POPULATION
HISTORY
Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2007 with funding from
IVIicrosoft Corporation
http://www.archive.org/details/cubapopulationhiOOcubaiala
CUBA
POPULATION, HISTORY,
AND RESOURCES
1907
[aA4..
<»;;;;> K...
JOSE MUa'EI. (lOMEZ. SK.CoMi PKHSIDKNT OK CLHA
CUBA
POPULATION, HISTORY
AND RESOURCES
1907
COMPILED BY VICTOR H. OLMSTED,
DIRECTOR, AND HENRY GANNETT,
ASSISTANT DIRECTOR : CENSUS OF
CUBA, TAKEN IN THE YEAR 1907
UNITED STATES BUREAU OF THE CENSUS
WASHINGTON: 1909
COMPOSITION AND PBE8SWORK
I. H. EIANCHABD, NEW YORK
BINDING
J. F. TAPLET CO., NEW TOBK
MA
ill
m
LIBRARY
UNIVERSITY OP CALIPORNIil
SANTA BARBARA
CONTENTS.
Page.
Preliminary statement 7
General description 9
Location and area 9
Topography 9
Orography 10
Hydrography 11
Geology 11
Flora 12
Fauna 12
Natural resources 14
Products of the animal kingdom .... 14
Products of the vegetable kingdom. . 16
Products of the mineral kingdom ... 26
History 28
Discovery and settlement 28
Cuba under Spanish rule 29
Attitude of the United States 37
Spanish-American war 39
First American intervention 40
Republic of Cuba 41
Appeal to United States 42
Peace commission 42
Election of President GOmez 44
Climate 45
Temperature 45
Rainfall 60
Wind direction 52
Atmospheric pressure 63
Provinces and Isle of Pines 55
Pinar del Rio 55
Habana 57
Isle of Pines 58
Matanzas 61
Santa Clara 62
Camagtley 63
Oriente 64
Sugar and allied industries 69
Postal and telegraph service 72
Page.
Money, banks, and banking 77
Foreign commerce 80
Movement of shipping 95
Immigration 105
Criminal jurisdiction and procedure 110
Prisons, asylums, and hospitals 115
Prisoners confined in penal institu-
tions 115
Asylums for orphans, foimdlings,
and aged people 116
Hospitals 116
The insane 117
Transportation by railroads and steam-
ship hnes 119
Railroads 119
Coastwise steamship lines 121
Steamship communication with
foreign countries 121
Public schools 122
Vital statistics 124
Vital statistics of Habana 129
Population 131
Total population 131
Urban population 136
Density of population 137
Center of population 140
Sex, color, and nativity 141
Age, sex, color, and nativity 155
Persons in the prime of life 163
Citizenship 164
Population 21 years of age and over 168
Males of voting age 169
Conjugal condition 176
Illigitimate children 200
Children of school age 203
School attendance 204
Literacy 205
Occupations 208
Families and dwellings 221
POPULATION TABLES.
Table
1
Table
2
Table
3
Table
4
Table
5
Table
6
Table
7
Table
8
Table
9
Table
10
Page.
-Population, 1774 to 1907 231
-Population of provinces,
1861 to 1907 231
-Population of municipalities 231
-Cities and towns 233
-Sex, general nativity, and
color, by provinces 235
-Age and sex, by provinces. . . 235
-Nativity, color, sex, and age 236
-Birthplace, by provinces. . . . 237
-Sex, color, and birthplace . . . 237
-Citizenship, by provinces 238
Page.
Table 11. — Male population 21 years of
age, by color, nativity,
citizenship, and literacy. . 238
Table 12. — Sex, color, nativity, citizen-
ship, and age 239
Table 13.^ — Conjugal condition, by prov-
inces 241
Table 14. — Conjugal condition, color,
nativity, and sex 241
Table 15. — Conjugal condition, color,
nativity, sex, and age. . . . 242
Table 16. — Illegitimate children, by age,
sex, color, and nativity. . . 245
(5)
CONTENTS.
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Page.
17. — School attendance and liter-
acy, by provinces 245
18. — Population at least 10 years
of age, by age, sex, color,
nativity, and literacy .... 246
10. — Population attending school,
by months, sex, age, color,
and nativity 248
20.— General groups of occupa-
tions, sex, color, and nativ-
ity, by provinces 249
21. — General groups of occupa-
tions, age, sex, color and
nativity 252
22. — Selected occupations, sex,
color, and nativity 255
23. — Selected occupations, sex,
and age 258
Table 24.
Table 25.
Table 26.
Table 27.
Table 28.
Table 29.
Table 30.
Page.
-Selected occupations, sex,
and literacy 262
-Selected occupations, sex,
and conjugal condition 265
-Selected 'occupations, sex,
and place of birth 267
-Selected occupations, by
provinces 271
-Number and size of families,
by provinces 274
-Number and average size of
families, by nativity and
color of head, by provinces 274
-Families and dwellings, by
provinces 275
ILLUSTRATIONS.
Facing page.
Jo86 Miguel G6mez, Second President of
Cuba Frontispiece
A tobacco plant 16
Setting out young tobacco plants 17
Santiago de Cuba 32
City of Puerto Principe 33
Sugar plantation in the Agricultural
station of Santiago de las Vegas 36
Royal palms in the vicinity of Habana ... 37
Royal college of Belen, Habana 44
Matanzas Institute 46
Interior of the cave of Ballamar, near
Matanzas 46
Siurender tree near San Juan Hill 49
An avenue of royal palms, Matanzas 64-
Climbing the royal palm 6^
Coconut trees 68
A cocoa grove : 69
Tobacco pack train 76
Roping cattle 77
Facing page.
Diraas, a village of Pinar del Rio 80
City of Pinar del Rio 81
Sorting tobacco and putting it in bundles 96
BaUng tobacco 97
Transferring cane to sugar mill 100^
Hauling sugar cane from field 101
Native agricultural implements 108 -
Plowing with oxen 169
City of Trinidad 112
City of Nuevitas 113
Bridge over Yumuri river, Matanzas 128
City of Baracoa and harbor entrance .... 129
Native fruits 182
Ready to cut pines and bananas 133
Central Conchita, Matanzas 140
Central and cane field, Santa Clara 141
City of Habana 144
City of Habana 146
A tobacco plantation 160
Tobacco drying house 161 .
/
PRELIMINARY STATEMENT.
In order to meet the demand in the United States for information regard-
ing Cuba, its population, resources, products, cHmate, etc., the Provisional
Governor of the Republic authorized the Director of the Cuban Census of
1907, to prepare a compendium containing data compiled from the census
reports of 1899 and 1907, and other reliable sources.
Under this authorization the information contained in the present volume
is presented. The data have been taken, principally, from the Cuban Census
reports referred to above, and from the Handbook on Cuba prepared by
Senor Gonzalo de Quesada, Minister of Cuba to the United States, which
was published in 1905 by the International Bureau of the American Repub-
lics, at Washington, D. C.
(7)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION.
LOCATION AND AREA.
Cuba is the largest, most populous, and most western island of the Antilles.
Shaped like the are of a circle, with its convex side to the north, it extends
from 74° to 85° west longitude and from 19° 40' to 23° 33' north latitude.
It is about 100 miles from Florida, being separated from it by the strait of
the same name. About 50 miles to the east is Haiti; about 85 miles to the
south is Jamaica; and about 130 miles to the west is the Yucatan peninsula.
Its length is about 730 miles (1,594 kilometers); its breadth differs, ranging
from 160 miles (200 kilometers), in Oriente province, to 22 miles (40 kilo-
meters), in Habana province. Its total area is 44,164 square miles, of which
Cuba occupies 41,634 square miles, the Isle of Pines, 1,180, and the other
islands and keys, 1,350. Cuba is larger than Portugal, Belgium, or the
Netherlands, and somewhat smaller than Pennsylvania or Virginia.
From a military point of view Cuba occupies a strong strategic position,
controlling the entrance of the Gulf of Mexico by the Strait of Florida, the
Windward Passage to the Caribbean Sea between Cuba and Haiti, and the
Yucatan Channel connecting the Gulf of Mexico with the Caribbean Sea. The
first and last of these are the only entrances to the Gulf of Mexico, which is
thus controlled completely by the Island of Cuba.
The government of Cuba has jurisdiction not only over the island of that
name, but also over the Isle of Pines, lying directly to the south of it, and
more than a thousand islets and reefs scattered along its northern and southern
coasts.
TOPOGRAPHY.
The north coast is for the most part steep and rocky, and, in the provinces
of Matanzas, Santa Clara, and Camagiiey, it is bordered by lines of islands
and reefs of coral formation, through which passage is extremely intricate
and difficult. These islands are low, are in the main covered with mangrove
forests, and contain few inhabitants.
The coast in the western part of the island is low, the bluffs ranging about
100 feet in height in Pinar del Rio and rising gradually eastward. In Matan-
zas they reach 500 feet in altitude. In Santa Clara and Camaguey they are
lower, but in Oriente the coast is abrupt and rugged, being almost moun-
tainous and rising in a succession of terraces.
(9)
10 GENERAL DESCRIPTION.
The south coast from Cape Maisi to Cape Cruz is mountainous. Indeed,
from Santiago westward to Cape Cruz the Sierra Maestra rises abruptly from
the water to altitudes of several thousand feet. The shores of the Gulf of
Buena Esparanza are low, and with the exception of a short stretch between
Trinidad and Cienfuegos, the coast is low and marshy from this gulf to Cape
San Antonio, the westernmost point of the island. The strip of marsh is in
the main narrow, but west of Cienfuegos it broadens until it covers an area
75 miles in length and fully 30 miles in breadth at its widest point. This
almost impenetrable region is called Zapata swamp. It is clothed with the
densest vegetation and teems with tropical life.
The central provinces of Cuba consist mainly of broadly rolling plains
with shallow stream valleys. In Habana, Matanzas, and Santa Clara these
plains were, prior to the late war with Spain, in a high state of cultivation,
while those in Camagtiey have been in the main used for the grazing of cattle.
The valley of the Yumuri, in Matanzas, is typical of the beautiful, highly
cultivated portion of this part of the island.
Most of the harbors are of peculiar shape, resembling pouches with narrow,
often sinuous, entrances, opening into broad, completely sheltered expanses.
This is the character of the harbors of Bahfa Honda, Cabanas, Habana,
Santiago, Cienfuegos, GuantAnamo, Nipe, and many others that are not so
well known.
Off the south coast are hundreds of low, marshy mangrove-covered islands
and islets.
The Isle of Pines, with an area of about 1,200 square miles, is in effect two
islands, connected by a marsh; the northern part is somewhat broken by
hills, while the southern part is low, flat, and sandy.
OROGRAPHY.
In its relief the Island of Cuba is marked by great variety and irregularity.
At the two extremes of the island, in Pinar del Rio on the west and Oriente
on the east, there are well-defined ranges of hills. A little north of the middle
line of the province of Pinar del Rfo, a range of hills closely parallels the
northern coast. This range, known as the Cordillera de los Organos, or Organ
Mountains, is fairly well defined, and rises in many places to altitudes exceed-
ing 2,000 feet, culminating in Pan de Guajaibon, having an altitude of 2,500
feet. From the crest of this range the land descends to the coasts in long,
undulating slopes, the southward slopes forming the celebrated tobacco lands
known as Vuelta Abajo.
The Sierra de los Organos ceases as a range a little west of Habana, but
traces of this uplift can be followed through the central part of Habana,
Matanzas, Santa Clara, and the western part of Camagtiey in the form of
lines of hills of no great altitude dotting the extensive plains. They are seen
south of the city of Habana in the hills known as the Tetas de Managua, and
farther east in the Areas de Canasi, the Escaleras de Jaruco, and the Pan de
HYDROGRAPHY. 11
Matanzas, just south of the city of Matanzas. In the eastern part of Matan-
zas province these hills disappear, but they reappear in Santa Clara, taking
the form of elongated crests and flat top summits, and as such extend into
the western part of the province of Camaguey.
In the southern part of the province of Santa Clara is a group of rounded
hills, occupying an area between Cienfuegos, Trinidad, and Sancti-Spiritus.
The highest of these, Potrerillo, has an altitude of 2,900 feet. Among these
hills are many beautiful valleys.
The surface of Oriente is broken with high, sharp mountain ranges, broad
plateaus of considerable elevation, and deep valleys, some of which are broad,
while others are narrow and resemble canyons. The dominating orographic
feature of this province — indeed of the whole island — is the Sierra Maestra,
which, commencing at Cape Cruz, south of Manzanillo, extends eastward,
closely paralleling the coast, from which it rises abruptly, as far east as the
neighborhood of Santiago. In this part it contains many points exceeding
5,000 feet in altitude and culminates in Pico Turquino, which is reputed to
have an altitude of 8,320 feet.
From Santiago the range extends to the east end of the island, where it is
broken to a greater extent, and where its form is more like that of a low
plateau. This portion of the range is known as the Cobre range. It contains
numerous flat summits, approximating 3,000 feet in altitude, one of which,
known as La Gran Piedra, is said to have an altitude of 3,300 feet.
North of Sierra Maestra lies the broad and fertile valley of the Cauto,
beyond which the country rises gradually to a high plateau, occupying the
interior of the province, a summit elevation of 1,000 feet or more. The
eastern part of the province consists of a maze of broken hills, with altitudes
ranging from 1,000 to 2,000 feet, in which are many small fertile valleys.
HYDROGRAPHY.
The rivers of Cuba, though numerous, are short, and few of them are of
any importance for navigation. The largest stream is the Rfo Cauto, which
heads in the province of Oriente, on the north slopes of Sierra Maestra, flows
westward through a broad valley, and empties in the Gulf of Buena Esper-
anza, after a course of about 150 miles. This stream is navigable for light
draft boats as far as Cauto Embarcadero, a distance of about fifty miles.
Several other streams are navigable for a few miles above their mouths,
but in most cases only through what may be regarded as estuaries.
GEOLOGY.
The island has a foundation of pre-Tertiary sedimentary rocks in which
Cretaceous and probably Jurassic fossils have been found. Above this there
are littoral beds composed of terrigenous material and then a great thickness
of white limestone, consisting of organically derived oceanic material, as
distinguished from true reef rock of late Eocene and Oligocene age. The
12 GENERAL DESCRIPTION.
island was reclaimed from the sea by a great mountain-making movement in
late Tertiary time, succeeding the deposition of this limestone. In the Plio-
cene and Pleistocene epochs, the island underwent a series of epeirogenic
subsidences and elevations which affected the coastal borders, producing
cliffs and the margin of elevated reef rock which borders the coast in many
places, as in the neighborhoods of the cities of Habana and Baracoa.
So far as its history is known, the island has never been connected with
the American mainland, although such has frequently been asserted to be the
case. These assertions have been based upon the erroneous identification of
certain vertebrate animal remains. There are no traces in the animal life of
Cuba which justify this conclusion. Some of the crystalline rocks may be
ancient, but most of them are mid-Tertiary in age.
The caves of Bellamar, near Matanzas, are of marvelous beauty, and are
visited by all tourists; in Camagiiey the ca>t(es of Cubitas, and in Oriente
the one called Nueva del Negro, near Baire, are also noteworthy.
FLORA.
The flora of the island is noted for its abundance and beauty, and caused
Cuba to be designated the Pearl of the Antilles. Over 3,350 native plants
have been catalogued. Humboldt said: "We might believe the entire island
was originally a forest of palms, wild limes, and orange trees." The flora
includes nearly all of the characteristic forms of the other West Indies, the
southern part of Florida, and the Central American seaboard. Nearly all
the large trees of the Mexican tierra caliente, so remarkable for their size,
foliage, and fragrance, reappear in western Cuba. Over 30 species of palm,
including the famous royal palm (oreodoxa regia), occur, while the pine tree,
elsewhere characteristic of the Temperate Zone and the high altitudes of
the Tropics, is found associated with palms and mahoganies in the province
of Pinar del Rfo and the Isle of Pines, both of which take their name from
this tree.
Among other woods are the lignum- vitae, granadilla, cocoa wood, mahogany,
and cedrella odorata.
Although three hundred years of cultivation have exterminated the forest
in the sugar lands of the center and west, it is estimated that in the hills of
those districts and in the mountains of the east nearly 13,000,000 acres of
uncleared forest remain.
Rich and nutritious grasses are found throughout the island, affording
excellent forage for stock. The pineapple, manioc, sweet potato, and Indian
corn are indigenous to the island.
FAUNA.
Throughout Cuba game is abundant. Deer, though not native, have
flourished and multiplied greatly. Rabbits also are plentiful. The wild
boar, the wild dog, and the wild cat are simply domestic animals run wild.
A TOBACCO PLANT.
FAUNA. 13
and are quite numerous in all parts of the island. Wild fowl, especially ducks
and pigeons, abound, the former crossing from the Southern states during
the winter season, the latter remaining in the island the year round. Pheas-
ants, quail, snipe, wild turkeys, and wild guinea fowl are also numerous,
with several varieties of game birds, such as the perdiz, tojosas, rabiches, and
the guanaros.
Cuba has more than two hundred species of native birds; many possess
the most beautiful plumage, but those with song are rare.
The only distinctive native animal is the jutfa, or hutfa, which is rat-like
in appearance, and grows to a length of from 16 to 18 inches, not including
the tail. While edible, it is not especially palatable.
In swampy localities crocodiles and American alligators are found, and
although these frequently grow to an enormous size, but little attention is
paid to them by the natives. Chameleons, small lizards, tree toads, and
similar harmless reptiles of diminutive size are very common, while occa-
sionally the iguana and other large varieties of the lizard species are seen.
Few varieties of snakes exist in Cuba. One variety, the maja, from 10 to
14 feet in length, is most frequently found about the huts, farm houses, and
small villages, its favorite living place being in the palm leaf thatches of the
older buildings, while its favorite food is poultry. Another snake, named
the jubo, is more vicious in disposition than the maja, although never reach-
ing more than one-third its size. It is not poisonous. The other varieties
are still smaller in size and are not venomous.
NATURAL RESOURCES.
By Francisco I. de Vild6sola, Secretary pro tern of Agriculture, Labor,
and Commerce.
The principal element of the strength of Cuba is in the productions of the
soil. This has been the condition in the past and will be the condition for a
long time to come. The productions are far in excess of the amount of effort
put forth, and are so out of proportion to the number of inhabitants that
the problem of a permanent market and the difficulty of securing it are
questions of the utmost importance in their bearing upon Cuban wealth.
Although nearly all the new sources of riches are at present in embryo,
they are so numerous and so varied that it seems advisable to classify them.
PRODUCTS OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.
The productions of the animal kingdom which are utilized in Cuba are
of two origins: those which live on the land and those which are obtained
from the sea, the rivers, and the lakes. The principal land products are cattle,
horses, swine, poultry, and bees, while sheep and goats are raised in small
numbers. During the past months an experiment has been made in an
industrial way in the raising of ostriches, but as yet we have no data and the
experience has not been sufficient to judge of this new industry. Fish and
sponge form the leading water products.
Cattle. — The position of the Island of Cuba makes a veritable Eden of
this country for the raising of live stock. Herbiverous animals multiply so
rapidly that notwithstanding inadequate methods for the breeding and
betterment of the cattle, and notwithstanding the fact that they are cared for
in the rudest and most primitive way, not only are those necessary for agri-
cultural work and for the slaughterhouses obtained, but the production is
rapidly surpassing the needs of the Nation.
Under the Intervention of the United States restrictive laws were pro-
mulgated in regard to the slaughter and exportation of cattle, and, in addition,
a department was created which publishes and distributes gratuitously vac-
cine virus for epizootic diseases.
The following table shows data concerning the number of cattle and the
number killed in the slaughterhouses since the Independence:
(14)
PRODUCTS OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.
15
TEAR.
Total
number.
Number
killed in
slaughter-
houses.
1906
2,679,492
2,176,178
1,699,512
1,303,650
999,862
228 108
1905
219,038
1904
194 513
1903
179,632
1902 :
176 962
From these figures it will be seen that the increase in the number of cattle
in 1906 as compared with 1902 was 158 per cent, while the corresponding
increase in the consumption of cattle in the slaughterhouses was 28.9 per
cent.
Considerable quantities of salted and canned meats and even live cattle
are imported into Cuba.
Only a small portion of the offal of slaughterhouses is used in Cuba; the
greater part is exported as raw material. Hides are included in the exports,
since the tanning industry is unimportant.
In agriculture, oxen are used almost exclusively for ploughing and hauling,
for as yet the use of mules has been quite limited, and all the experiments
which have been made with steam implements have resulted unfavorably.
The milk industry, notwithstanding the great quantities of cattle raised
and the large number of milch cows of good breed that have been imported
from the United States, is not a lucrative source of wealth, and its products
are so insufficient that in most of the cities condensed milk is imported from
the United States and England.
Horses. — The trade in horses, mules, and asses has not been developed
in Cuba as extensively as might be expected from the natural conditions of
the country.
The actual statistical distribution of this source of wealth on December 31,
of each year from 1902 to 1906, is as follows:
Horses.
Mules.
Asses.
1906
1905
1904
1903
1902
402,461
342,668
266,071
208,009
167,933
51,333
45,559
43,714
33.402
30,950
2,635
2.630
2.331
1.882
1.838
The increases in 1906, as compared with 1902, have been: for horses
139.7 per cent; mules, 65.9 per cent; and asses, 43.4 per cent.
Swine. — It is apparent that Cuba is the natural home for this class of
animals. A litter is produced in so short a time that it is difficult for the
owner to know how many swine he has; and the ability to reproduce is almost
incredible.
The spotted fever epidemic is apt to cause an enormous mortality, but
16 NATURAL RESOURCES.
generally many years elapse between the appearances of this epidemic, and
a sufficient number of animals survive to reproduce the herd in a short time.
Although there is a virus for spotted fever, and the Secretary of Agriculture
distributes it gratuitously, it is not always efficacious. The mercantile
method of breeding swine consists in leaving them free in the pasture to pro-
vide for their own wants.
Poultry. — Poultry is raised with the greatest ease and profit, but poultry-
raising on an industrial scale does not exist; each rural breeder can succeed
without effort and can sell his products to speculators, who transport them
to the merchants of the towns. Despite the lack of more efficient methods
the production is sufficiently great for home consumption.
Bees. — A country like Cuba, with an exceedingly mild climate, with fields
continually decked with flowers and with no natural enemies capable of
producing havoc among the hives, is a country in which apiculture should
flourish. Because of the scarcity of population, however, and the facilities
for making money in other industries, apiculture has not received sufficient
attention to make it a source of wealth. At present there are 4,200 apiaries
having over 120,250 hives, producing for the market 470,000 gallons of honey
and 31,000 arrobas (775,000 pounds) of wax.
Fish. — The seas which surround Cuba constitute an immense natural
maritime fish hatchery, on account of the temperature of the water and the
many keys and shoals. For this reason fish products have always been
exceedingly abundant.
Although the coasts of Cuba have lacked until now maritime police for
the protection of their fisheries, and although the most reprehensible methods
have been constantly employed, the wealth in fish is very great.
In addition to the fish, cagvamas are gathered in the Cuban seas in small
numbers; turtles to the number of 500 or 600 a year; and the rich tortoise
shell in such quantities that the total amount for the past year was more
than 1,000 kilos.
Another exceptional source of wealth of the sea is the sponge; 310,000
dozen were procured in 1907. Among the Cuban sponges is one which is
believed to have no equal in the world and the exploitation of which would
be of an enormous mercantile value; this is the sponge called "machito del
calvario," found near Brabant.
PRODUCTS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM.
Each of the three geographical divisions of the Island of Cuba has essen-
tially its own agricultural productions as well as products that are common to
all. Thus, in the Eastern division, the coconut produced in the district of
Baracoa has no rival in Cuba for quality and abundance, nor can it be easily
excelled outside of Cuba. In the extensive Central division, especially in the
rich province of Matanzas, sugar cane is cultivated under favorable condi-
tions. In the Western division, the Vuelta Abajo tobacco is cultivated.
PRODUCTS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 17
Sugar cane. — Of all the sources of agricultural wealth of the Island of
Cuba, that which should be considered first is the sugar cane, since it is that
which covers the greatest extent of territory, employs the greatest number of
men, and has the greatest commercial importance.
The climatic conditions and the nature of the soil are so favorable for the
cultivation of sugar cane that the sugar production has been steadily increas-
ing for many years, in spite of the fact that the lack of economic methods is
ruinous to the engines and retards the work. At times political crises have
diminished the production, but the industry has soon recuperated and pro-
duced an output greater than before. This fact shows that the production
of sugar cane in the Island of Cuba is so in accord with natural conditions
that it seems probable that the definite issue in the world wide sugar war
will finally be with Cuba.
Tobacco. — ^This solanaceous plant, whose rich leaf as produced on Cuban
soil is reputed to be the best in the world, is indigenous to the island and
occupies the second place among the Cuban plants. Although it is not
cultivated as extensively as sugar cane, it is used in two important industries,
one of which is engaged in preparing and packing the weed for export, and
the other in manufacturing the millions of cigars and cigarettes consumed in
the country or exported. The latter industry, representing considerable
wealth and giving employment to an increasing number of skilled workmen,
contributes largely to the welfare of the laboring classes of the cities.
Tobacco requires for its cultivation a loose, rich, sandy soil, the best for
the purpose being found in some localities in the province of Pinar del Rio,
especially in the southern portions, where the land produces the fine tobacco
that brings the highest prices paid, particularly in England and the United
States.
A plant of fairly good quality is produced in the central and eastern por-
tions and even in the western portions of the island, especially on the northern
watershed of the Siguanea river in the province of Santa Clara, on lands east
of the Arimao river in the famous Manicaragua vegas.
Notwithstanding its well earned fame, the Cuban product can not reach
the development it should, inasmuch as all countries consider tobacco an
assessable article and endeavor, besides, to protect their home product by
burdening the imported article with high import duties, which in some cases
become almost prohibitory. One of the nations in which the conditions are
most favorable for the consumption of Cuban tobacco without injury to its
own products is the United States, and it is certain that quantities of Cuban
tobacco will be consumed there when the effects of the recent reciprocity
treaty between the latter nation and Cuba become thoroughly known and
the advantages are fully appreciated by both sides.
Many tobacco planters are adopting the system of cultivating the leaf under
cover or with mosquito nets, as the natives call it, which merely means that
they place an awning of cheese cloth 2 or 2^ meters above the plants. This
18 NATURAL RESOURCES.
serves to temper the intensity of the sun's rays, to moderate the force of the
wind and its action on the leaves, to keep the earth moist, and, above all,
to prevent the insects from harming the leaves of the plants. Much interest
has been manifested in this use of cheese cloth, and in order to encourage this
new industry, the duty on cheese cloth, ranging from 15 to 50 cents per
kilogram (2.2046 pounds), was repealed July 30, 1902. It is believed that
Cuba may rival Sumatra in the production of fine wrappers, for which there
is a large demand in the United States.
The amount that must be expended on one caballeria (an area of 33J
acres) of ground from the time it is plowed until the tobacco crop is gathered,
varies considerably, but it is probable that the expenditure averages about
$7,940. The yield of a caballeria, consisting on an average of 211 tercios
(bales) of tobacco leaves at $50 per tercio, 54 arrobas of seed at $4, and 12
cartloads of stems at $1, would be about $10,778, leaving a balance as profit
of $2,838.
Since the War of Independence. remarkable progress has been made in the
cultivation of tobacco, and excellent results are being obtained as regards
the endurance of the plant, as well as its quantity and quality. Moreover
the prospect of a market is good. Consequently a crop that formerly was
uncertain and dependent on meteorological conditions is to-day, for the most
part, subject to the intelligent control of man.
The past year the production of tobacco amounted to 201,512 bales, weigh-
ing 109,562,400 Spanish pounds.
Coffee. — When the production of tobacco was of slight importance and
that of sugar barely exceeded home consumption, coffee formed the principal
Cuban product, and, together with cattle, constituted the basis of its economic
wealth.
In the year 1846, 2,328 coffee plantations in the Island of Cuba produced
50,000,000 pounds of coffee, which was sold at high prices, principally in
Vienna, at that time the leading coffee market of the world; but since then,
the constant over production and the fall of prices have created a variable
condition, which continues in the markets of the world. When it will termin-
ate can hardly be predicted.
The coffee plantations in Cuba were reduced to less than two hundred
small farms; consequently it was necessary to import the greater part of the
coffee which was consumed in Cuba. These farms, although of slight im-
portance, continued to exist, because in Cuba coffee is produced with no
more effort than that required to plant the trees, which last for centuries, and
to gather the fruit, which is always so abundant that it can not be harvested
by the available hands.
After the Independence, a law passed by the Cuban Senate, May 30, 1903,
created tariff rates for the coffee which is imported into Cuba, and in con-
sequence of this protection, in the short space of time which has elapsed, the
number of coffee plantations has quadrupled, and before many years Cuba
PRODUCTS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 19
will produce all the coffee necessary for home consumption. In 1907 there
were 1,411 coffee plantations, with 3,662,850 coffee trees, which produced
6,595,700 pounds of berries.
The Coconut. — Throughout the Island of Cuba, the coconut is produced
with almost no effort; but the district of Baracoa may be considered a
natural zone of monopoly for this plant. The facts relating to the coconut
industry seem almost improbable; in Baracoa, under normal conditions, it is
sufficient to plant the tree and leave it to develop; in four or five years it
yields fruit so abundantly that in quantity and value the output is 50 per
cent greater than that of any other region of Cuba.
The nuts which fall from the tree (those which "drip," in local terms) are
gathered and sold for not less than a cent apiece, so that each tree — and
the average production is seventy coconuts a year — ^yields no less than fifty
cents profit. Fifteen years ago, with practically no effort, from twenty-five
to thirty millions of coconuts were gathered annually.
An epifitia of the branches destroyed the coconut groves fifteen or twenty
years ago, and later, another disease in the heart of the tree developed, com-
pleting the havoc, which caused the value of the crop in 1906 to fall to only
175,000 pesos.
The learned professor. Dr. Carlos de la Torre y Huerta, has described
perfectly the disease of the branches of the coconut tree, showing the nature
of the pathogenic parasite; and the studies by Mr. Home, professor of the
Central Agricultural Station of the Republic, have practically determined
the manner of effectively combating the two diseases.
The wealth resulting from the cultivation of the coconut is not derived
merely from its sale as fruit; for it is utilized for the sustenance of animals,
and serves as raw material in the manufacture of oil.
Cacao. — Humboldt said that the wealth of the proprietor of a cacao planta-
tion was surer than that of the possessor of a gold mine. Although the cacao
produced in this island is not comparable with that of Caracas, a cacao of a
quality superior to the average is obtained in the province of Oriente. In
spite of the difficulties of the cultivation of the cacao and the damages caused
by birds, the production increased from 800,050 bushes, yielding 3,122,600
Spanish pounds, in 1902, to 1,860,306 bushes, producing 9,380,900 Spanish
pounds, in 1907.
Textile phnts. — Many varieties of textile plants grow in Cuba, and those
which cover the uncultivated fields are sufficient to produce many hundred
thousands of tons of useful fibers. This wealth, however, has been utilized
only recently, and the country every year pays tribute in many millions of
pesos to foreign countries, because of the lack of population, machinery, and
industrial enterprise.
Since the Independence, there has been some activity in this direction,
and results of real importance are now being obtained.
The cordage industry has developed the fact that the raw material may be
20 NATURAL RESOURCES.
obtained in Cuba, there being suflBcient plantations of heniquen to almost
wholly supply the necessities of the Republic. During the period of pro-
duction the number of heniquen bushes in the island reaches 3,700,000.
Seven million pounds of jarcias are manufactured in the Island of Cuba,
70 per cent of which are of henequin and the rest of manila, fiber from the
Philippines being imported for the latter.
For the sugar industry Cuba receives from India and England — the first the
producer and the second the manufacturer — from seven to ten million bags
of jute in which the sugar is annually packed. Jute grows wild in the island,
however, and at present in the province of Pinar del Rfo, where an effort is
being made to cultivate it, it yields more than 30 per cent of fiber of good
quality.
A short time ago it was considered impossible to make an industrial use of
the ramie, which grows so abundantly in this island, but repeated and suc-
cessful experiments with the "Marti machine" have proved that the strips
of ramie known in the market as "China grass" can be obtained, and the day
is near at hand when the exploitation of this, the richest vegetable fiber for
textiles, will constitute one of the important sources of Cuban wealth.
FRUITS.
Fruits have only very recently been cultivated on an industrial scale in the
Greater Antilles; it may be said that this is an industry which is just being
developed and in which the greater number of products are yet unimproved,
and that those which are actually utilized will undergo a radical transforma-
tion.
Citrus fruits. — ^The first place will at once be given to the citrus plants,
which have as ready a market in the United States as those of Spain have
in England.
Sweet oranges are at present the preferred crop, there being more than
1,500,000 trees ready to fructify, the probable yield of which will be worth at
least 3,000,000 pesos annually. But the grape fruit, which grows wild and
which, when cultivated, will yield prodigious crops; lemons, of which millions
of pounds are now exported; and the bitter oranges, of which there are wild
groves, are citric plants of greater commercial importance than the sweet
oranges and are grown with much less effort. The bitter orange especially
holds an important place among the Cuban fruits, since it constitutes the first
and indispensable ingredient for orange marmalade. Since the fruit grows
here under such favorable conditions and sugar cane also is abundant, no
fears are felt for the future of the marmalade industry.
Pineapple. — ^The pineapple has always been considered the queen of fruits,
and the constant demand by the great neighboring Republic has stimulated
its cultivation to such an extent that at present the annual production is
between 25,000,000 and 30,000,000 kilograms, with an approximate value of
1,000,000 pesos. Now that the supply of the pineapples is greater than the
PRODUCTS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 21
demand, the consumer profits by the competition of the producers, and the
grower who markets the best grade of fruit is benefited commercially.
Plantain. — Notwithstanding the natural advantages that the lands of the
Central American continent possess over those of the Island of Cuba, and
notwithstanding the fact that this island may be considered the extreme limit
for the production of plantain, the fertility of the soil and the favorable
meteorological conditions supply the deficiencies of geographic situation, and
the result is that Cuba produces the enormous quantity of plantains consumed
by her people — or more than 120,000,000 kilograms — and, in addition,
exports from 45,000,000 to 50,000,000 kilos each year.
Other fruits. — Some of the other fruits produced, such as the an6n (custard
apple), the caimito, the mammee, the guanabana, the plum, the sapote, and
the tamarind, are used only for the consumption of the inhabitants of the
island; while others, as the alligator pear, the mango, and the guava, are at
present exported in small quantities — 600,000 to 800,000 kilos per year,
valued at from $20,000 to $22,000 — although the demand for them is growing.
Vegetable products. — ^Until the importation of Chinese, from 1860 to 1867,
it was difficult, even for wealthy persons, to obtain vegetables for consumption.
The Chinese, when they were freed from their slave contracts, promoted the
cultivation of vegetables, increasing it sufficiently to abundantly satisfy local
necessities; but Caucasians have since realized the benefit of an export trade
of Cuban vegetable products to the United States.
Soon after the Independence, several thousand cases of vegetables were
exported from Giiines, and the growth of the industry has been such that
during the fiscal year 1906-7 the exportation reached 3,994,067 kilos, which
sold for $167,435. These figures show the possibility of a trade which promises
to be much more extensive in the near future.
FORAGE PLANTS.
At the Central Agricultural Station experiments have been made with
nearly all of the important forage plants, and in every case the result of the
trial has been to prove the possibility of satisfactory production; but the
fields of Cuba are stocked with so many first-class graminaceous forage plants
that, until now, the necessity of cultivating such crops has not been felt, except
in the vicinity of the large cities, where the millet and maloja (corn stalks used
for fodder) produced throughout the year, with very slight effort, furnish great
quantities of green forage of very good quality.
GRAINS.
The grain producing countries are in the Temperate Zone, but the Island
of Cuba, situated in the extreme north of the Torrid Zone, has the advantage,
as a subtropical country, of being able to produce grains, or at least several
kinds of grain, in quantities that satisfy home necessities.
22 NATURAL RESOURCES.
Wheat. — More than a century ago, wheat was sown in the province of
Santa Clara, but the crops were not remunerative.
Rice. — All varieties of rice are easily obtained in Cuba, average crops being
yielded; ordinarily only the dry rice is cultivated, being produced in small
quantities, and sold at a very good price, as its especially agreeable flavor
causes the demand to be always in excess of the production.
The consumption of rice in Cuba amounts to no less than 200,000 pounds
daily; and if the country were capable industrially of producing this grain, it
would do so, for the need is evident and great. In 1906, 101,931,690 pounds,
at a value of $2,035,965, were imported.
What Cubans consider an economic error prevents North Carolina, South
Carolina, Louisiana, and other rice producing states of the Union from profit-
ing by a market so ready and convenient.
Indian com. — This grain is the only one that can be produced in Cuba under
as favorable conditions as in its native Mexican soil. Two crops, and some-
times three, are gathered in a year, and it is cultivated on a large scale through-
out the island.
Chemical analyses have shown that the Indian corn of Cuba contains a
greater quantity of albuminoids, fats, and phosphates than that grown in any
other country; on this account it is so highly prized that, in spite of the large
crops, it is never suflBcient for the nourishment of man and the domestic
animals, and thus some importation is necessary. In the year 1906, 65,732,531
pounds, valued at $661,202, were imported. It is a product that never varies
in price in the Cuban market, the only objection to it being that no process
has been discovered by which it can be preserved indefinitely.
Millet. — This is a nutritious product which is very easily obtained, but which
until now has been cultivated only in some parts of the island as food for
poultry and working oxen.
TUBERS AND NOURISHING ROOTS.
The people of Cuba will always be insured against hunger by the abundance
of its tuberous plants, which are easily produced throughout the island.
Those most commonly cultivated and utilized are the sweet potato, the white
potato, the yam, and the arum.
Sweet potatoes. — Sweet potatoes are utilized in two ways: the vines provide
a healthful food for cattle, and the tubers, for the nourishment of man, cattle,
and fowls. The products are obtained successively in such great profusion
that a Caballeria produces from 20,000 to 25,000 arrobas (500,000 to 625,000
lbs.) of comestible tubers, or more than four pounds of food per square meter
of land, in addition to an enormous quantity of vines.
White potatoes. — ^These potatoes are not raised in suflBcient quantities in
Cuba to meet the demand, the greater part of those consumed being imported;
and this, notwithstanding the fact that the country is so well adapted for their
cultivation that in the district of Giiines, where they are grown as luxuries
PRODUCTS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 23
and for exportation to the United States, the crop rarely falls below 1,000
arrobas per hectare.
Arum. — The arum constitutes a healthful and perfect food; the tuber,
after being freed from the earth, can be preserved almost indefinitely; the
crop never fails, and the leaves constitute a well-known food for poultry.
Small farmers, consequently, gladly sow this useful plant, in spite of the fact
that the crop does not exceed 500 arrobas per hectare.
Yam. — The yam may be considered as a tuber de luxe, as it requires good
earth and much cultivation, and its production rarely exceeds 400 arrobas
per hectare.
Roots. — In Cuba, sago, which furnishes a good farina, is scarcely cultivated
at present, and, with the exception of the yucca, the cultivation of all other
comestible roots is being abandoned. There are many varieties of yucca,
but those which are commonly cultivated are the bitter and the comestible
yuccas. The bitter yucca, which is poisonous, is used for making starch,
constituting the basis of one of the Cuban industries. The comestible yuccas
which are cultivated are the Carthagena yucca, which is the most highly
prized, and the pink, the yellow, the white, or bruja, and the crystal yuccas.
All of these are obtained in abundance and with ease, and furnish a wholesome
and palatable food. The objection to this tuber is that it can be preserved
only a few days after being freed from the earth; but, as a compensation, it
serves for making cassava bread which is an invaluable food, as it can be
preserved almost indefinitely, is very easily digested, and, at the same time,
is nutritious.
LEGUMINOUS PLANTS.
Among the leguminous comestibles, black beans, kidney beans, peas, and
chick-peas are cultivated in Cuba on a small scale. All of these are obtained
with great ease and in profusion; but the advantages possessed by other
countries, where wages are very low and where all these vegetables are grown
on a large scale, prevent this branch of agriculture from being developed in
Cuba, and it pays to Mexico, Spain, and other countries, without any com-
mercial compensation, .$1,144,252 for these necessities.
y OLEAGINOUS PLANTS.
Aside from the coconut and the cacao, which in addition to their multiplied
uses serve also as oleaginous plants, other plants that are rich in fatty materials
can be cultivated to monetary advantage for the extraction of oils. Prominent
among these are the ajonjoli, the peanut, and the castor bean.
Ajonjoli. — This plant is cultivated solely for use as a condiment and in
making the candy called "alegria," but it is destined to have an important
industrial place on account of its oil, which does not become rancid, and which
is therefore most valuable in the manufacture of fine soaps.
Peanuts. — The peanut grows abundantly, and although it yields 55 per
cent of its weight in oil, it is also used as food and in candy.
24
NATURAL RESOURCES.
Castor bean. — Some seventy years ago, the castor bean was cultivated in
Cuba for the extraction of its cathartic oil; since that time its cultivation has
been wholly abandoned, but its adaptation to this soil and climate is such that
it now grows profusely as a wild plant.
MEDICINAL PLANTS.
The Island of Cuba, though free from wild beasts and venomous reptiles
and having no extremes of climate to affect the constitution of man, has,
nevertheless, indigenous to her soil, plants of wonderful medicinal virtue.
These plants include the aguedita, known as a febrifuge; the gauguasi and
the cana fistola, cathartics; the lirio sanjuanero (wild lily) and the wild ipecac,
emetics; the male fern, the sour pomegranate, and the apazote, vermifuges;
the chamisco, an antasthmatic; the yagruma, a tonic for the heart; and several
other plants of slight medicinal properties.
GUMMIFEROUS PLANTS.
The only gummiferous plant indigenous to Cuba is the female liana, which
contains latex producing caoutchouc; but it is possible to cultivate the Castil-
loa Elastica and the Manihot Glaziovii with profit.
FORESTS AND FOREST PRODUCTS.
The forests of Cuba have been, and are still, treated with a shocking
vandalism, and no protective law for the woodland is in force. However, the
richest woods for cabinetwork and for building abound in such quantities
that all of the needs of the country, as well as foreign demands, are satisfied,
and a residue of short and corded wood remains, which is destroyed for want
of purchasers.
The area of the public forests of the Island of Cuba is not less than 37,000
caballerias, or 496,540 hectares (1,226,454 acres). The most important
provinces in respect to public forests are Oriente and Santa Clara. The timber
forests of the property of the municipality of JiguanI, with an area of 46,759
hectares (115,591 acres), have also been included, as they are considered
public forests. Following is a statement of the public forests in each province:
PROVINCE.
ABEA.
Hectares.
Acres.
Total -
496,540
1,226,454
Oriente
210,200
124,660
60,000
46,000
35,680
20,000
519,194
Santa Clara
307,910
Pinar del Rio
148,200
Matanzas
113,620
CamagOey
88,130
Habana
49,400
PRODUCTS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM.
25
The names and the applicability of the trees are as follows:
FOR CONSTRUCTION,
COMMON NAME,
Technical name.
COMMON NAME,
Technical name.
Acana
Bassia albescens.
Laplacea curtyana.
Erytroxylum obovatum.
Zanthoxylum bombacifo-
lium.
Cordia gerascanthoides.
Byrsonima lucida.
Swietenia mahogani.
Cedrella odorata.
Bumelia nigra.
Cerasus occidentalis.
Chuncoa abovate.
Calicophyllura candidissi-
mum.
Madura tintorea.
Rhus metopium.
Lenchocarpus tatifolius.
Casearia totiodes.
Guayacan
Jaimiqui
Jamaquey
Jiqui de costa. . .
Jocuma prieto. . .
Jucaro prieto. . . .
Maboa
Guajacum officinale.
Almendro
Arabo
Byrsonima lucida.
Belaira mucronata.
Abua amarilla. . . .
Baria
Malpighia obovata.
Syderoxylon mastichoden-
Came de doncella .
Caoba
Busida capitata.
Cameraria latifolia.
Cedro
Majagua
Moruro de costa.
Quiebra hacha. . .
Roble real
Sabicu
Hibiscus tiliaceus.
Cocuyo
Acacia littoralis.
Cuajani
Copaifera hymenofolia.
Chicharron prieto .
Tecoma longiflora.
Tengue
Poeppigia procera.
Fustete
Yaba
Guao de costa ....
Yaiti
Excocaria lucida.
Frijolillo amarilio .
Yaya
Gualteria virgata.
Guaguasi
FOR TANNING.
Los guayabos
Maranon
Moruro de sabana .
Peralejo de sabana
Psldium.
Anacardium occidentalis.
Petophorum adriatum.
Byrsonima crassifolia.
Mangle Colorado.
Mangle bianco. . .
Encina
Pataban
Rhizophora mangle.
Avicennia nitida.
Quercus virens.
Lagunicularia racemosa.
DYEWOODS.
Fustete
Madura tinctoria.
Bixa orellana.
Brazil Colorado..
Brazilete
Peralejo de monte
Ceesalpinia crista.
Bija 6 acbiote an-
nate.
Coulteria tintoria
Byrsonima cubensis.
OIL WOODS.
Coco
Cocos nucifera.
Cocos crispa.
Erythrina corrallodendrum.
Mamey Colorado.
Aguacate
Encina
Lucuma bonplandii.
Corojo
Persea gratissima.
Pifion
Quercus virens.
FIBER WOODS (USED FOR CORDAGE).
Daquilla
Guara comun
Majagua
Majaguilla. . .
Lagetta lintearia.
Cupania tomentosa.
Hibiscus tiliaceous.
Pavonia racemosa.
Guama comun.
Guacacoa
Corojo
Lonchocarpus pyxidanlus.
Daphnopsis cubensis.
Cocos crispa.
GUM AND RESIN WOODS.
Almacigo
Ciruelo
Bursera gummlfera.
Spondias lutea.
Cedrela odorata.
Voica copal.
Caseria lotiodes.
Rheedia aristata.
Clusia rosea.
Abey hembra . . .
Maboa
Papigia excelsa.
Cameraria latifolia.
Cedro
Mango
Manguiera indica.
Copal
Maraflon
Mamey amarilio.
Pino
Anacardium occidentale.
Guaguasi
ManajCi
Mammea americana.
Pinus occidentalis.
Copey
Yaba
Andira inermis.
Emit trees, etc. — Besides the enumerated species there are about fifty
different species of fruit trees and a great number of other trees whose wood is
used for fuel, fencing, carpentry, and cabinetwork.
26
NATURAL RESOURCES.
PRODUCTS OF THE MINERAL KINGDOM.
The contemporary historians, on the discovery of America, made especial
mention of the mineral wealth of Cuba, although limiting it to gold, silver,
and copper, and in regard to the first, expressing themselves in the most
glowing terms.
Although the Spanish conquerors knew well the auriferous wealth in Cuba
and profited by it — they withdrew their attention from these mines, and with
great energy exploited those of less precious metals.
Precious stones are not abundant in Cuba, although fine opals are found in
some rivers and streams; in the suburbs of Habana in the Guanabacoa hills
there are amethysts; and there is reason to believe that in the eastern province
there are beds of emeralds.
Although the mineral wealth of Cuba is considerable and its value is
enhanced by its proximity to the United States, for more than half a century
capitalists have feared to risk their money in any mining enterprise, chiefly
because of the scarcity of laborers and the unstable condition of the country's
laws.
The following table gives an idea of the number and area of the Cuban
mines, with concessions in force on December 31, 1907:
PINAB DEI. Bfo.
HABANA.
MATANZAS.
MINERAL.
Nimiber.
Area,
hectares.*
Number.
Area,
hectares.!
Number.
Area,
hectares.'
Total
06
5.185
49
2.589
41
2,983
Asphalt
28
6
23
<''3I
911
578
1,206
29
8
5
1
4
956
859
413
64
189
30
1,459
Coal
Copper
3
1
3
1
3
97
Gold
125
Iron
560
Manganese
110
Petroleum
4
4
274
76
2
108
632
SANTA CLARA.
CAMAOtJEY.
OBIENTE.
UINEBAL.
Number.
Area,
hectares.!
Number.
Area,
hectares.!
Number.
Area,
hectares.'
Total
91
4,028
97
5,646
857
72,667
Asphalt
12
2
24
14
189
52
459
(')
500
16
218
7
9
223
20
271
218
3
106
253
Coal
521
Copper
27
si
1,274
4 ',166
7,745
Gold
537
Iron
44,999
Manganese
11,364
Petroleum
405
All other minerals
3g
2,828
3
54
6,843
'A hectare is equal to 2,471 acres.
* Included in "all other minerals."
PRODUCTS OF THE MINERAL KINGDOM. 27
In the mines in the provinces of Pinar del Rio, Habana, Matanzas, and
Santa Clara the only work carried on was the work of investigation and
exploitation, while it is not known that any mine in Camagiiey was exploited.
In the province of Oriente a number of mines were being operated.
There are other mineral riches absolutely neglected which are no less
import;ant than those mentioned, and which will prove great sources of wealth.
Thus vast deposits of iron of very good quality remain unexploited, and
there are extensive peat beds which at some future day will be utilized as fuel
and in the production of nitrate.
HISTORY.
Many books have been written about Cuba, but there are few detailed and
reliable histories. Such information as is available with regard to the history
of this country is in fragmentary form, and many important events connected
with the affairs of the island are unrecorded, or so briefly discussed as to be
unintelligible.
DISCOVERT AND SETTLEMENT.
Cuba was discovered by Columbus on Sunday, October 28, 1492. Accord-
ing to the most reliable evidence, he landed in, or a little to the west of, what
is now called the bay of Nuevitas, on the north coast of the province of Cama-
giiey. He took possession of the island in the name of Christ, Our Lady,
and the reigning Sovereigns of Spain, and named it Juana in honor of Prince
John.
Continuing his voyage, Columbus sailed west as far as the Laguna de
Moron, where he arrived October 31. On November 12 he left this place.
The records in his journal do not indicate clearly where he sailed between
that date and November 26. He appears to have returned to the vicinity of
the Guija Islands and then to have cruised about among the keys and islands
off the province of Camagiiey, finally reaching the Bay of Nuevitas.
On November 26 he sailed southeast along the coast of Oriente and on the
evening of November 27 he arrived at Baracoa. From there he sailed, on
December 4, to Point Maisi, the eastern end of the island, and on the following
day to the Island of San Domingo.
On the 3d of May, 1493, Pope Alexander VI issued a bull conferring
on Ferdinand and Isabella all lands already discovered, or to be discovered,
in the western ocean, thus confirming by divine right, to all Christendom,
the claims of Columbus.
Colimabus visited Cuba three times after this. In 1493, during his second
voyage, he followed the southern coast from Point Maisi as far as Batabano
and the Isle of Pines, which he reached on June 13, ha\'ing in the meantime
discovered the Island of Jamaica. During this voyage Columbus visited
Guantanamo, Trinidad, and probably Cienfuegos. During his fourth and
last voyage, he touched at Cayo Largo, off the south coast of the province of
Oriente, in July, 1502, and again in May, 1503.
Cuba does not appear to have been visited by many other explorers. In
1508 Sebastian Ocampo, acting under the orders of Nicolas de Ovando,
(28)
CUBA UNDER SPANISH RULE. 29
Governor of San Domingo, reported that Cuba was an island, but it is probable
that this fact was known several years before. Apparently Cuba did not
receive much attention from the Spanish authorities prior to 1511. In that
year Diego Columbus, Admiral of the Indies and Governor of San Domingo,
sent Capt. Diego Velasquez, one of the companions of Columbus on his
second voyage, to subdue and colonize Cuba. With a force of 300 men he
sailed from San Domingo and landed near Point Maisi, going thence to
Baracoa, where the first settlement was made in 1512. In 1514 Velasquez
founded Trinidad and Santiago de Cuba, on the southern side of the island,
to facilitate communication with the Spanish colonies of Jamaica and the
mainland, and established settlements at Sancti-Spiritus, Remedios, Bayamo,
Puerto Principe, and San Cristobal de la Habana, the last named colony
being located on what is now the site of Batabano. In 1519 the name of
Habana was transferred to a settlement on the site now known by that name.
The same year, Baracoa, having been raised to the dignity of a city and
bishopric, was declared the capital, and so remained until 1522, when Santiago
became the capital and the seat of the bishopric. Habana became the capital
in 1552.
On the death of Ferdinand, January 23, 1516, Velasquez renamed the
island Fernandina in his honor. It was subsequently named Santiago, after
the patron saint of Spain, but afterwards the name was changed to Ave
Maria, in honor of the Virgin. Through all these oflScial changes, however,
it retained its native original name.
CUBA UNDER SPANISH SULE.
Until his death in 1524 Velasquez continued to govern Cuba as adelantado,
or lieutenant-governor, under the governor and audiencia of San Domingo,
He had five successors in the oflBce of lieutenant-governor. The first governor,
Hernando de Soto, was appointed in 1536; he was also adelantado of Florida.
The first Captain-General was Don Gabriel de Lujan, appointed in 1581.
After the founding of the colonies by Velasquez, the Spanish population
increased very slowly; for more than one hundred years only two additional
towns were founded, Guanabacoa in 1555 and El Cobre in 1558. In the
seventeenth century but two towns of any importance, Matanzas and Santa
Clara, were founded, and in the eighteenth but nine. At the end of this period
the population of the island is said to have numbered 275,000 souls, while
the development of its wealth had scarcely begun.
If the situation and many natural advantages of Cuba be considered, it is
evident that either the Cubans were blind to their opportunities or causes
generally beyond their control retarded the growth of the population and the
development of the island's resources. The latter would seem to be the case,
although it can not be said that the Cubans were not in some measure account-
able.
In the general scheme of colonizing the West Indies, both Cuba and Jamaica
301 HISTORY.
were occupied to facilitate trade with the rich colonies of the Spanish main,
and while still a young colony Cuba, as a depot of supply, was severely taxed
by the numerous expeditions which sailed from her shores between the years
1512 and 1538.
It is by no means true, however, that in the administration of her colonies
Spain was an exception to the general rule of liberal and generous government
on the part of the various countries toward their colonial dependencies. In
fact, much of the same ideas appear to have influenced all of them at the
outset, although the results were different, as might be expected of governments
having different origins, forms, and theories. The prevailing idea appears
to have been that the political and economic interests of colonies were to be
subordinated to those of the home country, no matter how injurious the con-
^sequences, and a course in harmony with this idea was followed unremittingly
by Spain to the end of her supremacy over Cuba.
Aside from the fact that during the early history of Cuba Spain had little
surplus population to dispose of, and that through the expulsion of the Jews
and Moors she lost a large and valuable part of this population, her trade
restrictions would account, in some measure, for the slow increase in the
population and industries of Cuba. These restrictions appear to have origi-
nated in the royal cedula of May 6, 1497, granting to the port of Seville the
exclusive privilege of trade with the colonies. At the same time the Ca-sa de
Contratacion, or Council of Trade, was established and was given exclusive
charge of the regulation of trade and commence, although later the Council
exercised its functions under the general control of the Council of the Indies.
San Domingo, and later Vera Cruz, were the only colonial ports authorized
to trade with Seville. In 1717 the trade monopoly of Seville was transferred,
by royal order, to the port of Cadiz, in Spain.
While Santiago was the capital of Cuba, trade between the island and the
home port was restricted to that place, and when the capital was transferred
to Habana, that city became the sole port of entry. Even between the ports
of Habana and Seville or Cadiz, until 1765, there was no free communication,
but all trading vessels were gathered into fleets, or "flotas," from time to time,
and made the voyage accompanied by Spanish warships, partly for protection
against freebooters and pirates, but chiefly to prevent trade with other ports.
The maritime laws regulating trade and commerce forbade trade between
the colonies, and as early as 1592 trade with foreigners was only permitted by
special authority, and in 1614 and 1680 trade with foreigners was prohibited
under pain of death and confiscation of the property concerned.
With the exception of the period when the English occupied the island,
1762-63, Cuban ports were practically under embargo of the strictest kind
until 1778, when Habana was opened to free trade. By the royal decree of
October 12, 1778, trade between Santiago, Trinidad, Batabano, and other
Spanish ports was authorized. This privilege was extended to Nuevitas in
1784, to Matanzas in 1793, to Caibari^n in 1794, and to Manzanillo and
Baracoa in 1803.
CUBA UNDER SPANISH RULE. 31
By the treaties of 1648 and 1714 between Spain and the Dutch provinces
it was agreed that parties to the treaty should abstain from trading in the
ports and along the coast of the Indies belonging to the other nation. Again,
by the treaty of Madrid between England and Spain, similar agreements were
made, although it was provided that in case vessels arrived at the prohibited
ports under stress or shipwreck they should be received kindly and permitted
to purchase provisions and repair damages. This privilege was subsequently
withdrawn by royal orders of January 20 and April 15, 1784, which prescribed
that no vessel belonging to a foreign nation should be permitted to enter. The
severity of these restrictions was modified later on and, by a royal order of
January 8, 1801, Cuban ports were thrown open to the commerce of friendly
and neutral nations.
Other commercial privileges granted in 1805, 1809, 1810, and 1812, were
due, in great measure, if not entirely, to the French invasion of the peninsula
and its effect on Spanish possessions in the West Indies and America. These
concessions to trade with Spanish colonies were but temporary, however, as
by royal orders of January 10, November 17, and July 10, 1809, foreign
commerce with Spanish-American ports was prohibited. Against these last
restrictions of trade the various Spanish colonial governors, and especially
the Captain-General of Cuba, protested on the ground of the necessities of the
colonies and the inability of Spain to meet them. These objections having
been favorably considered by the Council for the Indies, foreign trade with
Habana was extended for a time.
Many other decrees and royal orders affecting trade with Cuba and the
other Spanish colonies were promulgated during the period between 1775
and 1812, but it is plain that Spain was always averse to granting trade facilities
to her colonies, and only did so for a time when forced by her necessities.
After she had once opened Cuban ports and to that extent established the
privilege of foreign trade, it was a difficult matter to close the ports again;
consequently the next step was to restrict the trade as far as possible by duties,
tonnage, and port dues, and by arbitrary tariffs imposed from time to time in
such a way as to render foreign commerce unprofitable. Up to 1824 duties on
foreign commerce were much greater than those on Spanish merchandise,
and while from that year they were generally less restrictive, still they were
always high enough to compel Cubans to purchase from Spanish merchants,
who, as Spain did not herself produce what was needed, bought from French,
German, American, or other sources, thereby raising prices far above what
they would have been under a system less hampering. In fact, up to 1818
Cuba does not appear to have had a tariff system. In that year a tariff was
promulgated making the duties 26^ per cent on agricultural implements and
43 per cent ad valorem on other foreign merchandise. This was modified in
1820 and 1822 and the duties reduced to 20 per cent on agricultural imple-
ments and 37 per cent ad valorem on foreign industrial products. On all
Spanish importations under this classification the duties were two-thirds
less. The tariff of 1824 was less prohibitive.
32 HISTORY.
Apparently, either this arrangement for excluding foreign trade or the
amount of customs revenue was not satisfactory, for an export tariff was
established in 1828 on sugar and coffee, which had by that time become
important products. The duty was four-fifths of a cent per pound on sugar
and two-fifths of a cent per pound on coffee. If these products were exported
in foreign vessels, the duty on sugar was doubled and that on coffee was
increased to 1 cent per pound. With slight modifications these duties con-
tinued to August 1, 1891, when, under the McKinley tariff law, a reciprocal
commercial agreement was proclaimed by President Harrison between Spain
and the United States, which enabled Cuba to seek its nearest and most
natural market. In a short time nearly the entire trade of Cuba was trans-
ferred to the United States, and Cuba enjoyed a degree of prosperity never
before attained.
But with the termination of this agreement by the tariff law of 1894, the
old practice was reestablished, thus forcing upon the Cubans compulsory
trade with Spain. There seems to be no question among impartial and
intelligent judges as to the injurious effect of this system on the growth of
Cuba's population and material progress, both largely dependent on com-
mercial advantages.
Another evil born of the system and given a certain amount of immunity
through the reverses and disasters of the Spanish navy, is smuggling, which
began with trade restrictions and monopolies and has continued almost to this
day, the amount of merchandise smuggled being, for many years, nearly equal
to that regularly imported and exported. Under the name of privateers,
French, Dutch, English, and American smugglers and buccaneers swarmed
in the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico for more than two centuries,
plundering Spanish flotas and attacking colonial settlements. Among the
latter, Cuba was the chief sufferer. In 1538 the marauders attacked and
burned Habana. In 1544 they attacked Baracoa and Matanzas, and again
sacked and burned Habana. In 1604 Giron, a French buccaneer, landed
twice in Santiago, capturing the Morro, and in 1679 French buccaneers again
raided the province.
Coupled with trade restrictions and extending throughout the entire life of
Cuba as a dependency of Spain, excessive taxation has always prevailed. In
addition to the taxes on imports and exports, taxes were levied on real and
personal property and on industries and commerce of all kinds. Every pro-
fession, art, or manual occupation contributed its quota, while, as far back as
1638, seal and stamp taxes were established on all judicial business and on all
kinds of petitions and claims made to official corporations, and subsequently
on all bills and accounts.
There was also a municipal tax on the slaughter of cattle for the market.
This privilege was sold by the municipal council to the highest bidder, with
the result that assessments were made on all animals slaughtered, whether
for the market or for private consumption, with a corresponding increase in
the price of meat.
CUBA UNDER SPANISH RULE. 33
Another tax established in 1528, called the derecho de averia, required the
payment of 20 ducats ($16) by every person, bond or free, arriving in the
island. In 1665 this tax was increased to $22, and continued in force for one
hundred years, thus retarding immigration, and, to that extent, the increase
of population, especially of the laboring class.
An examination of the taxes shows that they operated to discourage Cubans
from owning property or engaging in many industrial pursuits tending to
benefit them and to promote the material improvement of the island.
Up to the year 1638 the taxes were collected by royal officers appointed
by the King, and their accounts were passed on by the audiencia of San
Domingo. In that year contadores (auditors) were appointed who exercised
fiscal supervision over the tax collectors, until, by royal cednla of October 31,
1764, the intendancy of Habana was established and the administration of
taxes was conducted as in Spain. After 1892 the taxes were collected by the
Spanish Bank under a ten years' contract, the bank receiving a commission of
5 per cent. About 18 per cent of the assessed taxes remained uncollected
between 1886 and 1897, and the deficits thus caused were added to the Cuban
debt.*
If to high taxes, high tariffs, and utter indifference, apparently, to the needs
of the island be added a lack of banking facilities of all kinds, and a system of
currency dependent entirely on the Spanish government and aflFected by all
its financial difficulties, we have some of the reasons why the economic develop-
ment of Cuba has been slow. All her industrial profits were absorbed by
Spain, leaving no surplus to provide for the accumulation of capital and the
material progress of the island.^ For many years Cuba was prohibited from
cultivating such raw products as were raised in Spain, this policy being the
exact opposite of the theory and practice under which England subsequently
developed her manufacturing industries at home. The system followed in
England was the very natural process of paying for the raw products of her
colonies in manufactured articles, and no nation in Europe during the sixteenth
"century was in a better condition than Spain to establish such a system, as she
was essentially a manufacturing country. With the expulsion of the Moors^
however, her manufactures were practically ruined, and she became little
""more than a clearing house for foreign products. -^ '«mi»i
""Long after repeated warnings should have suggested a greater measure of
economic and political independence for Cuba, the entire system of Cuban
government and administration was retained in the hands of Spanish officials
to the exclusion of native Cubans. The feelings aroused by this policy would
^According to the data of the tribunal of accounts (tribunal de suentas) of Habana,
referred to by Seflor la Sagra, Cuba received as ordinary and extraordinary "situados"
from Mexico, from 1766 to 1788, the sum of 57,739,346 pesos fuertes, and from
1788 to 1806, 50,411,158 pesos fuertes.
'The proof of this is the bad condition of the roads and harbors, the absence of
docking facilities, the lack of adequate water supply in cities, and the absence of sew-
ers, paved streets, and schoolhouses and other public buildings essential to every
conmaunity.
M HISTORY.
undoubtedly have been appeased if greater economic and political freedom
had been allowed. Political independence was not generally advocated at
first. Autonomy under the protection of Spain was as much as the industrial
•classes wished, and had this been granted ten years earlier Cuba might and
iprobably would have remained a Spanish colony.
The first serious opposition to the insular government was brought out by
the attempt of Captain-General Vicente Roja to enforce the government
monopoly in tobacco, decreed in 1717. Several bloody riots occurred and
Hoja was obliged to withdraw temporarily from the island.
Apart from uprisings among the negroes, stimulated no doubt by the
success of their race over the French in the neighboring island of San Domingo,
there were no attempts at insurrection on the part of Cubans until after the
conspiracy of 1823, planned by a secret society known as the "Soles de
Bolivar." This conspiracy resulted from the attempt of Captain-General
Vives to carry out the instructions of Ferdinand VII, after the abrogation of
the Spanish liberal constitution of 1812, and was intended as a protest against
a return to absolutism in Cuba. The conspiracy was of a serious character
and extended over the entire island. The conspiracy failed and the leader,
Jose Francisco Lemus, and a large number of conspirators were arrested and
deported. A feeling of bitter resentment against the government was the
result, and a period of agitation and public demonstration followed. Frequent
unsuccessful uprisings were attempted in 1824.
On May 28, 1825, a royal decree was issued, conferring on the Captain-
•General "all the powers of governors of cities in a state of siege * * * with
full and unlimited authority to detach from the island and to send to the
Peninsula all officials and persons employed in whatsoever capacity, and of
whatsoever rank, class, or condition, whose presence may appear prejudicial,
or whose public or private conduct may inspire you with suspicion * * * and
further to suspend the execution of any order or general regulations issued in
whatever branch of the administration and to whatever extent you may con-
sider convenient to the royal service, etc., to see that faithful servants of His
Majesty be remembered, at the same time punishing without delay or hesi-
tation the misdeeds of those, etc."^
An army from Spain, intended for the subjugation of former Spanish
colonies in South America, which was to have been dispatched from Cuba,
was retained there, and a military commission was permanently organized
to try political offenses under the above decree and the articles of war.
Political agitation having taken the form of revolutionary demonstrations,
there was a gradual separation on political lines between the Cubans and
Spaniards, and numberless Cuban secret societies were formed throughout
the island. Allied with the Cubans were all of the more radical, as well as the
more moderate liberal members of the community, while the Spanish party
included beneficiaries of former monopolies and the conservative and reaction-
' Promulgated again in the royal decrees of March 21 and 26, 1834.
CUBA UNDER SPANISH RULE. 35
ary elements, which, under the policy of the Captains-General, had crystallized
around the oflBcials of the government and their coadjutors in the church.
The political agitation continued, and in 1826 a small uprising took place
in Camagiiey, directed by the Sociedad de la Cadena, and aimed against the
abuses of the regiment Leon quartered there. The same year (June 22) the
Congress of American Republics assembled at Panama. The object of this
congress was to urge the establishment of liberal principles of commercial
intercourse in peace and war, the advancement of religious liberty, and the
abolition of slavery, and to discuss the relations of Haiti, the affairs of Cuba
and Porto Rico, the continuation of the war of Spain on her Spanish colonies,
and the Monroe doctrine.
While the United States no doubt sympathized with the objects of the con-
gress, the debates in the Senate and House of Representatives indicated a
desire to avoid interference with Spain. As a result, the American delegates
were given limited powers, and this, coupled with the conservative attitude
of the United States, resulted in the failure of the congress to achieve any result.
The year before, Francisco Agiiero and Manuel Andres Sanches, a second
lieutenant in the Colombian army, had been sent from Cuba to the United
States and to Colombia to seek the assistance of these countries. An expedition
was organized in Colombia to be led by the famous Colombian patriot, Simon
Bolivar, but the failure of the Panama congress caused the abandonment of
the expedition. On the return of the emissaries to Cuba they were arrested,
tried, and executed.
In 1830 a revolution was planned by the society of the "Black Eagle," a
Masonic fraternity having its base of operations in Mexico, with secondary
bases in Habana and at various points throughout the island. The conspiracy
failed, and several of the conspirators received sentence of death, which was
afterwards commuted by Captain-General Vives to sentence to life imprison-
ment. The object of the conspiracy was the independence of Cuba, the pretext,
a report that the island was to be ceded to Great Britain.
In 1836 the constitution of 1812 wag reestablished in Spain, but this change
did not benefit Cuba. On the contrary, the deputies sent from Cuba to the
constitutional convention in Madrid were excluded, and, by a royal decree of
1837, the representation in the Cortes which had been given Cuba in 1834 was
taken away, and it was announced that Cuba would be governed by special
laws. These, the Cubans claim, were never published. From this time to
1847 several uprisings or insurrections occurred throughout Cuba, followed
in that year by a revolutionary conspiracy organized by Narciso Lopez, and
having in view the liberation of the island or its annexation to the United
States. It had been arranged to make the first demonstration on the 4th of
July, in the city of Cienfuegos, but the plot was made known to the Spanish
governor, and Lopez and his companions fled to the United States, where, in
1849, they organized a filibustering expedition, which was prevented from
leaving by the vigilance of the government of the United States. In 1850
36 fflSTORY.
Lopez organized a second expedition, which sailed from New Orleans, May
10, and landed with 600 men at Cardenas, attacking its small garrison. A
portion of the garrison surrendered with Governor Ceniti and the remainder
went over to the insurgents. As the uprising upon which Lopez depended did
not take place, he reembarked the same day and made his escape to Key West.
Undeterred by these failures, in 1851 he organized a third expedition of
480 men, which sailed from New Orleans and landed, August 12, at Playitas,
near Bahia Honda, 55 miles west of Habana. Colonel Crittenden, of Ken-
tucky, with 150 men formed part of the force. On landing Lopez advanced
on Las Pozas, leaving Colonel Crittenden in El Morrillo. Meeting a Spanish
force under General Enna, Lopez was defeated after a gallant fight; his
force was dispersed; and he and some 50 of his men were captured and taken
to Habana, where he was garroted. In attempting to escape by sea Crittenden
and his party were captured and on the 16th of September were shot at the
castle of Atares.
In the same year an uprising took place in Camagiiey, but the movement
came to naught and the leader, Juaquin de Aguero, and several of his com-
panions were executed.
Following the attempt of Aguero came the conspiracy of Vuelta Abajo,
oi^anized in 1852 by Juan Gonzalez Alvara, a wealthy planter of the province
of Pinar del Rio. Associated with him were several other prominent Cubans,
among them Francisco de Fras, Count of Pozos Dulces. This attempt at
revolution was discovered and the leading conspirators arrested. They were
tried and sentenced to death, but were finally transported under sentence of
life imprisonment.
Meantime the Liberal Club of Habana and the Cuban Junta in New York
were raising money and oi^anizing expeditions destined for Cuba. But
these expeditions accomplished little.
The revolution of 1868 was commenced at Yara in the pro\ince of Cama-
giiey, and was ended by the capitulation of Zanjon, February 10, 1878. No
battles were fought, but there were many deaths from disease, executions,
and massacres, and the Spanish troops suffered severely from yellow fever,
which prevailed at all times in the seacoast cities. The war is said to have
cost the contestants S300,000,000, which was charged to the debt of Cuba.
By the treaty of Zanjon Spain agreed to give greater civil, political, and
administrative privileges to the people of Cuba. It has been claimed by
Cubans that the promises were never fulfilled, and this and the failure of the
Cortes to pass the bill reforming the government of Cuba, introduced in 1894
by Senor Maura, minister for the colonies, are generally given as the causes
of the last rebellion. On the other hand, Spain has always insisted that every
promise was observed, and that even more was granted than was promised
in the articles of the capitulation. Thus, by the decree of March 1, 1878,
Cuba and Porto Rico were given representation in the Spanish Cortes, upon
the basis of their respective populations, and the provincial and municipal
ATTITUDE OF THE UNITED STATES. 37
laws of 1877 promulgated in Spain were made applicable to Cuba. By
proclamation of March 24, 1878, full amnesty was given to all, even to Spanish
deserters who had served in the insurgent army; on May 23, 1879, the penal
code of Spain and the rules for its application were made effective in Cuba;
on April 7, 1881, the Spanish constitution was extended to Cuba by law; in
1885 the Spanish law of civil procedure was given to Cuba; and on July
31, 1889, the Spanish civil code, promulgated in 1888, was put in operation
in Cuba and Porto Rico.
After examining all the evidence, however, the student of Cuban history
will probably conclude that while the Spanish government was technically
correct in claiming to have enacted all laws necessary to make good her
promises, there usually was a failure to execute them, and that, as a matter
of fact, political conditions in Cuba remained practically as they were before
the war, although very much improved on the surface. It was the interpreta-
tion and execution of the laws by governors having but little sympathy with
the natives, rather than the laws themselves, that caused most of the trouble
in Cuba.
A serious permanent fall in the price of sugar in 1884 and the final abolition
of slavery in 1887 added to the economic troubles of the people, and in eon-
junction with continued political oppression, kept alive the feeling which
brought on the war. From 1893 to 1898 the revenues of Cuba, under exces-
sive taxation, high duties, and the Habana lottery, averaged about $25,000,000
per annum, although the amount was very much larger in previous years,*
varying according to the financial exigencies of the Spanish government.
Of this amount $10,500,000 went to Spain to pay the interest on the Cuban
debt; $12,000,000 was allotted for the support of the Spanish-Cuban army
and navy and the maintenance of the Cuban government in all its branches,
including the church; and the remainder, $2,500,000, was allowed for public
works, education, and the general improvement of Cuba, independent of
municipal expenditures. As the amounts appropriated annually in the
Cuban budget were not sufficient to cover the expenditures and there was a
failure to collect the taxes, deficits were inevitable. These were charged to
the Cuban debt. By 1897, as a result of this and other causes, the debt
aggregated about $400,000,000, or $283.54 per capita — an amount more than
three times as large as the per capita debt of Spain and much larger than the
per capita debt of any other European country.
ATTITUDE OF THE UNITED STATES.
The United States had always shown a friendly interest in the affairs of
Cuba, and the question of its annexation had been discussed as far back as
1825, when Mr. John Quincy Adams was President. A popular movement
for the annexation of Cuba was started in the Southern states during the
•In 1860, $29,610,779; 1880, $40,000,000; 1882, $35,860,246.77. Cuba was ex-
pected to contribute whatever was demanded.
38 HISTORY.
Mexican war (1846). Two years later President Polk made propositions to
the Spanish government, through the American minister in Madrid, having
in view the purchase of the island.
In 1854, the strained relations between Spain and the United States,
growing out of the detention of the American steamer Black Warrior in the
harbor of Habana, on the charge of violating the customs regulations, and
the search of several American vessels by Spanish cruisers, resulted in the
"Ostend Manifesto," which was drawn up by the American ministers to
England, France, and Spain. In this manifesto it was declared "that the
possession of Cuba by a foreign power was a menace to the peace of the
United States, and that Spain be offered the alternative of taking §200,000,000
for her sovereignty over the island or having it taken from her by force."
During the ten years' war. President Grant expressed to the Spanish govern-
ment his belief that only independence and emancipation could settle the
Cuban question and that intervention might be necessary to end the war,
and repeatedly proffered the good offices of the United States in reestablishing
peace. Meanwhile, in 1873, the capture of the Virginius and the execution
of 53 of her passengers and crew in the city of Santiago de Cuba by order of
the Spanish commander came near involving the countries in war, which,
however, was avoided by diplomatic action.
As the rebellion of 1895 proceeded, much sympathy was felt for the Cubans
by the people of the United States, which being reflected in Congress, resulted
in a concurrent resolution of strict neutrality, coupled with a declaration that
the United States should proffer its good offices to Spain, through President
Cleveland, with a view of ending the war and securing the independence of
the island; but nothing came of it. In 1896, both Republican and Demo-
cratic national conventions passed resolutions of sympathy for the Cubans
and demanded that the government take action.
Although the Committee on Foreign Relations in the Senate reported a
resolution, December 21, 1896, recognizing the republic of Cuba, it was never
taken from the calendar. Meanwhile reports of outrages and indignities to
American citizens in Cuba and of the dreadful effects of reconcentration
were frequently communicated to the government or published in the press.
In May, 1897, Congress appropriated $50,000 for the purchase of supplies
for the reconcentrados,^ as it was reported that many of them were, or claimed
to be, American citizens. The supplies were sent under permission of Spain,
and were distributed to the reconcentrados, whether Americans or not, and
soon aftenvards the revocation of the edict of reconcentration and the recall
of Captain-General Weyler were requested by the United States. While
these requests were favorably received by Spain, it was very evident that
• Reconcentrados, or, as they were called, "Pacificos," were the country people (small
farmers) who sympathized with the insurgents and gave them such assistance as
they could. The proclamation of Captain-General Weyler, issued in 1896, required
them to abandon their homes and property of every kind and move into the nearest
towns, where many of them died of starvation and disease. Their homes were de-
stroyed.
THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR. 39
little was being done, and as the war continued apparently on the same lines,
it was thought advisable to send a man-of-war to Habana for the protection
of American citizens. The battleship Maine was selected for this duty, and
sailed in January, and before long the Spanish cruiser Viscaya was ordered
to visit New York, as evidence of existing friendly relations. On the night of
February 15 the Maine was blown up and 2 officers and 264 sailors lost their
lives. A board of naval officers was convened by the President of the United
States to examine into the circumstances, and after a careful investigation,
extending over a month, reported that the ship had been blown up from the
outside. A contrary report was the result of a Spanish investigation. The
report of the naval board was laid before the Congress of the United States
by the President, who meanwhile had used every effort to avoid war by diplo-
matic action.
Early in April it became known that Spain had proposed to the insurgents
a suspension of hostilities, to be followed by a capitulation, and had appro-
priated $600,000 for the relief of the reconcentrados, but that the proposal
had been rejected by the insurgent leaders. The President sent a message
to Congress on April 11, requesting authority to end the war and to secure
in Cuba the establishment of a stable government capable of maintaining
order and observing its international obligations. On April 19 Congress
passed joint resolutions, which, after reciting the conditions existing in Cuba,
demanded the withdrawal of Spain from the island, and empowered the
President to use the military and naval forces of the United States to carry
the resolutions into effect.
THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR.
This was practically a declaration of war, and, on April 23, the President
issued a proclamation calling for 125,000 volunteers, which number was
subsequently increased to 200,000, and the regular army to 60,000 men.
By a formal declaration of April 30, Congress announced that war had existed
since April 21.
On April 24 Commodore Dewey, commanding the Asiatic squadron, was
notified by the Secretary of the Navy that war with Spain had begun, and
he was ordered to proceed to the Philippine Islands and capture or destroy
the Spanish fleet. On April 27 he sailed from Hongkong and on the afternoon
of April 30 arrived at the entrance of Manila bay, where, on the following
day, he captured or destroyed all of the vessels of the Spanish fleet.
On June 14 an American army, numbering 15,000 men, under command
of Gen. W. R. Shafter, sailed from Port Tampa, Fla., for Santiago de Cuba,
where it arrived on the morning of June 20, and on July 1 and 2 the battle of
San Juan took place, resulting in the defeat of the Spanish troops and the
investment of Santiago.^ On the morning of July 3, the Spanish fleet, under
Admiral Cervera, attempted to escape from the harbor, but was intercepted
» This included the operations of Lawton at El Caney , July 1 .
40 HISTORY.
by the American fleet under Capt. William T. Sampson and totally destroyed.
On July 16 articles of capitulation were signed at Santiago de Cuba, and the
formal surrender of the Spanish forces in the eastern district of Santiago
followed on July 17.
On August 12 a protocol provided for a cessation of hostilities, and on
December 10 a treaty of peace between the United States and Spain was
signed at Paris. It was ratified by the President on February 6, 1899, and by
the Queen Regent of Spain on March 19, and proclaimed in Washington,
D. C, on April 11.
Cuba was to be free at last on the single condition that "she establish a
stable government capable of maintaining order and observing international
obligations."
While the ten years' war was not without disastrous effects on the economic
development of Cuba, these effects were trifling as compared with those of
the war of 1895-1898, during which, according to a conservative estimate,
the population of the island decreased 12 per cent and its wealth two-thirds.
THE FIRST AMERICAN INTERVENTION.
On the withdrawal of Spain the government of the island devolved on the
army of the United States under the laws of war, and Maj. Gen. John R.
Brooke was appointed Military Governor. He entered on his duties January
1, 1899, and in order to acquaint the people of the island with the intentions
of the President as Commander in Chief of the army, issued the following
proclamation:
To ike People of Cuba:
Coming among you as the representative of the President, in furtherance and in
continuation of the humane purpose with which my country interfered to put an end
to the distressing condition in this island, I deem it proper to say that the object of
the present government is to give protection to the people, security to person and
property, to restore confidence, to encourage the people to resume the pursuits of
peace, to build up waste plantations, to resume commercial traffic, and to afford full
protection in the exercise of all civil and religious rights.
To this end the protection of the United States government will be directed, and
every possible provision made to carry out these objects through the channels of
civil administration, although imder military control, in the interest and for the
benefit of all the people of Cuba, and those possessed of rights and property in the
island.
The civil and criminal code which prevailed prior to the relinquishment of Spanish
sovereignty will remain in force, with such modifications and changes as may from
time to time be found necessary in the interest of good government.
The people of Cuba, without regard to previous affiliations, are invited and urged
to cooperate in these objects by the exercise of moderation, conciliation, and good
will one toward another; and a hearty accord in our humanitarian purposes will
insure kind and beneficent government.
The military governor of the island will always be pleased to confer with those
who may desire to consult him on matters of public interest.
On January 11 General Brooke revised the cabinet, vesting the administra-
tion of the civil government in a department of state and government, a
THE REPUBLIC OF CUBA. 41
department of finance, a department of justice and public instruction, and
a department of agriculture, commerce, industries, and public works.
Many changes, having in view the better administration of the government,
were made by General Brooke and his successor, Gen. Leonard E. Wood,
who was appointed Military Governor, December 20, 1899. The object was
to confer upon the people of Cuba full civil rights, together with all the
powers of local self-government — municipal, provincial, and insular — and
to do this as rapidly as possible under the local conditions and the serious
international obligations to protect life and property in the island, which
were assumed by the United States under the treaty of Paris.
This object was accomplished successfully, and, in addition, great benefits
were gained by the people of Cuba through the thorough and stringent sani-
tary measures put into operation, the upbuilding of the public schools of the
country, the development and improvement of highways, the extension of the
postal and telegraph systems, and the general administration of public affairs
so as to permit the rapid development of agricultural and commercial business.
A period of prosperity resulted, which not only reflected great credit on the
American administration, but gave substantial proof of the wonderful re-
sources of the island, and its great possibilities for material advancement.
THE REPUBLIC OF CUBA.
On May 20, 1902, the military government of Cuba, by order of President
Roosevelt, issued in compliance with the promise made by the United States
Congress, in the Teller Resolution, transferred the government of Cuba to
its newly elected President and Congress, and the new Republic entered on
its national life under the best auspices. In its relation with the United
States, Cuba was different from other Latin American Republics ; this unique
position was due to the fact that the Cubans had adopted as a part of their
constitution, a law enacted by the Congress of the United States and known
as the Piatt amendment and later had incorporated it in a permanent treaty
between their country and the United States. According to the law and
treaty, the Republic of Cuba undertook to enter into no compact with any
foreign power which would tend to impair the independence of the Republic,
to contract no public debt to the service of which it could not properly attend,
to lease coaling stations to the United States, and to execute and extend plans
for the sanitation of the cities of the island, and consented that the United
States might exercise the right to intervene for the preservation of Cuban
independence and the maintenance of a government capable of protecting
life, property, and individual liberty, and of discharging such obligations
imposed by the Treaty of Paris on the United States as were now to be assumed
and undertaken by the government of Cuba.
The progress of Cuba under its own government was for some time most
gratifying to its friends throughout the world. But political dissensions arose
in 1905 and increased, until in August, 1906, open revolt against the govern-
42 HISTORY.
ment began. In that month a small armed force took the field, and uprisings
immediately followed throughout the country, led by men disaffected with
the government. The ranks of the insurgents were doubtless augmented on
account of the tendency to insurrection that had been cultivated by a long
period of rebellion in Cuba, as well as by the inclination of many to secure
relief from toil and to live on the country and the property of others. The
power of this irregular force to do damage was incalculable.
The government of Cuba found itself entirely unprepared. Its artillery
and rural guard were comparatively small, and so scattered as to be unable
to cope with the insurrectionists. The government made desperate efforts
to organize militia, but with very unsatisfactory results.
THE APPEAL TO THE UNITED STATES FOR INTERVENTION.
By the beginning of September the Cuban government realized the help-
lessness of its situation, and applied to the United States government for
intervention; and President Palma announced his irrevocable intention to
resign his oflBce in order to save his country from complete anarchy. The
American State Department did all in its power to discourage the request,
and President Roosevelt dispatched the Secretary of War, Mr. Taft, and the
Assistant Secretary of State, Mr. Bacon, to Habana to render all possible
aid in securing peace.
THE PEACE COMMISSION.
Secretaries Taft and Bacon arrived in Habana, September 19, 1906. The
task confronting them was extremely serious. Though there was no doubt
that the American naval forces assembling in Habana harbor could in a short
time disperse any large bodies of insurgents, it was quite evident that the
employment of force would certainly give rise to guerrilla warfare, which
would mean the loss of many lives, the destruction of a great deal of property,
and the expenditure of large sums of money.
The Peace Commission, consisting of Secretaries Taft and Bacon, gave
hearing to prominent men of the island, had many conferences with the
leaders of the different political parties, received and considered suggestions
for the settlement of the pending differences, and finally proposed a com-
promise. The compromise contemplated the resignations of the Vice-Presi-
dent, Senators, Representatives, Governors, and Provisional Councilmen
elected at the fraudulent elections of December, 1905; the laying down of
the arms of the insurgents; the constitution of a commission for the purpose
of drafting laws most urgently needed; and the holding of elections under
the provisions of the electoral law to be drafted by such commission. The
earnest endeavors of the commission to have the plan accepted by all parties
were without avail. The President insisted on resigning, all the cabinet
officers resigned, and the President called a special session of Congress in
order that he might submit his own resignation and that of the Vice-President.
THE PEACE COMMISSION. 43
Pursuant to the call, Congress met September 28, received the resignations,
and adjourned on the same day without electing a successor to the President.
The country was thus left without a government, and President Palma so
informed the Peace Commission, and stated that it was necessary for him
to turn over the national funds to some responsible person. Secretary Taft
accordingly issued the following proclamation establishing the provisional
government of Cuba:
To the people of Cuba:
The failure of Congress to act on the irrevocable resignation of the President of
the Republic of Cuba, or to elect a successor, leaves this country without a govern-
ment at a time when great disorder prevails, and requires that pursuant to a request
of President Palma, the necessary steps be taken in the name and by the authority
of the President of the United States, to restore order, protect life and property in
the Island of Cuba and islands and keys adjacent thereto and for this purpose to
establish therein a provisional government.
The provisional government hereby established by direction and in the name of
the President of the United States will be maintained only long enough to restore
order and peace and public confidence, and then to hold such elections as may be
necessary to determine those persons upon whom the permanent government of the
Republic should be devolved.
In so far as is consistent with the nature of a provisional government established
under authority of the United States, this will be a Cuban government conforming,
as far as may be, to the Constitution of Cuba. The Cuban flag will be hoisted as usual
over the government buildings of the island. All the executive departments and
the provisional and municipal governments, including that of the city of Habana,
will continue to be administered as under the Cuban Republic. The courts will
continue to administer justice, and all laws not in their nature inapplicable by reason
of the temporary and emergent character of the government, will be enforced.
President Roosevelt has been most anxious to bring about peace under the con-
stitutional government of Cuba, and has made every endeavor to avoid the present
step. Longer delay, however, would be dangerous.
In view of the resignation of the Cabinet, until further notice, the heads of all
departments of the central government will report to me for instructions, including
Major-General Alejandro Rodriguez, in command of the Rural Guard and other
regular government forces, and General Carlos Roloff, Treasurer of Cuba.
Until further notice, the Civil Governors and Alcaldes will also report to me for
instructions.
I ask all citizens and residents of Cuba to assist in the work of restoring order,
tranquillity, and public confidence.
The general public satisfaction with this action is apparent from the fact
that, though the government and the insurgents had thousands of men under
arms, this simple decree was sufficient to establish the provisional adminis-
tration, the only American force landed being a small squad of marines to
protect the Treasury. The important and delicate task of the disarmament
of the insurgent forces and of the militia was then successfully carried into
effect by commissions consisting of American officers and prominent Cubans;
and a proclamation of general amnesty was issued. The general attitude of
the people of Habana toward the action of the Peace Commission was made
evident when Secretaries Taft and Bacon embarked for the United States on
44 HISTORY.
October 13, 1906. The people of Habana forgot their political differences,
and taking thought of the fact that the horrors of civil war had been averted,
all parties joined in a demonstration of gratitude and praise for the work that
had been accomplished.
Upon Secretary Taft's leaving the office of Provisional Governor, President
Roosevelt appointed in his place the Hon. Charles E. Magoon, who had
shortly before retired from the position of Governor of the Canal Zone and
American Minister to Panama, in which post he had successfully carried out
the difficult task of organizing the Canal Zone government, and had estab-
lished friendly relations with the Republic of Panama. To assist him, officers
of the United States army were appointed advisers to the acting secretaries
of the Cuban executive departments.
ELECTION OF PRESIDENT g6mEZ.
The plan approved by the Peace Commission provided for the enactment
of a new electoral law. Accordingly, there was appointed an advisory law
commission which, after a thorough investigation, recommended the law
promulgated by the Provisional Governor in April, 1908. This law provided
for an electoral college of 106 electors, apportioned among the six provinces
at the ratio of one elector for twenty-five thousand inhabitants. By a decree
issued a few weeks later the presidential election, at which the members of
the lower house of congress were also to be chosen, was set for November 14,
1908. Absolute peace and order marked the election, which followed a
vigorous political campaign. The liberal candidates. General Jos6 Miguel
G6mez for President, and Senor Alfredo Zayas for Vice-President, received
a total of 195,197 votes, being a majority of 68,069 over the conservative
candidates. General Mario Menocal for President and Senor Rafael Montoro
for Vice-President.
The electoral college met on December 19, 1908, and consummated the
election of President G6mez and Vice-President Zayas, and recommended
that they be inaugurated at noon on January 28, 1909. This recommenda-
tion was approved by the President of the United States. The law provides
that their term of office shall extend to May 20, 1913.
THE SURRENDER TREE NEAR SAN JUAN HILL.
CUMATE.
In the year 1899, the United States Weather Bureau established meteoro-
logical stations at the following 7 points : Habana and Matanzas on the north
coast; Cienfuegos and Santiago de Cuba on the south coast; and Pinar del
Rio, Santa Clara, and Camagiiey in the interior of the island. These stations
were maintained by the United States until the organization of the Cuban
Weather Bureau in 1905, when they were transferred to it. The Cuban
Weather Bureau has established 24 additional stations, making a total of 31.
At 7 of the stations observations have been made almost continuously for more
than seven years, and at the rest observations have been made since 1905, but
with numerous breaks in continuity.
The climate of Cuba is tropical and insular. There are no extremes of
heat, and there is no cold weather. There are but slight ranges of temper-
ature between day and night, and between summer and winter. Rainfall,
though everywhere abundant, is nowhere excessive in amount. The humid-
ity of the atmosphere is great. The prevailing winds are the easterly trades.
As a result of the slight extent of the island from north to south, the climate
would be very similar everywhere, were it not for differences in exposure to
the prevailing winds, differences in distance from the coast, etc.
TEMPERATURE.
The table on the following page shows the monthly and annual mean
temperature according to the records made at 20 stations of the Cuban
Weather Bureau during the years since they were established.
The average of the annual mean temperatures of all of the Weather Bureau
stations in Cuba was 77° Fahrenheit, which may be accepted as an approxi-
mation to the average mean temperature of the island. The range among
these 20 stations was from 74° in Aguacate to 80° in San Cayetano, Batabano,
and Guayabal. The location of the station, whether on the coast or in the
interior, apparently has little influence upon the annual mean temperature.
The mean of all the stations for July, commonly the warmest month, was
82°, and for January, commonly the coolest month, 71°. In the latter case,
the range among the different stations was 9°, from 67° in Aguacate to 76° in
San Cayetano and Guayabal. In the former case, the range was 7° only, from
78° in Aguacate to 85° in Batabano. The ranges in monthly means at the
several stations differ considerably, varying from 7° to 15°, but there seems to
be no relation between this range and the location of the station.
\(45h
46
CLIMATE.
% 2 S m «
J o e fc-
; g c flj eS
•jsqoroasQ
•jaqui9Ao>i
•jgqojoo
'J8qui3)d8S
•jsnSnv
•jCinr
e<90«»<NO»r»»-t<-iO'-'NM»^'-c«-<o»or»
■*^^5lOlOecoo•-<0'-'^»«''3^>^»'l'P«»»
NO'-<-<-<-<NOONU5'*CO(NO«INlOgc<3«
xxooooxoooot»ooooooxxxt^xxcooot>-
•9imf
•-^«w
•ludv
•qoiBK
'Xniniqsj
•.iJBnuBf
•JB8A
TEMPERATURE.
47
The following tables show, first, the monthly mean maximum temperatures,
and second, the monthly mean minimum temperatures:
Monthly mean maximum temperatures.
[Degrees Fahrenheit.]
>,
u
ce
eS
3
3
kH
X5
>-»
Ph
78
80
75
77
78
81
79
82
80
84
80
84
88
83
81
82
75
80
81
85
78
82
79
82
77
79
72
74
74
70
80
84
79
81
75
77
74
75
88
89
81
80
81
83
87
88
£1
J3
^
6
_fcj
3
3
h
ID
>
o
s
->
1-9
<
OQ
O
;?
87
88
90
90
89
86
82
83
85
86
85
86
83
80
86
89
90
91
91
88
82
87
87
89
89
87
86
82
91
89
92
90
90
87
82
89
90
91
91
90
88
85
86
87
89
90
88
86
84
88
89
91
91
90
89
87
94
88
95
89
98
79
94
78
88
98
98
90
92
93
93
92
89
85
86
87
90
90
88
85
81
88
89
90
90
89
88
81
86
88
89
88
85
88
80
84
84
86
86
85
83
78
91
92
92
93
91
89
82
86
86
89
90
90
88
86
84
85
86
87
84
82
79
80
82
85
86
86
82
79
92
92
97
97
94
94
91
92
92
95
93
91
87
85
88
90
92
93
91
88
88
91
91
92
92
90
90
91
Pinar del Rio . .
Habana
Matanzas
Cienfuegos
Santa Clara ....
Camagiley
Santiago
San Cayetano. .
Guana jay
Bataban6
Aguacate
Unifin de Reyes
Banagtlises ....
Sierra Morena..
Cifuentes
Camajuanl
Yaguajay
Sancti-Spiritus.
Mor6n
Guayabal
Manzanillo
Gibara
Guantinamo. ..
83
79
83
83
86
85
85
84
82
88
84
81
83
76
79
86
82
80
76
90
84
84
88
85
80
83
85
86
87
86
86
83
90
85
84
85
78
80
88
83
80
77
91
87
87
88
Monthly m,ean minimum temperatures.
[Degrees Fahrenheit.]
>,
>)
(.«
a
3
3
1
is
61
63
64
64
65
66
60
60
63
62
63
64
60
59
62
62
64
66
66
67
68
60
62
64
55
56
60
68
75
73
64
66
67
60
61
62
66
67
69
60
58
65
58
60
62
65
67
67
54
54
54
64
63
64
67
69
70
66
66
66
60
62
64
Pinar del RJo . .
Habana
Matanzas
Cienfuegos
Santa Clara
CamagOey
Santiago
Batabanfi
Aguacate
Uni6n de Reyes
Banagtlises. . . .
Sierra Morena. .
Cifuentes
Camajuanl
Yaguajay
Sancti-Spiritus.
Mor6n
Guayabal
Manzanillo
Gibara
Guant&namo . . .
66
68
64
65
64
67
70
67
65
74
72
62
71
61
62
70
55
67
71
69
65
70
71
68
70
65
68
72
71
67
76
73
68
75
65
64
74
59
71
66
69
67
72
73
72
73
70
70
72
73
66
78
74
69
76
66
66
74
64
72
69
71
68
73
75
72
73
70
72
72
73
63
79
75
70
77
68
70
76
66
72
66
73
65
73
74
73
73
69
71
72
72
63
77
74
71
74
68
71
73
67
71
65
71
68
71
73
70
71
68
69
72
72
62
75
76
70
75
66
70
72
64
72
70
70
68
66
69
67
68
65
67
70
69
57
73
71
67
72
61
67
70
60
69
67
68
66
The highest monthly mean maximum temperature is apparently at Bata-
bano, where the maximum temperature averaged 98° for July, August, and
September, and the lowest summer maximum at Habana, Cifuentes, and
Mor6n, where the monthly average of maximum temperatures was only 86°.
48
CLIMATE.
July and August have the highest monthly mean maximum temperatures in
most places.
The lowest mimimum is apparently at Mor6n, where, for each of the three
months of January, February, and March, the minimum temperature averaged
54°. It should be recalled, however, that this is a station that has been in
operation for a short term only, and a longer series of observations may change
this result. The monthly mean minimum temperature was most commonly
lowest in January.
The following table shows the range of monthly means of maximum and of
minimum temperatures through the year, and also the range between the
highest maximum and the lowest minimum:
Range of
maximum.
Range of
minimum.
Highest
monthly
maximum
minus lowest
monthly
minimum.
Pinardel RIo...
Habana
Matanzas
Cienfuegos
Santa Clara. . . .
CamagOey
Santiago
Bataban6
Aguacate
Unifin de Reyes
BanagOlses
Sierra Morena. .
Cifuentes
CamajuanI
Yaguajay
Sancti-Spiritus.
Mor6n
Guayabal
Manzanillo
Gibara
Guant&namo . . .
29
22
31
27
33
20
24
38
38
25
26
20
20
35
32
22
32
34
32
27
32
These figures, and especially those of the third column, which give the
differences between the highest temperatures of the warmest month and the
lowest temperatures of the coolest month, illustrate the slightness of the
temperature range in the island. There is no indication here that the range of
temperature is greater in the interior than on the coast.
The two tables on the following page show the highest and the lowest
temperatures recorded during the years of observation.
The highest temperature here recorded was at Guayabal in 1907, when the
temperature reached 113°. This place and Bataban6, near the south coast,
recorded the highest temperatures for each year since records for them have
been made. The maximum at Habana, it will be noted, was 94° in the year
1901, while in 1905, 1906, and 1907, the temperature did not go above 90°,
and in 1904 the maximum was only 86°. This city is one of the coolest points
in Cuba, not only in regard to the maximum temperatures, but as to mean
temperature.
It might be expected that the extremes of heat would be greater in the
TEMPERATURE.
49
interior than on the coast, especially the north coast, to which the trade wind
comes directly from the sea. This theory is not, however, borne out by the
records, since equally high temperatures are found on the coast and in the
interior.
Absolute Maximum.
[Degrees Fahrenheit.]
STATION.
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
Plnar del Rio
95
91
94
93
96
96
94
96
94
96
95
91
101
95
97
95
93
■■gi
93
96
91
93
94
93
86
91
90
91
97
92
95
90
95
94
89
100
89
103
97
93
99
100
89
97
98
108
99
97
95
90
93
91
89
102
91
105
95
■ '97'
97
89
98
95
106
98
Habana
90
Banagtiises
93
92
Mordn
Camagfley
Santiago
95
95
93
Bataband
106
Aguacate
97
Matanzas
95
San Antonio
97
Camajuani
Cifuentes
90
Santa Clara
Guayabal
113
Gibara
GuantS,namo
96
97
96
Manzanilio
Catalina de GQlnes
97
Sierra Morena
104
95
Congojas
95
95
Sancti-Spiritua
95
Absolute Minimum.
[Degrees Fahrenheit.]
STATION.
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
Pinar del Rio
51
53
47
46
50
47
50
42
47
45
46
51
46
46
45
50
55
57
45
46
44
■■ "58'
55
64
49
58
47
52
52
46
43
46
54
47
40
46
45
44
63
44
42
59
54
54
49
53
43
40
38
45
55
32
45
41
40
52
43
47
46
55
Habana
52
BanagUises
46
Cienfuegos
50
Mor6n
CamagQey
Santiago
59
57
55
61
Bataband
60
50
Matanzas
48
San Antonio
48
CamajuanI
Cifuentes
55
Santa Clara
Yaguajay
50
Gibara
Guant&namo
50
64
52
Manzanilio. .
Catalina de Gftines
50
Sierra Morena
46
Cayamas
46
Congojas
46
Cruces
59
Sancti-Spiritus
50
j "
The lowest temperature on record was the freezing point, reached at Bata-
bano in 1906. The temperature has been as low as 38° at Mor6n, and as low
as 40° at several other points. These low temperatures are the result of cold
waves from the United States. At Habana, the lowest temperature was 50°.
50
CLIMATE.
There were 16 stations with lower, but five with higher absolute minimum
temperatures.
As with the maximum temperatures, so with the minimum temperatures,
there appears to be no relation between the location of the stations and the
temperature. At the interior stations, the minimum temperatures were no
lower than at those on the coast.
The following table gives the highest and lowest temperatures on record,
and the difference between them, or the extreme range of temperature:
Range between absolute maximum and minimum temperatures.
[Degrees Fahrenheit.]
Maximum.
Hflnjirmtn.
gs
46
94
60
^ 101
42
96
40
97
38
102
44
95
54
106
32
97
40
95
46
99
41
100
40
90
52
98
43
98
42
113
46
99
64
97
50
97
54
97
50
104
46
95
46
95
46
95
59
95
50
Range.
Pinar del Rio
Habana
BanagtUses
Clenf uegos
Mordn
CamagOey
Santiago
Bataban6
Aguacate
Matanzas
San Antonio
CamajuanI
Cif uentes
Santa Clara
Yaguajay
Guayabal
Gibara
Guant&namo
Manzanillo
Catalina de GQines
Sierra Morena ....
Cayamas
Gongojas
Cruces
Sancti-Spiritus
62
44
6»
66
69
68
41
74
67
40
68
60
88
66
66
67
45
47
43
47
68
49
60
36
45
The differences between the maximum and minimum temperatures ranged
from 36° to 74°. At Habana, the difference was 44°, a very low range. Out
of the 25 stations, 20 have larger differences.
The differences are no greater in the interior of the island than on the coast.
RAINFALL.
The table at the top of the following page presents for 21 stations, the
monthly and annual rainfall, obtained by taking the mean of all the avail-
able observations. The figures for the 7 stations established in 1899 are the
only ones that are reliable, since the period of the other stations is too short
to give the figures much value. Rainfall varies in amount so greatly from
year to year that the mean of three years only may be far from the truth.
The rainfall differs greatly in different parts of Cuba. During the period
of observation the least, 32.5 inches, was received at Batabano, and the
greatest, 69.8 inches, at Cayamas. The period of record for each of these
stations, however, has been short. The rainfall at Habana was but 40.6
inches, an amount exceeded by that for 17 out of the 21 stations.
RAINFALL.
51
Rainfall.
[Inches.]
STATION.
1
>>
3
•s
si
I
t
<
^
S
s
3
1
to
<
S3
a
GQ
1
o
O
1
o
S3"
i
Q
Pinar del Rio
58.7
40.6
51.3
54.1
60.8
64.9
49.5
32.5
69.5
60.0
43.9
69.8
59.1
69.3
54.6
61.2
60.8
64.5
63.1
37.2
36.9
2.9
3.0
1.8
0.9
1.2
2.0
1.5
0.4
1.8
0.4
1.7
0.4
0.5
1.3
1.7
2.1
2.2
1.9
0.7
2.5
1.0
2.4
1.8
1.6
1.5
1.0
1.5
1.1
0.4
1.2
1.8
0.4
0.8
1.2
0.5
0.4
0.5
0.6
1.3
0.7
1.8
1.0
3.1
2.0
2.8
2.8
2.0
7.4
2.1
1.5
4.7
3.8
2.8
3.1
2.3
2.4
2.1
3.7
2.0
3.6
2.0
1.9
2.6
2.4
1.1
2.1
2.9
4.2
3.1
3.4
2.2
4.0
4.4
0.9
3.9
3.5
4.9
3.4
3.2
6.2
1.1
2.7
2.2
5.3
8.0
6.4
7.6
6.9
6.9
8.4
6.4
3.6
8.2
5.6
4.0
5.7
6.0
7.6
5.9
5.5
5.6
10.0
5.4
4.3
3.4
7.2
5.0
8.5
9.0
13.3
11.8
6.6
3.1
12.3
11.7
8.5
15.8
17.3
17.2
12.9
14.2
16.7
9.6
9.7
6.0
4.9
6.2
3.2
6.0
6.0
6.1
6.3
2.4
1.8
8.5
6.9
6.9
7.6
6.9
7.6
6.1
5.3
5.1
4.7
4.0
1.4
2.1
7.0
3.9
5.2
5.6
5.8
6.3
3.5
3.4
6.5
10.7
6.8
8.0
6.7
9.0
3.6
4.6
5.7
7.9
8.0
2.8
2.6
10.8
4.3
6.0
8.2
6.5
7.3
7.8
8.7
8.3
6.5
2.8
8.7
6.4
6.1
4.6
4.7
3.7
5.1
8.6
4.2
4.9
5.8
4.6
3.7
6.8
7.9
6.0
9.7
4.4
4.1
3.8
1.6
6.9
2.0
3.5
3.3
4.3
6.0
5.1
6.9
2.0
6.9
1.4
2.6
1.5
2.6
2.6
3.4
4.0
1.6
4.1
2.8
4.0
2.9
3.9
6.2
6.8
8.6
6.7
3.7
3.6
7.1
1.9
1.5
2.7
Matanzas
4.5
1.9
Santa Clara
4.3
1.4
Santiago
1.0
1.4
5.8
Banagtlises
3.6
Sierra Morena
Cayamas
4.5
6.1
3.4
Cifuentes
3.1
3.8
Yaguajay
4.5
Mor6n
1.4
Guayabal
0.5
Manzanillo
0.8
Gibara
1.0
Guantfinamo
0.4
As a rule, the rainfall is least upon the seacoast, and greatest in the interior.
For all the stations, the average rainfall on the north coast was 50 inches
annually; on the south coast, 45 inches; and in the interior, i. e., at stations
more than five miles from the shore, 60 inches.
There is little, if any, difference in rainfall between the eastern and western
parts of the island.
In the distribution of rainfall through the year, there are well-defined wet
and dry seasons, the former including the six months from May to October.
In that half of the year, about 72 per cent of the annual rainfall is received.
The following table, made from the data for all of the stations, with due
consideration as to the time of operation, shows the proportion of the annual
rainfall for each month:
January.
February
March. . .
April . . . .
May
June
Per Cent.
11
19
July
August
September
October. . .
November
December .
Per Cent.
10
11
12
9
7
5
The following table shows the proportion of the annual rainfall which was
recorded in each month at each station:
52
CLIMATE.
Per cent of
onnuoZ rainfall.
STATION.
1
i
1
J3
1
i
<
^
S
i
3
•->
<
«
B
0)
CO
1
2
CO
S
«
>
o
"A
1
Plnar del Rio
6
7
4
1
2
3
3
1
3
1
4
1
1
2
3
3
4
4
1
7
3
4
4
3
3
2
2
2
1
2
3
1
1
. 2
1
1
1
1
2
1
5
3
5
5
6
5
3
12
4
5
7
6
6
4
4
3
4
6
3
7
4
5
7
4
3
4
5
7
5
7
7
6
7
2
6
6
7
6
6
10
2
5
6
14
14
16
15
11
10
13
13
11
12
9
9
8
8
11
11
9
9
18
10
12
9
12
12
16
17
22
18
13
9
17
20
19
23
29
25
23
23
26
18
18
16
13
11
8
12
11
10
10
5
6
12
10
14
11
12
11
11
9
8
9
8
4
6
12
10
10
10
9
10
7
10
9
18
15
11
11
13
7
8
10
14
15
8
7
18
11
12
15
11
11
16
27
12
9
7
12
11
9
8
8
6
9
16
11
13
10
11
7
13
13
9
20
13
6
6
4
10
3
5
6
7
10
9
13
5
19
2
6
3
5
4
5
8
6
6
5
9
4
7
9
13
14
11
7
7
19
5
3
7
Matanzas
0
4
Santa Clara
7
2
Santiago
2
Bataban6
6
8
BanagOises
6
Sierra Morena
10
Cavamas
g
6
Cifuente3.
4
Camajiiant
7
Yaguajay
7
Mor<5n
2
Guayabal
1
Manzanillo
2
Gibara
2
Guant&namo
1
WIND DIRECTION.
The following table shows the prevailing winds at the 7 long-term stations:
STATION.
3
*->
i
2
1
i
<
3
•->
->
<
«
1
o.
<o
CO
"i
o
1
S
s
>
O
1
PinardelRIo
Habana
E
E
NE
NE
E
NE
NE
N
E
E
NE
E
NE
NE
NE
E
V
NE
E
NE
NE
E
E
NE
NE
E
NE
NE
E
E
NE
NE
E
NE
NE
E
E
E
NE
E
NE
V
E
E
E
NE
E
NE
NE
E
E
NE
NE
E
NE
NE
E
E
NE
NE
E
NE
NE
E
E
NE
NE
E
NE
NE
NE
ENE
NE
NE
E
NE
V
NE
ENE
NE
NE
NE
NE
N
E
E
Matanzas
NE
Cienfuegos
NE
Santa Clara
CamagQey
NE
NE
Santiago
N
The prevailing wind over Cuba is the northeast trade wind. Its uniformity
is modified by the season and by the time of day; it is broken by barometric
disturbances; and it is deflected in many localities by local topography.
In summer, when the sun is high, and Cuba is on or near the equator, the
direction of the trade wind is very nearly east, while in winter it is more nearly
northeast. At points on or near the coast, the land and sea breezes deflect it
very appreciably. Thus, in Habana, in July, the wind at night blows from
the ESE, and in the day from the NE, changing at about 10 a. m. and 10 p. m.
The following are the wind directions in that city for each two hours:
AN AVENUE OF ROYAL PALMS, MATANZAS.
CLIMBING THE ROVAL PALM.
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE.
53
TIME.
Direction.
TIME.
Direction.
2 a. m
ESE
ESE
ESE
ESE
ENE
NE
2 p. m
NE
4
4
ENE
6
6
ENE
8
8
E
10
10
E
12 m
12 night
ESE
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE.
The following table gives, for 6 stations, the annual and monthly mean
atmospheric pressures, corrected for temperature and reduced to sea level:
Pinar
del Rio.
Habana.
Matan-
zas.
Cien-
fuegos.
Cama-
gdey.
Santiago.
Year.
January. .
February .
March. . . .
April
May
June
July
August . . .
September
October. .
November
December.
30.02
30.14
30.03
30.08
30.01
29.94
29.94
30.03
30.06
29.99
29.98
30.03
30.02
29.99
30.08
30.04
30.02
29.98
29.93
29.93
30.03
30.00
29.95
29.92
29.97
30.03
30.02
30.17
30.05
30.07
30.00
29.98
29.92
30.05
30.04
29.94
29.95
30.00
30.04
29.97
30.05
30.00
30.01
29.97
29.93
29.92
29.98
29.97
29.92
29.90
29.99
30.02
29.98
30.04
30.02
30.03
29.99
29.95
29.95
30.00
29.98
29.92
29.89
29.98
30.02
29.96
30.03
30.00
30.00
29.96
29.93
29.94
29.96
29.97
29.91
29.90
29.94
29.97
The annual average pressures at different stations range closely about 30
inches, and the average of the 6 stations is 29.99. At all stations, the pressure
is greater in the cool than in the warm season. The average pressures for the
six months from November to April, and those for the remaining six months
are as follows for 6 of the original stations:
November to
April.
May to
October.
Difference.
Pinar del Rio
Habana
Matanzas. . . .
Cienfuegos. . .
CamagUey . . .
Santiago
30.05
30.02
30.06
30.01
30.01
29.98
29.99
29.96
29.98
29.94
29.95
29.93
0.06
0.06
008
0.07
0.06
0.05
The differences in pressure at the two seasons of the year range, at different
stations, from 5 to 8 hundredths of an inch. It will be recalled that the months
of comparatively low pressure are those which constitute the rainy season.
It will also be noted that the slight increase in pressure in July and August
accompanies a slight diminution in the rainfall.
54
CLIMATE.
SUNSHINE.
The following table shows the number of clear days in 1907, and in each
month of that year at each of the 14 stations for which the record was com-
plete:
Number of clear days.
Pinar del Rio.
Habana
Bataband . . . .
Aguacate
Matanzas
Banagtiises. . .
Sierra Morena
Congo jas
Cienfuegos. . .
Cruces
Clfuentes
Guayabal. . . .
Santiago
Guant&namo .
153
101
218
252
200
246
264
193
259
207
274
68
160
268
20
6
24
21
13
30
31
22
29
23
20
28
18
21
23
31
26
29
26
30
22
28
31
30
31
0
28
29
14
8
12
21
15
21
20
13
26
16
23
1
9
25
10
4
13
16
20
11
11
20
24
14
21
12
11
21
7
3
9
19
23
16
27
12
20
7
23
4
10
19
7
5
16
18
14
9
19
7
22
10
26
0
8
20
8
9
17
24
9
25
25
18
11
19
31
0
11
6
14
6
22
19
19
25
29
22
19
22
27
6
15
26
10
7
28
24
15
21
27
12
15
18
17
1
11
28
The different stations present a wide range in the number of clear days,
the variation being from 68 in Guayabal to 274 in Cifuentes. The location
of the stations, whether on the north or the south coast or in the interior, does
not seem to affect the amount of sunlight.
PROVINCES AND THE ISLE OF PINES.
The Republic of Cuba is divided into 6 provinces, which from west to east
are as follows: Pinar del Rio, Habana, Matanzas, Santa Clara, Camaguey,
and Oriente.
These provinces are subdivided into 82 municipalities, in the following
proportion: Pinar del Rfo, 12; Habana, 18; Matanzas, 10; Santa Clara, 21;
Camaguey, 5; Oriente, 16.
The municipalities are in turn divided into barrios or wards, which cor-
respond, somewhat, in extent and organization, to our election districts,
their object being to aid municipal control by means of delegates known as
alcaldes de barrio, an office equivalent to the justice of the peace in the
United States. The number of these in the entire island is nearly 1,100. Both
municipalities and barrios differ widely in area and population. The five
municipalities of Camaguey are large in area, while several in Habana and
one or two in Oriente are in area little more than cities. In population, on
the other hand, the municipalities range from Habana, with about 300,000
people, down to municipalities containing little more than 3,000 inhabitants.
In Cuba the sections of the island are popularly known as Vuelta Ahajo, or
the portion from the meridian of Habana to Cape San Antonio; the Vuelta
Arriba, from the meridian of Habana to that of Cienfuegos; Las Cinca
Villas, from the meridian of Cienfuegos to that of Sancti-Spiritus; and
Sierra Adentro, from the latter to Cape Maisi.
The following table gives the area of each of the 6 provinces and also the
population of each as shown at the different censuses:
Area,
square
miles.
POPULATION.
18611
1887
1899
1907
Total
44,164
1,396,530
1,631,687
1,572,797
2,048,980
Pinar del Rio
5,206
3,170
3,256
8,257
10,064
14,211
146,685
393,789
234,524
271,310
85,702
264,520
225,891
451,928
259,578
354,122
67,789
272,379
170,354
427,514
202,444
356,536
88,234
327,715
240,372
Habana
538,010
Matanzas
239,812
Santa Clara
457,431
CamagOey
118,269
Oriente
455,086
' Population of provinces estimated.
PROVINCE OF PINAR DEL Rfo.
The province of Pinar del Rfo is situated at the western extremity of the
island, and is bounded on the north by the Gulf of Mexico, on the east by the
(66)
66 PROVINCES AND THE ISLE OF PINES.
province of Habana, on the south by the Caribbean Sea, and on the west by
the Yucatan Channel.
Pinar del Rio is divided into 5 judicial districts: Pinar del Rfo, San
Crist6bal, Guanajay, Guane, and Consolaci6n del Sur.
The lands of this province differ greatly in their formation; the Quater-
naries are found forming two bands or zones, one to the north and the other to
the south, excepting the piece of land pertaining to Cabo Corrientes. The
southern band is a great deal wider than the northern. These lands are
limited by the coasts and, generally speaking, are low and marshy; they are
used chiefly for raising cattle and swine, for the manufacture of charcoal, and
for the gathering of leaves and bark of the red mangrove.
The lands of the Tertiary formation also are found in two strips parallel to
the above mentioned. They are especially suited to the culture of tobacco,
because of their arenaceous, argillocalcareous, humiferous composition,
especially in the southern part of the province (municipalities of Guane, San
Juan y Martinez, San Luis, Consolaci6n del Sur), where the Vuelta Abajo
vegas of world wide fame are located.
All of the central highlands oiihe province belong to lands of the Secondary
period. On the summit of these mountains small spaces of igneous soil,
mostly composed of serpentine rocks, are found. These lands are generally
of bad quality. Some coffee grows on them, but their principal products are
feed for cattle, timber for construction, and wood for making charcoal. This
portion of land is the most mountainous of the province.
To the southwest of the Cordillera de los Organos (Organos Ridge) exists a
zone pertaining to the Primitive formation, covered by woods almost in its
total area.
The principal products of the province of Pinar del Rfo are tobacco (the
most renowned in the world), sugar cane, coffee, timber, fruits, charcoal, and
cattle.
Pinar del Rio, a city with 10,634 inhabitants, is the capital of the province.
This city, situated in a fertile valley near the river Guama,is in the heart of the
famous tobacco growing district of Vuelta Abajo.
The city itself is an antiquated one, although many changes and improve-
ments have been introduced lately. It has several good, solid buildings, such
as the civil governor's residence, the jail, the institute, and the old Spanish
cuartel or armory. It has also a good hospital, cemetery, etc.
An excellent macadamized road connects the city with the port of La
Coloma, on the south coast of the island.
Other important cities and towns in this province are Guanajay, San Luis,
Vinales, San Juan y Martinez, San Diego, Los Palacios, Cabanas, Bahia
Honda, Mariel, Consolaci6n del Sur, Remates de Guane, and San Crist6bal.
The quarantine station of the Republic is located at Mariel and one of the
naval stations ceded by the Cuban Republic to the United States has been
PROVINCE OF HABANA. 57
established at Bahfa Honda. San Diego de los Banos is famous for its sulphur
springs, of unequaled excellence.
7?
PROVINCE OF HABANA.
The province of Habana, the smallest in area, is the most populous section
of the Republic.
It is bounded on the north by the Florida straits, on the east by the province
of Matanzas, on the south by the Caribbean Sea, on the west by the province of
Pinar del Rio.
It is divided into the following judicial districts: Habana, Guanabacoa,
Marianao, Jaruco, San Antonio de los Banos, Bejucal, Giiines, and Nueva
Gerona.
Land of the Quaternary period is found in all of the south coast and in a
small portion of the north coast, east of Habana.
The lands of the Tertiary formation are located in the southern and western
portions of the province, adjoining the zones of the Quaternary formation,
although the strips are rather narrow. In the municipalities of Alqufzar and
Guira de Melena, situated in the southwest section of the province, tobacco
of very good quality, called "Tabaco de Partido," is cultivated, and also
coffee, bananas, sugar cane, and oranges.
The dark soil (black earth) of the municipalities of Giiines, Melena del Sur,
Nueva Paz and San Nicolas, on the south coast, to the east, produces sugar
cane, and, in Giiines, also potatoes and many other excellent vegetables, the
quantities produced being sufficient to supply the Habana markets and to
furnish a portion for export to the United States.
^ The arenose-argillo-calcareous lands of the municipality of Bauta, to the
' west of Habana, are adapted to the cultivation of white and violet pineapples,
which are being shipped in large quantities to New York and other American
markets.
The lands of the Secondary period form a strip beginning to the south of the
city of Habana and running east to the limits of Matanzas. In this zone are
located parts of the municipalities of Madruga, Tapaste, Santa Maria del
Rosario, Casiguas, and others.
A small portion of igneous soil can be found in the municipality of Guana-
bacoa, to the east of Habana.
Among the principal productions of the province are sugar cane, alcohol,
tobacco, pineapples, "yucca," starch, coffee, bananas, corn, and fruits and
vegetables of every kind.
The capital of the province, and of the Republic, is Habana, a city with a
population of nearly 300,000 inhabitants. It is situated on the west side of the
beautiful bay of Habana, known to Columbus and his companions as the
"Puerto de Carenas," because of the fact that the great admiral found in its
bosom safe shelter to carry on the difficult task of overhauling his damaged
^
58 PROVINCES AND THE ISLE OF PINES.
ships, "carena" being a Spanish word meaning "overhaul." The mouth of
the harbor is rather narrow, but the harbor itself is wide and deep, and a
thousand ships can safely anchor there at one time.
Habana occupies a very strategic position at the mouth of the Gulf of
Mexico, a fact which has served to give it the name of the "Key of the Gulf."
The harbor is strongly fortified, the entrance being guarded on one sFde by^e
Morro and the frowning heights of La Cabana Fortress, and on the other by
La funta and other smaller coast batteries, and these in turn being supported
by the batteries of Castillo del Principe, Castillo de Atares, etc., and by the
sand batteries extending upon the coast on both sides of the harbor.
The water supply of Habana is one of the most abundant and at the same
time purest and healthiest in the world, the water being obtained from the
springs in Vento, tanked in reservoirs at a place called "Palatino," near Ha-
bana, and carried to the city by means of an aqueduct.
The city has beautiful drives, among which are the famous J^^alecdn
(embankment), which runs parallel to the sea; the Paseo de Marti, running
from the Malec(5rrto the Parque Central; the Avenida de las Palmas; and
the Avenida de la Independencia. Its parks also are very beautiful, especially
the Central park and the Parque de Colon.
The city has a number of associations for purposes of instruction and
recreation, several clubs, an academy of sciences, a university, a high school,
charity institutions, asylums, civil, military, and private hospitals, several
theaters (the principal one, named Teatro Nacional, being widely celebrated),
large markets, a system of magnificent waterworks, an extensive and beautiful
cemetery, sea baths, churches, convents, and good hotels, which are being
improved yearly.
It is a favorite winter resort for Americans, who find in the Cuban capital
the combined pleasures of seashore and city life.
Since Habana is the capital of the Republic, it is the residence of the
President of the Republic, the seat of the Congress of the Republic, the seat
of the general government, supreme court, superior court of Habana (audien-
cia), general direction of finance, naval station, arsenal, observatory, diocese
of the bishopric, and the residence of all the administrative heads of the island
(civil, military, maritime, judicial, and economical).
There are numerous cigar and cigarette factories, tanneries, and manu-
factories of sweetmeats, rum, candles, gas, beer, carriages, soap, perfumery,
glycerin, etc.
Habana is the most important commercial center of the island.
Its principal exports to the United States consist of tobacco, fruit, wax and
honey, sugar, and molasses. '/
THE ISLE OF PINES.*
The Isle of Pines, located about fifty miles south of the narrowest part of
Cuba, is a municipality of the province of Habana. It is surrounded by the
'The data have been derived, principally, from the manuscript of an article written
by Miss I. A. Wright, special agent of the Cuban Department of Agriculture, and
kindly loaned to the Cuban Census Bureau, in advance of its official publication.
THE ISLE OF PINES. 59
shallow waters of the Caribbean Sea. Its area is approximately 1,200 square
miles.
The island is divided by a broad swamp, about fourteen miles long and
from one to three miles wide, into two parts, making, in effect, two islands.
About one-third of the area lies south of this swamp and is a low, flat wilder-
ness, uninhabited except by a few families along the south coast, who subsist
mainly by wood cutting, charcoal burning, etc. In the interior of the southern
section, a large part of which is owned by Americans, mahogany, cedar, and
other valuable woods are abundant, but the lack of roads renders impracti-
cable any extensive business in utilizing the timber.
The northern half of the Isle of Pines consists essentially of a plain, which
is level for the most part, although it is occasionally broken by low hills.
The shore of the northern section is beach sand and mangrove swamps,
varying from a few feet to five miles in width, and from sea level to an elevation
of from twelve to fifteen feet. This fringe of the northern part is broken by
two headlands, Punta de Colombo and Punta de la Bibijagua, which project
into the sea.
There are a few broad shallow streams with gentle slopes, whose sharp
cut channels fill during the rainy periods. During the dry seasons, some of the
smaller streams go dry.
Two elevations rise to a height of nearly 1,000 feet, the Casas mountain
west of the town of Nueva Gerona, and Caballos, to the east. These moun-
tains are composed of marble, which is sometimes coarse and sometimes
fine grained and ranges in color from pure white to dark gray. Marble is the
most important mineral resource of the island.
In a few places there are indications of iron ore deposits, masses of brown
hematite being found scattered over the surface, but no veins of workable size
have been discovered. A few small deposits of manganese have been found.
"The flora of the island combines many of the variations of Florida with
the large hard wood trees of Central America and Mexico, and, singularly,
the pine, characteristic of the temperate zone, which grows over the greater
part of the island. * * * The tall pines furnish, for exportation, railway
ties, telegraph poles, poles for the roofs of native Cuban huts. * * *
One of the principal sources of wealth is lumber. * * *"
"In the forests are found extensive groves of the Creoduz regio (royal palm)
and 26 other varieties of the same numerous family; the mahogany, lignum-
vitae, coco wood, from which reed instruments are made; cedrela odorata,
used in the manufacture of cigar boxes and the lining of cabinet woods and
producing an aromatic oil distilled from its wood; and fistic, or logwood, a
dye stuff. * * *"^
There are many native fruit trees along the streams, such as mangoes,
caimitos, aguacates, zapotes, and wild oranges. Wild bamboo fringes the
water courses, while, in damp places, aeroid plants drape the trees. Flowering
shrubs and plants grow luxuriantly.
There are no large animals indigenous to the island, the largest being the
'Senate Document 311, oQth Congress, 1st Session.
60 PROVINCES AND THE ISLE OF PINES.
hutfa, an enormous rat, nearly as large as a rabbit. This animal can be
domesticated, and is regarded as edible by some of the natives.
Native bats are abundant, and there is a kind of vampire peculiar to the isle.
More than 20p yMJifiifjggiSfiiM^ ^^ found in the island; of these about 115
are resident wniletheothere migrate between North and South America,
making the Isle of Pines a stopping place in passage. The more common birds
are parrots, thrushes, cuckoos, owls, and humming birds.
There are very few reptiles, and none of a poisonous kind. The largest is
the maja, a species of constrictor, whose most serious fault is his fondness for
domestic poultry. A few lizards are found, also tree frogs. There are spiders
and scorpions, but their bites are not dangerous.
Ants are numerous and very annoying, as are also the sand flies (jejenas),
fleas, and mosquitoes; aside from these, the island is singularly free from
noxious animals or insects.
There are two principal towns on the island, Santa Fe and Nueva Gerona.
The former is the older, but the latter is the lai^er and more important,
being the capital of the municipality. The villages of Columbia and Los
Indios are attractive settlements.
The island has been brought into prominence recently through the efforts
•of landowners to sell the subdivisions of their holdings to American pur-
chasers, as well as through the actively pushed claims of American residents
that the territory embraced by its boundaries is not subject to the jurisdiction
of the Republic of Cuba, but belongs to the United States. These claims
have received no recognition; on the contrary, Secretary Root pointed out
that the island has always been an integral part of Cuba, and that any change
in its status can only come as a result of some agreement, hereafter, between
Cuba and the United States.
The Americans began to exploit the island immediately after the signing
of the Treaty of Paris and the ending of the Spanish-American War, in 1898.
Since then the isle has become practically Americanized, although the natives
constitute the majority of the population. American money is the only
currency used; American architecture prevails outside the towns; there are
American preachers and school teachers; and American wagons and carriages
are constantly used instead of the clumsy ox carts of former days. The roads,
which compare favorably with the best American highways, have been
greatly improved during the present provisional government, and the work
of road making is still going on, nearly §200,000 having been appropriated
for this purpose.
The principal industry in which American settlers have engaged is the
production of citrus fruits — oranges, lemons, and grape fruit — though pine-
apples have been grown successfully, on a comparatively small scale. Ex-
perience has shown that, in the cultivation of citrus fruit in the Isle of Pines,
all lands must be highly strengthened with fertilizers, and, in most localities,
provision should be made for irrigation which is necessary during occasional
years of drought.
yi
MATANZAN INSTITUTE.
PROVINCE OF MATANZAS.
61
Prior to the last war with Spain, the Isle of Pines was regarded as a health
resort, and was, for many years, visited by large numbers of invalids who
found relief from their ailments, not only in its salubrious climate but also in
the healing waters of the medicinal springs in the vicinity of Santa F6. These
springs, though located in close proximity to each other, have various con-
stituents and qualities. Their pronounced efficacy has been fully demon-
strated and recognized and it is highly probable that, within the near future,
they will cause the island to become once more a Mecca for health seekers.
At the Census of September 30, 1907, the population was as follows:
Total population .
Native white.. . .
Foreign wliite . . .
N egro
Mestizo
Yellow (Chinese) .
Total.
3,276
2.188
»761
136
198
3
Males.
1,835
1,137
613
82
100
3
Females.
1,441
1,051
238
54
98
1 Of these, 438 were Americans.
PROVINCE OF MATANZAS.
The province of Matanzas is bounded on the north by the Florida straits,
on the south and east by the province of Santa Clara, and on the west by the
province of Habana.
It is divided into 5 judicial districts : Matanzas, Cardenas, Col6n, San Jos6
de los Ramos, and Alacranes.
The Quaternary formations are found in the shape of narrow strips, running
along the north coast from the bay of Matanzas to the limits of Santa Clara
province.
The lands of the Tertiary formation are situated on the west side of Matan-
zas, running to the limits of Habana province, and in the central and southern
part of the province to the Zapata swamps and limits of Santa Clara.
The red soil of the municipalities of Jovellanos, Giiira de Macuriges,
Cervantes (formerly Perico), Bolondr6n, and La Union are considered the
very best kind for the cultivation of sugar cane, coffee, oranges, bananas,
sweet potatoes, "name," "yucca," corn, etc. The soil of the municipalities
of Alacranes, Jagiiey Grande, Guanajayabo, and Guamacaro is of argillo-
arenose-calcareous humiferous composition, of dark or brown color, in some
instances rather humid. It is good for the cultivation of sugar cane.
The lands of the Secondary formations are situated in the central highlands
of this region, forming a zone beginning to the west of the village of Colon
and running nearly to the municipality of Uni6n de Reyes.
The parts of this province belonging to the municipalities of Cimarrones
and San Jos6 de los Ramos are extensively flooded during heavy rainy seasons
on account of the swelling of the rivers that flow through or near these districts.
The principal products of the province are sugar cane, alcohol, and timber.
62 PROVINCES AND THE ISLE OF PINES.
Matanzas city, the capital of the province and a city with nearly 40,000
inhabitants, is located about 60 miles directly east of Habana. This city is
noted for the beauty of its surroundings, one of the most enchanting views
being the celebrated valley of the Yumuri. Another great attraction is the
Caves of Bellamar. The city has a pretty plaza and good buildings, the most
notable being the Esteban Theater and the City Hall.
The commercial activity of Matanzas is great. The principal industries
are rum distilling, sugar refining, and the manufacture of guava jelly. There
are railroad, car, and machine shops. Sugar and molasses are sent to the
United States, the value of the exports of such products from 1891 to 1895
amounting to So9,988,497.
The climate is good and Matanzas is considered the healthiest city on the
island.
Cdrdenas, with about 25,000 inhabitants, is also an important commercial
center. Sugar is the chief article of export. About half of the imports are
from the United States.
Colon has of late years made great efforts in the direction of educational
advancement. It is in the heart of the sugar-producing region.
PROVINCE OF SANTA CLARA.
The province of Santa Clara is bounded on the north by the channel of
Bahama, on the east by the province of Camaguey, on the south by the Carib-
bean Sea, and on the west by the Gulf of Matamano and the province of
Matanzas.
It is divided into 6 judicial districts: Santa Clara, Sagua la Grande, Reme-
dios, Cienfuegos, Trinidad, and Sancti-Spiritus.
The lands of the Quaternary formation extend from the limits of Matanzas
province to the north of Sagua la Chica river on the north coast, and to
Cienfuegos on the south coast.
The lands of the Tertiary formation are found in the northern part of the
province, from Sagua la Chica river to the eastern limit of the province,
forming a wide zone, extending westward to the province of Matanzas.
In this zone are located, in part, the municipalities of Yaguajay, San Juan
de los Remedios, Taguayabon, San Antonio de los Vueltas, Camajuani, and
Sagua la Grande. On the south coast Tertiary lands form a narrow strip,
beginning at the port of Cienfuegos and ending in the province of Camaguey.
This zone becomes wider in the central region of the province, occupying a
considerable extent of land. The municipalities of Trinidad and Sancti-
Spiritus are situated in this zone. Soil of the same formation, occupied by the
municipalities of Cartagena and Santa Isabel de las Lajas, can be found in
the western portion of the province.
The lands of the Secondary period form two irregular bands joining in the
west. Lands of this formation, although occup}'ing a small area, can be
found to the north of Cienfuegos port, in the municipality of San Fernando.
PROVINCE OF CAMAGUEY. 63
The lands of the Primitive formation are found on the east side of the
Arimao river, extending to the north slope of the Siguanea. The renowned
Manicaragua vegas are located on this formation.
The principal products of the province are sugar cane, tobacco, coffee,
cocoa, corn, bananas, honey, wax, timber, alcohol, cattle, charcoal, and bark
and leaves for tanning.
Cienfuegos, with a population of 30,100 in 1907, is a city of great commercial
activity. It is located on a peninsula in the bay of Yagua, 6 miles from the
sea, and has a fine harbor.
The city has a beautiful plaza and its streets are wide and straight; its
buildings are large and substantial and it is surrounded by a great number
of the finest sugar plantations on the island.
The commercial importance of the place was recognized more than forty
years ago, and has increased with the development of the sugar industry.
This port is now the center of the sugar trade for the south of the island.
Sugar and tobacco are exported to the United States, and soap and ice are
manufactured.
Santa Clara, with 16,702 inhabitants, is the capital of the province. This
city is situated in the center of the island.
Sagua la Grande, Caibari^n, San Juan de los Remedios, Trinidad, Sancti-
Spiritus, Cruces, Camajuani, Placetas, and Tunas de Zaza are important
cities.
PROVINCE OF CAMAGUEY.
The province of Camagiiey is bounded on the north by the channel of
Bahama, on the east by the province of Oriente, on the south by the Caribbean
Sea, and on the west by the province of Santa Clara. It has two judicial
districts, Camagiiey and Moron.
Lands of Quaternary period extend in a narrow strip in the northern part
of the province and also on the south coast from the port of Santa Cruz del
Sur to Santiago de Cuba. Lands of this kind can be found also at the mouth
of the Santa Clara river.
Lands of the Tertiary formation form two parallel zones, one in the north
and the other in the south portion of the province. The municipalities of
Moron, Nue vitas, Ciego de Avila, and Santa Cruz del Sur are located in
these zones.
The principal products of the province are cattle, sugar cane, wax, honey,
timber, and hemp.
Camagiiey has 29,616 inhabitants, and is the capital of the province. The
city is located in the heart of one of the wildest parts of the island, 528^
miles from Habana, 47 miles from the port of Nuevitas on the north, and 50
miles from Santa Cruz del Sur on the south coast. It is the seat of a court of
appeal.
The manufacture of cigars is extensive; sugar, tobacco, wax, and honey
are important articles of export.
64 PROVINCES AND THE ISLE OF PINES.
Along the north coast are three large isles known as Cayo Coco, Cayo
Romano, and Guanaja, which are almost barren, though possessing rich soil.
They are inhabited by fishermen. The abundance of sea birds along the
coast is extraordinary.
"La Gloria," the American colony developed after peace was restored,
belongs to Camagiiey province.
Some of the cities are Nuevitas, Mor6n, Ciego de Avila, and Santa Cruz
del Sur. The first and last are situated by the sea. Cedar, mahogany, honey,
and wax are shipped to the United States annually to the value of $300,000
to $400,000.
PROVINCE OF OMENTE.
The province of Oriente is bounded on the north by the Atlantic ocean;
on the east by the Atlantic ocean and Windward Passage, which separates
it from the island of Haiti; on the south by the Straits of Colon, which separate
it from Jamaica; on the west by the Gulf of Guaycanaybo and the province
of Camagiiey.
It has six judicial districts: Santiago de Cuba, Manzanillo, Bayamo, Hol-
gufn, Baracoa, and Guantdnamo.
The lands of the Quaternary formation are found in the northern part of
the province, and also in the southern part, where they extend from Cape
Cruz in a westerly direction to the limits of the province of Camagiiey and
again from Puerto Escondido to Cape Maisi.
Lands of the Tertiary period exist all along the south coast except for the
portions which have been mentioned as belonging to the Quarternary forma-
tion. The towns of Piedras, Jiguanf, Barajagua, and Mayari are situated
on this kind of soil, as are also San Pedro, San Marcos, and the municipality
of Gibara.
Lands of the Secondary formation occupy the southern part of the province,
from Cape Cruz to Guant^namo, and thence extend to the northeast as far
as the mountains of Toa. This is the richest mineral region in the province.
Lands of the Primitive formation are of limited extent, located northeast
of the port of Manatl.
Igneous soil forms a wide zone embracing the municipalities of Bayamo,
Holgufn, and Victoria de las Tunas; all of the northern slope of the Sierra
Maestra is also of the same kind of soil.
The principal products of the province are minerals, coffee, sugar cane,
tobacco, cocoa, wax, honey, coconuts, bananas, and timber.
This province contains the principal mountain ranges of Cuba. Com-
mencing at Cape Maisi the land rises in a series of irregular terraces of lime-
stone rock until an elevation of about 1,500 feet is reached, then gradually
slopes upward, and forms a series of irregular mountains which extend from
the north to the south coast. These mountains rise to an elevation of about
4,000 feet, are extremely precipitous and irregular, and are covered with
PROVINCE OF ORIENTE. 65
vegetation almost to the summits. Seventy miles from Cape Maisi, on the
south coast, the country flattens out and the mountains recede from the ocean,
leaving a large and comparatively level plain, indented by a deep, irregular
harbor, furnishing excellent anchorage for any amount of shipping. This
plain is known as the Guantdnamo valley, and the harbor is the harbor of
Guantanamo. The Guantanamo river is a stream of considerable size and
navigable for light-draft boats for about 6 miles. The valley of Guantdnamo
is extremely fertile, and contains some of the largest and best sugar plantations
in Cuba. Between Guantdnamo and Cape Maisi, on the south coast, there
are no settlements.
West of Guantdnamo, the coast is extremely rough and mountainous. The
mountains here reach an altitude of 5,500 feet and extend down to the sea.
At a point about 25 miles west of Guantdnamo the mountains commence to
bend back from the seacoast, leaving near the sea one or two ranges of com-
paratively low foothills. Near Santiago the mountains recede farther and
farther from the coast, leaving another large, irregular valley covered with
rolling hills, in which are situated the city of Santiago, and the villages of
Caney, Cubitas, Dos Bocas, Boniato, and Cobre.
Santiago is a city of about 46,000 inhabitants. It is situated on a limestone
hill, at the northeast extremity of the harbor. The harbor is about 4^ miles
long, and varies from a few hundred yards to a mile and a half in width. It is
completely landlocked and furnishes an absolutely safe harbor.
The mountains form an almost continuous rim around Santiago. On the
east the Sierra Maestra range rises to an altitude of 5,500 feet; then gradually
slopes down to an almost even ridge of grass covered hills or small mountains,
varying in height from 1,000 to 1,800 feet, and rises again on the west to a
height of nearly 6,000 feet. A great central plateau sweeps around the coast
range of mountains connecting with the head of the Guantdnamo valley,
gradually losing itself in the foothills of the mountains, which cover the whole
breadth of the eastern portion of the island. To the northward it runs for
nearly a hundred miles in an almost unbroken succession of wonderfully rich
tracts of agricultural land, with here and there a high range of hills. It is well
watered by numerous streams, and presents almost limitless possibilities in
the way of cultivation and development. Throughout the center of this great
plateau are still found large forests of mahogany and cedar, as well as other
valuable woods.
To the westward this valley swings around the coast range of mountains
and joins the great valley extending from Bayamo to Manzanillo, and to the
north and west it connects with the level rolling country of Camagiiey.
West of Santiago, the mountains rise to the height of over 7,000 feet and
extend down to the water's edge. In fact, from Maisi to Cape Cruz the
mountains at most points rise from the sea, and anchorages are few and widely
separated. Between Santiago and Cape Cruz, a distance of about 1 18 miles,
there are numerous small harbors, none of them practicable for large ships.
^ PROVINCES AND THE ISLE OF PINES.
At Cape Cruz the coast bends sharply to the northward and the mountains
fall back from the sea. This is the commencement of the great valley or plain
of Manzanillo, which extends from the mountains on the east to the Cauto
river on the west and north, and runs inland, becoming merged in the great
•central plateau of the island. Manzanillo is situated at the head of the Bay or
Gulf of Manzanillo on the border of this extremely fertile plain, in which are
some of the finest sugar plantations in Cuba. On the west, and sweeping
■completely around the head of this valley, is the Cauto river, the largest of all
the Cuban rivers, and navigable for light-draft vessels for 60 miles from its
mouth. At the head of the valley where it joins the table-land is situated the
picturesque old town of Bayamo. It was destroyed during the Ten Years'
War to prevent its capture by the Spaniards. Twenty miles beyond is the
old town of Jiguanf. Years ago about these towns were almost countless
herds of cattle and horses, but these entirely disappeared during the Ten
Years* War; since the establishment of the Republic, however, they are again
becoming important. From Bayamo to the north coast a beautiful rolling
country is broken by great forests of timber. To the west from Baracoa, the
coast is lofty and mountainous.
Baracoa is the oldest settlement in Cuba. Its harbor is small and compara-
tively shallow. The country is rough and mountainous, and extremely
picturesque and beautiful. The principal industry is the cultivation of coco-
nuts and bananas; tobacco is grown, although only to a limited extent. The
natives of Baracoa are very skillful in manufacturing articles from tortoise
shell.
The first harbor of importance west of Baracoa is the Bay of Nipe. This is
probably one of the finest harbors in the world. The entrance is narrow but
deep. The harbor itself, which is completely sheltered from the ocean by a
high range of hills, seems almost like an inland sea. It is about 15 miles long
and 8 or 9 miles wide. Flowing into it are two comparatively large streams.
The larger one, known as the Mayarl river, is navigable for boats and scows
for about 15 miles, up to the town of Mayari. About Mayari are some of the
best tobacco lands in Cuba; also large forests of hard wood. The country is
wonderfully fertile. Almost any kind of fruit can be grown here in the greatest
abundance. Commencing at the Bay of Nipe the mountains recede from the
ocean and gradually merge into the central plain. The country about Nipe
and farther on to the border of Camagiiey is low and rolling, and in former
limes was the seat of great tobacco and sugar plantations, as well as the
cultivation of bananas.
The next port westward of Nipe is Banes — another excellent harbor, much
like Nipe> but smaller and difficult to enter on account of strong currents.
The entrance is deep, narrow, and bordered by high cliffs, and is known as
the "Canyon of Banes." This entrance is about 3 miles long, and suddenly
merges into the beautiful harbor. The vicinity of Banes is one of the greatest
banana producing districts in Cuba. About 6 miles from the port is the little
PROVINCE OF ORIENTE. 67
town of Banes. This town, like most others in this section of Cuba, was
almost entirely destroyed during the war, but it has been rebuilt.
Still farther to the westward is the old town of Gibara, with a harbor of fair
size. The town is a quaint and picturesque old Spanish town, entirely inclosed
by a wall, along which are scattered masonry blockhouses. This town has
been for years the port of entry for all the northern portion of the province of
Oriente.
Twenty miles in the interior is situated the old town of Holguln. While
Gibara has always been a commercial town, Holguln has been dependent on
the industries of an agricultural and grazing country for its resources. The
town is situated in a rolling, barren country, similar to certain sections in New
Mexico. In former times small amounts of gold were washed in the streams
near Holgufn, and now and then reports are circulated relating to the redis-
coveries of old placer mines.
Westward from Gibara is Puerto Padre, a small and comparatively pros-
perous village at the head of a magnificent harbor. The country back of
Puerto Padre is low and rolling. •
About 40 miles inland is the old town of Victoria de las Tunas. This town
was practically destroyed during the recent war. The country all through
this section is low and rolling and suitable for either grazing or agriculture.
The general character of the soil in the extreme eastern end of the province
is rocky and barren, except in the narrower valleys between the mountains,
where it is extremely rich but very limited in extent. Farther westward are
the rich plains of Guantanamo, Manzanillo, Bayamo, etc., with a rich adobe
soil of great depth and of almost inexhaustible richness. Through the interior
of the island this same characteristic obtains, only now and then clay or loam
crops out. Generally speaking, the comparatively level tracts of land are
highly fertile. As to the products of the soil, almost all vegetables grow rapidly
and quickly, but lose flavor unless fresh seeds are brought in every two or three
years. The tropical fruits, especially bananas, coconuts, and figs, grow in the
greatest abundance; no attention, however, is paid to the cultivation of figs.
Among the fruits that grow wild are the lime, lemon, nispero, anoncillo, sapote,
mamey, plantain, guanabana, caimito, anon, pineapple, orange, and mango.
Ordinary "garden truck" grows with great rapidity and is of good quality.
Excellent tobacco is also grown all about the Bay of Nipe and along the
Mayarf river. The tobacco is rated second only to the best Pinar del Rfo
tobacco. Sugar, of course, had been for many years the principal product of
the soil. The larger sugar estates are at Guantdnamo, at San Luis and
vicinity on the plateau back of Santiago, at Manzanillo, and along the north
coast of Vita and Puerto Padre. At these large plantations are found modern
machinery and appliances, and the development of the sugar industry is
carried on upon a strictly scientific basis. The land is largely loaned to the
workingmen, who agree to turn in the cane at the "central" mill of the
owner of the land. He pays them not by the gross weight of the cane, but in
68 PROVINCES AND THE ISLE OF PINES.
accordance with the percentage of sugar the cane produces. This is an
incentive, of course, to produce the very best kind of cane. All through the
extreme eastern part of the island, along the mountain ranges and hillsides,
are the remains of almost numberless coffee plantations. The cultivation of
coffee was formerly a great industry in eastern Cuba, but the coffee plantations,
like almost everything else, were totally destroyed by the Ten Years' War and
the recent war. These plantations were principally established by French
refugees, who came from Haiti after the uprising of the negroes in that island.
These coffee plantations were a great source of revenue to their owners and
to the state for many years. The coffee grown was of excellent quality and,
like the best grades of the present Porto Rican coffee, commanded very high
prices in the markets of Europe. The cocoa was also grown extensively by
these same Frenchmen, cocoa and coffee bushes being cultivated together,
the former furnishing the necessary shade for the latter.
The province of Oriente includes the richest mineral region in the island of
Cuba. The deposits of iron, copper, and manganese have long been known
and have. been extensively and successfully worked. In addition zinc and
lead are found.
Santiago de Cuba, the capital of the province, has a fine harbor, beautiful
drives, and rich mines of iron, copper, and manganese in its immediate
neighborhood. It has a number of tobacco factories, but the chief business
is the exportation of raw materials, and the importation of manufactured
goods and provisions. Sugar, iron ore, manganese, copper, coffee, cocoa,
fruits, and timber are the principal products.
The city is full of historical interest; the battlefields of San Juan and Caney,
the peace tree, and the remains of the Spanish squadron, destroyed outside
of the harbor of Santiago, are of especial interest to Americans.
A COCOA GROVE.
THE SUGAR AND ALLIED INDUSTRIES/
Producing farms. — The number of farms contributing to the sugar crop of
1906-7, was 186, this number being 5 more than the total for the previous
year, and 7 more than the total for the year 1904-5.
Cultivated area. — Estimated upon the basis of the quantity of cane ground
and the average yield per acre, the last crop required a cultivated area of no
less than 849,100 acres as compared with 748,733 acres in the previous year.
Cane ground. — The quantity of cane ground increased in 1907 as compared
with 1906, 1,679,947 English tons, the large amount of 14,214,946 tons being
reached in the former year, and 12,534,999 tons in the latter; the quantity
ground in the latter year, in its turn, exceeded that for the preceding year,
by 958,862 tons.
Sugar production. — In consequence of the increase in the area devoted to
the cultivation of sugar cane, the production of sugar in 1906-7 exceeded that
of 1905-6; the amount produced was 1,444,310 tons in the former year and
1,229,737 tons in the latter year. The increase was 214,573 tons. The
corresponding increase in 1905-6 as compared with 1904-5 was only 46,389
tons.
Sirup production. — The production of both molasses and sugar sirups
has a close relation to that of sugar. The quantity of sirups obtained from
the crop of 1906-7 was 46,745,736 gallons, while the quantity manufactured
in 1905-6 was 37,917,752 gallons, the increase was, therefore, 8,827,984
gallons, an increase very much greater than the increase in 1905-6 as com-
pared with 1904-5, the latter increase being 2,760,497 gallons.
Production of brandy and alcohol. — In 1906-7, the manufactures on sugar
farms included 1,853,648 gallons of brandy and 400,120 gallons of alcohol as
compared with 1,032,930 gallons of brandy and 330,121 gallons of alcohol for
the year 1905-6, which represents an increase of 820,718 gallons of brandy
and 69,999 gallons of alcohol, quantities which, in their turn, are much greater
than those reached in the comparison between 1905-6 and 1904-5, the
increases for that period being 226,433 gallons of brandy and 3,836 gallons of
alcohol. The production of each of these liquors in factories or distilleries,
aside from the production on sugar plantations, shows also an appreciable
increase — 1,302,053 gallons of brandy and 41,262 gallons of alcohol. It
'This account of the sugar industry of Cuba, and of the other industries connected
with and dependent thereon, is based upon the report published in 1908 by the Sec-
tion of General Statistics of the Cuban Treasury Department, of which Dr. Julian
Betancourt is chief.
70 THE SUGAR AND ALLIED INDUSTRIES.
follows, therefore, that the excess of the national production in 1906-7 as
compared with 1905-6 was 2,122,771 gallons of brandy and 111,261 gallons
of alcohol. The total production of those liquors for 1906-7 amounted to
6,806,333 gallons of brandy and 2,954,809 gallons of alcohol, an aggregate
of 9,761,142 gallons.
Total value of crops. — ^The value of the products of the sugar mills may
be estimated upon the basis of the value of the exports of these products,
except in the case of alcohol, with which brandy and rum must be included
because details are not given for this product in the custom-house documents.
As estimated these products were valued at $73,896,899 in 1906-7 and
$61,514,978 in 1905-6, the increase being $12,381,921. These crops were
exceeded, however, by that of 1904-5, the value of which, estimated in the
same way, was $80,002,734.
Exportation of sugar. — In the year 1907, 1,292,777 tons of^-aw sugar were
exported by the national custom-houses, while in 1906 only 1,180,615 tons
and in 1905, 1,077,193 tons were exported. Although the quantity of these
exports increased over 100,000 tons each year, the value of the raw sugar
exported in 1906 ($57,909,932) was less by $13,843,405 than the corresponding
value for 1905 ($71,753,337). Fortunately for the country, this threatened
fall in prices did not continue, and the value of the raw sugar exported in
1907 was $69,416,689, or $11,506,748 more than the value for the previous
year.
With regard to refined sugar, the data of the custom-houses show that there
has been an extraordinary increase in the amount exported, the amount
increasing from 1 ton in 1905 to 8 tons in 1906, and to 3,311 tons in 1907,
while the values increased from $129 in 1905 to $1,198 in 1906 and $137,739
in 1907.
Exporiaiion of sirups. — ^The same unusual condition is noted with respect
to sirups, of which 34,532,005 gallons were exported in 1907, 31,530,398 in
1906, and 28,130,263 in 1905; thio reijresents an increase for 1907 over 1906
of 3,001,607 gallons and a greater increase, 3,400,135 gallons, for 1906 over
1905. The variation in the total value of these exports was from $794,542 in
1905 to $774,627 in 1906 and $921,312 in 1907; while the decrease between
1905 and 1906 was $19,915, the increase between 1906 and 1907 amounted to
$146,685.
Exportation of other products. — ^The normal relation between quantity and
value exists in the case of the exports of sweets and preserves and liquors,
other than brandy and rum, obtained from sugar cane. The exported sweets
and preserves amounted to 627,900 pounds valued at $33,047 in 1907 and
380,989 pounds valued at $31,935 in 1906, thus showing an increase in quan-
tity and in value. Similarly the exports of liquors other than brandy and
rum increased from 5,676 gallons valued at $1,415 in 1906 to 217,435 gallons
valued at $59,886 in 1907. In the case of brandy and rum, the quantity
decreased from 1,342,892 gallons in 1906 to 1,270,745 gallons in 1907 while
the value increased from $250,809 to $257,800.
EXPORTS. 71
Total value of the exports mentioned. — ^The total value of the exportations
noted — namely, sugar, sirups, sweets and preserves, brandy and rum, and
other liquors— amounts to $70,826,464 for 1907 as compared with $58,969,-
916 for 1906, showing an increase of $11,856,548, or 20.2 per cent. Of this
increase the greater part was obtained in commerce with the United States,
to which country saccharine products to the value of $65,156,492 were exported
in 1907 as compared with similar exports to the value of $58,433,121 in 1906,
the increase in 1907 over 1906 being $6,723,371.
Importation of bags and machinery. — In connection with the sugar and
allied industries it is necessary to import quantities of bags and machinery.
In 1907, sugar bags weighing 11,208 tons were imported; these were valued
at $1,299,040. In the same year 18,481 tons of machinery to be employed
in the manufacture of sugar and brandy were imported at a cost of $1,445,254.
These figures compared with those for 1906 show decreases in quantity
amounting to 1,021 tons for bags and 5,417 tons for machinery, a decrease
of $739,401 in the value of the machinery, and an increase of $80,749 in the
value of the bags. The total value of the bags and machinery imported
amounted to $2,744,294 for 1907 and $3,402,946 for 1906. Thus there was
an excess in 1906 over 1907 of $658,652 for importations.
Balance.^ — ^A comparison, or final balance, of the exportations and importa-
tions which have been mentioned, shows an excess in the value of the exports
amounting to $68,082,170 in 1907 and $55,566,970 in 1906. The excess for
1906, however, is over five million dollars less than that for 1905, the excess
for 1905 being $68,313,230.
'Subject to correction for 1907.
THE POSTAL AND TELEGRAPH SERVICES.
By J. Charles Hernandez, Director General de Comunicaciones, Cuba.
PROGRESS FROM JANUARY, 1899, TO JANUARY, 1908.
The military intervention of the United States of America in Cuba started
a new era of progress in all the branches of the public administration. During
the four years of that government a radical transformation was effected.
From the beginning the important question of the postal and telegraph
services, which had always been in a miserable condition, was given special
attention by the intervening government because these services were powerful
governmental resources as well as necessities to the government and to the
people. Among the numerous changes authorized, the following may be
mentioned: The sale of postage stamps at post offices, instead of at the
offices of "stamped papers"; the discontinuance of the delivery fee (5 cents)
collected from the addressee by the carrier for each letter; the considerable
increase of letter boxes; the establishment of a more frequent collection of
mail; the issue of a stamp for use on mail for immediate delivery; and the
creation of the Dead Letter Bureau.
In the month of April, 1899, the postal tariff issued by the intervening
government was put in force. The rates of postage were as follows : Letters
weighing less than 1 ounce, 2^ cents; single postal cards, 1 cent; double
postal cards, 2 cents; newspapers entered as second class matter by the
editors, 1 cent for a package not exceeding 1 pound in weight, provided the
papers were to be distributed at the office of destination or at an office without
free delivery, and 1 cent for a package not exceeding 8 ounces in weight, if
the papers were to be distributed by carriers at a free delivery office; printed
matter of other kinds, 1 cent for a package not exceeding 2 ounces in
weight; medicine, merchandise, and samples, 1 cent for each ounce or fraction
thereof. The registry fee was fixed at 10 cqnts.
Later the rate of postage for letters not weighing over 1 ounce was reduced
to 2 cents and the registry fee to 8 cents, including the return receipt, while
the rate for newspapers entered as second class matter was fixed at 1 cent a
pound.
On January 23, 1906, a law authorized by Congress was promulgated,
granting domestic franking privilege to all the national newspapers. This
prinlege, which it was feared would cause the second class mail to disappear,
did not lessen the quantity of that class.
As there were no special stamps for Cuba at the time of the American
(72)
PROGRESS FROM JANUARY, 1899, TO JANUARY, 1908. 73
intervention the sale of United States stamps was authorized. Afterwards
Cuban stamps of denominations of 1, 2, 3, 5, and 10 cents were issued; of
the 10 cent denomination, two different kinds were issued, one for postage,
and the other for special delivery. A new stamp of 50 cents has been issued
lately, which is used chiefly for parcels and packages.
The Postal Code was promulgated on June 21, 1899, by order No. 115,
of the General Headquarters of the division of Cuba. This order, still in
effect, granted the Postal Ser\nce the most complete autonomy, fixed its
rights in a clear manner, pointed out the duties of the postal oflScers, and
established penalties for violations of its provisions.
During the Spanish administration, the Postal Service was practically
limited to the transportation and distribution of the mails. The intervening
government, after considering the public needs and the general convenience,
created two new services: the Money Order and the Parcels Post systems,
which began to operate shortly after the promulgation of the Postal Code.
These two systems, which formerly were not known in Cuba, were welcomed
by the public.
The Money Order Service was established only in 32 military postal
stations, but it was doon transferred to the post offices. At first this service,
outside of Cuba, was in operation only with the United States; but it was
extended later, to Canada. At the end of the first intervention there were 103
post offices with money order service in Cuba; at the expiration of the first
government of the Republic there were 120, and at the present time there
are 155.
At the close of the first Ameiican administration the Parcels Post System
was in operation at 159 post offices. During the period from May 20, 1902,
to September 29, 1906, it was established in 56 additional offices, and during
the present provisional government of the United States 45 more have been
added, making a total of 260 at the present time.
No important changes have been made in the Money Order or Parcels Post
systems. A new money order blank, similar to that now in use in the United
States, has been substituted for the old form and has been well received by
the public, as it bears a picture of Commanding-General Calixto Garcia
Iniguez.
No postal treaty was concluded during the epoch of the intervention, as
Cuba had no definite status. Upon the restoration of the national govern-
ment, five were concluded as follows: one with the United States and one
with Mexico for the exchange of mail; and one with Mexico, one with Ger-
many, and one with France for the exchange of parcels. By virtue of the first
two treaties, the domestic rates in force in the country in which the mail
originates are charged. With the exception of newspapers, articles under
franking privilege in the domestic service arc also entitled to this privilege in
the International service.
Of the treaties for the International Parcels Post Service those with Ger-
many and France, which are the most perfect, were put in force on June 1,
6
74
THE POSTAL AND TELEGRAPH SERVICES.
1906, and January 1, 1907, respectively; but the service did not begin to
operate regularly until January, 1907.
By January 1, 1908, it had developed to an extraordinary extent, as shown
by the fact that in this short period of time 15,000 parcels were received.
The mail transportation service was quite deficient during the Spanish
administration. No assortment or distribution of mails was made on the
trains en route. The intervening government established such distribution
and increased the number of routes. On May 20, 1902, there were 123 routes
with a distance run of 1,541,265 miles; on September 29, 1906, there were
137 with a run of 2,476,819 miles; and at present there are 145 routes aggre-
gating 5,324 miles in length, and with an annual run of 2,545,828 miles.
Under the Spanish administration this service had never been heavily
subsidized. The government granted concessions for the construction of
railroads with the condition that they should convey the mails without charge.
Only two railroad companies were paid therefor, the Puerto Principe and
Nue vitas Railroad Co., and the Habana United Railway, which were paid
$816 and $1,254 per annum, respectively. The intervening government
reduced the compensation of the first named company to $660 but made no
change in that of the other. The government of ihe Republic, because of
exactions of the railroad companies which were protected by Order 34 of 1902,
and because of the increase of the Postal Service, was compelled to pay all of the
railroads for this service, and appropriated a large amount for that purpose;
consequently, while the service required an expenditure of only $1,914 at
the end of the first American intervention, it costs at present about $180,000.
^Mien the oflScers of the intervening government took charge of the postal
service a list of 310 post oflBces was exhibited to them, but at the end of
February, 1899, only 193 were able to perform service. However, at the time
of the restoration of the government of the Republic there were 297 in
operation, and at the end of that administration, 366. At present there are 415
post offices.
The Registry Service established by the intervening government has
remained without change, although largely increased in proportion to the
development of business. This service is in operation in all of the post offices
of the island.
The following table shows the gradual increase of the Registry Service from
1902 to September 30, 1907:
CLASS OF ICAUi.
NUMBER OF REGISTERED ARTICLES.
1906-1907
1905-1906
1904-1905 I 1903-1904
1902-1903
Ag^egate
Outgoing
Domestic. . .
Foreign. . . .
Official
Incoming
^13,620
682,747
289,251
179,261
114,235
330,873
748,260
522,252
244,028
123,328
154,896
226,008
685.476
490,044
232,813
114,372
142,859
195,432
543,966
366,366
172,394
112,534
81,438
177.600
380.135
265,639
161,750
103,789
114,596
PROGRESS FROM JANUARY, 1899, TO JANUARY, 1908. 75
On January 1, 1908, there were in the Habana post office 2,000 undelivered
registered articles. Some of them had been lying in the office for three or four
yeai'S.
At the time the intervening government established the Dead Letter
Bureau, thousands of undelivered letters were found. Among them were
some of the year 1891. From January to June, 1899, 73,688 letters were sent
to that Bureau. In the following years the number gradually grew less in
proportion to the mail, which shows the efficiency in the delivery service.
During the one year of the present provisional government's administration,
the proportion of dead letters has been 6.4 per thousand in the domestic
service and 16.4 per thousand in the international service, the majority of
such letters, chiefly in the latter service, being due to wrong addresses.
By virtue of the Universal Postal Convention of Rome, which was put in
force October 1, 1907, the Cuban administration adopted two measures of
considerable importance. One fixed the postage of letters addressed to foreign
countries, with the exception of the United States and Mexico, at the rate of
5 cents for the first ounce, and 3 cents for each additional ounce or fraction
thereof. The other accepted the exchange of international answer-coupons,
which, when bought in any of the countries where they are admissible, are
exchangeable for 25 centimes in postage stamps in the other countries included
in the exchange convention. Both decrees of the provisional government of
the Republic received public praise.
Great improvements were also made in the Telegraph Service. At the end
of the war of Independence there was only a small number of telegraph lines
on the island and they were in ruinous condition. The Cuban forces had
destroyed all the lines they could find, for the purpose of interrupting the
communication of the Spanish government. During the period of the Ameri-
can military intervention, the telegraph service was under the control of the
Signal Corps of the Army of Occupation.
This Corps, with the aid of the liberal appropriations ordered by the
military government, soon restored the old lines, and erected new ones,
which were used rather for the military service than for the convenience of
the public. The intervening government introduced a more reasonable
telegraphic tariff than the one in force under the Spanish administration.
When the intervention ceased the telegraph lines of the government measured
3,499 miles, with service at 77 stations with automatic repeaters. At the
establishment of the Republic the Telegraph Service and the Postal Service
were placed under one Department, which was called "Comunicaciones."
During the first national government very little was done toward improve-
ment in the telegraph lines. The service was generally bad, and was rapidly
deteriorating in the extreme provinces of the island. In that period, how-
ever, two wireless telegraph stations were installed, one at Mariel, Pinar del
Rio province, and one at Nueva Gerona, Isle of Pines.
At the end of the national government of the Republic there were 5,855
kilometers of telegraph lines and, at the commencement of the provisional
76 THE POSTAL AND TELEGRAPH SERVICES.
government all were in bad condition, as a result partly of lack of repairs,
and partly of damages caused by rain storms and by the Revolutionary
forccsl All these lines were repaired, and a few new ones have been erected.
The Duplex-polar apparatus was installed on the central line of the island,
from Habana to Santo Domingo and afterwards to Camagiiey; as a result
of this improvement it was possible to transmit 600,604 messages during the
first year of the provisional government.
There are now under construction 6 wireless telegraph stations: one on
the glacis of Morro Castle at Habana, and one each at Pinar del Rio, Santa
Clara, Camagiiey, Baracoa, and Santiago de Cuba. The one now in opera-
tion on the esplanade between Morro Castle and Cabana Fortress, which was
previously at Mariel,. will be removed to Bayamo as soon as the new one ou
the glacis of Morro Castle is completed.
At the present time, 6,196 kilometers of telegraph lines and 115 stations
are in operation.
The Spanish legislation concerning telephones has not been changed,
hence, the laws governing telephone service are not consistent with modem
methods.
The Department of Communications had on January 2, 1908, 1,601 em-
ployees distributed as follows: In the Department proper, 149; in Pinar del
Rfo, 117; in Habana, 501: in Matanzas, 200; in Santa Clara, 283; in Cama-
giiey, 102; in Oriente, 249. There were in addition 160 substitutes without
salary.
MONEY, BANKS, AND BANKING.
MONEY.
Cuba has no currency of its own coinage. The official money of the Repub-
lic is United States currency, and all taxes and public debts are payable in
the same, except fees of registers of property, which are collected in Spanish
gold. In wholesale commercial circles Spanish gold is the basis of calculation,
and in the retail trade and in the country Spanish silver is commonly used.
United States currency is always at a slight premium over Spanish gold,
but this premium fluctuates according to the demand for Spanish gold and
silver. During the year 1907, the American dollar was on an average equiva-
lent to $1.03 Spanish gold or $1.16 Spanish silver.
The centen, or 25-peseta piece, is of gold, and has an average value of $4.85
American money. The silver coins are the peso, peseta, dos pesetas, real, and
medio. The dos pesetas is a silver coin valued at 2 pesetas, for which there is
no corresponding piece in the American coinage. The peseta is the fifth
of a peso.
The following table will show more clearly the different coins in circulation
in Cuba and their value in American money:
COIN. Spanish. American.
El peso $1.00 $0.85
l>os pesetas .40 .34
Una peseta .20 .17
Un real .10 .08
Medio teal .05 .04
Copper 1-centavo (cent) and 2-centavo pieces pass current at their face
value in sums not exceeding the value of 1 peseta. For the government the
fixed value of the centen is $4.78 in American money and $3.83 in French
coins or coins equal in value to the fourth part of a Spanish onza.
BANKS AND BANKING.
The banking facilities existing in Cuba at the present time are inadequate.
Under the tenure of Spain no effort was made to afford the Cubans an oppor-
tunity to bank their savings, and no attention was given to such channels
for the distribution of money as are usually found in other countries.
On July 21, 1S98, immediately following the occupation of Santiago by
the American troops, the President of the United States appointed the North
(77)
78 MONEY, BANKS, AND BANKING.
American Trust Company, of New York, fiscal agent of the United States,
and it continued to act as such until July 18, 1901, when the assets and
business were transferred to the Banco Nacional de Cuba.
This bank was organized with a paid up capital of SI, 000,000 United States
currency. It purchased part of the assets of the North American Trust Com-
pany, and liquidated the company's business in Cuba.
The bank has branches established at Santiago de Cuba, Matanzas, Cien-
fuegos, Cdrdenas, Manzanillo, Sagua la Grande, and Pinar del Rio, and
correspondents at every other important point in the island.
The two principal conditions from which the financial situation in Cuba
suffered were, first, scarcity of money in circulation; and, second, the lack
of banking facilities outside the city of Habana, with the consequent immobil-
ity of capital, and the difficulty of transferring money and credit from one
point to another.
The bank sought to meet these conditions "by establishing its branches at
the points mentioned, through which the government makes its deposits and
disbursements for the several localities, and which encourage local deposits,
which are available for local loans. In this way exchange operations have
been facilitated, giving mobility to capital and affording opportunities for
individuals and companies to make deposits in the bank, instead of keeping
specie hoarded in safes as theretofore.
The bank has a savings department, which serves to bring money into
circulation, in addition to the bank's capital.
Local loans are made and used for the development of business in each
section. The surplus of one section is transmitted for loans in other sections
where there is a demand for money. This prevents the mone}^ from being
concentrated in Habana and gives facilities for the development of the several
sections of the island instead of one particular section. The bank has cor-
respondents all over the world, and does the principal part of the exchange
business with China.
The bank's capital of $1,000,000 is divided into 10,000 shares of the par
value of $100 each. United States currency. This stock is held principally
in the United States, although a large amount is held in Cuba.
J. P. Morgan & Co. are the bank's correspondents in New York.
Royal Bank of Canada. — The agency of the Royal Bank of Canada (head
office at Halifax, Nova Scotia), established in Habana in 1899, has rapidly
gained the confidence of the community, and is now ranked among the most
important banking concerns doing business in the island. This institution,
which is well and favorably known in the United States and Canada, has
more than forty branches in those countries. One of the branches is in New
York city, and furnishes exceptional facilities for the handling of transactions
between that city and Habana. The bank has correspondents also in the
principal cities of Europe and in the East, among them being the Bank of
Scotland, the Credit Lyonnais, the Deutsche Bank, and the Hongkong and
Shanghai Banking Corporation.
BANKS. 7&
This concern has recently bought out the business of the "Banco del
Comercio."
It has branches in Santiago de Cuba and Camagiiey.
Bank of Nova Scotia. — Recently the Bank of Nova Scotia established a
branch in Habana, which is rapidly gaining favor and business.
The Spanish Bank. — This institution, known as the "Banco Espanol de
la Isla de Cuba" (Spanish Bank of the Island of Cuba), is a stock company,
and was incorporated on April 9, 1856, with a capital stock of $8,000,000,
now divided into 80,000 shares of the par value of $100 each. It has a reserve
fund of $456,000. During the Spanish Sovereignty it enjoyed the support
of the government, with which it negotiated many large transactions.
Colonial Loan and Deposit Association, of Buffalo, N. Y. — This associatior>
has an authorized capital of $20,000,000; the stock is divided into shares of
$100 each. Its object is to bring together those people who have money to
invest and those who want to borrow; and to furnish a safe and profitable
system for investing money in both large and small sums in a manner which
will assist and encourage saving.
In addition to the regular banks there are several private firms, whose
business is principally that of loaning money on securities.
FOREIGN COMMERCE.
The foreign trade of Cuba has always been large in proportion to its
population and, since the first American intervention, it has increased
greatly, especially in exports, which have more than doubled. The heaviest
trade was in 1905, The decrease in 1906 as compared with 1905 was due,
of course, to the revolution.
The following table shows the values in American dollars of the imports
and exports of Cuba for each of the years from 1899 to 1907:
TEAS ENDING JUNE 30.
Imports.
Exports.
1899
175.303.612
70,079.214
67,743,033
62,135,464
67,077,676
82,835.651
103.220.985
99.539,661
97,334.195
$49,698,772
1900
51 342 336
1901
66 502 169
1902
64 , 948 , 804
1903
78 486 409
1904
89 978 141
1905
112 280 026
1906
108 909 667
1907
114 812,846
In 1907 imports were valued at approximately $47 and exports at $56 per
capita of the population. From 1899 to 1901 the balance of trade was against
the island, but each year since 1902 the value of the exports has exceeded the
value of the imports, and the net result, in the 9 years of record, is a trade
balance of $11,689,679 in favor of Cuba.
(80)
VALUE OF IMPORTS AND EXPORTS.
81
<
ooow-<ooo>oa>oo
OOrCiMiO'^iOOSt^OJ
m
§
to
a; C
i|
$1,124,735
1,399.226
1,404,570
1,482,681
1,887,526
2,463,764
3,601,220
3.376.016
3.434,685
iMioaowoseowo
--C<5<M00O5'<l<C0 — 0>
eoooo-.ocsoooM
cs o 05 o> o e^ CO ■* CO
i
Nt^OOOOMOOOOCOC^
U5iC(MOOOCOC^O«
lOtO-tJ'lCOCO— 'COIN
cocoesco-*t»N««
a
CQ
eO00GCIrt-<j<!NCO(N00
lO lO — 00 •<1< -^ C.) .^ lO
co^'-oiniNaii^r^iO
.-. ^ C<l -- lO lO ■* (M CO
— OOOO — OOJOO
M
d
s
a
eooioooooocoos
ON.OCOiOO'MOSffl
o>b-oooo>too)r^os
CO OHO IM -1 05 O CO CO
WOOOS'-'MC-l — OCO
(Mcacococoioiocoo
<
a
lOOlOI^'OOO-'t^iN
(Nr^t^oiioriioosos
OSCDOOOf^h-'CiOO
lOCOMMCOOUSOO
oos-<ooooa><MOOJ
t^O5ffliOh-iC00U3C<
in — C0050 0SOO'*'*
irocicofflt^ — — -H
cor-ococoTt^wo
t>-OiI^tOOC5t^OO
r^ — TT o t^ «: <c cs c^
OiNOO«OI>COCOt^OO
COCOWiMlNCO'^'a"'*
IN-i<C0'<l"!O-H'n-H>O
.-1 — CO<Ct^iOOOCOO>
ttXNC'fl'COCCOltC— 1
CO O CO "O 1^ lO O 05 'I*
©(^•^coi^coMcoco
CO o t^ -H o a <N ic CO
ioor~c^t^c^coo>f~
a
< "^
c-.ooccoooo
!Jca>c-.o>acic5050i
<
■»t<COC0t-O> — CCh»CO
U5 r- CO r^ o N (N « -H
OOiMtOOOOCOWOO
— 'OOOiOCOt~CO'<l<»
— •OTfCOCO'^Ol^'O
H
p.
o
oi
p
H
si
tti|s.r^U500lNOOU31N
O5h-oor~5co»ioior~
X — ®ccco — coco®
NJ^h-C-1 — COOOO-^
lor^«co-"0^^<OP^
Nt^oooot^t^r-00
^1
CO-^OOt^-'l'OOOf CO
OOt^'^INt^'OCOIN
OCCie-KMOO'^COl^lN
ClOO — h-0<MiOC»«0
OCJ-tOOSOOSOi't
NiOiOlOCCiO'C'O-*
s
a
$1,714,473
3.253.041
2.623.025
1,298,094
1,134,372
1,396,662
1,199,222
1,549,783
1.038.983
d
$2,979,905
1,013,003
711,401
1,681,294
1,451,620
773,824
1,703,199
1,162,402
651,560
o
s
o
ooh»io<atD-<->oot^
rfrT — OOO'^t^OiO
WiOOt^O<NiO--0
c»Tj.-^t;=r^cooi^co
lOiOClOMOOJffl-^
i-HOTt<C0iOTt"C0COC0
o
<
.1
0»-'00NC0i0iOOTt<
rfOOlCO-fCOCOCOiO
00>05DtCO«iO'-<
tceo-i-cotoc t^-*M
,_( ,.H r^ r-c — — N (N
705,118
505.347
015,954
498,587
134,902
000,145
524,835
6.39.563
914,012
COCOlOTjilOt^OClO
Total
value.
l^CO-.DOO-*iMtD-.1<
i^eo'-'oo'fl'— 'O^oo
odNC-ioocxomiN
OttO-^OOI-OCO— '
eoco>ocS'<i'a><MO500
o> — o Tj. a 02 <N 00 ■*
^ioa3«t^oo — O'H
o
OSO — 'MCCfo-or^
aocoooooo
« c; O c. ^; c: C-. 0> C5
82
FOREIGN COMMERCE.
03
•Si
=1
■wrt
s
O
02
PSQ
03a>(ccoo>aocoo
ooooo«-*o>o)OC3a&
Ma>ooo«ccoot>eo
oeocoaoooor^o^
00 ■* >o o t^ « 10 o <o
-H t^ Tjiio M •«j< (N ei »4
tousoO'-'cooojoot^
i-<t»5ij(u3i-iT(<.-iON
•—aoaoaiooxio
aooosoocoowo
C4e^meoc4u3iattto
I^OttO>0C4«OO
o oTi-i oo"oo"o» N o oT
'« CO 0 so U3 CO 10 CO o»
00USt~00COINt»>-icO
t»cOiOU5-^0«OcO
00— iMCCTjiioor^
OJOOOOOOOO
00050^00^0^00)0)
•■*ooO'*«e«
a» • •i-<oo>coN!0
.-IOSlOi-i04N'<l<0«0
00 1^ CO "5 N -H Tf .H
•ot»
loeo • •
r^
a>ocoe<ato>H<-iooio
»H^^»-Hoocoocob»
OCIO'HOCOO
lOOCOXOt-iQ
t-"eo N
iocO'-it-NeO'*>-ieo
dd»oe>5t»o»'Hio
NN(010'-"0-<*<(N<0
«O'*<-llOCO00MU5CO
M^S^1-lC<5U5 00-H
OO-^INM-^OCDb-
000000000
0000000000
VALUE OF EXPORTS, BY COUNTRIES.
83
-S3-C
— iOOOlOCOt>.C»3-*0»
5l
V O
M
Nt>.^t^dlNiOO>0
OIN't'OOJOOSO'*
dt^OOQCINOOOOMN
OtO-^ClcCOOJ'-iO
OJOO"* -oeoiot^t-
useO'-KOt^wxt^'H
NOO
00^
•rli-lO^WCO
■<»^ 0>-*N
U500(NOOOOCOU5NOO
e<iiodi--dN>Ci-"0
loioNOiwoojtet-i
02
•10 09
•dod
h3cQ
•lOtOOOOSCOO'O'-l
• 10^^^ CO
•■<*<e<5 0>ot>.
»>^')<o6»de<it-^'<i)<'«j<
riHt-oo'-i(eTrio>-ios
®-*M«N05'-l0»O
•*INC0 'I «•*■*
oofflocncsososoJO
OiOOOOOOOO
0000)0)000)00
84
FOREIGN COMMERCE.
The following table derived from the preceding tables shows the degree in
which certain countries have participated in Cuban trade during the past
9 years:
PER CENT OF TOTAI-.
TEAS. ENDINO JUNE 30.
United
States.
Spain.
Germany.
France.
United
Kingdom.
IMPOSTS.
1899
43.7
43.8
42.0
41.7
40.5
42.7
45.4
48.6
49.5
16.6
14.6
15.2
15.8
14.4
12.3
10.7
9.2
8.5
3.0
4.5
6.2
6.0
4.6
6.5
6.2
6.5
6.6
4.1
4.9
4.3
6.0
5.3
6.7
6.6
6.7
6.6
14.7
1900
15.7
1901
14.1
1902
15.0
1903
17.0
1904
16.5
1905
15.3
1906
14.4
1907
14.0
EXPOBTS.
1899
83.0
68.0
76.0
77.0
77.8
83.7
86.5
85.0
88.8
2.6
1.7
1.1
1.7
1.6
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.6
3.5
11.3
6.7
6.2
6.9
4.5
3.5
3.5
2.7
2.7
2.5
2.1
2.0
1.5
1.1
1.1
1.5
0.9
6.0
1900
11. 1
1901
9.4
1902
9.0
1903
8.5
1904
6.6
1905
5.3
1906
6.7
1907
3.9
The principal trade has been with the United States, which has supplied
from two-fifths to almost one-half of the imports, and has received from two-
thirds to over seven-eighths of the exports.
The United States takes practically all the exports of sugar, fruit, and
minerals, and more than nine-tenths of the raw tobacco.
Next to that of the United States the trade with the United Kingdom has
been the most important. That with Spain has fallen off greatly. Trade
with Germany and France was slight.
Habana is, of course, by far the most important port in Cuba, since 69.5
per cent of the imports and 40.2 per cent of the exports passed through it in
the fiscal year. Santiago de Cuba has been the second port in rank in the
value of imports for the last four years, while Cienfuegos has ranked second
in the value of exports for the last three years.
The following tables classify imports and exports by kind, for 1899 to
1908; by countries and class, for 1907; and by ports, for 1899 to 1907.
VALUE OF IMPORTS, BY CLASS.
85
tS
U5
eCOiN
0
to 00 to r^
,_(
r-os-H
•fO
wos
U5 0S
an
OS
t^rOTfi
•«J<
■^r^oOTf
to
cocoes
T-O
OtO
00t1<
coco
^ 05C0
to
OiCO ^ "H
o>
oooscq
coco
■^t-
00 1^
Ost^
o
a>
■«1<
Ttl--(N
>n
to I'm-*
05
0 — r*
03t>.
OsiC
^tO
*-H •— *
m
CONIN
to
•o 00 -I to
IN
torsos
CO 00
(NW
t-OO
w
aooi
t^
O'<i<«eo
■*
iQtat-
Oco
1-1 OS
rHCO
SON
05
rHUJ
00 CO
04
^
oosoo
CO
•'JIO'NlC
N
lO-JOS
(NOS
C0U5
to IN
COIN
(D
•^INC^I
CO
O-^tnio
t^
e<ioooo
coo
■*o
t-00
■*to
to
.-iiOO
f-H
■^intot^
r-4
t^COrH
tOM
too
fH t-H
wo
o
03
IOU5'*
CO
<-iOJrl<tO
N
O^C^
rttO
or^
eo>o
10 1^
CO
to CO 00
h-
©•*-hO
o>
eoioio
0^
00 00
c^o
NO
U3
t-OlN
00
NO5 00CO
CO
iOTtl'Jt
tOP<
tHOS
N-*
t-co
OS*
•»
'"'
.Hio"
r1.-(
ooeo
"^
'"'
«
J5
00(MCO
to
00C^f»CO
05
oo>o
NO
^co
t»co
■^N
00
0>0t^
t^
COOINtO
to
OS ^ 05
■<JII^
lOC<l
to IN
000s
o>
to-<i<o
OS
^_C0_O_f|
0
INI^Ttl
e-ios
lO0S_
co_oo
I.*.
«5
o
a
o'
t^OlO
N
to 10 to 00
CJ
to to to
(N'*
o'-T
ooe>f
P5o{
M
00-Hto
U3
CQ^OOtO
T(<
lOOSO
coos
«M
00 to
■<J<t^
(M
«o«^
t^
OCMlOIN
CO
■*coto
o_^os
'H0_
OtO
CO_^(N
2*
'^
rt"iO
r-lF-(
Osfq
1-H-H
'^
csT
^
^o-*
0
osoooo
CO
(NiOI^
NOS
to-*
O'H
to-<
lO
wo-*
c<
>0 Olio IN
PJ
COOO^Jt
coo
t^to
I^Tlt
0000
«o
(^00 CO
0
OiOiOi*"
w
00-* OS
tow
•*■*
tc*
CO to
lO
Oi-iN
U5
NTfiiOO
t^
^COOO
■"J" to
t^oo
t^O
(Nt^
CO
(NC^'*
0
t^OOXN
0
to CO OS
rtCO
IN CO
OtO
t^-H
X
cot- 00
t^
OOCOTllN
CO
CO'-lCq
OS 00
OS CO
t>N
M
^
CO
7-<y-l
oo'co
"^
IS
O^CO
CO
OtOOOh-
OS
MTftO
00s
t-to
r-CO
00 C4
r-
OJOOCS
IM
osr-r^t^
<s
— It^US
Tfl'*
t^-<j4
OS -at
OS OS
CO
IN 00 00
CO
00s (NO
0
COOl^
t-co
OSTjt
■fco
.-)'*
C5
o
a>
1-1
t^
OO-JiCO
•*'
OJOOtO
t~
OS OS CO
t>-co
OSt^
00
-HO
t-
wtcc^
•*
I^CVICOOO
<35
TfTf-H
T'--*
OtH
lOCO
(^05
o
CO to to
■*
Tjlt^COi-H
<N
COO^-*
COtO
tor»
<»C0
CO^rH
to
(N
THrH
to"<N
^
Tt<
CO (MOO
t>-ooe<ito
00
rt<t»OS
^10
■*os
1^0
'*t^
«
«^ooto
5
•*tOT)i01
to
■*050
.-ItH
to 00
os^
oco
■*
t>-_^00 00
to
OtOCOO)
10
t-ooto
»oo
OITJH
to OS
00 CO
o
a>
to
OCSh-
■*
^ c-1 r>."c^
0
OSOtII
m^
TftiN
oso
Oo"(N
e<:
C^Tjico
0
lor-r-m
lO
00 to to
00-*
OS OS
coc^
O'*
COifliO
10
(Nr-llNN
(N
Nosrq
(N'-H
to 10
0>K>
(N^
to
CO
iflM
■^
CO
OTOO
h-
01^ '-05
to
l^f~O0
t)<OS
to to
UilO
000
CO
00 COM
<N
10— 00-H
O)
CO to to
oso
■*-H
^05
CVIOS
o
i-itOO
■*
03 IN 00 CO
00
OS — in
oco
rtCO
00s
oso
1
CO
ooost-
C^
»0 IN 05 IN
CO
OS IN CO
OS CO
000
IN'*
to 00
•<1<
ot^oo
0
icc^ 100
CO
(33 CO in
O"*
^Oi
CS'*
f-OS
t^
COiOiQ
US
(N'*e4C0
M
<NO^c<;
^00
to 10
00 c^
IN
CO
tHiH
f0".H
rH
•*
oooin
•*
CO'^OOC<I
N
O3 00CC
00 IC
tO-H
00 05
'*-H
^tooo
^.
i-iiOiOOO
CO
t^-HO-
too
lOOS
tO-H
OS CO
CC
t-o-*
lO-^ Ttl^-
to
OOCVl •*
000
OS'*
OS CO
(N-H
o
o
05
MCO-"*
to
00tOtDTJ^
c
OS 00 to
tocc
r-co
10 10
00
t-
Ti<r.iQ
CO
r-OSNCO
cc
t^'<f 05
y--i
CO'*
coo
ow
o
eoiNici
to
cioo-*
(N
(NOO —
rHiJI
00 »o
00 IN
ca
N
tO(N
'^
c:
tooic
t^--occ
":
cocoe;
otc
CO 10
00 1-
000s
M-iOCO
ST
OtOb-00
tr.
r^coi^
cote
ICOO
t-co
OS 00
C£
(MOiO
a
NOOO
CO
Otoco
coc^
tlKN
000
00
01
00
CO
iO'*a
t>
tootooo
oc
rtcoi--
t~c^
o'o"
(NOS
0(N
o
oo^tc
IN
lO'^tOC^l
■*
COiOtO
co«
■*00
to^
coo
CO
e^r-T*
to
'-HOO^C^'*
cq
COO^CJ
(NtC
l^CO
t>.fa
""l"^
U5
'^
.H.-H
tON
"^
d
•0
2
0
g
:3
.0
:i
3
t«
i
> a
OT
tJ r/T
>
3
a
3 c! a>
i
ir>
a
•a
- If
« IP „
•§§t
•a
!
0
s
CO
t-
a
'o3 . 3
2^S
to
■3
s
1
t
>
1
0
i
c
O
1
eS
S3
c
o
c
53 o !*
c
a
E
a
c
a.
c
a
>
c
c
"J
I. c
C.Q,
ex:
as
to-x; -
ce S E
>>
Si:
J.
t
1
c.
>
^ -a
^ 33
C cS eS
CS a&
Exj-a
i-< eS «
_ 1- ">
^ <u^
cao
OS ee 0
p.
Oi
0
■a
c
(S
to
-c
0
0
•a
05 05 -
s
86
FOREIGN COMMERCE.
I
I
o>oo
or--'
tOtON
004 0
Sot-
t-iOO
•OIOC4
a»9o
C40)0
ooot-
»^o»
OCCOKS
t-ON
r»w»H
OPI«
s -^
cot-o
t-.oor»
OSO'*
040010
•*«oc«ooQON' r»
«r»OM-"Ooo>o o
®»H!DtOcCOlC01< U5
■*wo^>oo«o>'<_ ■*
0>*^*^ ^CO*^^ CO
Odo
I^MO
oo'«"o"
Ot-CO
•^OSOOIO'HOScO -<
t- "^ •-" ® ^ O t- 00 "5
^COOIMWOOO N
t~ojcc«o<o>a«o I-
oot-io> eow'-'W CO
Soot-
00 O)
04^eoiO'*i-i»o> "*
eO'^fooi't-t-W'-i to
ooo»0'^ot-r-oo o
o^^-l-lto«J'e^wo e>
O>oo)o>ooo>r-ao o
««e<5"*O_^'*<«04 «
r-'HO* e<5c<9.-c« eo
^■"fO
CQOOO)
ooocooitor
i-H 00 04^1004 -HO t-
OJO'H10')<01<04 -^
OS <— ' CO CO ^ 05 »-< ^ 00
lO^oo o»e>«*rHoi" e<r
«^o
0)00
0»>*«
CO coo
-Ht-O
e4t-ao
t-04COMOICOlQO O
00«t-«-Hr-U5t- 00
o»osWTj<ot-^o r-
O t- 00 CO CO >o >o fO •^
O us 00 OS CO CO >0 CO i-l
coO'Ho^o^osasio o
ce^to 04 M ^ oi"
00 OS to
US'* CO
t-usw
04 -hO
»^lO
^oos
oooo
<oooo
«C4 0S
lOooffl'ij'.H'^^o o
iot»ocoo>r«'^0 eo
iao'«'^ot»oas '<4<
00O00»H<iJ<04O'H OS
o>Qcooo>oeasu) 04
cO'^oicO'Oeooso 00
t->-lt» 04CO»H04 w-t
eocO"^
04«^
o^ia
04^t>-lOU5 0»r-OS CO
coco'«i<iot-osTjie>i 04
«<oot-t-.ooo o
O ■^ 04 ■*© COOS'* C4
'-ieou5C4oo«D-HO to
»O>-lCO'<*00t--H'-> lO
t-'HO i-ICO'HCO 04
^•^00
■*^0S
t- >H Til Ttl 04 0404 0 04
0«0«5©-<l><-i'* 00
l-l•VOOt~^C^lO 04
t»'«'O00-^00C0t- OS
lOt-t-OS«DOi-i« 04
^_^cs<»coo4eo.-<eo eo
« to 04Tt<^04 04
"01
Mb
a ejcsS
Is
3
U 2 .-
E .. c >.c
-fS ** !r! c3
a"
£■^■0 0
life's
;Sfeo^>OSO
«IO
eo_^0
■oos
«•*
04 r-
lOW
04 eo
oo"»
coo
•I®
cot-
§-^ >* U5 OS us CO o us coos
*-H t— 1>> t— t— CD CO <0 OSOS
CO 04 >-" 04 us 00 O O ceo
CD CO OOt--- 00 1-1 O OOC
O US "-1 04 O OS 00 CO CO US'*
00iHUSC0C004O'H 00 act-
«»Hce O4eoi-<04 1-1 »He<s
uso
coco
I-l CO
useo
0^04
S >>T.
■Eo5
■sSO
PERCENTAGES OF IMPORTS.
87
o
r-ias laoous o <o
OC^CSI^
1
§
■^t~ TJICO-H <N t^ OOt^OO
rH CO'-'
t-
rH
o
OS
o
c»M oorHi^ o >a o>ot^»o
o
COOO M-*.-! CO 0> tHINO-H
s
-
iH 1-ICO^
oa
i-H
o
NOJ CDOOt^ US t» Nt-t-O
s
W® «M^ (M .-c OIOIOSOO
o
OJ
o
i^pH t«b.ia ■* « <OOSr-lO
8
eo® eoiflpH N CO toosot^
o
1-1 .H iM,-l
o
rHio ocoos CO US r»ioi-i-*
8
eo>a ■<inorH N CO »o(NO>o
S
r-< T-c eo-H
o>
rH
o
•HCO TtlOO CO 0» NOOO
o
COtO Ttl-*(N (M CO lO«0S(M
(M
o
<-t ^ CO
a
.-<
o
05<N eo>ot^ o 00 -^oior*
8
(NCO ■*COi-l (N CO lOOOb-'H
o
r-> ^ CO
o>
o
;0<* CDIMW OS (N ffl.-IOJ05
C^lO CO-^r-l .-( IC ■<SiCDOiT)<
8
r-l tH CO
o>
<H
c
ooia oscoco to c^ t^toooco
NCO COCO^ ^ O (MlNOr-i
-1 (N CO -<
00
1
• 05 pi
• 4) • ,
-c
re, and
facture
ances,
ries, et
«3 ■•a
25 :S
2« .n
0?
"§?■>>
a
1
1
arthenwa
eir manu
cal subst
perfume
s manufa
other V
■ their b
a>
J
1 -H^
■2§ :*
o
Stonewa
potter
Metals a
Pharma
chemi
Textiles
Paper a
Woods
fibers
Animals
lifts. .
•c
0
is
c.
>
a
c
0
S
o ^ 3
FOREIGN COMMERCE.
<0
oaeo
«0>h.
f CO »0
oog
CO
0
^
a>c4i^
MOO
ooc-i
M
1
Tf
yr(cn
OSO'*
«eco p
coS
CO
^ —
— — ••jt
i-te
•*PIO
0
00
t»oo-<
t^ojc^
co_^—
•*e<:o
— CI
00 •♦o
00
l<«
N
p'te'ci
r^' o
Cl'iO us
"*
OOC
•"J' — CC
cor-
M^M
^
«-
s
« <-•
oot* ^
CO
OMCO
0 —
OOO-*
0
s
SO
o»^
CO
CO
^_^eo
O_0»
".■*.
COMCO
l-l
N
N
N
CO
o«
^
r~
^0000
t*00-H
WW -^
oe>
«
S8
or-o
ooo
O-* —
00
^
<c
<c — o
r«0Ch>
So§ S?
t»u5
>«<
eocico
0 —
— Cir-
0
CO
cc
OO'V
00 — 1«
iO_«
«
o_ci
-to^^o
000
0M_0
es
1
a>
coes'h-
•<l<"-<'«
oo'«' o
■*iO
CO*
o't-
— ■**—
ss
■^'Mr-
r-
0'
s
cvi«o>a
<o ex
•^8 '^
•or-
C4
■*«
— r-eo
too —
0
0
114
t»M
■o
eoo
co_-<
o»r-
o_^—
COMM
M
0
2
«
c«
C4*
r-
co'r-
•4!
o
0
(O
^CIN
COON
S2 S
So?
r-
00 C4
coMr«
OCO
0 — •*
CO
M
CI
lOO-H
OCCh-
0
OCO
.CO'T-H
0 —
r-r-«
M
^
o
NO_«
0»--*
Ksr. (0
»o
CO
t»0(
■*o«
CO-*
OMOt
r-
0
i
o
"♦PIOS
00* rt
"^"^ 0(
oo'o
•*o
ce*
eo^
eO'^w
«"i-
CO 00 00
a
M
00
N'*t»
•♦ •*
«0-H —
00
0<N
OOJM
t-ro
■*OCO
CO
-H
f-t
'^
'*
CO
^
U5t0
<->r^
t-w
0_cs
»- — —
M
•-^
M
I-l
c**
ci
^
^<4
N
Si
r-
^
■<*<uSO
t^
■<<<
00» CM
US^
-*
000
ooto
^r-
or-Tji
r-
0
^
»we<
«o
00
OiO*
0
•"fO
S23
or-
ClHfO
r-
00
'"
eo«e<;
•o
a
ooco •<•<
t-«
^_o
eoco
■*oo
eo
CO
2
w'
nac.
00
N
OOifJ CO
e^r-
00'
^0
0'—' 00
01-
co'oo'ot
CO
0"
A
t-
.->«o
CO
•««<
oo CO
to
jrt-
tO'£(N
00
o--*
c
CO
.H
0>
C*rt
(0
«t^
CO 00
<-<
N
CIO
Mco r-eo —
0
a
^
N
^
•*'
— c<
^
8
0
^'
a
-<2}^-
•*
ce
t)0* •*
co-<
e^
CM CO
— oor*
coco
MOM
CO
M
•*-l
o
«oo-*
I^
5
•fse «
t-ia
CO
<COi
oo«
•<«<r-
Otcr-
a
r»
T
<-<w*
",
•VU3 «
Nr-
o-<
-HO-*
COMCO
c
0
2
S2
•*<o'os
«*
S^
■OOO 0(
— i>r
•<i(<
e^'oo
c<r«'o
ot-
o"ci*r>
«
0'
o
00
«t^ia
•o
eoto
CO
J--H
tO-^Oi
oao
OCI —
tc
M
WH
•V
w
^
C4CD
COM
•*M
Mr<
r-MM
M
1
00
P4
o«
,H
0 —
eoc
i-l
■*
1
^
■*iNO
«o
CO
W»1< CO
CO'H
•*
co«
woo
OOM
oeoa
<a
CO
o
oooooc
1"
e<t» rH
or-
•f
•*00
J^O —
CO —
or» —
c
^
w
«>««'t-
«
00
oo CC
IO-<
— _^e-
ococe
"(•I-
eoo_o
—
C9
oo'
ci-*!0
•*
o
o'oo' 10
•^'exT
•*
w'to
•*'— to
M —
-o'o
r-
0
Oft
>*
^t~t»
lO
Cv
OOCV) «
r»eo
t-
OCO
OOiH
00
OOOM
a
^
t-<
CO
•*
eo'T
W_co
t-eo
O^co
0
cor-
m'c
COM —
cc
CO
"i
s
M
g^
e»
'i'Oh-
oo
UJ
'^(N «
U30
00
CD-*
— — 0
— Tf
COOI-
c
0
s
CO
0>®»H
lO
to
OCl CO
■*e'<
(O
00 -c
OW-c
-co
COCO —
a
00
•-•
>oo>a
«
•Q
<0(N to
t-co
CO^
— «o
— 0
t-o«
't
t-
•»-»
i
ci
•<f '-"•<*
e>
00
eo'cM* o(
t-n
0*
m'co
o«o
i-'c
OCDC
CC
co
o
o
e<5t-
•*
t^
— o» ■<)<
a>-^
0
— CO
Cl-i —
OO'*
0
M
^H
ko
M
■*
0-*
o>
OOC-J
o5
"I'M
0 M 1
§
«
1-1
0 —
m"c
CO*
^
s
CO
^
(O
r-fw
M
0>e« rH
ooo
C4
COh.
or-a
CO IT
oexc
c
M
w
r-o^
<H
«
OCM c,
r--*
0
00
— r-co
00 00
r-O-*
c
0
CO
o»e<se>i
»-t
«*
MCO 0(
I-IO
C4
t^ja
Tl<MO<
1- —
oeotc
c
<D
9
ei
eot^ai
■*
o
coo -H
e>c^
00
e<i —
CO— oe
COTf
00 t-c
ir
r-*
s
V
ecus
•*
u:
t-O -^tl
MO
1H
•*«
0000 —
00:
— Clt>.
oe
CO
CO
C4
■*
,-.o_
»-■*
CO
CO
t-Cl
coc
■^MCC
■*
M
«
C4 00O
o
■>*
oa» ■^t
ooo
CO
r- —
ooeow OOC)
occo 0 ■*
w
t~t-«C
CM
•«
c»o> oc
I^O
0
a-t
000 t-r- 00 —
— CO 1
l-
nCAOt
W
«
riO (C
tajo_
"'.
ate
— coo —0 oottc
cc
. r
o
oo'
tc'eoM
CO
«
-<"«* -
oo
0>
cote
CM- 0 r»t^ err- O — 1
2
US'*
CO
o:
«<0 CO lO'l*
OTt
■♦CO
Cl>r
•OO""
— CO
IH
«
«
c<:
at
CO'*
0
COM
o_-
MMOO 0 CO 1
o>
00'
oo'c
-*
s
<-l
*"
1
•i
n
i
i :
c •
>>
■ bo
2
cS
a
..tc •
05 V •
•6
-3
1
•35
! ^
w —
w
r
a
C
a
c
"a
0
c
"a
>
PC
a
J
..c
'■ oo*-
■s
£
a
X
C
1
c
c
>3
.1
to'—
^ 1
^ ^*
1
: c
•c
:|
••o
en cd cr
1
•c if
0)
•0
c
CO
C
g
0
« •
1 :
a>
c
1
a
s.
h
1=
c
c
i
c
cc
■5^ :
2
0
t
1
2c
5 :,
a c
■3 —
0
c
7
—
u
0
c
c
e
C
c
X
i
c
c
PERCENTAGES OF EXPORTS.
89
O
] CS'^OOiOCCMiMINO
1
o
1 OrHMCOOMlOrHCO
o
j ■ CO IN
b-
rH
O
o>
O
rH05(N-*TfO(NM!0
o
i-<WC<5(NbrHrHrH<*
o
c
US CO
Oi
rH
o
lO « 00 rH ■* PS N N 0»
8
rH
d-*INci6»HUSrHrH
U3
O
CO C4
o
O
•^TfOOCD^rHt^lOrH
8
OrHCOrHOWN^rHrH
s
CO <N
a>
o
wiNt^ineOrHOooco
8
rH
OeOCOINOCCCOrHrH
o
•O CO
a>
o
r~NO>Wt^(»rH(NO
o
dt^!NMd(NO>(NrH
O
c
•* CO
a>
o
lONC^US00OrHO»«
o
do6<NrHdc<io6rH-*
^_,
c
■* CO
o
05
o
coojcocoomwoir^
2
deONrHr-icsdlN'*
s
c
CO "5
o>
rH
o
COrH5DrHOi'-HTjH0>C0
o
OOO'HrHOCaC^lCOO
OJ
o
CO ■*
00
1-1
•a : :
o . .
^ . .
a . .
>. :Z
Xi o
3
a ■'o
OD
OJ . O CO m
cn
t
J3 -feCS
m
■«!
c
-^ . ■ — 3 O
d
c
X
3
§
4
C . — o
•a
o
tS .-COj?
o
a>
<
.§ia-=ilJl^s
c: 3 i-
s
s
&
o
i
s
1
90
FOREIGN COMMERCE.
I
1
C3
<e
(O
N N oar^O-* c« oo^-H ^o> "-co
N-*
NO
OON
s
e
M
O OS <Da>9t~ '* NtHCO COC^I t^lO
NCO
o
N
CO 00 (N
« (SCO toco OOlC
eO"H
t,UJ
="15
«
CO
'*
•H eo»H eot^ N
CO
«o*eo*
?
fl-- N
N »-l
"-
8
M
^1
S
00
00
OS 00 f eoaoos o ojion '«'q «oo
S5
coot
CO'*
n
u:
o_
>H t» ot^coco CO aooio NO NCO
C0_^lO
t<.t*
^
CO
o' 0> t~p'*<0 W N'*N COOO -<N
-<■*
oo'-h"
1
c
CO
eo-H
oeo
t
&
;
t-l
N
CO
~^
oooooj c
) <OU5'*00 t» N'i'OJ ifce t^eo
gs
N-H
oousco S ■^f cow N e^ooto c»e<i ^os
OSN
,—
»«^eo »H eot-usio « kOrn-^ t»oj ooio
-110
rt'*
o
laoo •* -H«eeooj oo oot>-^ »^« oto
co»o
OSN
P"
-^ « eo Nooooo rH t^-*ia o>r- coco
r--*
cc
,-( Nr-t
"Hrtr- lO'* '*
tH
CON
>*
^«0> '« C400O:a> 03 COWO t^OO COlO
C0U5
t»p
h-O
g
M
<OlON -H OC»0»0 (^ r»l,-H® 0000 0>«0
t^o
a>
oc
.
0>M« ■* ,-IIN00t» CO r-O500 OOlO ©'»•
o_o_
CO_00_
O
o
c
00 oT a> OrHioio •^ r-oo'-H* con oo"-<*<
h-'i-T
oo"oo*
B
«
85 r-i CO tusdw-
-- N05t>. N-H O-c
NCO
OSN
^
,H ,H USrt
eo* OS'- *>o
«
s
s
In
NUSO » . -^WlOlO « OJt^W
> cous oos
OU5
OSU}
OC
•^rHCO 00 <N(NlOU5 ^ 00(N06 ■^■* t^-H
OSU}
"5*
w
■* » M
oowoot- 05 -itus"* -otto ^co
0350
00 CO
c
u-
O* r-T ^' rf'icN oo"^ « Tfco'co" o't-" oo'^"
eo*o"
o"*
03
c
<-i O « «■* ^ U3 MrH CICO •*«
lOO
ON
Q.
«
CO NN
Nr-(
CO
CB
M
IH
o
50000 i^ oosoiio t^ ^ojoo t^ui op
OStHCO ,-1 OSCOtON lO COOit- CON U50
N>OS
t^rt
•
«
NCO
OSh-
a
COWS'* * 00®i-l'* <0 OSIN'* «00 rHOJ
cot-
COCO
03
«
(Nrtb- t^ TtlN<N(N 00 -"f*© -"KCO l«t^
•*00
-Hoo
a
«
■* CO 5C
■*rt«W CO cot^-* '<*00 t»00
-HO
X
■*
•* rl CO'*
"5
N,M
o
s
e^
CO
'* 00 oaeooo >o iot~0J t^co '*<©
NCO
*c9
•*oo
h!
«
8
CO ■*
QNt--* 0 OSIOUJ O-H OJCO
CO-H
►^1
a
«o
Sr^
t- us'^es
OSN 14
rHt,
ot.
S^
1
,.H
t»
•*1-t
N •*
laio
w^n
COl^
11
«o
»H
•*rt
o
o
d
w
M
C)
NN^ CJ
t^coeOOJ N 0000 00-* osiO
Nt-
?55
s
■^
(^«(0 c
io«oo«c
•* COCO —
"500 OS'*
CO*
2
"S"
<Ot»0i «
t~-*Tt<X
CO 1.HO0C
OOM '*US
"3C0_
OS*
^s
g
or<c oT «
tfjioor^
00 NIC":
lOrH OOt^
i^'n
ss;
•a^
K^o o
'* oeeoe
oco osos
t-,-<
C^
lOOCO ^
rHN lO""
N COOOO
N-l
■*-H
00^
POQ
'^
eo'
"^
'^
Ui
SOON o
•*t-oe'<*
^ t»OS —
"(HO f-OS
•00a
06*
NCO
OD
t^co'* n
CD COCOIN
»-<o o«
COCO
,H
Tf oseo «
oseo* —
CJ «05!N
coco ■^t^
00 1-
o>t»
5*'
'If
T)<-'^e<i ic
0-* Os-
OS 0— U~-
OSt^ OSiO
^CO
•^H ,H
&t
e<3
tONN 50
lo 00^«
N CDb-CT
COOO ^-^
Nt^
t-00
«
So<N t^
O-^OOfC
Tjt lomtN
OCO r-OS
rHCO
ION
s
""
rtia
ooeo 1-1
N
U
rt
♦■
^
i
1
a •
•d >
a
il
Sic
■2o3
OH
Metals and Its manufactures:
Gold, silver, and platinimti
Iron and steel
Copper and its alloys
Otnpr mpt.als
11
II
csgE
a vs
tn . 0 c^
i|-a-
•- a <i^—
3 !
c .
(4 ■
a :,
" • «■
•0 ;«
B 0) 0
- ..234
(U 0 4-
1
eS . 3
■3 • 3
A :a
CO 3 4^
535-
3-H2
— eS =«
•0 t- to
" c« 0
a
■2
aj
Em
>
1
■a
c
03
03
•a
§
materials:
Woods and their manu-
factures
Other vegetable materials
IMPORTS, BY CLASS AND COUNTRIES.
91
iOOO
Oi-H
MMCO
lOOeoOOOOh^OO t-
N0300'*O00C000 t^
OJ-*00 0-<l<0'-<-<j(«,H'*
oooo-*
P5WC«iOt^lON
•-^co coco
OOCOOJOS'^-HOO
oot^p
0000^
«0!O05C0t^O>Ct>-
3 ^
(MOOlO
C0-^P»
CO O"* CO 03 IN CO CO
>H 03 00 to CO CO-* 00
-< --It^ Tjt 03 ■* CO •"f
'5 ;3£
CO g
C O
•a =
o
»- " S §3 §
SiS 2 t« fl
&A . (a
5 9 o<i-
MOO
NOO
•^00
-HO
«oo
OSOOJ
1^00
OU500-*t»^<Ne3
03
us
COt^iOJ
03 CO
COt~t^CD00COO3'*t
N
t^
■*ffl-*
US CO
O us us ■* r-( CO •* CO
r-t
o
USrHCO
ooN
OCOOSNt^WrHOO
o
*-H
00
C003C0 00 J^
<N
CO
(D
COCOCO CO N
■*
,^
(N rt N
M
00 coot
«oo-H
eoi-i^o^uso3us
(N
ooo
OC3'*'
t»OJ(N
<NC0 03C<IOOUSOOCO
»^03
t^or-
fHOOO
IN t^ CO CO .-H 00 O 03
«
■*■*
TttOJOJ
cousin
oo»o-Hr,oo3->j<
rH
t»co
c^t^co
t^03"S
•* 00 e^ CO o us c<i N
CO
(N
O3C0 03
cow
CD INC^USCOOSCO
03
•-I
TjIrH
CO us tH ^
■^
CO
§22
00 -^t^
TjfcDONOOOOt^
t^
CO us
03C1US
rtCOt^^TjloOOO^
00
oo
t»ioe<s
t»us-s
u;o3e><e^03C^03 0
00
coo
us US to
t~oot^
CO ^» o CO -H o 00 us
CD
us 03
rlrHCO
OJOtJI
CO rt CO CO CO C<1 CO ■*
us
«US(N
N00U3
■*COOUSOCOC»'-i
■*
CDrH
(N rjt
USM
CO
t^
«•
5 * 2 S tH «a"ii
a £
92
FOREIGN COMMERCE.
-S-S
§00 «(»0 Q
CO 0x00^
a>a> ao»<o >a
<0 N
«9I ^
o§
s
•^
■oS
« o
22 -a
CM
TfOO
10 .H-H
NO «5(N
cot- ■^-H
00004
I40A
WN 000
i4tO COOC4
OtO OQOCO
-^ N
00>0
ocar»
t- l>.CO
9 0)
^ r^QO «o
U5 cot- CO
US .H 00
coo cbo>
coo 0)00
OOt- coco
®co
t^
e*
CO
CO'*
eo
r^
0
to-*
<N
0
*H «M
CO
04
i^H
100
1-1
NCO
■"feo
F-Ob-"
CO
CO
100
ot^co
o>
1000
oco
■^rt
CON
00 00
00
CD CO CO O CO
CO-*»^ CO CO
o-^
OM
osi}<o eo >o
i-iiO>0 o> >o
t-t~h> CO M
t^O
Ne<i
COM
eous
I
I
0000
0—0
tQC4C4
s-c
owo "-"Oco lO'*
OSCOOO U50»>O U5C0
00-H CO
O-^o <N
O •<»< i-<
100
COW
CO-*
Wco
100
POQ
OWN
— OON
coco
ooooc^ o o
-*ost- o eo
^
Ho
oo>(o
t^00<-"
•*eoo
00 CO
•*o
coos
coot^
CBO-*
t-05N
CO
CO
eo^H
'S'CO
U5
•ooo
»ooe«
-*N0>
00
0
OJ
OCOIN
e^jioo
OS 11
■* *co
"5JStO
« 2
CO i-f
CO
eo
-*co
NlO
00 1-
CO
0
cot*.
(N-*C^
OOC-*
COC4C0
»
1^
s
TOBACCO PACK TRAIN.
IMPORTS, BY PORTS.
93
0> 00 O 00 to >0 «D Tj* Fl NO'*'*
rHNlO r-lt^i-ieO >-"r-( i-l
05t^O»COOO'*05C5C<3t^05'^C<5'<l<NC6MOSCO
'-ioC5t^(N04Xooomeoow®0"3!Ocoi'^0
eciocoooocoino<M<of»u30a30<Nocot>.e<s
•-<0'<l<0!(N-^f^lNlOIN'<fO» — COf^fO-H^TltM
>-iO'-iOOWlNO'-'C0 03 OOCSOM Orl'O
ffl -^ t» IN (N 00 00 lO >0 0> lOiOlO'* rt N
-H r-l(NtO ^t^rtcq ,-1 1-1 00
lOO»t»'*t^e<Jt^'<J<MIN050N
O00Q0tDC0C0t-<Nt^lO'<l<<NiC
o-<j<a30<x3050'»j"est^tDm-H
•-iO'<i<osr^'*cor~'*'*oO'*oo
U3rH rHTjfOOOO'-iM'* t-
i-icct'-'-ir-iOi-ieo <-i
"3O5O3miOt^O5'*O>00t»C<!e<3
t~0(^tDr^o«c>)«'*>050o>
(N(Nei'*i'~iooot'-iNai^4N»o
Oiooo>-ioooo«oor~'*'<i<Mt^
t-H 05 "3 lO O CO r^ t^ 1(3 00 00 00
N-H 0»'*C»000 00'*00 o
MC000OC<J-<l<1^05'«J<<0
rooiN'— ooO'H'O'*
05'n<N(N'*r-i«oe>«'*'*
N®C<50>iC'*eClOIN'*
T-t lO 00 M CO CC 00 <-l ■*
rH t^ t- .-I O t- lO IN -H
teotot-oooomoeo-H
'<1<CCC0 — MOiOi-iOOS
iNooooocomoow-^w
ONO'^O'f-'fOO-H,^
CS ® '* O >C C«5 O lO O
1-1 t-'*tOO'*00Mt^
i-llOi-t C^i-lrH
Ni-iioioioiO'*ONai
Tll«D'*t^'*t^eCt^COIN
iO OOt^OC<)-<05'*
il OS00 00i-<cOi-i'*O
1-I50N •*rHIN
^IMO'*-<i-l05'*CO'H
0<0(NOO'*iOOiOC<50
«OC050i-iiNO>t>.«00
CO00CC00'«»<OOU300h»
CI tDO®00t^C<50005
1-1 00 <0 5D <N la lO t^ 00
.-1U5^ O rH
NOit>-«i-iiOtOO-HCO
O'*i0t^'*05IN50U300
iOincMh-ooooasoo'*
rl t-.INC<5«lO>-iOSIN
1 S c I
-H(NN<0 01'*
cooo oc^t^
aiOi coQ0>o
U5t^ O »H
OI--'<J<«0U3
lOtDCOW'*!
■* —1 CO O OS
OU3 0>f>M
OW'*'**
OOCOCOCOTjl
OSOStOtOrH
-i-*®>ra«D
0'-<»tOCO
tN-rJiTjlf^O
1-1 toco 00 1-1
O001OWU9
00'*«O'*N
05 000'**)
0)33 o
2 c3 C1S.5H §
94
FOREIGN COMMERCE.
00 •*
eoo»
28
esio
eo 'I" ^ cot*'- 00 MOO •t^or^ooO'Hio
Cl '- re CC OC C! O "3 -^ WiOh-Ot^MO
IC 00 O) ® •<i' so «
xtoxoootoo
® 00 00 cow lift CO »0 •U5CCt>.OW'*C0
oc4Woo>ooo>aciQOu3MO«^c4a»'4<
o^-r»05oo--T(<a>»^~oo'a<oocoo>us
OOOJ'-iMt-N'^ft^relNt^CSCSt^C^INW
o) o Tf< o a !0 ■«)< o o
0»COiOO«NtO'*M
eOOON-HNNNOJ
1-c <N •* rt ■»»<
OJOOMCOt^OOCS
O 00 t^ N 00 00 U5 'l'
t~ t* — N -"f 00 Ci >o
WWOeON-iiO— I
IO»-'C0»-<CCCOC0*^
COMOCS-HOlOWi-ltOO
00t^O-<000000t»Tj<-H«
e<5W^t^t--lOOU3NtDCO
W O5O5W001CXU31O
N •»)< O C<5 to M 00 ■* to
C» O "3 ■* "-1 M O •-> 00
<-" '*0»C»W<NO»NOO
•t~oo>oo50joor^0!0io
• a 1-1 oaeoo>t»ooiN®o
i-i US ^ lo e^ to 00 (N
h-«o — Nt«.o-^eo
OiXOit-tx'^'OCO
MOt^eOrHlONt^
•e<s>-<««NMOwo»
e<5 U5 <N t^ IN 0> O «
t~«U3t^(N<OW«
r^«ooiotowt«t«
>0«00>-i>OC4<OeO
U5«tOt>.e<5-<t^CO
C4co«Oi-<i-iiaf-<io
JS
•■*Ot-'^OSO»^N«0 0
to lo o CO >o •-■ a> o
« W >0 (N •"t M t^ O
eoo>-<0'<*c<:too5
coco— lOJiOWMt-
■ICO"* iHrt-^e»
t^— lOt^OXXN
tOOlOiCOt^t^COOJ
tOXOOXtNt^O
^CDiONINiOOSeO
— COOXOvlt^O'-"
'«<XWt»OC0t>.t»
QX-<h-<->NO>»
XXCO v-'OXCO
•«)• CO CO » t~ US US
•HCOOfHCO
COXXN-*
cousr^t^cs
t-t^oxo
■*Oh-i.'S<-'
-I us CO CO IN
CO ■'J' t^i— ' ^
O5C0U5 05t»
CD CO'* us CO
t^uscouso
xt^ocoo
— i'>«<U3OiC0
t^-HtS.COX
<-l©COUSt»
■<i<coxeoN
* us o>co o>
t^NUSWCO
•-iCOt^CON
"HUSUSOSO
COMCOCOO)
■Tjc^iOX'H
ouscoat-
OCO^ON
CO—1U3C41-I
us CO'* us CO
X-hoJUSt-h
OO-^uscO
MOVEMENT OF SHIPPING.
Statistics concerning the movement of shipping in the Cuban ports have
been compiled by the Department of "Hacienda" for publication in this report.
The data presented show for each port the number and tonnage of incoming
and outgoing vessels. For the years from 1899 to 1906 the movement of
shipping is shown for the vessels engaged in domestic trade and for those
engaged in foreign trade, while for the year 1907 the data are for the vessels
engaged in foreign trade.
The largest movement was in 1906, when the total number of incoming
vessels was 17,570, with a tonnage of 13,463,932. The number and tonnage
of outgoing vessels were, of course, practically the same as those of incoming
vessels. In the 8 years from 1899 to 1906, domestic tonnage considerably
more than doubled, and foreign tonnage increased more than 77 per cent.
The most important port so far as foreign trade is concerned, is Habana,
which had, in 1906, about 41 per cent of the tonnage of all ports. Next is
Santiago, with almost 14 per cent. Cienfuegos and Matanzas were nearly
tied for the third place, with more than 7 per cent each, the former being
slightly ahead.
In domestic trade, Habana was but little in advance of other ports in 1906.
In that year this city had 11 per cent of the tonnage, while Santiago had 10
per cent, and Tunas and Guantdnamo were not far behind.
The foreign trade employed more than three times as much tonnage as the
domestic trade in 1906. The size of the vessels in both domestic and foreign
trade has greatly increased in recent years. In 1899 the average tonnage of
vessels engaged in domestic trade was 157, and the average for the foreign
trade was 1,374; in 1906 the corresponding averages were 283 and 2,179.
(96)
96
MOVEMENT OF SHIPPING.
s
Q\
*H
5
Of)
Q
<
>-l
PJ
H
?*
no
5i^
j^
'«*
-«
P\
00
•^
%
^
8
:§
«
00^— <o — ffloo»ooNc>JW«<ot^a»
C«
ow*
^
i
o»«o«o-<toxM'*e>oco>ar-Mt»
K5
•^•^o
s§
t^OSOOWMOOSiOXOt^-
C^CCJ'f^
•*
^co-*
Sc
w"
-<'oooot^'0--TfT«'N'.»'cce>e^xoo
t^
-<iO'«l<
•o»-ooococcrot^ — ooN<0'*ot^oo
X
r^ox
e
«l
t-
e^o* WNN'V-H
w^^
C0C4C4
s
eo*
U5
« 4 •» t^ «6 w - o5 ■* o6 * <S> <i lo ■* •*
-o5~
u5oe»
Efe
o>
-'<or»ooo>-->0!0'*t^««Doo — O'l"
o
§S5
o
c»e>»r«coMiowwoo»«'-
eoxojo
eo
3 S
1-°
w
N « M
'"'
Oi
N«'-C»»0000tO-"MN
(AaatiOi
■u5"
■*l^-H
S^
•<l<1<COCC!O00(Nt^00W1'
CO OS CO t-
OS
P5')<-H
®^-< ioc>:e>3iO'<i'aoo>o«o^
•*co_-<«
■*
«OS-H
^1
CO
o
«
X r^ -<"io N to t^ o <e o'm
eoio^ —
•*
CO cor*
>OOOt»t^M — esooooN
es-H.»<o
t>.
NOSX
i
NIN «c»e<M-<
N^-«
'^
CO'^'-l
'J'
2
N'^MOOOOOSOS — OSO
OOOCO
CO
0U50
i|
■veoooto'O — o>e5-<ij<
us CO CI ^
CO
eocc®
W N N •* 1<JO « IN OM '*
MOSNrt
eo
•<J<U5 00
1-°
w
c* ^' n"
'^
^US
t^
"^
tWCOO»
Is
og
OiO
to
'(•r^x
McsosoiNaocor^o-*
'".'1.
OS
OS
<N--OS_
o
lO'-iot^coost^ooin-oo
OON."
eo
CD*
•*coes
C<500e00001000--t^'<l«C^
C4X
t^
eo
OiO'if
i
»^i-l ^^(NPS-H
'^
"^
eo«-«
«*
m'
0»*Nr~->l'W»O0»iON«
USO
"«~
"55"
~e>^5^*f~
is
M00f^Oi<-^«^^t^cCOd<O
c5 e* 00 CO «o ■* 00 N ^_e* ^
«s
•*
tt>
oox
O
N
•*^(N
1-°
n'
rt' ^ «
^
o
t»W — Ol'<J<N00iC<O00
OS
"o~
y^
U5NO
"1
2a
«ecoo"5 — inomti<'»j<
X
CO
X
>-iMt*
^CitC0>U5iO®<N-<>a
•*
t»
o
^-^eo
i
NOWOM'fl^'NiCaJ
lO
X
t»
^ — CO
u H
^ooo — oojoooo'i"^
X
X
CO
Ot^CS
i
Ȥ
^N •H'^rt X'H
<-l
MNCl
■**
N
«-<«'00INWOJWMOS'H
CO
"S~
"X"
-nr^X
— ^OSOlOOOMMCO
N
w
(M
eooo
Niocvimwr^iNCJM'*
O)
CO
eooeo
2
1-°
^" ^ ci
•^
0»000-HNOa'^T«<t^
•*
"o"
ym4
r^coo
0|
OSMCO'Ot^'OW'^'OM
N
X
t^
CO COOS
■O
oo<coooiioa>o-<t^o
o_
"l
CO_
eoMiO
^
U5
OS'^TfioictcoiNooa
^
00
ta
CT-^eo
laOMOXt-oo^'*^
^
o
CO
OS CO CO
0
N
s
rtN-l -^^ "^rH
M
ev«
.^CJN
a>
CO
^
U3
WOtIhO'^OOOO'*'^
X
~»~
"er
CDOX
2fe
o>t»'*'*eoco»ot^«or»
o
lO
X
xcoeo
o
■
•-<e«DT)<«xoO'HNe*'*
c<
M
N10-*
u
— ©
g
a:-"
C4
t-1 ^ N
"^
i-i
r>.
09NXOINt^<Nt^ON
CO
..H
"eo"
•^•^eo
"S
a>
(COTf-^Ot^XOS — •<1'
<N
>o
C<l
■^cir»
t»
•^WXOOO'J't^-"©
t»
«o
N
MXOS
o<3
0|
w
omxoopsTfoxx
■*
^
>o
osocs
<or~-*0«t^t»c<9io^
M
CO
X^co
1
M
CO
eo
r.«MC«
CO
«
Tl< U5 1^ ^ ^ t^ t^ CO O O
t^
"^*~
"o"
"nhrioe*~
Sfe
CD
o>»«m>ccoous« — i^
Oi
eo
■V
OSO-H
<o
-<-*'»i.^(0«^'^eo^
o
eo
N
cqio-*
a *
1-°
^
t-l ^ N
'^
"^
<ȣ
~iN^
t«««DO>'*>0«OOiOPl
<o
c»
X
"S"
osr^X
osxr*
»
ooxxc<3XTf!cr»t^
CO
X
CO
xeous
o°3
^1
00
mt^^f.r^icoMcS'^
CO
OS
o
U5 — lO
OI
eoioxr-WMi^ci'i'eo
t^
lO
locoes
■H
.-I.H M-^ N-H
e<
"
-HCirt
—»-
o»«e>(Nc«5r~t^eO'*-H
oa
CO
"»"
""NodT"
6fe
o
«'«»'o»--t^'<i'«oo — o
0>
X
X
O^eo
00
CO « eo « o t» th 00 CO CO
X
OS
w
■fiO'*
3 *
1^
^
.X rH ^
w^
OJCDCOINt-.0--OeO"5
X
"»~
CO
xxeo
if
^1
00
OXCqOONiOWXM
X
CO
■o
UOM^
eo
OOSCOO'fMOCCNO
w
OS
lO
CMOSO
e«
^01--U5i.'5^--NOeO
(N
lO
CO
— "o">o
«x>o-*coa9ioco«^
o
CO
OS
^eo-<
CO
'H C4
•-«^l-4
^
ooo — — coo>o>'*r-io
X3
"eT"
"«"
eO'OO
i|
M — iOCD'^XiOr^CCCO
f»
eo
N
OCIt*
1
■O ^4 CO -I lO CO ^4 CO C>1 lO
CO
N
CO
NIC*
s=-°
o
1-1 t-l »1
^
...... o .. .
c4
C
a
6^ •
— a) .
:SS
^
i
c
•J • : 2 • i ■ ® •
.«o e tf) o • c4 =0)
aCkj si ^ !CJ*—cJ
t-.-'--'^ — CO— ^..•^
ca=3"3::.S;— = i*cs*-
o
0)
C
oa
3.
e
a
Z
1
(So) ei
• cA
"C CO
— oJ
= C
COASTWISE TRADE.
97
OS
1-^
OS
S*^'
og
is
og
o *
1^
Og
3 S
1^
P500t^OOSW'*O0S®000»t^OO«
00 M — lO
lO NMCO
00 Ot^<Cl
NNINCOrH
«0 M1<lN
00 t^OOO
o>n!or»>-ie^t<30<Moooo«<NO'0
e>«NOC<5MUS00C<3OCS1''-«C<5WC»O
tDOW
oo®oO'-"Ooo'<i'r-ooTi<io
^•*C>OJ®'*<fCO5INTji00
t^-<tU3'*«00'Ot^COIN00
(Ne^<NCO'-i
t^h-omowooNt-oco
ooo>— iooai(N'<s'OMcoe^
M'<*'<N00C«50!O00«iO'1<
Wt^«500Ol^00--!D"<fP<
NWOOW'O'^WIN'-iMrJl
1010«OWTJ<000-<(NIO
b-e<i-"to®io-HOJ00r-
■*ooo-HOo>oor-'^>-«
■IN »HTj<rH COi-l
lOt^OO — WOOOOSOSO
oe>5ooosco«oo5t--(Me«s
iOMu5rte>)moJO'«rco
00>— OOlCOOOOO'<l"0»
t^t^T(irtiI5,)<f,C^t^00
O5ooic«otor>.-^j<c<5co-*
lOOroosoot^t^-^Tj-N
— ■<J<C»5C0'<l<US'>a<U5«O
e<5MooO'<OMr»oto
•vt^oo-v^u)aooia>
«w>ct«cooc>ir-.oc<5
M — — o>!C;ct^o-.oco
PJI^OOt^COWt^O'fM
C.|Tj<^OSO5«00"3INN
OS'*C"5«ec«COOOO
— >eow — — cco — ooM
Ot^CMf^00O>O(^-H.
M — tCCC-^OOCCCCiO'T
in — eco>>oc')-"ONus
■"2 = " S : §
•05i;t = „.
!* — c a c
0'<)'IN'-c
CO 00900
CO N50C0
eo ■*iOM
•*00
N>0
NO
N O -"JilOO)
00 <Dt^O>
CO ©US'*
1-< «•-<'-"
O-o-W
OOOJ
00 00 O-HTtt
»-< 1-1 NNN
CO usooco
N fOO«D
CO couseo
lOCOCO
COfflO
— Tj<05
(N rH rtNN
00 ooeo'i*
N NlOT»<
a »H t^oo w
CO >0 t^OoO
O CO OO'^CO
eo — r-4NN
oo —
NUSlJ<
o«oco
oioeo
ior>.N
OCO'U'
N r-l (N«CO
CO CO ^ o^
00 '-I r-tcco
N CO NIO'*
4>_
■C V
e3K
g S-H-E c 5 Jj * b 5 t S i i SS^/s5 = =
98
MOVEMENT OF SHIPPING.
s
Cb »
"**
Oi
s
O)
H
00
■•««
;z:
..
o
.?
p
^
1X4
(0
: co^toiato^oocoooo-^oatoro
<o
rH^OO
0|
C4
■*Noc>i«o>o — ^^^-ooc<^J■*^o-<rH
•V
CO'-US
o
o
f
9eO©XTj<T»'l.OO--to-J<TjtOTfO>to
to
US OS 00
jtorti-TOSOOiOtOOXIo •«nn«
■«1<
to'rs'o"
■o
•-<t» OlCirfOi-^t^O'^t' CO'^00
o
COfI'*
to
s
e« CO lO to M coo CO to c^^eo
CO
1
oT
1 **
JCOtoO'
"<Sf— eoN»H
•o
eo^eooco-^tocoNotoCftoi
S&-:
t»
to.>4rtU3iac4co«c^'4>ao>o eo»3oo
■*
to — ?<
'*.
'^'^^ ^MCO^'HCO^M « -<
us
3$
1-°
^'
"^
w
i CO<OT)<0"00'*'Oi'*iO
■ OOWto
-?J~
6)ube
It
o
0»iOO«OtOOCO'*®iO
• --coioeo
M
toujtO
1 O'j<^'<«ooi«oo — oaeoo
OOO-^COOOWCOCOMSO-*
■pto'«feo
. -rtlOto
OS_
•O
•^•^co
o
e<3
tor(« T><Tj<U5rl>0100toOO
.-^oo>«
»o
e^N«
o
OS
■*.
|»<^ COCOtoC^NtoC^©
. CO eo
M
**
«
I eo"
-h"
^i;
«
oeoeo ^04 lO w Tf la o CO
SkS^CD^ liOOCO ■*CO00
■ONaoo
-iCOf 00
~o5~
us
If
<-Hto T
5NN
CO
-HrH -HcoeO'Hrtco^— e>i
us
1-
"^
t»
1 ooooeo>o-*«®®oo<oto
1 US^toVtoOOcCtoCOtO
<*to
d>
"S~
— to<S
43
at
toco
OS
•*
US 00 US
SSSo
o
CCOOOlOO-^-OINOlMCO
CO'*
to
00
toN^
03 3*
2c
l-H
io«0'>*«too — c<5ootooe
CO
OS
to
'HtoCO
CO
e<«o toOJcooo^cco
PJ
•«»"
•o
NCI'4
o
CO
N^ MiO«DN-HO<N<0
C4
C4
o
o>
**
oo'
eo
-^
Q
O^OJcooo«oseoco'*-H
OOS
OS
"15"
•^lOOIN
,
e*
cotorteO'*ooo»T)icooo
ciiH .-ieoeo<N •o-^ei
rtN
PI
CO
tort«
1^'
PS
"-I
■1
■*
*'
-^
.
■*
C0N'«<l»--U5to®»000
to
o
""^H
^QQ\
V
N
coeoeoaotoeoeoM'H
a
•«
to
US to US
00 be
00
«^COiOto01COC^"5to
eo
■<*
00
eoNO
OOd
«
O OSOOMOltolOTjl
eo
^
o
«*oot»
to
(O
>o
00 coco
§
N
^ NU5!DeO'^-*Meo
e^
M
cs
a>
oo"
eo
•1
K
C« O «^ eo <*•<»' ■* .H <o «
c4
OS
"sr
00 — 00
^^;
CO
M ^ ■<1< « -- lo « ^ eo to
to
<N
US
toNcO
o_
^ -HMeOM iO-^(N
■<1'
1-
3
•>*"
"^
rM
t»rtCDeoeoooo«0(Nto
to
^-f
"6o~
(^£4 64
5
t-
ooc>ie^o»co«oeo-<--cD
O
«
eo
§38
1
si
CD
eoeoooo>totoiN^«o>
OS
o
o
li
CD
N lO to M O O '-< ■«»< 00
US
to
us
C<MN
>
^
00 lOt^MOOO'^ro
•*
us
■*MCO
o
OS
•*.
C* ■* to CO -1 -< CS CD
N
M
CI
o
o
o
2
•*
t»
eo
^
00
eONto.HC>lcDeo-"«'^
fH
to
■«"
too 00
St:
s
0> I-" N CD to C^ to to CO OS
o
o
•*
■"JlrHW
o
^NcoM eo^e*
US
o
3 «
X
^^
CO
•^
M
loe^oe^oO'V^oO'Hos
00
OS
"S~
CO to CO
|§
O
COXSOOOOtocciO-^O
o
eo
00
-IOS-*
N
00 N CO U5 to ■* — 00 O ■<»<
•o
■*
CD
aoo
to
CO OOOOlN^OCieOW
■*
CO
<o
to-HO»
^ €
a> looeooiooM^'^
■*
CO
^
OMM
-H
OS
^
WeOtOMNi-lNCO
N
N
O^
S
o
t<r
eo
to
to lo -H to to CO to eo <e to
lO
eo
"w~
to OS OS
CO
OS eoc^tooocO'J'to
CD
US
OOr^CO
°°.
^OlC0C^'-'*-^N
r^
■*
3 0)
eo
•^
to
e<0seo0>0-^t0»0'«'0s
•*
C4
"1R~
M"*-*
si
<o
■^coNosioeooos^Tji
t-<
00
CO
■VtocO
^
eooe^totoioiac^e><e^
CO
C4
O)
toco
5|
•O
torttocoooiototoo
w
00
o
O'"*"'*
o
00 OSOiCWCOC^IiOM
OS
00
Cvl
OONPJ
o
"*.
^COlO-H^OO^CO
•-t
.-«
00
rN
CO*
«"
"~"ar
.-■totoiQaootooO'Has
"5cr~
•o
~o6~
tteo
B*i
O^OC4 0>C0WC0C4l0
e^
«
C4
S
11 -<N<N^ ■♦-^N
»H
3 S
!?^
«
^
w
~~'
coto^ooc — N-i'Oro
OOOOCOlOWCCeO — T«M
(^
00
"«~
CO 500
•V
OS
to
V
•Tj"«)<e^
U9
■VOSO'f'1'tOOOiC'OCO
t-
00
OS
CO loco
CO*
M •* to O Ci 00 0> OS CO
•o"
to
Os'
•^'us'co"
a>
•««< — O 00 O OS LOOS'*
CO
CO
o»i
o>
^
1-iC^'*-* i-c CO
■-I
iO
a>
O
00
**
«
eo"
«
toeoio®'<j'eoeO'«'05'V
00
OS
"«o~
o»-*eo
Efe
lO^Os — Os-H^^-icO
OS
(N
COC*-l
o
McorHrtoo-^es
us
1-
««•
'^
eS •
•O 0)
•e4
o • • •
a -ec-a
•
• s
i
2
o
a
s
s
: : : :t^ :s :d :
-"S c m O • eS '3 m
2 --gSg
a 2 2 Ex c
• o
5|5
•N
■a 5
■v
KSoy^jOOHsSSz
Z
«=L,
■Jl'SX
w
r-r-i
FOREIGN TRADE.
99
0
f
J5
a
00
<
■^
pj
..
H
§■
:i
Iz;
O
>-4
^
M
PJ
•js-
O
Ui
,-1
M(N00'«l<Tl<COCOtO'^C0t^lNC0CO>O'H
c^
t^'i'OO
4>
^1
to
(MCOCO'*t^(MO'OOOt~t^(N-nratOCO
tN.
TJ-rHC!
00t»00-H'*— i<NCO®'^lO00CO(M-tl<cO
c
00s I>
^
c^t^rt to>noioiococooto — low
oc
K5C0O
a>
—lb- INCO!N-<-*lOO'-ib« >O'-i00
Ifl
COlNTtI
§
«D
!N CO>Ot^lNC0O5C0h- (N1-1CO
CO
a>
•<>»
»"
CO
'^
Sfe
CO
<NC0C>IOi-it--.C0<N^C0i0t-t000'*O>
f- ^ tH 10 to rt CO •<»* 05 ■* 00 10 (MOW
■~oc
1^
■"iflNOO
■*
rt-^ .-H N CO i-H r-liO .-l(N ^ ^
»o
1-
■*
'"'
■<j<
toat^ooco-Hi^.-Hb-o>*
rHOOO
~a
ousto
m S
eq
tOh-i-c^ontOlOt^lMOOO
OlOiOCO
>>
t-lOtO
co^
U5 rH rt 0 C^ •* CO -^ 0 (N Tjl
OS_00_rHO_
to
10 10 CO
2i
■*'
lOO^coioeooocooo^o
rHCOOrH
tc
tC^CO
■*
t^"^ Tt< -^t 10 CO 0 '-' t>- 03
oooto
u:
rHWiN
lO
eo
1-I1-H COtCt-ININt-NtO
(NrHCO
IN
o
0
«
"*"*
OS
CO
'-'
OS
Tjl IN rH ■* t^ t^ CO CTS 03 10
lOTflOt-
~a
dSrHt^
Sis'
05
00lO^tOCO'*00CO-HCO00
rHlOlOt^
>fl
-*INN
■0
rH,-l 1-1 CO CO r^ 1-1 CO .-IN
10
1-
■*
1-1
00
t^O'*0-*-H(Nl^OtO'*
OOtJi
0
~u:
•*t^iO
»=a
05
eOrHT)tT)<rjl^lNOOO'HTl<
coco
00
V—
rH 00 t^
!0
CO_^CO m t^ CO •* ■* i-l 00 <N (N
CO US
c
CO(N00
CO
U5COTjtO.-<COCO-ilOlO(N
00
OS
I-':
00t~(^
M
NrH OOOJCOt-OilNCOW
■^
IC
rHINrH
«^
CO
0<iH INiOCOOr-<iO(NtO
IN
IN
0
2
oe'
eo'
rn"
to
ocoooocot^ooiNeocoo
OS 00
"K~
~c
osocto
Sti
00
cvib..-(Ti<'<iioa>03coeooo
(N
IN'
to
COrHiN
M_
MrH i-ICOCOrH »OrtlN
Tjt
3 2J
I-"
•*
rH
lO
rHtocoioe^iNOoococo
OS
"o"
~e^
03O0S
q5
CO
r^00^C3JCO<NeOINlNlO
U5
00
»^
rHt^T)!
t~
■*(Nijc<JlC0tOtOtOINtO
10
t^
t^
COIN IN
li
Ui
O>-llN(Nt-OON.-lC0
•*
(N
IN
(NOOIN
10
0 03 0coeoo>eou5'i<
t^
CO
>c
wcoco
M
OS
^ (N 10 to eo iH T)( IN to
M
e^
o_
O
0
OJ
*^
00
CO
r^
eo
e^ 03<o 00 0 ^ CO w CO ■«i<
t>-
1— <
"a
rH-HOO
B"rt"
t^
e^ ■* i^ 1-1 115 00 1- CO !>.
CO
CO
Ifl
OOININ
a
iH i-IINCOM Ttlr^C^
■*
1-
S
CO
^
OSCOCOCOi— iCOl^OtOtO
10
~e'
t^lNtO
•
t-
0>OCOtOCOCOlOi0030J
to
to
t»
to to IN
SSf
0
toiNtccomoOi-icoooto
10
to
c
eocoTji
^
2§
to
0 Tl< 00 to '^ 0 OS ^ t^
IN
T)<
Tt
OSrHiN
0
« 10 1^ (N 0 t^ >0 Tj< (^
Ttl
U3 ■<)ie^co 1
o
3
og
00_
<N T)l t^ CO rH 0 IN CO
IN
N
N
§
''^
t~
eo
-<
§
e--
?5
lOO>iOt~CV)t>.COOSCOIN
OJ INOt^Nt^TllCOOl
■^
0
~e5
cot- OS
^rH(N
fn
00
iHINCOIN COrHOl
rH
rH
10
p
3x
"■
»
O
;5^
CO
'"'
r-
ooob-ooeootocot^t^
to
"0"
"^
OS coo
•
t^
eoc^iNosO'*t---<*<eooo
to
0
■«
T|<t^t>.
s^
0
t-Mt^rHCOtOOCO-HCO
■*
eo
c
t-TjicO
2j
T— 1
CO t- 00 CO OS ■*•<*< CO CJ
•«1<
•*
CC
rHrtOS
0
a iooot^'<i<0(N-H^
Tt<
(N
T(l
rHNN
,_,
o|
■*
cicotoiNe^r-KNeo
CI
N
0^
o
t~
eo
rn"
0
tO'^OOOINOCOt^COt^
■«»<
"«"
^
OSOO
<
CO
OS <N IN CO 0 0 i-< ■* t^
to
U3
OOIN-*
£is
00
rH M CO IN rH T(< i-IIN
^
y-l
■*
3 aj
1-^
CO
rH
to
~~~
rHOOOiOCOOO'*(NCOO
IN
"PT"
"^
rHCOlO
•
8
rHt^OOOINtOlOIN-*©
>o
00
0
(NtJI-H
"1
lN00rHiO"5t>.<^NON
1-*
OS
o-
IN-HCO
?i
f^
N. b* 0 10 10 CO rH ^ t*
00
to
0
ooooeo
t^
00 OS 0 >0 h» eo — ' 10 rH
OS
00
t~<NN
Q
og
CO
rH CO 10 rH rH 00 rH to
r^
1-4
00
0
o>
■^
to'
N
0
©•^loostoiotoiomos
0
I.H
"To
IN OS 00
Ssr;
■*
OrHOrHOSlNOOeOrHlO
IN
N
(N
OOrHrH
us
rH rHNINrH TjIrHN
rH
■*
_ (U
1-^
CO
'"
0
u;t^ooo-<inco<Nco(N
0
"nT
^
t-eoo
•
s
to»oosTt<ooiNO'<i<-*eo
(N
to
■^
00 CO IN
w
CO00t~'.1<'*CO'*'* t- rH
00_
«3
0
WO_CO_
S§
to
rH lOOXUSOOOSOO
to"
to"
a
coco"
IN
Tjl rHO"500'*a3(N
eo
to
OrH
00
"^1
•>«<
rHlN-*rHrHrH CO
rH
rH
10
Ui
CO
•^
t-iN « 10 CO t^ eo 0 rH c^
rH
"«"
"~^
toeo CO
E^"
0
UirHOSCMOOOrHrHNeO
0
N
tOC^rH
s
(NCOrHrHt^rtCvj
rH
U3
3 ^
1^
eo"
"^
o3 ■
•a a
•«?
• • 0* • • •
c -gc-a
•SJ
^ :a :d :
0 -i: <j3
J
•a
0
"3
0
H
luego;
ira . . .
ntana
ana.,
zanill
inzas
NuevaGe
Nuevitas.
Puerto Pa
SagualaG
Santa Cru
?3 cs ot:
as rt eS<K
u.OOWSSz
Sant
Ci
Trin
TUDi
100
MOVEMENT OF SHIPPING.
li
lie
9
S5S
aconaa>t^ao<-'Oo<NU30ao>o>oaooooQO
•-OC^OMOO Wl^t^»OOJ OU50'0-"-hN
e9•o•-lM^>>oc4ao(o>oa>^-0'^«o^cO'Hlo^>
eooco<-i»coccM»<ooow — oowrowwxs
OS
-<<otO'-HeoT»ioooSc^tot'
Mco'j'^e>«'*rt'<j<r-<
--»o ■*00^50S0>u^00OO
«» ^ost^-* — "^ — — ■«
rHr4C4^T^C4rHC4f-l
« •* M <«< 1^ 00 —'
O » I^ "O O U5 •'1'
^ M 00
0000!O«D'-iiO'-'
r-( cc O O) O t^ Ob
-1 rH UJ
4f
■|
•^^
OS
o»»o«-<oo»eo'<ooNo^osr^p«o><oo»
U5M^«OC»5'<J<CC«->!)<>-iTtie<5®COOOPlQC©WC<
t~05iNM— I t^OsoOinco-H -- o: O c^ m lO CO
t-'* ^c<5'-'5Ne^«ao>os«c -^ CO n n tn '1 c*
M W* —I O »0 ^ •* —I r-l N «
— Tj<OtO00»00'*G>NN<OOt>.N0CO--05O
_ - . COMiOlONi-c*
i-i e4u3oc4ni-icot>c4 Nt-ieo w
cot^oww— l'tl<-HU5•*«)ooe<lo>r»•*^»e'^oo^»
OOOi-iiOCSO® PO'^TTOJl^ 0>0«OW«0 N
Ti riNeo.-i.-i>o.-<e><i-i -H »-i io
n«P3oooOCKSSZZZP,M(MKE-iH
OUTGOING VESSELS.
101
!5S
OS
!5g
OS
553
OS
OOCOCOO'*--lOOO>«OC«3t^lOOOOU?>000(NOOCO
Tj" O IN O lO <M CC C^ t^ »-i O 00 r-( >r5 ITS to (N — 1 1-1
rH10i-IO><MOCO-*05-*0'* >-lrHO0C»5r-i-l(M
lOXf-TfcOOOCrComt^r-tCOINCe-^OiOSTH
«50CO'-i(NtD«Ct^-*r~rooO (N 00 1^ 50 M CS C3
r-lOi-iO'*MCO'*'0'*'-llO rti-lC»Tj<O0i-IIN
t^05'*C<MMl^T(<000
T)<t^.-iOO'OOOMO>'t
0«Ot^<NOS-*-*tOC«5
0"CC<N'-ilN05r»iO
<NeO'«»"i-lC^l-*r-lTfrH
i-lOiO—it^iOCO-^O
C0-*<Or-ICCO>C<3t^<N
r-lT-tNr1.H<Nr-l(N>H
O CO "< o> 1^ cc o
m «D CO i> CO ■* CO
t^ ■* o) ■* ce m lo
O 00 1^ -1 IN "O -H
OS O CC 05 "-I to o>
IN IN UD CO ■-I rH CO
(Nt-icO CO
ocotot-co'Oi-Hi-icot^iO'nO'-iOTtoio— ICO-*
>-^lNO^~IMC»lO05t0■*■*•*CO0000IN^^^-C0IN
COOIN ■^COCONt^'OiOOCO rH OJ r~ lO to O IN
N CO ■* rt (N lO rl Tjt rt i-H N 00
i*00i*C0tDOC0in"OO'<l<lNO0>INt^-*-*0>(N
CnO(>-'Or^O'-ll^iOi00500t0t~I--O05l--"*O
to i-< CO ■"^ CO 00 lO O i-i CO to IN W to lO t^ to 00 lO
to -< T-i '^ 05 00 -H lo •<* r- o o o t^ to CO 05 r~ -H
(Nt^ iNoao'^t^oom co in to o — i i-h tj<
tH COiOtOINCOOCOt^lN (NrHCO CO
1-1 IN IN — I iH U5 i-H (N rH .H
CS5
: g g.;s" o) -^^5 N --^ -utl;ca-
ggd--a|-.go3^dSSiuii'a;g,cc'=g
M«eqoc)oOOffi2S?;2;^;pHaiccoQHH
LIBRARY
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
SANTA BARBARA
102
MOVEMENT OF SHIPPING.
ooo pr« CO loio ooo
'«r« C4t« o ooo ooA
3at wo
Sc4
^t»» N
•*C^-<0'*
TffO o-^
coco
oom
o-<
ooo
to toi" e^«o
o", -^"o ^oT
o«o -^O)
o> c»-< 1^00 eo wo «ocs
0> W>0 N'«" 1-1 OCO i-iCO'
N ooo <9<'<i< OS "©•-I «eo>
oon<
•*co
o>c^f^■*oo <oi.^-
^^ ooo
N(N 0-< ■-" 0-< net 0> 0« OSS
MO eo® tn looo — o to oo-h wo
o-^ eoe* <-< oto 1.0 ■* o> .-lOi i-ios
-•» --•»-«»-.•--
-H . ^ CO N 00 i-<r» <Ht^
«» U3 to to
OS
^
^•toto
iN.Tt<coe4Q aoco>oe«i
COOOiOMN «a5C<l.-l
Ot)i ooo
TJltO NO
0-< r-(iO
OtO OCO
eocsrooco
OCQOOiOlM
-<0 MOO
OOOIMCO
lasi oeo
oeo (NO
OO-H co«»
^■^ oo«
r~0 ojoo
coo <->-^
t^rf r-ieo
o r-co t~co
eo i^>o t^"5
i^ ot>- Ot>.
eooro— i>o l.■5 0'0^»
t^ot^t^o eootor>-
(NOMNOs t^or-'<<
t^o t-o eo
oca oro
oo ooo
oio ooo
TrcO CIO
MOO ooo
e<ieo
cow
OlO
1-1 us o
(Nict^i-iai
>rt S3 W lO o
oa> coo
iH t-.(N
WOCOO
t-i<eo05
-^ i-(t^
wo tot^
e>J'0< roro
O-i ^««
oo
oo
oo
ON
O'*
t^o
050
ON
t^W
(SO
ON
lO _|^ ^T)<
eocoot»eo OJOebi-i
t»-<totoo OOOtO
wwotc^ ooo— >
Nt^
toco
to I"
0>W T(t
CIO t«
oo
oo
oto
COS O -HrH ■*■*
OW O NO) ON
oo o -^i-i coo
Wi-1
NN
oo
oo <-l ritO N-H
-H CON »H -1
oeo
wo
OW
oo
0-<5<
ON OO
TfO -"J" i»<
O^ O^
N 1-1 O
I
■?
o
OQ
"i 0) to
c", . ='
o2
5 3
i3>iacSo:3cJ,_>>i5J6j'o:3eS
a>
X 3
S3 cd
b J::
n
3H«
^i^^
•£0 3
SHOQ
S-o*
(D'3
5§
US
2«
^3
o <0
S>>S
0) b cS
>.aia
J3 0m
RELATING TO SUGAR CROP.
103
05^- tom
050
o o o !0
OlO •*M
CC«» (N(M 1N«»
C) 'H rt
00 r^
OJIM
b-eo <-!■-<
ao) OCX «Tt< a
(NN OOO
O-i
P5»
3
.a
-^
<0> COM •*0 ON »Ot^ t^0» COCO
W Of O^ lOO O-H --"(N 1-1U5
•-I NO COOO 05t>. CD05 NCO •*■*
oeo
(N't
05 t^
O-^ cooa Otji ccco
C50J C«5r- 0»i-i "ON
-Ht^ lOtv. lO(» P5W OS-^
U5.-H
coco
OON
NO
-xico
T*IN
NCO
ON
«OtO
00 CO
CO
o
NO
N'*
NlO
NCO
lON
oo
0 03
•^co
0--
•*00
ON
COO
NO
oo
N
o
o
NO
o
COCO
i^O
NO
U3
NOO
COO
NO
00 00
OO
■*oo
t^CO
tHCO
<coo
N
O
CD 00
coco
•ON
t^N
£S
COCO
TltN
COr-<
CON
CO-H
OCO
^«9
NO
t^N
N«e
tCN
■-0
CO
t-oo
00
o
COi-H N-H i-(
Ne« N9»
<3
bS b2>
.•S=n
.1
2S
OeS Ca^Sc3c3lo3c«^
M>2
OD
sj^ 3 ?ii3
^HH
•2 3 u &J 3
O ^ C O c3
— ra — I -* c — ^ -J
^ O e3 P-.'^'Sa'S'S
n
Soi
104
MOVEMENT OF SHIPPING.
sous OOO U5t» r<-H
COM ao<N C^iO W'^
" " to-* t^* ^<-l
IrtOS
oco
u
7
I
;s
WIN
OQtN
OOO 0«5 0(M
0»^ C4tD
(CO
I
02
m O
OSiO T)iO> WW
U3CO 1-4
O-H
— iiO
WW
•2«>
I 3 oj 3 o e3T3 o c« 5 5 cJ-S cd cd
P<
IMMIGRATION.
No statistics of immigration have been obtained for any year prior to the
fiscal year 1903. The following table shows the number of immigrants
arriving in that and in succeeding fiscal years:
TEAR ENDING JUNE 30.
Number
of Immi-
grants.
1903
12,651
1904
19 817
1905
40,560
52,632
29 572
1906
1907
There was a rapid increase up to 1906, and a great decrease in 1907, the
decrea&e being caused, doubtless, by the revolution and the consequent
disturbed conditions.
The following tabic classifies the immigrants by the ports at which they
landed in Cuba, for each fiscal year from 1903 to 1907:
Immigrants, by ports: 1903 to 1907}
PORT.
Total.
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
Total
155,252
12,651
19,817
40,560
52,652
29 572
Baracoa
32
7
306
2
1.233
476
399
128,897
221
130
164
1,444
513
23
22,083
22
32
Batabanfi
4
19
1
201
3
3
CaihariSn
33
1
342
40
5
36,076
78
21
87
266
120
isi
Gilrdenas
Cienfuegos
290
301
419
99
Gihara
17
Guantanamo
69
10,144
25
33
25
17,456
53
61
4
241
300
42,574
61
9
52
395
202
17
8,480
22
21 947
Manzanillo
' 4
Matati/^as
16
21
Nuevitas
150
392
Pnerto Padre
311
Sagua la Grande
6
1,999
Santiago de Cuba
1.691
3,579
6 334
Tunas de Zaza
»Year ending June 30.
Habana is by far the most important port, since 83 per cent of all the
immigrants arriving in Cuba during the five years landed there. At Santiago
de Cuba, the next most important port, were landed 14 per cent of the total
number of immigrants.
(105)
106
IMMIGRATION.
The following table classifies immigrants by nationality:
Immigrants, by nationality: 1903 to IdCH }
NATIONALITT.
Total.
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
Aggregate
155,252
12,651
19,817
40.660
62,652
29,572
American
15,810
1,688
2.049
3.266
5.161
3,667
48
132
934
2,170
896
8,271
3,359
136,200
7
83
140
79
169
1,066
144
10,636
17
27
173
223
113
1,263
233
17,363
24
15
235
413
250
1,849
479
36,521
Dominican
4
254
738
221
2,384
1,550
46,566
3
Mexican
132
Porto Rican
717
South American
United States
143
1,709
West Indian, not speci-
eed
953
European
25,114
Austro-Hungarian
Belgian
114
53
91
3,718
1,324
586
213
9
1,311
11
136
8
70
441
45
128,003
67
2,980
17
3
12
371
147
64
15
2
228
24
13
11
343
194
104
4
4
274
2
17
2
7
69
7
16,276
12
373
16
10
27
356
333
162
4
2
255
2
27
2
26
105
16
35,161
17
688
21
14
16
604
369
176
109
339
7
59
36
13
Dutch
25
English
2,044
French
281
German. . ....... . . . . .
80
Greek. ... . ...... . . . . .
81
Irish.
Italian
215
Polish
Portuguese
7
1
3
41
2
9,716
276
26
Roumanian
3
Russian ^
26
126
10
44,672
18
862
9
Scandinavian '
Scotch
100
10
Spanish
22,178
Swiss
13
Asiatic
781
Arabian
530
9
318
8
33
7
2
26
1,368
689
10
51
39
3
71
4
51
5
172
207
182
Armenian
1
Chinese
5
1
62
3
7
1
8
Corean
East Indian
26
Japanese
1
i
4
Persian
2
Philippine
3
192
23
1
372
86
7
22
332
228
Syrian
168
88
3
294
Turkish
264
African
Egyptian
10
. 252
3
29
7
79
Other
51
73
20
> Year ending June 30. ^
2 Includes i Finlanders.
'Includes Danes, Norwegians, and Swedes.
Spaniards form an overwhelmihg majority of all immigrants, the number
arriving during the five years being ncariy 83 per cent of the total number.
Next in rank are immigrants from the United States, although they formed
less than 6 per cent of the total number. There were more immigrants from
the United States, however, than from Central and South America and the
other West Indies combined. Only 8,197 immigrants other than Spaniards
have come from Europe, and nearly one-half of these came from Great Britain.
IMMIGRANTS BY COUNTRIES.
107
The following table classifies immigrants by the countries in which they
last resided permanently:
Immigrants, hy country of last permanent residence: 1903 to 1907}
COUNTRY OF LAST
PSSMANENT RESIDENCB.
Total.
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
Aggn^egate
155,252
12,651
19,817
40,560
62,652
29 572
America
33,213
3,277
4,378
6,976
9,665
8 917
Canada
45
27
7,614
2,982
41
795
11,647
10,008
54
121,719
2
6
732
207
40
122
1,427
741
18
7
15
2,131
919
1
202
3,368
3,022
18
Central America
5
1,082
344
1
Mexico
1,949
596
1,720
Porto Rico
916
San Domingo
South America
United States
176
1,816
936
19
15,438
222
3,040
1,117
34
33,401
73
1,996
West Indies, not speci-
fied
4,192
Not specified
1
Europe.
9,374
42,851
20,655
Austria
11
15
18
292
968
328
79
5
543
25
18
119,135
16
10
244
12
320
9
2
1
27
135
52
1
4
161
1
2
11
20
287
64
7
1
Belgium
11
Denmark
6
England
16
59
112
1
102
134
230
64
70
95
France
257
Germany
36
Greece
Holland
Italy
7i
2
2
32,916
128
17
14
42 , 103
3
5
67
136
81
Norway
6
Portugal
1
9,082
i
15,027
13
2
20 007
Switzerland
3
15
Turkey
162
Not specified
3
1
4
Asia
183
China
93
227
j .
70
113
23
113
Turkey
i
I
*Year ending June 30.
The following table classifies the immigrants arriving during the fiscal year
1907, by sex, age, conjugal condition, and literacy, as well as by nationality;
108
IMMIGRATION.
u a* ®
<9>0
"a
2a ■
•-■acooao O
CO 04 10
r4C4 •-••-••-< t»
.1010
00 •
• N
•* •
w •
■* :
« •
AM f-l t^ 03
01
cciot^ooeeo —
axo'-^oat^ CO
a»>o e '«
eo>aoiooo oo
t^C4 ?4 to
•Q)
■ooomot^ >o
^
t
^
tH'*e<oo-H 1*"
0300)0^ 03
COUJrtOO to
t^oeoo® o
lOt>-OMe<3 h-
t»«oo<NO>'*ON»»o«et^Mc« M
t^^woo-«iC4aco 00
tJi-hX «•*«*•-• «
«wu5^'-<0'->ooeco»oooow — •
«-<C*'«l'O0O0 0O'<IN ^ot^-H 00
0« N rtrH t»
<N.-lOO®-*N-*'1' O
bo
to
00
3 5
• So
•_u ; o "
c ? ^ ^— '
— ^ -^ p j= »i
a
a
•c
03
C
3
O ^ • —
en cS , >
U°o5> g
3
3 o 3 c £ ID t:^ o o =
I *- X -S rf C w "T*
• 5 '•c « r * •
cS 3 w_ 2 5 C w
•? C Cti ? K^-*
ww-^ c3C.-»C.>-:~'3
GAIN OR LOSS.
109
Four-fifths (80. G per cent) of the immigrants of that year were males. A
very large proportion (78.4 per cent) were in the prime of life, i. e., between
ihe ages of 15 and 44 years, while 15.9 per cent were children, and only 5.6
per cent were over 45 years of age. Over twenty-eight per cent were married,
the remainder being either single or widowed. Their educational condition
was high, four-fifths of them being able to read and write.
Three-fourths of all immigrants possessed occupations. Of the total
number 1.6 per cent were professional men, 9.8 per cent were of the skilled
labor class, 8 per cent of the mercantile class, while more than half, or 53 per
cent, were laborers.
The difl'erence between the number of passengers arriving and the number
departing is the not increase to the |)opulation from outside sources. While
in the five years Cuba received 155,252 immigrants, the net increase to her
poj)ulation from this source is less than half that number, or 75,227. The
following are the gains by single years:
YEAfl ENDING JUNE 30.
Net gain.
1903
85
1904
9.509
1905
26.437
1906
33,697
1907
5,499
One effect of the revolution of 1906 was to reduce the number of arrivals
and increase the number of departures; this is reflected in the small balance
of arrivals over departures.
The following table shows, by country of origin, the gain or loss to Cuba
during the five years:
COUNTHY.
Gain.
Loss.
Total.
83,631
America.
6,650
British West Indies. ,
Haiti
Mexico
Porto Rico
San Dominpo
South America. . . .\ .
United Slates ,
Other
3,482
622
1,468
1,078
Europe .
76,981
England.
France. . ,
Germany.
Italy. .. .
Spain. . . .
Other. . .
861
1,596
320
457
73,677
70
8,404
8.404
6,814
260
1,317
13
CRIMINAL JURISDICTION AND PROCEDURE.
By Honorable Manuel Landa, Acting Chief of the Department of Justice
of the Republic of Cuba.
The jurisdiction in the case of criminal matters in Cuba rests solely and
exclusively in the ordinary courts constituting the judiciary of the Island.
Upon the cessation of Spanish sovereignty in Cuba on January 1, 1899,
the military and naval courts, which acted in the case of persons entitled to
the jurisdiction of a special forum because of their connection with these
branches of the service, likewise ceased, and all citizens became subject to the
jurisdiction of the ordinary courts.
The Supreme Court of the nation was organized in 1899, and in the same
year the Audienciaa were organized in the following order: Pinar del Rfo,
Habana, Matanzas, Santa Clara, Camagiicy, and Oriente, each corresponding
to the province of the same name.
Each Audiencia holds its sessions in the capital of the province to which it
belongs, and has jurisdiction and control over the inferior courts situated
within its province. In cases where questions of jurisdiction arise among the
judges of the different localities, such questions are submitted to the Supreme
Court, which decides them.
The Audiencia of Habana has a president, three presidents of chamber,
twelve associate justices, a fiscal, a deputy fiscal, and four assistant deputy
fiscals. Four courts of first instance, three of examination, seven of first
instance and examination, and two correctional courts are under its juris-
diction. The Audiencia of Habana at present possesses two Chambers for the
hearing and decision of criminal matters.
The Audiencia of Pinar del Rfo has a president, five associate justices, a
fiscal, and a deputy fiscal. Under its jurisdiction are one court of first instance,
one of examination, and four of first instance and examination.
The Audiencia of Matanzas has a president, five associate justices, a fiscal,
a deputy fiscal, and an assistant deputy fiscal. Under its jurisdiction are a
court of first instance, a court of examination, five courts of first instance and
examination, and two correctional courts.
The Audiencia of Camagiiey has a president, four associate justices, a fiscal,
and a deputy fiscal. Under its jurisdiction are two courts of first instance and
examination and one correctional court.
The Audiencia of Oriente has a president, five associate justices, a fiscal,
a deputy fiscal, and an assistant deputy fiscal. Under its jurisdiction are a
(110)
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC PROSECUTION. HI
court of first instance, one of examination, and five of first instance and
examination.
In places where there are no correctional judges, the judges of first instance
and examination act in cases that ordinarily would come before correctional
judges. In cases where there are neither correctional judges nor judges of
examination, the municipal judges act as correctional judges in cases of minor
offenses.
The Department of Public Prosecution, with the Fiscal of the Supreme
Court at its head, represents the State and society, and intervenes in all
criminal causes, exercising supervision over the proceedings.
In criminal matters the Code has been in force in Cuba since 1879, and the
Law of Criminal Procedure since 1889; while in 1900 the correctional courts
were created to take cognizance in an oral trial of minor offenses and crimes
of but slight importance, which were previously submitted to the various
Audiencias for decision.
The procedure in correctional courts is rapid and of recognized eflSciency.
No appeal lies from the sentence, and the execution thereof is immediate.
The penalties which may be imposed by a correctional judge are a fine of
from one to thirty dollars and confinement from one to thirty days in jail, for
a misdemeanor, and a fine not exceeding five hundred dollars and imprison-
ment not exceeding one hundred and eighty days, for a crime. In default of
the payment of the fine an additional term of imprisonment must be served
at the rate of one day for each dollar of fine.
With reference to the procedure for hearing and determining matters
submitted to the jurisdiction of the Audiencias, it may be said that it also is
rapid.
The investigation of a crime devolves upon the judge of the examination
court of the territory or judicial district in which it occurred. This judge
prepares the record of the preliminary proceedings showing the data to be
considered finally in the trial. The success of the case depends largely upon
the perspicacity of the judge, inasmuch as these data form the basis of the
proof upon which the sentence is based.
The record of the preliminary proceedings is transmitted to the Audiencia,
through the Fiscal, who either formulates provisional conclusions or asks for
a dismissal, according to the merits of the case. If he asks for a dismissal, the
prosecution ordered by the judge, and its consequences, become of no effect;
but if he accuses and requests that a penalty be imposed, the case is submitted
to the court for decision, after an oral and public trial, at which the Fiscal or
the accused offers the evidence.
A case may arise in which the Fiscal does not make any accusation, but the
party injured by the crime makes the accusation, in the capacity of a private
accuser. In this latter case the decision also rests with the court, after the
holding of an oral trial, because the Law of Procedure provides for the holding
of the trial whenever there is a lawful party ready to maintain the charge.
112 CRIMINAL JURISDICTION AND PROCEDURE.
The penalties which the court may impose, in accordance with the Penal
Code in force, arc as follows:
Corporal penalties — Death; cadena perpetua; reclusi6n perpetua; relegaci6n
perpctua; perpetual expulsion; cadena temporal; reclubi6n temporal;
relegaci6n temporal; temporary expulsion; presidio mayor; prision mayor;
confinamiento; perpetual absolute dis(]ualification; perpetual special dis-
qualification; and temporary special disqualification.
The disqualification in the last two cases includes suspension from public
oflBce, right of active and passive suffrage, and profession or trade.
Correctional penalties — Presidio correccional; prisi6ncorreccional; banish-
ment; public censure; suspension from public oflRcc, right of active and
passive suffrage, and profession or trade; arresto mayor, and arresto menor.
The time that these penalties are in force varies, and the penalties them-
selves are divided into three degrees; minimum, medium, and maximum,
which degrees are subdivided in like manner, according to the attenuating or
aggravating circumstances attendant upon the commission of the crime.
EXECUTION OF DEATH PENALTY.
The penalty of death is executed by means of the instrument known as the
"garrote." The execution takes place upon a board platform within the walls
of the jail, iti the day time, within twenty-four hours after notice of the sentence
is given; it is held privately and in the presence of those persons who are
required to be present and those who are authorized to witness it by the
president of the court. The body of the felon remains exposed upon the
gallows for four hours, and is then handed over to his relatives for burial, if
they request it, and the burial must take place without any pomp. The death
penalty will not be executed upon a woman who is pregnant, and she will not
be notified of her sentence until forty days have elapsed after her delivery.
CADENA PERPETUA AND TEMPORAL.
These penalties, as well as those of perpetual reclud6n, relegacidn, and
expulsion, are remitted at the end of thirty years, unless during the period of
their imprisonment the prisoners, in the judgment of the government, have
made themselves unworthy of this act of grace. The sentence is carried out
in the Penitentiary of the Republic according to the regulations thereof, and,
with the approval of the Audicncia, two months are deducted for each year
in the case of convicts whose conduct is good.
Tlie provision stipulatmg that a chain attached to the foot and suspended
from the belt should be carried by those sentenced to cadaia, whether per-
petual or temporal, was abolished by the Decree of August 25, 1S98, of the
Secretary of Grace, Justice, and Government.
The convicts are put to work, for the benefit of the State, upon work of
public utility, either inside or outside the institution, if they are under the age
of fifty-five, and are not prevented hy sickness or other cause.
PENALTIES. 113
relegaci6n perpetua and temporal.
These penalties, which were executed outside the islands of Cuba and
Porto Rico, are now inapplicable.
reclusi6n perpetua and temporal, and presidio.
With regard to the execution of these penalties, the same legal provisions
arc now applicable to the persons sentenced thereto aa those previously cited
with reference to the penalties of cadena, with the exception of the differences
prescribed by the penitentiary regulations. This Code stipulates that the
proceeds of convict labor shall be used: 1. To pay the civil liability growing
out of the crime; 2. To indemnify the institution for the expenses which the
prisoners occasion; and 3. To provide the prisoners with savings and create
a reserve fund to be delivered to them at the time of their discharge or to be
delivered to their heirs if they should die before the time of their discharge.
In practice, it is very seldom that the proceeds of convict labor are applied for
the first of the purposes specified.
prisi6n mayor and correccional.
These penalties are carried out in the Penitentiary of the Republic and
consist principally in the dcpiivution of liberty, since the convict-i are allowed
to engage, for their own benefit, in such work of their choice as may be com-
patible with the regulation discipline. They arc, neverrhcless subject to the
work of the inotitution for the first two purposes stated in the preceding
paragraph.
CONFINAMIENTO.
This penalty, which was formerly executed in Isle of Pines, is not now
applied.
arresto mayor.
This penalty is carried out in the jails and consists, like pritidn mayor and
correctional imprisonment, in the deprivation of liberty, but only for a period
lasting from a month and a day to six months.
arresto menor.
The correctional judges have power to impose this penalty for a number of
days, which are served in the city jails, or in those institutions which are used
for that purpose.
JUDICIAL CRIMINAL STATISTICS.
The Department of Justice has furnished the following summary showing
the number and the character of the offences recorded in the courts of each
province during the year which terminated June 30, 1907.
114
CRIMINAL JURISDICTION AND PROCEDURE.
Total
Against the constitution
Against the public peace
Falsification
Against the public health
Gambling and raffling
Wrongful acts of public em-
ployees in the exercise of
their duties
Against persons
Against chastity
Against honor
Against the civil condition of
persons
Against liberty and safety
Against property
Miscellaneous offences
Gases not covered by the Penal
Code
Total.
12,601
33
358
249
39
1
316
1,969
1,527
45
8
237
6,682
211
926
Habana,
Matan-
zas.
3,994
1.610
14
126
94
17
1
120
657
357
27
5
90
,143
106
337
2
27
13
5
20
251
121
22
936
22
100
Santa
Clara.
2,057
11
84
48
6
80
435
346
8
1
63
1,723
44
118
Orlente.
Fenar
del Rio.
Cama-
gOey.
2,485
960
686
3
82
68
7
54
410
482
6
1
35
1,107
16
214
3
20
13
1
10
18
3
18
168
140
1
18
434
12
123
24
148
72
1
10
330
11
34
PRISONS, ASYLUMS. AND HOSPITALS.
PBISONERS CONFINED IN PENAL INSTITUTIONS.
Reports were received from 30 penal institutions, in which 3,898 prisoners
were confined on September 30, 1907. The numbers of such institutions and
of persons under confinement in each province on the given date were as
follows:
PROVINCE.
Number of
prisons.
Number of
prisoners.
Total
30
3 808
Pinar del Rio
3
9
4
6
2
6
309
Habana
2 178
Matanzas
281
Santa Clara
614
136
Oriente
380
' This classification by provinces has, however, no significance as to the
distribution of crime throughout the island, inasmuch as many criminals are
confined in the presidio, in Habana, for crimes committed in other provinces.
The total number of prisoners is 1,9 in each 1,000 of the population, or 50
per cent more than the corresponding ratio for the United States, and two
and one-half times that for the Philippines in 1903.
As is elsewhere the case, males are overwhelmingly in the majority among
the delinquent classes. Of the prisoners, 3,722 were males and 176 were
females, the proportion being 95.5 and 4.5 per cent, respectively.
The following table gives the number and percentage of prisoners of
different races, or colors:
COLOR.
Number.
Per cent.
Total
3,898
100.0
White
1,934
1,156
781
27
49.6
Black
29.7
20.0
Yellow
0.7
The proportion of white criminals is much less than the proportion of whites
in the total population, and the proportion of the black and mestizo prisoners
is much greater than the proportion of these races in the total population.
'The data regarding prisoners under confinement, the sick and insane in hospitals,
and inmates of asylums, have been obtained through the courtesy of Col. E. St. J.
Greble, Adviser to the Department of Government. The figures, in all cases, relate
to the date September 30, 1907.
(115)
116 PRISONS, ASYLUMS, AND HOSPITALS.
ASYLUMS FOR ORPHANS, FOUNDLINGS, AND AGED PEOPLE.
Eleven asylums of various sorts, for orphans, foundlings, aged people, etc.,
were reported, four of the institutions being in the province of Habana, four
in Matanzas, one in Camagiiey, and two in Oriente.
The largest institution, the Casa de Beneficencia y Maternidad in the city
of Habana, contained more inmates than all of the others combined.
The total number of inmates in these asylums on September 30, 1907, was
1,595, of which 805 were males, and 790 females. The classification by color
shows 1,155 whites, 232 blacks, 151 mestizos, and 57 yellow, or Chinese. The
proportion of blacks in these asylums is below the proportion of blacks in the
population, and that of mestizos is far below their proportion.
The classification of the inmates, by ages, is as follows: Under 1 year, 32
1 to 4 years, 131; 5 to 9 years, 289; 10 to 14 years, 364; 15 to 24 years, 202
25 to 34 years, 35; 35 to 44 years, 51 ; 45 to 54 years, 64; 55 to 64 years, 90
65 years and over, 333; and unknown, 4, making a total of 1,595 inmates.
Of those shown as 65 years of age and over, no fewer than 60 were reported
as 90 years of age and over, and of these, 19 were said to be 100 or more.
Indeed, such extreme ages as 108, 110, 114, and 115, were reported. It is
extremely improbable, however, that the correct ages were stated in these
cases.
As to birthplace, 1,296, or 81 per cent, were born in Cuba; 142, or 9 per
cent, in Spain; 66 in Africa (all negroes and formerly slaves); and 64 in
China, the few remaining being widely scattered or of unknown birthplace.
Very few indeed were born in other islands of the West Indies, or in Central
or South America.
The occupations of 1,067, or two-thirds of the total number, were unknown.
Of the remaining 588, 142 were reported as at school, 95 as at home, and 71
as beggers, all of these classes being dependents. The others were scattered
over a long list of occupations.
Elementary education, as indicated by ability to read, was possessed by 972
inmates, while 472 were unable to read, and the condition of 151 was unknown.
Since most of these institutions maintain schools for the instruction of the
young, most of those between the ages of 5 and 24 years (96 per cent) are able
to read. Of those of greater age, the proportion is much smaller, being only
20 per cent.
HOSPITALS.
The reports show that there were in Cuba, on September 30, 1907, 56
hospitals with a total of 5,906 patients. One hospital was for the insane and
cared for 1,782 insane patients. In the 55 hospitals in which the non-insane
sick are cared for, there were 4,124 patients, or one-fifth of one per cent of
the population.
The discussion which follows relates only to the non-insane sick in 55 of the
56 hospitals. The following table gives the number of these hospitals and of
the patients therein, in each province:
THE INSANE.
117
PROVINCE.
Number of
hospitals.
Number of
Inmates.
Total
55
4 124
Pinar del Rio
3
13
6
15
4
14
125
Habana
2 048
Matan/:as
381
Santa Clara
776
Camagfiey
202
Oriente
592
The large number in Habana province, amounting to very nearly one-half
of all patients, is significant only as it illustrates the provision for the sick
existing in that province and mainly in the city of Habana. Of the 2,048
patients in hospitals of Habana province, 1,961 were in those of the city of
Habana.
Of the 4,124 patients, no fewer than 3,195, or 77.5 per cent, were males,
and only 929, or 22.5 per cent, were females. This is due, in part, to the fact
that the great proportion of the sick in hospitals are of foreign birth, a class
composed mainly of the male sex. Moreover, among those of Cuban birth,
the practice of sending the sick to the hospital is less prevalent in the case of
women than in the case of men.
Nearly all of the patients are adults, only 162, or less than 4 per cent, being
below the age of 15. This is due, in part, to the large proportion of foreign
born in hospitals, and in part to the manifest disposition to treat sick children
at home.
The proportion of whites is greater and that of the colored, including blacks
and mestizos, is less than the corresponding proportions in the population,
while the proportion of the yellow race is far greater. Practically all of the
individuals in this last class are of foreign birth and are in Cuba without their
families; hence, when sickness overtakes them, they go, of necessity, to the
hospital. The same is true, though in smaller measure, of the whites among
the foreign born.
THE INSANE.
There is only one hospital for the insane in Cuba, but that is a very large
one, located at Santiago de las Vegas, in Habana province. On September 30,
1907, this contained 1,782 patients, classified as 982 males and 800 females,
the excess of males being due to the excess of males among the foreign born.
The following table classifies the insane by sex and by color:
COLOR.
Total.
Males.
Females.
Total
1.782
982
800
White
1,001
491
251
39
596
218
129
39
405
Black
273
122
Yellow
118 PRISONS, ASYLUMS, AND HOSPITALS.
The proportion of colored in the hospital for the insane is much greater
than their corresponding proportions in the population; that is, while the
colored form about one-third of the population, they form not less than 44
per cent of the inmates of this asylum. Since it is probable that the pro-
portion of colored insane in confinement is smaller than the corresponding
proportion of white insane, it follows that insanity is much more preva-
lent among the colored than among the whites.
It will also be noted that in the case of the whites, males outnumber females
in the proportion of 60 to 40, while in the case of the blacks, females outnumber
the males in the proportion of 56 to 44. In the case of the mestizos, the
numbers are about equal. In the case of the Chinese, there are no females,
this condition being due, of course, to the fact that there are practically no
Chinese women in the island.
Very few of the insane confined in the asylum were below the age of 15
years. For all ages imder 65 years, the number of males is greater than that
of females.
Of the whole number whose country of birth is known, 82 per cent were
born in Cuba and 18 per cent were born abroad, mainly in Spain. The
proportion of insane bom abroad is greater than the corresponding proportion
of the population. Among Cubans, the number of males is very nearly equal
to the number of females, but of the foreign bom, the excess of males is great,
212 to 61, being doubtless due to the excess of males among the foreign bom
population in the island.
Of those concerning whom information was obtained, 41 per cent were able
to read. The proportion for the males was 46 per cent, while that for the
females was only 36 per cent.
TRANSPORTATION BY RAILROADS AND
STEAMSHIP LINES.
RAILROADS.
Cuba was the second country in America to operate a steam road, being in
this respect eleven years in advance of the mother country, Spain.
The first Cuban railroad was opened to traffic on November 19, 1837. It
was built under the auspices of the Junta de foment© de la Habana (improve-
ment board of Habana) and was known as the Caminos de Hierro de la
Habana (Railroads of Habana). This road was about 45 miles in length and
connected the capital with the town of Giiines.
After it had been in operation for four years it was sold by the Government
to a corporation, and this -fact served to encourage the building of railroads
by other corporations.
The spirit of enterprise being thus stimulated, the first sections of the
principal lines now in operation were soon constructed, and these furnished
outlets for agricultural products to the most important ports of the island.
On September 1, 1908, the total distance covered by the railroad lines of Cuba
was 2,329.8 miles. The following statement, furnished by Hon. J. Charles
Hernandez, Director General of Communications, of Cuba, shows the
various railroads with the length and termini of each branch:
Termini and length of each railroad: 1908.
LINE AND TEHMINI. MileS.
Aggregate .
United Railways of Habana:
Total
Habana to Col6n
Habana to Santa Clara.
Habana to Guanajay. .
Habana to Alacranes. .
Habana to Matanzas.
2,329.8
1,056.0
125.0
183.9
35.5
80.8
54.1
Regla to Santa Clara 1 175. 4
San Felipe to Bataban<5 | 9.2
Madruga to Giiines 17.2
Madruga to Empalme 21.0
Concha to Marianao ' 6.2
Matanzas to Uni6n de Reyes 21.5
C Ardenas to Murga 56 . 0
CSrdenas to Jovellanos | 16.8
Cardenas to Yaguaramas I 80.7
Los Arabos to Altamisal I 20 . 0
Maximo G6mez to Itabo 13.5
Regla to Guanabacoa I 3.1
Giiines to Cardenas | 114.5
Esles to Guareiras I 21.6
(119)
120 TRANSPORTATION BY RAILROADS AND STEAMSHIPS.
Termini and length of each railroad: 1908 — Continued.
LINB AND TERMINI.
Tunas and Sanoti-Spiritus Railroad: '
Sancti-Spiritus to Tunas de Zaza
Rodas and Cartagena Railroad:
Rodas to Cartagena
Juragu& Railroad:
Jaragua to Horquita, via Estrecha
Cuban Central Railroad Company:
Total
Cienf uegos to Sagua
Santa Clara to Cfenfiiegos
Santa Clara to A. Pasajeros
Placetas to I. de Sagua
Cnil)ari6n to Camajiianf
Cail)arl6n to Placetas, via Estrecha
Sagua la Grande to Caguagnas, via Estrecha
Isia de Sagua to Santo Domingo
Ranchuelo to San Juan Yeras
Gibara and Holgufn Railroad:
Total
Chaparra to Holgufn
Gibara to Iberia
The Cuba Railroad Company:
Total
Santiago de Cuba to Santa Clara
San Luis to La Maya
Antilla to Alto Cecfro
Holgufn to Cacocurn
Saucti-Spiritus to Zaza del Medio
The Western Railway of Habana, limited:
Total
Habana to San Juan y Martfnez
San Juan y Martinez to Guane
Nue\itas and Camagtley Railroad:
CaraagUey to N uevitas
The Cuba Eastern Railroad Company:
Total
San Luis to Guantflnamo
Guantinamo to BoquercSn
Guantanamo Railroad:
Total
Guantilnamo to Caimanera
Guantilnamo to Jamaica
Jflcaro and Morrtn Railroad:
Mor<5n to Jflcaro por Ciego de Avila
Habana Central Railroad Company:
Total
Habana Arsenal to Guanajay Electrlco
Habana Arsenal to Guines Electrico
STEAMSHIP LINES.
121
COASTWISE STEAMSHIP LINES.
Several lines of coastwise steamships ply regularly between various Cuban
ports, carrying mail, passengers, and freight; the following list shows the
termini of these lines:
Termini.
Sobrinos de Herrera Line
Julian Alonso Line
Bullond Company
La Gloria Company
N.Tnijillo
Norili American Sugar Co,
Vuelta AbajoS. S. Co
Jose Mufiiz
Jose Mufiiz
Isle of Pines S.S. Co
C. J. Trujillo
C. J.Trujillo
C. I. Trujillo
N. de Castiiflo
N. de Castaflo
Miguel I'airet
Francisco Sotos
Habana and Santiago de Cuba.
Habana and La F6, Pinar del Rio,
Cienfuegos and Rodas.
N uevitas and La Gloria.
Cienfuegos and Castillo de Jagua.
Caibarign and Yaguajay.
Bataban6 and Isia de Pinos.
Manzanillo and Cauto.
Manzanilloand Niquero.
Bataban6and Islade ['inos.
Habana and Santiago de Cuba.
Habana and Manzanillo.
Cienfuegop and Jucaro.
Habana and Manzanillo.
Cienfuegos and Tunas de Zaza.
Orozco and Cabaflas.
Antillas and Mayarf.
STEAMSHIP COMMUNICATION WITH FOREIGN COUNTRIES.
Habana is one of the termini in the case of the following steamship lines
connecting the ports of Cuba with those of foreign countries:
LINE.
Foreign terminus.
Herrera Steamship Line
Bilboa, Spain.
Vera Cruz, Mexico.
Porto Rico.
Mobile, Ala.
New York and Ciil)a Mail Steamship Company
New York. N. Y.
North German Lloyd Company
Bremen, Germany.
Peninsular and Occidental Steamship Company
Knights Key.Fla.
Southern Pacific Steamship Company
Tampa, Fla.
New Orleans, La.
Copenhagen, Denmark,
Progreso, Mexico.
The following lines have steamers stopping at Habana on the way from one
port to another:
LINE.
Termini.
Spain, France, and Mexico.
Hamb\irg, German V, and Mexico.
New York and Cul)a Mail Steamship Company
New York, N. Y., and Mexico.
Canary Islands and Mexico.
In addition to the steamships of the regular lines enumerated, the ports of
Cuba are frequently visited by tramp steamers or sailing vessels, which come
from and depart for the principal ports of Europe and America.
PUBUC SCHOOLS.
The history of education in Cuba under the Spanish government will be
found in the report on the census of Cuba of 1899, and in a report on the
subject made by Mr. R. L. Packard to the United States Commissioner of
Education and published in the Report of the Bureau of Education for 1897-8.
The present public school system was instituted by the American Military
Governor during the first intervention by the United States in 1900.
In 1900, the number of teachers and of school rooms was 3,567. The
number of enrolled pupils in the last month of that year was 172,273 and the
average attendance for the year was 123,362.
The figures presented in the following pages are taken from a report by Dr.
y* Lincoln Zayas, Director of Public Instruction, and relate to December, 1906.
* The total number of schoolhouses was 2,149; of these, 1,809 were rented
buildings, and 246 were owned by the government or by indiNiduals who
allowed them to be used free of rent, while the status of the remainder is
unknown. The total number of school rooms was 3,566. The average rent
paid per house was $16.79, and per room, $10.42.
The total number of teachers was 3,649^ of whom 3,437 were white and
only 212 were colored. The number of women largely exceeded the~number
of men, there being onlv 1,286 of the latter to 2,363 of the former, or nearly
twice as many. They were grouped by ages as lollows:
K^
AGE QHOTJP.
Total
Under 20 years.. .
20 to 29 years
30 to 39 years
40 to 49 years ....
50 years and over.
Number of
teachers.
3,649
690
1.751
718
332
158
Neariy one-half of the teachers were between the agesof-SQ and 29 and two-
^, «'J» . .,..,1 ..11 ^..^.^^^^..t^ <i»«M^^&«<<^>raKi!9l|^«p
thirds were under 30.
The total number of pupils registered was 122,214. This is 4 per cent of the
total population and is_36 per cent of the jaumber of children of school age,
as determined by the school census of 1906, which showed 336,524 persons
between the ages of 6 and 18 years. Of the total number of pupils, 66,322
were males and 55,892 were females, the excess of males being 10,430. As
to color, 82,164 were white and 40,050 colored, the proportions of the two
(122)
AGE AND GRADE OF PUPILS.
123
races in the schools being very nearly the same as the corresponding pro-
portions in the population.
The average daily attendance was 96,301, or 78.8 per cent of the number
registered. This proportion is very high, comparing favorably with that for
the United States (70 per cent).
There is very little difference in the daily attendance of the males and the
females or of the whites and the colored.
The following is a classification of the registered pupils by age:
AQE
Total
Less than 6 years
6 years
7 years. ;
8 years
9 years.
10 years
11 years
12 years
13 years
14 years
15 years and over
Number of
pupils.
122,214
1,710
14,438
12,060
10,392
10,820
16,102
15,630
17,299
13,566
7,456
3.741
The following table gives the number in each school grade:
Number of
pupils.
Total.
Kindergarten
First grade . .
Second grade .
Third grade. .
Fourth grade.
Fifth grade. .
122,214
1,702
74,174
30,096
12,821
2,83&
587
VITAL STATISTICS.
For many years records of births, deaths, and marriages have been made in
nearly every part of the island, and since the first American intervention these
registrations have been extended throughout the republic. Information
relative to deaths is sent to the local judges, who in turn send it to the Central
Board of Health; in addition the head physician makes a statement in each
case. Inasmuch as the law prohibits the granting of a burial license unless
the death is properly reported, the health authorities believe that a complete
registration of deaths is obtained.
The following table shows the approximate population, the number of
deaths, and the death rate per 1,000, by years, from 1900 to 1906. The
estimate of population has been made by adding to the number of inhabitants
in 1899 one-eighth of the increase shown by the census of 1907, for each year
that has elapsed since 1899.
TXAB.
Population.
Number of
deaths.
Number of
deaths per
1,000 of
population.
1900
1,630,000
1,690,000
1,750,000
1,810,000
1,870,000
1,930,000
1,990,000
28,779
27,754
25,512
23,982
25,198
27,345
30,021
17.7
1901
16.4
1902
14.6
1903
13.3
1904
13.5
1905
14.2
1906
15.1
It is evident that the rates are too small, and even the fact that the sanitary
condition of the whole, . idand is satisfactory xind yellow, fever and smallpox
haveJbVen'Vqpe.d out, does not afford an adequate explanation. In Porto
Rico, for instance, where sanitary conditions are equally satisfactory, and in
Spain, the death rates are higher. The United States, which has a more
vigorous and long-lived population, has a higher death rate than that reported
for Cuba.
The death rate for the island decreased from 1900 to 1903, in which year it
reached the minimum of 13.3 per 1,000; it then increased until 1906.
The following table shows the number of deaths and the death rates in each
province, by years, from 1900 to 1906:
(124)
DEATH RATES.
125
Habana.
Matanzas.
Pinar del
Rio.
Cama-
gUey.
Santa
Clara.
Oriente.
NtTMBER OF DEATHS.
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
9,970
9,710
9,036
8,620
9,029
5,513
10,030
4,409
3,890
3,757
3,449
3,637
4,057
4.221
2.895
2,850
2,557
2,280
2,557
2.701
2,800
1,072
1,198
1,148
1,061
1,046
1.238
1,332
6.487
6.188
5.271
5,092
5,429
5,705
6.670
NUUBER OP DEATHS PEK 1.000 OF POPULATION.
22.7
21.3
21.4
18.3
19.3
17.3
17.9
15.6
18.2
16.3
18.7
17.6
19.2
18.0
16.0
11.7
17.5
15.0
12.5
16.2
12.9
11.5
13.3
11.0
10.2
12.5
11.9
9.8
12.9
12.1
11.3
13.2
12.1
11.9
15.0
3,946
3,918
3,743
3,490
3,501
4,131
4,968
11.5
10.9
10.0
8.9
8.6
9.8
11.3
From these figures it appears that in certain provinces there has been a
failure to report properly a considerable number of deaths. It is probable
that such omissions were more frequent among the lower than among the
upper classes and in the case of young children than in the case of adults, and
more numerous in rural districts than in cities.
The rates difi'er greatly in the different provinces, as shown by the following
statement, which gives for each province the average death rate for the 7
years from 1900 to 1906:
PHOVINCB.
Num-
ber Of
deaths
per
1,000 of
popula-
tion.
PBOVINCB.
Num-
ber of
deaths
per
1,000 of
popula-
tion.
Habana
19.6
17.6
14.4
Pinar del Rio
13 0
Matanzas
CamagQey
11 3
Santa Clara
Oriente
10.1
According to the reports of the municipalities for 1906, Santiago de las
Vegas, province of Habana, had the highest death rate, 39 per 1,000 of
population, and Santa Cruz del Sur, province of Camagiiey, the lowest, 3 per
1,000. For the city of Habana, the death rate was 20; for Cienfuegos, 18;
for Matanzas, 17; and for Santiago de Cuba, 21. In 8 of the municipalities
the proportion of deaths exceeded 20 per 1,000 of population; in 21 the rate
fluctuated between 15 and 19; in 37 the rate fluctuated between 10 and 14;
and in 16 the rate did not reach 10 per 1,000.
126
VITAL STATISTICS.
The following table of death rates, by ages, has been prepared on the basis
of the population enumerated in the census of 1907, and of the number of
deaths registered in 1906:
AGE OBOUP.
Less than 1 year.
1 to 4 years . . .
6 to 19 years. . . .
20 to 39 years
40 to 59 years
60 years and over
Number of
deaths.
8.661
4,018
2,073
5,158
4.781
6.340
Number of
deaths per
1,000 of
population.
133.9
14.5
3.2
7.7
16,0
56.6
The following table gives the number of deaths among the white and the
colored, and also the proportion of the total number of deaths for each class:
TEAR.
NUMBEB OF DEATHS.
PER CENT OF TOTAL.
White.
Colored.
White.
Colored.
1900
18,923
18,243
16,823
15,618
16,304
17,761
19.488
9,856
9,511
8,689
8,364
8,894
9,584
10,533
65.8
65.7
65.9
65.1
64.7
65.0
64.9
34.2
1901
34.3
1902
34.1
1903
34.9
1904
35.3
1905
35 0
1906
36.1
The following table shows the deaths of the white and colored in each
province in 1906, together with the proportion of the total number of deaths
for each element:
PBOVINCE.
NTtMBER OF DEATHS.
FEB CENT OF TOTAL.
White.
Colored.
White.
Colored.
Total
19,488
10,633
64.9
35.1
Plnar del Rio
1,897
7,213
2,400
4,401
1,049
2,528
903
2,817
1,821
2,269
283
2,440
67.7
71.9
56.9
66.0
78.8
50.9
32.2
Habana
28.1
Matanzas
43.1
Santa Clara
34.0
CamagOey
21 2
Oriente
49.1
The number and percentage of deaths from the principal diseases were as
follows in 1906:
CAUSES OF DEATH.
127
CAUSE OF DEATH.
Jlpiarrhea and enteritis
^^Tuberculosis of the lungs
vOrganic diseases of the heart
Congenital debility
Bright's disease
Tetanus
Diseases of arteries
-«> Malaria
Acute bronchitis
Other accidental traumatisms
Simple meningitis
Cancer
Congestion and hemorrhage of the brain
Bronchopneumonia
Senile debility
Pneumonia
Cirrhosis of liver
Diseases of stomach
Suicide
Typhoid fever
Congenital malformation
Convulsions
Hernia
Diphtheria and croup
Puerperal septicemia
Influenza
. Chronic bronchitis
Abdominal tuberculosis
Whooping cough
Angina pectoris
Congestion and apoplexy of lungs
Tuberculous meningitis
Anemia
Diseases of bones
DEATHS IN CUBA.
Number.
4,944
3,560
1,797
1,427
1,425
1,207
1,182
1,147
1,078
1,052
931
819
763
737
584
397
311
299
273
264
224
223
212
201
191
176
161
160
159
146
137
120
115
110
Per cent of
total number.
3.6
3.2
2.7
2.5
2.5
1.9
1.3
1.0
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0,6
0.4
0.4
0.4
Per cent of
total number
of deaths
in the
United States.
7.6
9.9
8.1
2.1
5.6
0.2
0.8
i:?
1.1
1.1
4.4
4.7
2.4
2.1
6.0
0.9
1.4
0.9
2.0
0.8
1.1
0.3
1.6
0.4
0,7
0.8
0.4
1.0
0.4
0.4
0.6
0.3
0.2
The following table shows for Cuba the number of deaths during 1906 and
the proportion of the total number of deaths in each age group, as compared
with the proportion of the total number of deaths in the same age groups in
the United States:
AOE GROUP.
Less than 1 year. .
1 to 4 years. . . .
5 to 19 years. . . .
20 to 39 years. . . .
40 to 59 years ...
60 years and over
DKATHS IN CUBA.
Number.
8,661
4,018
2,073
6,158
4,781
5,340
Per cent of
total number.
28.8
13.4
6.9
17.2
15.9
17.8
Per cent of
total number
of deaths
in the
United States.
20.2
8.2
6.6
17.4
18.7
28.6
128
VITAL STATISTICS.
In the following table are presented the number of births and the birth
rates, for the years from 1900 to 1906:
TXAB.
Number of
births.
Number of
births per
1.000 of
population.
1900
43,003
43,586
47.091
57.864
58.363
65.906
55,963
26.4
1901
25.8
1902
26.9
1903
32.0
1904
31.2
1905....
34.1
1906
28.1
The birth rate for Cuba is low, being less than that for the United States
and less than the rates for many European countries. This is remarkable in
view of the fact that the years represented followed a disastrous war. Ordi-
narily, in such cases, the rate would be very high. The sudden falling ofiF in
the number of births in 1906 is also unaccountable unless it is assumed that
registration has been incomplete.
The number of births reported in 1906 is 10,000 less than the number of
children under one year of age according to the census of 1907. If the probable
number of deaths occurring in this age group during the year is added to the
number of children in this age group, an approximate estimate of the number
of births will be secured. The figure obtained in this way is 75,000, which
shows that the omissions probably made were not much less than 19,000, and
that the birth rate would therefore be 37 instead of 28.
The following table shows the births among the white and colored and the
proportion of the total for each class of the population:
NUKBKR OF BJS.TBB.
PES CENT OF TOTAL.
White.
Colored.
White.
Colored.
1900
31,474
32,879
35.688
43,334
44,248
50,142
43,467
11,529
10,707
11,403
14,530
14,115
15,764
12,496
73.2
76.4
7S.8
74.9
76.8
76.1
77.7
26.8
1901
24.6
1902
24.2
1903
25.1
1904
24.2
1905
23.9
1906
22.3
The following table shows, for each province, the number of births in 190G,
and the birth rate, on the basis of the population enumerated in the census of
1907.
CITY OF HABANA.
129
Number of
births.
Number of
births per
1.000 of
population.
Total..
Pinar del Rfo
Habana
Matanzas. . . .
Santa Clara . .
CaraagUey. . .
Oriente
55,963
4,772
13,728
7,392
14,465
3,279
12,327
27.3
19.9
25.5
30.8
31.6
27.7
27.1
The excess of births over deaths in each province was as follows: Pinar
del Rio, 1,972; Habana, 3,698; Matanzas, 3,171 ; Santa Clara, 7,795; Cama-
giiey, 1,947; and Oriente, 7,359.
VITAL STATISTICS OF HABANA.
According to the census of 1899 the population of the city of Habana was
242,055. In 1907 the city had 302,526 inhabitants, 50.2 per cent of whom
were native white, 24.5 per cent foreign white, and 25.3 per cent negroes.
The registers of deaths occurring in the city of Habana have been published
since 1820 and appear to be reasonably complete, at least so far as the whites
are concerned. Following is a statement of the annual average death rate
per 1,000 inhabitants, by decades, based on these records:
1820 to 1829 43
1830 to 1839 60
1840 to 1849 28
1850 to 1859 31
1860 to 1869 43
1870 to 1879 47
1880 to 1889 34
1890 to 1899 45
1900 to 1906 22
The violent fluctuations in the death rates are characteristic of a city which
has been subject to epidemics. The average death rate of the city while under
Spanish rule was 40 per 1,000 inhabitants, whereas after the American inter-
vention it declined to 22 per 1,000. Exclusive of the destruction caused by
yellow fever and smallpox, the average death rate from 1870 to 1899 was 36
per 1,000. It is evident, therefore, that the sanitary improvements introduced
by the Americans not only wiped out yellow fever and smallpox, but also
caused the death rates from other causes to decline.
The total number of deaths registered in 1906 was 6,144, which shows a
death rate of 20.3 per 1,000. The principal diseases were the following:
130
VITAL STATISTICS.
-Pulmonary phthisis, which caused 19 per cent of all deaths; dysentery, which
-caused 9 per cent; cardiac diseases, 8 per cent; diseases of the arteries, 9 per
•cent; meningitis, 4 per cent; and pneumonia, 4 per cent.
Between the years 1870 and 1899, 21,448 deaths from yellow fever occurred.
"The annual average death rate from this disease in the 30 years was 4 per
1,000. From October, 1901 , until October, 1905, there was not a single case of
yellow fever in Habana nor in the rest of the island. In the autumn of 1905,
however, this disease reappeared. Following are the statistics of yellow fever
since 1905:
1005. .
1006..
1907 ».
CITY OF HABANA.
Number of
cases.
70
71
Number of
deaths.
22
12
CUBA, NOT INCLUDING
THE CITY OF HABANA.
Number of
cases.
7
41
64
Number of
deaths.
21
It
t From January 1 to August 28.
OFrom 1870 to 1899 smallpox caused 12,722 deaths in Habana. The average
•death rate from this cause during the 30 years was 2 per 1,000 inhabitants,
^ince 1900, as a result of the sanitary measures taken by the American
Authorities, only one death has been caused by this disease.
The death rate of the whites from all diseases was 19.3 per 1,000 inhabitants,
and that of the negroes, 23.3 per 1,000. It is probable that the registration
of the deaths of negroes in Habana is incomplete.
The following table shows the proportion of deaths in each age group, by
color:
PEB CENT OF NUUBEB OF DEATHS.
AQE OROUP.
Less than 1 year.
1 to 4 years . . .
.5 to 14 years. . .
15 to 44 years
46 years and over
The number of births registered in 1906 ia Habana was 5,744, the number
of deaths being greater by 400. The birth rate was 19, which is very small,
even for a populous city, and leads one to doubt the accuracy of the register.
Of the total number of births, 4,222 were whites, the birth rate being 18.7
per 1,000 inhabitants, and 1,522 were colored, the birth rate being 19.9 per
1,000.
POPULATION.
THE TOTAL POPULATION.
The total population of Cuba, including the Isle of Pines and other smaller
islands, was on September 30, 1907, 2,048,980.
The following table presents the results of the most authentic prior censuses,
with the numerical increase from one to another and the percentage of increase
per decade. Since the intervals between censuses has been irregular, the
rates of increase have been reduced to those of ten-year periods in order to
make direct comparison one with another.
Population.
Increase.
Per cent of
increase
per decade.
1774.
1702.
1817.
1827.
1841.
1861.
1877.
1887.
1899.
1907.
171,620
272.300
572.363
704.487
1,007.624
1.396,530
1.509.291
1.631,687
1.672.797
2,048,980
100,680
300,063
132,124
303 , 137
388,906
112,761
122,396
'58,890
476 , 183
31
34
23
29
18
6
8
»3
39
• Decrease.
The rates of increase between 1774 and 1841 compare quite favorably
with the rates of increase in the United States, which prior to 1870 ranged
from 32 to 35 per cent per decade. Such rates of increase are very large
and are commonly found only for sparsely populated regions, where the
population is under little or no pressure to obtain the means of livelihood.
The great diminution in the rate of increase after 1861 is, however, by no
means accounted for by the increase in density of population, and the reasons
therefor must be sought among the extraordinary causes, such as pestilence,
war, etc. The small rate of increase for the period from 1861 to 1887 was
doubtless due in great part to the ten years' war which occurred within that
period, while the absolute loss in population between 1887 and 1899 is attribu-
table to the civil war and the reconcentration policy accompanying it,
although the figures express only a part of the loss from this cause. Judging
from the earlier history of the island and the excess of births over deaths, as
shown by the registration records, however imperfect they may be, the popu-
lation probably increased from 1887 up to the beginning of the war, reaching
at that time a total of little less than 1,800,000. It is probable, therefore, that
(131)
132
POPULATION.
the direct and indirect losses by the war and the reconcentration policy,
including a decrease of births and immigration and an increase of deaths and
emigration, reached a total not far from 200,000.
Between 1899 and 1907, the population increased 30.3 per cent. This was
at the rate of 39 per cent per decade, which is a very high rate, higher than
any of the rates shown for the previous periods in Cuban history and higher
even than any rate in United States history. It should not, however, be
regarded as improbable, nor should its magnitude throw doubt upon the
correctness of either the census of 1899 or that of 1907. When the census of
1899 was taken the country had just concluded a most disastrous war of five
years' duration; between 1899 and 1907 the island enjoyed eight years of great,
almost unexampled, prosperity. Under such conditions, all history shows us
that a country increases in population with great rapidity.
The following table gives the population for each province in 1899 and in
1907, with the actual and relative increase between the two years, and the
proportion of the total population at the latter census:
POPCLATION.
INCREASE.
1899
1907
Number.
Per cent.
Per cent
of total
population,
1907.
Total.
CamagQey . . .
Habana
Matanzas ....
Oriente
Pinar del RJo
Santa Clara. .
1,572.797
88,234
427,614
202,444
327.715
170.364
366.536
2.048.980
476.183
30.035
110.496
37.368
127,371
70,018
100,895
30.3
34.0
25.8
18.5
38.9
41.1
28.3
100.0
5.8
26.3
11.7
22.2
11.7
22.3
The most populous province was Habana with more than one-fourth of
the population of Cuba. Santa Clara and Oriente follow^ed with very nearly
equal populations. Matanzas and Pinar del Rfo also contained very nearly
the same number of inhabitants, although that number was little more than
one-half the number in Oriente. Camagiiey was the least populous province,
with less than one-half the number of inhabitants in Matanzas. In the past
eight years Oriente has nearly overtaken Santa Clara, and Pinar del Rio has
passed Matanzas in population.
In the rate of increase Pinar del Rfo exceeded all other provinces, its increase
amounting to 41,1 per cent. Next to it was Oriente, with 38.9 per cent.
Thus the extreme east and west provinces gained most rapidly. Matanzas,
near the middle of the island, made the smallest gains.
The following table gives the population by municipal districts in 1899 and
in 1907, with the rate of increase during those eight years. Opposite the name
of each district is given, for 1899, the population which was found at that
time in the district as it existed in 1907, and in the last column of the table is
a summary of the changes which have been made in each district in the inter-
vening years. The names used in this column are those of districts, unless
otherwise stated. In the province of Camaguey, formerly Puerto Principe,
there were no changes, except in the name of the province and of the district
1. Pineapple.
2. (nianabana.
3. Alligator Pear.
4. Cocoanut.
5. Custard Apple.
S^ATIVE FRUITS.
6
8
9
10
Mamey Colorado.
Caimito.
Mamoncillo.
Banana.
Sapadillo.
11. Maranon.
12. Figs.
13. Pawpaw.
14. Pumpkin.
15. Watermelon.
POPULATION OF MUNICIPALITIES.
133
bearing the name of the province. In the province of Oriente, formerly
Santiago, and in Santa Clara, the changes were few in number, but in the
other three provinces they were numerous. The changes consisted almost
entirely in the abolition of small districts and the addition of their territory
to other neighboring districts. Thus the 132 municipal districts which were
in existence in 1899 had been reduced to 82 by 1907.
Population of municipalities in 1907 and 1899 with rates of increase, dates of fornrn-
tion, and changes between 1899 and 1907.
Date
of
forma-
tion.
POPULATION.
1
MUNICIPAUTY.
1899
1907
Per cent
of
increase.
Change since 1899.
CAMAOthCT.
CamagrQey
Ciegode Avila
Mor6n
1514
1877
1870
1860
1871
53 , 140
9.801
9.630
10.355
5.308
66,460
17,741
13,898
10,620
9,550
25.1
81.0
44.3
2.6
79.9
Name changed from Puerto Principe.
Nuevitas
Santa Cruz del Sur
HABANA.
Aguacate
1879
1879
1879
1879
1711
1555
1815
1879
1519
1880
1783
1866
1879
1866
1795
1879
1732
1745
4.025
8.746
10.293
7.852
11.472
20.988
23.722
11.548
253.418
3.199
8.000
4.845
12.803
7.761
17.244
8,592
2,730
10,276
7,305
10,561
15.434
13.430
15.655
24.968
32.216
13.701
302,526
3,276
12,067
7,111
18,156
12,198
20,447
11,988
3,915
13,058
81.5
20.8
49.9
71.0
36.5
19.0
35.8
18.6
19.4
2.4
50.8
46.8
41.8
57.1
18.6
39.5
43.4
27.1
Part of Bainoa added.
BatabancS
Bauta
San Felipe and San Antonio de las
Vegas added.
Guavabal, from Pinar del Rio
Be j ucal
province, added.
Quivican and Salud added.
Guanabacoa
GQines
Barrio Guanabo. from Jaruco.
added.
Catalina. Guara. Melena del Sur,
GQira de Melena . .
and San Nicolfis added.
Regla added.
Isla de Pinos ....
Jaruco
Barrio Guanabo excluded; Santa
Madruga
Marianao
Nueva Paz
San Antonio de los
Baflos
Cruz del Norte. Casiguas. and
part of Bainoa added.
Pipian added.
El Cano added.
Ceiba del Agua and Vereda Nueva
San Jos6 de las
added.
Tapaste and Managua added.
Santa Maria del
Rosario
Santiago de las
Vegas
MATANZAS.
Alacranes
Bolondr6n
Cardenas
CoI6n
1862
1879
1860
1858
1898
1866
1879
1694
1879
1879
13.294
9.580
28.606
43.816
9.026
9,116
12,951
55,620
10,405
10,030
15.838
12.377
28.576
52.006
10,256
17,024
15.104
64,385
13,044
11,202
19.1
29.2
10.1
18.7
13.6
86.7
16.6
15.8
25.4
11.7
Cabezas added.
Mendez Capote and part of Carlos
Rojas added.
Macasua, San Joe€ de los Ramos,
JagOev Grande. . .
Jovellanos
Mart!
Palmillas. Perico, part of Agra-
monte, barrio Coliseo, from
Guamacaro. and Roque added.
Part of Agrainonte added.
Part of Carlos Roja.s added.
Maximo Gomez added.
Matanzas
Pedro Betancotirt
Um6n de Reyes . .
Santa Ana, Canasf. and part of
Guamaro added.
Name changed from Macuriges.
Sabanilla, except barrio Auras, add-
ed.
> Decrease.
134
POPULATION.
Population of municipalittea in 1907 and 1899 vxiih rates of increase, dates of formO'
tion, and changes betvoeen 1899 and 1907 — Continued.
Date
of
forma-
POPULATION.
>n7MICIPA.LITT.
1899
1907
Per cent
of
Change since 1899.
tion.
increase.
OBIENTB.
AltoSongo
1879
12.770
20,663
60.9
Baracoa
1512
1514
1629
21,944
21,193
9,115
27,852
26,611
16,215
26.9
25.1
77.9
Bayamo
Canev
Cristo added; barrio Lagima ex-
cluded.
Cobre
1568
1823
1860
10,707
31,594
28,063
14,715
39,343
43,300
37.4
24.6
54.3
Gibara
Guant&namo
Holgufn
1761
1740
1833
34,506
10,495
42,375
50,224
13,325
54,900
45.6
27.0
29.6
Jiguanl
Manzanillo
Cami>echuelo and Niquero added.
Mayarf
1878
1899
8,504
12,305
17,628
20,235
107.3
64.5
Palma Soriano . . .
Puerto Padre
1898
19,984
34,061
70.4
Sagua de T&namo
1879
5,796
8,398
44.9
San Luis
1898
11,681
14,212
21.7
Santiago de Cuba
1614
46,683
53,614
14.8
Barrio Lagima, from Caney. added.
PINAB DEL Bfo.
Artemisa
1879
9,317
14,719
68.0
Cabafias
1879
6,893
11,562
67.6
San Diego de Nuflez and Bahia
Honda, except barrios Mulata.
Pozas. and Coralillo, added.
Consolaci6n del
Norte
1878
7,613
11.471
50.7
Barrios Mulata, Pozas, and Coralillo,
from BahIa Hondo, added.
Consolacitfn del
Sur
1866
1879
20,965
12,427
28.819
16.336
37.5
23.4
San Diego de los Baflos and Julian
Guanajay
Diaz added.
Ouane
1879
1866
1860
14,760
4,625
42,084
29.236
11.041
50.071
98.1
138.7
19.0
Mantua
Barrio Baja excluded.
PinardeiRIo
Barrio Baja, from Mantua, added.
SanCristfibal
1858
11,585 1 20,388
76.0
Candelaria and Palacios added.
San Juan y Marti-
nez
1879
1879
1879
14,787 19,807
7,608 11,092
17,700 16,840
34.0
45.8
14.9
San Luis
Viflales
SANTA CI.ARA.
Caibari^n
1879
8,650
10.063
16.2
Calabazar
1879
13.698
16.979
24.0
Barrio Barro. from Cifuentes, added.
CamajuanI
1878
13,177
14.583
10.7
Barrio Zulueta excluded.
Cienfuegos
1829
69,128
70.416
19.1
Cruces
1879
1879
7,953
12,615
10.239
18.183
28.7
45.3
Esperanza
San Diego del Valle. except barrio
Jicotea, added.
Palmira
1879
1879
12,972
11,961
15.760
16.682
21.4
39.6
San Fernando added.
Placetas
Quemado de
GOines
1879
8,890
11.309
27.2
Rancho Veloz
1879
14,486
14.616
0.9
Ceja de Pablo added.
Rancbuelo
1878
10.166
12.537
23.4
San Juan de las Yeras, except barrio
Quemado Hilario, added.
Rodas
1879
1842
17,784
24,640
22.083
26.937
24.2
9.3
Abreus and Cartagena, except barrio
Sagua la Grande..
Cascajal, added.
Cifuentes, except barrios Amaro
and Barro, added.
San Antonio de las
Vueltas
1878
12,832
16,861
31.4
Sancti-Spiritus. . .
1514
25,709
36,672
42.3
San Juan de los
Remedios
1514
16,161
21,673
33.6
Barrio Zulueta, from CamajuanI,
added.
Santa Clara
1690
28.940
46.620
61.1
Barrio Quemado Hilaris, from San
Juan de las Yeras, added.
Santa Isabel de
las Lajas
1879
9.603
11,407
18.8
Santo Domingo. .
1879
13,302
20.776
56.2
Barrio Jicotea, from San Diego del
Valle; barrio Amaro, from
Cifuentes; and barrio Cascajal,
from Cartagena, added.
Trinidad
1614
24,271
29,548
21.7
Yaguajay
1879
9.718
13,707
41.0
» Decrease.
POPULATION GROUPS.
135
Of the 82 districts, the only ones showing a loss are Cardenas in Matanzas-
province, and Vinales in the province of Pinar del Rio; in 1907 as compared
with 1899 the population of the former province had decreased by 30, while
that of the latter had decreased by 860. Four others showed a rate of gain of
less than 10 per cent: Nuevitas in Camagiiey, Isla de Pinos in Habana,
and Rancho Veloz and Sagua la Grande in Santa Clara. Thirty gained
at rates between 25 and 50 per cent; 12, between 50 and 75 per cent; and 7,
between 75 and 100 per cent; while 2 more than doubled their populationv
These two were Mayarf in Oriente, where the developments about Nipe Bay
have attracted many people, and Mantua in Pinar del Rfo.
The following table shows the per cent distribution, by number of inhabi-
tants, of the 82 municipal districts of Cuba and the population contained in.
them:
NUMBER OF INHABITANTS.
Per cent of
total
population.
Total
Under 6, 000
5,000 to 10,000
10,000 to 15,000
15,000 to 20,000
20,000 to 25,000
26,000 to 50,000
60,000 to 100,000
100,000 and over
Only 2 districts had a population of less than 5,000 each, and only 1 —
Habana — had over 100,000 inhabitants. There were 46 districts, or over
one-half of the total number, with more than 10,000 and less than 20,000
inhabitants each, and these cities had a population equal to nearly one-third
of the total population of Cuba.
The following table shows, for the 1,069 barrios of Cuba, data similar to the
data shown for municipal districts in the preceding table:
Twelve per cent of the barrios contained less than 500 inhabitants each,
and these barrios contained collectively only 2 per cent of the total population.
The group of barrios with from 1,000 to 2,000 inhabitants each is the most
numerous, including nearly one-third of all the barrios. This group contained
also the largest population, or nearly one-fourth of the total population.
136
POPULATION.
URBAN POPULATION.
In connection with the population of cities, it must be understood that.the
cities of Cuba have no corporate limits separating sharply the urban element
from the surrounding rural population. The cities, like the rural districts,
are di\ided into barrios, and many of these barrios extend beyond the borders
of the cities out into the country districts, much as do New England towns,
and thus include both urban and rural population. On this account it is
impossible to state the population of cities with exactness, although it is
believed that the best separation possible has been made.
The total number of cities having 1,000 or more inhabitants in 1907 is 134
as compared with 96 in 1899. In 1907, 19 cities contained over 8,000 inhab-
itants each as compared with 16 in 1899. The population of the 5 cities
with over 25,000 inhabitants each at both censuses was as follows in 1907:
Habana, 297.159; Santiago de Cuba, 45,470; Matanzas, 36,009; Cienfuegos,
30,100; and Camaguey, 29,616.
The urban population of Cuba — all cities having at least 1,000 inhab-
itants each — numbered 899,667, or 43.9 per cent of the total population
in 1907. In 1899 the corresponding population was 740,283, which formed
47.1 per cent of the total at that time. This indicates that the urban popula-
tion did not increase as rapidly as the total population, and consequently
the increase of population was more rapid in the rural districts. In very
few parts of the world is this condition found, since it is usual for the cities to
increase more rapidly than the rural districts. This condition existing in
Cuba is made still more impressive, perhaps, by the statement that while
in the 8 years the total population increased 30.3 per cent and the rural
population not less than 38.1 per cent, the urban population increased only
21.5 per cent, or little more than half as rapidly as the rural element.
The population of cities of 8,000 or more each was 619,835, or 30.3 per
cent of the whole population in 1907, while in 1899 the corresponding popula-
tion was 507,831, and the percentage 32.3. The 5 cities having 25,000 or
more inhabitants each, contained in 1907 a population of 438,354, or 21.4
per cent of the total population. The following table shows for each pro-
vince the number of inhabitants in places having a population of at least
1,000, with the percentage of the total population in 1907 and 1899:
paoviNCB.
POPULATION OF CITIES
ITAVIXG AT LEAST
1,000 INHABITANTS.
PER CENT OF TOTAL
POPULATION.
1907
1899
1907
1899
Total
899,667
740,283 ;
43.9
47.1
CamagrQey
43,798
401,629
109,641
133,143
43,628
167,828
35,543 !
328,947 1
103,578 1
108,747
22,337
141.131 ■
37.0
74.7
45.7
29.3
18.2
36.7
40.1
Habana
77.4
Matanzas
51.2
Oriente
33.2
Pinar del Rio
12.9
Santa Clara
39.5
DENSITY OF POPULATION.
137
In every province, except Pinar del Rfo, the proportion of urban inhabitants
has diminished.
The following table shows the distribution, by number of inhabitants, of
the number and population of all cities with 1,000 or more inhabitants:
CITIES HAVINO AT LEAST 1,000 INHABITANTS.
NUUBER OP INHABITANTS.
Number.
Population.
Per cent distribution.
Number.
Population.
Total
134
899,667
100.0
100 0
1,000 to 2,000
67
19
10
7
12
14
4
1
93,930
46,223
35,203
30,681
73,795
181,481
141,195
297,159
60.0
14.2
7.4
6.3
9.0
10.4
3.0
0.7
10.4
2,000 to 3,000
6.1
3,000 to 4,000
3.9
4,000 to 5,000
3.4
6,000 to 6,000
8.2
8,000 to 25,000
20.0
25,000 to 100,000
15.7
100 , 000 and over
33.3
Exactly one-half of the towns had between 1,000 and 2,000 inhabitants
each, but the total population of this group formed only 10.4 per cent of the
total urban element. On the other hand, the single city of Habana, with
nearly 300,000 inhabitants, contained one-third of all the urban population
of Cuba. Indeed, it contained over one-seventh of the total population of the
island. This fact emphasizes and explains the dominance of this city over
the industrial and social life of Cuba.
DENSITY OF POPULATION.
The area of Cuba can be known only approximately, since the coast line
constituting its limits has not yet been mapped with accuracy. Measure-
ments made upon different maps show wide variations, the areas indicated
ranging from 35,000 square miles up to 48,000 or 49,000 square miles. In
the report on the census of 1899, 44,000 square miles was adopted as the
area, this having been obtained by measurement of the map prepared by
the information division of the United States War Department, on a scale
of 1 to 500,000.
In 1907 and 1908, Col. E. St. J. Greble, advisor to the department of
government of Cuba, prepared a series of invaluable maps showing for the
first time with any approach to accuracy, the limits of the municipalities and
of the rural barrios. These were on a scale of 2 miles to 1 inch. From these
the areas of the municipalities and of most of the barrios were measured.
Summing them up, the area of Cuba was found to be 44,164 square miles,
an area so close to that adopted for the census of 1899, that it has been accepted
without further measurements.
The following table shows the areas of the six provinces in square miles
with the number of inhabitants per square mile:
10
138
POPULATION.
PBOVINCE.
Area,
square miles.
PopulatloD
per
square mile.
Total.,
Camagaey . . .
Habana
Matatizas . . . .
Oriente
Pinar del Rio
Santa Clara . .
44,164
10,064
3,170
3,256
14,211
6.206
8,257
46.4
11.8
168.7
73.6
32.0
46.2
55.4
The province of Oriente contains xery nearly a third of the area of Cuba
and with Camaguey, considerably more than one-half. Habana, the most
populous province, is the smallest, with only 7.2 per cent of the area of Cuba.
The density of population of Cuba in 1907 was about half as great as that
of Spain, and about the same as the densities of the states of Virginia, New
Hampshire, and Missouri in 1900.
Among the provinces, Habana had by far the greatest average density of
population, due, in the main, to the city of Habana. The density of popula-
tion of the province was about equal to that of Denmark. The sparsest
population was found in Camaguey, which had a density of population about
equal to that of Chile or that of the state of Texas.
The great difference in density of population in the different provinces is
in part due to the presence of large cities, although when all of the cities with
8,000 or more inhabitants are excluded the differences are still noteworthy.
PROVINCE.
Rural population
per square mile.
CamagQejr
•
Habana . '.
63
Matanzas
52
Oriente
27
Pinar del Rfo
44
Santa Clara
44
In the case of rural districts, also, Habana was the most densely populated
province and Camagiiey the most sparsely populated.
The following table gives the area and density of the rural population of
the 82 municipalities of Cuba:
Area and density of rural populatton.
PBOVINCB OR BCtmiCIPAUTT.
Rural
Area, population
square miles. per
square mile.
CAMAGUET.
Total
10,064
0
CamagQev
4,306
1.705
1,637
1,137
1.279
9
■Ciego de Avila
9
Morfin
10
Nuevitas
8
Santa Cruz del Sur
7
RURAL POPULATION.
139
Area and density of rural population — Continued.
Guanajay
Guane
Mantua
Pinar del Rio
San Crist6bal
San Juan y Martinez
San Luis
Vlfiales
PBOVINCB OH MUNICIPALITY.
Area,
square miles.
Rural
population
per
square mile.
HABANA.
Total
3.170
63
A?uacate
69
79
141
106
101
112
332
84
45
1,180
200
89
62
273
94
106
Alqulzar
134
Bataband
109
Bauta
127
Bejucal
155
Guanabacoa
95
GQines
73
GQira de Melena
163
Habana
119
Isla de Pinos
3
Jaruco
60
Madruga
80
Marianao
142
Nueva Paz
45
San Antonio de los Baflos
120
San Jo86 de las Lajas
142 84
Santa Maria del Rosario
29 135
Santiago de las Vegas
32 408
MATANZAS.
3,256
62
270
241
124
893
226
157
467
528
283
67
59
^olondrfin
51
35
Col6n
58
45
JoveUanos
50
32
Matanzas
54
46
Uni6n de Reyes
167
ORIENTE.
Total
14,211
27
^to Songo
368
1,312
1,519
293
662
673
1,474
1,407
644
1,638
592
722
2.042
633
192
40
56
21
Bayamo
17
Caney
66
Cobre
22
68
Guant&namo
20
Holguin
36
Jlguanl
21
Manzanillo
24
Mayarl
30
Palma Soriano
28
Puerto Padre
17
Sagua de Tinamo
13
San Luis
74
Santiago de Cuba
204
PlNAR DEL r!o.
Total
5,206
44
Artemlsa
210
347
436
466
70
Cabaflas
33
Consolacifin del Norte
26
Consoiaci6n del Sur
62
1,145
550
597
715
180
157
286
140
POPULATION.
Area and density of rural poptdation — Continued.
PBOVINCE OB MUNICIPALITY.
Rural
population
per
square mile.
Total
Caibari^n
Calabazar
Camajuanl
Cienfuegos
Cruces
Esperanza
Palmira
Placetas
Quemado de GQines
Rancho Veioz
Ranchuelo
Rodas
Sagua la Grande
San Antonio de las Vueltas
Sancti-Spiritus
San Juan de los Remedios.
Santa Clara
Santa Isabel de las Lajas. .
Santo Domingo
Trinidad
Yaguajay
The largest municipality is Camaguey, in Caraagiiey province, with an area
of 4,306 square miles. Next are Cienfuegos in Santa Clara, with 2,159 square
miles, and Puerto Padre in Oriente, with 2,042 square miles. The smallest
are in Habana province, Santa Marfa del Rosario and Santiago de las Vegas,
with only 29 and 32 square miles, respectively. A classification of the muni-
cipalities by area is as follows:
AREA, SqUAKE MILES.
Less than 100.
100 to 200
200 to 500
500 to 1.000..
1,000 to 2.000.
2,000 and over
Number of
municipali-
ties.
19
16
25
12
12
3
The extremes of density of rural population are found in Habana province.
Santiago de las Vegas, with 408 inhabitants to a square mile, is the most
densely populated municipality, while Isla de Pinos, with only 3 inhabitants
to a square mile, is the most sparsely populated. Of the 82 municipalities, 5
had less than 10 inhabitants per square mile; 28 had from 10 to 50 inhabitants;
29 had from 50 to 100 inhabitants; and 16 had from 100 to 200 inhabitants;
while only 4 had more than 200 inhabitants per square mile.
CENTER OF POPULATION.
The center of population is a summary statement of the distribution of the
people, and its movement from census to census summarizes their net move-
SEX, COLOR, AND NATIVITY.
141
ment. In 1887, the center was in the western part of Santa Clara province,
about 46 miles west of the city of Santa Clara and 23 miles northwest of
Cienfuegos. In 1899, 12 years later, it had moved about 24 miles to the
southeast, being very near the town of Palmira, about 30 miles southwest of
Santa Clara city and 8 miles northeast of Cienfuegos. In 1907, it had moved
about 14 miles in a direction about east by southeast, and was situated 16
miles nearly east of the city of Cienfuegos, 29 miles north-northwest of
Trinidad, and 23 miles southwest of Santa Clara city. It was still in Santa
Clara province, in the northeastern part of the municipal district of Cienfue-
gos. The direction of its movement indicates a more rapid increase of popu-
lation in the eastern part of Cuba than in the western part. The tendency
of growth is toward a more uniform distribution of the people and the
center of population is moving toward the center of area. In 1907, it was 19'
north and 54' west of it.
The following table gives the position of the center of population as derived
from the censuses of 1887, 1899, and 1907, together with the center of area:
Latitude.
Longitude.
Center of population:
1907
o
22
22
22
21
10
15
24
51
o /
80 12
1899
80 23
1887
80 41
Center of area
79 18
SEX, COLOR, AND NATIVITY.
Of the 2,048,980 inhabitants of Cuba in 1907, 1,074,882 were males and
974,098 were females. Males formed 52.5 per cent of the total population
and females 47.5 per cent. The corresponding proportions in 1899 were 51.8
and 48.2; thus in the eight intervening years the proportion of males increased
and that of females decreased. The cause of this proportional increase in
males will be pointed out later, in discussing sex in relation to race and
nativity.
The following table shows the proportions of males and females in the
total population at various censuses from 1792 to 1907:
CENSUS.
PER CENT OF TOTAL
POPCLATION.
Male.
Female.
1792
57.0
67.3
58.0
67.3
66.0
63.9
51.8
52.5
43.0
1827
4?. 7
1841
42 0
1861
42.7
1877
44.0
1887
46.1
1899
48.2
1907
47.5
142
POPULATION.
At every census, males have formed a majority of the population. The
proportion of males reached its maximum in 1841, from which time it dimin-
ished until it reached its minimum in 1899, at the close of the war for inde-
pendence. The great disproportion of males which prevailed down to 1887
was. as will be shown later, connected with slavery and the slave trade.
The following table shows the proportion of males and females for each
province and for the city of Habana in 1907 and in 1899:
1907
1899
FROVINCK OR CITT.
Per cent
male.
Per cent
female.
Per cent
male.
Per cent
female.
Cuba
62.6
47.5
61.8
48.2
Orlente
61.4
61.6
62.6
62.9
62.9
62.9
63.6
48.6
48.6
47.6
47.1
47.1
47.1
46.6
60.0
61.3
60.9
62.3
62.3
63.0
63.0
60.0
Matanzas
48.7
CamagUey
49.1
Habana
47.7
City of Habana
47.7
Santa Clara
47.0
Pinar del Rio
47.0
The smallest proportion of males in 1907 was in Oriente and the largest
in Pinar del Rfo, provinces at the two extremities of the island.
In 1907 in each province, with the exception of Santa Clara, the proportion
of males was greater than the proportion of females. In Camagiiey and
Oriente, the proportion of males has made great gains.
In the city of Habana males were largely in excess of females. This, how-
ever, was by no means the usual case in the larger cities, since in 15 out of
the 19 cities having a population of at least 8,000 inhabitants in 1907, females
were in excess, as is shown in the following table:
CITT EU.TINO AT LBA»T 8,000 mHABITAMTS.
PER CENT OF TOTAL POPtlLATIOM,
Male.
Female.
Total
60.0
60.0
Habana
62.0
61.7
61.6
60.6
49.2
49.0
48.4
48.4
48.2
48.1
47.9
47.6
47.4
47.1
46.1
46.8
45.6
46.3
41.7
47.1
Marianao
48.3
Jovellanos
48 4
Calbari6n
49 5
Guant&namo
60 8
Pinar del RTo
61 0
San Antonio de los Bafios
61.6
GQines
61 6
Sagua la Grande .
61 8
Cienfuegos
61 9
Cftrdenas
62 1
Santa Clara
62.6
Santiago de Cuba
62 6
Guanabacoa
62 9
Matanzas
63 0
CamagQey ',[[
64 2
Manzanillo
64 4
Sancti-Spiritus ".'...
54 7
Trinidad
58.8
WHITE AND COLORED POPULATION.
I43r.
Taking these cities collectively, the numbers of the two sexes were almost
exactly equal, males being only very slightly in excess of females. Among
the inhabitants living outside of the cities with a population of 8,000 or
more, males were largely in excess of females, the proportions being 53.5 per"
cent for males and 46.5 per cent for females.
The following table shows the proportion of the sexes, in urban and rurali
parts of each province:
PROTINCK.
CITIES HAVING AT LEAST
8,000 INHABITANTS.
BVBAl. DISTRICTS.
Per cent
male.
Per cent
female.
Per cent
male.
Per cent
female.
Cuba
60.0
50.0
53.5
46.5
CamagOey
45.6
52.4
47.4
47.4
49.0
47.0
64.2
47.6
52.6
62.6
61.0
53.0
54.8
63.9
63.2
52.2
63.7
54.5
45.2.
Habana
46.1
If atanzas
46.8
Oriente
47.8
Pinar del Rio
46.3
Banta Clara
46.5
In the urban parts of the provinces, males were in excess only in Habana,.
and the excess of females reached its maximum in Camagiiey. In the rural'
parts of the provinces males were in excess in every case.
In the tables showing data for the earlier censuses, the Chinese are classed'
as whites, since this classification was used in all of the Spanish censuses.
The following table shows the numbers and proportions of the white and.
colored at each census since 1775:
WHITB.*
COLORED.*
Number.
Per cent.
Number.
Per cent.
96.440
56.2
75,180
43.8
163,659
66.4
118,741
43.6
257,380
46.0
314,983
66.0
311,051
44.2
393.436
65.8
418,291
41.6
589.333
58.5
793,484
56.8
603.046
43.2
1,023,394
67.8
485.897
32.2
1,102,889
67.6
628.798
32.4
1,067.364
67.9
505.443
32.1
1,440,013
70.3
608,967
29.7
1775.
1792.
1817.
1827.
1841.
1861.
1877.
1887.
1899.
1907.
* Includes white and Chinese.
> Includes black and mixed.
The number of whites steadily increased up to the census of 1899 when
there was a diminution of 35,535 as compared with the number in 1887»
The colored increased up to 1861; in 1877 there was a decided decrease,
amounting to 117,149; by 1887 the number had increased by 42,901, but this
increase was followed by a decrease of 23,355 by 1899.
As to the proportion of white and colored in the total population it will
suffice to trace the history of one element only. The colored formed 43.8 per
144
POPULATION.
cent of the population in 1775, and the proportion diminished sh'ghtly in
the succeeding 18 years. But between 1792 and 1817 it increased greatly,
the colored becoming largely in the majority, and forming 55 per cent of the
total. A small increase followed in 1827, succeeded by a larger increase in
1841, when the proportion of colored reached its maximum, 58.5 per cent.
After that date it diminished rapidly and in 1861 was but 43.2 per cent,
leaving the whites largely in the majority again. In 1877 it again diminished,
this time to 32.2 per cent, or less than one-third of the population ; after this
it did not change materially until 1907, when it was only 29.7 per cent.
The reason for the great increase in number and proportion of the colored
up to 1841 is doubtless the continued importation of blacks from Africa,
which persisted, in the form of smuggling, long after its official prohibition.
The diminution of the proportion of colored inhabitants during the last half
century is doubtless but another illustration of the inability of the colored
race to hold its own in competition with the whites, a truth which is being
demonstrated on a much larger scale in the United States.
The following table shows the proportion which each sex formed of the
white and colored population at each census showing data by sex from 1792
to 1907:
1792.
1827.
1841.
1861.
1877.
1887.
1899.
1907.
Per cent
male.
53.6
54.2
54.3
59.0
68.6
55.1
54.1
54.0
Per cent
female.
46.4
45.8
45.7
41.0
41.6
44.9
45.9
46.0
COI/OBED.*
Per cent
male.
61.4
59.8
60.6
55.1
50.9
52.1
47.0
48.9
Per cent
female.
38.4
40.2
39.4
44.9
49.1
47.9
53.0
51.1
> Includes whlt« and Chinese.
* Includes black and mixed.
The proportion of males among the whites, with whom the Chinese are
included, increased up to 1861, probably because of extensive immigration,
and since then it has decreased. Among the colored, the proportion was
highest at the first census here quoted. A proportion almost as high was
maintained until 1841, since which time the proportion has greatly declined.
The percentage of males among the colored began to decrease with the
ces.sation of the slave trade. While that was thriving the excess of males was
much greater among the colored than among the whites. This suggests that
the supply of colored labor was maintained mainly by importation, rather
than by rearing slave children.
WHITE AND COLORED POPULATION.
145
The following table shows the relative rates of increase of the white and
colored elements of the population, the Chinese being included with the
whites :
Interval,
years.
PEU CENT OP INCREASE.
White.'
Colored.*
1776 to 1792
17
25
10
14
20
16
10
12
8
59.3
67.6
20.9
34.5
89.7
29.0
7.8
» 3.2
34.9
57 9
1792 to 1817
165 3
1817 to 1827
24 9
1827 to 1841
49 8
1841 to 1861
2 3
1861 to 1877
*19 4
1877 to 1887
8.8
1887 to 1899
* 4.4
1899 to 1907
20 5
> Includes white and Chinese.
* Includes black and mixed.
» Decrease.
The above figures for each race can not be compared with one another,
because in most cases the intervals between the censuses differ, but they are
presented for comparison of one race with the other. From 1792 to 1841,
the colored increased much faster than the whites. During twenty-five years
of that period, namely, from 1792 to 1817, the African slave trade flourished
to the greatest degree. Although slave trading was officially abolished in
1820, the smuggling of slaves continued on a large scale down to 1841, as is
suggested by the above figures.
While the ten-year war, from 1868 to 1878, apparently had little effect
upon the whites, its effect upon the colored race was profound. The effect
of the revolution of 1895 to 1898 shows very plainly on both races.
Since the actual abolition of the slave trade, the colored have not increased
as rapidly as the whites, although there was one period, that from 1877 to 1887,
in which their rate of growth was more rapid.
The white inhabitants, including those of native and those of foreign birth,
numbered 1,428,176, and formed 69.7 per cent, or more than two-thirds, of
the total population, in 1907. They increased 33.8 per cent between 1899
and 1907. The native born whites numbered 1,224,539, and formed 59.8
per cent of the total population in 1907. In 1899, this element formed 57.8
per cent of the total population, or 2 per cent less than the proportion for
1907. The native whites increased at the phenomenal rate of 34.5 per cent
between 1899 and 1907. Among the native white inhabitants the numbers
of the two sexes were nearly equal in 1907, females being slightly in excess;
the proportions were 49.7 per cent for males, and 50.3 per cent for females.
The following table shows .the proportion which the native whites bore to
the total population in each province and in Habana city, in 1907 and in 1899:
146
POPUI.ATION.
FBOTIKCB 0& CITY.
or TOTAL POPULATION.
1907
1899
Cuba -
69.8
67.8
rity of Hfth^nn , .
60.0
50.9
54.6
58.7
63.9
68.7
75.0
49.0
Oriente
51.2
M&tanzas
50.7
Habana
57.4
Santa Clara
60.3
Pinar del Rio
66.4
CamagOey
75.2
In every province native whites formed a majority of the population in 1907;
in Pinar del Rfo more than two-thirds were native white and in Camagiiey the
proportion rose to three-fourths. The changes in the proportions since the
preceding census were not marked except in the case of Matanzas. WTiile
four of the provinces showed increases in the proportion of native whites, the
other two provinces, Camagiiey and Oriente, showed decreases.
The following table shows for the native white population in 1907, the
percentage of each sex, in each province, and in Habana city:
FBOYINCB OB CTTT.
FEB CENT OF NATITE
POPULATION.
wHrra
Male.
Female.
Cuba
49.7
50.3
City of Habana. .
46.6
48.5
49.6
49.6
60.1
50.3
51.3
53.4
Habana
51.5
Matanzas
50.6
Oriente
50.4
Santa Clara
49.9
CamagQey
49.7
Pinar del Rio
48.7
The colored inhabitants, including negroes, mixed, and Chinese, numbered
620,804, and formed 30.3 per cent, or a little less than one-third of the total
population. In 1899, they formed 33.1 per cent. Thus the proportion of
colored has diminished. The rate of increase of the colored between 1899
and 1907 was but 19.3 per cent, contrasting strongly with that of the native
whites (34.5 per cent).
The following are the numbers and percentages of the elements of the
colored population in 1907:
COt.ORED POPULATION.
RACB.
Number.
Per cent distribution.
1907
1899
1907
1899
Total
620,804
520,400
100.0
100.0
Negro
274,272
334,095
11,837
234,738
270.805
14,857
44.2
53.9
1.9
45.1
Mixed
62.0
Chinese
2.9
COLORED POPULATION.
147
The following table shows the proportion of each sex in the negro and
mixed population in each province and in Habana city:
FBOTINCB OB CITT.
PKR CENT OF NXQRO AND
MIXSD POPULATION.
Male.
Female.
Cuba
47.9
62 1
City of Habana. . . .
42.1
44.7
47.3
48.5
48.9
49.7
50.1
67.9
Habana
65.3
Matanzas
62.7
8anta Clara
61.6
Oriente
61.1
CamagUey
60.3
Finar del Rio
49.9
From the earliest times for which we have statistical record there have
been large numbers of free negroes on the island, and they existed there in
varying numbers and proportions up to the time of emancipation. The fol-
lowing table shows the numbers and proportions of the free colored and slave
population at each census from 1775 to 1877:
1775
1792
1817
1827
1841
1861
1877
FRBS COLORSD.
Number.
30,847
64,161
115,691
106,494
152,838
225,843
272.478
Per cent.
41.0
46.6
36.7
27.1
25.9
37.4
55.7
Number.
44,333
64,590
199,292
286,942
436,495
377,203
199,094
Per cent.
60.0
64.4
63.3
72.0
74.1
62.0
44.3
With the exception of the census of 1827, the free colored increased numer-
ically at each census as compared with the preceding census, and in 1877
they were nine times as numerous as in 1774. The slaves showed a rapid
numerical increase up to 1841, and after that time there was a rapid re-
duction in numbers, a movement doubtless resulting from the abolition of
the importation of slaves.
Classifying the population of the 19 largest cities and the rural population
of Cuba by color, it appears that there is but slight disposition on the part
of the colored toward the cities. The proportion of this element in the cities
was 31.9 per cent; in the country, 29.6 per cent.
The following table shows the proportions of white and colored in the
cities and rural parts of each province:
148
POPULATION.
PCB CSNT or POPOLATIOK.
Cities having at least
8,000 inhabitants.
Rural districts.
White.
Colored.
White.
Colored.
Cuba. ,
CamagQey . . .
Habana
Ilatanzas. . . .
Oriente
Pinar del Rio
Santa Clara. .
68.1
31.9
73.8
74.0
63.3
46.3
67.0
66.0
26.2
26.0
36.7
63.7
33.0
34.0
70.4
84.3
80.8
61.4
59.0
76.5
74.2
29.6
15.7
19.2
38.6
41.0
24.5
25.8
In every province except Matanzas the proportion of colored in the cities
was greater than the proportion in the country districts. In Oriente and
Camaguey it was much greater.
The following table presents the proportion of white and colored to the
total population in each of the larger cities:
CITT HAVINO AT UCABT 8,000 INRABrrANTS.
FEB CENT OF TOTAL POPULATION.
White.
Colored.
Total
68.1
31 r9
Caibarifin
80.7
79.4
74.5
73.8
72.0
70.1
70.0
67.5
67.0
66.9
65.2
64.5
64.0
62.8
61.2
50.6
43.3
42.0
39.4
19.3
San Antonio de los Bafios
20.6
Habana
25.5
CamagQey
26.2
Sancti-Spiritus
28.0
Marianao
29.9
Guanabacoa
30 0
Matanzas
32.5
Pinar del Rio
33.0
Santa Clara
33. 1
C&rdenas
34.8
Cienf uegos
35.5
Sagua la Grande
36.0
GQines
37.2
Manzanillo
38.8
Trinidad
49.5
Santiago de Cuba
56.7
Jovellanos
58.0
Guantdnamo
60.6
The number of persons bom in Cuba was 1,820,239, or 88.8 per cent of the
total population. In the 8 years between 1899 and 1907, the native popu-
lation increased 30 per cent, a rate about equal to the corresponding rate for
the total population. The following table gives for each province and for the
city of Habana the rate of increase of the native population in 1907 as
compared with 1899:
NATIVE AND FOREIGN BORN POPULATION.
149
PROVINCE OR CITY.
Per cent of
increase of
native popu-
lation.
1899 to 1907.
Cuba
30.0
Matanzas
21.2
Citv of Habana
23.7
Habana
25.2
Santa Clara
29.7
CamagOey
32 0
Orients
35.4
Pinar del Rio
39.4
The wide variations in the above rates are probably due in great part to
interprovincial migration.
The following table gives the proportions which the native and the foreign
born population bore to the total population in each province and in the city
of Habana in 1907:
PROVINCE OR CITY.
PER CENT OF TOTAL POPULATION.
Native.
Foreign born.
Cuba
88.8
11.2
74.4
81.2
89.9
90.2
92.6
92.8
93.0
25.6
18.8
Santa Clara
10 1
Matanzas
9.8
7.4
7.2
Pinar del Rio
7.0
The city and province of Habana had the smallest proportions of native
inhabitants, and the two provinces at the ends of the island the largest
proportions.
The total number of foreign born was 228,741, which was 11.2 per cent
of the total population. The number in 1899 was 172,535 and the proportion
11.0 per cent. The numerical increase was 55,942 and the percentage of
increase 32.4 — a little greater than that of the native population. The excess
of arrivals over departures from Cuban ports, or the net immigration, as
shown in the chapter on immigration, was during these 8 years approximately
75,000. This difference of about 19,000 mea.sures the losses of this element
from death. It indicates a death rate of about 10 per thousand per year —
a very probable rate for persons of the average age of the foreign born.
Of the whole number of foreign born, 11,217 were Chinese and 13,887
were negroes and mixed bloods, leaving 203,637 whites. Of the 13,887
150
POPULATION.
colored, 7,948 were born in Africa, and are doubtless the remnant of the
product of the slave trade. In 1899, these numbered 12,953, the decrease
in the 8 years being 5,005, caused mainly, if not entirely, by death.
The Chinese also have decreased, the number in 1907 being over 3,000 less
than the number in 1899.
Far the most numerous among the foreign born were the natives of Spain,
who numbered 185,393 in 1907, as compared with 129,240 in 1899. They
formed 81.1 per cent of the foreign born, a much larger proportion than in
1899, when the percentage was 74.9. Those born in the United States num-
bered 6,713, or about 3 per cent only. The number was slightly more than
in 1899, when the total was 6,444. No other country contributed as
much as 2 per cent of the foreign element. The other West Indies, includ-
ing Porto Rico, Cuba's nearest neighbors, both in distance and blood,
contributed only 3.2 per cent and all Spanish America together only 3.8
per cent.
The following table gives the number and percentage of foreign born from
each of the leading countries:
COUNTBT OF BIBTH.
Spain
China
Africa
United States
West Indies, excluding Porto Rico
Porto Rico
France
Central and South America
United Kingdom
Mexico
FOREION BOBN POPULATION.
Number.
Per cent.
185,393
81.1
11.217
4.0
7,948
3.6
6,713
2.0
4,280
1.0
2,918
1.8
1,476
0.6
1,442
o.«
1,252
O.f
1,187
0.9
Classified by sex, the foreign whites were composed of 80 per cent males
and 20 per cent females. This great disproportion of males among the foreign
bom explains the fact that in the whole population males were considerably
in excess of females.
The following table shows the proportion of each sex among the foreign
bom inhabitants of each province and of Habana city:
PROVINCE OR CITY.
PER CENT OF
FOREIGN WHITE POPULATIOK.
Male.
Female.
Cuba
80.0
20.0
City of Habana. . . .
75.2
76.6
78.8
82.6
83.4
83.6
87.8
24.8
Habana
23.4
Matanzas
21.2
Oriente
17.4
Santa Clara
16.6
CamagQey
16.4
Pinar del Rio
12.2
FOREIGN BORN POPULATION.
151
The distribution of the foreign born between city and country is much
the same in Cuba as in the United States. Foreigners congregate in the
cities rather than in the country, and among the cities, they choose the larger
rather than the smaller. Of the population of Habana city more than one-
fourth were of foreign birth, while the average for the other cities of over
8,000 inhabitants was but about one-tenth. Of the total foreign bom of
Cuba, 228,741, no fewer than 76,167, or a little less than one-third, were
found in Habana.
The following are the percentages which the foreign born in each city of
over 8,000 inhabitants bore to the total population of the city:
CITT HATINO AT LEA8T 8,000 INHABITANTS.
Per cent
Population.
foreign bom
form of total
population.
619,835
17.7
297,159
25.6
9,332
19.6
14,559
17.3
46,470
13.6
10.634
13.0
30,100
12.2
12.393
12.2
8,333
12.0
24,280
11.7
9,246
10.1
36,009
9.8
14,368
9.1
29,616
8.4
8,053
7.9
16,702
7.»
9,125
7.0
15,819
6.9
17,440
4.2
11,197
2.0
Total
Habana
Marianao
GuantSnamo
Santiago de Cuba
Pinar del Rio
Cienf uegos
Sagua la Grande
CaibariSn
CS,rdenas
Jovellanos
Matanzas
Guanabacoa
Camagtley
GQines
Santa Clara
San Antonio de los Baftos
Manzanillo
Sancti-Spiritus
Trinidad
Of the population of these 19 cities, taken collectively, the foreign born
constituted 17.7 per cent, while in the rural parts of Cuba the foreign element
formed only 8.3 per cent of the total, being relatively less than one-half as
numerous. In the cities other than Habana, the foreign element was but
little stronger than in the rural districts, the proportions being 10.5 per cent
and 8.3 per cent, respectively.
The natives of Spain, who formed, as noted above, by far the most numer-
ous element of the foreign born, were distributed in proportions similar to
those of the total foreign born population — a little less than one-half of them
were found in the cities, where they formed 14.8 per cent of the population,
and a little more than one-half in the country, where they formed 6.6 per
cent of the population. Of the total number in Cuba, 36 per cent were found
in the city of Habana.
The following table shows, for the principal countries of birth, the propor-
tions of each sex in the total population and in the white and colored popula-
tions:
152
POPULATION.
COONXnY OF BIRTH.
America:
Ciil)a
Po r to Rico
Other West Indies
Mexico
Central and South
America
United States
Europe:
S[>ain
France
Uniied Kingdom
Otlier Europe
Asia:
China
Africa
PER CENT or TOTAL.
All classes.
Male.
49.0
64.3
61.4
42.5
64.6
60.6
81.9
64.4
63.6
78.7
99.6
60.6
Female. Male.
White.
61.0
36.7
38.6
67.6
46.5
40.6
18.1
35.6
36.5
21.3
0.5
39.6
49.7
64.3
62.8
42.1
63.4
67.7
81.9
64.7
64.4
79.1
93.6
74.1
Female.
60.3
35.7
47.2
57.9
46.6
42.3
18.1
36.3
35.6
20.0
6.6
25.0
Colored.*
Male.
47.6
64.2
64.3
46.2
65.7
75.5
73.6
60.4
61.5
64.0
00.6
60.4
Female.
52.4
35.8
35.7
53.8
34.3
24.6
26.5
40.6
38.6
36.0
0.4
30.6
1 Includes black, mixed, and yellow.
While among the natives of Cuba females were in excess, for every other
country of birth, except Mexico, males outnumbered females in the proportion
of nearly 2 to 1. The natives of Spain, however, who far outnumbered all
other foreign bom, were composed of more than 4 males to 1 female. Prac-
tically all of the natives of China were males. It is curious and significant
that the sex distribution of those born in Africa was practically the same as
that of the colored element of the population prior to 1841, when the slave
trade was active.
Among the whites born in Cuba, the two sexes were almost equally repre-
sented, females being only slightly in excess. Among the whites born in other
countries, the same conditions respecting sex obtained as with the total
population.
Among the colored bom in Cuba, females were greatly in excess of males.
For the colored Cuban inhabitants who were born in the United States or in
Spain, the proportion was about 3 males to 1 female.
The following table shows for each province and municipality in 1907,
the percentages of the population, classified by sex, color, and general nativity.
The figures for cities, which are shown in italics, are included in the totals
for the provinces or municipalities in which the cities are located.
SEX AND NATIVITY.
153
PKOVINCE, MUNICIPALITT,
OK CITY.
Total
popu-
lation.
PER CENT OP TOTAL.
Male.
Female.
Native
white.
Foreign
white.
Colored.i
CUBA.
Total
2,048.980
52.6
47.5
69.8
9.9
30.3
Camagtiey
118.269
538,010
239.812
455.086
240.372
457,431
52.5
52.9
51.5
51.4
53.5
52.9
47.6
47.1
48.6
48.6
46.6
47.1
75.0
58.7
54.6
50.9
68.7
63.9
6.7
17.9
7.4
6.0
6.4
8.6
18 3
Habana
23 4
Matanzas
38 0
Oriente
43 1
Pinar del Rio
24 9
Santa Clara
27 6
CAMAOtJET.
The province
118,269
52.5
47.6
75.0
6.7
18.3
Camagtley
66,460
29,616
17,741
13,898
10,620
9,550
50.5
46.8
57.2
52.3
55.2
65.0
49.6
64-2
42.8
47.7
44.8
46.0
75.1
88.2
72.6
80.6
73.2
63.1
5.9
7.8
11.5
3.4
9.7
6.0
19.0
City of Camagiley
Ciego de AvUa
26.2
15.9
Morfin
10.0
N ue vitas
17.1
Santa Cruz del Sur
31.9
•
HAB^
<lSK.
The province
538,010
62.9
47.1
68.7
17.9
23.4
Aguacate
7,305
10,561
15,434
13,430
15,655
24,968
14,388
32,216
8,063
13,701
302,526
297,169
3.276
12,067
7,111
18,156
9,332
12,196
20,447
9,125
11,988
3,915
13,058
52.8
54.5
66.5
54.0
51.5
49.6
47.1
53.0
48.4
53.7
53.0
62.9
56.0
54.2
51.0
53.3
61.7
53.4
52.1
6l!9
52.0
47.2
45.5
43.5
46.0
48.5
50.4
62.9
47.0
61 .8
46.3
47.0
47.1
44.0
46.8
49.0
46.7
48.3
46.6
47.9
61.8
47.4
48.1
48.0
60.7
67.2
66.8
72.6
80.6
69.6
61.6
66.1
66.9
67.7
60.2
60.0
66.8
72.9
73.5
63.1
62.6
68.0
79.0
72.9
76.7
74.2
68.0
7.7
10.2
12.7
9.6
7.0
8.2
8.6
7.6
6.9
10.9
24.6
24.6
22.9
6.0
5.8
16.4
17.e
7.8
8.6
6.6
6.4
7.3
11.1
31.6
22.6
Bataban6
20.6
Bauta
17.8
Bejucal
12.6
Guanabacoa
22.3
City of Guanabacoa
Gaines
SO.O
26.4
City of GUines
37.2
GOira de Melena
21.4
Habana
26.3
City of Habana
26.6
Isla de Pinos
10.3
Jaruco
21.1
Madruga
20.7
Marianao
21.5
City of Marianao
Nueva Vs.?,
29.9
34.2
San Antonio de los Bafios . . .
City of San Antonio de lot
12.6
20.6
San Jose de las Lajas
Santa Marta del Rosario
Santiago de las Vegas
16.9
18.5
20.9
MATANZAS.
The province
239,812
51.5
48.6
64.6
7.4
38.0
15,838
12.377
28.576
24,280
52.006
10.256
17.024
9,248
15.104
64,385
38.009
13.044
11.202
62.9
63.5
49.1
47.9
53.2
63.2
52.4
61 .8
63.0
49.5
48.1
52.9
51.4
47.1
46.5
50.9
62.1
46.8
46.8
47.6
48.4
47.0
60.5
63.9
47.1
48.6
62.7
49.4
68.2
66.6
48.1
67.7
41.6
34-9
48.0
62.6
68.8
46.6
49.1
6.2
8.9
9.3
9.7
6.4
7.9
7.1
7.1
4.3
8.1
8.9
6.4
8.1
31.1
Bolondr6n
41.7
C&rdenas
32.5
34.8
Col6n
45.5
Jas;Oev Grande
24.4
Jovellanos
51.3
City of Jovellanos
Marti
68.0
47.7
Matanzas
29.3
32.6
Pedro Betancourt
47.0
Uni6n de Reyes
42.8
» Includes black, mixed, and yellow.
154
POPULATION.
Total
popu-
lation.
PER CENT OF TOTAL.
OB CITT.
Male.
Female.
1
Native
white.
Foreign
white.
Colored.'
ORIEMTE.
The province
455,086
61.4
48.6
60.9
6.0
43.1
Alto Songo
20,563
27,852
26,511
16,216
14,716
39,343
43,300
14,669
50,224
13,325
64,900
16,819
17,628
20,236 1
34,061
8,398 1
14,212
53,614
46.470
51.9
50.3
49.0
56.9
51.8
50.9
54.0
49.2
60.9
48.8
49.9
46.6
60.8
62.8
61.4
63.4
51.6
47.7
47.4
48.1
49.7
51.0
43.1
48.2
49.1
46.0
60.8
49.1
51.2
60.1
^ii
39.2
47.2
48.6
46.6
48.4
62.3
62.6
24.9
43.6
56.4
29.3
19.8
75.6
23.0
26.7
83.6
83.4
56.9
64.9
51.6
41.1
71.4
66.2
24.1
33.2
32.1
3.3
2.1
1.3
17.6
6.0
6.4
9.6
12.7
3.8
0.7
3.7
6.3
13.5
4.3
4.0
2.7
7.0
11.2
11.2
71.8
Baracoa
54.8
Bayamo
42.3
Ganey
63.1
Cobre
74.2
Glbara
19.0
Guant&namo
67.6
City of OiMntdnamo
Holguf Q
eo.e
12.6
JiguanI
16.0
Manzanillo
39.4
City of Manzanillo
Mayarf
38. 8
34.0
Palma Soriano
64.6
Puerto Padre
24.6
Sagua de T&namo
41.1
San Luis
68.9
Santiago de Cuba
66.6
City of Santiago de Cuba .
66.7
PINAR DEL rIo.
The province
240,372
53.5
46.5
68.7
6.4
24.0
Artemisa
14.719
11,552
11,471
28,819
15,336
29,236
11,041
50,071
10,634
20,388
19.807
11,092
16.840
54.3
52.0
52.3
52.7
61.0
66.4
53.2
53.3
49.0
53.5
54.1
53.9
52.7
45.7
48.0
47.7
47.3
49.0
43.6
46.8
46.7
61.0
46.6
45.9
46.1
47.3
66.9
50.5
73.5
66.2
64.9
73.2
81.6
67.9
66.4
65.4
70.5
69.6
74.0
6.8
4.2
4.0
3.8
6.1
9.8
4.1
7.7
11.6
6.5
7.8
6.5
6.7
26.3
Cabaflas
45.3
Consolacidn del Norte
Consolaci6n del Sur
Guanajay
22.5
30.0
29.0
Guane
17.0
14.3
Pinar del Rio
24.4
City of Pinar dd Rio
SanCristfibal
SS.O
29.1
San Juan y Martinez
San Luis
21.7
23.9
Viflales
20.3
SANTA
CLARA.
The province
457,431
52.9
47.1
63.9
8.6
27.5
Caibarien
10,053
8,333
16,979
14,683
70,416
30,100
10,239
18,183
15,760
16,682
11,309
14,616
12,637
22,083
26,937
12,393
16,861
36,572
17,440
21,573
46,620
16,702
11,407
20,776
29,548
11 ,197
13,707
61.4
60.6
65.5
64.9
63.3
63^8
52.9
64.9
64.5
52.9
62.0
62.0
55.0
51.0
48.2
55.4
60.8
46.3
52.3
52.6
47.5
54.6
53.2
48.5
48.6
40.6
44.5
45.1
46.7
61.9
46.2
47.1
46.1
45.5
47.1
48.0
48.0
45.0
49.0
61 .8
44.6
49.2
64-7
47.7
47.4
62.6
45.4
46.8
51.5
68.3
42.6
69.1
69.6
61.4
61.2
57.9
63.6
52.2
76.1
60.5
63.6
71.2
57.8
! 66.5
1 61.5
1 57.5
64-7
i 78.8
73.4
68.6
63.4
68.7
69.8
56.2
67.4
59.7
4S.1
59.5
11.0
11.2
7.3
18.9
10.9
10.9
10.2
2.9
9.9
12.4
6.6
4.4
6.2
8.7
8.9
9.3
10.2
7.8
3.6
10.8
7.6
7.1
5.9
5.1
2.7
1 .1:^
19.9
19.S
Calabazar
31.3
CamaJuanI
19.9
Cienfuegos
31.2
City of Cienfuegot
Cruces
36.6
37.6
Esperanza
21.0
Palmira
29.6
Placetas
24.1
Quemado de GQines
Rancho Veloz
23.2
37.8
Ranch uelo
28.3
Rodas
29.8
Sagua la Grande
33.6
City of Sagua la Grande. .
San Antonio de las Vueltas . .
Sancti-Spiritus
36.0
11.0
18.8
City of Sancti-Spiritus. . . .
San Juan de los Remedios. . .
Santa Clara
28.0
25.8
23.7
City of Santa Clara
Santa Isabel de las Lajas. . . .
Santo Domingo
33.1
37.9
27.5
Trinidad
37.6
City of Trinidad
49.6
24.8
Yaguajay
"Includes black, mixed, and yellow.
AVERAGE AGE. 155
Of the 82 municipalities, 8 only had an excess of females, while of the 74
in which males predominated, there were 12 in which that sex had 55 per
cent or more. Classifying the municipalities in accordance with their per-
centage of foreign whites, it appears that 18 contained less than 5 per cent;
45, or more than half, had between 5 and 10 per cent; 17 had at least 10 but
less than 20 per cent; while 2 municipalities only, both of them in Habana
province, had over 20 per cent.
As to proportion of colored, there was but 1 municipality which contained
only 10 per cent; 49 contained more than 10 and less than 30 per cent and
23 had between 30 and 50 per cent; while in 9 more than half the population
were colored.
AGE, SEX, COLOR, AND NATIVITY.
Probably the best summary of the age of a people or of an element of the
population is the mean age — ^which is the figure that would be obtained if
the ages of all the people were added together and the sum total divided by
the number of people. Since it was impracticable to obtain the mean in this
way, a shorter method has been followed. The number of inhabitants is
given in the case of those under one year of age and of those in each year
from 1 to 5. At greater ages the number is given in age groups of 5 years
each, from 5 to 9, 10 to 14, etc. The number of persons of each year of age
up to and including 4 years was multiplied by the actual number of years of
age. The average age for those from 5 to 9 years of age is 7 years; conse-
quently the number of children reported for those years was multiplied by 7.
Similarly, the number in the next age group, from 10 to 14 years, was multi-
plied by 12, and so on. These products were added together and the sum
was divided by the total population of Cuba.
According to this method, the average age of the people of Cuba was 23.4
years. This is exactly one year less than the average in 1899; the diflFerence
is due, as will be shown further on, to the enormous increase in the number of
young children. The average age in 1907 was slightly less than that of the
people of the Philippine Islands in 1903 (23.9 years), and decidedly less than
that of the people of the United States in 1900 (26.3 years).
The following table shows for 1907 and 1899 the average ages of the
inhabitants of Cuba, classified by sex and by color and nativity:
AVEBAOK
AOB.
1907
1899
Total
23.4
24.4
Males
23.9
24.8
Females
22.9
21.0
33.5
24.7
23.8
21.7
Foreign born whites
35.1
Colored
26.1
156
POPULATION.
The change in the average age of foreign born whites is probably significant
only of a change in the average age of the immigrants. The average age of
the colored people of the United States in 1900 was 23.2 years.
The average ages of the people of each province and of Habana city were
as follows in 1907:
PROVINCE OB CITY.
Average age.
Cuba
23.4
City of Habana
25.3
Ha nana
25.0
Matanzas
24.0
CamagOey
24.3
Santa Clara
23.3
Oriente
22.0
Pinar del Rio
21.1
The reasons for these differences will be clearly developed in the discus-
sion which follows.
The following table presents the percentages which the number of persons
of different age groups bore to the total population in 1907, with similar
figures for Cuba for 1899, Porto Rico for the same year, and the United States
and Spain for 1900:
PER CENT DISTRIBUTION.
AOE.
Cuba.
Porto
Rico.
1899.
United
States.
1900.
Spain.
1907
1899
1900.
Under 1 year
3.2
16.8
11.0
8.8
11.5
11.4
9.0
6.6
6.8
6.3
3.9
3.4
1.9
2.0
0.9
0.8
0.4
0.3
0.1
0.1
1.5
8.3
14.4
14.0
11.3
9.7
8.7
7.6
6.3
6.4
3.8
3.7
2.2
2.2
0.9
0.7
0.3
0.3
0.1
0.1
2.8
16.8
15.1
13.0
9.8
9.3
8.8
6.8
6.0
4.6
2.8
3.5
1.6
1.9
0.7
0.6
0.2
0.3
0.1
0.1
2.6
12.1
11.7
10.7
9.9
9.7
8.6
7.3
6.5
6.6
4.5
3.9
2.9
2.4
1.7
1.2
0.7
0.4
0.2
(')
2.1
Under 5 years
H.6
5 to 9 years
11.4
10 to 14 years
10.5
15 to 19 vears
8.4
20 to 24 years
8.1
25 to 29 years
7.6
30 to 34 vears
6.9
35 to 39 years
6.1
40 to 44 years
6.2
45 to 49 years
5.1
60 to 54 vears
5.2
55 to 59 years
3.8
60 to 64 years
3.7
65 to 69 years . ,
2.1
70 to 74 years
1.7
75 to 79 years
0.8
80 to 84 years
0.5
85 to 89 years
0.2
90 to 94 vears
0.1
> Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent.
The following table presents percentages showing the proportion of inhab-
itants in each age group in the case of the native whites, foreign whites, and
colored in Cuba in 1907 and the colored in the United States in 1900:
AGE.
157
Under 1 year
Under 5 years
5 to 9 years
10 to 14 years
15 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
25 to 29 years
30 to 34 years
35 to 39 years
40 to 44 years
45 to 49 years
50 to 54 years
55 to 59 years
60 to 64 years
65 to 69 years
70 to 74 years
75 to 79 years
80 to 84 years
85 to 89 years
90 to 94 years
95 to 99 years
100 years and over.
PEB CENT D18THIBUTION.
Cuba, 1907.
Native
white.
3.9
19.9
12.2
9.8
11.9
11.3
8.4
5.8
5.1
4.6
3.5
2.8
1.6
1.4
0.7
0.5
0.2
0.2
0.1
(«)
Foreign
wiiite.
0.1
1.3
1.9
2.3
8.6
14.4
16.5
14.0
10.9
9.5
6.8
5.6
3.3
2.7
1.3
0.9
0.5
0.3
0.1
(»)
Colored. I
2.8
15.4
11.4
9.1
11.7
10.7
8.1
5.7
5.4
5.2
3.8
3.9
2.2
3.0
1.2
1.4
0.5
0.6
0.2
0.2
0.1
(»)
Colored in
United States.
1900.
2.8
13.7
13.6
12.3
11.1
11.0
8.4
6.1
5.5
4.3
3.8
3.3
2.1
1.9
1.1
0.8
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
(*)
(»)
1 Includes black, mixed, and yellow. * Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent.
The following table presents percentages showing the proportion of males
and females in the total population and among the native whites, the foreign
whites, and the colored:
PEK CENT DISTRIBUTION.
AOK.
All classes.
Native white.
Foreigrn white.
Colored.!
Male.
Female.
Male.
Female.
Male.
Female.
Male.
Female.
Under 1 year
Under 5 years
5 to 9 years
10 to 14 years
15 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
25 to 29 years
30 to 34 years
35 to 39 years
40 to 44 years
45 to 49 years
50 to 54 years
55 to 59 years
60 to 64 years
65 to 69 years
70 to 74 years
75 to 79 years
80 to 84 years
85 to 89 years
90 to 94 years
3.0
16.1
10.6
8.6
10.9
11.6
9.3
7.0
6.0
5.6
4.2
3.5
2.1
2.0
0.9
0.8
0.3
0.3
0.1
0.1
3.3
17.4
11.4
9.0
12.2
11.2
8.7
6.2
5.5
4.9
3.6
3.4
1.8
2.1
0.9
0.8
0.4
0.3
0.1
0.1
3.9
20.4
12.5
10.1
11.3
11.2
8.3
5.8
6.1
4.8
3.6
2.8
1.6
1.2
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.1
3.8
19.4
11.9
9.6
12.6
11.3
8.6
5.9
6.1
4.6
3.3
2.9
1.6
1.6
0.7
0.6
0.3
0.2
0.1
(*)
0.9
1.3
1.8
9.0
15.0
15.7
14.3
11.2
9.8
7.0
5.5
3.2
2.5
1.2
0.8
0.4
0.2
0.1
0.3
3.5
4.6
4.3
6.8
12.0
14.4
12.8
10.0
8.3
5.8
5.9
3.5
3.5
1.8
1.3
0.9
0.6
2.9
15.9
11.7
9.4
10.9
10.7
7.9
5.4
5.0
5.0
3.7
3.8
2.5
3.2
1.4
1.5
0.6
0.7
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
2.7
16.0
11.2.
8.8
12.3
10.7
8.2
5.9
5.7
6.6
3.9
4.0
2.0
2.7
1.0
1.3
0.5
0.6
0.2
0.2
0.1
100 vears and over.
0.1
0.1
0.1
> Includes black, mixed, and yellow.
' Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent.
158
POPULATION.
The children less than 1 year of age in Cuba in 1907 formed 3.2 per cent
of the total population. In 1899, the proportion was less than half as large,
being only 1.5 per cent. This small proportion was, as is well understood,
the result of the war and the accompanying reconcentration. In the United
States in 1900, the proportion at this age was 2.6 per cent; in Porto Rico in
1899, 2.8 per cent; and in the Philippine Islands in 1903, 2.4 per cent. Thus
it will be seen that the proportion at this age in Cuba was very large, though
not surprisingly large, when one reflects that the country had only recently
emerged from an exhausting and deadly war and entered into a period of
great prosperity. The proportion of males under 1 year of age to all males
was 3.0 per cent, and the corresponding proportion for females was 3.3 per
cent. Among the native whites the proportions were greater, being no less
than 3.9 per cent for the total of that element and 3.9 and 3.8, respectively,
for the males and females. Among the foreign born whites, the proportions
were very small.
Among the colored, the proportion under 1 year of age was 2.8 per cent,
those of males and females being, respectively, 2.9 and 2.7 per cent. These,
it will be noted, are decidedly smaller than those of the native whites. This
fact accords with the smaller rate of increase of the colored. The proportion
of colored children under 1 year of age in the United States in 1900 was the
same as the proportion in Cuba in 1907.
There are great differences among the different provinces and the city of
Habana in the proportion of children as shown in the following table,
which gives the percentages for children under 1 year of age, under 5
years, and under 10 years:
C ' iT---s=a:-i.: 1
FEB CZNT or TOTAL POPULATION.
PKOVINCE OH CITT.
Under 1 year
of age.
Under 5 years
of age.
Under 10 yean
of age.
Cuba
3.2
16.8
27.8
CamagQey
3.1
2.6
2.1
2.9
3.7
3.6
3.2
15.8
13.9
10.7
16.0
18.6
19.6
17.5
27.2
23.2
City of Habana
18.9
Matanzas
2S.9
31 .0
Pinar del Rio
33.0
Santa Clara
28.2
The two provinces having the largest rates of increase in population had
the greatest proportions of children under 1 year of age. Habana had the
lowest proportion among the provinces, a position into which she was forced
by Habana city, where there is a large proportion of adult foreign born.
In the province, excluding the city, the proportion was 3.2 per cent. If the
foreign born be excluded from the city of Habana, the proportion would
rise to 2.7 per cent. This proportion is still small, but not less than that
ordinarily found in large cities.
PROPORTION OF CHILDREN. 159
The highest proportion was in Pinar del Rfo, which had the highest rate of
increase. The lowest, as before, was in Habana and for the same reason.
The children under 5 years of age in Cuba in 1907 formed 16.8 per cent
of the total population. In 1899 they formed only 8.3 per cent, or less than
one-half as much. The proportion in 1907 was very large, when compared
with that of any other people for whom we have statistics. All in this age
group were born since the revolution. In the United States in 1900 the
corresponding group formed but 12.1 per cent of the total; in Porto Rico in
1899, 15.8 per cent; and in the Phihppine Islands in 1903, 15.1 per cent.
The proportion of children under 5 years of age among the native whites
in Cuba in 1907 was 19.9 per cent, that of the males being 20.4 per cent
and that of females, 19.4 per cent. The proportion among the foreign whites
was 1.3 per cent and among the colored, 15.4 per cent.
In Cuba, in 1907, the children under 10 years of age formed 27.8 per cent
of the total population. Here again the proportion is large. In 1899, it was
but 22.7 per cent. In Porto Rico in the same year, however, this rate was
exceeded, the proportion there being 30.9 per cent. In the United States, in
1900, it was 23.8 per cent and in the Philippine Islands in 1903, 28.8 per cent,
or a little more than in Cuba in 1907. The proportion of the native whites
at this age was 32.1 per cent, which is larger than any other figures here quoted ;
that of the foreign born was 3.2 per cent and that of the colored, 26.8 per cent,
the latter proportion being nearly as large as the figure for the total population.
Among the provinces there were differences in the proportion of children
under 10 years of age, but they were not so great as those for the two younger
periods.
Here the two provinces which increased most rapidly in population had
the highest proportions of children under 10 years of age and, as before,
Habana had the smallest proportion of any province, and Habana city the
least of all.
During the revolution the children suffered the most severely, especially
because of reconcentration. Not only were a large proportion of the living
destroyed, but the birth rate was greatly reduced, owing to the absence of hus-
bands and a reduction in the number of marriages. The children who sur-
vived were in 1907 at least 8 years of age, and we should expect to find small
proportions for the children above that age. An idea of the losses can be ob-
tained by comparing the proportions in Cuba in 1907 with the corresponding
figures for Porto Rico in 1899, which represent a people in a normal con-
dition :
FEB CENT OF TOTAL.
Cuba,
1907.
Porto Rico,
1899.
DiCFerence.
5 to 9 years.
10 to 14 years.
11.0
8.8
15.1
13.0
4.1
4.2
160 POPULATION.
Aside from the above noted differences the figures for Cuba and Porto
Rico show only minor and not significant differences. Comparison with the
United States column shows that in Cuba the proportions were larger in
childhood and early manhood, and smaller in more advanced ages. For
age groups over 30 years the percentages were smaller in every case, and the
totals were 31.5 for Cuba and 37.3 for the United States. With the exception
of the group 50 to 54 years, at all ages above 35, percentages for Cuba were
equal to or larger than those of Porto Rico, and the totals were 24.9 for Cuba
and 21.4 for Porto Rico.
In the distribution of the population by age, the three elements, native
white, foreign white, and colored differed widely from one another, and
especially did the foreign whites differ from the others. The chief difference
between the native whites and the colored is in the fact that in the latter the
proportions of the young were smaller and those of the more advanced ages
were larger. Up to 35 years, the proportions of native whites were in all
cases the greater, and the total percentage below that age was 79.3 per cent
as compared with 72.1 per cent for the colored.
The greater ages reported for the colored are, in part, doubtless fictitious;
a much greater proportion of colored than of whites do not know their ages
and persons ignorant of their ages are disposed to exaggerate them, especially
if they are old. All indications go to show that the colored are not as long
lived as the whites, and yet this table shows that 1.1 per cent of the colored
were 80 years of age, as compared with only 0.3 per cent of the native white.
On the schedules 63 native whites and 15 foreign whites were reported as
being more than 100 years of age, while of the colored no fewer than 444 were
so reported. It is doubtful if one of these cases was correctly reported. This
exaggeration of age among the old and ignorant is not peculiar to Cuba. It
is almost as prevalent in the United States. In the Census of 1900 of that
country, 470 native whites and 2,674 colored were reported as being over 100
years of age.
The contrast between the age distribution of the native whites and the
foreign whites is great. Among the latter there were very few young children.
Indeed, only 14.1 per cent of the total number were below the age of 20,
while of the native whites 53.8 per cent, or more than half of the total, were
below that age. Between the ages of 20 and 39 years were found 54.8 per
cent of the foreign whites, and only 30.6 per cent of the native whites. The
foreign whites, too, were relatively more numerous in the more advanced
ages than the native whites.
The composition of the total population and its elements as to sex is shown
above. Of the total population, females formed the larger percentage up to
the age of 20 years. From that age to 65, males were in greater proportion
and for the more advanced ages the proportions of the sexes were about equal.
Among the native whites, males formed the larger proportions up to the
age of 15 years. From that age to 35, females formed the larger proportions..
AGE GROUPS BY PROVINCES.
161
For the ages from 40 to 50, males were proportionally more numerous, while
beyond 50 the percentages of females were equal to or greater than those of
males.
In the case of the foreign whites, the percentages of females were greater
than those of males up to 15 years. Indeed, while only 4.0 per cent of males
were under 15 years of age, 12.4 per cent of the females were under that age.
From 15 to 50 years the percentages of males were the greater, while above
50, as a rule, those of females were the larger.
Of the colored, the percentages of males were larger up to 15 years; then
the percentages of females were equal to or larger than those of males up to
55 years, above which age the proportions of males equaled or exceeded
those of females.
The following table presents, for each of the provinces and for the city of
Habana, the proportions which the people of each age group formed of the
total population :
PER CENT DISTRIBUTION.
AOE.
Camagtley.
Habana.
Matanzas.
Oriente.
Pinar del
Rio.
Santa
Clara.
City of
Habana.
Under 1 year ....
3.1
2.6
2.9
3.7
3.6
3.2
2.1
Under 5 years
15.8
13.9
16.0
18.6
19.6
17.6
10.7
6 to 9 years....
11.4
9.3
9.9
12.4
13.4
10.7
8.2
10 to 14 years.. . .
10.8
7.8
8.9
9.8
8.8
8.6
7.9
15 to 19 years. . . .
12.5
11.2
11.4
12.0
11.1
11.5
11.4
20 to 24 years.. . .
11.8
12.2
10.7
11.2
10.6
11.5
12.8
25 to 29 years
7.7
10.4
8.4
8.2
9.4
8.6
11.2
30 to 34 years... .
5.1
8.3
6.6
4.9
6.8
6.5
9.0
35 to 39 years
4.6
7.1
6.1
4.7
6.4
5.6
7.6
40 to 44 years
5.2
6.7
5.4
6.0
4.6
5.5
6.1
45 to 49 years.. . .
4.2
4.2
3.9
3.9
3.0
4.0
4.5
50 to 54 years. . . .
3.7
3.5
3.8
3.4
2.7
3.5
3.6
55 to 59 years
2.2
2.0
2.3
1.8
1.4
1.9
2.2
60 to 64 years
2.1
2.0
2.8
1.8
1.6
2.0
2.1
65 to 69 years.. . .
1.0
0.9
1.3
0.8
0.6
0.9
1.0
70 to 74 years.. . .
0.9
0.7
1.2
0.7
0.6
0.8
0.8
75 to 79 years
0.4
0.3
0.6
0.3
0.2
0.4
0.4
80 to 84 years
0.4
0.3
0.6
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.3
85 to 89 years
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
90 to 94 years.. . .
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
95 to 99 years
(')
(1)
0.1
m
(1)
(')
(')
> Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent.
The small proportion of children of 8 years and over, which was noted in the
discussion concerning the total population, is plainly shown here in the case of
each province, but in different degrees. Apparently, Habana suffered most
severely from the war and reconcentration, as .was to have been expected,
Matanzas also suffered greatly, and Santa Clara nearly as much, while Cama-
giiey felt the effects of the war the least, as was also to have been expected. It
is impossible to measure its effects in Habana city, as the presence of a large
foreign element in the population greatly complicates the situation.
The distribution of children under the age of 10, by provinces, has been dis-
cussed. The proportion of the population between the ages of 10 and 19 ranged
from 19.0 per cent in Habana up to 23.3 per cent in Camagiiey. This class has
11
162
POPULATION.
'been affected in marked degree by the war, as shown above, and their propor-
'tion was little lai^er than that of the next group, 20 to 29 years. Indeed, in
Santa Clara the two were equal and in Pinar del Rio and Habana the class 20
fto 29 years was the larger. In Pinar del Rfo this is the result of the war and in
iHabana the war and the large foreign element were jointly the cause.
The group 20 to 29 years formed proportions ranging from 19.1 per cent in
Matanzas to 20.1 per cent in Santa Clara and 22.6 per cent in Habana, where
its magnitude was due to the foreign born. In Habana city the proportion, 24.0
per cent, was even greater. The next group, 30 to 39 years, shows a greater
range and several curious anomalies. The lai^est proportions were found in
the city and the province of Habana, the percentages being 16.6 and 15.4, re-
spectively. The next largest proportion was that of Matanzas, 12.7 per cent,
while the smallest proportion, 9.6 per cent, was found in Oriente. In Camagiiey
and Oriente the proportions were less than half as great as those for the pre-
ceding age group. In Camagiiey it dropped from 19.5 per cent to 9.7 per cent;
and in Oriente, from 19.4 per cent to 9.6 per cent. In Pinar del Rio and Santa
Clara the drop was nearly as great, in the first, from 20.0 to 12.2 and in the
second, from 20.1 to 12.1.
The next group, 40 to 49 years, also shows anomalies. Among the provinces,
except Pinar del Rfo, the range was small, being only from 8.9 per cent in
Oriente up to 9.9 per cent in Habana. Pinar del Rfo, however, showed only
7.5 per cent. In Camagiiey the reduction in the proportion from the group next
preceding was only 0.3 per cent, from 9.7 per cent to 9.4 per cent. Again, in
Oriente, the reduction was only from 9.6 per cent to 8.9 per cent. In the next
group, 50 to 59 years, the proportions ranged from 4.1 per cent in Pinar del
Rfo up to 6.1 per cent in Matanzas. Those at least 60 years of age were in
greatest proportion in Matanzas, 6.6 per cent; least in Pinar del Rfo, 3.3 per
cent; and small in Oriente, 4.1 per cent.
The province of Matanzas is characterized by a large proportion of elderly
people, 12.7 per cent being at least 50 years of age, while in Pinar del Rfo
only 7.4 per cent were above that age, and in Oriente only 9.3 per cent. Mea-
sured in this way the provinces rank in the following order:
PROVINCE OB CITT.
Per cent 50 years
of age and over.
PROVINCE OB CITT.
Per cent 60 years
of age and over.
Cuba
10.0
, 1 <3nTitn PltiT-n
10.0
9.9
12.7
10.9
10.6
Oriente
9.3
City of Habana
Pinar del Rio
7.4
The following table shows the proportions of native whites, foreign whites,
and colored in each age group:
PERSONS IN PRIME OF LIFE.
163
PER CENT OF TOTAL POPULATION,
Native
white.
Foreign
white.
Colored.
All ages. . .
Under 1 year.. . .
Under 5 years. . . ,
5 to 9 years. . .
10 to 14 years. . .
15 to 19 years. . .
20 to 24 years. . . ,
25 to 29 years. . . ,
30 to 34 years
35 to 39 years ...
40 to 44 years. . . ,
46 to 49 years. . . ,
50 to 54 years ...
66 to 59 years ...
60 to 64 years. . . .
66 to 69 years . . . .
70 to 74 years . . . ,
75 to 79 years ...
80 years and over
59.8
9.9
30.3
72.8
71.1
66.7
66.2
61.9
59.1
55.9
52.8
62.8
62.1
53.1
49.3
48.4
42.0
43.5
36.4
39.6
27.3
0.3
0.8
1.7
2.6
7.4
12.6
17.1
21.1
18.9
17.9
17.3
16.2
16.7
13.5
14.9
11.0
13.2
7.4
26.9
28.1
31.6
31.2
30.7
28.4
27.0
26.1
28.3
30.0
29.6
34.6
34.0
44.5
41.6
52.6
47.2
66.3
The proportion of the native whites diminished quite constantly from the
youngest to the oldest; on the other hand the proportion of the colored varied
slightly up to 50 years, and then increased rapidly. This results from two
causes: the larger proportion of children among the native whites, and the
tendency among the colored to exaggerate their ages. Of course, the latter
cause, in so far as it was effective, has falsified the returns.
The proportion of foreign whites increased from the youngest age group to
that of 30 to 34 years, when it reached a maximum.
PERSONS IN THE PRIME OF LIFE.
The number of persons between the ages of 18 and 44 years was, in 1907,
880,052. This was 43 per cent of the population. In 1899, the correspond-
ing proportion was 42.3 per cent; there was, therefore, a slight but not signif-
icant increase at the later census. In 1907, this class was composed of 54 per
cent males and 46 per cent females — the large excess of males being accounted
for by the presence in this age group of the majority of the foreign bom,
among which element of the population 4 out of 5 were of the male sex.
The following table shows the proportion which this age group formed of
the total population of each province and the city of Habana:
PROVINCE OR CITY.
Per cent popula-
tion from 18 to
44 years of age
form of total
population.
PROVINCE OR CITY.
Per cent popula-
tion from 18 to
44 years of age
form of total
population.
Cuba
43.0
42.1
38.9
39.6
41.3
Santa Clara
42.7
CamagOey ...
Habana
48.4
Pinar del Rio
City of Habana
81.7
Habana city and province had the largest proportions, because of their large
number of foreign bom.
164
POPULATION.
The following table shows the distribution by sex of the population from 18
to 45 years of age for each province and for the city of Habana:
PROVINCE OR CITY.
PER CENT
OP TOTAL.
Male.
Female.
Cuba
54.0
46.0
Matanzas
61.5
52.5
54.6
54.1
65.1
56.4
66.9
48.5
47.5
CamagOey
45.5
Santa Clara
45.9
Pinar del Rio
44.9
Habana
44.6
City of Habana
44.1
Habana city contained the largest proportion of males, because of its large
foreign bom population.
CITIZENSHIP.
The subject of citizenship is naturally divisible into two parts: the citizen-
ship of the entire population, and that of the potential voters, males at least
21 years of age.
Total population. — The citizenship of the entire population is shown in
the following table:
CITIZENSHIP.
Number.
Per cent.
Total
2,048,980
100 0
1,780,628
228,138
40,214
86.9
11 1
Other and unknown
2.0
The following table summarizes the total population by citizenship and by
sex, color, and nativity:
Total
population.
CITIZENSHIP.
COLOR AND NATIVITY AND SEX.
Cuban.
Other and
unknown.
Total
2,048,980
1,780.628
268,352
1,074,882
974,098
893,408
887,220
181 474
Females
86 878
Native white
1,224,539
1,136,017
88 522
Males
608.597
615,942
203,637
571,592
564,425
43,289
37 005
Females
51 517
Foreign white
160 348
Males
163,014
40,623
620,804
33,859
9,430
601,322
129 155
31 193
Colored
19 482
Males
303,271
317.533
287,957
313,365
15 314
Females
4 168
CITIZENSHIP.
165
The following table shows the proportion of Cuban citizens and of all others
in the total population, distributed by color and nativity and by sex:
COLOB AND NATIVITT AND SEX.
Total
Males
Females
Native white.
Males
Females
Foreign white
Males
Females
Colored
Males
Females
PER CENT OF TOTAL
POPULATION.
Cuban
citizenship.
86.9
83.1
91.1
92.8
93.9
91.6
21.3
20.8
23.2
96.9
95.0
98.7
Other and
unknown
citizenship.
13.1
16.9
8.9
7.2
6.1
8.4
78.7
79.2
76.8
3.1
6.0
1.3
Of the total population, nearly seven-eights were Cuban citizens. The pro-
portion of males was smaller, since about four-fifths of the immigrant aliens
were males. More than nine-tenths of the females were Cuban citizens. Of
the native white, about eleven-twelfths were Cubans. Here the proportion of
Cuban citizenship was greater among males than among females. Of the
foreign whites, only about one-fifth were of Cuban citizenship.
Of all the elements of the population, the colored showed the largest pro-
portion of Cuban citizenship, only 3.1 per cent being aliens. In the case of the
males, because of the inclusion of the alien Chinese, the proportion of aliens
was greater, 5 out of every hundred being aliens, but of the females, only 13
in a thousand were of other than Cuban citizenship.
The following table shows the per cent distribution by age of those of Cuban
and those of other citizenship, for the total population, for the males, and for
the females, by nativity:
166
POPULATION.
Total....
Under 5 years . . .
6 to 9 years....
10 to 14 years
15 to 24 years
26 to 34 years. . . .
36 to 44 years
45 to 64 years. . . ,
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
Total
Under 5 years . . .
5 to 9 years
10 to 14 years....
15 to 24 years
26 to 34 years....
35 to 44 years
46 to 64 years
66 to 64 years
65 years and over
Total
Under 5 years . . .
6 to 9 years....
10 to 14 years. . . .
16 to 24 years....
26 to 34 years....
36 to 44 years. . . .
46 to 54 years....
55 to 64 years. . . .
66 years and over
Total
Under 6 years . . .
5 to 9 years
10 to 14years. ...
16 to 24 years....
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years. . . .
46 to 54 years
65 to 64 years....
65 years and over
PER CENT DISTRIBUTION.
Both sexes.
Cuban
citizen-
ship.
Other
and un-
known
citizen-
ship.
Males.
Cuban
citizen-
ship.
100.0
17.6
11.5
9.2
22.8
14.6
10.6
7.2
3.9
2.6
100.0
10.2
11.8
9.5
23.4
14.7
10.1
6.6
3.1
1.7
100.0
0.6
1.2
1.6
9.1
27.9
24.8
17.9
10.4
6.6
100.0
16.8
11.5
9.3
22.7
13.6
10.6
7.7
4.8
4.0
Other
and un-
known
citizen-
ship.
Females.
Cuban
citizen-
ship.
TOTAL POPULATION.
100.0
11.1
7.6
6.2
23.9
22.0
14.0
8.1
4.6
2.6
100.0
17.7
11.6
9.4
22.0
14.8
10.9
7.4
3.8
2.4
100.0
8.4
5.7
4.9
25.2
23.7
15.1
8.8
5.3
2.9
100.0
17.4
11.4
9.1
23.6
14.6
10.3
7.0
3.9
2.8
NATIVE WHITE rOPXH^ATION.
100.0
29.3
17.9
13.6
21.0
8.7
6.1
2.9
1.1
0.4
100.0
19.4
11.9
9.7
22.7
14.8
10.4
6.8
2.9
1.4
100.0
36.7
21.9
16.3
20.6
2.8
1.1
0.9
0.4
0.3
100.0
18.9
11.7
9.3
24.1
14.6
9.7
6.3
3.3
2.1
FOREIGN WHITE POPULATION.
100.0
100.0
1.6
2.1
2.5
26.7
29.9
19.3
10.9
4.8
2.2
0.3
0.9
1.0
7.9
29.0
26.0
18.5
10.3
6.1
100.0
1.1
1.4
2.0
28.2
30.4
19.6
11.0
4.5
1.8
100.0
1.2
2.6
3.5
13.6
24.0
20.5
16.6
10.8
8.4
COLORED POPULATION .>
100.0
6.3
4.5
3.8
13.8
17.4
10.5
8.5
19.2
16.0
100.0
16.5
12.2
9.8
22.2
13.1
10.0
7.4
4.7
4.1
100.0
4.1
2.9
2.4
11.0
17.6
10.4
9.1
23.6
19.0
100.0
15.1
11.2
8.8
23.0
14.1
11.2
7.9
4.8
3.9
1 Includes black, mixed, and yellow.
Among the provinces there were considerable differences in the distribution
by citizenship of the total population, as shown on the following page:
CITIZENSHIP.
167
PER CENl
OF TOTAL POPULATION.
PBOVINCE OR CITY.
Cuban
citizenship.
Spanish
citizenship.
Other and
unknown
citizenship.
Cuba
86.9
11.1
2.0
CamagQey
91.3
90.9
90.2
89.2
87.0
80.0
72.6
7.1
6.7
8.9
8.7
11.7
17.4
23.9
1.6
Oriente
2 4
Pinar del Rio
0.9
Matanzas
2 1
Santa Clara
1.$
Habana
2 6
City of Habana
3.5
The proportion of Cuban citizens was highest in Camagiiey and lowest in
Habana city, the low proportion in the city being the result of the presence
there of large numbers of immigrants. The largest proportion of aliens was
found, naturally, in Habana city.
The following table gives the relative composition as regards citizenship, of
the race and nativity groups of the population of the provinces and the city
of Habana:
PER CENT OP TOTAL
POPULATION.
PROTINCB OH CITT.
Cuban
citizenship.
Other and
unknown
citizenship.
NATIVE WHITE POPULATION.
Cuba
92.8
7.2
CamagOey
95.6
94.9
93.2
92.6
91.6
91.3
87.3
4.4
Oriente
5.1
Pinar del RIo
6.8-
Matanzas
7.*
Santa Clara
8.4i
Habana
8.7
City of Habana
12.7
FOREIGN WHITE POPULATION.
Cuba
21.3
78. r
29.2
24.5
24.1
21.3
20.9
18.9
14.7
70.8
Pinar del RIo
75.5
75.9
Santa Clara
78.7
79.1
City of Habana
81.1
85.3:
COLORED POPULATION.!
Cuba
96.9
3.1
Pinar del RIo
99.1
98.0
97.0
96.8
96.2
96.0
96.4
0.9
2.0
3.0
3.2
3.8
Matanzas
4.0
4.6
1 Includes black, mixed, and yellow.
168
POPULATION.
The largest proportion of Cuban citizens among the native white population
was in Camagiiey and the smallest in Habana province and city. In the latter
about one-eighth of the whites born in Cuba were aliens.
The province whose foreign bom inhabitants had, to the largest extent,
adopted Cuban citizenship was Matanzas, and the one in which the greatest
proportion had remained aliens was Oriente.
The proportion of Cuban citizens among the colored was everywhere very
high, ranging from 95.4 per cent in Habana city to 99.1 per cent, or practically
the entire number, in Pinar del Rio.
POPULATION 21 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER.
The inhabitants of Cuba who were at least 21 years of age in 1907 num-
bered 1,011,737, and formed about one-half (49.4 per cent) of the total popu-
lation of the island. In 1899, this age group formed the same proportion of
the population. In 1907, this group was composed of 551,639 males and
460,098 females, the percentages for the two sexes being 54.6 and 45.4, respec-
tively. The number of males of this age who were Cuban citizens was 430,514,
of which number 420,576 were, according to Cuban laws, competent to vote.
The number excluded from citizenship by the electoral law was 131,063,
being composed of persons of foreign citizenship and the rural guards and
others of Cuban birth.
The following table shows the proportion which the members of this age
group formed of the total population for each province and for the city of
Habana :
PBOVDJCB OK cirr.
Per cent.
PROVINCE OB CITT.
Per cent.
Cuba
49.4
'MafOTi'rao
51 4
Cama^ey
47.0
55.3
58.9
Oriente
44.6
Habana
Pinar del Rio
44.6
City of Habana . . .
Santa Clara
49.2
The following table presents the relative distribution by sex, of the population
21 years of age and over, for each province and for the city of Habana:
PROVINCE OK cmr.
PER CENT
TION AT
TEABS
OP POPtTLA-
LEA8T 21
or AQE.
Male.
Female.
54.5
45.5
54.4
54.6
64.1
53.4
52.7
56.9
55.6
45.6
45.4
Cltv of Habana
45.0
46.6
Oriente
47.3
Pinar del Rio
43.1
44.4
MALES OF VOTING AGE.
169
MALES OF VOTING AGE.
The total number of males of voting age was 551,639, this number being
a little more than one-fourth (26.9 per cent) of the total population. In the
United States in 1900 males of voting age formed a somewhat larger proportion
(27.8 per cent) of the total population of that country.
The following table presents the data concerning the citizenship and
literacy of males of voting age:
MALES AT LEAST 21 YEARS OP AGE.
CITIZENSHIP AND EDUCATION.
AU
classes.
White.
Born in
Cuba.
Born in
Spain.
Born in
other
countries.
Colored.!
Total
561,639
264,042
127,882
8,765
150 960
Cuban citizenship
430,514
260,331
31.363
992
137 828
Literate
212,930
217,584
6,322
2,296
4,026
121.125
138.466
121.865
5.559
1.951
3.608
3.711
22.472
8.891
520
241
279
96.519
804
188
90
32
58
7,763
51 188
Illiterate
86 , 640
Degrees received
153
Academic
72
Professional
81
Other and unknown citizenship
13.132
Literate
89.217
31.908
1.396
621
775
3.094
617
215
93
122
75.343
21.176
622
323
299
6,600
1,263
540
194
346
4.280
Illiterate
8,852
Degrees received
19
Academic
11
Professional
8
PROVINCE OP CAMJ
IlOUET.
Total
30,257
18.940
b.113
636
5 568
Cuban citizenship
25,540
18.722
1,452
69
6,297
Literate
14,419
11.121
293
18
275
4.717
10,752
7,970
266
14
242
218
984
468
23
3.661
58
11
6
2,625
2.672
8
2
Illiterate
Degrees received
Academic
Professional
6
567
6
271
Other and unknown citizenship
Literate
3.626
1,092
70
13
67
195
23
10
2.765
896
18
6
12
541
26
42
7
35
124
Illiterate
147
Degrees received
Professional
10
PROVINCB OF HAl
3ANA.
Total
162.456
71,084
55,837
3.579
31.956
Cuban citizenship
113,070
70.039
14,053
346
28 632
75.617
37.453
3,088
1,014
2,074
49,386
48,532
21 ,607
2.745
852
1.893
1.046
11,453
2.600
248
126
122
41,784
315
31
45
16
30
3,233
15,317
Illiterate
13,316
Degrees received
50
Academic
21
Professional
29
Other and unknown citizenship
3,324
Literate
41,943
7.443
668
320
348
972
73
118
64
64
36,780
6,004
320
169
161
2,918
315
225
94
131
1 273
Illiterate
2,051
Degrees received
5
Academic
3
Professional
2
^Includes black, mixed, and yellow.
12
170
POPULATION.
MALES AT t£AST 21 TEAB8 OF AOE
CmZENSRIP AND EDUCATION.
AU
classes.
White.
Bom in
Cuba.
Bom in
Spain.
Bom in
other
countries.
Colored.'
CTTT OP HABANA.
Total
94.771
32.324
41,497
2.637
18,413
Cuban citizenship
67.370
31.543
9,515
270
16,042
Literate
48,684
8.686
2,489
812
1.677
37,401
28.893 ! 8.616
2,660 899
2,193 1 213
267
13
37
10,918
Illiterate
6,124
Degrees received
46
673 ' 108 12
19
Professional
1,620 105
25
2,267
27
Other and unknown citizenship
781
31,982
2.371
Literate
33,290
4.111
576
295
. 280
757
24
105
49
66
29.501
2.481
280
163
117
2,072
195
186
81
106
900
Illiterate
1,411
Degrees received ; . . .
4
Academic
a
Professional
s
PROVINCE OF IfATANZAB.
Total
66.787
29.046 j 11.467
491
24,783
Cuban citizenship
64,086
28.612 3,585
69
21.820
Literate
23,526
30.661
759
406
353
11.701
15.526 2,164
47
5,798
Illiterate
13,086 1,431 1 22
668 61 8
370 27 4
298 34 4
434 7.882 422
16,022
22
Academic
5
Professional
17
Other and unknown citizenship
2.963
Literate
7.073
4,628
144
85
59
354 1 5,851 296
80 i 2,031 126
24 1 70 49
15 1 43 26
9 27 23
1 1
572
Illiterate
2.391
1
Academic
1
Professional
PKOVINCE OF OKIENTE.
Total
106.905
46,332
16,620
2,506
41,447
Cuban citizenship
87.305
45,710
2,795
319
38 481
Literate
38,702
48,603
690
275
415
19,600
21,525
24.186
582
219
363
622
2,006
789
52
25
27
13,825
252
67
21
8
13
2,187
14,919
Illiterate
23 662
Degrees received
■ 35
Academic
28
19
Other and unknown citizenship
2.966
Literate
14,106
5.494
241
92
149
671
51
25
11
14
10,155
3,670
67
37
30
1,709
478
138
37
101
1,671
Illiterate
1 295
Degrees received
11
Academic
7
Professional
4
'Includes black, mixed, and yellow.
MALES OF VOTING AGE.
171
MALES AT LEAST 21 TISAlin OF AOE.
CmZENSHIP AND EDUCATION.
All
classes.
White.
Born in
Cuba.
Born in
Spain.
Born in
other
countries.
Colored.*
PROVINCE
OP PINAR
DEL rIo.
Total
60,975
35,383
11,225
678
13,688
Cuban citizenship
51,200
34,793
3.108
59
13,240
Literate
16,879
34,321
329
112
217
9,775
12,072
22,721
289
91
198
590
2,088
1,020
35
19
16
8,117
43
16
5
2
3
619
2,676
10,564
Illiterate
Degrees received
Academic
Professional
Other and unknown citizenship. .'.
449
Literate
6,751
3.024
54
21
33
352
238
5
4
1
6,805
2,312
36
14
22
443
176
13
3
10
151
Illiterate
298
Degrees received
Academic
Professional
PROVING
E OF SANTA
CLARA.
Total
125,259
63,257
27,620
865
33 517
Cuban citizenship
99,313
62,455
6,370
130
30 358
Literate
43,788
65,625
1,163
471
692
25,946
30,059
32,396
1,019
405
614
802
3,787
2,583
101
42
59
21,250
89
41
5
3
2
735
9 853
Illiterate
20 ' 505
' 38
Academic
21
Professional
17
Other and unknown citizenship
3,159
Literate
15,719
10,227
219
90
129
650
152
33
9
24
13,987
7,263
111
54
67
593
142
73
27
46
489
Illiterate
2 670
2
Academic
2
•Includes black, mixed, and yellow.
The following table shows for each province and for the city of Habana, first,
the proportion which males of voting age bear to the total population and
second, the proportion which Cuban citizens bear to the total population:
PROVINCE OR CITY.
PER CENT OF TOTAL
POPULATION.
Males at
least 21 years
of age.
Male Cuban
citizens at
least 21 years
Of age.
Total
CamagQey
Habana
City of Habana
Matanzas
Oriente
Pinar del RIo . .
Santa Clara. . . .
26.9
21.0
25.6
30.2
31.9
27.4
23.5
25.4
27.4
21.6
21.0
19.3
22.6
19.2
21.3
21.7
172
POPULATION.
The smallest proportions of males of voting age were found in those provinces
where the increase of population was the most rapid and where presumably the
proportion of children was greatest, and the largest proportions were in the
metropolis and its province, as a result of the presence in the more populous
center of large numbers of foreign born adults.
The smallest proportions of Cuban citizens to the total population were
found in Oriente and in Habana city. In Oriente the reason for the small
proportion is the large number of children, while in Habana city the very
cause which produced a large proportion of males 21 years and over, caused
a small proportion of Cuban citizens, namely, the presence of large numbers of
foreign bom. The largest proportion was in Matanzas province, where families
were small and the rate of increase of population low.
Color and nativity. — The males of voting age in Cuba in 1907 were dis-
tributed as follows by color and nativity:
itKHES AT LEAST 21 TEABB
OF AQE.
Number.
Per cent
distribution.
Total
551.639
100.0
White:
Born in Cuba
264,042
127,882
8,755
150.960
47.8
Born in Spain
23.2
Born in other countries
1.6
Colored
27.4
Nearly three-fourths of the males of voting age were white, and nearly one-
half were native white. The colored formed a little more than one-fourth and
the whites of Spanish birth, a little less than one-fourth.
Of the total number of males of voting age, 430,514, or 78.0 per cent, were
Cuban citizens. These were distributed as follows by color and nativity:
MALE COBAN CITIZENS AT
LEAST 21 TEABS OF AGE.
Number.
Per cent
distribution.
Total
430.514
100.0
White:
Bom in Cuba
260.331
31.363
992
137,828
60.6
Born in Spain
7.3
Bom in other countries
0.2
Colored
32.0
Three-fifths of all Cuban citizens were native whites, and nearly one-third
were colored, while practically all of the remainder were of Spanish birth.
The natives of other countries had become naturalized in Cuba to only a
trifling extent.
Males of voting age who were of other than Cuban citizenship numbered
MALES OF VOTING AGE.
173
121,125 and formed 22 per cent of all males of voting age. They were dis-
tributed as follows by color and nativity:
MALE ALIENS AT LEAST
21 TEARS OF AOB.
Number.
Per cent
distribution.
Total
121,125
100 0
White:
Born in Cuba
3,711
96,519
7.763
13.132
3 1
Born in Spain
79 7
Bom in other countries
6.4
Colored
10 8
Naturally the greater part of the aliens were of Spanish birth. Almost all
of the alien colored were Chinese.
The following table shows the proportions which the aliens of each of the
above elements of the population bore to the total population of voting age
of that element:
COLOR AND NATIVITT.
Per cent male
aliens form of
total male
population at
least 21 years
of age.
Total
White:
Born in Cuba
Born in Spain
Born in other countries
Colored
22.0
1.4
75.5
88.7
8.7
Almost all, 98.6 per cent, of the native whites had remained Cuban citizens
and more than nine-tenths of the colored owed allegiance to this island. Of
the Spanish born, less than one-fourth had become naturalized in Cuba; and
of white persons of other birth the proportion was still smaller.
The following table shows for each province and for the city of Habana the
composition of the males of voting age, as regards nativity and race:
PER CENT OP
MAI.E POPUIATION AT LEAST 21 TEARS OP AGE.
PKOVINCE OR CITY.
White.
Born in
Cuba.
Bom in
Spain.
Born in
other countries.
Colored.*
Total
47.8
23.2
1.6
27.4
Camagtiey
62.6
43.7
34.1
44.2
43.3
58.0
50.5
16.9
34.4
43.8
17.4
15.5
18.4
22.0
2.1
2.2
2.7
0.7
2.4
1.1
0.7
18.4
19.7
City of Habana
19.4
37.7
38.8
Pinar del Rio
22.5
26.8
» Includes black, mixed, and yellow.
174
POPULATION.
It is notable that in Habana city natives of Spain were the largest class and
outnumbered even the white Cubans. The proportion of white Cubans was
greatest in Camagiiey and least in Habana city; that of Spaniards was greatest
in the city and least in Oriente; that of other foreign born was greatest in the
city and least in Matanzas and Santa Clara; and the colored were most
numerous in Oriente and Matanzas and least numerous in Camagiiey.
The following table shows, for each province and for Habana city, the com-
position of the body of Cuban citizens, as regards nativity and race:
PER CENT OF MAI^ CUBAN CITTJIKNS AT LEAST 21 TBAB8 OF AQB.
FROVINCE OR CITY.
White.
Born in
Cuba.
Born in
Spain.
Born In
other countries.
Colored.'
Total
60.5
7.3
0.2
32.0
GamagQey
73.3
62.0
56.0
52.9
62.4
67.9
62.9
5.7
12.4
16.6
6.6
3.2
6.1
6.4
0.3
0.3
0.5
0.1
0.4
0.1
0.1
20.7
Habana
26.3
City of Habana
27.0
Matanzas
40.4
Oriente
44.0
Plnar del Rio
26.9
Santa Clara
. 30.6
' Includes black, mixed, and yellow.
The largest proportion of white Cubans was in Camagiiey, and the smallest
proportions in Oriente and Matanzas provinces, in which the colored were the
most numerous. The largest proportion of natives of Spain was naturally in
Habana city, where it was more than double that of any province except Ha-
bana, and more than double the proportion in that province exclusive of the
city.
The following table shows for each province and for Habana city the com-
position of the aliens, as regards nativity and race:
PEB CENT OF MALE ALIENS AT LEAST 21 YEARS OF AOB.
FBOVINCE OK CITY.
White.
Born in
Cuba.
Born in
Spain.
Born in
other countries.
Colored.*
Cuba
3.1
79.7
6.4
10.8
CamagOey
4.6
2.1
2.1
3.7
3.2
6.0
3.1
77.6
84.6
86.5
67.4
70.5
83.1
81.9
12.0
6.6
6.1
3.6
11.2
6.3
2.8
6.8
Habana
8.7
City of Habana
6.3
Matanzas
26.3
Oriente
15.1
Pinar del Rfo
4.6
Santa Clara
12.2
> Includes black, mixed, and yellow.
Naturally white Cuban-born aliens formed small proportions of the total
number of aliens, while the natives of Spain formed by far the greater part.
In Matanzas province, where the Spaniards were found in smallest proportion,
they formed over two- thirds of all the aliens; the largest proportion, that for
LITERACY OF MALES OF VOTING AGE.
175
Habana city, was about six-sevenths of the total. The colored aliens were
most numerous, proportionally, in Matanzas, where they formed one-fourth of
the total number of aliens, and least numerous in Pinar del Rfo, where they
formed less than one-twentieth of the total.
Literacy. — The following table shows the proportion of literate among the
Cuban and alien males of voting age, classified by color and Nativity:
COLOR AND NATIVITY.
Cuba
White:
Born in Cuba
Born in Spain
Born in other countries
Colored
PER CENT LITEBATE AMONQ MALES AT
LEAST 21 YEARS OF AGE.
Total.
54.8
53.6
76.5
83.4
36.7
Cuban
citizenship.
49.5
53.2
71.6
81.2
37.3
Other and
unknown
citizenship.
73.7
83.4
78.1
83.7
32.7
While a little more than one-half of all of the males of voting age were liter-
ate, the proportion of literate among the whites bom in Spain and other foreign
countries was much higher. There was, moreover, a surprisingly high percent-
age of literacy among the native Cubans who had adopted foreign citizenship.
Probably most of these were Cubans who had been educated in foreign lands.
The percentage of literates is higher in the case of aliens than in the case of
Cuban citizens, for every class except the colored, where it is notably less.
In the 19 cities having a population of at least 8,000 inhabitants each there
were 118,586 male Cuban citizens of voting age. Of these, 93,268 were able to
read, this number forming 78.7 per cent of the total, which indicates a very
high degree of literacy. In the rest of the island, which may be regarded as the
rural part, the number of such citizens was 311,928, and the number of literates
among them, 119,662. The percentage of literacy in the rural districts was
only 38.4 per cent, being in striking contrast with the corresponding figure for
the cities.
The following table presents for the urban and rural districts of each province
the percentages of literacy among male Cuban citizens of voting age:
PROVINCE.
PER CENT LITERATE AMONG M.ULS
CT7BAN CITIZENS AT LEAST
21 TEAKS OP AOE.
Cities having
8,000 or more
inhabitants.
Rural
districts.
Total .
78.7
38.4
82.8
81.6
79.3
72.8
67.3
66.9
55.3
49.6
61.7
62.4
68.4
64.8
176
POPULATION.
The highest urban literacy was in Habana, which was followed closely by
Camagiiey, The lowest proportions of literates in the cities were in Matanzas
and Pinar del Rio. The rural literacy was greatest in Pinar del Rio and least
in Camagiiey, where less than one-half the voters could read. In every province
except Pinar del Rfo literacy was greater in the cities than in the country.
The following table shows for each city of more than 8,000 inhabitants the
proportion of literates among male Cuban citizens of voting age:
INHABrrA.NT8.
Per cent
literate.
CITT HATINO AT LSAST 8,000
nfBABITANTS.
Per cent
Uterate.
84.8
82.9
81.6
78.3
77.3
75.4
75.1
73.5
73.1
71.6
Trinidad
71.6
Calbarito
71.3
■CamagQey
C&rdenas
69.1
Marianao
68.2
Pinar del Rio
67.3
Guant&narno
Sancti-Spiritus
65.0
Sagua la Grande
San Antonio de los Bafios
GOines
63.0
59.7
jovellanos
41.7
Manzanillo
Education. — Of male Cuban citizens of voting age, 6,322 held degrees in-
dicating college or technical education. Of these, 2,296 were academic degrees
and 4,026 were professional degrees. The following table shows the proportion
of persons holding degrees among the Cuban and alien males of voting age,
classified by color and nativity:
FEB CENT OF MALES AT LEAST 21 YEARS
OF AQE WITH DEOREES.
COLOR AND NATTVITT.
Total.
Cuban
citizenship.
Other and
unknown
citizenship.
Total
1.4
1.5
1.2
White:
Bom in Cuba
2.2
0.9
7.2
0.1
2.1
1.7
9.2
0.1
5.8
Bom in Spain
0.8
Bom in other coiintries
7.0
Colored
0.1
The proportion of those who had received higher education was greater
among the native white Cubans than for any other class except the whites
of other countries.
CONJUGAL CONDITION.
A natural family, as distinguished from groups of persons called families
by the census, usually originates when a man and a woman begin to live to-
gether and apart from their kindred. If the man or woman goes to live with
the kindred of the other party, the census does not regard this as a new family.
Under American law such a commencement of cohabitation is usually pre-
ceded by an expression of social approval of the union in the form of a mar-
CONJUGAL CONDITION.
177
riage ceremony, ci\il or religious. American legislation tends to encourage
such public announcement of the intent of the parties by making the ceremony
easy and inexpensive. American courts also incline to hold parties married,
if they were legally able to marry and intended to do so, even though they did
not meet all the requirements of the law. For example, emancipated slaves in
the United States have usually been held to be married to the persons with
whom they were cohabiting and the court has not insisted that a marriage
ceremony should be proved. The Spanish law, on the contrary, like the law
of most Catholic countries, holds a ceremony of marriage to be necessary to
institute a lawful relation of husband and wife, and under its provisions the
intent of the parties is by no means so decisive a factor as it is under Ameri-
can jurisprudence.
A class of persons has been recognized by the Cuban census who would not
be legally husband and wife, or legally parent and child, under Spanish law,
but who would in most cases be so considered under American law. These
are persons who were living together as man and wife without legal sanction of
their union, and also the children of such persons. The classes which appear
are (1) the single, within which is included every one who has never been
lawfully married and who was not living without legal sanction as the hus-
band or wife of another; (2) the legally married, or those living together in
lawful wedlock; (3) consensually married, or those living together by mutual
consent but without sanction of law as husband and wife; and (4) the
widowed, or those who had been lawfully married, but whose marriage had
been ended by the death of the other.
The following is a summary of the conjugal condition of the people of Cuba:
CONJUGAL CONDITION.
Total
Single
Married
Oonsensually married
Widowed
Number.
2,048,980
1,369,476
423,537
176,509
79,468
Per cent
distribution.
100.0
66.8
20.7
8.6
3.9
The married. — The number of married persons in Cuba in 1907 was
423,537, or 20.7 per cent of the population. In 1899 the proportion was 15.7
per cent; in 1861, 16.5 per cent; and in 1841, only 8 per cent. Thus there
was in 1907 a much larger proportion of the population reported as married
than ever before. It was also larger than the proportions so reported in
Porto Rico and Jamaica in 1899 (16.6 per cent and 18.6 per cent, respectively),
but less than the proportions reported so in the United States in 1900 (36.5 per
cent) and in Spain in the same year (37.7 per cent). Indeed, nearly every
country of Europe has a higher proportion of its population married than
Cuba has. It must be remembered, however, that in Cuba there is another
element to be added, the consensually married, to make these comparisons
178
POPULATION.
entirely just. Moreover, as has been shown, the population contains a very
large proportion of young children, which, of course, tends to reduce the propor-
tion of married in the total population.
The proportion of married to population differed in the different provinces
as follows:
PBOVINCS.
Number
married.
Per cent.
Cuba
423,537
20.7
Ho-hAnn. ,,..,.,,
124,166
26,316
101,726
65,336
47,943
46,013
77,374
23.1
CamagOey
22.3
Santa Clara
22.2
City of Habana
22.0
Pinar del Rio
10.9
MatanzAA ,.,,.....,..
19.2
Oriente
17.0
Oriente, where the proportion of young children was very large, and, as will
be seen later, the proportion of consensual marriages was also large, had the
smallest proportion of married in its population, while Habana had the largest
proportion. The reason for the differences among the above proportions will
be developed farther on.
Whether the married persons in Cuba were more numerous in cities or in
country districts is shown by the following table:
Total
popula-
tion.
MARRIED.
Number.
Per cent.
Total
2,048,980
423,537
20.7
Nineteen cities
619,835
1,429.145
129,029
294,508
20 8
Rest of Cuba
20 6
The difference in the proportions is too slight to be significant. An analysis
by provinces, however, brings out differences not shown in considering Cuba
as a whole. The following table shows these proportions by provinces and
brings out differences which were hidden in the summary:
FBOTINCE.
PER CENT MARRIED.
In urban
districts.
In rural
districts.
Cuba
20.8
20 6
CamagOey
22.2
21.9
20.0
19.8
18.7
18.6
22 3
Habana
26.1
Santa Clara
22.8
Pinar del Rio
20 0
Matanzas
19.4
Oriente
16.7
CONJUGAL CONDITION.
179
In every province except Oriente the proportions of the population married
were greater in the rural districts, the differences between them ranging from
trifling proportions up to 2.8 per cent in Santa Clara and 3.2 per cent in Ha-
bana. In Oriente the proportion in cities was decidedly greater.
The 19 larger cities of Cuba stood as follows as to the proportion which the
married formed of the total population:
CITY HAVING AT LEAST 8,000
INHABITANTS.
Per cent.
CITT HAVINO AT LEAST 8,000
INHABITANTS.
Per cent.
Total
20.8
Guanabacoa
19.7
19.6
19 6
San Antonio de los Baflos
24.8
24.2
22.2
22.0
21.3
21.0
20.4
19.8
19.7
Manzanillo
Caibari^n
Santiago de Cuba
19 6
Cainagtley
19.5
Habana
Trinidad
19 5
Marianao
18.9
Sancti-Spiritus
Guant&namo.
18 4
C&rdenas
17.6
Pinar del Rio
Jovellanos
13 5
Cienfuegos
The above shows 6 cities with greater percentages of married than the
average for Cuba and 13 with smaller percentages. The first group contains
Habana, with its suburb, Marianao, and the considerable city of Camagiiey.
The second group contains most of the second class cities of the island, including
Santiago de Cuba, Matanzas, Cienfuegos, Manzanillo, and others. There is
no apparent relation between the size of the city and the proportion that the
married form of the total population.
Of the married, 217,511 were males and 206,026 were females. This excess
of married men over married momen, 11,485, or 5.3 per cent of the married
men, is to be accounted for by the presence of married immigrants, who have
left their wives behind them. Following are the numbers of married men and
married women in each province with the excess of one over the other:
MARRIED.
PBOVINCE.
Men.
Women.
Excess of
men.
Cuba
217,511
206,026
11,485
r?.
Camagtley
13,467
64,733
23,267
39,539
24,656
51,849
12,849
59,433
22,746
37,835
23,287
49,876
618
Habana
5.300
521
Oriente
1,704
Pinar del Rio
1,369
Santa Clara
1,973
Nearly half of the excess of married men was in Habana province. In 1899,
the excess of married men over married women was only 4,783, or 3.8 per cent
of the married men, while in 1861 it was 7,203, or 6.1 per cent of the married
men.
180
POPULATION.
It is commonly assumed that marriage does not begin with either sex below
the age of 15. By this census 86 persons only, 4 males and 82 females, below
that age were reported as married. If children under that age be excluded,
the proportion between those of marriageable age and those married becomes
much more significant. This is shown below with similar figures for Cuba and
Porto Rico in 1899 and for the United States in 1900 for comparison:
COUNTKT AND CENSUS.
Per cent married
form of popula-
tion at least 15
years of age.
Cuba, 1907
Cuba, 1899
Porto Rico, 1899. . .
United States, 1900
32.6
24.7
29. «
55.5
The elimination of the large numbers of young children in Cuba in 1907
greatly increases the proportion.
The following table shows the per cent of the population 15 years of age and
over which is married in each age group in comparison with similar per cents
for Cuba in 1899 and for the United States in 1900:
FEB CENT MABBIED.
Cuba.
1907
1899
United States,
1900
Total
15 to 19 years. . . .
20 to 24 years
25 to 29 years
30 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
46 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
Unknown
32.6
5.8
24.8
41.7
49.9
49.1
42.1
30.0
16.7
8.3
24.7
3.2
15.4
28.8
37.1
39.3
33.0
24.0
14.9
9.4
55.5
6.0
34.2
60.6
73.6
79.2
78.3
70.4
60.8
32.8
From the above it appears that in no age group were as many as half the
people married, the highest proportion being in the age group 30 to 34 years,
in which 49.9 per cent of the people were married. The proportions for 1907
were, however, much larger than the corresponding proportions in Cuba in
1899, when the highest proportion was 39.3 per cent for the age group 35 to 44
years. The proportion was smaller than the corresponding proportion in the
United States in 1900, in every age group, and in several age groups, particu-
larly the older ones, the proportions were much smaller. In the youngest age
group, 15 to 19 years, they approached the United States figures most closely,
being but slightly less. The proportion of the total married in this age group
in Cuba in 1907 was much greater than it was in 1899, the proportions
CONJUGAL CONDITION.
181
being 3.2 per cent and 2.4 per cent, respectively. In the United States in 1900
the corresponding proportion was still less, namely, 1.7 per cent.
The following table shows what proportion of the total number of married
was in each age group in Cuba in 1907 and in 1899 :
PER CENT DISTRIBUTION
OP TOTAL MARRIED.
1907
1899
3.2
2.4
13.7
9.5
18.2
16.0
15.9
17.9
26.2
29.5
14.9
15.7
5.8
6.7
2.1
2.3
15 to 19 years. . .
20 to 24 years. . .
25 to 29 years. . .
.30 to 34 years
35 to 44 years. . .
45 to 54 years. . .
55 to 64 years ...
65 years and over
The largest proportion in any 5-year age group was in that of 25 to 29 years.
From that age on, there was a steady decline in the proportion of married.
Comparison with the figures of 1899 show that in 1907 the married were rela-
tively more numerous at ages up to 29 years and less numerous at more ad-
vanced ages.
The following table shows by provinces the per cent of adults (15 years and
over) who were married, both in 1907 and in 1899:
PROVINCE OR CITT.
PER CENT MARRIED FORMED
OF TOTAL POPULATION
AT LEAST 15 TEARS
OF AQE.
1907
1899
Cuba -
32.5
24.7
Camagtley
35.9
35.1
34.2
33.4
30.1
29.4
28.6
34.1
Santa Clara
25.0
Pinar del Rio
25.8
Habana
26.3
City of Habana
24.8
Matanzas .
20.5
Oriente
21.8
A wide range is noticeable from Camagiiey down to Oriente. In every pro-
vince the proportion is greater than it was in 1899 and in some cases startlingly
so. One-third of all persons of 15 years of age and over were married, as
compared with one-fourth eight years earlier.
It is a well known fact that in the great majority of marriages the man is older
than the woman. To obtain a measure of this difference in age, it is necessary
to analyze the figures of conjugal condition by sex and compute the average
ages of married men and married women. The average Cuban husband was
40 years of age, the average wife 33 years. There is thus a difference of seven
years between them.
182
POPULATION.
The following table gives the proportion which the married of each sex in
each age group bore to the total population of that group. Corresponding
figures from the census of 1899 are introduced for comparison.
16 to 10 years
20 to 24 years
26 to 29 years
30 to 34 years
36 to 44 years
45 to 54 years....
65 to 64 years
66 years and over
Unknown
PIBB CKNT MABRIED.
1807
Males.
0.4
11.6
35.1
48.3
52.6
50.6
39.7
25.4
9.0
Females.
11.0
40.2
49.4
51.8
44.8
31.7
18.8
7.7
7.4
1899
Males.
0.2
6.5
20.0
34.3
42.1
39.4
31.6
23.1
10.6
Females.
6.0
25.0
38.8
40.4
36.8
25.3
16.0
6.7
7.2
The per cent of males married in the age group 20 to 24 years was but
slightly different from the per cent of females married in the age group 15 to 19
years. The agreement is not so close in the next periods, but the per cent of
males married in the age group 30 to 34 years accords closely with the per cent
of females married in the next younger age group. The maximum per cent of
males who were married was in the age group 35 to 44 years, while for females
it was in the age group 30 to 34 years.
The following table shows by provinces and age groups the per cent of males
and females who were married:
PER
CENT MARRIED.
AGE.
CamagQey.
Habana.
Habana
city.
Matanzas.
Oriente.
Pinar del
Rio.
Santa
Clara.
MALES.
15 to 19 years. . . .
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.3
0.4
20 to 24 years ....
11.8
9.7
8.1
11.4
13.9
11.0
12.0
25 to 29 years
39.2
32.5
27.2
34.6
35.6
36.0
37.3
30 to 34 years
52.1
47.3
42.1
47.6
45.0
49.0
51.0
35 to 44 years ....
59.3
53.8
50.0
48.6
46.3
53.8
55.9
46 to 64 years ....
60.0
53.9
52.5
42.9
44.0
52.6
53.3
65 to 64 years ....
51.6
44.2
45.2
28.0
38.5
43.3
38.6
65 years and over
39.3
30.3
31.7
16.4
29.6
28.2
21.2
FEMALES.
15 to 19 years. . . .
0.7
9.6
7.0
9.9
10.6
12.9
13.0
20 to 24 years
41.1
38.0
31.5
36.6
37.8
43.7
44.9
25 to 29 years ....
54.5
60.0
43.7
46.6
42.6
60.2
66.0
30 to 34 years
60.9
62.6
47.0
47.0
44.4
50.8
57.4
35 to 44 years. . . .
54.8
45.7
41.4
40.2
37.4
47.7
49.6
45 to 64 years ....
42.3
31.9
29.7
26.3
27.3
35.9
34.6
65 to 64 years ....
29.4
18.4
16.5
16.0
16.2
23.0
18.8
65 years and over
12.2
7.8
6.8
6.8
7.3
9.7
7.4
CONJUGAL CONDITION.
183
Of males, the highest proportions of married at ages 15 to 19 and 20 to 24
were in Oriente; at all other ages the highest proportions were in Camaguey.
The highest proportion in any age group was in Camaguey, at ages 45 to 54.
The highest in Habana and Habana city were in the same age group, while in
the other four provinces the maximum proportion was in the next younger age
group, 35 to 44 years. The smallest proportions in the youngest age groups
were in Habana and Habana city, and in the older age group in Matanzas.
Of females, the highest proportions of married up to 30 years of age were in
Santa Clara. At more advanced ages the highest proportions were in
Camaguey. The lowest proportion in the age group 15 to 19 years was in
Habana city and in the age group above 65 years it was in Matanzas.
The highest proportion of married males was at about the age of 45, except
in Matanzas and Oriente where it was apparently 10 years earlier. Among
women, the maximum proportion was at about the age of 30, except in Habana
city, where it was apparently a little older, say about 32 years.
Not nearly so large a proportion of the colored were married as of the whites,
as is shown below:
Total
population.
MARBIED.
Number.
Per cent.
Total
2,048,980
423,537
20.7
White
1,428,176
620,804
363,820
59,717
25.4
Colored
9.6
The proportion of colored who were married was but little more than one-
third that of the whites. The different provinces, however, differed greatly
in this regard, as is seen below:
PROVINCE OK CITT,
PER CBNT
HARRIED.
White.
Colored.'
Cuba
25.4
0.6
Matanzas
27.8
27.6
26.7
26.5
24.1
23.5
21.3
5.2
Habana
8.3
City of Habana
8.2
Santa Clara
11.0
Camag^Oey
14.0
Pinar del Rio
9.3
Oriente
11.3
> Includes black, mixed, and yellow.
In Matanzas, the proportion of married among the whites was between 5 and
6 times that among the colored; in Habana and Habana city it was between
three and four times as great, and in Camaguey it was less than twice as great.
184
POPULATION.
In two former censuses, those of 1841 and 1861, comparable returns as
to the number of whites and colored who were married were obtained, and
from them the following table has been compiled:
CENSUS.
PKB CENT MARRnCD.
White.
Colored.
1841
10.4
22.8
20 4
25.4
6 2
1861
8.1
6.1
9.6
1899
1907
From the above it appears that the per cent of married among whites has
increased greatly in 66 years, though there was a slight falling off in 1899, due
to the war and to the fact that the per cent of married among the colored has
also increased, though not by any means as rapidly.
The proportions married of the several classes of population were as
follows :
COLOR AND SEX.
Total
population.
MARRIED.
Number.
Per cent.
White:
Males
771,611
656,565
303,271
317,533
188,370
175,450
29,141
30,576
24 4
Females
26.7
Colored:!
Males
9 6
Females
9.6
1 Includes black, mixed and yellow.
It has already been shown that there was nearly three times as large a pro-
portion of married among all whites as among all colored. This is equally
true when only those of marriageable age are considered, as is seen below.
In the following table similar per cents are given for each province and the
city of Habana:
PROVINCE OR dTT.
PER CENT MARRIED FORM
OF POPULATION AT LEAST
15 YEARS OF AGE.
White.
Colored.
Cuba
40.3
15.0
Matanzas
43.7
42.6
40.4
40.1
39.1
36.3
35.6
7.6
Santa Clara
16.7
Pinar del Rio
15.8
Habana
11.8
Camagtley
21.7
City of Habana
11.4
Oriente
19.3
Among whites a larger proportion of the adult population was married in
Matanzas province than elsewhere in Cuba and a smaller proportion in Oriente.
Among colored, the proportion of married was smallest in Matanzas and
CONJUGAL CONDITION.
185
largest in Camagiiey. In Matanzas the proportion of married among the
whites was nearly six times as great as among the colored; while, on the other
hand, in Camaguey and Oriente the proportion of the married among the
colored was more than half that of the whites.
In the provinces the proportion of married was far more uniform among
the whites than among the colored. The range of proportions of the whites
was from 36.5 per cent in Oriente to 43.7 per cent in Matanzas, while among
the colored the range was from 7.6 per cent in Matanzas to 21.7 per cent in
Camaguey. The proportion of married among the colored in Camaguey was
nearly three times that in Matanzas. To what extent thase wide differences in
the proportion of the married in the provinces are reduced by consensual
marriages, will appear later.
j?%The following table presents the adult population and the married, by color
and sex, with percentages:
Population
at least 15
years of age.
UABBIED.
COLOR AND SEX.
Number.
Per cent
of total.
White:
Males
503,434
400,070
191,185
206,098
188,367
175,380
29,140
30,564
37 4
P'emales
43 8
Colored:'
Males
15 2
Females
14 8
» Includes black, mixed, and yellow.
The married among white males were relatively nearly two and one-half
times as numerous as among colored males and the married among the white
females nearly three times as numerous as among the colored females. The
proportion of married among white females was decidedly greater than the
proportion among white males ; while of colored males, the proportion married
was somewhat greater than that of colored females.
v> In any community, that sex which is weakest numerically contains the
largest proportion of married persons, and vice versa. Of the whites of Cuba,
the males formed no less than 54 per cent, while among the colored, the same
sex was slightly in the minority, with 48 per cent. Below are given similar pro-
portions for each province and Habana city:
PER CENT MARRIED FORM OF TOTAL.
PROVINCE OR CITY.
Males.
Females.
White.
Colored .»
White.
Colored.!
Camagiiey
37.4
36.9
33.5
41.0
34.3
36.9
39.1
21.5
12.6
12.8
7.5
19.6
15.7
16.3
41.4
44.3
40.3
47.0
37.2
45.0
46.9
21.0
Habana
11.1
City of Habana
10.3
Matanzas
7.8
Oriente
18.0
Pinar del Rio
16.8
Santa Clara
17.0
' Includes black, mixed, and yellow.
186
POPULATION.
The proportion of white females returned as married was larger in each pro-
vince than the proportion of white males so returned. In each province also
white males were in excess of white females. Among the colored larger pro-
portions of the males than of the females were married in four of the prov-
inces, but in Habana province and city and in Oriente the reverse was true.
In Camagiiey, Pinar del Rio, and Santa Clara, colored males were in excess
of colored females, and the proportion of females returned as married was
larger in each. In Habana and Oriente the proportion of females was the
larger and the proportion of males returned as married was larger in each.
So far the provinces followed the proposition laid down above, that the sex
which is in the minority contains the greater proportion of married. But in
Matanzas more than half of the colored population were females, while the
proportion of married of that sex was the greater. The difference in the pro-
portion of the sexes returned as married was, however, slight.
In the following table is shown the per cent which the married formed of
the total number of persons in each age group, classified by sex and color:
FEB CENT MARBIKD FOBlf OF TOTAL.
Males.
White.
Colored.*
Females.
White.
Colored.*
All ages.
24.4
9.6
26.7
9.6
16 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
25 to 29 years
30 to 34 years
36 to 44 years
45 to 54 years. . . .
55 to 64 years
66 years and over.
0.4
12.5
39.0
54.3
61.3
61.6
56.5
46.8
0.3
9.0
20.3
26.8
25.7
21.6
13.4
7.6
13.2
48.4
61.1
65.6
59.3
43.7
27.1
11.9
6.»
22.0
23.0
21.8
17.4
11.5
6.4
3.0
> Includes black, mixed, and yellow.
The proportion of married was much greater among whites than among
colored for each sex in all age groups, and as the age increased the differences
between them also increased. The married were proportionally about 2.5 as
numerous among white men as among colored men, and among women of the
two races, the proportion was 2.8. Taking these ratios as standards, it appears
that the colored men were above the standard up to about 35 or 40 years of age,
and colored women up to perhaps 27 years. Above those years the propor-
tions for the colored were below the average. The proportion of white males
married reached and passed that of white females at about the age of 35
years; and, similarly, the proportion of colored males married passed that
of colored females at about the age of 30 years.
The tables relating to conjugal condition classify the white population also
with respect to nativity, as native whites and foreign whites. The native whites
numbered 1,224,539. Of these, 286,389, or 23.4 per cent, were married. The
CONJUGAL CONDITION.
187
foreign whites numbered 203,637 and of these, 77,431, or 38 per cent, were
married. Thus it appears that a much larger proportion of the foreign
white were married than of the native white. But as among the native white
there were large numbers of young children, while there were scarcely any
among the foreign white, the comparison is hardly a just one. It will be fairer
to take out from both elements of the population the children under 15 years of
age. The number of native whites of 15 years of age and over was 711,262; of
these, 286,322, or 40.2 per cent, were married. The foreign white of 15 years
and over numbered 192,242, of whom 77,425, or 40.2 per cent, were married.
The proportions are identical. The following table classifies the married
white by sex and nativity:
NATIVITY AND BEX.
White popu-
lation at
least 15 years
of age.
ILABRIED.
Number.
Per cent of
total.
Native white:
Males
346,856
364,406
156,578
35,664
130,609
155,713
57,758
19,667
37.6
42.7
36.9
55 I
Females
Foreign white:
Males
Females
The above shows that native white males and females were married in nearly
equal proportions, but that of the foreign whites the proportion of women
married was much greater than that of men. This is due to the fact that few
single women have migrated to the island.
The following table shows what per cent of the adult white population is
married, by nativity, sex, and age group:
PER CENT MARRIED FORM OP POPULATION AT LEAST
15 TEAKS OF AOB.
AOK.
Males.
Females.
Native white.
Foreign white.
Native white.
Foreign white.
15 to 19 years
0.5
14.7
45.6
60.0
64.1
62.6
56.2
46.6
0.2
6.1
26.0
45.9
66.3
59.8
57.1
47.0
13.1
48.2
60.3
64.4
58.1
42.6
26.3
11.2
16.0
20 to 24 years
61.7
25 to 29 years
68.4
30 to 34 years
73.3
35 to 44 years
69.4
45 to 54 years
52.9
66 to 64 years
33.0
66 years and over
16.9
In every age group except the two highest, the proportion of native white
males married exceeded the proportion of foreign white males married, while
on the other hand, the proportion of foreign white females married exceeded
that of native white females married in every age group. In other words, a
larger proportion of native white men were married than of foreign white men,
188
POPULATION.
and a much larger proportion of foreign white women were married than of
native white women. This doubtless means that a large proportion of im-
migrant white women have come to Cuba with their husbands.
Consensually married. — On the schedules in the present census there are
many cases in which a man and woman of about the same age were reported
as occupying the same house but as bearing different names and standing in
no admitted relations to each other. In most cases the family included one
or more children bearing the woman's name. All such families were entered
on the schedules by the initials C. M,, meaning consensually married, or per-
sons cohabiting as husband and wife without formal legal sanction upon the
union, and the children were entered as technically illegitimate. Any one fa-
miliar with Cuban life knows that in certain classes and regions such unions are
frequent and often as permanent, and secure as good care and nurture f6r the
children, as if the law had sanctioned the relation.
The number of persons thus living together in 1907 was 176,509, or 8.6 per
cent of the total population. In 1899 the proportion was 8.4 per cent. There
has been a slight increase in the proportion during the eight years. In Porto
Rico in 1899 the proportion was 8.8 per cent, or a little more than the pro-
portion in Cuba in 1907.
A fairer comparison than with population may be with the number of mar-
ried. In 1907, for every consensual marriage, there were 2.4 legal marriages.
The provinces of Cuba showed the following per cents of persons consen-
sually married to population in 1907 and 1899.
PROVINCE.
PER CENT CONSENSUALLY
MARRIED FORMED OF TOTAL.
1907.
1899.
Cuba - -
8.6
8.4
CamagQey
6.6
6.5
7.3
7.5
11.1
12.6
3.9
Pinar del Rio
7.2
Habana
6.8
Santa Clara
7.6
Oriente
12.1
Matanzas
10.4
The smallest proportion in 1907 was in Camaguey, as in 1899. The
largest was in Matanzas, which since 1899 had replaced Oriente in this position.
Camaguey, Habana, and Matanzas increased their proportions, Pinar del Rfo
and Oriente decreased theirs, and Santa Clara had the same proportion in
1907 as in 1899.
To a considerable extent, consensual marriages supplement legal marriages,
being in general more numerous where the proportion of legal marriages is
below the average and vice versa. This is shown as follows by per cents of
population:
CONJUGAL CONDITION.
189
PER CENT
MARRIED FORM
POPUIM.TION.
OF TOTAL
Both
classes.
Legally
married.
Consensually
married.
Cuba
29.5
20.7
8 8
Matanzas
31.8
30.4
29.7
28.1
27.9
26.4
19.2
23.1
22.2
17.0
22.3
19.9
12 6
Habana
7 3
Santa Clara
7 5
Oriente
11 1
Camaglley
5 6
Pinar del Rio
6 5
The proportion which those legally and consensually married bore to the
total population, 29.3 per cent, does not compare unfavorably with the pro-
portion of married in other countries, as in the United States, 36.5 per cent,
and in Spain, 37.7 per cent. The provinces which had the smallest proportion
of married, as Oriente and Matanzas, had the largest proportion of consensual-
ly married, while on the other hand, Camagiiey, which had the smallest pro-
portion of consensually married, had very nearly the largest proportion of
married.
The following are the proportions of those consensually married in the 19
largest cities:
CITY HA VINO AT LEAST 8,000
INHABITANTS.
Per cent
consensually
married
form of total
population.
CITY HA VINO AT LEA8T 8,000
INHABITANTS.
Per cent
consensually
married
form of total
population.
Cuba
8.0
Marianao
8.3
8 4
4.5
4.5
4.7
5.1
5.8
6.1
6.9
7.8
8.0
GuantS,namo
9.5
Matanzas
9.7
Guanabacoa
9.7
Cienfuegos
10.2
10.5
GOines
10.8
Manzanillo
12.5
Jovellanos
19.4
Pinar del Rf o
Of the above, the proportion in 11 is less than the proportion for Cuba and
in 8 it is greater.
The distribution of the consensually married in city and country is of in-
terest. This is shown below.
Total
Population.
CONSENBUALLT HABRDtD.
AREA.
Number.
Per cent.
619,835
1,429,145
49,598
126.911
8.0
8.8
190
POPULATION.
It is plain that consensual marriage is more prevalent in the rural parts of
Cuba than in the cities.
The following table extends this study into the provinces, showing per cents
only. Corresponding figures for 1899 are added for comparison :
PBOT1NC>.
FEB CKNT CONaENSUALLT MAKBI2D.
1907
In urban
districts.
In rural
districts.
1899
In urban
districts.
In rural,
districts.
CamagQey . . .
Eabana
Matanzas . . . .
Oriente
Pinar del Rto
Santa Clara . .
6.0
6.3
13.2
11.8
6.4
7.4
3.1
7.7
7.6
8.2
7.7
7.2
4.3
6.S
11. f
12. •
7.1
7.f
In 1907, the proportion in the rural districts was greater in the provinces of
Camagiiey, Matanzas, and Oriente, and less in those of Habana, Pinar del
Rio, and Santa Clara. The rural parts of Matanzas and Oriente contained
the largest proportions of all, while in the cities of Matanzas province this
mode of family life was very prevalent.
Of the 82 municipalities of Cuba, there was 8 in which the number of con-
sensually married exceeded the number of lawfully married. These were Jo-
vellanos and Pedro Betancourt in Matanzas province and Alto Songo, Bayamo,
Cobre, Guantdnamo, Manzanillo, and Palma Soriano in Oriente province.
In 1899, out of the 135 municipalities which then existed, there were no fewer
than 25 in which the number of consensually married exceeded the number
of lawfully married.
Of the 176,509 consensually married in Cuba, 85,131, or 48.2 percent, were
males and 91,378, or 51.8 per cent, were females. Considering adults only,
the number and proportion of the consensually married, together with similar
figures for Cuba and Porto Rico in 1899 added for comparison, are given in
the following tabular statement:
,
POPULATION
AT LEAST 15 TEABS OF AOB.
Total.
Consensually married.
Number.
Per cent.
Cuba, 1907
1,300,787
995,761
534,941
176,495
131,732
84.241
13.6
Cuba, 1899
13.2
Porto Rico, 1899
15.7
As a result of the increase of young children in Cuba in the 8 years preced-
ing 1907, the increased proportion shown for Cuba in that year as com-
CONJUGAL CONDITION.
191
pared with 1899 is relatively greater than the increase based upon total
population would be.
In the following table proportions based upon adult population by provinces,
are given for 1907 and 1899 :
PROVINCE.
PER CENT CON8EN8UAI.lt
MARRIED.
1907
1899
Matanzas
19.4
18.7
11.8
11.1
11.0
10.6
9.1
15.9
21.3
11.7
11.8
10.7
9.6
7.0
Oriente
Santa Clara
Pinar del Rio
City of Habana
Habana
CamagOey
Owing to the differing proportions of young children in the different pro-
vinces, the above figures for 1907 bear little relation to corresponding percent-
ages based upon total populations. In 4 of the above provinces and Habana
city the proportions were greater in 1907 than in 1899. In 2 only, Pinar del
Rfo and Oriente, were they less. These provinces, it will be remembered,
had the greatest rate of increase and the largest proportion of young
children.
In the following table the proportion which the total, the consensually mar-
ried, and the legally married formed of the total population in 1907 is given
by age periods:
15 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
25 to 29 years
30 to 34 years.. . .
35 to 44 years. . . .
45 to 54 years
65 to 64 years
65 years and over
PER CENT MARRIED FORM OP TOTAL
POPULATION.
Both
Consensually
Legally
married.
classes.
married.
7.6
1.7
6.8
33.1
8.3
24.8
57.0
15.3
41.7
67.8
17.9
49.9
69.9
20.8
49.1
62.6
20.5
42.1
47.8
17.8
30.0
32.3
15.6
16.7
It will be noted that the proportion of the consensually married is relatively
largest in the more advanced age groups. In the age period 15 to 19 years they
formed less than one-third the proportion of the legally married, while in the
age group 65 years and over, the proportions were nearly the same. When
those of advanced ages were younger, doubtless the practice of consensual
marriage was more common than now; moreover, the colored, among whom
consensual marriage is much more common than among whites, are relatively
more numerous at advanced ages than at the younger ages.
192
POPULATION.
In the following table proportions of the legally married and the consensu-
ally married are classified by sex and by age groups. The corresponding per-
centages of married and consensually married in Cuba, in 1899, are also
shown:
PER CENT HARRIED FORM OF TOTAL POPULATION.
Males.
Females.
AOK.
1907.
1899.
both
closses.
1907.
1899.
both
classes.
Both
classes.
Legally
married.
Consen-
sually
married.
Both
classes.
Legally
married.
Consen-
sually
married.
15 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
25 to 29 years
30 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
66 years and over. .
0.6
16.1
46.5
63.5
71.9
72.0
60.6
45.7
0.4
11.6
35.1
48.3
52.6
50.6
39.6
25.4
0.2
4.5
11.4
15.2
19.3
21.4
21.0
20.3
0.6
11.0
32.2
50.6
61.0
59.1
50.1
40.1
14.1
52.9
69.2
73.2
67.4
51.0
32.9
18.5
11.0
40.2
49.4
51.8
44.8
31.7
18.8
7.7
3.1
12.7
19.8
21.4
22.6
19.3
14.1
10.8
10.6
39.7
56.2
60.2
55.2
40.5
26.2
14.4
The separation of the sexes in the age analysis is very important, since the
ages of the married of the different sexes differ widely. Comparing the legally
married with the consensually married of the same age periods, it is seen
that among the males of 15 to 19 years, the proportion of the legally mar-
ried was double that of the consensually married, and that the ratio between
the two increased, reaching a maximum at about 30 years of age, when it
was more than 3 to 1. From that age on it decreased so that among those of
65 years and over, the consensually married were four-fifths as numerous as the
legally married.
The proportion of the legally married to the consensually married among
females was largest in the youngest age group and diminished steadily to the
highest age group, at which age the number of consensually married was
greater than the number of the legally married in the proportion of 10 to 7.
The increase in the proportion of legally married to consensually married
among males in the four lower age groups is not significant, as it was small and
the numbers involved are not large. The decrease in that proportion with
advancing years, or the increasing proportions of consensually married to
legally married with males above 30 years and with females at all ages, is due
in part to a general diminution of the custom, and in part to a relative reduction
in more recent years in the proportion of colored in the total population,
among whom the custom is most common.
The maximum proportion of all married is found among males at about 45
years, and among females in the age group 30 to 34 years. These maxima
occurred in 1907 at the same ages as in 1899.
The number of the consensually married among whites was 68,298, or 4.8^
per cent of the white population. The number among the colored was 108,211,,
CONJUGAL CONDITION.
193
or 17.4 per cent of the colored population. Thus the proportion of consensually
married among the colored was between three and four times as great as among
the whites. Comparing the consensually married with the legally married, it
appears that among the whites there were only 19 consensually married to
100 legally married, while among the colored there were 181 consensually
married to 100 legally married. These proportions appear as follows in the
provinces and Habana city :
PROVINCE OR CITY.
CONSENSUALLT MARRIED
TO EACH 100 LEGALLY
MARRIED.
CamagQey
Habana
City of Habana
Matanzas
Oriente
Pinar del RIc.
Santa Clara ...
This table shows very wide diflFerences among the provinces, from 12 in
Matanzas to 40 in Oriente, among the whites, and among the colored from 78
in Camaguey to 537 in Matanzas. This province, it will be noted, has the
smallest proportion of whites consensually married and by far the largest pro-
portion of colored consensually married.
The following table shows the number and the proportion of the population
consensually married in the six largest cities of Cuba:
CITY HAVINa AT LBABT 25,000 INHABITANTS.*
Total.
CainagUey
Cardenas ,
Cienfuegos
Habana
Matanzas
Santiago de Cuba.
Population.
462,634
29,616
24.280
30,100
297,159
36,009
45,470
CONSENSUALLY MARRIED.
Niunber.
35,910
1,400
2,563
3,081
23,287
3,506
2,073
Per cent
of total.
7.8
4.7
10.5
10.2
7.&
9.7
4. a
1 C&rdenas also included.
In the cities of Habana and Cienfuegos the proportion of the population
consensually married was larger than the similar proportions for the provinces
in which they are situated. In the other 4 cities, the proportions were less.
The proportion of the consensually married to the population in these 6
large cities was less than the similar proportion for all Cuba; this proves
that consensual marriage is more common in the rural districts of Cuba
than in its cities.
The following table shows for each of the 6 largest cities the proportion of
the consensually married of each element of the population, classified by color:
13
194
POPULATION.
CITT HATDra AT LEAST 26,000 INHABITANTS.'
PBB CBNT CONSBNSUAIXT
MASRIF.D FORM OP TOTAI.
POPULATION.
CamagOegr
C&rdenas
Cienf uegos
Habana
Matanzaa
Santiago de Cuba .
iC&rdenas, with 24,280 inhabitants, also included.
In every city, the per cent of colored consensually married was more than
double that of the whites. Indeed, in Matanzas it was five times as great, and
in Cardenas, six and one-half times as great.
The total number of native whites 15 years of age and over was 711,262, of
whom 59,340, or 8.3 per cent, were consensually married. The foreign whites
15 years of age and over numbered 192,242, of whom 8,952, or 4.6 per cent,
wei-e consensually married; this percentage is only a little more than half as
great as that shown for native whites.
Classified by sex, as well as nativity, the proportions consensually married
appear as follows:
NATIVITY AND SEX.
Per cent con-
sensually mar-
ried form of
population at
least 15 years
of age.
NATIVITY AND 8KX.
Per cent con-
sensually mar-
ried form of
population at
least 15 years
of age.
Native wfaite:
Males
8.2
8.4
Foreign white:
4.8
Females
Females
3.8
The proportions for native white males and females are very nearly equal,
•the females being slightly the more numerous. But among the foreign white,
the proportion of males consensually married was decidedly the greater.
The following table classifies the native white males and foreign white males
conseasually married by age groups:
AGE QKOUP.
PKn CENT WHITE MALES CON-
SENSUALLY MARRIED FORM OF
TOTAL WHITE MALE POPULA-
TION.
Native.
Foreign.
0.1
3.0
6.7
8.9
2.7
12.4
5.5
14.6
7.8
15.1
8.9
13.2
7.8
9.2
4.6
16 to 19 years ...
20 to 24 years ...
25 to 29 years. . .
30 to 34 years ...
35 to 44 years. . .
45 to 54 years. . .
65 to 64 years . . . ,
65 years and over
CONJUGAL CONDITION.
195
In every age group the proportion of native white is decidedly the greater.
The maximum proportion is reached by both classes in the age group 45 to 54
years.
The following table classifies the consensually married whites of each pro-
vince and the city of Habana, by nativity, expressing it as a percentage of the
population of each class:
; ■■■ — 1 :=
PROVINCE.
PER CENT CONSENSDALLT
MABRIBO FORM OP POPULATION
AT LEAST 15 YEARS OF AOB.
Native white.
Foreign white.
Cuba
8.3
4.6
CamagQey
7.6
6.1
6.9
5.2
15.7
9.2
6.5
5.0
4.0
4.2
5.5
5.9
4.3
6 1
Habana
City of Habana
Matanzas
Oriente
Pinar del Rio
Santa Clara
The proportions for the native white show great diversity in the different
provinces, ranging from 5.2 per cent in Matanzas to the surprising propor-
tion of 15.7 per cent in Oriente, showing that the mean for Cuba is a com-
posite of widely differing communities. The proportions of the foreign white,
on the other hand, differ little in the several provinces, the range being from
4 per cent in Habana province to 5.9 per cent in Oriente. The proportion
of native white is greater than the proportion of foreign white in every
province except Matanzas, where the proportion for foreign white is slightly
the larger.
The widowed. — The number of widowed in Cuba in 1907 was 79,458, which
was 3.9 per cent of the whole population, or 6.1 per cent of the population 15
years of age and over. In 1899 the number of widowed was 85,167, or 5,709
more than the number in 1907. Thus, in spite of an increase of 30 per cent in
the total population, the number of widowed actually decreased. The propor-
tion which the widowed bore to the whole population in 1899 was 5.4 per cent,
and to that part of the population 15 years of age and over, 8.6 per cent.
The proportion of widowed in 1907 was very small, much less than the
proportion in Porto Rico in 1899, 8.6 per cent, or the proportion in the United
States in 1900, 7.9 per cent. But in comparison with the proportion in the
United States, the reader must remember that in Cuba the consensually
married were nearly one-third as numerous as the married, and that when
such a union is broken by death the survivor is relegated not to the widowed
class, but to the single class. Hence, for fair comparison, the proportion of
widowed should be increased by about two-fifths, making it approximately
8.5 per cent, or somewhat larger than the proportion in the United States.
For the above reason proportions between the widowed and the married will
196
POPULATION.
be used in the following discussion instead of proportions between the widowed
and the total population or the population 15 years of age and over.
In 1907 the proportion of widowed to married was 18.8 per cent. This
stands in strong contrast with the similar proportion 8 years eariier, 34.6 per
cent, and with that of Porto Rico in 1899, 29 per cent. The proportion in the
United States in 1900 was, however, decidedly less, being 14 per cent.
Below are shown the number of widowers to 100 husbands and the number
of widows to 100 wives in Cuba, Porto Rico, and the United States:
COUNTKT AND CENSUS.
Widowers
to 100
husbands.
Widows
to 100
wives.
Cuba, 1907
Cuba, 1899
Porto Rico, 1899. . .
United States. 1900
9.3
18.4
15.3
8.4
28.7
61. S
42.0
19.7
The proportion of widowers in Cuba has been reduced in 8 years to about
one-half, while that of widows is but little more than one-half. The proportion
of widows in 1907 was about three times that of widowers, while in the United
States it was a little more than twice that of widowers.
Of the native whites, there were 19.1 widowed to 100 married. Of the foreign
whites, the corresponding number of widowed was 14.5 and of the colored 22.8.
Thus the colored had the the largest and the foreign whites the smallest pro-
portion.
Carrying the analysis farther, and introducing the distinction of sex, it
appears that of the native whites, there were 9 widowers to 100 husbands and
27 widows to 100 wives; of the foreign whites, the corresponding figures were
9 widowers and 29 widows; and of the colored, 11 widowers and 34 widows.
Thus the colored showed the largest proportion of widowed in each sex.
In the city of Habana there were 43 widowed to 100 married of the native
whites; 43 widowed to 100 married of the foreign whites; and 76 widowed to
■ 100 married of the colored.
The following table presents the proportions of widowed to married, by sex
and age groups:
Widowers to
Widows to
100 husbands.
100 wives.
7
1
1
»
2
4
3
9
6
28
13
76
28
100
66
682
15 to 19 years... .
20 to 24 years....
25 to 29 years
30 to 34 years....
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
The above figures show a steady and rapid increase with advancing age in
each sex, but with the females the increase is much more rapid. This results,
as has been heretofore noted, in a great preponderance of widows over widowers.
CONJUGAL CONDITION.
197
This excess of widows is found in all countries. It may be accounted for in one
or both of two ways; first, since husbands are, as a rule, older than their wives,
their death rate is necessarily greater, that is, more of them die each year;
second, widowers remarry in greater proportion than widows, and in re-
marrying, often choose maidens rather than widows.
The following table gives, for each province and for the city of Habana,
the proportion of widowed to married, by sex, for 1907 and 1899:
1907
1899
PBOymCE OB CITT.
Widowers
to 100
husbands.
Widows
to 100
wives.
Widowers
to 100
husbands.
Widows
to 100
wives.
9
11
11
11
7
9
9
29
36
44
33
25
19
25
14
24
15
20
14
20
20
46
Habana
65
City of Habana
57
54
Oriente
47
Pinar del Rio
46
Santa Clara
60
The proportion of widowers was smallest in Oriente and largest in Habana
and Matanzas. Of widows, the proportion was smallest in Pinar del Rfo and
largest in the city of Habana. The proportion of widows to widowers ranged
from a trifle over 2 in Pinar del Rfo to 4 in Habana city. In every province the
figures for 1907 were much smaller than in 1899.
The single. — The small proportion of married in the total population, 20.7
per cent, has been considered. Adding to this the per cent of the consen-
sually married, 8.6, the total, 29.3 per cent, is by no means large. We should
expect, therefore, to find that the proportion of single is large. There were,
indeed, in 1907, 1,369,476 single persons in Cuba, including persons whose
conjugal condition was unknown, and 1,098 divorced persons. This is 66.8
per cent, or about two-thirds of the total population. In 1899, the single
formed 70.5 per cent of the population, a notably greater proportion.
The proportion in 1907 was larger than the proportion in any other country
of importance of which we have a census. This is a result of the large per-
centage of young children. By eliminating those under 15 years of age, a
different result is obtained. The population 15 years of age and over was
1,300,787, while the single of those ages numbered 621,386, or 47.8 per cent.
The corresponding proportion in 1899 was 53.4 per cent and in Porto Rico in
the same year, 45.9 per cent.
Of the males 15 years of age and over in 1907, 53.5 per cent were single and
of the females, 41.2 per cent; in 1899 the corresponding proportions were 59
per cent and 47.4 per cent. The proportion of single among adults of each sex
materially diminished in the 8 years.
Single males were largely in excess of single females, a phenomenon due in
part to the excess of males over females in the island, and in part, to the excess
of widows over widowers.
198
POPULATION.
The proportion of single in each age group and by sex is shown below:
PBB CENT BINOLE FORM OF TOTAL POPULATION.
1907
Males.
Females.
1899
Males.
Females.
Under 15 years. .
16 to 19 years. . .
20 to 24 years . . .
26 to 29 years . . .
30 to 34 years. . .
36 to 44 years . . .
46 to 54 years . . .
56 to 64 years . . .
65 years and over
100.0
99.4
83.8
52.8
35.2
25.0
21.3
28.2
37.6
100.0
85.8
46.6
28.6
21.9
21.2
25.1
29.8
36.4
99.9
99.3
88.6
67.2
45.9
33.1
32.1
38.0
42.9
99.8
89.1
67.8
36.7
29. S
28.8
31.8
34.6
41.8
The proportion of single diminished with advancing age, with the males
down to the age group 45 to 54 years and with the females to the age group
35 to 44 years; in the higher age groups they increased. The same phenom-
enon of an increase in the proportion of the single in the later age groups was
noted in Cuba and Porto Rico, by the census of 1899, and in the Philippine
Islands, in 1903; but in the United States and European countries, this phe-
nomenon is not present, and the proportions go on decreasing to the end of
life. Its explanation in the case of Cuba is found in the simple fact that
when one of the partners in a consensual marriage dies, the remaining one, in-
stead of becoming widowed, returns to the class of single. Since the con-
sensual marriages were much more numerous among the colored than among
the whites we should expect a greater increase in later years among that race.
The following table shows this to be true:
PER CENT SINGLE FORM OF TOTAL POPULATION.
Males.
Females.
White.
Colored.1
White.
Colored.!
15 to 19 years. . . .
20 to 24 years . . . .
25 to 29 years
30 to 34 years. . . .
35 to 44 years. . . .
45 to 54 years. . . .
55 to 64 years. . . .
66 years and over .
99.5
86.0
53.6
34.7
23.1
17.4
16.4
15.7
99.1
80.3
60.5
37.2
30.8
31.6
46.4
55.9
85.1
43.6
24.5
16.6
14.3
15.2
16.3
17.7
87.4
63.0
38.1
33.4
34.1
41.8
49.0
57.6
> Includes black, mixed, and yellow.
For the single the per cent of white males diminished throughout; the
female white reached a minimum at 44 years and then increased, but not
greatly. The per cent of colored males reached a minimum at 44 years and
then increased greatly; while the colored females reached a minimum at
34 and then also increased greatly. This seems to confirm the above ex-
planation.
CONJUGAL CONDITION.
199'
All classes of conjugal condition. — In the following table, the four classes'
of conjugal condition are brought together, classified by age groups and
expressed by per cents of the total population of each age group, for Cuba;,
the provinces, and the city of Habana. A second table for Cuba, classifies the
population also by sex.
Population, classified by conjugal condition — per cent of total.
Legally
married.
ConsensuaJly
married.
Widowed.
15 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
25 to 29 years
30 to 34 years....
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
65 to 64 years
65 years and over
15 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
25 to 29 years
30 to 34 years....
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
15 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
25 to 29 years
30 to 34 years
35 to 44 years..,.
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
15 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
25 to 29 years
30 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years. . . .
65 years and over
15 to 19 years
20 to 24 years....
25 to 29 years
30 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
1 Includes divorced.
200
POPULATION.
Population, classified by conjugal condition — Continued.
Legally
married,
Consensually
married.
15 to 19 years. .. .
20 to 24 years
25 to29 vears
30 to 34 years
35 to 44 years....
45 to 54 years....
55 to 64 years....
65 years and over
15 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
25 to 29 years
30 to 34 years
35 to 44 years....
45 to 54 years
65 to 64 years...,
66 years and over
15 to 19 years....
20 to 24 years
25 to 29 years
30 to 34 years
35 to 44 years.. ..
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
Widowed.
1 Includes divorced.
Population, classified by conjugal condition and sex.
PEB CENT OP TOTAL.
Males.
Single
or un-
known.*
Legally
married.
Consen-
sually
married.
Widowed.
Females.
Single
or un- I
known.*
Legally
married.
Consen-
sually
married
Widowed.
All ages .
15 to 19 years. .
20 to 24 years. .
25 to 29 years. .
30 to 34 years . .
35 to 44 years . .
45 to 54 years . .
65 to 64 years . . .
65 years and over
70.0
20.2
7.9
1.9
99.4
83.8
52.9
35.2
25.0
21.3
28.2
37.6
0.4
11.6
35.1
48.3
52.6
60.6
39.6
25.4
0.2
4.5
11.4
15.2
19.3
21.4
21.0
20.3
0.1
0.6
1.3
3.1
6.7
11.2
16.7
63.4
21.1
9.4
6.1
85.8
46.5
28.7
21.9
21.2
25.1
29.8
36.6
11.0
40.2
49.4
51.8
44.8
31.7
18.8
7.7
3.1
12.7
19.8
21.4
22.6
19.3
14.1
10.8
0.1
0.6
2.1
4.9
11.4
23.0
37.3
46.9
•Includes divorced.
ILLEGITIMATE CHILDREN.
All children bom of the consensually married are under Cuban laws tech-
nically illegitimate; but under the heading of illegitimate children have been
included only those children found in the families of the consensually married.
ILLEGITIMATE CHILDREN.
201
The number of them is, therefore, confessedly incomplete, especially the
number of those above the ages of childhood, since many of mature years have
left their homes and consequently could not be identified as of this class. The
extent of these omissions will appear later in the discussion of the illegitimate
by age periods.
The total number of children returned as illegitimate was 257,888, or 12.6
per cent of the total population. The corresponding proportion in 1899 was
11.8 per cent. Thus in the 8 years there was a slight increase in the proportion
of illegitimate children. A part of this increase is explainable by the fact of a
general increase in the proportion of children.
The following table shows the distribution of illegitimate children among
the provinces and the city of Habana:
PKOVINCE OR CITT.
Total
population.
ILLEOITIMATB CHIIiDREN.
Number.
Per cent.
Cuba..
CamagOey
Habana
City of Habana
Matanzas
Orieiile.
Pinar del Rio. .
Santa Clara
2.048,980
267.888
12.6
118,269
538,010
297,159
239,812
455,086
240,372
457,431
11,197
39,623
21.607
27,753
98.763
35.564
44,983
9.6
7.4
7.3
11.6
21.7
14.8
9.8
The proportions of illegitimate children were greatest in Oriente and Pinar
del Rio, at the two ends of the island, where the proportions of children were
greatest, and least in Habana city and province, where the proportions of
children were smallest.
The two following tables show the proportion the illegitimate children
formed of the total population in the 6 largest cities and in the provinces
outside of those cities:
Total
population.
TT-T.KQITIMATB CHILDREN.
Number.
Per cent.
Aggregate
2,048.980
257.888
12.6
Cities having at least 25,000 inhabitants
462.634
39,140
8.5
Camagtley
29,616
24,280
30,100
297,159
36,009
46,470
1,586.346
2,399
1,927
3,303
21,607
4.079
6,825
218.748
8.1
CS^rdenas
7.9
11.0
Habana
7.3
11.3
12.8
Provinces exclusive of cities having 25,000 in-
habitants
13.8
88,653
240,851
179,523
409,616
240,372
427,331
8.798
18,016
21,747
92,943
35,564
41.680
9.9
7.6
12.1
22.7
Pinar del Rio
14.8
9.8
>C&rdenas also Included.
14
202
POPULATION.
In the six largest cities, the illegitimate children formed 8.5 per cent of the
population, while in the rest of Cuba they formed 13.8 per cent of the popula-
tion, which fact .shows that this class was decidedly more numerous in the
country districts. Of the cities, Santiago de Cuba showed the largest per-
centage, while Matanzas and Cienfuegos had large proportions.
The number of illegitimate children among the native whites was 94,772,
or 7.7 per cent of that element of the population ; the number among the foreign
whites was only 341; the number among the colored was 162,775, or 26.2 per
cent of all the colored. It thus appears that the number of illegitimate children
among the colored was nearly twice as great as the number among the native
white and that the proportion was between three and four times as great.
The following table shows the percentages which illegitimate children
formed of the total, the native white, and the colored population, by age
groups:
-Under 5 years
5 to 9 years
10 to 14 years
15 to 19 years. . . .
20 to 24 years
25 years and over.
FEB CENT ILLEQITIMATE CHILDRBN FOBU
or TOTAL POPULATION.
All classes.
25.7
27.0
20.8
16.3
8.2
1.7
Native white.
15.2
15.5
10.6
8.3
4.4
0.9
Colored.*
53.0
52.5
44.0
36.2
19.7
4.1
> Includes black, mixed, and yellow.
The proportion of illegitimate children in the population 5 to 9 years of
age is dightly, but not significantly, larger than the proportion under 5 years.
In the succeeding age periods, however, the proportions diminish rapidly.
Indeed, it is only in the two age periods below 10 years that the figures can be
considered as representing actual conditions. The proportions of illegitimate
children among the native whites and the colored show a similarly rapid
decrease above 10 years of age. Below that age the illegitimate colored are
proportionately about three and one-half times as numerous as the illegiti-
mate native whites; and above that age the ratio between the proportions in-
creases, the increase probably being due to the fact that whites leave the
iiome earlier in life than the colored.
In all probability the number of illegitimate children under 10 years of age is
tairly complete, and the ratio which they form of the whole number of children
of that age group may be assumed as applying to the entire population. In
other words about 26 per cent, or a little more than one-fourth, of all Cubans
were bom of consensual unions. This is more than double the number directly
enumerated. Similarly, about one-seventh of the native whites and more than
one-half of the colored were born of such unions.
The consensually married fonned about one-fourth of all living in the
married state, while the children born of such unions formed a little more than
•.one-fourth of all children.
CHILDREN OF SCHOOL AGE.
203
In the following table are shown the proportions which illegitimate children
under 10 years of age bore to all children of that age, in each province and in
the city of Habana. Comparison is limited to the above age group in order
to obtain a more accurate measure of the extent of illegitimacy in the
provinces.
PROVINCE OK CITY.
Per cent illegitimate
form of pop-
ulation under
10 years of age.
Camagfley
18 4
Habana
18 5
City of Habana
20 7
Matanzas ; , .
25 5
Oriente
38 8
Pinar del Rio
29 8
Santa Clara
20 0
The above figures may. be regarded as applying to all ages. In other words,
in Camagtiey and Habana provinces between 18 and 19 per cent of all the
people were born of consensual marriages, and in Oriente not less than 38 or
39 per cent.
CHILDREN OF SCHOOL AGE.
The children of school age, 5 to 17 years, numbered 541,445 in 1907, and
formed 26.4 per cent of the total population. This proportion compares with
35.1 per cent in Cuba in 1899, 33.8 per cent in Porto Rico in 1899, and 28.3
per cent in the United States in 1900. This great reduction in the proportion
of children of school age in Cuba in 8 years calls for explanation. During the
revolution and reconcentrations, however much the children of school age may
have suffered, those below school age suffered far more. Not only did a large
proportion of them perish, but their numbers were lessened by the decrease,
in marriages and births. The children who were in 1899 less than 5 years of
age were in 1907 in the class of school age, and that class was consequently
reduced. Indeed, the number of children of school age in 1907 was actually
less than the number in 1899 (552,928).
Of the children of school age in 1907, 272,585, or 50.3 per cent, were males,
and 268,860, or 49.7 per cent, were females.
The following table shows for each province and for the city of Habana the
proportion of school children to total population:
PROVINCE OR CITY.
Per cent children
5 to 17 years
of age form of
total population.
City of Habana
Habana
Habana, excluding the city
Matanzas
Santa Clara
Pinar del Rio
Oriente
CamagOey
22.6
23.4
24.3
25.4
25.8
28.7
29.2
29.5
204
POPULATION.
The above figures show that in the provinces most remote from the middle
of the island where most of the fighting and where the reconcentration took
place, the proportion of school children is largest; but even in these prov-
inces the proportion is far less than it was for Cuba in 1899.
SCHOOL ATTENDANCE.
The total number of children of school age, 5 to 17 years, was 541,445. Of
these, 171,017, or 31.6 per cent, attended school during the year preceding
September 30, 1907. This proportion is nearly twice as great as that shown by
the census of 1899, which was 15.7 per cent.
It has been shown that literacy is much more common in large cities than
in the rest of Cuba, and the conclusion naturally is that school attendance is
more common in the large cities. That this is so appears from the following.
The 6 cities of Cuba with more than 25,000 inhabitants each had together
110,810 children of school age. Of this number, 55,336, or 49.9 per cent, at-
tended school. The corresponding proportion in 1899 was 33 per cent. In
the rest of Cuba, the proportion of the children of school age attending school
in 1907 was 26.9 per cent. The corresponding proportion in 1899 was 11,5
per cent. These figures indicate a great gain in school attendance at the later
census year. In 1907 the proportion of children of school age attending school
in the 6 largest cities was nearly twice as great as the proportion in the rest of
Cuba. The following table gives the proportion attending school in each city:
Per cent children
attending school
form of
population
5 to 17 years
of age.
CamagQey
. Cfirdenas
Cienfuegos'
Habana
Matanzas
Santiago de Cuba
63.8
46.1
54.8
48.7
66.0
48.8
The following table gives the proportion of children of school age attending
school in each province, and the proportion attending school in each province
outside of cities of 25,000 inhabitants or more:
PER CENT CHILDREN ATTENDING
SCHOOL FORM OP POPCLATION
5 TO 17 YEARS OF AGE.
PROVINCE.
In entire
province.
In province
exclusive of
cities having at
least 25,000
inhabitants.
CamagOey
27.7
42.3
35.1
25.4
24.1
30.7
20 •
Habana
35 0
Matanzas
29 0
Oriente
23 2
Pinar del Rio
24 1
Santa Clara
29 0
LITERACY. 205
These tables illustrate in greater detail what was stated above for Cuba as
a whole.
Of the male children of school age, 32.5 per cent, and of the female children,
30.7 per cent, attended school. This result is surprising, inasmuch as it is
shown farther on that a larger proportion of the female children than of the
male children were literate.
Of white children of school age, 31.3 per cent, and of the colored children,
32.3 per cent, attended school. This again is surprising, as the proportion of
literates among whites was greater than the proportion among colored.
The following table shows the proportion of the population in certain age
groups who attended school:
Per cent
attending
school.
5 to 9 years.
10 to 14 years.
15 to 17 years.
28.5
62.0
0.6
More than nine-tenths of all children attending school were under 15 years
of age.
LTTERACy.
A census can take cognizance of the degree of education of a people only as
it is indicated by certain simple tests. These tests refer usually to formal or
book education, not because that is necessarily the most important, but because
it is the most easily tested. The tests used by the present census were attendance
at school, ability to read, and possession of college or technical education, as
indicated by the possession of a degree. It is obvious that attendance at school
certifies nothing regarding a person's educational attainments; yet, if the
entire population is to be classed according to degree of education, some as-
sumption must be made regarding children attending school. It can not intro-
duce serious error to assume that all children attending school were able to
read, and all under 10 years of age and not attending school were not able to
read.
In 1907, of the 1,481,573 inhabitants 10 years of age and over, 837,958, or
56.6 per cent, were able to read. Of the total population, 40.9 per cent were
able to read. In 1899 the proportion was 36 per cent; in 1887, 27.7 per cent,
and in 1861, 19.2 per cent, thus showing a steady and rapid increase in literacy.
The following table shows the proportions of literate in the population 10
years of age and over in the case of the native whites, foreign whites, and
colored, for each province and for the city of Habana:
206
POPULATION.
PEE CENT LITERATE FORM OF POFDLATIOM
AT VEA3T 10 YEAR3 OF AGE.
Native
white.
Foreign
white.
Colored.'
CamagQey
61. G
74.8
91.8
60.9
51.6
38.9
54.3
76.1
82.6
86.8
66.2
71.8
61.8
61.8
56.4
Habana
58.5
Cltv of Habana
66.4
Idatanzas
39.3
Oriente
43.0
Pinar del Rio
43.2
pf^ntn. riarfl., ,
43.2
> Includes black, mixed, and yellow.
Among the native whites, Hteracy was highest in the city of Habana, where
more than nine out of ten persons could read. It was least in Pinar del Rfo,
where less than two-fifths were able to read. This was the only province with
less than one-half literate among the native whites. Indeed, the proportion of
literates in this province was less among native whites than among colored.
Among foreign whites the proportion of literates was high, ranging from a
little more than three-fifths in Pinar del Rio and Santa Clara up to almost
seven-eighths in the city of Habana. Among the colored, the proportion of
literates was smallest in Matanzas, where it was about two-fifths, and highest
in the city of Habana, where almost two-thirds of the people were literate.
It is usually the case that literacy is higher in cities than in the country,
since in the former, schools are better, more numerous, and more generally
attended. In the 6 cities of over 25,000 inhabitants each, the literates formed
82.6 per cent of the population 10 years of age and over, while in the rest of
Cuba, the proportion of literates was only 47.9 per cent.
The following table gives the proportion of literates in the population at
least ten years of age in each of the cities having 25,000 or more inhabitants
and in the city of Cardenas, which has 24,280 inhabitants:
CITY HAVING AT LEAST 25,000
IKHABITANTS.
Per cent literate
form of
population
at least 10 years
of age.
CITY HAVING AT LEAST 25,000
INHABITANTS.
Per cent literate
form of
population.
at least 10 years
of age.
Camagfley
84 7
79 7
H abana
83.9
82.6
77.9
Santiago de Cuba
73.8
The following table shows the proportion of the several elements of the
population, ten years of age and over, who were able to read :
COLOB AND NATXTTTT.
PER CENT LITERATE FORM OF POPULATION
AT LEAST 10 YEABS OF AGE.
Both sexes.
Males.
Females.
All classes
56.6
68.3
54.6
Native white
58.6
74.4
45.0
58.0
77.7
44.7
59 2
Foreign white
60 1
Colored
45 4
LITERACY.
207
Of the total population, the proportion of males who could read was larger
than that of females. Among the native white and the colored, the proportion
of females who could read was slightly larger than that of males, while among
the foreign white, the proportion of literate males greatly exceeded that of-
literate females.
The foreign whites had the largest proportion of literates, while the colored'
had the smallest.
The following table shows, for the total population, the proportion of literatea
in each age group:
Per centi
literate.
10 to 14 years. . . .
15 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
25 to 29 years
30 to 34 years . . . .
36 to 44 years. . . .
45 to 54 years. . . .
65 to 64 years . . . .
65 years and over.
70.7
67.2
59.9
56.7
55. 6'
50.9
46.2
39.2
31.5
There was a steady and rapid reduction in literacy with advancing age.
This is in part due to the increasing facilities for education, especially during
the last eight years, and in part to the decreasing proportion of colored, the
least literate class.
The following table shows the proportion of literates in each age period;,
of each sex, color, and nativity.
10 to 14 years. . . .
15 to 19 years. . . .
20 to 24 years. . . .
25 to 29 years. . . .
30 to 34 years ....
35 to 44 years. . . .
45 to 54 years ....
55 to 64 years. . . .
65 years and over.
PBB CENT LITERATB.
Males.
69.7
65.4
61.0
59.6
60.0
55.6
60.0
42.0
31.0
Females.
71.6
69.0
68.7
53.5
49.8
46.2
39.3
36.1
32.0
Native
whites.
70.6
66.8
58.9
64.5
63.7
62.4
50.1
49.9
60.8
Foreign
wlxites.
82.6
82.4
76.6
75.2
74.6
72.8
72.1
69.0
60.7
Colored.
69.9
64.5
54.9
49.6
43.6
34.2
23.0
15.9
10.5
•Includes black, mixed, and yellow.
The proportions of the two sexes, for the age group 10 to 14 years, were not
dissimilar, females having a slight advantage, which they increased in the next
age group. Then males took the lead and maintained it until the last age
period. According to the proportions of literates for the first two age periods,
girls have availed themselves to a greater extent than boys of the present
modern school system. During the Spanish regime, when those now over 20
years of age were children, few facilities were afforded for elementary educa-
tion, and less to girls than to boys.
In all the above elements of population there is a more or less rapid decrease
208
POPULATION.
in literacy with increasing age, but with certain elements the decrease is more
rapid than with others. The colored, starting in the first age period with
practically the same degree of literacy as the native whites, fall off with great
rapidity, so that the oldest age group contains little more than one-fifth of the
proportion of literates as the same group of native whites, and little more than
one-seventh of the colored proportion at the ages from 10 to 14 years. It is
rather surprising to find that the colored literates 10 to 14 years of age are
practically as numerous, proportionately, as the native whites. The foreign
whites, of course, show a high degree of literacy at all ages; even at the most
advanced age, three-fifths of them could read. Literates among the native
whites dropped from seven-tenths to one-half between the youngest and most
advanced ages.
The following table shows for each pro^^nce and for the city of Habana the
proportion of Uterates in the total population 10 years of age and over, and in
each sex:
PBOTiNci; OS crrr.
PER CENT LITERATES FORM OF POPULATION
AT LEAST 10 TEARS OF AGE.
Both sexes.
Males.
Females.
CainagrQey
62.1
72.7
83.9
52.9
49.6
39.0
62.0
60.0
75.8
88.7
52.7
51.3
43.9
52.4
64.6
Habana
69.0
City of Habana
78.4
Matanzas
53.1
Oriente
47.8
Pinar del Rio
33.2
Santa Clara
51.5
In the case of the total population, males, and females, the highest pro-
portions were in Habana city and the lowest in Pinar del Rfo. In Habana,
Oriente, Pinar del Rio, and Santa Clara, the proportions of literates were
greater among males than among females, and in the other two provinces the
reverse was the case.
OCCUPATIONS.
By occupation, in connection with a census, is meant gainful occupation, or
an occupation by means of which a person gets a livelihood for himself or for
himself and others. It is not the head of the family alone, however, who may
be thus occupied, as it is quite possible that other or even all members of the
family may be wage-earners. Children at home or at school, house^aves, etc.,
are not considered as being "gainfully employed" so far as census statistics
are concerned.
The number of persons engaged in gainful occupations in Cuba in 1907 was
772,502. This was 37.7 per cent of the population. In 1899, the proportion
was larger, being 39.6 per cent. The reduction in the proportion in 1907 is
doubtless due to the increased number of young children. The proportion in
1907 was larger than that for Porto Rico in 1899, 33.2 per cent, but less than
that for the United States in 1900, 39.0 per cent.
OCCUPATIONS.
209
The absolute and relative numbers of persons engaged in gainful occupations
were as follows in the provinces and the city of Habana:
Population.
WAOK-EARNEBS.
Number.
Per cent.
Cuba
2,048,980
772.502
37.7
City of Habana
297,159
538,010
239,812
457,431
118,269
240,372
466,086
138,906
229.605
92,399
171,408
42,882
84,655
151,563
46.7
Habana
42.7
Matanzas
38.5
Santa Clara
37.5
CamagOey
36.3
Pinar del Rio
35.2
Oriente
33.3
The proportion of breadwinners was almost as low in Oriente as in Porto
Rico. In Santa Clara it was about the same as the average for Cuba. The city
of Habana had by far the largest proportion, and this fact raises the question
whether breadwinners were relatively more numerous in city or country.
In the 19 cities with 8,000 or more inhabitants each there was a total popula-
tion of 619,835, of which 260,774, or 42.1 per cent, were bread\vinners. Rural
Cuba had a population of 1,429,145, of which 511,728, or 35.8 per cent, were
wage-earners. The foUowdng table gives the proportion of wage-earners to the
total population in each of the 19 cities:
CITT HAVING AT LEAST 8,000
INHABITANTS.
Per cent of
wage-earners
in total
population.
CITY HAVING AT LEAST 8,000
INHABITANTS.
Per cent of
wage-earners
in total
population.
Habana
46.7
43.3
42.1
40.9
39.9
39.5
39.6
39.1
38.5
38.4
San Antonio de los Baflos
Guantanamo
37.8
37.0
Marianao
Sancti-Spiritus
36.6
Santa Clara
36.5
Cienfuegos
CamagOey
36.1
Guanabacoa
35.7
Santiago de Cuba
Caibari^n
35.3
Pinar del Rio
Manzanillo
30.6
Matanzas
Trinidad
28.8
GQines
Habana, the largest city, had the greatest proportion, while Trinidad had
less than any other city. Of the above 19 cities, 11 had proportions greater
than that for Cuba as a whole and 8 had smaller proportions.
The following table shows the proportion of wage-earners in the rural
portions of the several provinces:
PHOVINCK.
Per cent of
wage-earners
in rural
population.
PBOVINCB.
Per cent of
wage-earners
in rural
population.
38.3
37.6
37.4
CamagOey
36.3
Habana .
Pinar del Rio
35.0
Oriente
32.5
210
POPULATION.
Perhaps the most striking feature of the above figures is their uniformity.
The smallest proportion, 32.5 per cent, in Oriente, differed but 5.8 per cent
from the largest, that of Matanzas, 38.3 per cent.
Comparison of the proportions in the cities of each province with the pro-
portion in the rural parts of the province, shows that in 12 cases the proportion
of wage-earners was greater in the cities than in the rest of the province and
in 7 cases it was less.
The number of male wage-earners was 698,982, or 65.0 per cent of all males;
that of female wage-earners was 73,520, or 7.5 per cent of all females. In 1899,
the corresponding proportions were 68.2 per cent for males and 8.8 per cent
for females. There was, therefore, a reduction in the recent census in each sex.
In Porto Rico, in 1899, the proportions were 56.9 per cent for males and 9.9
per cent for females. It appears, therefore, that in Cuba in 1907 the proportion
of gainfully employed was greater for males and less for females than the
corresponding proportions for Porto Rico in 1899.
In the following table the proportions of breadwinners are given by sex, for
each province, and for the city of Habana, for 1907 and 1899 :
PER CENT OP
WAQE-EARNEBS IN l-OTAL POPULATION.
FBOTINCB OB CITT.
1907
1899
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females.
CamagQey
63.8
69.7
73.5
66.7
59.9
61.7
66.6
5.8
12.2
16.8
8.6
5.1
4.8
8.5
60.9
71.9
72.9
69.2
61.4
69.8
70.2
10.3
Habana
12.0
City of Habana
16.0
Matanzas
13.7
Oriente
5.0
Pinar del Rio ^ .
4.S
Santa Clara
7.1
In 1907 the maximum proportion among males was in Habana and the
minimum in Oriente; among females also the maximum was in Habana, but
the minimum was in Pinar del Rio. Comparing the figures of the two cen-
suses, the proportion of gainfully employed males increased in Camagiiey
alone. In every other province the proportion decreased. Of female bread-
winners, the proportion increased decidedly in Santa Clara and slightly in
Habana and Oriente. In Pinar del Rio the proportions were equal, while in
Camagiiey and Matanzas they decreased greatly.
The fact that Habana city contained the largest proportion of wage-earners
of each sex, suggests that conditions in the other cities may be similar, and that
the rural districts may contain lower proportions of wage-earners of each sex.
To test this, the proportions between the population and the wage-earners of
the 6 cities with 25,000 or more inhabitants have been obtained separately by
OCCUPATIONS.
211
sex. The male population of these 6 cities numbered 234,986, and the male
wage-earners 166,699, showing that 70.9 per cent of the males were wage-
earners. The gainfully employed females numbered 227,648, of which total,
36,326 were wage-earners, the proportion being 16 per cent.
In the sections of Cuba outside of the 6 cities having at least 25,000 in-
habitants each, the male population was 839,896, of which 532,283, or 63.4
per cent, were wage-earners; while the female population numbered 746,450,
of which 37,194, or 5 per cent, were wage-earners.
Thus, for each sex, the proportion of wage-earners was much greater in the
large cities than in the smaller cities and country districts.
The following table gives, by sex, the proportion of wage-earners to popula-
tion, in each of the 6 cities with a population of at least 25,000 inhabitants and
in each province exclusive of these large cities.
MALES.
FEMALES.
CITY OB PHOVINCE.
Total.
Wage-earners.
Total.
Wage-earners.
Number.
Per cent.
Number.
Per cent.
Cuba
1,074,882
698,982
65.0
974,098
73,520
7.5
cities having at least 25,000
inhabitants i
234,986
166,699
70.9
227,648
36,326
16.0
Camagtley.CamagQey. .
Cardenas, Matanzas. . . .
Cienfuegos, Santa Clara
Habana, Habana
Matanzas, Matanzas
Santiago de Cuba, Ori-
ente
13,668
11,634
14,489
157,155
16,593
21,547
839,896
8,660
7,882
9,695
115,437
10,723
14,302
532,283
63.8
67.7
66.9
73.5
64.6
66.4
63.4
16,048
12,646
15,611
140,004
19,416
23,923
746.450
2,019
1,713
2,321
23,469
3,129
3.676
37,194
12.6
13.5
14.9
16.8
16.1
15.3
Provinces exclusive of cities
having at least 25,000 in-
habitants
5.0
CamagUey
48,550
127,596
95,333
212,189
128,542
227,686
30,983
83,153
63,778
125,935
79,311
149,123
63.8
65.2
66.9
59.4
61.7
65.5
40,103
113,255
84,190
197,427
111,830
199,645
1,220
7,546
5,174
7,641
5,344
10,269
3.0
Habana
6.7
6.1
Oriente
3.9
Pinar del Rio
4.8
5.1
»Cfirdenas with 24,280 inhabitants also included.
There does not appear to be any relation between the proportions of wage-
earners and the population of the cities, beyond the fact that in the case of
each sex the proportion was greatest in Habana, the largest city.
Considering the males in the districts outside of the large cities, Matanzas
had the highest proportion and Oriente the lowest. For females, Habana was
highest and Camagiiey lowest.
The following table brings together, for comparison, the proportion which
female wage-earners bore to the total female population in the large cities of
the several provinces and in the remainder of the provinces:
212
POPULATION.
PROVINCB.
PER CENT OF WAOE-EARNERa IN
TOTAL, FEMALE POPULATION.
Cities having
at least 25.000
inhabitants.
Smaller cities
and country
districts.
Cama^ey
Habana
12.6
16.8
16.1
16.3
3.0
'
6.7
Matanzas
6.1
3.9
Pinar del Rio
4.8
Santa Clara
14.9
6.1
The proportion of wage-earners in the cities ranged from two and one-half
to over four times that of the rest of the provinces.
The following table gives, for each sex, the number and the proportion of
wage-earners to the total of that sex for each province and for the city of
Habana:
UALBS.
FEMALES.
PBOVINCE OR CITY.
Total.
Wage-earners.
Total.
Wage-earners.
Number.
Per cent.
Number.
Per cent.
Cuba
1.074.882
698.982
65.0
974,098
73,520
7.5
CamagQey
62,118
284.751
157,155
123,560
233,736
128.542
242.176
39,643
198,590
115,437
82,383
140,237
79,311
158,818
63.8
69.7
73.5
66.7
69.9
61.7
65.6
56.151
253,259
140,004
116.252
221.350
111,830
215.256
3,239
31,015
23,469
10,016
11,316
5,344
12.590
6.8
Habana
12.2
City of Habana
16.8
Matanzas
8.6
Oriente
5.1
Pinar del Rio
4.8
Santa Clara
8.i
Among males the highest proportions were, of course, in the city and province
of Habana. The lowest proportion was in Oriente, with Pinar del Rfo very
near it. Among females, as with males, the city and province of Habana had
the highest proportions, while Pinar del Rio was the lowest, with Oriente very
near it. Thus the provinces at the two extremes of the island had the lowest
proportions of wage-earners, a fact connected with their large proportions of
young children.
Under the instructions given enumerators, inquiries concerning occupations
applied only to persons 10 or more years of age. Hence in noting the propor-
tions of persons gainfully employed, it is better to disregard the population
under 10 years of age. Persons at least 10 years of age numbered 1,481,573 in
1907; of these 772,502, or 52.1 per cent, were breadwinners. The correspond-
ing proportion in Cuba in 1899 was 51.2 per cent, or slightly less, and in Porto
Rico in the same year the proportion was 48 per cent, which was much less.
It appears, therefore, that the reduction in the proportion of breadwinners to
total population in 1907 as compared with 1899 was due to the greatly in-
creased proportion of young children in the later year.
OCCUPATIONS.
213
The following table shows the proportion of breadwinners to population 10
or more years of age, for each province and for the city of Habana in 1907 and
in 1899:
PKOVINCE OB CITY.
Oriente
CamagOey
Ilatanzas
Santa Clara
Pinar del Rio..
Habana
City of Habana
PER CENT OF WAQE-EARNERS IN POPXJLATION
AT LEAST 10 YEABS OF AGE.
45.7
49.9
63.6
61.8
62.1
63.1
66.7
The range in the proportions of wage-earners to the population at least 10
years of age is much less than the corresponding range for the entire popula-
tion. It will be remembered that the proportions of young children were
greatest in Oriente and least in Habana city. The elimination of the children
has brought the proportions of wage-earners in the different provinces nearer
together.
The proportion of wage-earners was greater in the western than in the
eastern parts of the island and reached a maximum in the city of Habana.
In the following table the proportions of wage-earners in different age groups
are given for 1907 and 1899:
PEB CENT OF WAQE-EABNEBS.
1907
1899
10 to 14 years
15 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
25 to 29 years
30 to 34 years
35 to 44 years....
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
15.5
48.8
58.2
58.6
60.1
60.4
60.6
58.9
52.7
24.6
48.8
66.2
67.7
69.3
60.4
60.3
69.6
62.0
In 1907 only about one-seventh of those between 10 and 14 years of age
were wage-earners. In the next age period, 15 to 19 years, the proportion rose
to nearly one-half, and thereafter, up to 65 years, nearly or quite three-fifths
were engaged in gainful occupations. The proportion did not materially
diminish until the latest age period, 65 years and over, although the maximum
was reached at the period from 45 to 54 years. The differences between the
proportions for the 2 years is noteworthy in only one point. The proportion in
the first age period, 10 to 14 years, was much less at the later census. This was
probably due to two causes: first, the smaller number of children of this age in
1907, and, second, the great prosperity of the country at this time, as con-
trasted with the poverty of the people 8 years earlier.
214
POPULATION.
The following table shows the proportions of wage-earners of each sex in the
different age groups for the censuses of 1907 and 1899:
•
PER CENT OF WAOE-F.ARKEBS.
AOB.
Males.
Females.
1907
1899
1907
1899
27.8
87.1
98.8
99.3
99.3
99.3
99.2
98.7
94.7
44.0
91.6
2.6
11.1
4.6
15 to 19 vears
10.3
20 to 24 years
98.1
11.5
11.4
25 to 29 years
98.5 10.5
98.6 11.5
98.3 12.7
97.5 13.6
96.2 12.9
90.2 10.0
12.0
30 to 34 years
13.4
35 to 44 years
14.6
15.6
65 to 64 years
15.8
65 years and over
13.3
In the youngest age group, both males and females were in much smaller
proportions in 1907 than in 1899. In the second age group, males were rela-
tively fewer and females more numerous in the later year. The maximum
proportion of males, which was reached at the age of 25 and extended thence
to 44 years, in 1907, was higher in that year than in 1899, and the decrease in
advancing years was not large.
The proportion of females was greater in 1899 than in 1907 for almost all of
the age groups. In 1899, the maximum, 15.8 per cent, was reached in the age
group 55 to 64 years, while in 1907, the maximum was reached 10 years earlier
and was only 13.6 per cent.
The following table shows the number and proportion of wage-earners in the
population, classified by color and nativity and by sex:
COIXtR, NATIVITY, AND SEX.
Total.
WUtes.
Male
Female
Native
Male. . .
Female.
Foreign
Male. . .
Female.
Colored*.
Hale. . .
Female.
Total
population.
i Number.
2,048,980
1,428,176
771.611
656,565
1,224,539
608,597
615,942
203,637
163,014
40,623
620,804
303,271
317,533
WAGE-EARNERS.
772,502
531,699
505,901
25,798
369.378
349.545
19.833
162,321
156.356
5.965
240.803
193.081
47,722
Per cent.
37.7
37. J
65.6
3.9
30.2
57.4
3.2
79.7
95.9
14.7
38.8
63.7
15.0
i Includes black, mixed, and yellow.
The fact that the proportion of white wage-earners was less than that of
colored was due in part to the larger proportion of young children among
them, and in part to the larger proportion of white women workers. The
OCCUPATIONS.
215
proportion of male breadwinners was greater among the whites than among
the colored. In the case of the females, however, the proportion of colored
breadwinners was about four times as great as that of the whites.
The large proportion of breadwinners among the foreign white males is,
of course, due to the age composition of this class. The proportion of female
wage-earners was more than four times as great among the foreign whites
as among the native whites.
The following table gives the proportion of breadwinners in each age group,
classified by sex, race, and nativity:
PER CENT Oy WAOE-EABNEBS IN TOTAL POPULATION-
Males.
Native
white.
Foreign
white.
Colored.*
Females.
Native
white.
Foreign
white.
Colored.
10 to 14 years. . . .
15 to 19 years. . . .
20 to 24 years
25 to 29 years. . . .
30 to 34 years. . . .
35 to 44 years. . . .
45 to 54 years. . . .
65 to 64 years. . . .
66 years and over
27.0
84.6
98.4
99.1
99.2
99.2
99.2
98.7
95.1
50.7
97.3
99.6
99.4
99.5
99.4
99.1
98.3
91.5
27.3
87.9
99.1
99.2
99.3
99.3
99.2
98.8
95.3
1.6
6.3
5.7
4.6
4.7
5.0
5.1
4.0
2.8
11.0
27.7
27.6
18.8
14.7
13.2
12.2
8.7
6.1
4.9
19.6
21.1
20.7
23.6
25.3
26.7
26.1
17.6
' Includes black, mixed, and yellow.
The proportions of native white and colored males were very similar to one
another throughout all ages and contrast strongly with those of the foreign
white males. The latter were much the highest in the early age groups and
remained the highest to the age of 45 years, from which point they were
slightly exceeded by the other classes.
In the case of females, the proportion of the native white was much the
smallest at each age period. The proportions of the foreign white were larger
than those of the colored up to 25 years, but beyond that age they were ex-
ceeded by the latter; in the latest age periods, the excess was great. The
large proportions between 15 and 24 years among the foreign whites were
caused by the class of domestic servants, mainly immigrants from Spain.
This class has trebled in proportion since 1899.
The occupations in which persons are engaged are grouped by the census
into five main classes, as follows:
Agriculture, fisheries, and mining.
Domestic and personal service.
Manufacturing and mechanical industries.
Trade and transportation.
Professional service.
The first class includes all persons engaged in the so-called extractive in-
dustries or those concerned with getting the wealth out of the earth or water;
the third class includes those who transform the raw material furnished bj
216
POPULATION.
the extractive industries into new forms or combinations; the fourth class
includes all engaged in giving place or time values to wealth by moving it
from a place where it is less needed to a place where it is more needed, or by
saving it from a time when it is less needed until a time when it is more needed;
while the second and fifth classes include all whose contribution to society is
in the form of personal services rather than of goods or of services upon goods.
The line of division between these groups or classes is often obscure, and in
many individual cases serious difficulties have arisen in selecting the best group
to which a person or an occupation should be assigned under the imperfect
description found on the schedule.
The population of Cuba engaged in gainful occupations was divided as
follows among the 5 groups:
WAOE-EABNEBS.
OCCUPATION OBOXTP.
Number,
Per cent distribution.
1907
1907
1899
Total
772,502
100.0
100.0
Agrriculture, fisheries, and mining
374,969
122,288
126,021
136,419
12,805
48.5
16.0
16.3
17.6
1.6
48.1
Domestic and personal service
22.8
Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits
14.9
Trade and transportation
12.8
Professional service
1.4
Neariy one-half of all workers were engaged in agriculture and about one-
sixth, each, in domestic and personal service, in manufacturing and mechanical
industries, and in trade and transportation.
A comparison of the percentages for 1907 and 1899 shows that the pro-
portion in agricultural pursuits has scarcely changed, but those in domestic
and personal service have decreased greatly, while those in manufacturing
and mechanical pursuits and in trade and transportation have greatly in-
creased. The decided increase in the case of trade and transportation is due
in a measure, at least, to the recent extension of railways, and to the general
business prosperity.
The following table shows the distribution of males and females among
the great groups of occupations:
PEB CENT DISTRIBUTION OP
WAGE-EARNERS.
OCCUPATION OBOnP.
Total
Agriculture, fisheries, and mining
Domestic and personal service
Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits
Trade and transportation
Professional service
OCCUPATIONS.
217
Of the males more than one-half were agriculturists; almost one-fifth were
in trade and transportation; over one-seventh were in manufacturing and me-
chanical pursuits; and about one- tenth only were in domestic and personal
service. The proportions for the females differed widely. Two-thirds were in
domestic and personal service; one-fifth followed manufacturing and mechan-
ical pursuits; and only about one twenty-fifth were agriculturists; while in
trade and transportation the proportion was very small.
The following table shows by sex the distribution of breadwinners among
the 5 great groups of occupations, by percentage of males and females over
10 years of age:
PEB CENT OF'WAOB-EABNEBS.
OCCUPATION OBOUP.
Agriculture, fisheries, and mining
Domestic and personal service
Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits
Trade and transportation
Professional service
The following table shows by sex the distribution of breadwinners among
the 5 great groups of occupations, by percentage of the total population oc-
cupied:
OCCUPATION GHOUP.
Agriculture, fisheries, and mining
Domestic and personal service
Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits
Trade and transportation
Professional service
The following table shows the proportion of males and females in the total
number of breadwinners in each of the 5 great groups of occupations:
PEB CENT OF TOTAL
OCCUPATION OBOUP.
Agriculture, fisheries, and mining
Domestic and personal service
Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits
Trade and transportation
Professional service
From this table it appears that practically all agriculturists and practically
all of those engaged in trade and transportation were males; moreover, seven-
eighths of those engaged in manufacturing and mechanical pursuits and two-
218
POPULATION.
thirds of those in professional service were males. Of the persons engaged in
domestic and personal service three-fifths were males and two-fifths females.
The following table shows for each age period the proportion of wage-earners
engaged in each of the 5 great groups of occupations:
PBR CSNT OF WAOE-EABNEBS ENQAQED IN —
AOK.
Agriculture,
fisheries,
and mining.
Professional
service.
Domestic and
personal
service.
Trade and
transpor-
tation.
Manufacturing
and mechan-
ical pursuits.
Total
48.6
1.7
15.8
17.7
16.3
10 to 14 years
15 to 19 years
20 to 24 years •. .
25 to 29 years
30 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over ....
65.7
47.8
48.2
47.0
44.6
45.9
49.2
61.7
68.4
0.1
1.0
1.6
1.9
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.8
1.3
10.9
13.4
16.9
16.4
16.3
16.4
16.5
18.3
17.9
10.8
17.6
17.6
18.5
20.4
18.8
17.6
15.8
12.2
12.5
20.2
16.8
16.2
16.8
16.9
14.7
12.4
10.2
Much the largest occupation group at all ages was the group for agriculture,
fisheries, and mining. This group was largest in the youngest age period;
then it diminished up to 35 years, from which age it increased to the most ad-
vanced age. Professional service, at all ages, was very small, increasing up
to middle life and then decreasing. Domestic and personal service increased
up to 65 years and then diminished. Trade and transportation, starting with
a small percentage, increased up to 35 years, then diminished. The maximum
for manufacturing and mechanical pursuits was reached at the age group 15
to 19 years.
The following table shows the numbers of those engaged in the 44 im-
portant occupation classes and the proportions which the numbers so en-
gaged formed of the total number of wage-earners:
OCCUPATIONS.
219
OCCUPATION.
WAOE-EARNEHS.
Number.
Per cent.
Fanners, planters, and farm laborers
Merchants
Day laborers
Servants
Salesmen
Cigarmakers
Clerks and copyists
Launderers
Carpenters
Masons
Draymen and coachmen
Seamstresses
Policemen and soldiers
Mechanics
Shoemakers
Sailors and boatmen
Bakers
Teachers
Barbers and hairdressers
Tailors
Blacksmiths
Bankers, brokers, capitalists, and financiers
Miners
Peddlers and hucksters
Painters
Dressmakers
Harness makers
Printers, lithographers, etc ;
Cattle dealers
Fishermen
Miners and quarrymen
Machinists
Lawyers
Physicians and surgeons
Apprentices
Butchers
Steam railway employees
Firemen (not locomotive)
Officials of manufacturing companies
Boilermakers
Tinsmiths
Civil engineers and land survej'ors
Agents (real estate), collectors, and commercial travelers
Musicians
367,931
60,856
42,358
39,312
32,324
27,503
26,483
25,533
21,422
12,163
10,199
9,470
8,238
7,917
6,848
6,446
6,162
5,964
5,039
5,112
3,668
2,792
2,516
2,444
2,434
2,337
1,946
1,817
1,699
1,693
1,662
1,498
1,349
1,243
1,140
1,008
951
937
906
888
830
804
773
762
47.6
6.6
5.5
5.1
4.2
3.6
3.4
3.3
2.8
1.6
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
o;2
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
O.I
0.1
0.1
0.1
The above 44 occupations comprised 97.8 per cent of all wage-earners.
Nearly four-fifths of the total number engaged in the first 8 occupations.
Agriculturists were far the largest class, and formed nearly one-half of all
wage-earners. Merchants, second in rank, were far below them in number,
with a proportion of one-sixteenth of all.
220
POPULATION.
The following table shows the number and the proportion of wage-earners
in each of eleven selected occupations, for the native whites, foreign whites,
and colored:
OCCUPATION.
WAOE-EABNXBS.
Native white.
Number.
Per
cent.
Foreign white.
Number.
Per
cent.
Colored.'
Number.
Per
cent.
Farmers, planters, and farm
laborers
Merchants
Day laborers
Servants
Salesmen
Cigarmakers
Clerks and copyists
Launderers. . . . ;
Carpenters
Masons
Draymen and coachmen. . .
211 ,026
20,216
16,724
6,118
9,034
14,922
18,986
3,978
7.589
2,595
4,100
67.1
6.6
4.5
1.7
2.4
4.0
5.1
1.1
2.1
0.7
1.1
48,848
26,307
9,851
9,290
21 ,273
2,096
5,633
1,065
4,570
2,645
3,170
30.
16
6.
5
13.
1.
3
0.7
2.8
1.6
2.0
108,058
4,333
15,783
23,904
2.017
10,485
1.864
20.500
9,263
6,923
2.929
44.9
1.8
6.6
9.9
0.8
4.4
0.8
8.5
3.8
2.9
1.2
'Includes black, mixed, and yellow.
Among the native whites the farmers and farm laborers constituted nearly
three-fifths of the breadwinners. Merchants, who were next in rank, were less
than one-tenth as numerous. Then followed clerks and copyists, day laborers,
and cigarmakers.
Among the foreign whites, agriculturists, although the most numerous class,
formed less than one-third of the whole number of breadwinners. Then came
merchants with about one-sixth, salesmen with one-eighth, and day laborers
and servants with about one-sixteenth. There were more merchants and
salesmen in this element of the population than in any other.
Among the colored, agriculturists were again in far the greatest proportion,
with about nine-twentieths of all breadwinners. Next came servants, with
about one-tenth, then laundrymen and day laborers.
The following table gives the number and proportion of males and of females
in each of eleven selected occupations:
OCCTJPATION.
Draymen and coachmen
Carpenters
Masons
Salesmen
Farmers, planters, and farm laborers
Merchants
Day laborers
Clerks and copyists
Cigarmakers
Servants
Launderers
WAGE-EARKXBS.
Males.
Number.
10.199
21,420
12.161
32,208
364,821
50.302
41,767
25,599
24,161
15,934
1,527
Per cent.
100.0
99.9
99.9
99.6
99.2
98.9
98.6
96.7
87.8
40.5
6.0
Females.
Number.
2
2
116
3,110
654
691
884
3.342
23.378
24.016
Per cent.
0.1
0.1
0.4
0.8
1.1
1.4
3.3
12.2
59.6
94.0
FAMILIES AND DWELLINGS.
221
All of the draymen and coachmen and nearly all of the carpenters, masons,
salesmen, agriculturists, merchants, and laborers were males. Most of the
clerks and copyists, and cigarmakers were males. On the other hand, neariy
all launderers were females. Of the servants two-fifths were males and three-
fifths females.
The following table gives the proportion of all male and female wage-earners
who were engaged in certain selected occupations:
OCCUPATION.
Farmers, planters, and farm laborers
Merchants
Day laborers
Salesmen
Clerks and copyists
Cigarmakers
Carpenters
Servants
Masons
Draymen and coachmen
Launderers
PF.K CENT OF WAOE-EAKNEKS.
Male.
Female.
52.2
4.2
7.2
0.8
6.0
. .
0.8
4.6
0.2
3.7
1.2
3.5
4.5
3.1
2.3
31.8
1.7
1.5
0.2
32.7
Over one-half of all male wage-earners were agriculturists; other important
classes were merchants and day laborers. Of the female wage-earners, about
one-third were laundresses and almost as many were servants.
FAMILIES AND DWELLINGS.
A family, in the ordinary or popular sense of the word, means a group of
persons bound together by ties of kindred. Usually they live together, but
this is not necessarily involved in the word, for a married son or daughter
occupying a separate house is still regarded as a member of the family. On the
other hand, not all persons who live with the family are deemed members, for
servants, laborers, or boarders are excluded.
The census finds such a definition of the family inapplicable to its field of
work. The test of kindred can not be applied by the enumerator. In many
cases families of relatives are dispersed through the community, returns about
them come through different enumerators, and their names and the facts about
them can not be assembled on the schedules or tabulated together. Accordingly
in this field, as in several others, the census is forced to abandon the effort to
bring together data that belong together and to confine itself to the simpler and
more practicable task of tabulating together data that are found by the
enumerators conjoined. The census test of a family is not kinship by blood,
but association in home life. Persons living in the same home are for census
purposes members of the same family.
In census usage, therefore, the word "family" means the group of people,
whether related by blood or not, who share a common dwelling and table. If
a person sleeps and eats alone, he constitutes for census purposes a family.
222 POPULATION.
On the other hand, if a large group of people sleep and eat in a common
dwelling, like a hotel or convent, they make up a single census family. Census
families, therefore, may be divided into two classes: Natural families or
families in the popular sense of that word, and "other families." Members
of a natural family are bound together primarily by ties of kindred. Members
of other families are bound together primarily by other motives, usually those
of an economic character. The latter may perhaps without great violence to
the facts be called economic families. These two classes of motives may and
often do coexist, but the family should be classed with natural families or with
economic families according to the class of motives which is primary. For
example, a family having only one boarder should doubtless be grouped with
natural families, but a family in which the boarders largely outnumber the
blood relatives should be grouped with economic families.
Size of family. — The limits of size are much wider in ,the economic family
than in the natural family. The economic family may consist of one person liv-
ing alone, of two partners li\'ing together at their place of business, of three or
more boarders living with a housekeeper, or of hundreds of guests, nuns, or
prisoners living together in a hotel, convent, or prison. On the basis of number
of members alone no sharp lines can be drawn between natural families and
economic families. Still, the only classification of census families presented in
the tables of this voliune is that by size, and on this basis, therefore, an attempt
may perhaps be made to divide census families into two classes, one of which
shall consist mainly of natural families and the other mainly of economic families.
As a natural family can not be composed of a single member, the lower
limit of size for a natural family may be drawn with confidence between two
members and one. The higher limit is more vague and uncertain. Yet it
seems that if all families of more than ten persons are grouped as economic
families, a large proportion, if not a majority, of the persons in them might be
assumed to be lining apart from their kindred — that is, as farm laborers in
their employers' families or as boarders, lodgers, or residents of hotels,
schools, prisons, or other institutions treated by the census as a family, but not
so regarded in ordinary speech. On this basis, therefore, the families in Cuba
may be divided into the following three groups:
1. Families of one member.
2. Families of two to ten members.
3. Families of more than ten members.
Of these groups the second consists mainly of natural families, the first
entirely and the third largely, if not mainly, of economic families.
The total number of families in Cuba in 1907 was 427,630, an increase
over the number in 1899 of 30.4 per cent, which percentage is a little greater
than that of the increase in population. The average number of persons in a
family was 4.8 at both censuses. Considering the great increase in the number
of young children by 1907, it is surprising that the averages should be the
same for the two years. The increase in population is of course accounted for
SIZE OF FAMILIES.
223
by the above noted increase in the number of famiUes. In 1900, the average
family in the United States contained 4.7 persons, and the average for Porto
Rico in 1899 was 5.3 persons.
The following table presents the number of families and their average size,
for each province and for the city of Habana:
PBOVINCE OB CITY.
Cuba
City of Habana
Matanzas
Habana
Santa Clara. . . .
Oriente
Pinar del Rio . .
CaraagOey
Number of
families.
427,630
70,762
66,768
120,413
93,000
90,373
45,663
21,423
Average number
of persons to a
family.
4.8
4.2
4.2
4.6
4.9
6.0
6.3
6.6
The city of Habana and the province of Matanzas had the smallest average
family and the sparsely populated province of Camagiiey the largest. In
Pinar del Rio, the number was the same as in Porto Rico; and in Camagiiey,
alone, was it larger.
While the average size of the Cuban family was 4.8 persons, that of families
having native white heads was much larger, being 5.2. That of families having
foreign white heads was the same as that of the total population, 4.8, while that
of the colored was much smaller, being only 4.2.
The following table gives, for each province and the city of Habana, the
average size of family in each element of the population, as determined by the
race or nationality of its head :
PROVINCE OR CITT.
Cuba.
CamagQey
Habana
City of Habana.
Matanzas
Oriente
Pinar del EIo. .
Santa Clara ....
AVERAGE NUMBER OF PERSONS TO A FAMILY.
All
classes.
4.8
5.5
4.5
4.2
4.2
6.0
6.3
4.9
Native
white.
5.2
6.8
4.9
4.7
4.8
6.3
6.4
6.2
Foreign
white.
4.8
6.0
4.4
4.2
4.6
4.9
6.7
5.1
Colored.!
4.2
6.0
3.7
3.6
3.6
4.2
4.7
4.3
'Includes black, mixed, and yellow.
In all provinces the native white families were larger than those of the total
population; the foreign white families were smaller in one- half of the provinces
and larger in the other half; while in all cases the colored families were much
smaller.
The following table presents, for each province and for Habana city, the
per cent distribution, by size, of the whole number of families:
224
POPULATION.
PERSONS
PER CENT DISTRIBUTION
3F NUMBER OF FAMILIES.
TO A
FAMILY.
Cuba.
Caraa-
gOey.
Habana.
City of
Uabana.
Matan-
zas.
Oriente.
PInar
del Rio.
Sant»
Clara.
1
8.7
14.9
15.3
14.3
12.8
10.5
7.9
5.7
3.7
2.4
3.3
0.3
0.2
6.3
12.4
13.2
12.8
12.1
10.6
8.8
6.9
5.4
4.0
6.8
0.5
0.2
11.3
17.6
16.4
14.3
12.1
9.3
6.5
4.5
2.9
1.8
2.7
0.4
0.2
14.3
20.3
17.3
13.5
10.6
7.6
5.4
3.7
2.5
1.6
2.5
0.5
0.2
12.6
17.8
16.7
14.2
12.0
0.1
6.6
4.4
2.8
1.7
2.0
0.1
0.1
6.7
13.0
14.9
14.6
13.3
11.1
8.7
6.5
4.2
2.9
3.7
0.2
0.2
6.1
10.7
13.3
14.1
14.0
12.4
10.0
7.1
4.7
3.1
3.9
0.4
0.2
6.9
2
14.0
3
15 1
4
14.7
5
13.4
6
11.1
7
8.4
8
6 1
9
4.0
10
2.6
11 to 15
16 to 20
21 and over
3.3
0.3
0.2
The number of families of 1 person each was 37,300. This was 8.7 per cent
of the total number of families and represented 1.8 per cent of the total popula-
tion. In other words, out of every hundred people, 1.8 persons were living
alone. In 1899, the corresponding proportion was 1.95 per cent, while in
Porto Rico in 1899, the percentage was only 0.82. In the United States in
1900, families of one person each formed 5.1 per cent of all families, and
represented 1.1 per cent of the population. The proportion of 1-person fami-
lies in the provinces was greatest in Matanzas, Habana being second, and
was least in Pinar del Rio.
This disposition to live alone was far more decided in the cities than in the
country. Of the total number living alone, no fewer than 18,092, or a little
less than one-half, were living in the 19 largest cities. In these 19 cities, 2.9
persons out of every hundred were living alone, while in rural Cuba the pro-
portion was but 1.3 person in every hundred.
The following table shows the percentage of persons living alone in each
of the 19 largest cities:
CITY HAVING AT LEAST 8,000
INHABITANTS.
Per cent of
persons living
alone.
CITY HAVING AT LEAST 8.000
INHABITANTS.
Per cent of
persons living
alone.
Total
2.9
o 4
Jovellanos
4.5
3.6
3.4
3.0
3.0
2.8
2.7
2.6
2.5
Gtlines
2.1
CSrdenas
GuantS.nanio
2.1
CainagOey
2.0
Matanzas
Caibari6n
1.6
1.6
Pinar del Rio
Trinidad
1.6
Marianao
San Antonio de los Bafios
Manzanillo
1.5
1.4
Cienfuegos
Sancti-Spiritus
1.4
The proportion of families of more than 10 members was 3.7 per cent,
representing a population of 222,643, or 10.9 per cent of the total. As there
were 15,866 families in this group, the average number per family was 14.0
persons. In 1899, the proportion of the population in this group of families
was 12.9 per cent.
In the United States in 1900, this group of families formed 2.2 per cent of
all families and contained 7 per cent of the population and on the average, each
SIZE OF FAMILIES.
225
such family contained 15.2 persons; thus the proportion of such famiUes was
less than in Cuba, and the average family was large.
The following table shows for each province and for Habana city the pro-
p)ortion which the number of families of more than 10 members each formed
of the total number of families; the proportion which the population in these
families formed of the total population; and the average number of persons
in such families:
FAMILIES WITH MOKE THAN 10
MEMBERS.
PKOVINCE OK C'lTY.
Per cent number
forms of total
number of families.
Per cent popula-
tion forms of total
population.
Average number
of persons to a
family.
Cuba
3.7
10.9
14.0
7.5
3.2
3.1
2.1
4.1
4.5
3.7
18.4
11.6
13.0
6.8
10.8
12.9
10.2
13.4
Habaiia
Ifi.O
City of Habana
17.4
llatanzas
13.5
Oriente
13.4
Pinar del Rio
15.2
6anla Clara
13.6
The proportional number of families was largest in Camagiiey and smallest
in Matanzas. It is also rather small in the city and the province of Habana.
As one expects to find the proportion of the population in hotels, boarding
houses, and institutions larger in cities than in the country, the small proportion
of families in Habana is surprising until one sees that the average size of such
families is considerably larger in Habana than elsewhere and that, except in
Camagiiey, the percentage of population is greater.
The families containing from 2 to 10 members constituted 87.6 percent, or
seven-eighths, of all families, and represented 87.3 per cent of the total popula-
tion. In Cuba, in 1899, 85 per cent of the population were in this group of
families; in the United States, in 1900, the proportion was much larger, namely,
91.7 per cent, while the proportion of families in this group was 93.3 per cent.
The following table presents the percentage which families of each specified
size from 2 to 10 persons bore to all families, and the percentage of the
population contained in such families:
PERSONS TO A FAMILY.
FAMILIES WITH 2
TO 10 MEMBERS.
Per cent number
forms of total
number of families.
Per cent popula-
tion forms of total
population.
Total
87.6
87 3
2..
14.9
15.4
14.4
12.8
10.5
7.9
6.7
3.7
2.4
6 2
3
9 6
4
12 0
5
13.4
6
13 1
7
11 5
8
9 5
9
7 0
10
5 0
15
226
POPULATION.
Families of 3 members were the most numerous, but the families of 5 mem-
bers contained the largest proportion of the population. Dividing the above
into two groups, first, small families, those with from 2 to 5 members, and
second, large families, those with from 6 to 10 members, it appears that the
small families comprised 57.4 percent of all families, but represented only 41.2
per cent of the population; while the large families comprised only 30.2 per
cent of all families, but represented 46.1 per cent of the population.
The following table shows, by provinces, the proportion which families of
2 to 10 members bore to all families, and the proportion which the population
in them bore to the total population:
PROVINCE.
rAHILIES WITH 2
TO 10 MEMBEBS.
Per cent number
forms of total
number of families.
Per cent popula-
tion forms of
total population.
Cuba
87.6
87.3
Plnar del Rio ....
89.4
89.4
89.3
86.2
85.4
85.3
86.0
88.4
Oriente
87 9
CamagQey
80.6
fiabana
85 0
Matanzas
90.2
In four of the provinces the percentage of families was greater than that of
population.
Dtvellings. — ^^Fhe total number of occupied dwellings in Cuba in 1907 was
350,830. The average number of persons to a dwelling was 5.8 and the
average number of families, 1.2. In 1899, the number of occupied dwellings
was 262,724; thus there was an increase in 8 years of 33.6 in the number.
In 1899, the average number of persons to a dwelling was 6.0 and the aver-
age number of families, 1.2.
The following table shows the average number of families and the average
number of persons to a dwelling in each province and in the city of Habana:
PHOVmCE OR CITY.
Average num-
ber of families
to a
dwelling.
Average num-
ber of persons
to a
dwelling.
Total
1.2
5.8
1.1
1.7
2.5
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.1
6.1
7.4
City of Habana
10 3
5 0
Oriente
5 5
Pinar del Rio
5.7
Santa Clara
5.3
The lai^e number of families and persons to a dwelling in Habana city
are notable, although large numbers are usual in all large cities. The aver-
age number of persons to a dwelling has increased in Habana city since 1899,
DWELLINGS.
227
when it was 9.4 persons. In the other cities of Cuba, especially the larger
cities, there was a slight tendency in the same direction. In the 19 cities, col-
lectively, the persons per dwelling numbered 7.2. Excluding Habana, which
is, in a way, in a class by itself, the number is reduced to 5.6. In rural
Cuba, the number of persons per dwelling was 5.4, or only a little less than
the number in the 18 large cities other than Habana.
The average number of families and the average number of persons to a
dwelling in each of the 19 cities follows :
CITY.
Average num-
ber of families
to dwelling.
Average num-
ber of persoiu
to dwelling.
Habana
2.5
1.4
1.4
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.7
1.2
1.5
1.1
1.3
10.3
Santiago de Cuba
6.0
Matanzas
5.9
Cienf uegos
5.4
Camagtley
6.2
C&rdenas
5.2
Sancti-Splritus
5.7
Santa Clara
5.1
Manzanillo
5.1
Guantlnamo
5.4
Guanabacoa
6.0
Sagua la Grande
5.2
Trinidad
5.1
Pinar del Rio
5.1
7.8
Jovellanos
4.6
San Antonio de los Baflos
6.6
Caibari6n
5.0
GOines
5.3
Of the 19 cities, no less than 9 had fewer persons to a dwelling than the
number in rural Cuba, while 8 had a greater number, and in 2 the numbers
were the same.
GENERAL TABLES
POPULATION TABLES.
Table 1. — Total population at different censuses: 1774 to 1907.
YEAK.
Population.
YEAR.
Population.
1774
171,620
272,300
572,363
704,487
1,007,624
1861
1 396 530^
1792
1877
1,509 1 291
1817
1887
1 631 687
1827
1899
1^572,797
1841
1907
2,048,980
Table 2. — Population of the provinces at different censuses: 1861 to 1907.
PROVINCE.
1861>
1887
1899
1907
Cuba
1,396,530
1,631,687
1,572,797
2,048,980
Camagtlev
85,702
393,789
234,524
264,520
146,685
271,310
67,789
451,928
259,578
272,379
225,891
354,122
88,234
427,514
202,444
327,715
170,354
356.536
118,269
Habana
538,010
239,812
465,086
Pinar del Rio
240 , 372
457,431
>The population of the provinces is estimated.
Table 3. — Population of municipalities: 1907.
PROVINCE OF CAMAGUEY.
MUNICIPALITY.
Population.
MUNICIPALITY.
Population.
118.269
66.460
17,741
Morfin
13,898
Nuevitas
10,620
Camagtley
Ciego de Avila
Santa Cruz del Sur
9.550
PROVINCE OF HABANA.
MUNICIPALITY.
Province .
Aguacate
Alqufzar
Batabanfi
Bauta
Bejucal
Guanabacoa . . . .
GOines
Gtlira de Melena
Population.
638,010
7,305
10,561
16,434
13,430
15,655
24,968
32,216
13,701
MUNICIPALITY.
Habana
Isla de Pinos
Jariico
Madriix'a
Mariaiiao
Nueva Paz
San Antonio de los Bafios
Sau Jos6 de las Lajas. . . .
Santa Maria del Rosario..
Santiago de las Vegas. . . .
Population.
302,52ft
3,276.
12,067
7,111
18.15&
12.196
20.447
11.988
3,916
13,068
(231)
232
POPULATION.
Table 3. — Population of municipalities: 1907 — Continued.
PROVINCE OF MATANZAS.
MUNICIPALITT.
Population.
MUNICIPALITT.
Population.
Province
239.812
JagOey Grande
10.256
17.024
15.104
Alacranes
16.838
12.377
28.576
52.006
Mart!
Bolondr6n
Matanzas
64.385
C&rdenas
Pedro Betancourt
13,044
Colon
Unidn de Reyes
11.202
PROVINCE OF ORIENTE.
MUNICIPALITT.
Population.
MUNICIPALITT.
Population.
Province
455.086
Holguin
50 , 224
13 325
Alto Songo
20.553
27.852
26.511
16.215
14.715
39,343
43,300
MariiianiUo
54 . 900
Baracoa
Mavarl
17,628
Bavamo
Palnia Soriano
20,235
Cahev
Puerto Padre
34,061
Cobre
Sagua de TS.nanio
8,398
Gibara
San Luis
14,212
Guant&namo
Santiago de Cuba
53,614
PROVINCE OP PINAR DEL Rfo.
MUNICIPALITT.
Population.
MUNICIPALITY.
Population.
Province
240,372
29,236
11 041
Artemisa
14,719
11.652
11.471
28,819
15,336
Plnar del Rio
60,071
Cabanas
San Cristobal
20.388
Consolacidn del Norte
San Juan y Martinez
19,807
1 1 , 092
Guanajay
Viflales
16,840
PROVINCE OF SANTA CLARA.
MUNICIPALITT.
Population.
MUNICIPALITT.
Population.
Province
457,431
Ranchuelo
12,537
22 083
Gaibarlfin
10,053
16,979
14,583
70,416
10,239
18,183
15,750
16,682
11,309
14.616
26,937
Calabazar
San Antonio de las Vueltas
Sancti-Spiritus
16,861
CamaJuanI
36,572
Cienfuegos
San Juan de los Remedlos
Santa Clara
21,573
Cruces
46,640
Esperanza
Santa Isabel de los Lajas
Santo Domingo
11,407
Palmira
20,776
Placetas
Trinidad
29,548
Quemado de GQines
Yaguajay
13,707
Rancho Veloz
GENERAL TABLES.
233
Table 4.
-Population of cities and towns having at least 1,000 inhabitants or more:
1907.
CITY OB TOWN.
Municipal district.
Province.
Popu-
lation.
Abreus
Rodas
Santa Clara
Matanzas
Habana
Santa Clara
Matanzas
Habana
2 no.i
Agramonte
Coldn
I
1
1
2
4
1
1
1
3
1
1
3
5
1
4
5
2
1
8
1
1
1
1
29
5
1
3
1
1
1
24
1
1
1
1
2
4
30
1
1
7
3
1
1
5
1
2
6
14
6
1
14
1
8
1
5
297
7
1
1
1
2
1
9
1
1
2
1
1
15
9
1
36
1
2
1
1
852
Aguacate
Aguacate
109
Aguada rie Pasajeros
Cienfuegos
452
Alacranes
870
Alcjiifzar
Alqulzar
?15
Alto Kongo
Alto Songo
"^10
Amarillas
Col6n
Matanzas
Pinar del Rio. , .
Pinar del Rio. . .
Pinar del Rio. . .
Matanzas
Griente
986
Arrovos
0S«
Artemisa
Artemisa
831
Babia Honda
'>fi3
BanagUises
Colfin
130
Banes
Gibara
788
Baracoa
Baracoa
(r^'^
Habana
Oriente
Habana
Matanzas
Pinar del Rio...
Santa Clara
Habana
Santa Clara
Haliana
Matanzas
CamagQey
Santa Clara
Santa Clara
Oriente
907
Bavarno
Ba vamo
10?.
Bejucal
Bejucal
?65
Bolonfirrtn
Bolondrfin
581
Cabafias
Cabanas
015
Caibari^n
Caibaridn
333
Caiiiiito
Bauta
000
Calabazar
496
Calabazar
Santiago de las Vegas
400
Calirnete
{^olrtn
180
Camaguev
Camagtley
616
Camajiiant
Camajuanl
316
Camarones
Palmira
1?!7
Cam|)e<'liuela
Man^tanillo
933
Candado
Trinidad
Santa Clara
Pinar del Rio. . .
Oriente
179
Candelaria
San Crist6bal
746
Canev
Canev
067
Cardenas
Cfirdenas
Matanzas
Matanzas
Santa Clara
Santa Clara
Habana
Habana
CamagQey
Santa Clara
Santa Clara
Oriente
'>H0
Carlos Rojas
635
Cascajal
Santo Domingo
140
Trinidad
?4«
Catalina
GQines
490
Ceiba
Marianao
661
Ciego de Avila
Ciego de .\vHa
?4^
Cienfiiegos
Cienfuegos
100
Cif uentes
Sagua la Grande
49^
Cohre
Cobre
781
Col6n
Colrtn
Consolacifin del Sur
Matanzas
Pinar del Rio. . .
Habana
Oriente
1?I4
Consolaci6n del Sur
414
Cotorro
Santa Maria del Rosario
Caney
178
Cristo
316
Criices
Cruces
Santa Clara
Santa Clara
Santa Clara
Oriente
111
p]ncruci jada
Calabazar
801
Esperanza
Esperanza
754
Gihara. ...
Gibara
170
Guanabacoa
Guanubacoa
Habana
Pinar del Rio. ..
Pinar del Rio...
Oriente
368
G uanajay
Guanajay
400
Guane
Guane
369
Guantanamo . . . .
Gnantclnamo
559
Guara
GOines
Habana
Habana
Matanzas
Habana
Habana
Oriente
0?!0
GOines
GQines
053
GOira
Bolondrfin
?.'i3
GOira de Melena
5.50
1.59
Holgiifn
Holguln
59?!
Isabela
Sagua la Grande
Santa Clara
Matanzas
968
.Jagflev Grande
S?i6
400
Jaruco
Hul)ana
Oriente
Matanzas
Habana
Matanzas
Habana
056
Jiguanf
JigiianI
36?
Jovellanos
?46
La Salud
Bejucal
465
Matanzas
6.59
175
Colrtn
Matanzas
Santa Clara
Pinar del Rio. . .
Oriente
181
Manicaragua
Santa Clara
434
Mantua
Mantua
167
819
Marianao
Mariel
Marianao
Gua!iajay
Habana
Pinar del Rio. . .
Matanzas
Matanzas
Oriente
332
592
Matanzas
Matanzas
009
Maximo G6niez
Marti
708
Mavarl. . .
Mavarl
746
GQines
Habana
CamagQey
615
Minas
CaraagUey
387
16
234
POPULATION.
Table 4. — Population of cities and towns having at least 1,000 inhabitants or more:
/P07— Continued.
CITY OB TOWN.
Hordn
Niquero
Nueva Paz
Nuevltas
Palacios
Palma Soriano
Palmira
Palos
Pedro Betancourt
Perico
Pinar del Rio
Placetas
Pueblo de Bataband
Puerto Padre
Punta Brava
Quemada de GtUnes
QuivicS.n
Rancho Vcloz
Ranchuelo
Remedios
Rodaa
Sagua la Grande
Sagua de Tfinamo
San Antonio de los Baflos
San Cayetano
San Cristobal
Sancti-Spiritus
San Felipe
San Jos^ de las Lajas
San Jos^ de los Ramos . . .
San Juan de las Yeras
San Juan y Martinez
San Luis
San Luis
San Nlcol&s
Santa Ana
Santa Clara
Santa Cruz del Sur
Santa Isabel de las Lajas.
Santa Lucia
Santiago de Cuba
Santiago de las Vegas. . . .
Santo Domingo
Surgidero de BatabanO. . .
Tapaste
Tnnidad
Tunas
Uni6n de Reyes
Veguita
Vereda Nueva
Vieja Bfermeja
Viflales
Vueltas
Yaguajay
Zulueta
Municipal district.
Mordn
Manzanillo
N ueva Paz
Nuevltas
San Crist6bal
Palma Soriano
Palmira
Nueva Paz
Pedro Betancourt
Col<5n
Pinar del Rio
Placetas
Batabanfi
Puerto Padre
Bauta
Quemado de Gflines
Bejucal
Rancho Veloz
Ranchuelo
San Juan de los Remedios.
Rodas
Sagua la Grande
Sagua de Tftnamo
San Antonio de los Baflos.
Viflales
San Cristobal
Sancti-Spiritus
Bataban(5
San Jos^ de las Lajas
Col(5n
Ranchuelo
San Juan y Martinez
San Luis
San Luis
GOines
Matanzas
Santa Clara
Santa Cruz del Sur
Santa Isabel de las Lajas. .
Gibara
Santiago de Cuba
Santiago de las Vegas
Santo Domingo
Bataban6
San Jos^ de las Lajas
Trinidad
Puerto Padre
Uni6n de Reyes
Bayamo
San Antonio de los Baflos .
Alacranes
Viflales
San Antonio de las Vueltas
Yaguajay
San Juan de los Remedios.
r*rovince.
CamagQey
Oriente
Habana
CamagQey
Pinar del Rio . . .
Oriente
Santa Clara
Habana
Matanzas
Matanzas
Pinar del Rio . . .
Santa Clara
Habana
Oriente
Habana
Santa Clara
Habana
Santa Clara
Santa Clara
Santa Clara
Santa Clara
Santa Clara
Oriente
Habana
Pinar del Rio. . .
Pinar del Rio . . .
Santa Clara
Habana
Habana
Matanzas
Santa Clara
Pinar del Rio . . .
Oriente
Pinar del Rio . . .
Habana
Matanzas
Santa Clara.. .
CamagUey
Santa Clara
Oriente
Oriente
Habana
Santa Clara
Habana
Habana
Santa Clara
Oriente
Matanzas
Oriente
Habana
Matanzas
Pinar del Rio . . .
Santa Clara
Santa Clara
Santa Clara
Popu-
lation.
2
627
1
584
2
379
4
386
2
082
2
333
4
137
2
100
3
349
\
322
10
634
6
184
1
533
2
173
1
916
1
867
1
270
1
317
2
859
6
988
3
306
12
393
1
222
9
125
1
159
1
456
17
440
1
200
2
873
1
389
1
601
2
486
3
441
1
533
2
326
1
033
16
702
1
640
4
509
1
183
45
470
6
462
3
090
4
990
1
300
11
197
2
147
3
941
1
012
1
037
1
087
1
425
1
129
3
110
1
955
GENERAL TABLES.
235
Table 5. — Population, classified by sex, general nativity, and color, by provinces: 1907.
[Figures in italics are included in those for the province.]
TOTAL.
NATIVE WHITE.
rOBEIGN WHITE.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Cuba.
2,048,980
1,074,882
974,098
1,224,539
608,597
616,942
203,637
163,014
40.623
CamagQey . . .
Habana
City of Ha-
bana
Matanzas.. . .
Oriente
Pinar del Rio
Santa Clara..
118,269
538,010
S97,169
239,812
455,086
240,372
457,431
62,118
284,751
167,156
123,560
233,736
128,642
242,175
56,151
253,259
140,004
116,252
221,360
111,830
215,256
88,661
316,040
148 ,6S8
130,879
231,585
165,019
292,366
44,555
153,211
69 , IBS
64,765
114,870
84,679
146,517
44 , 106
162,829
79,345
66,114
116,715
80,340
145,838
7,932
95,832
73,816
17,656
27,409
16,483
39,325
6,634
73,414
54,766
13,917
22,645
13,591
32,813
1,298
22.418
18,061
3,739
4,764
1.892
6,512
BLACK.
MIXED.
YELLOW.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Cuba.
274,272
133,655
140,617
334,695
167,975
176,720
11,837
11,641
196
Camagtiey. . .
Habana
City of Hw-
bana
Matanzas
Oriente
Pinar del Rio
Santa Clara..
8,846
59,186
so,eis
60,633
67,623
35,753
52,331
4,573
26,617
IS, 476
24,272
33,885
18,148
26,160
4.273
32,569
18,136
26,361
33,638
17,605
26,171
12,636
63,674
42,753
37,354
127,837
23,512
69,783
6,063
28,347
18,380
17,337
61,615
11,541
33,072
6,472
36,327
Z4,S7S
20,017
66,222
11,971
36,711
295
3,278
3,460
3,290
732
605
3,637
293
3,162
3,361
3.269
721
583
3,613
3
116
99
21
11
22
24
Table 6. — Population, classified by age and sex, by provinces: 1907.
[Figures in italics are included in those for the province.]
Total
population.
UNDER 6 YEARS.
5 TO 17 YEARS.
Male.
Female.
Male.
Female.
Cuba
2,048,980
173.657
168.996
272,685
268,860
Camagtley
118,269
538,010
397,169
239,812
465,086
240.372
457,431
9.613
37,416
16,033
19,394
43,059
23,810
40,366
9.091
36,963
16,956
19,027
41,279
23,237
39,398
17,661
63,348
33,760
30,057
67 , 103
35,308
59,118
17,203
Habana
62,675
City of Habana
33,548
Matanzas
30,743
Oriente
65,899
Pinar del Rio
33.637
Santa Clara
58.803
18 TO 20 TEABS.
21 TO 44 YEARS.
45 YEARS AND OVER.
Male.
Female.
Male.
Female.
Male.
Female.
Cuba
77.001
76.145
398,647
328,269
162.992
131,839
CamagQey
Habana
4.597
21,531
13,603
8,322
16,669
8,449
. 17.433
4,643
18.479
10,097
9.093
18,173
8,679
17,178
20,737
122,972
73, lis
43,610
76,263
46,211
88,864
16,951
97,822
57,664
39,887
66,039
36,823
71,737
9.520
39.484
31 ,668
22, m
30,652
14,764
36,395
8.363
37,420
City of Habana. .
Matanzas
33,760
17,602
Oriente
29,960
Pinar del Rio
Santa Clara
10,454
28,140
236
POPULATION.
Table 7. — Population, classified by nativity, color, sex, and age: 1907.
All ages
Under 1 year
1 year
2 years
3 years
4 years
6 to 9 years
10 to 14 years. . . .
16 to 17 years. . . .
18 to 19 years. . . .
20 years
21 to 24 years ....
25 to 29 years ....
30 to 34 years ....
36 to 39 years. . . .
40 to 44 years. . . .
45 to 49 years. . . .
50 to 54 years ....
65 to 69 years ....
60 to 64 years. . . .
65 to 69 years ....
70 to 74 years ....
75 to 79 years ....
80 to 84 years ....
85 to 89 years ....
90 to 94 years ....
95 to 99 years ....
100 years and over
Unknown
Total.
2.048,980
64,599
59,338
73.860
72.860
72.005
224.765
180.786
135.904
100.075
63.071
180,882
184,567
136,347
117.942
108.168
79.800
70.263
39.694
41.251
18,284
16,485
7,020
6,312
2.136
1,708
678
522
688
Male.
1,074,882
32,668
30,387
37,548
36,796
36.258
113,813
92,793
66.979
50.840
26,161
99.134
100.051
74,971
64,472
60.019
44,886
37,509
22,166
21,275
9,670
8,291
3,600
2,908
999
763
309
239
377
Female.
974.098
31.931
28.951
36.302
36.064
35,747
110,942
87,993
69.925
49,235
26,910
81.748
84,516
60.376
63.470
48,149
34,914
32.744
17.528
19.976
8.614
8.194
3.420
3.404
1,137
945
369
283
311
NATIVE WHITE.
Total.
1.224.539
47.043
42.127
52.443
61 .623
60,506
149,819
119,716
86,437
59,720
31.079
107.162
103,133
71.506
62.339
66,396
42.363
34,609
19.213
17.339
7.966
6,002
2.778
1.884
685
319
147
63
133
Male.
608.597
23,921
21,641
26,716
26,227
25,568
76,296
61 ,383
40,496
28,409
13.910
54.632
60.418
35.176
30,981
28,893
22,126
17,008
9,608
7,479
3.379
2,348
1,128
617
225
97
44
17
67
FOREIGN WHITE.
COLORED. >
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
All ages
Under 1 yea
1 year
2 years
3 years
4 years
6 to 9 years
10 to 14 years. . . .
16 to 17 years. . . .
18 to 19 years. . . .
20 years
21 to 24 years. . . .
25 to 29 years. . . .
30 to 34 years. . . .
35 to 39 years
40 to 44 years ....
45 to 49 years. . . .
60 to 54 years ....
66 to 59 years. . . .
60 to 64 years ....
65 to 69 years. . . .
70 to 74 years ....
75 to 79 years. . . .
80 to 84 years ....
85 to 89 years ....
90 to 94 years ....
95 to 99 years. . . .
100 years and over
Unknown
203,637
163.014
40,623
620,804
303.271
180
295
654
863
836
3,928
4,639
7,708
9,782
6,196
23,063
31,500
28.545
22.259
19.307
13,821
11,406
6,617
5,558
2.728
1,811
928
522
199
72
36
15
170
81
146
369
439
420
2,075
2,916
6.366
8.376
5.200
19.178
25,659
23,369
18,191
15.954
11.477
9.006
5.212
4.136
1,981
1,277
586
303
115
36
21
8
128
99
149
295
424
416
1,863
1,723
1,342
1,407
995
3,885
6.841
6,176
4.068
3.363
2.344
2.400
1,405
1,422
747
634
342
219
84
36
16
7
42
17.376
16.916
20.753
20,374
20.663
71 .008
56.431
41.759
30.673
15,797
50.657
49.934
35,296
33.344
32.465
23.616
24.238
13.864
18,354
7,601
8,672
3.314
3,906
1,252
1,317
495
444
385
8,666
8.600
10.473
10.130
10.280
35.443
28,494
19,118
14,056
7,051
25,424
23,974
16,426
15.300
15.172
11.284
11.495
7.446
9.660
4.310
4.666
1,886
1,988
659
630
244
214
182
'Includes black, mixed, and yellovr
GENERAL TABLES.
237
Table 8. — Population classified by birthplace, by provinces: 1907.
[Figures in italics are included in those for the province.]
Total
popu-
lation.
COUNTRY OF BIKTH.
PKOVINCE.
Cuba.
Spain.
United
States.
China.
Africa,
Other
countries.
Un-
known.
Cuba
2,048,980
1,820,239
186,393
6,713
11,217
7,948
17,206
264
CamagQey ....
Habana
City of Ha-
bana
Matanzas
Oriente
PinardelRIo..
Santa Clara. . .
118,269
638,010
297,169
239,812
455,086
240,372
457,431
109,517
437,096
SS0,992
216,340
422,303
223,566
411,427
6,562
87,451
88,788
16,576
22,738
14,251
37,816
715
3,706
2,42Z
387
1,009
465
431
282
2,940
2,207
3,221
676
540
3,658
368
1,010
389
2,486
434
730
2,920
824
6,661
4,S81
802
7,917
825
1,277
1
246
9
5
3
Table 9. — Population, classified by sex and color, and by birthplace: 1907.
COUNTRY
TOTAL.
WHITE.
COLORED.*
OF BIRTH.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total...
2,048,980
1,074,882974,098
1,428,176
771,611
656.566
620,804
303,271
317.533
Cuba
Porto Rico . .
The remain-
ing West
Indies. . . .
Mexico
Central and
Soutii Am-
erica
United States
Spain
France
United King-
dom
Other Euro-
pean coun-
tries
Africa
China
Other coun-
tries and
unknown. .
1,820,239
2,918
4,280
1,187
1.442
6,713
185,393
1,476
1,252
1,811
7,948
11,217
3,104
891,949
1,875
2,630
604
786
3,997
151.828
960
796
1,425
4,808
11,166
2,169
928,290
1,043
1,650
683
666
2,716
33,565
526
457
386
3,140
51
935
1,224,539
2,176
1,066
1,070
1,308
6,026
185 , 189
1,380
878
1,761
81
77
2,625
608,597
1,399
663
450
698
3,478
161,678
893
666
1,393
60
72
1.765
616.942
777
603
620
610
2.548
33,611
487
313
368
21
5
860
595.700
742
3,214
117
134
687
204
96
374
50
7.867
11.140
479
283,362
476
2,067
54
88
619
150
57
230
32
4,748
11.094
404
312. 34S
266
1.147
63
46
168
54
39
144
18
3.119
46
76
'Includes black, mixed, and yellow.
238
POPULATION.
Table 10. — Pojndation, classified by dtizenahip, by provinces: 1907.
[Figures in italics are included in those for the province.]
Total
population.
CrnZENBHIP.
Cuban.
Spanish.
Other
and unknown.
Cuba
Camagfiey
Habana
City of Habana
Matanzas
Oriente
Pinar del RJo. . .
Santa Clara
2,048,980
1.780,628
228.138
40,214
118,269
538.010
£97,169
239,812
465,086
240.372
467.431
107,929
429,999
216,789
213,996
413,689
216,891
398,124
8,460
93,709
70,968
20.887
30,289
21,334
53,469
1,890
14.302
10,41S
4.929
11.108
2,147
5,838
Table 11. — Male population 21 years and over, classified by color and nativity and
by citizenship and literacy: 1907.
Total.
WHTFE.
CITIZENSHIP
AND LITERACY.
Bom in
Cuba.
Bom in
Spain.
Bom
in other
countries.
Colored.'
Total males of
voting age ....
561,639
264,042
127,882
8,765
160,960
Cuban citizenship
430,514
260,331
31,363
992
137.828
Literate
Illiterate
Degrees received:
Academic
Professional...
Other and unknown
citizenship
212,930
217,584
2,296
4,026
121,126
138,466
121,866
1,951
3,608
3,711
22,472
8,891
241
279
96,519
804
188
32
58
7,763
61,188
86,640
72
81
13,132
Literate
lUiterate
Degrees received:
Academic
Professional. . .
89,217
31,908
621
775
3,094 76,343
617 21,176
93 823
122 209
\ 1
6,600
1,263
194
346
4,280
8,852
11
8
'Includes black, mixed, and yellow.
GENERAL TABLES.
239
Table 12. — Population, classified by sex, color, nativity, and citizenship,
and by age: 1907.
All ages . .
Under 5 years.. .
5 to 9 years . . .
10 to 14 years. . .
15 to 17 years. . .
18 to 19 years. . .
20 years
21 to 24 years. . .
25 to 29 years. . .
30 to 34 years . . .
36 to 44 years. . .
45 to 54 years. . .
55 to 64 years. . .
65 years and over
Unknown
TOTAL POPULATION.
Total.
2,048,980
342,652
224,755
180,786
135,904
100,075
53,071
180,882
184,667
136,347
226,110
150,053
80,945
53 , 145
688
Cuban
citizen-
ship.
1,780.628
312,886
204,639
164,091
121,042
86,113
45,016
163,664
152,069
108,751
188,726
128,378
68,635
46,240
389
Other
and
unknown
citizen-
ship.
268,352
TOTAL MALES.
Total.
1,074,882
173,657
113,813
92,793
66,979
60,840
26,161
99,134
100,051
74,971
124,491
82,396
43,441
26,779
377
Cuban
citizen-
ship.
893,408
158,499
103,486
83,817
56,218
40,610
20,264
79,257
76,651
56,448
97,159
66,479
33,836
21,527
157
Other
and
unknowiii
citizen-
ship.
181,474
15,16»
10,327
8,976.
9,761
10,230>
5,89r
19,87r
23,400
19,523^
27,332
15,916
9,605'
5,252
22*
TOTAL FEMALES.
TOTAL NATIVE WHITE.
Total.
All ages. .
Under 6 years. . .
5 to 9 years . . .
10 to 14 years. . .
15 to 17 years. . .
18 to 19 years. . .
20 years
21 to 24 years. . .
25 to 29 years. . .
30 to 34 years. . .
36 to 44 years. . .
46 to 54 years ...
55 to 64 years ...
65 years and over
Unknown
974,098
168,995
110,942
87,993
69,926
49,235
26,910
81,748
84,616
60,376
101,619
67,658
37,504
26,366 '
311
Cuban
citizen-
ship.
Other
and
unknown
citizen-
ship.
Total.
887,220 86,878
14,608
9,789
7,719
5,101
3,732
2,168
7,341
9,108
7,073
10,063
5,759
2,705
1,653
79
1,224,539
154,387
101,153
80,274
64,824
46,503
24,752
74,407
75,408
63,303
91,666
61,899
34,799
24,713
232
243,742
149,819
119,716
86,437
59 , 720
31,079
107,162
103 , 133
71,506
118,735
76,972
36,662
19,833
133
Cuban
citizen-
ship.
1,136,017
217,779
133,975
107,724
79,347
55,464
29,201
101,773
98,443
68,459
114,226
74,428
35,624
19,445
129
Other
and
unknown
citizen-
ship.
88,622
25,963
15,844
11,992
7,090
4,256-
1,87a
5,389
4,690
3,047
4,509-
2,544
928
38a
4
NATIVE WHITE MALES.
NATIVE WHITE FEMALES.
Total.
All ages..
Under 5 years.. .
5 to 9 years . . .
10 to 14 years. . .
15 to 17 years. . .
18 to 19 years. . .
20 years
21 to 24 years. . .
26 to 29 years . . .
30 to 34 years . . .
36 to 44 years . . .
45 to 54 years . . .
55 to 64 years ...
65 years and over
Unknown
608,597
124,063
76,295
61,383
40,496
28,409
13,910
54,632
50,418
35,176
59.874
39,133
16,987
7,866
67
Cuban
citizen-
ship.
571,592
110,859
68,191
55,343
37,138
26,516
13,214
52,836
49,667
34,900
69,476
38,811
16,828
7,749
64
Other
and
unknown
citizen-
ship.
37,006
13,204
8,104
6,040
3,357
1,893
696
1,696
751
276
398
322
159
106
3
Total.
615,942
119,679
73,624
68,333
46,942
31,311
17,169
62,630
62,715
36,330
58,861
37,839
19,665
11,978
66
Cuban
citizen-
ship.
664,425
106,920
65,784
52,381
42,209
28,948
15,987
48,937
48,776
33,569
54,760
35,617
18,796
11,696
65
Other
and
unknown
citizen-
ship.
51.517
12,759
7,740
5,952
3,733
2,363
1,182
3,693
3,939
2,771
4,111
2,222
769
282
1
240
POPULATION.
Tablk 12. — Population, classified by sex, color, nativity, and citizenship,
and by age: 1907 — Continued.
TOTAL FOREIGN WHITE.
Total.
Cuban
citizen-
ship.
Other
and
unknown
citizen-
ship.
FOREIGN WBITK MALES.
Total.
Cuban
citizen-
ship.
Other
and
unknown
ciiizen-
sliip.
All ages..
Under 6 years. . .
5 to 9 years...
10 to 14 years. . .
15 to 17 years. . .
18 to 19 years.. .
20 years
21 to 24 years. . .
26 to 29 years. . .
30 to 34 years. . .
35 to 44 years. . .
45 to 54 years ...
55 to 64 years ...
65 years and over
Unknown
203.637
43,289
160,348
103.014
33,859
129,155
2,828
3,928
4,639
7.708
9,782
6.195
23.063
31,500
28,645
41.666
25.227
12.175
6,311
170
221
624
675
481
655
363
2,552
5,632
6,434
10,727
7,730
4,617
2,874
4
2,607
3,404
3.964
7,227
9.227
6.832
20.511
25,868
22.111
30.839
17.497
7.668
3,437
166
1.445
2,075
2.916
6.366
8.375
6.200
19.178
25.659
23.3«9
34,146
20,483
9,348
4,327
128
104
285
341
245
312
217
1,897
4,515
5.289
8.799
6,272
3,601
2,078
4
1.341
1.790
2,575
6,121
8,063
4,983
17,281
21,144
18.080
25,346
14,211
6,847
2,240
124
FOREIGN WHITE FEMALES.
Total.
Cuban
citizen-
ship.
Other
and
unknown
citizen-
ship.
TOTAL COLORED.'
Total.
Cuban
citizen-
ship.
Other
and
unknown
citizen-
ship.
All ages. . .
Under 5 years
6 to 9 years . . . ,
10 to 14 years. . . .
15 to 17 years. . . ,
18 to 19 years
20 years
21 to 24 years. . .
25 to 29 years
30 to 34 years
35 to 44 years. . .
45 to 54 years . . . ,
66 to 64 years. . .
65 years and over
Unknown
40,623
9,430
31,193
620.804
601.322
19,482
1.383
1,853
1,723
1,342
1,407
996
3,885
6,841
6,176
7,421
4,744
2,827
1,984
42
117
239
334
236
243
146
C65
1,117
1,145
1,928
1,458
1,016
796
1,266
1,614
1.389
1.106
1,164
849
3,230
4,724
4,031
5.493
3,286
1,811
1,188
42
96,082
71,008
56,431
41,759
30,673
15,797
50.657
49,934
35,296
65,809
47,864
32.218
27.001
385
94,886
70,140
56,692
41.214
30,094
15,452
49,339
47,984
33.858
63.772
46.220
28.494
23,921
256
1,196
868
739
645
479
345
1,318
1,950
1,438
2.037
1,634
3,724
3,080
129
All ages. .
Under 5 years. . . .
6 to 9 years
10 to 14 years
15 lo 17 years
18 to 19 years
20 years ,
21 to 24 years
26 to 29 years . . . .
30 to 34 years
35 to 44 years. . . ,
45 to 54 years . . . ,
55 to 64 years. . . ,
65 years and over
Unknown
COLORED MALES.l
COLORED FEMALES.'
Total.
303,271
48,149
35.443
28.494
19.118
14.056
7.051
25,424
23,974
16,426
30,472
22,779
17,106
14,697
182
Cuban
citizen-
ship.
287,967
47,636
35,010
28,133
18,835
13,782
6,833
24.624
22,469
15,259
28.884
21,396
13.507
11,700
89
Other
and
unknown
citizen-
ship.
Total.
15,314
317,533
613
433
361
283
274
218
900
1 ,605
1,167
1.588
1,38.-?
3.599
2,897
93
47,933
36 , Sf.o
27,937
22.641
16.517
8.746
25,2.-^3
25.960
18,870
35.337
25.075
15,112
12,404
203
Cuban
citizen-
Ship.
313,365
47,350
35,130
27,559
22.379
16.312
8,619
24,815
25.515
18.599
34,888
24.824
14.987
12,221
167
Other
and
unknown
citizen-
ship.
4,168
583
435
378
262
205
127
418
445
271
449
251
126
183
36
■Includes black, mixed, and yellow.
GENERAL TABLES.
241
Table 13. — Population, classified by conjtigal condition, by provinces: 1907.
[Figures in italics are included in those for the province.]
PROVINCE.
Total
population.
Single
and
unknown.
Married.
Consensually
married.
Widowed.
Cuba
2.048.980
'1,369.476
423,537
176,509
79 4o8
CamagQey
118.269
538,010
£97,169
239,812
455,086
240,372
457,431
80.322
345,801
191 ,e82
153,450
315,195
170,075
304.633
26,316
124,166
66,sse
46.013
77.374
47,943
101,725
6,676
39,486
2S,S87
30.278
50.393
15.587
34,089
4 955
Habana
28.557
City of Habana
17,264
10,071
Oriente
12 124
Pinar del Rio
6,767
Santa Clara
16,984
» Includes 122 divorced.
Table 14. — Population, classified by conjugal condition, and by color,
nativtiy, and sex: 1907.
BKX, COLOR, AND NATIVITY.
Total
population.
Single
and
unknown.
Married.
Consensually
married.
Widowed.
Total
2,048,980
•1,369.476
423,637
176,509
79,458
Males
1,074,882
974,098
751.869
617.607
217,511
206,026
85,131
91,378
20,371
Females
59.087
Native white
1,224,539
824 , 143
286,389
69.346
64,661
Males
608,597
615.942
203.637
437,552
386,591
106.069
130,611
155,778
77,431
28.573
30,773
8,952
11,861
Females
42 800
Foreign white
11,186
Males
163.014
40,623
620,804
92.239
13,830
439,264
57,759
19,672
59,717
7,582
1,370
108,211
5,434
Females
5,751
Colored'
13,612
Males
303,271
317,533
222,078
217,186
29,141
30,576
48.976
69,235
3,076
Females
10,636
•Includes 1,098 divorced.
'Includes black, mixed, and yellow.
242
POPULATION.
TabIiE 15. — Population, classified by conjugal condition, color, and nativity,
and by sex and age: 1907.
TOTAL POPULATON.
AOE.
Total.
Single
and
unknown.
Married.
Consen-
sually
married.
Widowed.
All ages
2.048,980
11,369,476
423.537
176,509
79 468
Under 15 vears
748,193
135.904
100,075
63.071
180.882
184.567
135.347
226,110
150,053
80,945
53,145
688
748,090
131,607
86,833
40,661
114.889
77,065
39,625
52,670
34,521
23 ,439
19,682
494
86
3.488
10,106
9,129
48,994
76,922
67,607
111,023
63,127
24,248
8,850
57
14
879
3.056
3.167
16,234
28,228
24,319
47.051
30.743
14.421
8.289
109
3
16 to 17 years
30
18 to 19 years
81
20 j'ears
114
21 to 24 years
765
25 to 29 years
2,362
30 to 34 years
3,896
36 to 44 years
16 366
45 to 54 years
21 662
65 to 64 years
18,837
65 years and over
16,324
Unknown
28
TOTAL MALES.
Allages I 1,074,882
Under 16 years. . .
15 to 17 years. . . .
18 to 19 years . . . .
20 years
21 to 24 years. . . .
25 to 29 years . . . .
30 to 34 years . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . .
45 to 54 years. . . .
55 to 64 years . . . .
65 years and over .
Unknown
380,263
65,979
60,840
26.161
99,134
100.061
74.971
124.491
82,396
43,441
26,779
377
761.869
380,254
65,901
50,182
24.837
80.124
62.855
26.410
31,136
17,648
12,252
10,071
299
217,511
4
41
415
822
13,668
36,144
36.218
65,481
41,663
17,209
6.812
34
85,131
3
25
222
478
5,171
11,465
11,411
24,083
17,659
9.144
5,440
40
TOTAL FEMALES.
All ages . . .
Under 15 years. .
15 to 17 years. . .
18 to 19 years. . .
20 years
21 to 24 years. . .
26 to 29 years . . .
30 to 34 years . . .
35 to 44 years. . .
45 to 64 years. . .
55 to 64 years. . .
66 years and over
Unknown
974.098
367,930
69.925
49.236
26,910
81.748
84,516
60,376
101,619
67,658
37,504
26,366
311
617,607
367,836
65,606
36.651
15.824
34.765
24,210
13.215
21.634
16.973
11,187
9.611
195
206,026
82
3,447
9.691
8.307
35,326
41,778
31.289
45.542
21.464
7.039
2,038
23
91.378
11
854
2,833
2,689
11,063
16,773
12,908
22.968
13,084
5,277
2.849
69
TOTAL NATIVE WHITE.
All ages . . .
Under 16 years. .
15 to 17 years. . .
18 to 19 years. . .
20 years
21 to 24 years. . .
25 to 29 years. . .
30 to 34 years . . .
36 to 44 years. . .
45 to 54 years. . .
65 to 64 years . . .
65 years and over
Unknown
1,224.639
513.277
86,437
59,720
31,079
107,162
103.133
71.506 i
118.735
76,972
36.652
19,833
133
824,143
513.202
83.343
50,921
22,799
63.774
35.437
15.209
18.974
11.346
5.710
3.348
80
286.389
67
2,738
7,669
7,010
36,705
54.780
44.477
72.626
40.592
14.693
6,007
25
59,346
6
339
1,077
1.202
6,130
11,281
9.138
16.279
9.614
3.252
1.012
16
> Includes 1,098 divorced.
GENERAL TABLES.
243-
Table 15. — Population, classified by conjugal condition, color, and nativity,
and by sex and age: 1907 — Continued.
NATIVE WHITE MALES.
All ages . . .
Under 15 years. .
15 to 17 years. . .
18 to 19 years. . .
20 years
21 to 24 years. . .
25 to 29 years. . .
30 to 34 years. . .
35 to 44 years. . .
45 to 54 years. . .
55 to 64 years. . .
65 years and over
Unknown
Total.
608.597
261,741
40,495
28,409
13,910
54,532
50,418
35,176
59,874
39,133
16,987
7,865
67
Single
and
unknown.
437,552
261,736
40,445
28,047
13,179
43,002
22,577
9,190
10,459
5,419
2,375
1,083
40
Married.
Consensually
married.
130,611
2
30
282
561
9,534
22,979
21,096
38,402
24,511
9,549
3,661
14
28,573
1
12
68
165
1,880
4,485
4,361
8,735
5,897
2,234
724
11
Widowed.
11.861
2
8
12
15
116
377
529
2,278
3,306
2,829
2,387
2
NATIVE WHITE FEMAI^ES.
All ages
615,942
386,591
155,778
30,773
42,80a
251,536
45,942
31,311
17,169
52,630
62,715
36,330
58,861
37,839
19,565
11,978
66
261,466
42,898
22,874
9,620
20,772
12,860
6,019
8,515
5,927
3,335
2,265
40
66
2,708
7,387
6,459
27,171
31,801
23,381
34,224
16,081
5,144
1,346
11
5
327
1,009
1,037
4,250
6,796
4,777
7,544
3,717
1,018
288
5
15 to 17 years
»
18 to 19 years
41
20 years
53
21 to 24 vears
437
25 to 29 years
1,26*
30 to 34 vears
2,153
35 to 44 years
8,678
45 to 54 vears
12,114
55 to 64 years
10,068
65 vears and over
8,079-
Unknown
10-
TOT.\L FOREIGN WHITB.
All ages
203,637
106,069
77,431
8,952
11,185
11,395
7,708
9,782
6,196
23,063
31,500
28,545
41,566
25,227
12.175
6.311
170
11,389
7,607
9.367
5,699
19,188
19,649
11,968
12,254
5,608
2,254
1,037
149
6
88
383
455
3,567
10,662
14,610
24,389
14,749
6,272
2,350
10
15 to 17 vears
10
27
34
279
933
1,571
3,092
2,013
779
210
4
a
18 to 19 years
5
20 years
r
21 to 24 vears
39-
25 to 29 years
256
30 to 34 years
496
35 to 44 years
1,831
2,967
55 to 64 years
2,870
2,714
Unknown
7
FOHEION WHITE MALES.
All ages
163,014
92,239
57,759
7,582
5,434
6,436
6,366
8,375
5,200
19,178
25,669
23,369
34,145
20,483
9,348
4,327
128
6,435
6,362
8,341
5,102
17,691
18,183
11,103
11,281
4,950
1,948
828
115
1
3
27
83
1,406
6,664
10,718
19,236
12,239
5,340
2,035
7
1
18 to 19 years
5
11
163
687
1,284
2,680
1,824
727
197
4
2
20 years .
4
18
25 to 29 vears
125
30 to 34 years
264
35 to 44 vears
948
1,470
55 to 64 vears
1,333
1,267
UnKnown
2-
^44
POPULATION.
Tablk 16. — Population, classified by conjugal condition, color, and nativity,
and by sex and age: 1907 — Continued.
FOREIGN WHITE FEMALES.
▲OB.
Total.
Single
and
unknown.
13,830
Married.
Consensually
married.
Widowed.
All ages
40,623
19,672
1,370
5,761
Under 15 vears
4,959
1,342
1.407
995
3,885
6,841
6.176
7.421
4.744
2,827
1,984
42
4,954
1,245
1,026
597
1,597
1,466
865
973
558
306
209
34
5
85
356
372
2,151
3,998
3,792
5,153
2.510
932
315
3
1 5 to 1 7 years
10
22
23
116
246
287
412
189
52
13
2
18 to 19 years
3
20 years
3
21 to 24 years
21
25 to 29 years
131
30 to 34 years
232
35 to 44 years
883
45 to 54 years
1,487
55 to 64 years
1,537
65 years and over
1,447
Unknown
5
TOTAL COLORED.
All ages
620,804
439,264
69.717
108,211
13.612
Under 15 years
223,521
41,759
30,573
15.797
50,657
49,934
35,296
65,809
47,854
32,218
27,001
385
223,499
40,557
26,646
12,163
31,927
21,979
12,448
21,442
17.667
15.475
15.297
265
13
662
2.054
1,664
8.732
11.480
8.520
14.008
7.786
3,283
1,493
22
8
630
1,951
1,931
9,825
16.014
13.610
27,680
19,116
10.390
7.067
89
1
15 to 17 years
10
18 to 19 years
23
20 vears
39
21 to 24 years
173
25 to 29 vears
461
30 to 34 Vears
718
35 to 44 years
2,679
45 to 54 years
3,285
56 to 64 years
3,070
65 vears and over
3.144
Unknown
9
COLORED MALES .>
All ages .
303.271
222,078
29,141
48,976
3 076
Under 15 years
112,086
19,118
14,056
7,051
25,424
23,974
16,426
30,472
22,779
17,106
14,597
182
112,083
19.094
13,794
6,556
19,531
12.095
6.117
9.396
7,179
7,929
8,160
144
1
8
106
188
2,728
5,501
4,404
7,843
4.913
2,320
1,116
13
2
13
149
302
3,128
6,283
6,766
12,668
9,938
6,183
4.519
25
15 to 17 years
3
18 to 19 years
7
20 years
5
21 to 24 vears
37
25 to 29 vears
95
30 to 34 years
139
35 to 44 vears
565
45 to 54 j'ears
749
55 to 64 years
674
65 years and over
802
Unknown
COLORED FEMALES.
All ages
317,533
217,186
30.576
59,236
10,536
Under 1 5 years
111,435
22,641
16,517
8.746
25,233
25,960
18,870
35,337
25,075
15,112
12,404
203
111,416
21.463
12.751
5.607
12,396
9,884
6,331
12,046
10,488
7,546
7,137
121
12
654
1,948
1,476
6,004
5,979
4,116
6,165
2,873
963
377
9
6
617
1,802
1,629
6,697
9,731
7,844
15,012
9,178
4,207
2,548
64
1
15 to 17 years
7
18 to 19 years
16
20 J'ears
34
21 to 24 vears
136
25 to 29 vears
366
30 to 34 vears
579
35 to 44 vears
2,114
2,536
55 to 64 years
2,396
65 years and over
2,342
Unknown
9
> Includes black, mixed, and yellow.
GENERAL TABLES.
245
Table 16. — Illegitimate children, classified by age, and by sex, color, and nativity: 1907.
SEX, COLOR, AND
NATIVITY.
Total.
Under 5
years.
5 to 9
years.
10 to 14
years.
15 to 19
years.
20 to 24
years.
25 years
and over.
Total
257,888
87,960
60,586
37,579
38,385
19 , 188
14 190
Males
Females ....
130,971
126,917
44,323
43,637
30,750
29,836
19,412
18,167
18,727
19,658
11,048
8,140
6.711
7.479
Native white. . . .
94,772
36,989
23,288
12,695
12,173
6,030
3,597
Males
Females
Foreign white
49,543
45,229
341
18,792
18,197
50
11,937
11.351
52
6,728
5,967
59
6,241
5,932
59
3,821
2,209
35
2,024
1,573
86
Males
Females
Colored*
207
134
162,775
30
20
50,921
30
22
37,246
37
22
24,825
29
30
26,153
24
11
13,123
57
29
10.607
Males
Females ....
81,221
81,554
25,601
25,420
18,783
18,463
12,647
12,178
12,457
13,696
7,203
6,920
4.630
5,877
1 Includes black, mixed, and yellow.
Table 17. — Population, classify by school attendance and literacy, by provinces : 1907.
[Figures in italics are included in those for the province.]
Total
popu-
lation.
UNDER 10 TEARS.
10 TEARS AND OVER.
PBOVmCB.
Attending
school.
Not at-
tending
school.
Attending
school.
Not attending
school.
Not
stated.
Literate.
Illiterate.
Cuba
2.048,980
64.111
603,296
107.258
725,894
643,615
4,806
CamagQey
Habana
City of Habana
Matanzas
Oriente
118,269
538,010
297,169
239,812
455,086
240,372
457,431
3,760
21,739
13,360
7,778
12,239
6,397
12,198
28,397
102,462
43,088
54,338
128,545
72,873
116,681
5,910
31,718
19,525
13,606
21,629
10,276
24,119
47,474
266,613
182,143
80,055
133,458
51,972
146,322
32,608
113,081
38,693
83,756
158,308
98,196
157,666
120
2.397
360
279
907
PinarrielRIo
Santa Clara
658
445
246
POPULATION.
Table 18. — Population at least 10 years of age, classified by age, sex, color, and
nativity, and by literacy: 1907.
AGE, 8SX, COLOR, AND NATIVITY.
Total
10 to 14 years. . . ,
16 to 19 years. . .
20 to 24 years . . . .
25 to 29 years . . . ,
30 to 34 years ...
35 to 44 years ...
45 to 54 years ...
65 to 64 years. . .
65 years and over
Total males
10 to 14 years. . .
15 to 19 years. . .
20 to 24 years . . .
25 to 29 years . . .
30 to 34 years . . .
36 to 44 years . . .
46 to 54 years . . .
66 to 64 years . . .
66 years and over
Total females ,
10 to 14 years. . . ,
16 to 19 years. . .
20 to 24 years ...
25 to 29 years ...
30 to 34 years . . .
35 to 44 years . . .
46 to 54 years . . .
65 to 64 years . . .
66 years and over
Native white
10 to 14 years. . .
15 to 19 years. . .
20 to 24 years . . .
25 to 29 years. . .
30 to 34 years . . .
35 to 44 years . . .
46 to 54 years . . .
55 to 64 years . . .
66 years and over
^Native white males . .
10 to 14 years. . .
16 to 19 years. . .
20 to 24 years. . .
25 to 29 years . . .
30 to 34 years. . .
35 to 44 years . . .
45 to 54 years . . .
65 to 64 years . . .
65 years and over
Native white females.
10 to 14 years. . .
15 to 19 years. . .
20 to 24 years. . .
26 to 29 years . . .
30 to 34 years. . .
35 to 44 years. . .
45 to 54 years . . .
66 to 64 years . . .
65 years and over
Total.
Literate.
imterate.
1.481.573
837.958
643,615
180,786
127,730
53,066
236,979
158,644
77,336
233,953
140,243
93,710
184,567
104,725
79,842
135,347
75,090
60,267
226,110
115,029
111,081
150,053
67,786
82,267
80,945
31,763
49,182
53.833
16.948
36,885
787.412
450,023
328,389
92.793
64,703
28.090
116,819
76,437
40.382
125,296
76,424
48.871
100.051
59,519
40.532
74.971
45,002
29.969
124.491
69,122
55,369
82.396
41.177
41,218
43.441
18,227
25,214
27.166
8,412
18.744
694.161
378,935
316,226
87.993
63,027
24,966
119.160
82,207
36,953
108.668
63,819
44,839
84.516
45,206
39,310
60,376
30,088
30,288
101.619
45,907
55,712
67.668
26,609
41,049
37,504
13,536
23,968
26,677
8,536
18,141
830,978
487,217
343,761
119,716
. 84,436
35,280
146,167
97.693
48,564
138,241
81.362
56.879
103,133
56.258
46,876
71,506
1 38.386
33 , 120
118,735
! 62,230
56,506
76,972
1 38.576
38.396
36,552
1 18,225
18.327
19,966
1 10.161
9,815
408,239
; 236.920
171.319
61,383
! 43.032
18.351
68,904
1 44.322
24.582
68,442
39.769
28.683
50,418
27.561
22,867
35,176
19,134
16,042
59,874
31,447
28,427
39.133
19,662
19,681
16.987
8,244
8,743
7.922
3.869
4,053
422,739
250.297
172,442
58,333
41.404
16,92»
77,253
53,271
23,982
69,799
41.603
28.196
52,715
28.697
24.018
36,330
19,252
17,07»
58,861
30,783
28,078
37,839
1 19,024
18,815
19,565
j 9.981
9,584
12,044
1 6,282
5,762
GENERAL TABLES.
247
Table 18.
-Population at least 10 years of age, classified by age, sex, color, and
nativity, and by literacy: 1907 — Continued.
AGE, SEX, COLOR, AND NATIVITY.
Total foreign white. . .
10 to 14 years. . .
15 to 19 j'ears. . .
20 to 24 years . . .
25 to 29 years . . .
30 to 34 years . . .
35 to 44 years . . .
45 to 54 years. . .
55 to 64 years . . .
65 years and over
Foreign white males. .
10 to 14 years. . .
15 to 19 years. . .
20 to 24 years . . .
25 to 29 years . . .
30 to 34 years . . .
35 to 44 years . . .
45 to 54 years . . .
55 to 64 years . . .
65 years and over
Foreign white females
10 to 14 years. . .
15 to 19 years. . .
20 to 24 years . . .
25 to 29 years . . .
30 to 34 years. . .
35 to 44 years . . .
45 to 54 years . . .
65 to 64 years . . .
65 years and over
Total colored '
10 to 14 years. . .
15 to 19 years. . .
20 to 24 years . . .
25 to 29 years . . .
30 to 34 years. . .
35 to 44 years. . .
45 to 54 years . . .
55 to 64 years . . .
65 years and over
Colored males*
10 to 14 years. . .
15 to 19 years. . .
20 to 24 years . . .
25 to 29 years . . .
30 to 34 years . . .
35 to 44 years . . .
45 to 54 years . . .
55 to 64 years . . .
65 years and over
Colored females *
10 to 14 years . . .
15 to 19 years. . .
20 to 24 years . . .
25 to 29 years . . .
30 to 34 years . . .
35 to 44 years . . .
45 to 54 years . . .
55 to 64 years . . .
65 years and over
Total.
196,881
159
2
14
24
25
23
34
20
9
4
37
1
2
4
5
5
7
4
2
2
453
219
28
33
32
23
16
30
22
17
14
234
639
490
258
500
545
566
227
175
481
494
916
741
378
659
369
145
483
348
455
387
723
749
880
841
176
421
744
827
026
714
431
332
454
934
296
809
854
218
386
679
494
174
475
974
426
472
779
106
779
035
937
158
979
960
870
337
076
112
607
Literate.
146,443
3,834
14,407
22,412
23,702
21,310
30,263
18,183
8,400
3,932
123,977
2,443
12,393
19,231
19,992
18,140
25,974
15,664
7,084
3,056
22,466
1.391
2,014
3,181
3,710
3,170
4,289
2,519
1,316
876
204,298
39,460
46,644
36,469
24,765
15,394
22,536
11,027
5,138
2,865
Illiterate.
98,126
19,228
19,722
17,434
11,966
7,728
11,701
5,961
2,899
1,487
106,172
20,232
26,922
19,035
12,799
7,666
10,835
5,066
2,239
1,378
50,438
805
3,083
6,846
7,798
7,235
11,303
7,044
3,775
2,549
36,517
473
2,348
5,147
5,667
5,229
8,171
4,819
2,264
1,399
14,921
332
735
1.699
2,131
2,006
3,132
2,225
1,511
1,150
249,416
16,971
25,688
29,985
25 , 169
19.902
43,273
36,827
27,080
24.521
121.553
9,266
13.452
15.041
12,008
8,698
18,771
16.818
14.207
13.292
127,863
7,705
12,236
14,944
13,161
11,204
24,502
20.009
12,873
11,229
» Includes black, mixed, and yellow.
248
POPULATION.
Tjlbve 19. — Population attending school, classified by months, sex, age, color, and
nativity: 1907.
AGE, SEX, COIX)B, AND NATIVITT.
Total.
Under 5 years
5 to 9 years. ...
10 to 14 years
15 to 17 years
18 years and over.
Total males.
Under 5 years
6 to g years
10 to 14 years
15 to 17 years
18 years and over.
Total females.
Under 5 years
5 to 9 years....
10 to 14 years
16 to 17 years
18 years and over .
Total native white.
Under 5 years. ...
5 to 9 years
10 to 14 years
15 to 17 years
18 years and over.
Native white males . . .
Under 5 years
6 to 9 years
10 to 14 years
15 to 17 years
18 years and over.
Native white females. .
Under 5 years....
5 to 9 years....
10 to 14 years
15 to 17 years
18 years and over.
Total foreign white.
Under 5 years
6 to 9 years
10 to 14 years
15 to 17 years
18 years and over .
Foreign white males.
Under 5 years
5 to 9 years ,
10 to 14 years ,
15 to 17 years
18 years and over.
Foreign white females. .
Under 5 years
5 to 9 years
10 to 14 years
15 to 17 years
18 years and over.
Total.
171 ,369
56
64,055
93,920
13,042
296
88.708
25
32.732
48.867
6.862
222
82,661
31
31 .323
45,053
6,180
74
113.004
37
41,084
62,420
9.230
233
59.632
18
21.282
33.096
5,049
187
53.372
19
19.802
29.324
4.181
46
3.670
3
1.558
1,833
265
11
2,002
872
984
136
10
1,668
3
686
849
129
1
1 month
or less.
12,230
6
6,166
5,423
615
20
6,380
2
3,120
2,914
331
13
5.850
4
3,046
2,509
284
7
7,857
2
3.931
3,479
431
14
4.170
1
2.013
1.913
233
10
3.687
1
1.918
1,566
198
4
355
1
195
135
23
1
208
108
84
15
1
147
2 to 3
months.
17.882
21
9,356
7,451
1,042
12
9,462
4 to 5
months.
23,077
13
9,922
11,575
1,540
27
12,009
11
4.847
4.049
648
7
8.420
10
4.609
3,402
494
5
11,014
14
5,783
4,528
680
9
5,998
4
5,041
6,087
858
19
11.068
9
4.881
6,488
682
8
14,614
9
6,210
7,343
1.034
18
7.759
7
3.059
2.553
373
6
6.016
7
2.724
1.976
307
3
418
1
209
184
23
1
244
127
102
14
1
174
3
3.215
3,920
606
16
6,865
6
2.995
3.423
428
3
470
1
238
204
26
1
253
1.35
107
11
217
1
103
97
15
1
6 to 7
months.
31.163
6
11,608
17,060
2,451
38
16.257
3
5.900
9.001
1,325
28
14,906
3
5,708
8.059
1,126
10
20.083
4
7.339
11.020
1,690
30
10,676
2
3.782
6.915
953
23
9.408
2
3.657
5,106
737
7
640
262
331
47
357
149
183
25
283
113
148
22
GENERAL TABLES.
249
Table 19. — Population attending school, classified by months, sex, age, color, and
nativity: 1907 — Continued.
AGE, SEX, COLOR, AND NATIVITY.
Total colored >
Under 5 years. . .
6 to 9 years. . .
10 to 14 years. . .
15 to 17 years. . .
18 years and over
Colored males >
Under 5 years . . .
5 to 9 years . . .
10 to 14 years. . .
15 to 17 years. . .
18 years and over
Colored females '
Under 5 years. . .
5 to 9 years. . .
10 to 14 years. . .
15 to 17 years. . .
18 years and over
Total.
54,695
16
21,413
29,667
3,547
52
27,074
7
10,578
14,787
1,677
25
27,621
9
10,835
14,880
1,870
27
1 month
or less.
4,018
3
2.040
1.809
161
5
2,002
1
999
917
83
2
2,016
2
1,041
892
78
3
2 to 3
months.
6,450
6
3,364
2,739
339
2
3,220
4
1,661
1,394
161
3,230
2
1,703
1,345
178
2
4 to 5
months.
7,993
3
3,474
4,028
480
8
3,997
1
1,691
2,060
241
4
3.996
2
1,783
1,968
239
4
6 to 7
months.
10,440
2
4,007
5,709
714
8
5,225
1
1,969
2,903
347
5
5.215
1
2.038
2,806
367
3
8 months
or more.
25,794
12.630
4,258
7,513
845
14
13,164
2
4.270
7.869
1.008
15
'Includes black, mixed, and yellow.
Table 20. — Population, classified by general groups of occupations, sex, color, and
nativity, by provinces: 1907.
[Figures in italics are included in those for the province.]
TOTAL POPULATION.
PROVINCB.
Total.
Agricul-
ture,
fisheries,
and
mining.
Pro-
fessional
service.
Domestic
and
personal
service.
Trade
and
trans-
portation.
Manu-
facturing
and
mechan-
ical
industries.
Without
gainful
occu-
pation.
Total
2,048,980
374.969
12,805
122.288
136,419
126.021
1,276,478
CamagOey
Habana
118,269
538,010
24.198
46,089
674
49,095
87,980
63 , 199
104,408
660
5,779
4,408
1,345
1,903
777
2,341
6,260
55,128
S8,86g
16,707
19.026
6,526
18,641
5,651
66,192
6g,110
13,474
19,379
8.187
23,636
6.113
66.417
4S,862
11,778
23,265
6,966
22.482
75,387
308,405
City of Habana.
Matanzas
Oriente
Pinar del Rio
Santa Clara
297,169
239.812
455,086
240,372
467,431
168,263
147.413
303.533
155,717
286,023
TOTAL MALES.
Total
1,074,882
371.860
8,764
73.396
134,387
110,585
375,900
CamagOey
Habana
62,118
284.751
167,166
123,560
233,736
128,542
242 , 175
24,135
45,894
674
48,143
87,245
62,539
103,894
426
4,509
3,620
785
1,157
540
1,347
4.033
34,738
23,431
9,699
12,134
2,689
10,103
6,572
65,095
61,164
13,264
19,107
8.083
23,266
5,477
48.354
36,648
10,492
20,594
6,460
20,208
22,475
86,161
City of Habana.
Matanzas
Oriente
41,718
41,177
93,499
Pinar del Rio
Santa Clara
49,231
83,357
250
POPULATION.
Tablk 20. — Population, classified by general groups of occupations, sex, color, and na-
• tivity, by provinces: 1907 — Continued.
[Figures in italics are included in those for the province.]
TOTAL FEMALES.
PBOVIKCE.
Total.
Agricul-
ture,
fisheries,
and
mining.
Pro-
fessional
service.
Domestic
and
personal
service.
Trade
and
trans-
portation.
Manu-
facturing
and
mechan-
ical
industries.
Without
gainful
occu-
pation.
Total
974,098
3,119
4,041
48.892
2,032
15,436
800.67S
CamagOey
Uabana
City of Habana.
Matanzas
Oriente
56,151
253,259
140,004
116,262
221 ,350
111.830
215,266
63
195
234
1,270
788
660
746
237
994
2,227
20,390
16,431
7,008
6,892
3,837
8.538
79
1,097
946
210
272
104
270
636
8,063
e.SOA
1,286
2,671
606
2.274
52,918
222,244
116,636
952
736
660
614
106,238
210,034
Plnar del Rio....
Santa Clara
106, 48«
202, 66«
TOTAL NATIVE WHITE.
Total
1,224,539
214,118
9,036
35,143
59,621
51.460
856,161
CamagOey
88,661
17,464
466
3,207
3,486
2.929
61,109
Habana
316,040
29,897
3,932
14,504
24,188
24,718
218,801
City of Habana
. 148,638
170
3,866
8,009
17,173
17,040
103,373
Matanzas
130,879
22,902
1,044
4,170
6,721
5,272
90.770
Oriente
231,686
43,864
1,223
5,222
9,514
6,006
165,757
Pinar del Rio
166,019
40,565
684
2,601
3,743
2,484
115,042
Banta Clara
292,365
59,426
1,787
5,439
11,969
10,052
203.682
NATIVK WHITE MALES.
Total
608,697
213,229
5,756
26,741
58,297
46,522
269,062
CamagUey
Habana
44,655
153,211
69,183
64,765
114,870
84,679
146,617
17,427
29,784
170
22,838
43,686
40,259
59,235
263
2,935
2,303
567
690
381
920
2,430
11,764
6,378
3,322
4,146
1,230
3,849
3,432
23,398
16,463
6,575
9,407
3,690
11,795
2,604
21,439
14,868
4,929
5,418
2,164
8,968
18,399
63,891
City of Habana.
Matanzas
39,013
26.534
51.52$
Pinar del Rio
Santa Clara
36,955
61.75»
NATIVE WHITE FEMALES.
Total
615.942
889
3,280
8,402
1,.324
5,938
596,10*
CamagOey
Habana
44.106
162,829
79,346
66,114
116,715
80,340
145,838
37
113
203
997
563
477
533
203
867
777
2,740
1,631
848
1,076
1,371
1,590
64
790
710
146
107
53
174
325 42,710
3 279 154 910
City of Habana.
Matanzas
Oriente
3,183 74,369
343 64,236
587 114 2.^4
64
178
306
191
Pinar del Rio
Santa Clara
320
1,084
78,087
141,932
TOTAL FOREIQN WHITE.
Total
203,637
51,630
2,738
22,623
63,444
21.986
41,31S
CamagOey
Habana
City of Habana.
Matanzas
7,932
95,832
72,816
17,656
27,409
15,483
39,325
2,920
7,852
400
5,841
9,658
7,634
17,725
149
1,472
1,346
207
411
163
346
689
15,474
13,973
1,306
2,853
460
1,841
1.790
37.474
31,609
4.814
6,782
3.673
9.011
898
12.237
10,396
1,456
2,414
1,623
3,358
1,486
21,32a
16,396
4,032
5 391
Pinar del Rio
Santa Clara
2,040
7,044
GENERAL TABLES.
251
Table 20. — Population, classified by general groups of occupations, sex, color, and na-
tivity, by provinces: 1907 — Continued.
[Figures in italics are included in those for the province.]
FOREIGN WHITE MALES.
PROVINCE.
Total.
Agricul-
ture,
fisheries,
and
mining.
Pro-
fessional
service.
Domestic
and
personal
service.
Trade
and
trans-
portation.
Manu-
facturing
and
mechan-
ical,
industries.
Without
gainful
occu-
pation.
Total
163.014
51 ,449
2,321
18,210
63,029
21.347
6.658
CamagQey
Habana
6,634
73,414
54,766
13,917
22,645
13.591
32,813
2,917
7.842
400
5,825
9,550
7,622
17.693
129
1,271
1.068
163
321
131
306
612
11,905
9,661
1,149
2.528
407
1.609
1,776
37,255
31 ,341
4,776
6,735
3.531
8.956
886
11,745
9,946
1,434
2,354
1,604
3,324
314
3 39fr
City of Habana.
Matanzas
Oriente
2,360
570
1,157
Pinar del Rio
Santa Clara
296
92fr
FOREIGN WHITE FEMALES.
Total
40,623
81
417
4.413
415
639
34,658
CamagUey
Habana
1,298 !
22,418 i
18,061 j
3,739
4,764
1,892
6,512
3
10
20
201
177
44
90
22
40
77
3,569
3,311
157
325
53
232
14
219
168
38
47
42
66
12
492
460
22
60
19
34
1,172
17,927
City of Habana,
13,946
Matanzas
Oriente
16
8
12
32
3,462
4,234
Pinar del Rfo....
Santa Clara
1,744
6,11&
TOTAL COLORED. 1
Total
620,804
109.321
1,031
64,522
13.354
62,575
380.001
Cainagiley
Habana
21,676
126,138
75,815
91,277
196,092
59,870
125,751
3.814
8,340
104
20,352
34,558
15,000
27,257
45
375
£98
94
269
40
208
2,364
25,150
17,881
11,231
10,951
3,466
11,361
375
4.530
3,4X9
1,939
3,083
871
2,556
2,286 12.792
19,462 68.281
City of Habana.
Matanzas
Oriente
16,417
6,050
14,846
1.859
9.072
38,686
52,611
132,385
Pinar del Rfo
Santa Clara
38,635
76.297
COLORED MALES. >
Total
303.271
107,172
687
28.446
13.061
43.716
110.190
Caraagtiey
Habana
10,929
58,126
33,207
44,878
96.221
30,272
62,845
3,791
8.268
104
19.480
34,009
14,658
26.966
34
303
Z49
55
146
28
121
991
11,069
364
4.442
1.987
15.170
11,746
4,129
12,822
1.692
7.916
3.762
18,874
City of Habana.
Matanzas
Oriente
Pinar del Rfo
Santa Clara
7 ,39Z
5,228
5,460
1,052
4.646
3,361
1.913
2,965
862
2,616
10,366
14,073
40,81»
11.980
20.682
COLORED FEMALES.'
Total
317,633
2,149 j 344
36,077
293
8,859
269,811
CamagQey
Habana
10,747 23
68,912 ! 72
11
72
49
39
123
12
87
1.373
14,081
10,489
6,003
5,491
2,413
6,716
11
88
68
26
118
9
41
299
4,292
3,672
921
2,024
167
1,156
9,030
49,407
City of Habana.
Matanzas
Oriente
42,608
46,399
99,871
29,598
62.906
28,330
872
549
342
291
38,538
91,566
Pinar del Rfo
Santa Clara
26,655
54,615.
' Includes black, mixed, and yellow.
252
POPULATION.
Table 21. — Population, clasHfied by general groups of occupations, age, sex, color,
and nativUy 1907.
AOB, SEX, COLOB, AND
NATIVITT.
Total.
Agri-
culture,
fisheries,
and
mlninf?.
Profes-
sional
service.
Domestic
and
personal
service.
Trade
and
trans-
porta-
tion.
Manu-
facturing
and
mechan-
ical
industries.
With-
out
gainful
occu-
pation.
Total
2.048,980
374,969
12,805
122,288
136,419
126,021
1.276,478
Under 5 years
667,407
180,786
235,979
233,953
184,567
135,347
226.110
150,053
80,945
53.833
567,407
10 to 14 years
15 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
25 to 29 years
30 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
65 to 64 years
65 years and over...
18,467
55.048
65,718
60.892
36.223
62,692
44.694
24,667
16,668
26
1,164
2.174
2,004
1.609
2,769
1.801
881
377
3,077
16,358
21,705
17,697
13,268
22,407
15,015
8.677
5,084
3,035
20,216
23,793
20,057
16,619
25,635
16,060
7,543
3,461
3,505
23,284
22.858
17.564
13.655
23,013
13,3.38
5,926
2,878
152.676
120,909
97,705
76,353
53.973
89,594
59.145
33,251
25,465
Total males
1.074,882
371.860
8,764
73,396
134,387
110.586
375,900
Under 5 years
287,470
92,793
116,819
125,295
100,051
74.971
124.491
82,395
43,441
27,156
974,098
287,470
10 to 14 years
15 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
25 to 29 years
30 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
65 to 64 years
65 years and over. . .
Total females
18,276
64.514
65,399
50.633
36.025
62.220
44.221
24.314
16.248
3,119
2i
261
963
1,332
1.204
2,253
1,583
804
343
4,041
1,607
8.822
14.554
11,943
8.342
12.704
7,732
4.702
2.990
48.892
2,986
19,768
23,363
19,797
16,454
25,335
15,856
7,442
3.386
2.032
2.919
18,419
19,473
15,598
12,429
21,088
12,320
6,602
2,737
15,436
66,984
15,036
1.643
748
517
891
683
577
1.462
900 578
Under 5 years
10 to 14 vears
15 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
25 to 29 years
30 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
65 to 64 years
65 years and over. . .
Total native white
279,937
87,993
119.160
108,658
84,516
60,376
101,619
67.658
37,504
26,677
1,224,539
279,937
191
634
319
259
198
472
473
353
320
214,118
5
903
1,211
672
405
516
218
77
34
9,036
1,470
6,536
7,151
5,754
4,926
9,703
7,283
3,975
2,094
35.143
49
448
430
260
165
300
204
101
75
69.621
586
4,865
3,385
1,966
1,226
1,925
1,018
324
141
61,460
85,692
105,874
96,162
75,605
53.456
88,703
58,462
32,674
24.013
855.161
Under 5 years
10 to 14 years
15 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
25 to 29 years
30 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over. . .
393,561
119.716
146,157
138,241
103,133
71,506
118,735
76,972
36,552
19,966
393,561
12,853
35,871
40,337
29,785
20,425
35,238
24,063
10,654
4,892
13
896
1,697
1.428
1,076
1,898
1,241
670
217
1.228
6,889
8,134
5,776
3,561
6,423
3,166
1,361
606
1.701
10.007
11.346
8.603
6,289
10,902
6,862
2,792
1,219
1,623
10,447
9,794
6,928
6,264
8,917
6,390
2,167
930
102,298
83,047
66,933
50,714
34,891
56,357
36,250
19,008
12.102
Native white males
608,597
213,229
6,766
26,741
58.297
45,522
259.052
Under 5 years
200,358
61 ,383
68,904
68,442
50,418
35,176
69,874
39,133
16,987
7,922
200,358
10 to 14 years
15 to 19. vears
20 to 24 years
25 to 29 years
30 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 64 years
65 to 64 years
65 years and over. . .
12,739
36,630
40,201
29,701
20,382
35.126
23,991
10,693
4,866
10
138
684
882
747
1,494
1,085
519
197
787
4,213
6,867
4,816
2,773
3,917
2,073
880
415
1,672
9,681
11,015
8,326
6,195
10,734
6,747
2,739
1,188
1,354
8.607
8,556
6,263
4.797
8,135
4,911
2,033
866
44,821
10,635
1,119
430
282
468
326
223
390
GENERAL TABLES.
253
Table 21 . — Population, classified by general groups of occupations, age, sex, color,
and nativity: 1907 — Continued.
AGE, SEX, COLOR, AND
NATIVITY.
Total.
Agri-
culture,
fisheries,
and
mining.
Profes-
sional
service.
Domestic
and
personal
service.
Trade
and
trans-
porta-
tion.
Manu-
facturing
and
mechan-
ical
industries.
With-
out
gainful
occu-
pation.
Native white females
615,942
889
3.280
8,402
1,324
6,938
596.109
Under 5 years
10 to 14 years
15 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
25 to 29 years
30 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
65 to 64 years
66 years and over. . .
Total foreign white
193,203
68,333
77,253
69,799
62,715
36,330
68,861
37,839
19,666
12,044
203,637
193 203
114
241
136
84
43
112
72
61
26
51,630
3
758
1,013
646
329
404
166
61
20
2,738
441
1,676
1,267
969
788
1,606
1,093
481
191
22,623
29
326
331
177
94
168
115
53
31
63,444
269
1,840
1,238
665
467
782
479
134
64
21,986
67,477
72,412
65,814
50,284
34,609
65,889
35,924
18.785
11,712
41,316
Under 6 years
10 to 14 years
15 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
25 to 29 years
30 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
65 to 64 years
66 years and over. . .
6,766
4,639
17,490
29,258
31,600
28,546
41,566
26,227
12,176
6,481
6 756
334
3,276
8,020
8,670
7,787
11,587
7,018
3,223
1,615
4
68
221
430
420
723
470
268
134
189
1,937
3.961
4,076
3,397
4,728
2,668
1,202
465
956
8,662
10,386
9,727
8,737
12,287
7,735
3,526
1.438
86
1,174
3,017
3,718
3,667
5,583
2,995
1,215
531
3,070
2,383
3,653
4,879
4,537
6,658
4,341
2,741
2.298
Foreign white males ....
163,014
61,449
2,321
18,210
63.029
21,347
6,658
Under 5 years
10 to 14 years
16 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
25 to 29 years
30 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
46 to 54 years
66 to 64 years
65 years and over...
Foreign white females. .
3,520
2,916
14,741
24.378
25,669
23,369
34.145
20,483
9.348
4,456
40,623
3,520
331
3,270
8,009
8,662
7,777
11,672
6,999
3,218
1,611
81
2
32
154
347
372
635
413
246
120
417
117
1,380
2,880
3,246
2,832
4,051
2,291
1,018
396
4,413
949
8.597
10.313
9,665
8.683
12,203
7,680
3.611
1,428
415
80
1,068
2,904
3,605
3,584
5,465
2,923
1,194
524
639
1,437
394
118
135
121
219
177
161
376
34,658
Under 5 years
10 to 14 years
15 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
25 to 29 years
30 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
46 to 64 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over. . .
Total colored •
3,236
1,723
2,749
4,880
5,841
5,176
7,421
4,744
2,827
2,026
620,804
3,238
3
6
11
8
10
15
19
6
4
109,321
2
36
67
83
48
88
67
22
14
1,031
72
557
1,081
831
565
677
377
184
69
64,522
7
55
73
62
54
84
65
16
10
13,354
6
106
113
113
83
118
72
21
7
52,576
1,633
1,989
3,535
4,744
4,416
6,439
4,164
2,580
1,922
380,001
Under 6 years
10 to 14 years
16 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
26 to 29 years
30 to 34 years
36 to 44 years
46 to 54 years
65 to 64 years
66 years and over. . .
167,090
66.431
72,3.32
66,454
49,934
36.296
66,809
47,864
32,218
27.386
167,090
5,280
15,901
17,361
12.437
8.011
15.867
13.613
10.790
10.061
9
200
256
146
113
148
90
43
26
1,660
7,532
9,610
7,846
6,310
12,256
9.181
6.114
4.013
378
1,557
2,061
1,827
1,593
2,446
1.463
1,225
804
1,796
11 ,663
10,047
6.918
4,724
8,513
4,953
2,544
1.417
47,308
35,479
27,119
20,760
14.645
26.579
18.554
11,502
11.065
> Includes black, mixed, and yellow.
254
POPULATION.
Table 21. — Population, classified by general groups of occupations, age, sex, color,
and nativity: 1907 — Continued.
AOE, SEX, COLOR, AND
NATIVITT.
Total.
i Agri-
culture.
ifislxeries,
and
mining.
Profes-
sional
service.
Domestic
and
personal
service.
Trade
and
trans-
porta-
tion.
Manu-
facturing
and
mechan-
ical
industries.
With-
out
gainful
occu-
pation.
Colored males
303.271
107.172
687
28,445
13.061
43.716
110,190
Under 6 years
10 to 14 years
16 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
25 to 29 years
30 to 34 years . .
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
56 to H4 years
66 years and over...
Colored females ^
83.692
28.494
33.174
32.476
23.974
16.426
30.472
22.779
17.106
14,779
317.633
83,692
6,206
16,614
17,189
12,270
7.886
16,522
13.231
10,503
9,771
2.149
9
91
126
103
86
124
85
39
26
344
703
3.229
4,807
3,882
2.737
4.736
3,368
2.804
2.179
36.077
365
1,490
2,035
1,806
1,576
2,398
1,429
1.192
770
293
1,485
8.744
8.013
5.730
4.048
7,488
4.486
2,376
1,347
8,869
20,726
4,006
306
183
114
204
180
193
686
269,811
Under 5 years
10 to 14 years
15 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
25 to 29 years
30 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
66 years and oyer. . .
83.498
27.937
39.158
33.979
25.960
18,870
36.337
26,076
15.112
12.607
83,498
74
287
172
167
146
345
382
287
290
131
43
28
24
957
4,303
4.803
3.964
3,573
7,520
5.813
3.310
1,834
is
67
26
21
17
48
34
33
34
3ii
2,919
2,034
1,188
676
1,026
467
169
70
26,582
31,473
26,813
20.577
14.431
26,375
18.374
11,309
10.379
>Includee black, mixed, and yellow.
GENERAL TABLES.
255
;0 -t^r-f^ia
^IN
•-0
"5
CO
Tj<lf5>OOb-iOC<lWC<5
•>j< in .-I CO 05 CO 'H CO
^ CO CO ^
^ CO -^ (M O •*
-H
®
t^
s
IMC0'-<-HIN»-l«M05 -HO-HTj<-*t-.h.b.rJ<OOOt-t^>-"C00500iOOt^O-HCOtOU500COt^(N
t^W— ll^CDCOt-itO'-l i-it~OC0OONNt~00l~- OOCOOt^COt^COlOt^ e^(N>-i«0(Nt>.
CO t-ii-((NOS«00 rtW-^ ,-11-1 N,-i o rtOJC^US 1-1 "-I i-iCO N.'^COCO
r- i-ie»s,Hco
.,-1 ■ -i-iTtiTHeoN
■*
00
CO « 1-1 f-i lO ® O CO
(NtJi-hiCi t^COi-l(N (Ni-ilMi-l (NTjl .-I -< O
to <-io^T»<i-ieooo ■ • Tj( . .cq • -^ • -NN
iM ^ o Ti<e^ . .
lO
CO
CO
o •
CO ^
tc
INOOOiO^HOS'^OOOS
t-eOt-MW^^CDlN
t^ i-KN CO --I to O to
,-1 ®(NlOC0
t»00-m^OOOOOO«OOOOOI-»-^-H<NO»COO—i>OOSlOOCOl^'Ht^O)Tjl
rt -^ <N-1l U5
_ D_2 ^ (n
^ 0)
5C5,
0) 3 ,
(4/ —
•^2
"" 1-1 2 o) OJ
C tH ;-i cd
Efeco
1 m (w
Mot V
•3-5
" cS S
' 0) c
3 X
o o
o o S
PQPQW
3-r, c
C 3
P9U
• e 3 5; • ^ 0)
,S
y
■d
* *? c"
Is
CG O
0) o
oO
_^ c „ g 1
.a ra t; t- - ID fc.
ajt-ci-JiiCCca.S.-eS
256
POPULATION.
«2
S
•4
s
2g
CO
C4ao<-< 00
tC<0 i-< CO 03 U3 C4 C^ CO
T->^ U5S> 'H
OS
•r^
o
It-*
»-l
eo-"0»
>0«C4
wt^«o«cwo>oco^t>'00'*'®osioe>h--<«o^Moo-<wci(eot^--''5csor»t>-o
.-<r-< t» OOlOrH eSWlOO U5rtr-I 'V CO rl .1 tH M •* W
a> N>-iw 1-1 CO"-!
a> o><o
o
CO
N
oeo
eo>o
eo
iH •*4'C0C0
a
0>«000SO«0i-Hl0l^iCe<105t»-<t<<N«)-*0>C0e0c0e00se0<0O'<t<M<Or)'C0M'«f'0C^T)<0100t>'
WNt^00«DOU3 — IM'-i00®COt~.0;iN00tCMW<0W(NlNC0C0O00i000'<J'.-iWT»'0» CCOO'^rl'
esos r-co N'ifco'-i Nt>.ioooai<N tn .-h co wno oco -^ro m o
-2J
SL
i*
MlO'HOC4C4
N U30
C4
U5
US
T-l ■
ii-H ■«>'4<eo
11 veo
T»HO — lO'*0'^-*N.t»r»0«DOCi-ih-NUSe>J'-<®U5(NlOOW'*ONUS'<J"0'«'«C100tOT(<rtOOS
r^T(<cot»oi^t>-e^«ow»)<csxosoi-ioeo«ci-il"Ot~o>coMe^ij>-"io«^«0'»j"0 co — ese^
ioos'*i-icO'*i-icot*"seoi-icoii'-HO»coio«oi>-csc< oo ■<)< co n i-i "s t^ '*<cm Oi-(i-i«
e1
03
■o
;-c-£
: «J
t- 01
> V
C3 ^ 1/ Ij (A
H t M = «J
o s) o o ~
is X
£ c i*
4) £
wo
"o es o O ::
_ — S s 5
g § a'd CO
<2 >.C.2
SB
, ' >- C t£ * ^ • Vj Vi V2 \
^1
OS o
EM
o5
oj"0
fe
S
^ o
;||
„_. — ■«.-_, . X « M 05 !" f .2 S f», /• ~
« 1. 4J 0).- = Sttifc S S^^^ o'C c
;<s^;?z^;2;ooopsp-.p^p-lp-lp-.PHK
~ a)_c'a to «
..-•if "c § c iu
: o M oj
■•a is
GENERAL TABLES.
257
a>
«
S5«
■"If •
a»
CO
eo
wocoiOiOio-<j<t»050t>o coo t»
•co«
00 •*
CO
O)
>O00t«COIOt«'^lOC0C>)lO00O>M00<OO3
OOt^OOW509 0W»Ht>.rH,H'«»l C><0 «
CON rHi-l(N'>»<0> U5IO'* »-l 1-1
COtJI
CO
1-1
NU5
eo'
IN •
Oeo005»lOt^lNIO^N(NOOCO®0>00
N 0> i-l to t>. lO lO O ■* >-i «0 00 CO ■^
'■V.
_• OJ <P
S o >>
C.2-— >"
03
73 OS C o
,— 4) <l> O
OQOQCQM
- "* £
oj 5 D
; cs M "
' (1) ^ as
; & c «« o
■2 cj <u o
17
258
POPULATION.
e8 >
©(NNOOi-cCO CO
OOOOOl'HOSKlflOO
NlO --lOCOWCCOO
0>«000^'-<'HU5 00«00'*'-'<-lt»lOM'^t"^NlOC<5>flOJinOC<50i-l»"1<OOCO^r««<Dt^U>
OlOOOCD •"! 1-1 r-IC< 1-" ■^lO'-lO i-l •"HrH ,-c 0> (N « -< CO
o>>HW-HooT(<t^«oo 0'^ooooooe<;ooiCTt<io'00»osO'*ooo-<fflOJTj<^T}<cot--'*«ooONe>ieo
rt (O rH ^ o If* tH «oiotOi-ii-<<0'-c<r)t^i-»o> otoow*oooi-"® loo c^c^t^moto
O •Ht-iMCO'^.-iiOO© lOCONC0 0>Tj<r0t^I^'>*<'>t»Ht»O'O00>C05'<J'tOCOM00iOO-«)'(N00O^O
r-l t>. N W* tf! 00 00 Tit W to lO i-H t^ >0 C» '*< t» 5D lO ■*« C^CqsOOCOO « W i-i CO —c O) 00 OS 00
a
O— lOlOOOOSt^Ttf C<5lOOOOOOtO»Hi-<0000-^T»l<0^-^lO«ONe^W®
-^CO'-llJlTjl CRW rHrtCOrMCOWe^ ® t> OS 0(N —c rH US -H i-<
t» OS OSOO •-< CO ?<■<«< T»i i-H 00
0!>,
<*^W<4<i-i«0^
I
NOOOlO'-tOS'-'WOS t»00-<t»000000e0«OOt>.^-HIN0S®O'HU50SU5OMt^'-<[^0STt<'*iO
t»e<5t~N<0'*<'-<«0N 0>OOC<500COIN«'<l<0'l<(NM-H«Ot>.OSh»OSOSOOOS OS O "af N CO 00 >o b- ■*
t^i-iMco-Hteoco 1-iooe^ •*« usoeo-* io>-(co'0'-icdci3co>-' woo ooos®«ou90»
^ «C4>0C0
^ -H N'^
-^
H
• a
1
il
a
. »
Tl
•«
B
•o
<4
• o
• «
•a
;g
^E
. • s
="3
"•2 :
2-3 :
QJ CO
2-02
..S
li^,
?;?>
c
■<<<;o3PQfQpqcQm pqmpqmB3paa5a5c>uou55oooQQQQWww&£4fa(naoW
GENERAL TABLES.
259
rH us io«t- nO'->-^e* CO « « ■* Wi-i • or- ■» 'O-^'^
t-l t~ ■<l<i-<<!0 • i-li-l -O •-<
•*00»t-OS005«<OOOOC»t»t^OOOO«DOCOl000005000WOOt-i-l»0000»
Wfi-i M
OJ-HW*OOCOW*OTllU500a3t^«OSCOt^OOr»<1^0t»0«0)"<)l>iJ«lOt~OONr-irtOOU5'<J<00>Or)lOOOO
■* >OC<5"* eOMiOOO (N.-I IN lO P5 --ceS COO t- Tf O --i M •-<
t- NrHN i-IN (N ^1-"
ioosio>o«OP5Noo>o«i'-^'»i'c<iccooot»moo5eocct^t-ooosco'*NW05cO'-iooc<:oi^'*ooT)<«o>o
T-cloc<^'-lM'-l^^coo4lOOO^^>';^~■«<p^«co>«5•-'^^'-|^~oOr-lC<lco01-l■-lOO^^ coNMioocqcotO'*
i-< lOtH .-COSU5N i-Hiooie^cO «0»-< N «0 « r-f* t~cvi to >O-*C0 CON
>-<«0 CO 'HCO
■^t~t^Nt^COOOiOOCeDO>0)OCOTtiOSU;t~0.-iOOl^QOCOCOOOIMiOOO>-l'««<h»N
OOi-ICO— i-<cO-^Ot)<-mOOOO";1^'-iCO«0 0050-h .-h <N<OlOMOcOi-l t~co
Ci'-I «CCO i-(.-llCC0 ■* 1-1 lO rHCO r-lr-i
WOt^Ot-COtDlOCO
U2-HNC0CCOJCO00eO
Ti<e<»oj.He<i<eioa»i-<00'-i«iC'ii<c«cO'-'00NNeoost->-ieo
t».-(0<-n-< •-<■* •*»O«5O>O>«3 0000M T)< CO-*
eoi-i t^i-i t»i-iio.-«rH CO
iO'*oao5»ct-e<ico«oooN©oocO'^»-<o>
■* «OCO 00 O M
(N 1-1 11
OS
(^^co^5•*^~oocooo
-Hi-lrtOi-l
C0t~Ot^t>.N!0MTt<M000>«0-<OC0e0-^T)<Ot^09<CN(Nit"— I'OOOiflOil'O eOi-"IN(NCO'*C^O>i-<
■*i-HC0'*>-cCOWlOC0i-ie0-*'-"OSC0"O«Ot»e<M OO •^CONi-nOt- ■^M O»i-li-i00<NO»iH<Ob-
« ^ rt
s»
& fc. »1
a; a> t4
Ji n " eS
O O 3 O
•g 3x33 S «S oK
!3 ?^ flS oS Gd^ 3 « CO
O
:e>.
ofc:
•a cd
m « I- e en
' -3 c tii) os 5 .
I C cd r^ Hs C9 H,
> ^Xi OJ *>-• O Q^
i£ cj <o aj'-s CO
I o t. « c 2 ^
tSecS o-= o >>3i->£ "^-3 '
iSfce d C4J3J35 ot; o d 31
O O O a< Ph Pli Pk C^ PU pui n CQ OQ ::
260
POPULATION.
O "i* t» 00 1~ t^ ^ N O OS N «
Ttlt^lOlC-it^tO «» <o
,-105 lO rl
•s
»-<i-HOO ^ F-l
i-<e««'*^
OJTfior-iaiotooooous-* o
ooN"-ie<«Tj<N<ffl-Ht-<«o t» Ti
O^tO N0»
O t- 06 00 t^ t^ lO 1-1 ■* lO
■-I OS COr-HrH
2S
»OU5t^N-<»<OST(<iO
N » T«l <* •* ^ ri
OS
CO w-*C0w^Oi
■^t> •WJ'Ni-l^ •«
1^ •« -CO
(^c^in— iNiNOOcooosw
<-lO'-l'*^eO ■««<Ni-IWNU5(N00'*OU5e«rHO'*«00i-l'*O
,H O "S" •* OOr-l « »H N CC*
rt rt CO OO CO ^ '^
IC O.
" c8 g
c3 si
5 <u £ =-<
to "^-^
■lis
Eg
"^3
5-S
m 4> S
PJ3
X5 4) , .
■on
C si
03 .
'^ o.„
"to
C 3 O
83 O 3
h5WS
GENERAL TABLES.
261
o3 >.
Wt^eOrHN
CO OlO
u5i-i.-ie<it^'-iooe«Or
ooo«o
0-*
t^Tj<»-^50
■rHIO
i-l 1-) lO (O Tjl
t~COW^-'*
CON
e<|iO.-<<ONO«N'^^COrt-<«'*COCONtt>'««'OOeOOeO'*t»NU5C<INU5N
iatot~ 1-1
rt co»-<coioc«
in
I5-9 2
s«
•it
o5
5a
"So
^M
"-■ c 2
- 5 2c -
^ eg loioiMScSmeisg
iH^I^JlSSSZOOPnOipHPkpHai!:
11^
(U M lU iJ
<u i a ■-•
S^^,S -
-"ii oosg
•aojo— tj
"^TS-oS a
(urg CO) . -^ c =* o
^ * 03 ;-« fo g, S 3 o!.a
G E o t^-'^ hi'2tj >^
2Sa5-3 gs-S^a B ajo
x3-«->-»-^ ^ ^ ^ *^;>'i>^
as gqoqH H H H E? I> E^
262
POPULATION.
Table 24. — Persons engaged in selected occupations, by sex and literacy: 1907.
Total.
Literate.
Illiterate.
DXOREES
RECEIVBO.
SJBX AND OCCUPATION.
Aca-
demic.
Pro-
fessional.
KAUCS.
Actors
66
772
1,130
278
325
6.161
2,649
6,011
3,668
29
197
888
231
87
438
228
88
546
1,008
340
21,420
27
2.511
24,161
372
25.599
176
690
391
386
10.199
6
390
803
47
364.821
937
1.689
654
574
1.946
431
175
2.304
470
171
324
41.767
1,627
1.347
120
386
1,498
12,161
7,917
50,302
635
1,662
711
246
205
72
895
60
2,428
324
1,240
112
555
1,784
40
64
6,446
32.208
66
752
998
277
323
4,599
2,541
4,682
3,177
27
160
798
204
87
438
164
69
449
722
322
18,546
26
1,022
21,063
372
25,599
142
476
175
385
6,826
6
380
799
47
129.794
628
705
366
654
1.688
206
170
1,421
442
148
324
20.780
1.136
1.347
120
143
1,359
8.789
7,354
46,144
253
905
693
238
206
61
762
49
2,217
323
1,240
104
342
1,782
34
53
4,030
30,462
3
16
3
Agents (real estate), collectors, and
20
132
1
2
1,562
108
329
491
2
37
99
27
4
Apprentices
Architects and draftsmen
27
7
1
76
3
2
62
Artists
4
Bakers . .
Bankers, brokers, capitalists, and
26
Barbers and hairdressers
4
Blacksmiths
3
Bleachers, dvers, and scourers
Boarding house, hotel, restaurant, and
1
Boilermakers
Boxmakers (wooden)
Bookbinders '.
Bookkeepers
71
70
BrickmaKers
64
19
97
286
18
2,874
1
1.489
3.098
Broom and brush makers
Builders and contractors
2
1
Butchers
Cabinetmakers
Carpenters
2
Charcoal burners
Cigar factory operatives
6
61
442
1
Clergymen ....
82
Clerks and copyists
116
Confectioners
34
215
216
Coopers
Dairymen
Dentists
22
331
Draymen and hackmen
4,373
Electricians
10
4
7
160
1
77
5
623
Farmers, planters, and farm laborers . . .
Firemen (not locomotive)
235,027
309
984
288
20
267
226
6
883
28
23
28
Fishermen
Gardeners and florists
Gold and silver workers
i
1
Barnessmakers ■.
Hostlers
Housekeepers and stewards
4
Hucksters and peddlers
Iron and steel workers
1
Janitors and sextons
Journalists
23
4
1
110
13
10
Laborers (not specified)
20,987
392
1
Launderers
Lawyers
1 086
Literary and scientific persons
' 32
Lumbermen ."
243
139
3.372
563
4.158
282
767
18
8
Machinists
.8
43
461
60
Masons
2
Mechanics
174
Merchants
674
Messengers and office boys
Miners and quarrymen
Musicians
44
3
18
s
Nurses
Officials (government)
11
Officials of banks and companies
ii
133
11
211
1
Officials of manufacturing companies. . .
5
1
Painters
16
40
108
Photographers
14
Physicians and surgeons
1 091
Plumbers
8
213
2
6
1
2,416
1,746
Potters
Printers, lithographers, etc
6
Ropemakers
Sail, awning, and tent makers
Sailors and boatmen
30
31
36
Salesmen
7
GENERAL TABLES.
263
Tablb 24. — Persons engaged in selected occupations, by sex and literacy:
Continued.
1907—
Total.
Literate.
Illiterate.
DEGREES
RECEIVED.
SEX AND OCCUPATION.
Aca-
demic.
Pro-
fessional.
MALES — continued .
6
15,934
111
120
6,829
8,238
948
129
1,699
715
587
572
5,095
401
2,132
592
830
50
63
306
19
408
26
1
10
1
104
1
143
4
2
1
2
2
5
3,342
8
884
10
5
2,332
1
3,110
4
3
28
1
34
140
262
5
591
24,016
2
2
2
554
51
576
1
11
6
4
3
33
2
116
9,464
23,378
6
9,692
95
118
5,479
7,901
641
129
775
567
572
545
4,961
310
2,132
589
747
42
63
298
12
118
25
1
10
1
102
6,242
16
2
1,350
337
307
2
Shoemakers
1
16
Soldiers and policemen
9
Steam railway employees
2
Stenographers and typewriters
7
2
3
924
148
16
27
134
91
Street railway employees
Siiparmakers
2
1
6
Tailors. .
864
38
1
434
Telegraph and telephone operators. . . .
Tinners
3
83
8
18
8
2
32
Watch and clock makers
8
7
290
1
1
Wood choppers . . .
FEMAIJiB.
Architects and draftsmen
2
1
11
8
Bakers
Bankers, brokers, capitalists, and finan-
132
4
2
3
Boarding house, hotel, restaurant, and
1
Cabinetmakers
2
2
::::::::::;;;:::;;:;
Charcoal burners
5
742
2,6003
8
884
5
6
2,181
1
643
1
18
4
5
5>
Dressmakers .
isi
>
2,467
3
3
3
25
1
18
34
196
5
314
7,869
2
2
2
335
51
487
1
7
6
4
3
33
2
88
8,099
10,596
16
106
66
2
I
277
16,147
1
1
Literary and scientific persons
Merchants
219
3
13
28
16
6
89
100
Officials of banks and companies
Officials of manufacturing companies . . .
4
1
1
:::::::::;
28
1,365
12,782
1
1
264
POPULATION.
TabIiB 24. — Persons engaged in selected occupations, by sex and literacy: 1907 —
Continued.
Total.
Literate.
Illiterate.
DEGREES RECEirSD.
aUX AND OCCUPATION.
Aca-
demic.
Pro-
fessional.
FEMALES — continued.
Shirtmakers
3
19
3
134
17
3,832
66
22
2
06
2
2
18
1
1
3
Steam railway employees
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
134
17
3,832
65
20
2
70
10
2
Teachers
1,558
1
805
Telegraph and telephone operators
Trunk and leather-case makers
2
Watch and clock makers
Weavers and lace makers
26
2
Wood choppers
GENERAL TABLES.
265
Table 25. — Persons engaged in selected occupations, by sex and conjtigal condition:
1907.
SEX AND OCCUPATION.
MALES.
Actors
Agents (real estate), collectors, and
commercial travelers
Apprentices
Architects and draftsmen
Artists
Bakers
Banl^ers, brokers, capitalists, and finan-
ciers
Barbers and hairdressers
Blacksmiths
Bleachers, dyers, and scourers
Boarding house, hotel, restaurant, and
saloon keepers ,
Boilermakers ,
Boxmakers (wooden)
Bookbinders ,
Bookkeepers
Brlckmakers ,
Broom and brush makers
Builders and contractors
Butchers ,
Cabinetmakers
Carpenters
Carriage and wagon makers
Charcoal burners
Cigar factory operatives ,
Clergymen ,
Clerks and copyists ,
Confectioners ,
Coopers ,
Dairymen ,
Dentists ,
Draymen and hackmen ,
Dressmakers ,
Electricians
Engineers (civil, etc.) and surveyors . .
Engravers ,
Farmers, planters, and farm laborers.
Firemen (not locomotive) ,
Fishermen ,
Gardeners and florists ,
Gold and silver workers ,
Harnessmakers ,
Hostlers ,
Housekeepers and stewards ,
Hucksters and peddlers ,
Iron and steel workers ,
Janitors and sextons
Journalists
Laborers (not specified)
Launderers
Lawyers
Literary and scientific persons
Lumbermen
Machinists
Masons
Mechanics
Merchants
Messengers and office boys
Miners and quarrymen
Musicians
N urses
Officials (government)
Officials of banks and companies
Officials of manufacturing companies .
Packers and shippers
Painters
Photographers
Physicians and surgeons
Plumbers
Potters
Printers, Hthographers, etc
Ropemakers
Sail, awning, and tent makers
Sailors and boatmen
Salesmen
Seamstresses
Servants
Ship and boat builders
Shirtmakers
Total.
772
1,130
278
325
6,161
2,649
6,011
3,668
29
197
888
231
87
438
228
88
546
1,008
340
21,420
27
2,511
24,161
372
25,599
176
690
391
385
10,199
5
390
803
47
364,821
937
1,689
654
574
1,945
431
175
2,304
470
171
324
41,767
1,527
1,347
120
386
1,498
12,161
7,917
50,302
535
1,662
711
246
205 i
72
895
60
2,428
324
1,240
112
555 I
1,784 I
40
54
6,446
32,208
6
15,934
111
120
Single
and
unknown.!
25
274
1,129
81
153
3,592
489
2,868
2,126
19
111
436
147
55
191
157
70
193
388
197
10,847
11
1,561
12,921
298
12,568
92
253
258
110
4,743
3
183
342
31
192,280
490
835
401
287
1,098
329
88
1,324
273
82
124
22,819
965
270
63
183
549
6,058
4,129
21,544
495
1,232
300
166
44
36
395
30
1,272
162
274
64
292
,182
31
23
3,202
29,875
5
11,247
63
69
1,
Married.
29
410
161
142
1,650
1,714
1,478
1,077
7
63
351
58
26
224
54
13
270
353
97
7,160
8
626
6,894
70
10,609
59
229
113
239
3,268
1
177
421
13
112,613
261
520
184
212
575
69
73
602
159
64
165
10,239
337
962
51
120
713
3,270
2,839
23,221
23
403
276
60
144
31
367
16
724
141
877
31
174
477
7
21
2,621
1,964
2,464
39
35
Con-
sensually
married.
61
11
21
811
121
561
379
2
15
75
18
4
11
10
4
66
245
35
2,611
5
279
3,530
1
1,473
19
179
15
21
1,991
1
22
9
2
50,100
168
264
51
51
219
25
10
316
31
11
20
7,658
183
24
4
73
174
2,513
729
3,604
10
7
106
7
7
2
95
11
357
12
11
16
73
80
2
4
453
165
1,789
3
13
Widowed.
27
1
26
9
108
325
104
86
1
8
26
8
2
12
7
1
17
22
11
802
3
45
816
3
949
6
29
5
15
197
8
31
1
9,828
18
70
18
24
53
8
4
62
7
14
15
1,051
42
91
2
10
62
320
220
1,933
7
20
29
13
10
3
38
3
75
9
78
1
16
45
6
170
204
1
434
6
3
'Includes divorced.
266
POPULATION.
TABiiX 25. — Persona engaged in selected occupations, by sex and conjugal condition:
1907— Continued.
SEX AND OCCXJPATIOK.
Total.
Single
and
unknown.'
Married.
Con-
sensually
married.
Widowed.
MALES — continued.
Shoemakers
6,829
8,238
948
129
1.699
715
587
672
6,095
401
2,132
692
830
60
63
306
19
408
26
1
10
1
104
1
143
4
2
1
2
2
5
3,342
8
884
10
5
2,332
1
3,110
4
3
28
1
34
140
262
5
691
24,016
2
2
2
654
51
576
1
11
6
4
3
33
2
116
9.464
23,378
3
19
3
134
17
3,832
65
22
2 1
95
2 1
3.667
6.204
632
96
799
396
268
212
3,137
266
879
372
433
36
15
126
11
285
15
1
10
1
62
1
34
2
1
1
2
2
4
2,601
6
672
7
1
1,683
2,034
2,486
312
25
637
259
219
281
1,382
112
1,082
194
279
3
36
140
4
81
8
971
426
81
6
198
46
82
45
466
23
37
14
98
11
3
17
3
37
2
257
Soldiers and policemen
123
Steam railway employees
23
Stenographers and typewriters
Stock raisers
2
65
Stonecutters •,
14
Street railway employees
18
Sugarmakers
34
Tailors
110
Tanners
10
Teachers '
134
Telegraph and telephone operators
Tinners
12
20
Trunk and leather-case makers
Veterinary surgeons
9
Watch and clock makers
23
Weavers and lace makers
1
Wood choppers
6
FEMALES.
1
Agents (real estate), collectors, and
commercial travelers
Apprentices
Architects and draftsmen
Artists
38
10
4
Bakers
Bankers, brokers, capitalists, and finan-
ciers
19
1
90
Boarding house, hotel, restaurant, and
saloon keepers
1
Bookbinders
1
Broom and brush makers
Carpenters
Charcoal burners
1
265
230
3
79
2
3
305
1
240
366
Clergymen
8
125
Confectioners
1
1
Dressmakers
150
194
Engineers (civil) and surveyors
Farmers, planters, and farm laborers. . .
1,815
4
1
10
1
20
71
98
2
406
14,061
1
1
2
268
39
379
853
202
Gardeners and florists
2
2
Hairdressers
11
5
Harnessmakers
Housekeepers
1
40
33
2
40
1,671
1
1
4
14
7
9
Hucksters and peddlers
15
Janitresses
124
Journalists
1
Laborers (not specified)
81
6,206
64
Laundresses
2,079
Literary and scientific persons
Masons
Merchants
181
6
117
23
92
Musicians
6
N urses
13
67
1
Officials of manufacturing companies. . .
Painters
6
5
2
3
31
1
92
7,209
18,150
3
11
1
1
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
Saleswomen
16
852
1,293
2
630
1,847
6
Seamstresses
773
Servants
2,088
Shoemakers
4
2
4
1
647
1
3
1
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
128
13
2,909
63
16
1
79
2
1
2
2
Teachers
274
Telegraph and telephone operators
2
3
1
4
1
3
6
1
6-
Wood choppers
> Includes divorced.
GENERAL TABLES.
267
03
o -coo •« •■*
-<00 -rlN
1
e
H
Dto
«5^N(M«OlO
t^00Wt"^'>1<>O
osiooo<Dio«co«»oO'-ioos<Ne<it^«or^t^ioe<«Ti<'<<<eoN(Nh-«HOi'-iiNi-c'*osc<i'-ieoaio«oOf-i
C<t>.t-lOOCC(Nt^t^airlOM01MMOO«MOOOO t^OOUS W t^ (NM CO 00 <!»<■-" — 00 -h lO O IN 0>
N rtNOOlOt- ilN i-c-l r-i.-l CO --lOONCO —I O C»COCOCO r-(i-l
^
OSOO'^h-«DOOOO'«'-<«<0»0<0«)e<ir>.tO'-<U5<0000(»lOtOP50SlO-<t^O'*-^(Ne<|U5000<OlO»CO
N 00 O to -"Jl ■* 1^ C< rf <OONUS<D--lOt^'-liO'^evlOOOOCl'-i050NOO lO r~ CO — I 0> ■* -^It 05 00 >-<
{O.-ir-ii-i00«e0t^ <0'-l Ni-H e<IOONlO (NOi-"00rl»O(NC000 CI'* 00 Tji CO •-I ■««'»*«
rt -^^TlIM
«5 ^ rt
^
«DC<>OOOlC'-i05'-'000»t-OCf-it>000000®OOOOr^»-<'-"N<3J«00—iiOOHOOCOt^-<t~0>-<l<-*lOi-4
1-1 «N>oeo
-H ^ N'* «5
Tl< ^ ^
•a
_ ■ ^
£5
3 M
•a 4)
eg
3 ®
. .2"
a) CO
. ta.t: « s^-^ fc-a cvu: C * •
(9cJ(j3_ii0O000Cli33
268
POPULATION.
t.
OS
a.
a
ll
Si
»H<0
•H
n T^
8
<
C4
iH
CO
^«
-IN
««
00
<-!•*
•^«
ci
a
2
o
CO
C4
CO
t^rlta
o
04030
00^
C4IO
^ooeoN-^^ —
United
States.
•*Ne»
M«C4>00
t-ieo
t-
a>c40>o
C0*~4*H<DCD
s
Spain.
■»J<-HUS0001t-tO®0>lOe0O«t^C0>O-<-HN-<OSNC000lOUSC>t-'^<OCJ«
IQ lOlO-^ «»OC000 lO-^^ CO M '^M Wt^
OOMOJ-Hioeocoo
•-(NCOfOOOS-H-H.*
3
r«<oot>oa>coo><oa>t>'Ht^oot^^ooe<3'<i<r«oxoe4e^«'-<iou>«>oao«a>o>oo-4coaoco«a»
o>wa>»cN-<^w«oo®(NiNioiot^eot-«e>)Osn<o>(NO»t^NOswNcoio oooot^iooo(NO>«>a
Mco (NcocO'-' coomiNO^-* lo ^ « o>_iNO t>« •^ «» «_ io_o-<r toe*
CO C4
lO-^0'^'*r~t~t-OOOC-<r-(N>0(N«<CU5Cq>OOOOr»iClNU5'*0'*®OOCO'*-lO«0000010>tO
t»Ot^t-C^<ON'*M00!»CO^OC<5t0-HTliOr^©«CTC^^»HlO00'a'OTjiO C<5'^N<NTO'<tC<0»'H
^eo'^'^cot^iocO'Hro'^-Haicoiowt^NM oo rjfcoN—not* •*m «^r-cooD>o>>-"cot»
eS
C4 ^^-1 — cNt^O — N .H i-l ON U5 »« ^
o
■* ^ O CO «
H
.2 xt^t;-? '- o ^'tn £ Sr, S S « S
'o '3 '3 -s C -^ ^' E -S ^2 ~ _.r 9. g
O O O &4 (^ 1^ (^ PU Pli PL, Ph 02 C» GQ
■n
efe
«■>.£
C =i cj 2
1 !- S P ;
aodS
. — -^ y ^^ ^
— t. s;-c =s c o C
■^--- w.-, a> a> O O
IGQOQ&QaQOQOQGQQQ
GENERAL TABLES.
269
05
rt . CO -^
ej .p;^.^
f
t
I
c5
i-KOTfOt-ONNOOOJN
CO i-Hi-HCO
C>)>OWi-l«>Ot« r-l CO
t»-HOSi-i«>-ie<>
•I 00 .-I
r»Mio>-<Nejooeo<o»oo eDt-io<-i'*<-ieo^c«<H«NusN«'«*<o>o(Ni-iO"*eooO'-i-«)ioiN
OOt^OSOWOlCOUJWOrHO M 11 O ■^ ■f OOi-i W >-< N «'<<«0
10»00'V>-1«SOO els'* rlrH e<900C»3»H ►HM
IS
«v
1
2
«D
0
N
H
•<
»
B.
iJ
t?
i: 3 03 OS <U (U.S t. 4>^^^
: g c.?--
ID
a
2§
11
"J
0)^ t:^ 0.5
/<: C cS O O.C
Ob£Q<frH^cdCtOOtHcS
.3 1- . '-' (1)
oj— u a) C o
■" si cs P eSS
000000
O I- C e3.2i 03
270
POPULATION.
15
31
t
a
1
I
s
1
I
I
OCCO'^N
•^5
•-ie>9r»Neo
CO coroo r-i esiiouif-i «
lOO la «o i-i^eo « 00
■Z « !
O e9 es o!" =
GENERAL TABLES.
271
—liONMOOtC'-KN r-lI-»
«OOu3COWO<Nt>-0'-i>00
>0<0 0> i-H'-l «0<N <H
lOO CO t^
O W -H iO lO ITS ■!(< IN N0» ■-"■* 00(NOOS
r-t OIN>-I00 N<N O
0!00>Tti'<j<a5t--ooMi^®coco-<J<"3e50a«
e»i-((OT*lf0lO05TllTj<c0T)lO5 M< CO t^ 1-1 50
TjOO 00 >-l 0-* T-1 Oi-IC«5'-lrH
00 to (N iH CO •*
C000T)<t^0>(NC0Tt<00O5'-lO<N>Ot^(Nlfl.-l
1N1OC0-* «0 CO CO CM 00 ■* to OOC^CMlO-*
COOS O t-1 CO CDr-l(N
NOCOINOCOCOiOlO 0000'-lC0(NO)CD(MC0>O00«O00OlO0iT)lC0'O-*t>.lCO>iOO«^
t^— lOOOOOiOCMCN t^'-i(M(£)05'-lcOt^OOC)OOINCO'*C^CO'*C^COCO'«l<000505-*OC
COr-KNCOCOCO-HO IMCM "-l NINOS t-HO-HO C^ .-hOCMi-iOI (NC
■* CO <N CO 00 ttJ CD <N
CMt>-00Tt<'*t^t-t^l^t--001^t~C0C0C0!NU5OC0'<»'OO>COMC0'-<O(N00 t^
O t^ <N CO CO CO CO F-H t^ CO 05 <N lO 00 CO OHO CO W 05 O CO CO CO •* 00 — I 05 ■* O «
.-KNIN IM '-cCOMt^ COOi-HCO <N r-i rt rt •* (M CO X •<i< ■<4< CO C<l •«
COIN "-IIN O
—1 <N
COOOJ04MMOJ0004
t>.'<J<t>.<NCCOJC0CON
b.rt<N'*>-it-OCO
•H COCIUJCO
r^OO<-lO>00000>COOOlNINt^COCOOCOCOO>-400St^O'*t»'-lt~COb-'<i<
O«C000C0IN00'l<O'*lN<N'-iO000000O)0S0>O3C0«O'*C0ir0<»lOt-.
NOOIN ■*<N lOOCOiJi lO'OCOrltr-icDCOCO'-HCOCOOO 0505COCD1O
r-< rH INt>. CO OIN t» rH
a .
*">
•OS
S®
09 O
I- U
It) O
_ u
<!<XpqcQ«a3pam mpjwcqwwpqpqoooooooooQOQQ
cd o
•3"g£CESa
272
POPULATION.
CD a> 00 lO (D '^ ^ 00 o r« CO
^^ '^rl^ O>00i-I
.-ih.r^NT(i--io»ot^e»'-<<-i<Hr»iOtH(^oo»-<coi-iNco'*<icco-<o«<o«e«
OOMOOOSN •lOOOW-HUS •-llOa ■^-h »h <c «D O N >-i O «5 -< M ■* (O
NOSOOOSM ^ CO iH e*N lO-tltOOt^ 05010 o
f>aor<^e4co
rt C0N5O
00 o>
©■^■^coceosus-HioiHooeit^i^eo
«ot(<«o« eocoNrt 1-1 eoi-ioo
ooocot^eO'H
coeoco <eN
»0«0 rt
lar^^^Aoooooaot^
« ■<li CO N CO >0 CO M 0> N .-<
eO'*>-l«0'H«^i-l r-l C4 i-l
«^^r»«^oO'-.HOooopo»
eoooh-'«»< <o«»o-Hi-c»i-<
O00»H00 .-I'*fH ^
f
aooaop)^a9^c)co>oc4
-H CO wo^^
OOCO-^ON (Ot«C4 •*
rti-ieot»
^c4<-4Ttir4WTtio>>nc4^c4co
t-0000U5 «i00i-H'*O
eot^^co oow ^
CO'^OSCOOi^t^COCO^^O
eo'-icot»»-it»o»t^ooo«o
•1 ^eoMuj
"»
I
^
15
®oeooot»t^t»t^e<<eo<o
■*»-4 oe>4>-ic40(oao
^»lo«o>■»^^■^T^oo»ooo<e<Dc^coo»a!co•-">-l»o®•-ltoo•*•*ooo5<l(<■*>ooo
t-«OCO'HO> C<«C»T)lU5iO<OiCOOOe<'1<Tl<U5«COt^O>COa>OC>t^006
<oeoi-i "H iH NOJcooo ^eo
«»iHC<eO'*ooo«ooeo^<oiooot^osNi^«coop«eo
rt ^ .-iC4t^'^ 00"5<or*o>«> •^'* »-<
1-1 •*iH CO ■*eooo i-i
^t»t»^^'*»-coe«t^coia
•^t^OS-H ■*■<»' I-IU5
COCO'^t^ COUJ ct
o-HOJ'*ocooioocooj<Ncooocot^<oiOMe<e<iu5cofflO'*«ccciiot»N'«it«i'i<oe<i.Hc<50ooo-Heoosio
•<«<eOO'«^t>.C<5Cl>OT)l'.J<NOOOacO'-ciOcO<OtO(NOt»0»eoe<)T»<rH»0'-i'*lO'«J<Nt^--'-i(N'*C<5iOCOO»-<
O»'*N^'*T»lC0C0lOC<3i-ieO-<l<'-l»00U5lCt>.00C<l O ■fl'CON'-llOOO •'J'CO'fCO'-lf-iOONOJNOt^
1-1 CI «U3.-1 1-lNt^O 1-1 e« 1-1 -H <0(N»0> OOO 11
a> 4) >->
w i" K 5^
eS^-S^sEfe
to m u ,. m
0*J (U C M
■P S t* «i 5
t: m S o C •:
e« O O P O I
o^ c3 S.ti 3 CS CS 4) <U OJ.i: 3 3
•at
5 o
C C O >-■
tn en m o3 ^
'«'*'§ 4) 2
000(x,Ph
03 "O
a"
?s5
&
rf -- C3
cd CO
£ cs ^ • m" cs 5 a
' ^S^ fe fe E I £
C 4)
d CO
c S
o w E
— a; E
O M 03
•c
I a; O) OQ CiQ 02 Cfi OQ OQ OQ CQ OQ OQ OCi
GENERAL TABLES.
27»
CO •<(< 00 -H N <0 h- ■tneC'-tr-tO
-H n OS IN IN » •rtt>.'*»0^
^0> •'f^rH
wcOfHoe^
NW^tO-HCOi-tilt-Offl
0009000 CO
ooor-iOOJt-usM-ooso
t^^o»e<(i-cco-<f<®i-i05co
lO « i-i.-lC^
•2
^
e<i«D«5<Hoocoin'<»e^eo®«50>
ooe^t^t-osoooeseo'*©'^
lOi-iO OOPICO 1-1 t-c^Jt
• i-H -^ 00 -1 00 »>• • ■«*l U5 1~ rH «e
fH CO
t^e^c^^^'Ht-oc^coooTjiooo
ooi^i-<0!0'«tieoi-»<DO'-i'-ieo
us >0 -H T(< 0> <0 00 CO'-l'*00
Y§|a
p^
So
la...
a f-* i-i s c
18
•274
POPULATION.
% „
1
1
m
Ex
-<
g
ID
2
gas
(3 «3
Ho53
00 U5 K >0 0> W >0
■* <N «0 •* ^5 «0 "S
Oi CO •S "^ CO CO ^
oco>^oa>ec>o
t-C^95 i-(r-l(N
ooo>eo<N'»t'OJ
<0 Tf 93 O •«)< O (N
TjtNt^-HCOOOO
06 .-< -H OS to ■^ CO
^lOKiOOO'-it-
•H CO »-i rH CO e^ CO
1 (N Tjt Tj< o>
su5»e<it»
rtio»»Nioeo>o
fflocto
WOO 00
(NCOOOO
CO asm®
t-00>Ol>-
--< l^ 93 CO t~ ■* r-
NCM93
-hOXNOS
I>Tf OOCO
i-cO«DC0
(N-H><3i00>«0
.50>00'-l
5 00 0>'*<0
(NTitN.SO--(CO(N
OlOS'O'*
(N-^CO
CO CO CO
5iC(0(M
(N 05 ©» OS CO CO •*
5 1- 00 IN
Ht^OOO
(M rt vt-o ^ '*< CO
Tj<(NOiOO
C0CD~.O
t-oos
0--<lM
O00'<1<
CO(N«
lO UJ 9j C^ O CO OS
US ■<* ^■«*< 10 U3 ^
CO CO ©« 00 CO cop
Cl^-iioiOt^tOO
Tf •<J< K t^ CO ® O
OS O Oi IN to (N -H
O -< «5 -^ 00 1^ CO
<N O -^ 00 O CO ■«»<
xoo^-osiaot^
•-I CO OS CO lO ■* U3
rHlC 0} (N >i< IN ■^
;•§
I.
^ 7
.2 W
^ 3
80 C
^ —
"S .»
^2
<J"^
o t» xi U3 e^ (>• CO I
'Oeo»3eo**'*
»H5o«^t^t^c»ce
t^t^OSOO'*«0
t"- ■* O OS 00 -H tN.
C0'<»'O>O0S>O-<
OS OS «S) to to to 00
©•^OJCOOSt^i-"
lO '4< -^Tt" Tji U3 U3
<1>
a.2fe2
'<i<C4«aO:o>OQp
OS CO ■-^t^ CO NO
to to O to C^ 00 CO
rt lO >-. CO ■* CO 0
OS "H 9j OS O >0 fH
lO U3 t^ lO to t~ to
OS ^ 93 to OS to CO
OOOSt^OCCO'^C*
CO — OS Ol 'H lO CO
COrH O)t^00(N>O
WtOSJOlCOOSO
CO «3 "^t^ IN t>. OS
00 1- ^ -I CI ■* 'O
e<i>-i^iNrtiN
t^«OOU3t^OI
(N -< 00 •* ^ CO (N
»0 CO »^ •* l^ CO 00
U3 to d) IN O CO OS
US ^ «<rTj« lo lo ■*
e^ o -■ 00 o CO •>*<
00 tSC >^ OS U3 O W
^ CO OS CO lO ■* lO
rtU3»jes-^<N'<«'
CO CO «! 00 CO CO Q
CJ -H «3 UO t- to O
^Tf t^t>-C0OO
C3
■2 >.
• o .
•S2
55 c3^ rt c: ^ *
C ^ ^ *j OJ w "tf
GENERAL TABLES.
275
Table 30. — Number of dwellings and families, and number of families and persons
to a dwelling, and number of persons to a family, by provinces: 1907.
[Figures in italics included in total for the province of Habana.]
PROVINCE.
Total,
population.
Number of
dwellings.
Number of
families.
Number of Number of
families to persons to
a dwelling, a dwelling.
Number of
persons to
a family.
Cuba
2.048.980
350.830
427,630
1.2 8.8
4.8
Camagfley
118,269
538,010
297,169
239,812
455,086
240,372
457.431
19.474
72,521
28,858
48,145
82 . 103
42,317
86,270
21,423
120,413
70,762
56,758
90,373
45.663
93,000
1.1
1.7
2.6
1.2
1.1
6.1
7.4
10. S
5.0
5 5
5.5
4.5
City of Habana
Matanzas
Oriente
4.2
4.2
5 0
PinardelRIo
Santa Clara
1.1
1.1
5.7
5.3
5.3
4.9
University of California
SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY
405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1388
Return this material to the library
from which it was borrowed.
JLAPRl3199i
V
■; V- *l'^"r-i>ii--^:?''--*=?>^r-'h -^^^ -'^ ^ JC,^^>;!}i^^^^^^j^^_iU'gi^
Live Music Archive
Librivox Free Audio
Metropolitan Museum
Cleveland Museum of Art
Internet Arcade
Console Living Room
Books to Borrow
Open Library
TV News
Understanding 9/11