, 0. 5 May 63; killed 20

Feby 64 Ohistee, Fla. $50.
MiLEURY, Augustus 26, sin.; hostler; Boston. 16 Dec 63; 20 Aug 65.

*325.
MooKE, David 30, sin.; laborer; Richmond, Pa. 5 May 63; 25 Aug 65 New

York. $50.
MoKGAN, Colonel 19, sin.; tobacconist; Cincinnati, 0. 5 May 63; missing 18

Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. $50.
Morris, William H. 22, sin.; seaman; New Bedford. 1 Aug 63; missing 20

Feb 64 Olustee, Fla; supposed killed.

MuNROE, Lewis G. 35, mar. ; blacksmith; Toledo, 0. 12Mav63; 20 Aug 65.

$50. Toledo. 0.
Myers, Francis 23, mar.; laborer; Paterson, N. J. 5 Maj' 63; 7 Feb 64 ;

dis. Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. $50.
Nelson, Robert. 19, mar.; laborer; Niles, Mich. 5 May 63.; 20 Aug 65.

Wounded 10 Jly 63 James Id. S. C. and 9 Jly 65 at street fight, Charleston,

S. C. $50. Norwich, Conn.
Netson, William J. 27, sin.; laborer; Niagara, N. Y. 4 Apl 63; 20 Aug 65.

$50. Norwich, Conn.
NoKES, Jeremiah 42, mar.; laborer; Monterev. 15 Dec 63; 20 Aug 65.

$325.
Palmke, Ishmael 25, sin.; laborer; Springsborough, 0. 5 May 63; 20 Aug

65. Wounded 16 Jly 63 James Id. S. C. and 20 Feb 64 Olustee, Fla. $50.

Niobrara, Neb.
Palmer, Joseph A. Sergt. 23, sin. ; barber; Dayton, 0. 5 Mav 63 ; 20 Aug 65

Wounded Jly 63 — -. $50.
Parkis, Francis 40, mar.; laborer; Russell. 24 Nov 63; died of wounds 2

Dec 64 Gen. Hos. Beaufort, S. C. Wounded 30 Nov 64 Honev Hill, S. C.

$325.
Ph<enix, James 24, sin.; laborer; Pottsville, Pa. 5 May 63; died 8 Jlj' 65

Post Hos. Charleston S. C. of disease. Wounded 16 Jlv 63 James Id. S. C.

$50.
Prince, Abel 35,sin.; farmer; St, Albans, Vt. 22Jlv63; 20 Aug 65.

St. Albans, Vt.
Pkitciiet, Robert 18, sin. ; laborer ; Pontiac, Ind. 5 May 63 ; 20 Aug 66. $50.
QuiN, James C. 23, Rutland, Vt. 5 Dec 63 ; 20 Aug 65.

Worcester.

FIFTT-rOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY. 387

Redmond, ■\ViLUAj[ H. 21, mar.; farmer; Newport, Ind. 5 May 0-3; 28 Si'p

05 Boston. S50.
RicicMAN, James M. 19, sin.; laborer; Greensville, 0. 5 May 63; 20 Aug 65.

«50.
Robinson, Frank 28, sin.; laborer; E Liberty, Pa. 5 May 63; 20 Aug 05.

^50.
Ross, Benjamin 21, mar.; laborer; Boston. 5 May 63; 20 Aug 05. $50.

Fredericksburg, Va.
Rouse, Elias S. 22, sin.; laborer; Chatham, Can. 5 May 63; 4 Oct 65 New

York. Wounded 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. $50. Ypsilanti, Mich.
Rudolph, Francis J. 19, mar.; farmer; W. Chester, Pa. 5 May 63; 20 Aiii;-

65. S50.
Scott, Williaji H. 22, mar.; waiter; Ypsilanti, Mich. 5 May 63;

Boston. Wounded Jly 03 — — . $50.
Shaw, Thomas Oorpl. 23, mar.; boatman; Cincinnati, O. 5 May 63; 20 Aug

65. Wounded Jly 63 . §50.

Shirk, John 20, mar.; farmer; Shippensburg, Pa. 6 May 63; 20 Aug 65.

SoO.
Smith, Geokge 27, sin.; laborer; Cincinnati, 0. 5 May 63; died 23 Feb 65

Morris Id, S. C. of disease. $50.
Smith, Geokge W. I'J, sin.; laborer; Toledo, 0. 5 May 63; 20 Aug 65.

$50.
Smith, Richard R. 22, sin.; farmer; Unionville, Pa. 3 May 63; 20 Aug 65.

S.50. Philadelphia, Pa.
Smith, William J. 24, sin.; laborer; Salem, 0. 5 May 03; killed 20 Feb 64

Olustee, Fla. $50.
Ste^'Ensijn, Allen W. 21, mar.; tobacconist; Cincinnati, 0. 5 May 63;

wounded and missing 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. $50.
Stevenson, Samuel Corpl. 27. sin. ; laborer; Washington, D. C. 3 May 63;

20 Aug 65. Wounded 30 Nov 64 Honey Hill, S. C. $'50.
Stone, Edward 26, sin.; blacksmith; Toledo, O. 5 May 63; 20 Aug 65.

Wounded 18 Jly 6-3 Ft. Wagner. $50. Toledo, O.
Story, Samuel P. jr. 18, sin.; laborer; Russell, 24 Nov 63 ; 20 Aug 65.

Sugland, John G. 21, -Vernon, Vt. 14 Dec 63; 20 Aug 65.

Thompson, David E. Corpl. 20, sin. ; farmer; Shippensburg, Pa. 6 May 63 ;

20 Aug 65. $50.
Tobias, Ezra 27, mar. ; laborer; Montgomery. 30 Nov 63 ; died 15 Je 65 Gen.

Hog. Beaufort, S. C. Typhoid Fever. $325.
Washington, Josiah 18, sin. ; farmer; Boonsboro, Md. 6 May 63; 20 Aug. 05.

$50.
Watson, Jacob Sergt. 20, mar.; butcher; Mercersburg, Pa. 6 May 63; 20

Aug. 6.5. B.50.
Weavkr, George 29, mar.; laborer; Mt, Healthy, 0. 5 Mav 63; 29 Jly 04

Morris Id, S. C. dis. Wounded 16 Jly 63 James LI. S. C. $50. " Mt. He.althy, 0.
Wentworth, Charles B. 21, Woodstock, Vt. 14 Dec. 63;

20 Aug 65.

White, ilAKTEY 21, sin.; laborer; Toledo, 0. 5 May 63; 20 Aug 65. Wounded

18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. $50.
Williams, Cyrus. 18, Rutland, Vt. 20 Nov 63; 20 Aug 05.

Rutland, Vt.

888

ROSTER OF THE

Williams, Edwaed 18, sin. ; laborer; New York. 3 jraj'BS; 1 Jly G4 Morris

Id, S. C; dis. Wounded 18 Jly G;J Ft. Wagner. $.50.
Williams, Nkkf 21, sin.; laborer; I'aris, Tenn. 5 Maj' 6-3; 1 Sep 65 New-
York. Wounded 18 Apl 65 Boykins Jlills, S. U. $50.
Williams, Nouman B. 2U, Woodstock, Vt. 20 Nov 63; 3 Oct

65 New York.

Wilson, Geokge 20, sin.; laborer; Toledo, 0. 5 May 63; 20 Aug 65.

$50.
Wilson, John H. 22, sin.; blacksmith ; Richmond, Ind. 5 May 63; wounded

aud missing 18 Jly 63 Ft. Wagner. $50.
Wilson, Joseph 27, sin.; blacksmith; Newport, Ind. 12 May 63; 20 Aug 65.

Wounded Jly 63 . $50.

Wilson, RiiHEiiT E. 35, mar.; barber; Cambridge. 10 Jly 63; 29 Je 65 ;

dis. So. Bethlehem, Pa.

Wilson, Ueiah Corpl. 22, sin.; laborer; Pontiac, Mich. 5 May 63; killed 20

Feb 64 Olustee, Fla. Wonnded Jly 63 . ^50.

WiNSLOW, John W, 24, sin.; laborer; Louisville, Ind. 5 May 63; killed 20

Feb 64 Olustee, Fla. $50.
Weight, John 31, sin.; farmer ; E, Chester. 19 Nov 03; 20 Aug 65. $50.

UNASSIGNED RECRUITS.
Teansfeeukd to 55th Mass. Infantry.

Allen, Williabi 21 Nov 64 $325.
Anderson, Joseph 19 Jan 65 $50.
Ball, Thomas 28 Jan 65 $325.
Bareows, John 12 Dec 64 $325.
Beach, Samuel F. 9Jan65 $154.66.
Beown, Chaeles 24 Aug 64 flOO.
Beown, David .30 Jan 65 $190.66.
Brown, John 18 Je 64 S325.

Brown, John 2d 28 Dec 64

Beown, Peter 3 Dec 64

Caldwell, Charles. 15 Feb 65

$325.
Tarda RONE, Donald 17 Nov 64

Cassell, Charles C. 2 Sep 64.

.#233. 06.
Cassell, John M. 3 Sep. 64. $237.09.
CriAMTLiN, Dennis V. 28 Dec 64

.£32.).
Chase, Jacob C. 1 Sep 64. $239.33.
Clark, Theodore 26 Jly 64 $325.
Coleman, Gisoroe B. 3 Sep 64

$2.37.99.
Crooks, JosErii 26 Nov 64 $232.
Davis, Jefferson II. 15 Feb 65

$■325.

Davis, William 16 Nov 64. $325.
DEuors, Jacob 21 Jan 65 $-325.
DuGoiN, Feank 2 Feb 65 $325.
Duncan, Orren 17 Aug 64 $.325.
Fairchild, Lewis L. 16 Aug 64

$325

Fletchf.r, Isaac 20 Dec 64

Flora, Samuel 17 Aug 04 $299.33.
Fountain, John W 1 Sep 64 $239.33.
Freeman, Abraham 1 Feb (i.'>

$189. .33.
GiBi'.s, William 3 Sep 04 $178.66.
Ureen, Henry 27 Dec 64 $325.
Green, John A. 29 Jly 64 $325.
Hall, Edward G Jly 64. 8378.66.
Hamilton, Jamks 27 jly 64 $312.66.
Haskell, James 12 Aug 64 $325.
Hazard, Nahum G. 27 Apl 63 $100.

Hazard, Samuel 10 Jan 65

Henderson, Samuel 3 Feb 65 $100.
Herbert, Philip 27 Aug 64 $325.
Holmes, Charles 22 Aug 64 $295.99.

James, John 11 Jan 65

King, Antony L. 24 Aug 64 $185.33.
Lew, ZiMEi 11 Jan 65 $100.
Madison, Leonard E. 15 Feb 65 $100.

FIFTY-FOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

389

McLane, Chahles 6 Feb 65 S18-4.GG.

MI^'£K, Thomas 27 Je 64

Mitchell, Pukuy 7 Jly 64 $260.66.

JIOUTGOMERT, JoHN W. 5 JaU 65

$207.33.
MoKEY, Besjasun 29 Aug 64 $100.
MusKOE, Pui'EuF. 20 Aug 64 $207.33.

Nichols, Johu 30 Nov 64

OwANS, John 25 Jan 65 .$325.
Paine, Willia.m 23 Jly 64 $325.
Patterson, Uobebt T. 15 Nov 64

$100.
Peksell, Geokge 23 Nov 64 $325.
Peeky, C. O. 21 Nov 64 $325.
Peters, Daniel P. 1 Sep 64 $100.
PoKTEE, Edwakd 19 Sep 64. $168.
KoME, George B. 3 Sep 64. $237.99.
liUTTER, Daniel 23 Aug 64 $244.66.
Sampson, David H. 16 Jan 65 $325.
.Sherman, William 3 Sep 64 $2.37.99.
.Silvers, William 5 Jau 65 $100.
Slaughter, Simon 31Auf,'64 $239.99.
Smith, Peter 8 Je 64 $.325.
SjiiTH, Thomas F. 5 Jan 65 $100.
Smith, William A. 1 Sep 64 $239.33.
Snowdon, John 2 Feb 65 $243.33.

South, Edward 7 Sep 64 $166.66.
Stanley, Ro.mulus 31 Oct 64

Stevens, Gkoiige 22 Jly 64 $316.99.
Stuaut, Latimer 5 Sep 64 $236.06.
Thomas, James W. 17 Nov 64 $325.
Thompson, Willia.m 11 Nov 64

Thoune, James P. 26 Aug 64 $325.
Tillman, Henry 3 Feb 65 $1.37.99.
Toney, Henry 24 Aug 64 $244.66.
TorriN, Elisha 12 Aug 64 $262.06.
Walker, Daniel 1 Sep. 64 $289.33.
Wallace, Sa.muel, jr. 26 Jly 64

$325.
Washington, George 5 Dec 64.

$325.
Whipple, George E. 18 Aug 64.

$298.66.
White, Alexander 1 Feb 65. $325.
White, George S. 31 Aug 64.

$239.99.
Wiggins, Albert 26 Jly 64. $325.
Williams, Benjamin 18 Je 64. Jf325.
Williams, George 6 Sep 64. $235.99.
Wilson, Thomas C. 1 Aug 64. $325.

Teansfeeeed to Various Oeganizations.

BoYER, James 8 Dec 63 ; 2 Ap 64 trsfd to U. S. Navy. $325.

I'lioss, .Terojie B. 1 Dec 63; 16 Hay 64 trsfd to U. S. Navj'. $232.66.

FouTZ, Jake 15 Feb 64; trsfd to 68th U. S. C. T.

DiSCHAEGED.

Bright, Alfred 8 Dec 63; 19 Dec 63.

Cornish, Russell 28 Nov 63; 20 Dec 63

Foster, Charles 8 Feb 65; 22 Sep 65. $325.
Grant, John T. 14 Dec 63 ; 24 Dec 63.

Jackson, James W. 19 Dec 63; 23 Dec 63.

Laws. William 25 Jan 65; 8 Sep 65. $325.
Lee, William H. 15 Nov 64; 22 Sep 65. $325.
Meads, Thomas 8 Feb 65 ; 8 Sep 65. $325.
Tyler, William 17 Feb 05; 15 May 65. .$.326.
Washington, .John S. 1 Sep 64; 15 Mav 65. $170.
Wheatland, Simeon J. 2 Sep 64 ; 15 May 65. $169,33.

390 PIFTY-rOURTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

Died.

Bennett, William 22 Jan 64; 24 Apl 64 Ft. Leavenworth, Kan.

Edwahds, John 15 Feb 64; 2U Mcli 64.

Freem.vn, John II. 1 Feb 64 Beaufort S. C. of disease.

Henky, Thomas 17 Jan 65; 11 Mcli 65 Hilton Head, S. C. $-325.

Nkwpokt, Fitz Henry 22 May 64 New Yorlt.

Smith, Henky 25 Dec 63 Morris Id. S. C. Fever.

TiNAL Eecoed cannot be Established.

DiCKEESON, Wesley 15 Feb 64

Haui'EH, Henry 30 Jan 04

Jackson, AVili.iam 28 Nov 64 —

Johnson, George 26 Apl 63

Kaine, William 12 May 63

Lewis, George W. 20 Oct 63 —

Lewis, Kichaud 21 Jan 04

LiGHTFOOT, WiLLlASI 15 Feb 64 ■

Logan, Samuel 15 Feb 04

Malory, William 15 Feb 64 -

Mason, Charles 2 Nov 64 $.325.

Mayhugh, Isaiah 29 Apl 63

McCormick, Andrew 19 Feb 64

Mitchell, Thomas 24 Nov 63

Mohkis, James 20 Oct 63

Murray, James 21 Jan 64

Owen, William 24 Dec 04 «50.

Perry, Thomas E. 21 Jan 64

Phillips, Anderson 28 Jan 64

Powers, Francis 28 Dec 64 $325.

Price, Williaji 28 Jan 64

Riley, George 29 Jan 04

Sanders, Nathan 28 Jan 64

Stimpson, Royal 30 Oct 63 $325.

Tyler, John 25 Jan 64

Wakefield, Clinton 19 Feb 64

Weathers, Albert 15 Feb 64

White, Peter 12 Feb 64 ■

Williams, John 18 Jan 65 $.';25.

Wilson, Alfred 14 Jly 63

Wilson, Bonaparte 3 Feb 65 f 50.

Woodson, Samuel 12 Feb 64

Deseeted.

Buck, William W. 19 Nov 63; deserted 22 Dec 63 Boston $325
McCrawford, William 19 Jly 64; deserted 28 Jly 64. Boston. $325.

FIFTY-rOUKTH MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY.

391

RECAPITULATION OF ROSTER.

1"

.2.3

rf

i

.2

■d

o

.1

o
.2

Ss

•3 U -

.S 0
A

a

1

i

&3
5

a

III

n

2
&

1

1^

Total.

CO.

5

1

10

11

28

13

68

N.C.S.

—

—

1

4

1

6

Co. A

8

5

2

10

10

17

78

5

135

B

2

3

6

5

8

8

—

97

1

—

5

135

C

4

4

2

6

7

1!)

—

78-

1

121

D

IS

1

1

10

—

24

—

76

6

8

139

E

1

8

3

13

5

8

—

84

—

—

6

123

F

6

4

—

12

2

5

86

—

3

3

121

G

2

o

1

4

7

22

—

80

—

2

123

H

10

1

4

9

—

20

80

—

3

127

I

3

4

—

13

12

15

—

83

—

—

1

131

K

14

2

—

11

6

9

—

81

—

—

2

125

Ag'te

68

32

19

94

57

158

11

8551

7

17

36

1354

' Includes 8 enlisted men, exchanged prisoners, discharged as by expi-
ration, in 1865.

Unassijjned Recruits.

Died, 6 ; discharged, 11 ; deserted, 2 ; transferred, 91 ; unaccounted for,
32, — total, 142.

392

pi!

m
o

o

«

h-l

Ph

irH

o

o

03

H

-^

C/2
<1
O

■iviox

^ -'sssssssegs

i

33

•papanojii.

1 1 |CC I^^CO |C. 1^ -j

•P31I!H 1 r 11=^'^ 1 l'^ 1^

O

o

ti
o

3

■psamqp 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -H 1 1 1 1 rn
-xa pa^ pajn^dco | ' i i i i

■papunoAl 1 " 1 1"-^ 1-- 1°= 1 1 1 a

■iliAijduo ui psia 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 '^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 '^

■upanoAiJopaia | 1 l'"!""!!!!!!^!"

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-xg puB pain^tlco

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^

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■psiUH

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•X^iipd-BO ni paid

1 [ Clio [ .-H(N 1 rH j 1 j

rH

■spunojii JO paiQ

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l-:rH

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1 1 1 =^ 1 1 1 M '- M

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1 1 1" 1 1 1 1 13 IS

■iiundno ni patg

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1^ 1 1

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t

IS

INDEX.

"A" Compaiiv, 9, 20, 34, 38, 39, 75, 83,
90, 121, U4,"l45, 148, 150, 158, 159, 172,
173, 174, 176, 388, 198, 202, 204, 221,
223, 2:i2, 234, 237, 245, 254, 266, 280,
291, 2!)2, 293, 302, 303, 309, 310, 311,
312, 316, 317.

Abbott, Joseph C, 160.

Abercrombie, John J., Jr., 207.

Act for Deficit of Pay, 136, 142.

Adams Express, 228.

Adams, John — armed steamer, 40, 41,
61.

Adams' Run, S. C, 199, 208, 279.

Adjutant-General, Mass., 33, 63, 126, 173,
175, 318.

Affray at the Battery, 313.

Agassiz, Louis J. R., 16, 24.

Age of officers, average, 6.

Alabama Troops.
Cavalrj':
Harmon's Bngade^ 301.

Alice, Confederate steamer, 107.

Alston, Joseph, 290.

Altamaha River, Ga., 41.

Ames, Adelbert, 175, 178, 184, 185.

Ames, Oaltes, 15.

Ames, William, 236.

Amnesty Proclamation, 312.

Anderson, Edward C, Jr., 107.

Anderson, J., 249.

Anderson, J. Patton, 178, 179, 183.

Anderson, Peter J., 249.

Andersonville Prison, 173, 183.

Andrew, John A., 2, 6, 8, 11, 12, 14, 17, 23,
25, 31, 32, 36, 37, 43, 94, 107, 131, 132,
135, 136, 137, 142, 149, 150, 181, 191,
268, 319.

Andrew, John A., letter to Francis G.
Shaw, 3.

Andrew, John A., letter to George T.

Downing, 18.
Andrew, Mrs. John A., 16, 23.
Andrews, Samuel, 32.
Anson, R. E., 282.
Anti-Slavery Society, 180.
Appleton, John W. M., 8, 9, 34, 39, 83, 90,

92, 133, 144, 150, 152, 155, 159, 171, 176,

195, 196, 197, 202, 205, 219.
Appleton, Thomas L., 34, 55, 59, 85, 91,

105, 133, 149, 150, 182, 183, 192, 193,

201, 2-37, 247, 271, 2U1, 317.
Appointments in Colored Regiments, 315.
Archer, James J., 196.
Arming Negroes, 1.
AiTnisi ice, Sherman and Johnston, 307.
Anns purchased, 317.
Ashepoo, S. C, 193, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279.
Ashepoo River, 276.
Ashland, steamer, 317.
Ashley River, S. C, 213, 280, 281, 282, 310,

311.
Assassination of Lincoln, 308.
Association Fifty-Fourth Officers, 305.
Atkinson, Edward, 16.
Atlanta, Confederate ironclad, 46.
Atlantic and Gulf Railroad, 155, 240.
Attack on the "Marblehead," 144.
Attempt against "Ironsides," 132.
Attempts on Gregg, 119, 121.
Attacks, Crispus, 32.

B.

'B" Company, 9, 20, 38, 54, 55, .59, 75,
90, 92, 93, 97, 13.3, 145, 148, 150, 153,
158, 164, 105, 166, 168, 176, 188, 190,
198, 202, 217, 219, 221, 234, 283, 284,
286, 291, 304, 309, 310, 311, 312, 315,
316, 317.

394

INDEX

Balch, George B., 63.

Baldwin, Fla., 153, 155, 156, 157, 158, 173,

182.
Baird, George W., 241.
Band of regiment, 15, 47.
Baptist Society (Twelftli), 318.
Baiber's, Fla., 154, 155, 156, 158, 159, 170,

171, 172, 173.
Earlier, John, 249.
Barnard, J. M., 15.
Barrow, James, 173.
Barquet, J. H., 144, 147.
Barton, Battery, 139.
Barton, William B., 155, 159, 161, 162, 163,

179.
Bates, Edward, 150.
Battery Island, S. C, 52.
Bayne, Dr., 10.

Beacon house, 89, 106, 122, 189.
Beard, Oliver T., 4.
Beaufort, S. C, 36, 37, 38, 55, 105, 176,

265.
Beaufort National Cemeterv, 173.
Beauregard, G. T., 54, 55," 112, 120, 122,

135, 160, 157, 178, 185, 264, 281, 282,

313, 314.
Becker, Theodore J., 34.
Bee, Battery, 282, 314.
Beecher, James C, 243, 247, 250.
Belvedere Creek, S. C, 284.
Bemis, George, 16.
Benham,H. W., 64.
Bennett, A. G., 201, 282, 283.
Bennett, Horace, 302.
Bennett, William T., 245, 247, 314.
Benton, Samuel J., 309.
Berry, William, 10.
Big Rafting Creek, S. C, 304.
Birney, William, 193, 199, 208, 210, 212.
"Black Committee," 11, 140, 181.
Black Island, S. C, 129, 186, 187, 189, 191,

192, 207, 213, 219, 2.34.
Black Kiver, S. C. 291, 292.
Blair, Frank, 266, 271.
Blair's Landing, S. C, 255.
Blake, Charles, 98.
Blau, Gustav, 211.
Block House No. 1, 191, 192, 193.
Blockade running, 194, 195.
Bloody Bridge, S. C, 214, 215.
Blue House, S. C, 277.
"Bluff Battery," 129, 134.

Boat Infantry, 119, 188.

Boat reconnoissance of Sumter, 139.

Bogle, Archibald, 167.

Bohicket Creek, S. C, 209.

Bolan's chuich, 239, 241, 242, 245, 247,

250, 255.
Bonaventure Cemetery, 287.
Bouhani, M. L., 97.
Boston Brigade Band, 318.
Boston, Departure from, 32.
Boston "Journal," 8, 1-30.
Boston, steamer, 64, 182, 193.
Bountj- from United States, 137.
Bounty rolls, 24.
Bowditch, William I., 11.
Boyd's Landhig, S. C, 238, 239, 241, 254,

2*57.
Bovkin's Mills, S. C, 301, 305.
Boynton, W. I'., 244.
Bradford Springs, S. C, 299.
Bragg, Braxton, 135, 195.
Branchville, S. C, 270, 272, 275.
Brannan, J. M., 260.
Brayton, C. E., 124.

Bridge, Watson W., 10, 20, 34, 51, 133,
164, 165, 192, 193, 202, 212, 233, 234,
283, 291, 301, 302, 316.
Bridgham, Charles B., 34, 51, 142, 104,

166, 169, 172, 176, 196.
Bridgham, Thomas S., 158, 164, 237, 291,

308, 316.
Brigaded with —

Montgomery's, 46.

Montgomery's, of Terry's Division,
53.

Third, of Terry's Division, 106, 138.

Fourth., of Terry's Division, 114.

Montgomery's, of Seymour's Divis-
ion, 159.

Third, of Ames' Division, 176.

Hallowell's, of Provisional Division,
290.
Briggs, Charles E., 196, 202, 209, 237, 251,

291, 317.
Broad River, S. C, 237, 257, 263.
Brock, Hattie, prize steamer, 182.
" Brook gun," Battery, 207.
Brooks, J. W., 15.
Brooks, Thomas B., 117.
Brown, Abraham K., 54.
Brown, George, 56.
Brown, Joseph E.,240.

INDEX.

395

Brown, P. P., 231, 290, 308.

Brown, William H., 304.

Brown, William Wells, 12.

Browne, Albert G., 16, 132.

Browne, Albert G., Jr., 18, 132.

Brunswick, Ga., 40.

Brush, George W.,48.

Buckle's Bluff, Fla., 134.

Buffalo Creek, Ga., 40.

Buffum, Charles, 16.

Buist, Henrv A., 227.

Bull's Bay, S. C, 141, 225, 275, 284.

Burgess, Thomas, 92.

Burial of Shaw, 98, 226.

Burning of Darien, Ga., 42.

Burns, Anthony, 32.

"Burnt district," 139,284.

Burr, Aaron, 290.

Burr, Theodosia, 290.

Butler, Albert, 140.

Butler, Benjamin F., 1, 16.

Butler, Lewis, 87.

Butler, Pierce, 45.

" C " Company, 10, 20, 38, 39, 40, 75, 90,
92, 129, 145,"l48, 150, 155, 164, 168,173,
183, 186, 198, 207, 234, 237, 245, 247, 263,
285, 286, 291, 300, 309, 310, 311, 312, 316,
317, 318, 320, 321.

Cabot, John H., 16.

Cabot, Mary E., 16.

Cabot, S., Jr., 15.

Calcium lights, 117, 138.

Callahan, Fla., 155.

Callev, Daniel, 12.

Camden, S. C, 297, 300.

Camden Branch Railroad, 295, 297, 306.

Cameron, Captain, 173.

Camp Finegan, Fla., 153, 155, 174, 175.

Camp Milton, Fla., 175, 178.

Camp Shaw, Fla., 156.

Camps, locations, 19, 38, 39, 46, 53, 105, 149,
153, 155, 175, 176, 178, 186, 187,205, 238,
251, 254, 257, 262, 265, 269, 271, 274, 275,
278, 279, 280, 284, 286, 290, 291, 293, 295,
298, 299, 300, 305, 306, 307, 308, 310, 316,
317.

Campbell, J. B., 312.

Canonicus, steamer, 186, 288, 290.

Captured men, 95, 96, 97, 173, 18J, 197,
218, 311.

Capturing railroad trains, 290, 297.

Carney Guards, 321.

Carney, William H., 81, 84, 90.

Carter, H. J., 249.

Gary house, 284, 310.

Casualties — (/cneral — James Island, 63;
assault Wagner, 88; siege Wagner, 126;
attempt on Sumter, 128; Olustee, 172;
James Island, 216; Honey Hill, 252;
Devaux's Neck, 258.

Casualties — in reijlitient — James Island,
03 ; assault Wagner, 90, 91 ; siege Wag-
ner, 126; Olustee, 173; James Island,
204, 205 ; Honey Hill, 252 ; Boykia's
Mills, 304.

Catskill, monitor. 111.

Cedar Run, Fla., 175, 176, 178, 183.

Celebration of Emancipation, 144.

Cezar, G. G., 163, 2-32.

Champlin, Jason, 183.

Chandler, Feleg W., 8.

Chaplains, 118, 149, 2-32.

Charleston, S. C, 36, 54, 109, 112, 113, 114,
120, 133, 135, 139, 141, 143, 145, 190,
194, 195, 199, 207, 215, 219, 222, 225,
226, 227, 228, 230, 232, 233, 235, 240,
2114, 267, 270, 275, 277, 279, 280, 281,
284, 288, 289, 295, 305, 309, 310, 311,
312.

Charleston and Savannah Raili'oad, 52, 193,
190, 238, 240, 256, 258, 259, 262, 264,
270, 274, 275, 277, 281.

Charleston bombarded, 112, 133, 139, 141,
143, 145, 190, 225, 233.

Charleston, Confederate ironclad, 281.

Charleston " Courier," 285.

Charleston evacuated, 270, 281.

Charleston Jail, 97, 285.

Charleston "Mercurv," 268, 285.

Charleston Neck, 281, 284, 310, 311.

Chase, Salmon P., 23.

Chasseur, steamer, 51.

Chatfield, Batterv, 134, 139, 143.

Chatfield, J. L., 88.

Chenev, Mrs. E. D.. 23.

Clieraw, S. C, 281, 285, 289.

Chestnut, James, 254.

Cheves, Battery, 129.

Chicora, Confederate ironclad, 125, 281.

Cliilds and Jenks, 318.

396

INDEX.

Chipman, Charles G., 133, 164, 183, 202,

205, 237, 250, 252, 288, 291, 303, 317.
Chipman, H. S., 248, 305.
■ Christ Church lines, 284.
Christmas days, 143, 2C4.
"Christy Minstrels," 142.
Citadel, Charleston, 283, 311, 312.
Clafiin, William, 16.
Clarendon "Banner," 293.
Clark, Lewis, 300.
Clark, Newcomb, 274.
Clark, Thomas, 249.
Clinch, D. L., 173.
Coan,W. B., 161.
"Coast Division," 236, 258, 269, 270,

277.
Coit, W. W. steamer, 286, 288.
Colcock, C. J., 240, 242, 266.
Cole's Island, S. C, 55, 65, 200, 201, 212,

214, 215.
Collins, J. B., steamer, 148.
Colored Soldiers, 1, 2, 6, 7, 11, 17, 24, 38,

47, 48, 95, 96, 125, 138, 146, 148, 150,

180, 181, 190, 199, 220.
Colquitt, A. H., 56, 57, 160, 161, 162, 171.
Columbia, S. C, 289.
Combahee Ferry, S. C, 272, 275, 278.
Combahee River, 37, 267, 272.
Commissioning Officers, 3, 6.
Comparison White and Colored Soldiers,

125.
Conant, John, 315, 316, 317.
Confederate Govemmeut, 1, 7, 17, 96, 178,

179.
Confederate officers imprisoned, 196, 218,

222, 223, 226, 227, 228, 229, 231.
Confederate Troops.

Hamilton's Battery, 301.
Baker's Brigade, 254.
(See also under respective States).
Congdon, James B., 10, 11, 321.
Connecticut Troops.

Artillerj' ;

rirst Battery, 55, 61.

Infantry :

Sixth, 74, 76, 86.

Seventh, 74, 110, 114, 119, 159, 161,

163, 170.
Tenth, 53, 54, 55, 56, 60, 63, 67, 74,
85, 90, 106.
Conscripts, 141.
Contrabands, 37, 47, 49, 131, 228, 229, 232,

264, 275, 279, 285, 296, 297, 298, 301,
308, 309.
Conyngliam, John B., 138.
Cooks, 21, 140.
Cooper, John S., 293.
Coosawhatchie, S. C, 238, 255, 261.
Coosawhatchie Bridge, 256.
Coosawhatchie Cross-road, 239, 245, 246,

251.
Coosawhatchie River, 256.
Corps.

Tenth, 129, 185.

Eleventh, 110.

Fifteenth, 271,300.

Seventeenth, 266, 269.

Eighteenth, 193.

Nineteenth, 287.
Corson, Robert K., 9.
Cosmopolitan, steamer, 107, 184, 218, 234.
Cossack, steamer, 51, 222.
Cooper, James E., 45,
Cousens, Joseph E., 196, 202, 209, 237, 284,

291, 316,317.
Cranch, George, 315, 317.
Crane, W. D., 244.
Crawford, Daniel D., 173.
Crescent, steamer, 221.
Crespo house, 158.
Crocker, George, 243, 248.
Cross, Martin B., 220.
( 'roton, steamer, 284.
"Crow's Nest," 187, 202.
Cuckwold Cieek, S. C, 274.
Culp, E.G., 293.
Cumming's Point, S. C, 120, 123, 129, 133,

145, 189, 192, 199, 219, 224, 225, 282.
Cumston, William, 16.
Cuthbert, John A., 271.
"Cyclops," 292, 293.

D.

"D" Company, 10, 20, 38, 54,76, 145,

148, 150, 155, 163, 104, 165, 183, 188,

198, 202, 204, 205, 219, 222, 223, 231,

232, 234, 237, 245, 261, 280, 288, 291,

298, 302, 303, 309, 310, 311, 312, 315,
316, 317.

Dahlgren, John A., 46, 52, 114, 128, 151,

189, 192, 199, 211, 213, 236, 270, 274,
313.

INDEX.

597

Pale, William J., 19, 21, 23, 24.

Dancy, R. 1''., 173.

naiby's, Fla., 173.

Darieu, Ga., 41.

narlington, S. C, 289.

David, Confederate torpedo boat, 132.

Ilavi3, JefEerson, 17, 37, 135, 313.

Davis, W. W. H., 37, 02, 53, 55, 03. 64,

146, 187, 188, 208.
Dawhoo River, S. C, 208.
Dawson, Dr., 100.
Deep Creek, Fla., 182.
" Defences of Charleston," 310.
" Defences of Lighthouse Inlet," 191.
Deford, Ben, steamer, 46.
Dehon, Dr., 278, 279.
Delanv, Martin R., 12.
De Lo'rme, T. M., 200.
Demand for pay or muster-out, 191.
De Molay, steamer, 33, 35, 37, 39.
De Mortie, sutler, 103.
Department of the South, 1, 31, 48, 172,

185, 19-3,229,231,207.
Departure from Boston, 32.
De Pass, William L., 242.
Deserters, Execution of, 48, 143.
Deserters from enemv, 182, 249, 256, 260,

264, 265.
Destroying railroad trains, 295, 297, 298,

306.'
Dexter, Benjamin F., 34, 84, 92, 105, 149.
Deraux's Neck, S. C, 256, 257, 261, 26-3,

264, 265, 267, 269.
Devendorf, Charles A , 170.
Dickison, J. J., 155.
Dingle's Mill, S. C, 294.
Discharge of Regiment, 318.
Dislike to Colored Soldiers, 6, 146, 217.
Doboy Sound, Ga., 41.
Dorsey, Thomas, 298.
Douglass, Frederick H., 10, 12, 14, 24, 33,

34.
Douglass, Lewis H., 12, 34.
Dow, J. B., 16.
Downing, George T., 12, 17.
Dragoon, Brig, 196.
Drums received, 230.
Duer, A. P., 103.
Duncan, .John B., 261.
Dupont, S- F., 46.
Duren, Charles M., 145, 164, 183, 202,

219, 234, 276, 288, 316.

Dwight, William, 16.
Dye, P. E., 313.

E.

"E" Company, 20, 38, 54, 75, 131, 145,
148, 150, 153, 155, 159, 160, 168, 172,
173, 174, 176, 186, 188, 191, 192, 198,
200, 202, 210, 219, 221, 222, 223, 231,
234, 237, 245, 249, 263, 273, 275, 280,
285, 286, 291, 301, 309, 310, 311, 312,
316, 317.
Edisto Island, S. C, 2T2.
Edmands, Benjamin B., 192, 190,234, 283,

316, 817.
Edmands, J. Willey, 15.
Edwards, A. C, 257.
Elder, Samuel S., 154, 160, 161.
Elliott, Stephen, Jr., 120, 128, 134.
Ellsworth, Oliver, 15.
Ellsworth, Thomas F., 244.
Ellsworth Zouaves, 58.
Emancipation Proclamation. 1, 144, 314.
Emerson, Edward B., 53, 83, 85, 92, 105,

133, 145, 237, 219, 288, 291, 316.
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 15, 16.
Emery, John S., 16.

Emilio, Luis F., 34, 51, 54, 79, 84, 85, 90, 92,
93, 105, 114, 130, 132, 146, 150, 176|
178, 180, 192, 193, 202, 209, 210, 213,
219, 231, 233, 257, 262, 266, 273, 275,
280, 288.
Emilio, Manuel, 16.
Endicott, William, Jr., 15.
"Enfans Perdus" (Les), 135.
Engagements mentioned, at

Morris Island, July 10, 1803, 53.
James Island, July 16, 1803, 57.
Fort Wagner, Jiily 18,1863,79.
Ridge, Aug. 26, 1863, 115.
Barber's, Feb. 10, 1864, 154.
Lake City, Feb. 11, 1804, 154.
Gainesville, Feb. 15, 1804, 155.
Olustee, Feb. 20, 1864,160.
Cedar Run, March 1, 1804, 178.
Cedar Run, April 2, 1864, 183.
James Island, July 2, 1804, 200.
Fort Johnson, July 3, 1804, 206.
King's Creek, July 3, 1864, 208.
James Island, July 4, 1864, 210.
John's Island, July 7, 1804, 212.

398

INDEX.

Bloody Bridfte, July 9, 1884, 214.

Honey Hill, Nov. 30, 18G4, 241.

Devaux's Neck, Dec. 0, ISIJJ, 250.

Devaux's Neck, Dec. 7, 18G4, 257.

Devaux's Neck, Dec. 9, 1804, 259.

Eppes' Bi-klfce, April 7, 1SC5, 292.

Dingle's Mill, April 9, 1805, 294.

Kound llili, ApriI15, 1865, 299.

Boykin's Mills, April 18, 18G5, 301.

Big Rafting Creek, April 19, 1805, 305.

Statesburg, April 19, 1805, 300.
Eppes' Bridge, S. C.,292.
Escort, steamer, 109.
Eutaiv Springs, S. C, 295.
Evacuation of iVIorris Island, 123.
Evans, John W., 173.
Examining Board for officers, 311.
Exchange of prisoners, 107, 218, 221, 233.
Executive document, 90.
Explosion in Sumter, 141.

"F" Company, 20, 38, 40, 54, 75, 90, 91,
135, 145, 148, 150, 155, 184, 170, 183,
192, 198, 200, 202, 204, 234, 2S3, 284,
280, 291, 290, 301, 302, 309, 310, 311,
3]2, 315, 310, 317.

Fenollosa, Manuel, 15.

Eernandina and Cedar Ivej^s Railroad, 155.

Ferris, T. C, 135.

Fesscnden, C. B. II., 10.

Fessenden, William P., 180, 181.

Field, Henry A., 59.

Field, James T., 16.

Fiftv-iifth Mass. organized, 24.

Finegan, Joseph, 154, 157, 159, 171, 173,
175.

Firemen of Charleston, 194.

Fisk, .lohn B., 2-34.

Flags of regiment, 24, 25, 73, 77, 81, 84,
89, 131, 106, 202, 248.

Fletcher, Francis H., 13.

Flore, blockade runner, steamer, 233.

Florence, S. C, 289.

Florence National Cemetery, 305.

Florence Prison, 97.

Florida, 148, 184, 185, 186.

Florida Expedition, 148, 150, 156.

Florida House, 178.

Florida Troops.

Cavalry : ^

Second, 154, 155.

Infantry:

Second BattaJion, 101.
Sixth BtUtntion, 101, 165.
Folly I.-,land, S. C, 48, 51, 52, 65, 108,

110, 134, 141, 140, 197, 199, 221, 234.
Folly River, 07, 180.
Forbes, John M., 11.
Foster, John G., 193, 194, 195, 190, 199.

208, 211, 213, 217, 218, 2.30, 2-30, 238,

253, 201, 202, 270, 272, 274.
Foster, E. M., 247, 249.
Foster, R. S , 175.

Foundering of the Weehawken, 140.
Four Hole Swamp, S. C, 275.
Four Mile House, S. C, 285.
Fox, Charles B., 191, 200, 243.
Framton Creek, S. C. 263, 206.
Eraser, steamer, 200, 237, 238.
Frederica, Ga., 45.
Freeman, Edgar A., 304.
Fribley, Charles W.. 101.
Fulton Post Office, S. C, 307.
Furlong, 'Wesle}-, 10.
Furloughs, 129, 135.

G.

"G" Companv. 20, 38, 75, 132, 145, 148,
150, 158, 104, 183, 188, 198, 202, 215,
221, 222, 223, 231, 234, 237, 238. 245,
249, 260, 275, 286, 291, 302, 309, 310,
311, 312, 317.

Gainesville, Fla., 155.

Gallop's Island, Mass., 317.

"Galvanized Yankees,'' 255, 256.

Gardner, Frank, 190.

Gardner, John, 10.

Gardner, W. M., 175.

Gardner's Corners, S. C, 207, 272.

Garnctt, II., 12.

Garrison of Charleston, 311, 312.

Garrison, William Lloyd, 10, 23, 24, 32.

Gartrell, L. H., 250, 2.57, 258, 200.

Gascoign's Bluff, Ga., 39.

Gaul, Lewis, 318.

Geary, Edward C, 241.

Georgetown, S. C, 192, 288, 289, 290, 291,
307, 308.

INDEX.

399

Georgia Troops.
Artillery, Heavy:

Twenty-Eighth Battalion, (Bo-
naud's,) 161, 165.
Artillery, Batteries:

Chatham, 5G, 161, 167, 203, 206.
Guerard's, 161, 165.
Cavalry :
Fourth, 17-3, 203.
Twentieth, 41.
Infantry:

First (Resulars), 161, 173, 208.
Fifth, 256.
Sixth, 56, 160, 162.
Nineteenth, 56, 58, 160, 165.
Twenty-Third, 161.
Twenty-Seventh, 161, 178.
Twenty-Eighth, 160, 173.
Thirty-Second, 56, 87, 159, 161,

162. 208, 210, 249, 257.
Forty-Seventh, 256, 257.
Sixty-Third, 70.
Sixty-Fourth, 160, 173.
Cobb's Legion, 273.
Reserves, 256.
Militia:

Athens Battalion, 242.
Augusta Battalion, 242.
First Brigade, 242.
State Line Brigade, 242.
Gifford, John L., 282.
Gilbert, Sliepard D., 102.
Gillmore Medal, 134.

Gillmore, Qiiincv A., 46, 51, 52, 55, 68, 71,
72, 74, 101, 110, 112, 113, 114, 121, 127,
128, 129, 13.3, 134, 138, 141, 146, 148,
149, 1.50, 1-53, 155, 150, 157, 178, 185,
189, 274, 289, 290, 314, 315.
Gilmore's Band, 31, 318.
Gilmer, J. F., 150.
Glasgow, Abraham, 1G8.
Glassell, William T., 1-32.
Golden Gate, steamer, 215, 237, 239.
Gooding, J. H., 168, 173, 183.
Goodwin, Frank, 201.
Goi'don, George H., 5, 109.
Gospels, Copies of, 134,
Gould plantation, 39, 44.
Grace, .James W., 9, 10, 34, 84, 105, 144,

317.
Graham's Neck, S. C, 262, 263, 264.
Grahamville, S. C, 238, 239, 240.

Grant, U. S., 140, 185, 288.

Graj', W. H. W., 129.

Greek lire, 145.

Green, A. M., 12.

Green, Fort, 134, 191, 192, 219, 234.

Green, John, 304.

Green Pond, S. C, 275.

Green, Samuel A., 04.

Gregg, Fort, 70, 111, 119, 121, 123, 128,

134, 138, 139, 143, 194, 232, 314.
Gregg, William, 312.
Gregory's Landing, S. C, 262, 263, 264.
Gregory's Plantation, 258.
Grimba'll, Thomas, 53, 56.
Grimball's Causeway, 201.
Grimes, William, 10,23, 25, 318.
Grover, Cuvier, 287, 288.
Guarding Confederate officers, 222.
Guerillas, 275, 280.
Gurney, William, 188, 189, 194, 206, 207,

311, 314.

H.

"H" Company, 20, 38, 55, 59, 75, 97,
119, 135, 144, 145, 148, 150, 1.58, 164,
183, 186, 190, 191, 192, 198, 207, 219,221,
223, 234, 2.37, 2:i8, 245, 249, 262, 263,
266, 273, 275, 285, 280, 291, 292, 293,
304, 309, 310, 311, 312, 317.

Habits, 22.

Hackett, John, 2S2.

Hagen, Dr., 293.

Haggerty, Miss, 5.

Hagood, Johnson, 55, 99, 100, 101, 102.

Hale, George S., 16, 24.

Hale, John, 205.

Halibnrton, Mi.ss, 16.

Hall, E. M., 156.

Halleck, H. W., 148, 156, 236.

Hallett, Charles 0., 196, 202, 237, 249,
276,291, 303, 316.

Hallowell, E. N., 6, 9, 19, .34, .50, 54, 62, 67,
72, 73, 75, 76, 77, 81, 89, 90, 91, 132, 135,
136, 149, 1.50, 152, 153, 1.58, 162, 103, 164,
165, 166, 168, 109, 174, 176, 177, 181,
188, 190, 191, 194, 195, 217,220, 222,229,
2.30, 231, 234, 260, 262, 263, 265, 266,
208, 269, 273, 277, 278, 287, 288, 290, 291,
293, 294, 298, 309, 310, 311, 312, 315,317,
319.

400

INDEX.

riallowell, E. N., letter to Eufus Saxton,

Ilallowell, E. N., report of Assault of

Wagner, 88.
Hallowell, Morris L., 3.
Ilallowell, N. P., 3, 6, 10, 14, 15, 24, 50.
Ilallowell, E. P., 11.
Hallowell Union Association, 318.
Halpine, Charles G., 43.
Hamilton, John, 159, 160, 161.
Harbor obstructions, 140
Hardee, W. J,, 240, 253, 263, 264, 275, 281,

284, 287.
Ifarding, David, 302.
Ilanly, Charles, 97.
Harleston, F. H., 139.
Harrison, George, P., Jr., 208, 214.
Harrison, Henry F., 321.
Harrison, Robert, 154.
Harrison, Samuel, 118, 144, 149.
Hartwell, Alfred S., 24, 142, 158, 171, 172,

200, 201, 209, 215, 230, 237, 240, 243, 296.
Harvard College, 5, 6.
Haskell, Battery, 203.
Hatch, John P., 183, 184, 189, 192, 193,

199, 201, 208, 209, 211, 212, 213, 214,

215, 233, 234, 236, 237, 2-38, 241, 243,

245, 246, 247, 249,251, 257, 201, 265, 209,

270, 271, 274, 275, 279, 280, 288, 312.
Haughton, Nathaniel, 259.
Hauling cars, 174.
Haulorer Bridge, S. C, 208.
Haviland, J. F., 282.
Hawkins, Isaac H., 183.
Hawley, Joseph R., 114, 159, 160, 161, 163,

173, 174.
Heckman, C. A,, 195.
Heine, William, 201, 204, 205, 209.
Ilelnian, Preston, 108.
Henderson, Edward R., 218.
Hendricks, H. W., 98, 101.
Hennessy, John A., 282, 283.
Henry, Guy V., 153, 154, 155, 159, 160,

170,177, 178, 183.
Hewlett, A. M., 318.
Heyward, Daniel U., 272.
Higginson, Francis L., 34, 75, 105, 114,

118, 145, 176, 1S3.
Tligginsnn, George, 15.
Higginson, J. A., 16.
Iligginson, T. W.. 52, 100.
Hill, Edwin R,, 260.

Hilton Head, S. C, 3G, 37, 39, 46, 47, 51,
108, 135, 146, 147, 148. 150, 176, 196, 233,
234, 236, 237, 250, 257, 286, 288.

Hoadly, Mr., 218.

Holbrook, Henry, HI.

Holland, H N.,"l6.

Holland, W. W., 173.

Holt. Joseph, 180.

Homans, William H., 34, 81, 90, 92, 164,
165, 183, 191, 207, 221, 237,2-39, 248, 249,
254, 274, 288.

" Honey Hill," by Soulo, 251.

Honey Hill, S. C, 240, 242, 248.

Hooker, General, steamer, 234, 237, 202.

Hooker, R. W., 15.

Hooper, H. N., 132, 144, 153, 164, 168, 179,
180, 191, 193, 196, 202, 203, 204, 205,
227, 233, 234, 2.37, 238, 239, 245, 246,
248, 249, 205, 272, 280, 288, 291, 296,
297, 298, 299, 301, 302, 303, 304, 309,
310, 311, 316.

Houghton, Charles, steamer, 286.

Housatonic, gunboat, 187.

Howard, Oliver O., 267.

Howard plantation, 263.

Howard, Willard, 34, 55, 91, 105, 133,135,
16-3, 164, 182, 202, 233, 237, 248, 276, 291,
314, 817.

Howe, Samuel G,, 23.

Howell, J. B., 158.

Howland, Cornelius, 10, 11.

Hoyt, Henry M., 196, 206, 216.

Huguenin, T. A., 123, 218.

Hunter, Alexander, 119.

Hunter, David, 31, 36, 39, 43, 44, 46.

Hunter, David, letter to John A. Andrew,
36.

Hunter, General, steamer, 65, 66, 67, 150,
151, 152, 134.

Hurlbut, George P., 236.

Huron, gunboat, 60.

" Huts," The, S. C, 212.

Hutson plantation, 263,

"I" Company, 20, 38, 54, 75, 92, 145, 148.
150, 164, 188, 191, 198, 207, 234, 2.37, 245,
254, 281, 262, 266, 273, 276,285, 286,291,
298, 302, 309, 310, 311, 312, 314, 317.

INDEX.

401

Illinois Troops.
Infantry :

Thirty-Ninth, 12-3, 124.
Island City, steamer, 309.

Jackson, Levi, 300.
Jackson, "Stonewall," 70.
Jackson, William, 12.
Jacksonboro', S. C , 52, 277, 279.
Jacksonville, Fla., 151, 153, 155, 156, 157,

175, 176, 177, 178, 182.
Jacksonville, "Peninsula," 177.
James, Garth W., 34, 57, 62, 72, 75. 81, 90,

176, 276, 316, 317.
James Island, S. C, 52, 53, 5-t, 189, 194,

197, 199, 200, 207, 208, 270,274,275, 281,

282, 283, 310, 311, 315.

James Island batteries, 69, 107, 192.

James Island Creek, 53.

.Tarvis, George, 297.

Jay, Private, 304.

Jeffries, Walter A., 97.

Jenkins, "Mike," 262.

-Tenning's Swamp, S. C. , 299.

Jewett, Charles, Jr., 183, 202, 205, 237,

276, 316.
Jewett, E. H. L., 23, 24, 55, 85, 90, 105,

145, 164, 166, 196, 237, 316.
Johassie Island, S. C, 19''..
John's Island, S. C, 52, 54, 144, 1.57, 199,

201, 208, 209, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215.
Johnson, Andrew, 313.
Johnson, Edward, 196.
Johnson, Fort, 114, 133, 141, 203, 206, 207,

283, 315.
Johnson, J. C, 293.
Johnson, James, P., 302, 304.
.Fohnson, Private, 304.
Johnson, Robert, Jr., 12, 13.
Johnson, Samuel, 16.
Johnson, W. H., 321.
Johnson's Swamp, S. C, 291.
Johnston, Alexander, 34, 105, 145.
Johnston, Joseph E., 307.

Jones, Charles C, Jr., 252.

Jones, Edward L., 34, 62, 90, 92, 145, 150,

183, 188, 202, 204, 205, 2-33.
Jones, Iredell, 95.
Jones, Samuel, 100, 185, 195, 208, 212, 257.

Jones, Samuel, letter to Braxton Bragg,

195.
Jones, sutler, 177.
Joy, Charles F., 276, 291, 310, 317.
Joy Street Church, 12.
Junction with Westeru Army, 266.

K.

"K" Company, 20, 38, 54, 55, 73, 75, 91,
118, 140, 145, 148, 150, 155, 104, l(i8,
184, 188, 198, 202, 204, 206, 215, 221,
222, 223, 231, 232, 234, 237, 245, 24B,
263, 286, 291, 297, 304, 309, 310, 311,
312, 31 B, 316, 317.

Kansas Troops.
Infantry:
First {Colored), 2.

Keitt, L. M., 122, 123.

Kelly, Eev. Jlr., 10.

Kemble, Funny, 45.

King, Private," 147.

King. Robert, 24:).

King, T. Butler, 40.

King's Creek, S. C, 203.

Kingsbury, C. P.,.T17.

Kingstree, S. C, 291.

Kingstree Bridge, 202.

Kingsville, S. C, 289.

Kingsley, E. W., 16.

Knight, A. A., 175.

Knowles, Alfred H., 145, 176, 183, JOi,
2-37, 2G0, 288.

Kurtz, John, 31, 319.

"L" Company, 149.

Labor besieging Wagner, 125.

Ladies' Committee, 15, 23.

Lake City, Fla., 154, iriS, 157.

Lamar, Battery, 54, 200, 201, 203.

Lamar, G. B., 46.

Landing at Jacksonville, 152.

Lane, Joseph, 143.

Lane, W. A., 41.

Langdon, Loomis L., 161, 167.

Langston, John M., 14.

Laudoniiii're, Ren<! de, 151.

Lawler, Mr., 28D,

26

402

INDEX.

Lawrence, Amos A., 11.

Lee, Arthur B., 34, 197.

Lee, Francis L., 15.

Lee, Henry, Jr., 16.

Lee, Robert E., 46, 53, 189, 288, 308.

Left Batteries, 106, 109, 217.

Legareville, S. C, 54, 144, 211, 213.

Leliigh, monitor, 138, 209.

Lenox, Charles W., 202, 248.

Leonard, Andrew W., 145, 164, 169, 183,

188, 202, 206, 232, 237, 246, 291, 316.
Levee at Chickering Hall, 15.
Lewis, J. F., 210.
Lewis, Mr. and Mrs., 217.
Lighthouse Inlet, S. C, 52, 68, 186, 187,

192, 193, 199, 215.
Lincoln, Abraham, 1, 97, 148, 196, 233,

308.
Lincoln, Mayor, 319.

Line formation, 38, 75, 145, 164, 202, 286.
Little, Edward H., 207.
Little, George N., 207.
Little, James L., 15.
Little, John L., 207.
Littlefield, Henry TV., 34, 51, 133, 135,

164, 166, 196, 234, 276.
Littlefield, M. S., 107, 117, 176.
Lockwood, John B., 227.
Long Island, S. C, 200.
Loqueer, J. W., 12.
Loring, C. G., 15.
Loring, Mrs. William J., 16.
Louisiana Troops.

luf antry :

Native Guards (Colored),!.
Loveridge, R. C, 168.
Lowell, Charles R., Jr., 19.
Lowell, John, 15.
Lownde's plantation, 275.
Loyalist, steamer, 309.
Luck, John T., 99, 100, 101.
Lynch, James, 50, 232.

M.

Mackay's Point, S. C, 258, 263.
Mackey, Albert G., 283, 312.
Magnolia Cemetery, 284, 310.
Magrath, A. G., 264.
Maliaska, gunboat, 177.

Maine Troops.
Infantry :
Ninth, 74.
Eleventh, 110, 187.
Manchester, S. C, 295, 296, 297, 298,

307.
Manchester and Wilmington Railroad, 295.
Managault, Edward, 201.
Mann, O. L., 123.
Mann, Samuel Willard, 34, 54, 55, 56, 59,

61, 79, 81, 90, 133.
Manning, S. C, 293.
Manning, John L., 307.
Manning plantation, 307.
Manning, William C, 167, 169, 259.
Maple Leaf, steamer, 150, 151, 152, 184.
Marblehend, gunboat, 56, 60, 144.
Marcy, John S., 216.
Marsh, M. M., 174.
Marshall, George, 155.
Mason plantation, 263.
Mason, Samuel W., 93.
Mason's Bridge, S. C, 257.
Masonic Lodge, 129, 312.
Massachusetts Legislature, 136.
iMassachusetts Troops.
Cavalry :

Independent Battalion, 152, 154, 161.
Regiments :

Second, 19, 24.
Fourth, 236, 242, 273, 290.
Fifth, 11.
Infantry :

Twenty-Fourth, 53, 63, 64, 74, 85,

100, 115.
Fortieth, 111, 143, 154, 155, 160, 178,

183.
Fifty-Fifth, 11, 22, 24, 37, 108, 122,
125, 1-I6,142, 143, 158, 171, 176, 184,
185, 191, 200, 213, 230, 236, 241, 243,
244, 251, 255, 257, 260, 272, 274, 275,
295, 315.
Material of regiment, 21.
Matthews, E. 0., 250.
May, John J., 16.
May, Miss Abby, 23.
May, Mrs., 16.
May, Samuel, 16, 24.
Slavflnwer, steamer, 46, 61, 257.
Maysville, S. C, 295.
McAllister, Fort, 261.
McClellansville, S. C, 314.

INDEX.

403

McCnllar, Thomas, 304.

McDermott, William, 315, 31T.

JIcDonald, J. R., 2213.

SIcDonough, gunboat, 52, 201.

McGiit's Creek, Fla., 174, 178.

McGuire, P., 121.

McKay, George F., 2fi0.

McLaws, Lafayette, 207, 272, 275.

Jledal of Honor, 13-1.

Sferceraux, Thomas J., 256.

Metcalf, Henry, 161.

Mifhie, P. S.,"l09, 118.

Sfiddleton Depot, S. C, 306.

Military Situation, close 1862, 1.

Mill Branch, S. C, 29,!.

Miller, Andrew, 301.

Milton, Governor, steamer, 52.

Mingoe, gunboat, 237.

Mitchel, John C, 190, 218.

Mitchell, Charles L., 243.

Mitchell, G., 15.

Mitchell, Xelson, 97.

Mitchell, William, 183.

Jloleneux, E. L., 287.

Money for recruitiiip, 11, 15.

Money sent home, 228.

Monk's Comer, S. C, 295.

Monohansett, steamer, 148.

IMontauk, monitor, 209.

Montgomery, .James, 36, 37, 39. 40, 41, 42,
4-3, 44, 46, 48, 61, 63, 114, 115, 130, 159,
162, 164, 166, 168, 188, 19-3, 212, 214.

Monument to Shaw and others, 229, 230.

Moore, Henry, 161.

Moorehouse,'S. W., 106, 301.

Morgan Guards, 10.

Morgan, S. Griffiths, 10.

Morris Island, S. C, 51, 52, 54, 55, 60, 66,
68, 69, 70, 72, 140, 146, 186, 187, 188,
196, 207, 216, 217, 234, 235, 270, 282,
, 284.

Morris, Robert C, 14.

Morris, William H., 183.

Mosquito Creek, S. C, 193.

Moultrie, Fort, IIG, 128, 141, 282, 314.

Moultrie House, 138.

Moultrieville, S. C. 128.

Mount Pleasant, S. C, 282, 310, 311,
316.

Muckenfuss, A. W., 102.

Mulford, John E., 2.33.

Murrell's Inlet, S. C, 192.

Muster of Colored Officers, 194, 233, 268,

315.
Muster-out, 314, 317.
Myers, Frank, 91.
Myers, Stephen, 12.

N.

Nahant, monitor, 139.
Nantucket, monitor, 52.
National holiday, 49, 209, 314.
Naval assault, Sumter, 128.
Navy Department, 114, 199.
Neaie, Rev. Dr., 15, 24.
Negro laborers in C. S. Armj', 122.
Netson, William J., 232.
New Bedford Band, 321.
New Bedford, Mass., !1, 321.
New Hampshire Ti'oops.
Infautrv ;

Third, 74, 106, 112, 115, 124, 139,

143.
Tourth, 126.

Seventh, 74, 86, 106, 160, 174.
New Inverness, Ga., 41.
New Ironsides, ironclad, 70, 112, 120, 121,

138, 195.
New Year's Day, 144.
New York, " Army and Navy Journal," 99.
New York, " Evening Post," 94.
New Y^ork, " Herald," 93.
New York, "Tribune," 94.
New York Troops.
Engineers:

First, 108, 117, 118, 15.5, 206, 290.
Artillery:

Third, 273, 295.
Third (Batteries),
B., 201, 236, 241, 243, 248, 256, 290.
F., 2-36, 248, 250.
Infantry;

Independent Bnttnlinn (Sufans Per-

dus), 135, 146.
Reqimenls:
Forty-Seventh, 161.
Forty-Eighth, 4, 47, 74, 86, 87,

161, 170.
Fifty-Fourth, 201, 210, 211, 2G0,

295, 314.
Fifty-Sixth, 53, 64, 221, 234, 236,
243, 256, 259, 290, 294.

404

INDEX.

One Hundredth, T4, 80, 106, 109,

110, 111, 112.
One Hundred and Third, 200,

201.
One Hundred and Fifteenth,

161, 177.
One Hundred and Twenty-
Seventh, 188, 196, 206, 207, 2:i2,
2.36, 241, 24.3, 244, 246, 256, 239,
277, 282, 311, 313, 314.
One Hundred and Forty-
Fourth, 214, 230, 243, 244, 255,
259, 260, 272, 274, 275.
One Hundred and Fifty-Sev-
enth, 221, 231, 232, 236, 243, 259,
290, 294, 298, 305, 308.
One Hundred and Sixty-Hinth,
183.
Newell, Robert R., 145, 104, 183, 202, 205,

209, 219, 234, 283, 291, 298, 316, 317.
Nine Mile Run, S. C, 285.
Nou-Comniissioued officers, 21.
North Edisto River, S. C, 199, 207, 208,

275.
North Carolina Troop.s (Union).
Infantry :
First (colored), 108, 125, 158, 159,
163, 1G4, 167, 169, 173.
(See also Tliirhj-Fiftli U.S.ColoreilTroops.)
North Carolina Troops (Confederate).
Infantry ;

Thirty-First, 70,71, 80. 86.
Fiftieth, 265.
Fifty-First, 70, 71, 80, 226.
Sixty-First, 115.
Northeastern Railroail, 281, 292.
Norwich, gunboat, 151, 1.52.
Nutt, William, 24, 244, 295.

O.

Onth for pay, 220.

Ocean Pond, Fla., 160, 172.

(Officers outlawed, 7.

Officers under fire, 195, 222.

Oglethorpe, James E., 45.

Ohio Troops.
Infantrvi

Twenty-Fifth, 236, 243, 244, 255,
259, 260, 270, 272, 274, 275, 290, 293,
294, 296, 298, 299, 300, 305, 307.

Sixty-Second, 74, 86, 87.

Sixty-Seventh, 74, 86, 87.

Seventy-Fifth, 183, 261.

One Hundred and Seventh, 261,
272, 275, 290, 293, 294, 297, 299-, 390,
301, 304, 305, 310, 311.
Oliistee Station, Fla., 157, 159, 160, 171

172.
Orangeburg, S. C, 275.
Order of Q. A. Gillmore, 126.
Order of Abraham Lincoln, 96.
Order of Truman Seymour, 156, 182.
Order of Edwin M. Stanton, 2.
Order of Alfred H. Terry, 117.
Osborn, Francis A., 115.
Otis, Jlrs. Harrison Gray, 16.
Otis, Theodore, 16.
Ottawa, gunboat, 151, 177.
Owen, Robert Dale, 23.
Owendaw, Creek, S. C, 275.
Ox Swamp, S. C, 293.
Oyster Point, S. C, 132.

P.

Palfrey, J. G., 16.

Palmer, Ishmael, 168.

Palmer, Joseph A., 204.

Palmetto State, Confederate iron

2S1.
Parker's, S. C.,209.
Parker's Ferry, S. C, 277.
Partridge, David A., 20, 106, 114,

183.
Paul Jones, gunboat, 41.
Pawnee, gunboat, 52, 54, 56, 59, 60,

177, 209, 237.
Pawnee Landing, S. C, 67, 186.
Pay of Chaplain, 150.
Pay of Fiftv-Fourth, 47, 48, 109, 130,

142, 179, 180, 181, 190, 191, 220, 227,

2-38, 288, 312.
Payne, Lewis S., 109.
Payne's Dock, 109, 206, 207.
Pavson, Marv P., Ifi.
Pe.il, Henrv F., 90, 164, 1C8.
Pease, Giles M., Ill, 145, 164, 166,

196.
Pease, W. B., 171.
Pedee River, S. C, 289.
Pemberton, Fort, 53, 199.

clad,

140.

100,

135,
228,

183,

INDEX.

405

Peimsvlvania Troops.
Infantry:
Fifty-Second, 52, 63, 64, J39, 187,

188, 196, 206, 217, 234, 282, 283.
Seventy-Fourth, 201, 20a, 215.
Seventy-Sixth, 74.
Eighty-Fifth, 111, 115, 116, 157.
Ninety-Seventh, 53, 54, 63, 74, 103,

106.
One Hundred and Fourth, 52,
118, 139, 187, 188.

Perkins, James A., 115.

I'et, prize schooner, 42.

Philadelphia, steamer, 210.

Philadelphia " Weekly Times," 231.

Philbrick, E P., 15.

Phillips, Wendell, 10, 13, 15, 24, 32, 180.

Phillips, Willard P., 11.

Phisterer's, " Statistical Record," 172.

Pierce, Edward L., 13, 73, 78, 04.

Pierce, R. A., 19, 23.

Pike's Bluff, Ga., 39.

Pilatka, Fla., 156, 179, 184.

Pinckney, Castle, 283.

Pineville, S. C,, 295.

Planter, steamer, 109.

Platner, Thomas E., 310.

Plummer, A., 16.

Plnmmer, Avery, Jr., 16.

Pocotaligo, S. C, 238, 262, 263, 263, 266,
267, 269, 271, 272.

Pocotaligo Bridge, 294.

Pocotaligo River, 263, 267, 209, 274.

Pocotaligo River (north), 293.

Pocotaligo Swamp, 293.

Pond and Duncklee, 16.

Pontiac, gunboat, 237, 257.

Pope, George, 34, 83, 90, 145, 164, 168,
234, 237, 239, 245, 246, 247, 248, 250,
263, 276, 285, 286, 288, 290, 291, 297,
301, 302, 303, 308, 309, 310, 311, 316,317.

Pope plantation, 149.

Port Royal, S. C, 36, 193, 207, 236, 237,
264.

Port Royal Island, 266.

Porter, Private, 152.

Postley, James, 302.

Potter^ Edward E., 233, 236, 239, 241,
243, 260, 251, 255, 266, 259, 261, 275,
281, 283, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295,
296, 298, 299, 300, 301, 303, 305, 306,
307, 308.

Potter's Raid, 289, 308.

Pratt, James A., 34, 81, 90, 93, 133, 176.

Piatt, Wheeluck, 122.

Pieble, George H., 236, 239.

Presentation of flags, 24.

Presentiments of death, 62, 67, 252.

Presto, blockade runner, steamer, 187.

Price, Alice, steamer, 103.

Price, Cornelius, 204.

Price, Isaiah, 103.

Prices in Charleston, 194.

Prince Hall Lodge, 312.

Pringle, Ba(tery, 202, 206, 210, 212, 213,

214.
Pringle, Mottc A., 312.
Pringle, William, 312.
Prison Camp, 222, 223, 226, 227, 228,

229, 231.
Prisoners, Escaped, 219, 232, 275.
Prisoners released, 107, 183, 218, 221,

311.
Promotion of officers, 50, 132, 133, 144,

146, 183, 276, 288, 315, 316.
Providence Post Office, S. C, 299.
" Provisional Division," 290.
Punishment by Col. Henry, 177.
Purviance, Batteiy, 134, 191, 192, 193,

234.
Purviance, Henry A., 116.
Putnam, Fort, 134, 202.
Putnam, George, 15
Putnam, Haldimand S., 74, 86, 87, 88, 101.

Q.

" Quaker " guns, 264.
"Quaker oath," 220.
Quincy, Josiali, 16, 24.

R.

Racer, mortar schooner, 209.

Radzinski-, Louis D., 233, 237, 316.

Railway rolling-stock, 289.

Randlett, .James F., 115, 124.

Rantowle's Bridge, S. C, 199.

Rantowle's Ferry, 280.

Ravenel, John, Confederate storeship, 282.

Readville, Mass., 19.

Pu;ception at Boston, 318, 319, 321.

40G

INDEX.

Reception at New Bedford, 320, 321.
Record of tlie Mass. Vols. 183, 18i.
Recruiting in Boston, 8, 12.
Recruiting in New Bedfoi'd, 9.
Recruiting in Philadelphia, 9.
Recruiting in Western Mass., 10.
Recruiting Stations, 12.
Recruits, 19, 20, 21, lil, 14", 149, 197,

2.30.
Reed, Lewis, 145, 159, 169, 176, 183, 191,

237, 245, 275, 291, 304, 310, 316, 317.
Reed, William N., 167.
" Reflector," newspaper, 60.
Requa batteries, 106, 224.
Reid, David, 34, 105, 145, 164, 202, 205,

234, 239, 247, 249, 252.
Remond, Charles L., 12.
Remsley, George, 92.
Report of Fifty-Fourth in Wagner Assault,

88.
Retreat to Jacksonville, 173.
Return of captured men, 311.
Return to Massachusetts, 317.
Reviews, 23, 31, 114, 129, 150, 178, 228,

287, 283, 290.
Rhett, Alfred, 110, 113.
Rhode Island Troops.

Artillery:

Third, 110, 111, 124, 140, 187, 206,

217, 282. 283.
Third (Batttries):
A., 236, 200.
B., 201, 212, 224.
C.,40, 161.
Ribaut, Jean, 151.
Rice, Alexander H., 16.
Ripley, Fort, 283.
Ritchie, John, 34. 40, 64, 75, 104, 105, 108,

147, 150, 164, 174, 176, 197, 202. 217, 218,

227, 233, 2-34, 237, 263, 279, 287, 292, 316,

321.
Ritchie, W. and J., 16.
Rivers' Causeway, 57, 200.
Rivers' house, 56.
Robertson, B. II., 208, 214, 249, 258.
Robertsville, S. C, 205.
Robinson, Thomas J., 231,314, 316.
Robinson, Tliomas J., letter to E. N.

Hallowell, 231
Rock, John S., 12.
Rockwell, A. P., 55, 63.
Rodgers, George W., 111.

Rogers, Frederick E., 196, 276, 291, 292,

293, 31G.
Rogers, W. B., 16, 24.
Rogers, airs. W. B., 23.
Roster of orticers, 34, 317.
Kussel, Cabot J., -34, 55, 58, 59, 60, 07, 83,

89,90,91,96,103.
Russell, Judge, 13, 15, 23.
Russell, Le Baron, 11.
Russell, Thomas, 15, 24.
Ryan, W.H., 88.

S.

Sabin, William A., 40.

Salkehatchie Bridge, S. C, 270.

Sal kehatchie Creek, 269.

Salkehatchie, Fort, 275.

Salkehatchie River, 267, 271, 272, 273.

Sammon, Simeon, 161.

Sanderson, Fla., 154, 155, 157, 159, 169,

170, 171.
Sanford, 0. S., 119, 121.
Sanitary Commission, 131, 218, 2G1.
Sanitary measures, 131, 197.
Santee River, S. C, 298, 305, 307 311.
Sautee Bridge, 284, 289, 293.
Sapping and Trenching, 113, 117, 118, 119

121.
Savage, James, 16.
Savannah, Ga., 141, 150, 208, 239, 240,253,

261, 263, 286, 287, 289.
Savannah " Republican," 252.
Savannah River, 233, 280.
Sawyer, Mr., 312.
Saxtnn, Rufus, 1, 37, 105, 208, 221, 228,

229.
Saxton, Rufus, letter to E. N. Hallowell,

229.
Scammon, E. P., 195, 228, 233.
Schimmelfcnnig, A., 157, 189, 195, 199,

201, 206, 211, 221, 274, 275, 283.
Schmitt, Michael, 146.
Schooler, William, 33.
Schwabe, Leo B., 221.
Scott, Charles, 304.
Scudder, Marshall S., 15.
Seabrook Island, S. C, 199.
Sea Vovages, 35, 36, 39, 40, 51, 148, 151,

184, 234, 286, 288, 309, 317.

INDEX.

407

Secessionville, S. C, 53, 54, 56, 57, 189,
192, 197, 199, 211.

Secretary of War, 2, 31, 97, 190, 191, 220.

Sentinel, steamer, 39, M, 41, 44.

Serrell, E. W., 108, 109.

Seven Mile Bridge, S. C, 291.

Severance, Mi-s. C. M., 23.

Seymour, Battery, 139.

Seymour, Truman, 74, 86, 88, 133, 150, 152,
153, 155, 156, 157. 158, 160, 162, 163, 164,
167, 169, 170, 172, 174, 175, 177, 181, 182,
183, 195.

Shaler, Alexander, 195.

Sharpshooters, 108, 110, 118, 122, 133, 135,
165, 166.

Shaw, Fort, 134, 188.

Shaw, Francis G., 3, 5, 11, 103.

Shaw, Francis G., letter to Q. A. Gill-
more, 102.

Shaw Glee Club, 234.

Shaw Guards, 318, 320.

Shaw, R. G., 5.

Shaw, Robert G., 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 15, 19, 20, 25,
30, 32, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44,
46, 47, 48, 49, 57, 62, 86, 67, 72, 73, 75,
77, 79, 81, 88, 89, 90, 92,94, 95, 98, 99,
100, 101, 102, 103, 107, 156, 226, 229.

Shaw, Robert G., letter to Chas. G. Hal-
pine, 43.

Shaw, Robert G-, letter to John A. An-
drew, 47.

Shaw, Robert G., letter to Geo. C. Strong,
49.

Shaw Monument, 229, 230.

Shaw, Mrs. Robert G., 5, 134.

Shaw, Sarah Blake, 5.

Shaw School, 230.

Sheridan, P. H., 288.

Sherman, William T., 2-36, 253, 2.58, 260,
261, 262, 264. 265, 267, 269, 270, 271,
272, 275, 287, 288, 289, 307.

Sherman's Western Armv, 253, 258, 260,
261, 265, 266, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272,
275, 286, 287.

Shooting for insubordination, 190.

Sick, 2.3, 35, 48, 51, 108, 116, 125, 131,147,
151, 197, 261, 285, .307, 317.

Sickles, Daniel E., 218.

"Siege of Savannah," Jones, 252.

Silliinan, William, 212, 254, 257, 258, 259,
260.

Silva, Charles, 111.

Simington, Thomas H., 160.
Simkins, Battery, 108, 129, 141, 206.
Simkins, J. 0., 88.
Simmons, Robert J., 59, 90, 93.
Simpkins, William H., 7, 34, 55, 66, 57,
59, 60, 61, 67, 73, 83, 89, 90, 91, 96,
103.
Sims, Thomas, 32.
Singleton plantation, 296, 298, 299, 300,

306.
Slack, Charles W., 23.
Smith, Carraway, 159, 171.
Smith, Gerrit, 11, 10.
Smith, Giles S., 269.
Smith, Gustavus W., 240, 242, 244.
Smith, J. B., 12.
Smith, Oriu E., 20, 34, 81, 90, 93, 103, 132,

149, 183.
Smith, Peter, 10.
Smith, Washington, 197.
Soldier's remains, 173, 305.
Sonoma, gunboat, 237.
Soule, Charles C, 251.
South Carolina, 267, 272.
South Carolina Railroad, 310.
South Carolina Troops (Union).
Infantiy :

First (colored), 1, 52.
(See also 33d U. S. Colored Troops).
Second (colored), 36, 37, 38, 39, 40,
42. 46, 48, 49, 53, 74, 114, 125, 149,
175.
(See also 34(7i U. S. Colored Troops).
Fourth (colored), 107, 111.
(See also 21s« U. S. Colored Troops).
South Carolina Troops (Confederate).
Artillei-y, Heavy :

Lucas' Bntialion, 203.
SighteentlL Battalion (Siege Train),
66, 203.
Ref/iinents :

First, 69, 110, 139, 190.

First (Batteries) A (Blake's), 56, 70,

200, 203.
Second, 203.
Artillery, Light:

Palmetto Battalion, 200.
Palmetto (Batteries) G (DePass'},

7(1, 242.
German Battalion, 257.
Batteries :
Beaufort, 242.

408

INDEX.

Lafayette, 242.
Marion, 50, 61, 212.

Cavalry :
Third, 208, 238.

Infantry :
Charleston BaUulion, 70, 71, 80.

Steijiments :
First, 70, 218.
Twenty-Fifth, 56, 57.
Twenty-Seventh, 227.
Keservea (State), 254.
Citadel Cadets, 194, 257.
Spanish Negro Troops, 45.
Spear, Daniel G., 18:j, 191, 213, 237, 291,

316.
South Edisto Eiver, S. C, 52, 270, 272,

274, 279.
Speech of John A. Andrew, 25.
Speech of E. N. Hallowell, 319.
Speech of James Montgomery, 130.
Speech of Robert G. Shaw, 30.
Speech of George C. Strong, 77.
Spencer, Aaron, 121.
Spivey, Lieutenant, 200.
St. Andrew's Parish, S. C, 310, 311, 314.
St. Helena Island, S. C, 40, 47, 48, 49,

51.
St. John's Eiver, Fla., 151, 179, 184.
St. Mary, Confederate steamer, 153.
St. Mary's Eiver, Fla., 154, 155, 172.
St. Simon's Island, Ga., 39, 40, 43, 44, 45,

46, 47.
St. Stephen's Depot, S. C, 284.
Staggett's Mill, S. C, 308.
Stanton, Edwin M., 2.
State Eoad, 256, 263, 266.
Statesburg, S. C, 290, 298, 299, 300, 306.
Stearns, George L., 11, 12.
Stearns, Mary E., 16.
Stephens, George E., 12, 56, 92, 166, 315.
Stephenson, J. H., 15, 23.
Steuart, George H., 196.
Stevens, Atherton H., Jr., 152.
Stevens, Edward L., 184, 237, 276, 291, 292,

293. 302, 303, 304, 305.
Stevens, T. H., 128
Stevenson, Thomas G., 53, 63, 74, 86, 87,

103, 106, 143.
Stewart, Henry, 131.
Stewart plantation, 263, 265, 266.
Slilps, Joseph, 202.
Sterling, J. E., 12.

Stone, Lincoln E., 34, 64, 75, 103, 105, 109.

145.
Stono Inlet, S. C, 51, 141, 186, 197, 200,

215, 234.
Stono Eiver, 53, 56, 59, 197, 199, 208, 209,

210, 211, 216, 270.
Strahan, Charles G., 146.
Strength of regiment, 105, 108, 149, 164,

178, 202, 228, 237, 261, 291.
Strong, Fort, 134.

Strong, George C , 46, 48, 49, 66, 72, 73, 74,

77, 86, 88, 89, 91, 94.
Stroud, William H., tug, 318.
Sturgis, James, 142.
Subscription for monument, 229, 230.
Suffhay, Samuel, 217.
Sullivan's Island, S. C, 54, 70, 138, 187,

212, 217, 219, 233, 281, 282.
Sulsey, Joseph, 188.
Summerville, S. C, 310.
Sumner, Charles, 14.
Sumner, Mrs. Charles W., 16.
Sumter bombarded, 106, 111,133, 141,190,

218.
Sumter, Confederate steamer, 116.
Sumter, Fort, 69, 70, 106, 110, 111, 113,

120, 128, 133, 135, 139, 141, 187, 190,

192, 218, 220, 282, 314.
Sumter, prize steamer, 182.
Sumter, "Watchman," 295.
Sumterville, S. C, 289, 294, 295, 296.
Sunstrokes, 201, 205.
Surrender of Lee, 308.
Sutlers, 108, 115, 177, 215.
Sutton, William, 32.
Suwanee Eiver, Fla., 155, 157.
Swails, Stephen A., 91, 136, 165, 169, 176,

179, 183, 193, 194, 202, 233, 268, 291, 296,
298, 316, 317.

" Swamp Angel " Battery, 108, 112, 114,

225.
Swayne, Wager, 272.
Swift Creek, S. C, 300, 301.
Sylvia, Samuel, 302.

Talbird's house, 261.

Taliaferro, William B., 70, 71, 94, 95, 99,

203, 206, 208.
Tanner, John, 217.

INDEX.

409

Tatom, Battery, 203.
Tatnm, W. T.", 88.
Taylor, A., auil Company, 10.
Taylor, James H., 312.
Taylor, Kev. Father, 15.
Teii Evck, Anthony, 184.
Ten Mile Rnn.Fla., 153.
Ten Mile Station, Fla., 174.
Tennessee Troops.

Cavalry :
Lewis' Brigade, 301.
Tenth Corps, 129, 185.
Terrv, Adrian, 117.
Terry, Alfred H., 52, 53, 55, 61, fi-2, 63,

101, 106, 114, 122, 143, 146, 157, 185,

268.
Thanksgiving Day, 139, 234.
Thomas, C. F., steamer, 317.
Thompson, Albert D., 315.
Thompson, G. W., 88.
Thompson, M. Jeff., 196.
Thompson plantation, 38.
Thorntree Swamp, S. C, 291.
Threats of General Seymour, 177.
Thunderbolt, Ga., 2ii.i.
Thurber, James D., 201.
Tiger Island, S. C, 200.
Tiklen, Joseph, 24.
Tilghman, B. C., 155.
Tilton, Theodore, 130, 138.
Tomlinson, Ezekiel G., 133, 145, 104, 166,

196.
Tomlinson, Reuben, 131.
Torpedoes, 119, 132, 187, 191, 219.
Townsend, E. D., 97.
Tragedy in regiment, 309.
Transfer of recruits, 230.
Treadwell, Joshua B., 31-5, 317.
Trenholm, George A., 312.
Trotter, James M., 243.
Truces, 101, 107, 112, 218, 221, 220.
Tucker, Charles E., 34, 85, 90, 105, 133,

183, 191, 219, 233, 237, 264, 206, 291,

202, 297, 311, 317.
Tudor, Frederick, 16.
Tuft.i, William, 320.
Tulliflnnv River, S. C, 256, 257, 258, 262,

263, 269.
Turkey Creek, S. C, 294.
Turner, John W., I.'j7, 185.
Turtle River, Ga., 40.
Tynes, Battery, 202, 213, 214.

U.

Uncle Sam, tug, 318.
United States Troops {colored).
Infantry :

Third, 114, 117, 125, 126, 149, 155.

Seventh, 210.

Eighth, 149, 160, 161, 163, 171, 174,

184.
Twenty-First, 176, 188, 201, 222,

231, 282, 310, 311, 312.
Twenty-Sixth, 212, 236, 241, 254,

255, 2U2, 263, 266, 315.
Thirty-Second, 219, 236, 238, 241,
244, 247, 255, 257, 259, 260, 272,
274, 275, 290, 295, 298, 299, 300,
305, 315.
Thirty-Third, 106, 200, 211, 213,
260, 202, 265, 206, 269, 274, 286,
314.
Thirty-Fourth, 183, 193, 210, 236,

251, 255, 259, 261, 269.
Thirty-Fifth, 210, 230, 243, 247,

248, 250, 251, 255, 259, 311, 313.
One Hundred and Second, 236,
241, 248, 250, 255, 259, 269, 273,
274, 275, 279, 280, 284, 286, 288, 290,
292, 295, 301, 304, 305, 309, 315.
One Hundred and Third, 316.
One Hundred and Fourth, 316.
[See also, First Nortli Carolina (colored),
and First, Second, and Fourth South
Carolina {colored).^
Regulars :

Engineers, 109.
Artillery :
First, 110.
First ( Batteries),
B., 154, 100, 161.
M., 161, 167.
Third (Batteries):
E., 159, 160,161.
Marines, Detachment, 244.
Naval Brigade, 236, 238, 239, 244,
24.5,251, 256, 259,264.
Urbino, Mrs., 16.
Usher, Roland G., 130.

V.

Van Allen, Charles, 121.

Van Wyck, Charles H., 221, 230, 270.

410

INDEX.

Vanderpool, George, 119.
Vermillion, Sergt., 124.
Vermont, frigate. 37.
Vessels destroyed, 219, 230, 233.
Vincent's Creek, S. C, 08, lUO.
Visitors in camp, 22, 23, 24, 131, 132, 217.
Vogdes, Israel, 101, 175.
Vogelsang, Peter, 58, 135, 169, 315, 316,
317.

W.

Wabash, frigate, 37.

Waceamaw River, S. C, 290.

Wagner, Fort, 52, 54, G8, 69, 120, 123, 125,

128, 134, 146, 172, 180, 224, 225, 226,

229, 232, 248, 314.
Wagner, Theodore D., 316.
Wagner, Thomas IM., 09.
Walcott, J. H., 15.
Walker, Joseph, 118, 119, 121, 122.
Wall, 0. S. B., 12.
AVallace's, S. C, 280.
Walton, James M., 9, 34, 51, 132, 153, 183,

201, 234, 283, 316, 317.
Wampler, J. M., 111.
Wanderer, yacht, 46.
Wando River, S. C, 192.
Wappoo Creek, S. C, 53.
Wappoo Cnt, 310.
War Department, 2, 96, 141, 179, 181, 194,

220, 268.
Ward, R. C. A., schooner, 150.
Ward. S. G., 15.
Ward, W. H., 123.
Wardens, 223, 226.
Waring, P. H., 88.
Warley, Charles, 278.
Warlev, F. F. 120.
Wateree Bridge, S. C, 289.
Wateree Junction, 290, 306.
Waters, R. P., 16.
AVaterston, Mrs. R. C, 16.
Wav, C. H., 56.
Webb, A. F., 111.

Webster, Frederick H., 233, 237, 272, 318.
Webster, IMoses F., 291, 304.
Weed, Harriet A., steamer, 41, 46.
Weehawkcn, monitor, 46, 128, 140.
Welch, Frank M., 296, 315, 317.
Weld, William F.,15.
Weslev, John, 45.
Wessells, Henry W., 195.

Whaley plantation, 285.

Wheaton, John F., 167.

White, Batterv, 290.

White, J. H., 293.

White Point, S. C.,208.

Whitemarsh Island, Ga., 158.

Whitfield, sutler, 177.

Whiting, William, 179.

Whitney, Altmzo B., 255.

Whitney, William L., Jr., 276, 291, 297,

302, 305, 314, 316, 317.
Wild, Edward A., 24, 108.
Wildt, E. A., 201, 212, 241, 242.
Wilkins, James H., 1G4, 106, 168, 291,

208, 316.
Willard (Mann), Samuel, 34, 54, 55, 56, 59,

61, 79, 81, 90, 133.
Williams, C. P., mortar schooner, 52.
Williams, George W., 283.
Williams, James 1\I., 1,
Williams, Preston, 59.
Williams, Seth, 287.
Willoughby, R. H., 311.
Wilmington, N C, 289, 311.
Wilson, Ezra, 10.
Wilson, George, 83, 90.
Wilson, Henry, 32, 180, 181, 190, 319.
Wilson, James D., 58.
Wilson, .lohn H., 249, 297.
Wilson, William, 309.
Winona, gnnboat, 237.
Winyaw Bay, S. C, 290.
Winyaw Indigo Society, 290.
Wissahickon, gnnboat, 237.
Woodbury, J.^G., 111.
Wounded, Care of, 64, 105, 173, 174, 176,

251, 254, 272.
Wright, A. R., 275.
Wright, Elizur, 14.
Wright and Potter, 16.
Wright's Bluff, S. C.,298, 299, 305, 307.
Wyoming, steamer, 268.

Y.

Yellow Bluff, Fla., 185.
Yellow fever, 226.
Young, P. M. B., 300.

z.

Zachry, Charles T., 178.