Records of Early English Drama
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RECORDS OF EARLY ENGLISH DRAMA
150 CHARLES STREET WEST
TORONTO, ONT. M5S 1K9.
ATTN:SALLY-BETH MACLEAN
416-585-4504
RECORDS OF EARLY ENGLISH DRAMA
Records of Early English Drama
CUMBERLAND
WESTMORLAND
GLOUCESTERSHIRE
EDITED BY AUDREY DOUGLAS AND
PETER GREENFIELD
UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO PRESS
TORONTO BUFFALO LONDON
Universitv of Toronto Press 1986
Toronto Buffalo London
Printed in Canada
ISBN 0-8020-5669-5
Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Cumberland, Westmorlan& Gloucestershire
(Records of earlv English drama)
Bibliography
Includes index.
ISBN 0-8020-5669-5
1. Performing arts - England - Cumberland - History -
Sources. 2. Performing arts - England - Westmorland -
History - Sources. 3. Performing arts - England -
Gloucestershire - History - Sources. 4. Theater -
England - Cumberland - History - Sources. 5. Theater -
England - Westmorland - History - Sources.
6. Theater - England - Gloucestershire - History -
Sources. I. Douglas, Audrey, W., 1935-
II. Greenfield, Peter III. Series.
PN2581.C85 1986 790.2'09427'8 C86-093275-3
The research and typesetting costs of
Records of Early English Drama
have been underwritten by the
Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada
Contents
SYMBOLS viii
PREFACE ix
CUMBERLAND/WESTMORLAND
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 3
TRANSLATIONS 147
INTRODUCTION ENDNOTES 151
Historical Background 5
Drama, Music, Ceremony, and Custom 17 WESTMORLANDRECORDS
The Documents 29
Editorial Procedures 44
Notes 49
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 54
MAPS 57
CUMBERLAND RECORDS
Boroughs 63
Households 126
Boroughs 167
Households 216
APPENDIXES
1 Undated Documents 218
2 KendalTradesmen 220
TRANSLATIONS 226
ENDNOTES 227
APPENDIX
1 Undated Document 146
Records of Early English Drama
The aim of Records of Early English Drama (REED) is to find, transcribe, and publish
external evidence of dramatic, ceremonial, and minstrel activity in Great Britain before
I642. The general editor would be grateful for comments on and corrections to the
present volume and for having any relevant additional material drawn to her attention.
ALEXANDRA F. JOHNSTON University of Toronto GENERAL EDITOR
SALLY-BETH MACLEAN University of Toronto ASSOCIATE EDITOR
EXECUTIVE BOARD
PETER CLARK University of Leicester
JOANNA DUTKA University of Toronto
DAVID GALLOWAY University of New Brunswick
R.W. INGRAM University of British Columbia
STANLEY J. KAHRL The Ohio State University
IAN LANCASHIRE University of Toronto
PETER MEREDITH The University of Leeds
J.A.B. SOMERSET University of Western Ontario
PRUDENCE TRACY University of Toronto Press
EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD
HERBERT BERRY University of Saskatchewan
DAVID BEVINGTON University of Chicago
A.C. CAWLEY The University of Leeds
L.M. CLOPPER Indiana University
DAVID MILLS The University of Liverpool
A.G.R. PETTI University of Calgary
RICHARD PROUDFOOT King's College, London
JOHN WASSON Washington State University (Pullman)
Symbols
BL
BRO
CCRO
CH
CPL
CRO
DDPD
A
BR
CWAAS
DNB
EES
MS
STC
TBGAS
CH
(blank)
British Library 6CL
Bristol Record Office GRO
Carlisle, Cumbria Record Office KAO
Chatsworth House KCRO
Carlisle, Public Library KTC
Cheshire Record Office PRO
University of Durham, sA
Department of Paleography SRo
and Diplomatic
Gloucestershire County Library
Gloucestershire Record Office
Kent Archives Office
Kendal, Cumbria Record Office
Kendai, Town Council
Public Record Office
Stadtarchiv, Augsburg
Staffordshire Record Office
Antiquarian Compilation
Boke off Recorde
Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society
Dictionary of National Biography
Early English Stages
Mediaeval Stage
Short-Title Catalogue
Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society
Victoria County History
(after folio, page, or membrane number) see endnote
lost or illegible letters in the original
cancellation in the original
a blank in the original where writing would be expected
matter in the original added in another hand
interlineation above the line
interlineation below the line
caret mark in the original
ellipsis of original matter
change of folio or membrane in passages of continuous prose
right-hand marginalia
marginalia too long for the left-hand margin
Preface
Cumberland/Westrnorland/Gloucestershire marks a new direction for the REED series.
The pattern established for civic volumes by York will continue with publication of
records from other important urban centres such as Beverley and Bristol. Some
research areas have been defined by county rather than by borough, however, and
their records will be issued in the form of county collections.
There are some items of general editorial policy relating to county volumes which
may be usefully set forth at this time. Although the progress of several centuries has
obscured or drastically redesigned some county boundaries, REED will observe county
limits as recognized by their contemporary, pre- 1642 records. Thus, modern Cumbria
reverts to its earlier division into Cumberland and Westmorland. While it is clearly
desirable to issue county records as discrete units, some collections will not be large
enough to warrant separate publication. Smaller collections such as Cumberland and
Westmorland therefore will be bound together in one volume. As far as possible, these
multiple collections will share a boundary, diocese, or general region; thus, we anti-
cipate single volumes for Herefordshire/Worcestershire or Shropshire/Staffordshire.
Occasionally, smaller collections from very different areas of Britain will be ready for
simultaneous publication; our determination to make our records available to others
at the earliest possible date will then lead to such pragmatic but unexpected combi-
nations as Cumberland and Westmorland with Gloucestershire.
Within these volumes of multiple collections, the autonomy of individual counties
will be observed. Where one editor has responsibility for two counties, there will be
a common introduction, as illustrated by Dr Douglas'discussionofCumberland and
Westmorland (pp 5-5l). In addition, patrons' list, glossaries, and index will be shared.
The diversity of locations and sources for county records presents more complex
problems in organization. County records volumes will have two or more of the fol-
lowing major divisions: Boroughs and Parishes; Monasteries; Households; Diocese;
County.
Within the Boroughs and Parishes or Monasteries division, records will be pre-
sented according to the location they refer to, in alphabetical order. Under each
location, entries will then be arranged chronologically along the same pattern estab-
lished in RD's civic volumes. Thus, in the Gloucestershire collection, records relating
x PREFACE
to the parish of Bisley are printed as a chronological unit before the numerous entries
from varied civic and ecclesiastical sources for the important borough of Gloucester.
The Household section differs only in its style of heading. Important families some-
times had more than one residence in a county and occasionally it has proved difficult
to identify the exact location for family entertainments. Households, therefore, are
sorted alphabetically by familv name, with chronological arrangement of records
within each household.
Many ecclesiastical records refer to specific parishes in a county and may be placed
under the correct location within the Boroughs and Parishes section. Other docu-
ments, such as statutes or visitation articles, relate to a diocese as a whole; these are
organized chronologically in a separate section and identified by diocese (as, for exam-
ple, Diocese of Gloucester, pp 345-6).
Similarly, there are county or quarter session records which cannot be pinpointed
to a particular location. Such general regulations, usually from county justices of the
peace, will be grouped in chronological order within a County section.
General Editorial Procedures
Editorial policy common to all three collections included in this volume is discussed
below. More specialized concerns such as the selection and dating of entries are to
be found in the introductions of the two editors.
LAYOUT
Entries are preceded by date (wherever required to mark a change of year), MS or book
identification, and folio, page, or membrane number. Where folio or page numbers
have been supplied editorially, they are enclosed within square brackets. Italics are
used to indicate dating and account subtitles supplied by the editors (eg, Extraordinary
fees). An antiquarian source is indicated in the left-hand margin by the letter a (Anti-
quarian Compilation).
Every effort has been made to preserve manuscript layout (though not precise line-
ation). Right-hand marginalia have been set in the left margin of the text but this trans-
position is indicated by the symbol . Routine marginal account or date headings have
been modernized as part of the editorial subtitles in the interests of consistency and
ease of reference.
Emendations, scribal errors, and duplicate entries in related MSS are noted at the
foot of the page. Textual notes are also used to identify dates, place-names, or persons
mentioned in the text. Notes to the Kendal records in the Westmorland collection
supply full personal names as a reference guide to the Appendix of Kendal Tradesmen
(pp 22o-5), which contains short biographies of the borough's officials and tradesmen,
arranged alphabetically by surname. Endnotes are used for more extensive discussion
of textual and dating difficulties and to provide biographical or historical material
necessary for intelligible context.
CUMBERLAND/WESTMORLAND
Acknowledgments
Various people have eased the passage of Cumberland and Westmorland dramatic
records from archival identification to print. To all, my thanks, in particular I am
grateful to Mr Bruce Jones and Miss Sheila Macpherson of the Cumbria Record Office
(Carlisle arid Kendal), together with their staff, for warm interest and help; to Dr
Henry Summerson for advising me of the reference to the Carlisle miracle play; and
to Dr Diana Wyatt, Professor John Elliott, and Professor David George for locating
respectively material in the Public Record Office, the Library of Queen's College,
Oxford, and the Cheshire Record Office. With respect to the German Miners'
Accounts I am indebted for help to Dr Wolfram Baer, Archivdirektor, Stadtarchiv,
Augsburg arid to Herr Paul Warmbrun for identification of extracts from the accounts.
Professor Eckehard Catholy of St Michael's College, Toronto, and Professor Michael
Sheehan of the Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, Toronto, gave welcome
assistance with problems of translation.
All the RED staff, past and present, have been consistently cheerful and supportive.
I am especially grateful to Anne Quick and Abigail Young for prepararation of the
glossaries, and to lan Lancashire and Theodore R. De Welles for invaluable biblio-
graphic work. I also thank Donna Best, William Cooke, Cameron Louis, Darlene
Money, Heather Phillips, William Rowcliffe, and Elza Tiner for their meticulous help;
and of course Sally-Beth MacLean whose unfailing good sense and humour have grace-
fully sustained - and where necessary curbed - editorial zeal.
Historical Background
Cumberland and Westmorland
The popular conception of Cumberland and Westmorland, lit by images of England's
Lake District, is often tinged with nineteenth-century romanticism, for which
Wordsworth's poetry perhaps provides the literary starting-point. While the rugged
grandeur of the Cumbrian Mountains does indeed dominate the area, the topography
is more varied than this picture normally admits.
The two counties are roughly confined to the most northwesterly bulge of England
from which the Furness area (historically part of Lancashire but now in the new county
of Cumbria) formerly took a large bite. The mountains at their oldest and highest form
craggy peaks of slate and volcanic rock. On the west they are bounded by a narrow
coastal plain of red sandstone and carboniferous limestone that runs north from the
tip of Furness, eventually swinging eastwards and broadening into the low lying basin
of Solway Firth, the border with Scotland. Geologically one with this plain are two
principal river valleys, one formed by the Eden, flowing north into Solway Firth from
ks source in northern Westmorland, and the other by the Kent, flowing south through
Westmorland into Morecambe Bay. The Eden and the Kent form an angled axis
between the Cumbrian mountain range to the west and the Pennines to the east; along
this axis are strung some of the more important towns of the two counties: Carlisle,
Penrith, Appleby, and Kendal. Kendal itself is surrounded by a great northerly arc
of Silurian rock, rolling moorland that stretches from Lake Windermere and Coniston
Water in the west to well beyond the river Lune at the county border in the east.
Archaeology and place-name evidence attest a history that stretches back at least
to Celtic and Roman times. An important legacy of Roman occupation was a network
of roads converging on this strategic area - Roman Carlisle stood at the western end
of Hadrian's Wall - that continued to serve generations of travellers well into the
Middle Ages. From the seventh to the twelfth centuries, first Anglian, then Norse
settlers moved in, the latter from Irish bases as well as from Scandinavia. It was not
until the time of Henry **, however, that the institution of the counties of Cumberland
and Westmorland brought the inhabitants into the overall pattern of English local
government. Carlisle was grouped with the honours of Coupland and Allerdale to
6 CUMBERLAN D/WESTMORLAN D
become the county of Cumberland, the baronies of Appleby and Kendal forming
Westmorland. Some years earlier, in 1133, a new bishopric had been established at
Carlisle. With the exception of certain Durham peculiars, Carlisle had jurisdiction
over the maior part of Cumberland and northern Westmorland, while the diocese of
York, through the western deaneries of the archdeaconry of Richmond (Copeland,
Kendal, and Lonsdale) had iurisdiction over the remainder of the two couties.
Even with the county structure, royal government continued to be remote, neces-
sarily dependent in earlier centuries on the loyalty and co-operation of strong local
lords (the Percys, Cliffords, and Dacres). The fifteenth century saw the introduction
of new administrative measures. The Council of the North was created towards the
end of the century and wardens were appointed for the West, Middle, and East
Marches of the border. In this way the government sought not only to expedite matters
of local administration, including criminal jurisdiction, but to stem the constant forays
of borderers intent upon horse- and cattle-thieving, sometimes with wholesale
destruction of local communities. About this time local obligations of border service
were systematized and peel towers erected throughout the area as places of defence
and refuge from raiders who penetrated through narrow valleys well into Westmor-
land. In 1537, after the Pilgrimage of Grace, the king's Council of the North took
its final form as a solely administrative and judicial body. Wardens continued to exer-
cise military powers, reporting directly to the central government. Both the council
and the wardenries provided a solid training ground for the talents of the northern
nobility and gentry. In 1603, with the union of the Scottish and English crowns in
the person of James Vl and I, a theoretical peace came to the border and the old military
organization was superseded by extensive commissions addressed to prominent local
men.
In the sixteenth centu most of the population of Cumberland and Westmorland
was still scattered over the region in small settlements, distinct from the larger compact
villages of southern counties. The prevalent form of land tenure was a customary ten-
ant right that gave relative security of tenure while requiring certain services and fines.
Pastoral farming was dominant, though communities might co-operate in a strip sys-
tem for hay and arable, together with corn mon grazing on moor or fell for sheep and
cattle. The production of wool, stimulated by thirteenth-century monastic initiative,
provided a coarse-textured export and raw material for local cloth.
Among the larger communities the most important was Carlisle, not only in virtue
of its age and royal charter, bu as the seat of the bishopric and of the wardenry of
the West March, with quarters for a permanent garrison. Kendal and Appleby, both
in Westmorland, were the only other royal boroughs in the two counties. Kendal,
incorporated in 1575 by royal charter, continued to function with close links to its
manorial and agrarian origins. Elsewhere small market towns such as Egremont and
Cockermouth in Cumberland, though styled boroughs, were dominated by a
manorial structure of government that operated through a leer court. Other local com-
munities were each governed by a select vestry or elected body of twelve or more
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
members, who dealt without discrimination in church or secular matters arising within
the parish, z
The later sixteenth and the seventeenth centuries brought social and economic
change to the region. The Reformation and its aftermath stirred movements ranging
from the Pilgrimage of Grace, a rebellious outpouring of religious, political, and
economic grievances, to the growth of Puritanism (especially in the Quaker com-
munities of the seventeenth century) and the persecution of Catholic recusants.
Organizational change established the new diocese of Chester in 154 I, to which were
transferred the western deaneries of the archdeaconry of Richmond. Properties confis-
cated at the suppression of historic abbeys (St Bee's, Lanercost, Holme Cultram, Shap)
and of hospitals, chantries, and religious guilds passed into the hands of a new breed of
gentry, intent upon the accumulation of lands and rents, and venturing into industry
and trade. These men now gratified a taste for public service primarily in borough and
county rather than as formerly in border administration. Their 'halls,' already distin-
guished by stone structure and fortified towers, were enlarged and ornamented as
country seats. At the same time customary tenants were fighting to establish a basic
right to security of tenure and precision of service in the apparent face of increased, or
simply more efficient, landlord exploitation.
Famine and plague also brought disturbance to the economy of Cumberland and
Westmorland in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Compared with
southern England, the north at this period was more easily pushed 'past the edge of
subsistence" by fluctations in trade and failures of harvest.3 The seventeenth century
also saw significant new factors in the economy of the region: the establishment after
I6O3 of relative stability on the border, with consequent improvement in the security
of traffic and market conditions; the emergence of the statesman, or yeoman farmer of
the northwest counties, whose interests were closely allied to those of the textile
trades; and an overall rise in urban population partly created by a changing rural land-
market that forced men to leave the countryside for the towns.
In the sections that follow some brief details will be given to pinpoint the various
locations and households that supply evidence of dramatic and musical activity within
the two counties. As preamble the reader must bear in mind certain points that condi-
tion the outcome of such inquiry and that warn us not to expect a rich dramatic vein
comparable to that mined elsewhere in England. First, until 16o3 the region, especially
its eastern half, was under perpetual threat from border warfare and raids destructive
of life, of material goods (including documentary records), and of a sense of security
and continuity. Second, the rural pattern of settlement was at all times sparse, with
many small communities spread over the two counties; those people isolated in narrow
mountain valleys or remote moorland dales probably maintained at most an intermit-
tent contact with the outside world. Thirl, we must note the absence of any towns or
c!ties possessed of both a long history and substantial economic importance, condi-
uons necessary for an elaborate civic ceremonial, or at least for a propensity to lavish
expenditure.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
of... sheriff.' A market was held on Wednesday and Saturday, with a two-week fair
each year starting on 15 August. z Early in the reign of Elizabeth *, at the time the
Dormont Book, the city's first extant register, was begun, the government is described
as vested in a mayor and eleven other citizens, with a further group of twenty-four
chosen by the eleven, s Some seventy years later, in 1636, a charter of Charles I con-
firms the existing municipal government of mayor, eleven citizens now termed alder-
men, and twenty-four capital citizens, empowered to make and enforce by-laws; the
mayor, the recorder, and two senior aldermen act as justices of the peace; there is a
sword-bearer with three sergeants-at-mace; and the city has a leer court and view of
frankpledge. 9
In the seventeenth century Carlisle had eight occupations or guilds. The Dormont
Book emphasizes their active and important role in municipal government: four mem-
bers from each occupation were required to assist the mayor and brethren in the annual
audit, the removal as necessary of civic officials, and the creation of new freemen; in
addition they had custody of two of the four keys to the city's common chest, lO The
fullness of power delineated here is in sharp contrast to the subordinate role in civic
government accorded the Kendal trades in the same period.
APPLEBY AND KENDAL, WESTMORLAND
In the early seventeenth century Appleby was governed by a mayor, twelve alder-
men, and a common council of sixteen burgesses. The office of mayor is mentioned in
the reign of Edward I, but Appleby's history as a royal borough goes back to the
twelfth century, when Henry n granted a charter c. , 179. While no written record
exists of any earlier creation of a borough, it is probable that burgage tenements were
in fact laid out at the foot of Appleby Castle when it was built in about I I IO. The
church of St Lawrence, dating from the early twelfth century, together with the castle
and the 'new town,' lay on the west bank of the river Eden, distinct from an older vil-
lage and church on the opposite bank (the present Bongate). The castle, as the seat of
the barony of Westmorland, was held from the thirteenth century by the Cliffords,
who also served as hereditary sheriffs of the county.
In 12oo King John granted the borough the right to farm its own revenues, a signi-
ficant sign of municipal independence. 12 From 1295 Appleby sent two members to
Parliament and from the mid-thirteenth century assizes were held in the town.
In the twelfth century the borough had also acquired generous trading privileges,
modelled on those held by York. Appleby's geographic position, however, in the path
of periodic Scottish incursion, hampered its economic development. The town was
twice occupied by the Scots in the twelfth century and twice ravaged and burnt by the
Scottish raiders in the fourteenth. Economically, its medieval history was that of a
small, struggling market-town. Only after 16o3, as hostilities in the border area gave
way to a period of security, did Appleby show signs of a new, stable prosperity. 3
Appleby's neighbour, Kendal, about twenty miles to the southwest in the valley of
10 CUMBERLAND/WESTMORLAND
the Kent, was the seat of Westmorland's other barony. Kendal's recorded history as
a market town goes back to 89, when Gilbert, son of Roger ritz Reinfred and hus-
band of an heiress to the barony of Kendal, procured for the community a Saturday
market. Subsequent royal grants in 268 and 333 provided annual three-day fairs in
early summer and mid-October.4 From the fourteenth century, Kendal's fortunes
were linked to the manufacture of coarse woollen cloth, the famous 'Kendal green';
by the end of the fifteenth century booths, shops, shambles, and court-houses emerge
as descriptive features of the town in rentals and surveys, is By this time also the barony
as a whole - and thus also the manor of Kendal of which the town formed a part - had
been partitioned among three fees. As a result the rents, tolls, and profits of justice
arising from Kendal were now divided among the holders of properties subsequently
known as the Richmond fee (representing half the barony), and the Marquis and Lum-
ley fees (each representing one quarter of the barony).
Early in its history some form of burgage grant had been made to the inhabitants
of Kendal by a holder of the barony. The earliest extant grant of liberties, made by
William de Lancastre m, dates from the thirteenth century; subsequently Peter de Brus
m, who married William's sister, Helewise, confirmed to the burgesses customs
granted by his 'uncle' ('advinculus'), William de Lancastre. 16The term, 'advinculus,'
is ambiguous and perhaps misleading. The original borough may well have been
founded by William de Lancastre , grandfather to Helewise and steward to Henry
; thus the grant of a market in 89 would have been for the support of an existing
community.
It is evident from the various records documenting the history of Kendal that here
as elsewhere in England burgage tenure, held for a free rent, conferred the basic right
to alienate property and to answer to a borough court separate from that held for the
manor. 7 In this way Kendal's burgesses were marked off from a number of customary
tenants in the town whose burdens (heriot, gressum, and border service), shared with
the mass of Westmorland tenantry, were the subject of widespread protest in 62 .
By 1575, when Kendal obtained a royal charter of incorporation, the Marquis and
Richmond fees were both in the hands of Queen Elizabeth , a circumstance that
probably facilitated the grant. The Lumley fee had come to the Bellingham family;
living at Levens, near Kendal, members of the family appear in the seventeenth-
century chamberlains' accounts as patrons of the corporation and as supporters of the
Kendal Stage Play of 62.
The effect of the royal charter of 575 was to strengthen and define the authority
and jurisdiction of the existing borough, while retaining elements of the old manorial
organization within which it had originated. The government of the newly incor-
porated borough was put in the hands of an alderman, twelve burgesses, and twenty-
four assistants, with common seal. Two sergeants-at-mace executed processes and
mandates. The alderman and senior burgess also served as justices of the peace together
with the recorder, 'skilled in law,' who effectually replaced the old manorial steward.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 11
The court of record, which met every three weeks, and the leet courts at Michaelmas
and Easter were taken over from the older iurisdictional framework, though with the
significant difference that profits now went to the corporation rather than to the
holders of fees. Similarly the Richmond and Marquis tolls, still so designated in the
new chamberlains" accounts, were now leased by the corporation for its own profit.
The charter also confirmed the two annual fairs (now centred on holidays that fell on
25 April and 28 October) together with accompanying courts of piepowder, is In 1636
the original structure of the corporation was replaced by a mayor, twelve aldermen,
and twenty burgesses; the enhanced status of the corporation was symbolized by the
appointment of a sword-bearer. 19
The real influence of the new borough government, however, was based in the
power it received to make by-laws, allowing it to regulate trade and industry in the
town and to make provision for all matters of municipal welfare and concern. From
1575 such acts, set down in the Boke off Recorde, the first register of the corporation,
show that overall supervision of the various Kendal trades was an integral part of the
corporation's business. Each of the twelve trades or guilds listed in the register elected
either two or four wardens as officers responsible to the alderman and brethren. The
wardens' oath of office, outlining their duties, shows that the corporation approved or
amended draft orders brought forward by each trade after discussion in its own assem-
bly, punished wrongdoers and profited from consequent fines, kept apprenticeship
records, and supervised the activities of 'strangers' engaged in business in the town. zl
Unfortunately, the role of the trades in Kendal before 1575 - a crucial considera-
tion, as will be shown later in discussion of the Kendal Corpus Christi Play - cannot
be traced, as there appears to be no extant documentation of their activities within the
old manorial borough. The long history of Kendal as a borough, however, some hun-
dreds of years before incorporation by royal charter, and the growth of its trade and
manufactures from the fourteenth century, provide grounds for the assumption that
industrial and trade associations were organized long before 1575 and that some form
of regulatory supervision, perhaps shared between borough and lord, was in place be-
fore that date.
Towards the end of the sixteenth century there appears to have been a decline in the
population of Kendal from a figure in 1576 that was possibly as high as 33oo. Through-
out the seventeenth century the number of inhabitants remained relatively stable, close
to 2500. Not a large town by contemporary standards, Kendal nevertheless survived
regional bouts of famine, disease, and high prices in the first four decades of the
century to maintain itself as a relatively prosperous community. It continued to de-
pend upon textile and, to a lesser extent, leather industries (though by the later seven-
teenth century the composition of these industries and their attendant work-force was
changing) and to function in both local and long-distance trade. By the eighteenth
century it was supplying its 'new' draperies or cottons to the competitive London mar-
k. 22
12 CUMBERLAN D/WESTMORLAN D
Households
AUGSBURG MINERS: KESWICK, CUMBERLAND
German miners were brought to Keswick as part of a project aimed at developing an
English metalworking industry. In 1564 the Company of Mines Royal was formed
under royal licence. Daniel Hechstetter, an original party to the agreement then drawn
up, acted as agent for David Haug and Hans Langnauer, an Augsburg business com-
pany with wide European connections in textiles, spices, and banking, that had
recently acquired mining interests from the Austrian house of Fugger. Twenty-four
shares in the new English company were sold, some on a fractional basis; while English
shareholders of varying social degree outnumbered the German, the majority of shares
were in the hands of Haug and Langnauer. The initial terms of the agreement gave
the Company of Mines Royal rights in various northern and western counties and
in Wales, but mining operations were from the start confined to the Keswick region -
for example, in Borrowdale, Grasmere, Newlands, and Buttermere. Not only exper-
tise and equipment were imported from the continent but workers as well, whose
needs, from lodging to clothing, food, and utensils, were supplied by their employers
on credit allowed against their earnings.
Management was provided by the Augsburg company's agent, who took up resi-
dence in Keswick. As records show, he was responsible for accounting to his superiors
in Augsburg for all expenditures, notonly those strictly related to the mining operation
but also sundry items of a household or domestic nature. The various company men,
whether Hechstetter himself, his occasional replacement, or his subordinates, seem
with few exceptions to have been on good terms with local gentry, engaging them
in company business and exchanging seasonal gifts. After a period of apparent hos-
tility, the miners too were evidently accepted in the area; some of them married
En glish women, lending an exotic flavour to the nomenclature found in local parish
registers.
The expenses involved in funding the Keswick venture, however, were considerable
and for a large part were consumed in buildings erected for the various mining and
smelting operations. In 1577 Haug and Langnauer withdrew from the Company of
Mines Royal. Daniel Hechstetter opted to remain in England to oversee the work he
had initiated, but in 1580 the company was reorganized under new management and
the German business interest was to all intents and purposes at an end.
LOWTHERS OF WHITEHAVEN, CUMBERLAND AND LOWTHER WESTMORLAND
CURWEN OF WORKINGTON, CUMBERLAND
Among the local names that occur in the sixteenth-century Keswick accounts are those
of the Lowther and Curwen families. For these members of the gentry the first four
decades of Stuart rule in the following century were generally prosperous and peaceful
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
13
years in which personal fortunes were repaired or enhanced and the responsibilities of
public life undertaken with conscientious energy. Connections with other families of
similar social and economic standing were maintained through property transactions
and intermarriage, often perversely reinforced through constant estate litigation. For
the most part the Cumberland and Westmorland g.entry were solidly royalist in senti-
ment and conservative in religion; a minority, among them the Curwens, were
numbered actual recusants in the seventeenth century. 23
At the heart of an influential county standing was the careful management of landed
properties and interests, a policy that held it 'noe iesse good husbandry to improve the
wast and baren ground, as to purchas new.'24 From 619' until his death twenty years
later, Sir John Lowther, a lawyer, frugally husbanded his revenues in order to amass a
considerable number of properties, especially in the immediate area of Lowther itself;
by the time his son and eventual heir, the second Sir John, died in *675, the family's
interests reached from Westmorland into the neighbouring counties of Cumberland,
Durham, and Yorkshire. Another son, Sir Christopher Lowther, was as a young man
assigned an estate at Whitehaven in Cumberland that eventually became his inheri-
tance; here he developed thriving commercial interests.
Sir Patricius Curwen succeeded his father Sir Henry, at Workington Hall,
Cumberland, in *623 when he was twenty-two years old, holding in addition other
properties and manors in the immediate vicinity. Apart from landed revenues Sir
Patricius shared the commercial interests of his Lowther neighbour at Whitehaven.
The Curwen income was enhanced by the exploitation of resources such as fisheries
and coal and iron mines, and by ventures into sea trade. Like the Lowthers, Sir
Patricius took a keen personal interest in the management of his estates and income,
keeping a careful eye on the accounts kept by his steward.
Both the Lowther and Curwen families had a longstanding role in public life. Sir
John Lowther the elder was a justice of the peace and member of the Council of the
North; his grandfather, Sir Richard Lowther, had briefly served as warden of the West
March. Elected to Parliament, Sir John was also steward of the Richmond fee,
negotiating the agreement made in 1619 between Prince Charles, the holder of the fee,
and protesting tenants. The second Sir John succeeded his father in 637. Also a
member of Parliament and steward of the Richmond fee, he went on to become sheriff
of the county of Cumberland in 166.
Sir Patricius Curwen was created a baronet in 627 and had a varied experience in
public life. As a young man he helped levy and lead Cumberland forces for the expedi-
tion to relieve La Rochelle and its Huguenot garrison. In ,63o he became sheriff of
Cumberland, as his father had been, and was later involved in the king's defensive
preparations in face of Scottish invasion. As a royalist, he took an active part in the
Civil War, sending on one occasion provisions at his own expense to the beleaguered
garrison of Carlisle. Like the Lowthers, he was named among the delinquents who lost
property by parliamentary sequestration for their part in the war.
While each of these families maintained a principal residence in the country, the
14
CUM BERLAND/WESIMORLAND
nature of their public and economic interests brought them into constant contact with
the wider world of borough and county. The shrievaity gave the Curwens stature in
Carlisle where the county assizes were held. Workington Hall itself, with its peel
tower and medieval hall, went back to the fourteenth century, though two wings were
added late in Elizabeth's reign. The Curwens" home overlooked the small town, the
village of the manor of Workington, with its Wednesday market and two annual fairs.
But the family's own commercial and mercantile interests were based on the little port
of Workington, whose real growth took place in the next century. Even in the earlier
period, however, it provided the Curwens with a seagoing link for trade in iron and
coal to Scottish and Irish ports. In 1641 'Barronett Curwen" joined forces with the
Lowther interests to lobby for a fixed customs duty for the export of coal throughout
the king's dominions. 2s
In the middle years of the seventeenth century Lowther Hall was substantially re-
built, though most of the work was done after 1642. Lowther Hall and its park, a
few miles south of Penrith, stood close to the route south to Shap, which then
branched to Kendal and Kirkby Stephen. In 64o Sir John the younger, recently
created a baronet, noted that the bulk of the extant structure consisted of two towers
between which lay his father's new building (163o) on the site of an older traditional
hall. The lead and wood of the new roof, stripped from Kirkoswald Castle in
Cumberland, had been bought from the castle's owner, Lord William Howard. 2.
Within the northwest the Lowthers' interests gave them a varied connection with
town life. In his early years the elder Sir John had divided his time largely between
his estate at Maulds Meaburn, where a house was built in 161o, and Kendal where
he stayed in winter, 'attendeing," as he wrote in his memoir, 'the markett daye in my
house for the resorte that come to me for my profession.'27 This policy paid off not
only in profits used to purchase land but in his appointment just before his death as
recorder of Kendal under the new charter of 636. The Lowthers also had firm con-
nections with Appleby, where Sir John had attended the grammar school. In later
years Lowther livestock was brought into Appleby to be sold, as well as to Penrith
nd Carlisle. In fact, trading interests prompted the second Sir John to buy a burgage
tenement in Appleby about 639, a trifle that recompensed him with freedom from
toll. 2 His standing in the borough was eventually rewarded there (as in Kendal) with
the post of recorder.
HOWARD OF NAWORTH, CUMBERLAND
Influential and prosperous as they were, the Lowther and Curwen families ranked
far below Lord William Howard of Naworth Castle, a younger son of the fourth duke
of Norfolk and without doubt the most powerful English border magnate of his time.
At the beginning of the period for which his household books are extant ( 6 2), he
had settled with his large family to a prosperous and stable life at Naworth, enjoying
a propertied existence that included the barony of Morpeth in Northumberland and
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 15
the Dacre and Greystoke baronies in Cumberland which were the inheritance of his
wife Elizabeth. The Cumberland baronies had been finally secured in 16oi, though
only after a dozen years of litigation in which much money and labour had been spent
fighting first a rival Dacre claimant, Elizabeth's uncle, and then the crown. (The fact
that two members of the Lowther family acted for the queen in this matter sowed the
seeds of enmity between the two houses.)
Built on an escarpment iutting towards the river Irthing, Naworth Castle lies a few
miles northeast of Carlisle, close to the ancient Stanegate road that runs into Northum-
berland. For the Howard family the castle was well placed for the management of their
affairs in the border counties. An old Dacre fortress, it no longer maintained a garri-
son, though on occasion it housed prisoners before they came to trial or sped Howard
sons in pursuit of border trouble-makers.
Until 16I 8 the Howards seem to have been busy with the repair, maintenance, and
consolidation of their various properties, making up for past losses and outlays by
careful management. But in that year Lord William Howard was named as a commis-
sioner for the government of the Middle Shires, which had replaced the old administra-
tive units of the East and West Marches; thereafter he was active in the prosecution of
the theft and violence that continued to plague the border area. As a young man, Lord
William Howard had become a Roman Catholic. In later life, at a time when recusancy
was seen as a threat to national security, his religion confined him to a local role in jus-
tice and administration. His Catholicism earned him the enmity and suspicion of
government and neighbours alike. Sir John Lowther's hostility towards Lord William
Howard was compounded of distrust of his religion and inevitable dislike of his
frequent appearance in court as litigant, using methods that Sir John professed to find
questionable. 29
Educated at Cambridge, Lord William Howard retained all his life a scholarly
interest in theology and history, in manuscripts (of which he had a fine collection), and
in Roman antiquities. He had his own library in the castle, and corresponded with
several literati of his time. In September 64o, an ailing old man, he left Naworth for
Greystoke in face of threatened Scottish invasion and died there two weeks later.
CLIFFORD OF APPLEBY AND BROUGHAM, WESTMORLAND
In 617 when James I came south from Carlisle on his return from Scotland, he was
entertained at Brougham Castle, about twelve miles northwest of Appleby, by Francis
Clifford, fourth earl of Cumberland, who had succeeded his brother George in 605.
George's daughter and only surviving offspring, the Lady Anne Clifford, had visited
the Clifford estates in Westmorland as a child in 1607. In 6I 6 she was at Brougham to
attend the funeral of her mother, Margaret, who had died after a brief residence in the
castle. Apart from these interludes, Francis Clifford's reception of the king at
Brougham in I67 seems to have been the only occasion in the early seventeenth
century when the Clifford family made any display of residence in Westmorland. No
Drama, Music,
and Custom
Ceremony,
In summarizing the evidence presented largely by borough and household records,
I shall examine first activity that is local in origin - plays, civic waits, drummers, and
other performers - including comment on the particular round of events that distin-
guished the civic life of Carlisle. Second, I shall look at the incidence of visiting per-
formers, such as players, waits, and musicians - 'visiting" in the sense that such groups
came from outside the locality of the borough or household whose records note their
appearance; in all but a few cases these visitors are also from outside the two counties.
In particular I hope to show that Kendal and Carlisle as boroughs each display distinct
characteristics: Kendal, a small market town, newly incorporated, its rudimentary
ceremonial and entertainment largely linked to municipal events rooted in its
economic and administrative structure; Carlisle, with a long history as a troubled bor-
der and garrison town, nevertheless marking its seventeenth-century calendar with
customary celebrations stemming from an even older folk tradition.
Local Activity
PLAYS
The performance of a miracle play ('quoddam miraculum') in Carlisle in 1345 is only
incidentally remarked by a jury concerned with the violence that brought the perfor-
mance to a sudden end. Thus, while the date (31 July), the location ('in foro ...
ciuitatis'), and the performers ('clerici') are named, nothing of substance is gleaned
about the play itself. It may be noted, though, that 31 July was not marked by any
customary observance in the chamberlains' accounts of the early seventeenth century.
The role of'clerks' in the performance suggests a play still close to its liturgical origins
in which guild organization had no part. Unfortunately we can only speculate whether
the clerks were cathedral personnel (though presumably the canons themselves would
have been termed 'canonici' in the record) or whether they were perhaps drawn from
St Cuthbert's, a neighbouring parish church equally accessible to the market-place.
The Kendal Corpus Christi play, still in existence at the beginning of the seventeenth
century, was possibly unique in English town life at this late period. Various sources,
18
CUMBERLAND/WESTMORLAND
both manuscript and antiquarian, document the history of the Kendal play between
1575 when the borough was incorporated and 1605 when the play was apparently sup-
pressed. The terminus a quo, however, is misleading. Any assumption that the play
sprang forth simultaneously with the birth of the corporation, based on a clause within
a borough ordinance of - February 1575/6, breaks down when that evidence is
examined in detail. Rather than an enactment providing for the establishment of the
play, the ordinance is an attempt to limit attendance at dinners within the borough;
it makes passing reference to the play in excluding from its terms such dinners 'as have
bene comonlye vsed/at or vpon/Shotinges in long bowes, or metynges of men off
Occupaciors/aboute orders for their severall pagiandes of Corpus Christi playe.' The
overall wordirg of this clause implies that the play's performance was already an
established fact at the very beginning of Kendal's history as an incorporated borough.
The clause quoted is also important in two other respects. First, it reveals that the
organization of the play lay in the hands of the occupations or guilds; a few years later
we find additional evidence of this in a Shearmer's ordinance entered in the Boke off
Recorde ( 1580- I ), demanding a payment from all freemen admitted to the occupation
'besides Custome for the Playe.' Second, the clause is important in that it incidentally
gives some solid detail about the play by referring to the 'severail pagiandes' that made
up its content. Even so, it is clear that the Kendal play was stationary and not pro-
cessional. An ordinance of -- September 1586, aimed at better control of the licensing
of plays, refers to the 'Playe of Corpus christi,' adding 'or any other stage playes,'
while an entry in the chamberlains' accounts for t 6oo- I indicates that the play was
enacted irt one particular street location. In 1612 Thomas Heywood referred to
Kendal's 'stage-playes' in a curious statement about their origin and longevity. 31 A
lingering memory of this nomenclature probably lies behind the wording of the Star
Chamber interrogatories of 1622-3, which sought to elucidate details of the Kendal
'staige plaie' mounted in July 1621 by customary tenants of the barony.
Evidence confirming the religious content of the play comes from antiquarian
writers later in the seventeenth century. In his diary John Shaw noted an interview
in 163"/with an old man who had seen the Kendal play in his youth and was able to
recall details of what must have been the crucifixion scene. Another diarist, Thomas
Crosfieid, alludes in 1638 to debate with his Oxford colleagues on whether the Kendal
play ran contrary to canon law, constituting 'a kind of preaching or setting out of ye
scripture to edification.' John Weever, in his Ancient Funerall Monuments (1630,
claimed to have seen the Kendal play early in the reign of James I, before its suppression
'vpon good reasors' in circumstances he does not describe. 32 Entries in the chamber-
lains' accounts for t6o5 show that an inquiry was carried out by commissioners (un-
identified) at the time of the Easter leer court; journeys to York later that year, made
by the vicar and the schoolmaster of Kendal, raise the possibility that the ecclesiastical
high commission, which sat at York, was investigating charges against the corpora-
tion. Some years later Anthony Ducker, in his deposition concerning the Kendal Stage
Play of 1621, revealed that Rowland Dawson, alderman at that time, had retained
DRAMA/MUSIC/CEREMONY
19
so strong a memory of the circumstances of the suppression in 16o5 that he was
reluctant to license yet another stage play in the town.
The Boke off Recorde yields some further evidence about the play in the late
sixteenth century. For play days as on other festival days, members of the corporation
were required in 1575/6 to wear black caps and gowns, then in 1586 their 'best vyolat
gownes'; these clauses were subsequently cancelled or repealed from their respective
ordinances, possibly in or after 16o5. The ordinance of September 1586 reveals that
the borough was already divided over the play's performance. Ostensibly the
enactment is concerned with the proper licensing of this and other plays, but the
preamble suggests that public demand for the play was an embarrassment to the
corporation, possibly on economic grounds - 'waste' was a constant cry in Kendal -
or through fear of intervention by the authorities.
Entries in the chamberlains' accounts alluding to 'the play' (rather than to 'players')
fall into two groups. One group associates performance with named individual
citizens: we hear of the play 'at mr wilsons' and of 'mr Ingall play' (1587-8), and of
a payment to John Collen 'for his lofte for ye playe' (1589-9o); in the summer of 1594
a total of twenty-eight shillings is paid out for 'Sir potters' stage play. Without other
detail it is impossible to elaborate on these entries, which provide food less for thought
than for speculation. The second group, three entries for the early years of the
seventeenth century, are more significant. 'Wine off the play daie' and 'paven of stret
whear play was' (16oo-I) point to a performance of Kendal's own play, especially
in the usage,'play dale,' consistently found in Boke off Recorde entries. In 16OI-2
the chamberlain, John Robinson, was reimbursed for thirty shilhngs "which he layd
ovt abovt the play by appoyntment.' As far as the chamberlains' accounts are
concerned, these entries mark what were apparently the last performances of the
Kendal play, and perhaps therefore the events that occasioned the commissioners'
inquiry of 16o5.
CIVIC WAITS AND DRUMMERS
Both Carlisle and Kendal employed waits and drummers on certain civic occasions.
The records show, however, that there were distinctions in status and function.
Minimal evidence also exists for waits at Appleby.
There are only eight entries m the Carlisle chamberlains' accounts concerning waits'
liveries; a coat is mentioned in 16o2/3 and cloaks in 1624 for which broad red was
purchased (as again in 1627). The waits' cash remuneration seems to have consisted
of rewards at time of performance. Apart from his livery, the wait mentioned in 16o2/3
has no recorded remuneration. All succeeding references are to 'waits', in 1624
specifically to two, who together received two shillings on each of two occasions
Thereafter the more usual payment appears to be two shillings and sixpence. A
payment for cloth for 'pipers' (1638-9) is the sole indication over the whole period
that the waits of Carlisle may have employed the smallpipes characteristic of the
2O
CU IVIBERL A N D/W ESTIVIOR IL A N D
northern region, bellows-blown, with chanter and drones. The only personal iden-
tification is provided in 66 when Mr Thompson is named as the city's wait.
Thompson is also rewarded,though not specifically as wait, twice in October
6 4 (once at the election), with further payments to 'his boyes' both in that month
and again in 68.
The piecemeal evidence of Carlisle sources suggests that the waits performed a
variety of functions. The leet court of October 629 requested that with the sabbath
excepted, the waits 'goe' from that time until Candlemas, morning and evening, and
all Christmas. Four years later the leet made a similar request alluding to 'former
Custome,' which may only date back to 629, and 'such allowance as formerly they
[the waits] haue had.' If this allowance was a particular fee allotted to midwinter duties,
then it is not recorded in the chamberlains' accounts. Apart from liveries, the accounts
enter payments for the waits' attendance at festivities on St John's and St Peter's Eves
(1614), for 5 November, when the mayor usually held a dinner (1616), on Shrove
Tuesday ( t 635-7), on All Hallow Thursday, and at the horse-race (1635). The Tanners
reward the city's waits on A.ll Hallow Thursday 164 and 'waits' in their chamber on
that day in t 6 3- One of the problems encountered here, as at Kendal, is the terminol-
ogy employed. The Tanners consistently paid for 'waits' 0627-30 at their annual
dinner on 28 October; earlier they paid 'musicions or waits' (626) and 'musicians'
( 618--25). The conclusion that these terms are synonymous with 'city waits' is sup-
ported by entries in the chamberlains' accounts for the period 1617-25. Here there
are consistent references to musicians where, on other evidence, we should expect the
city's waits to be named: for 5 November ( 6 7, 62o), at the election (62o, 1624),
on Shrove Tuesday ( 62o, 622), All Hallow Thursday ( 62 , 1625), and at the horse-
race ( 62 ). Gaps in livery allowances that exist for the years t 6t 8-19 and 628 do
not necessarily mean that waits were not appointed; in the Kendal accounts such gaps
exist even while duties are maintained - we may suspect that liveries were simply
handed on until they wore out.
During the period 1583-I64O twenty-four payments at irregular intervals were
made for the Kendal waits' liveries, described as coats until 1613, and thereafter, with
exceptions in 6 5 and t 627-8, as cloaks. The fabric varied: 'blv' was bought in 595,
and grey and black frieze respectively in 6oo and 16o 3 ; after this date the choice was
consistently broadcloth, described in 16o3-4 and 69 as red. The Kendal waits were
not paid a fixed stipend on any periodic basis. On 7 November 16oi they received
a reward of one shilling 'at theyr first Coming'; the occasion is not otherwise detailed,
but the wording suggests a term of office coincident with the civic year that began
at Michaelmas. As with the Carlisle waits, cash remuneration was routinely made at
time of performance rising from one shilling, normally, in earlier years, to two shil-
lings in 6 8-19, and two shillings and sixpence in 62 I-2, a sum which was more
or less constant over the remainder of the period.
The actual number of waits employed by the corporation, or the number attending
any one function, cannot always be determined with certainty. Several entries,
DRAMA/MUSIC/CEREMONY
21
however, are indicative of numbers. In the autumn of * 603 sixpence was paid to Robert
Hodgson who 'shold have beine the wait' - a circumstance unexplained - and the fol-
lowing spring a small allocation of cloth was made to 'the wayte.' Payment was made
to Jasper Hey and his man for music at the Easter leet court of * 6,8, the only occasion
when a wait (presumably) is identified by name and in a context that suggests a pro-
fessional or experienced musician working with a subordinate. Three cloaks were
purchased for the waits in 636, the year in which Kendal elected its first mayor.
Oddly enough, the enhanced status of the corporation does not seem to have generated
more employment for the waits; thereafter they are noted as attending only one func-
tion, a leet dinner in 637, although purchases continued to be made for their livery
(637-8, 639-40).
The chief function of the Kendal waits was to attend the round of corporation din-
hers. During most of our period three dinners were routinely held during each alder-
man's term of office - those marking his election at Michaelmas, the immediately fol-
lowing leet court, and the Easter court of the next year. Occasionally the waits at-
tended the alderman's dinner,33 and for a period of time ( 6,7-3 ) the corporation
venison feasts held in late summer.
It is evident from the bare bones of entries in the accounts that these droners were
relatively informal affairs, at which leading citizens (alderman, burgesses, assistants,
and their wives) sat down with whatever guests the occasion allowed or demanded.
Sometimes we glimpse that the event was housed in a local inn or tavern - the 590
election dinner at Christopher Fox's, for instance, and the venison feast of 626 at
Peter Huggon's. More often wives of local men in good standing with the corporation
are named as catering the victuals for the company. It is probable (and sometimes
documented) that they ran taverns or eating-houses to supplement their husbands'
living. The wives of James Ayrey, William Warriner, and William Chamber (at various
times sergeants-at-mace) performed this service, Mrs Chamber holding almost
uninterrupted sway for twenty years (* 6,6-36). Whether these women always pro-
vided the accommodation for the dinners is not clear from the accounts, though it
is very likely. The Moot Hall, built in 592, would have been the only other contender
for this honour, but no confirmatory glimpse of it as a location for corporation dinners
is afforded in the accounts. Wherever the dinner was held, however, some distinction
of status seems to have been preserved in the seating and serving of guests. 34 From
about ,62o until the middle * 63os the corporation dinners moved through their hey-
day. Numbers were large (eighty-two persons at the 629 election dinner), with the
consumption of wine with the meal and 'drinke' after (probably beer), accompanied
from 628 by a choice of tobaccos. This was also the period of the venison feast, with
meat supplied by courtesy of local nobility and gentry. In this sort of atmosphere,
we can visualize Kendal's waits as providing not ceremony but entertainment for the
added pleasure of the company bidden to dine at corporation expense.
Kendal's waits were rarely employed outside these routine functions. In, 587 they
helped celebrate Queen's Day (, 7 November) for which the bells of Kendal parish
22 cUMBerLAND/wEsTMOrLAND
church were always rung; they greeted Dr Henry Robinson, the provost of Queen's
College, Oxford, as he passed through Kendal ( 1591 --2), and in 1596 they sped a con-
tingent of Kendal men on the way to answer a summons to border service 'at bvrning
of bekens."
Terminology other than 'waits' occurs in the Kendal accounts. The 'minstrels' men-
tioned at dinners in 1588 and in each year 1596-8 were probably the waits; coats had
already been provided for them before that time so they must have been an established
feature of town life. Similarly we should probably read "waits' for 'minstrel' references
that occur for 5 August 16o4 and for 16 i 7 at the venison feast. The mention of 'pipers'
at the 1595 election din ner and two dinners in 16oo- I (a year when they are also pro-
vided with liveries) suggests that, as in Carlisle, the waits employed the local
smallpipes.
For Appleby there is only scant information about the wait (or waits), and it is im-
possible to form any picture of a civic function. The extant chamberlains' accounts
( 1585, 16O9--3O with gaps) refer only three times to the possible existence of a wait,
in the form of payments for the 'piper': ten shillings for his coat in 1609- I O, and for
his wages ten shillings in 161o-i ! and sixpence in 1614-15. The waits of Appleby
(in plural form) are noted in the Carlisle accounts as visiting the city twice in early
spring (161o/I I, 1614) and again in 1618/I 9. The apparently contradictory evidence
of numbers and the suddenly deflated wage pose problems that cannot be answered
within the context of the documents transcribed. Both are symptomatic, however,
of a more universal difficulty rooted in problems of terminology: the term 'waits,'
for instance, whenever it occurs in a municipal context should be allowed a good deal
of flexibility. It may denote a well-developed professional organization such as the
York waits. At the other extreme we may be dealing with no more than a fluctuating
group - one or more local musicians - who receive little but sporadic patronage, if
that, from their home town. Among the latter, in all likelihood, were the waits of
the various small communities - Keswick, Millom, Kirkby Thore, Askrigg, even
Appleby - named in the Carlisle accounts.
Both Carlisle and Kendal employed a drummer, though each on entirely different
terms. While references to the drummer or the drum in Kendal are sporadic, we have
some indication of who played it and when. The drum was beaten at the dispatch of
border service in 1596 and 16oi, and on 5 August (Gowrie Day) in 1604. Garnett,
the man who twice played for Queen's Day (1587, 1593) is probably the cobbler,
Edward Garnett, who mended the drum in 1594 (WMB/K, Chamberlains' Accounts,
Book 8 f [ 17]). Similarly Edward Archer, sworn to the occupation of Wrights, was
twice paid for beating on Queen's Day ( 16oi --2), again in i 6o8, and also for repairs
in 16o:2 (Book 16 f [21]). Rewarded on an ad hoc basis, the Kendal drummer was
drawn from the artisan ranks of society, perhaps as much for his ability to keep the
instrument in good repair as for his ability to play it.
Carlisle's drummer, on the other hand, enjoyed a certain status and security of
tenure, signs of a more professional standing. He was retained on an annual or
DRAMA/MUSIC/CEREMONY
23
quarterly basis for a fixed fee that stood at twenty shillings per annum until halved in
the account for 1616- i 7 to ten shillings, a sum constant to the end of the period. In ad-
dition there are eight disbursements for the drummer's livery or coat (broadcloth in
16o4, red kersey in 1627-8). Until he died, apparently in the winter of 162I-2,
Nicholas Hudson was named as the city's drummer and another Hudson, probably a
relative, was listed as drummer for the first quarter of 1642. Apart from regularly re-
curring entries for fees, however, there is scant information on the role of the drummer
in Carlisle's civic life. Nicholas Hudson is among the 275 people who received in 1614
a gift of money customarily distributed at Midsummer, with a further charitable gift at
the time of a sickness that probably led to his death. In 1635 the city's drummer at-
tended the horse-races on Kingmoor for two days, while Richard Hudson, (probably
the same 'Hudson' who is named in 1642) performed on Shrove Tuesday 1638/9.
From 1638, with the approach of civil war, the town drummers of Kendal and
Carlisle were drawn into an increasingly military role. As the need for defensive prep-
arations became apparent, payments for drum and drummer become more frequent.
In Kendal these are linked to the activities of the locally raised 'trained soldiers.'3s In
the Carlisle chamberlains' accounts, payments also begin to appear for trumpeter and
drummers belonging to the military, perhaps to the garrison itself.36
OTHER LOCAL PERFORMERS
Discussion of waits and drummer form the only grounds for direct comparison be-
tween Kendal and Carlisle, for the latter's accounts feature individuals not paralleled
in the former. For instance, in Carlisle sums varying from one shilling to two and six-
pence were paid to John Burton or John Trumpeter over the years 16o2-2o. Specific
information for some years, coupled with the placing of entries for others, indicates
that his most regular appearance was on election day, sometimes with waits or
musicians. John Burton also took part in festivities on All Hallow Thursday in 16o3,
1617, and 1618; on this occasion in 1615 he was described as an 'intruder' (interluder).
He was also paid for his services on i January 16o2/3 and with a New Year's gift in Jan-
uary 16o8/9. Of added interest is the fact that a'John Trumpeter' visited Naworth five
times in the years 1612-20; the virtual coincidence of his subsequent absence from the
Naworth accounts and from the Carlisle accounts after I62O confirms his identity as
John Burton of Carlisle and suggests, moreover, that he died shortly afterwards.
While we may speculate about the death of John Trumpeter in the winter of i 620-1,
it is certain that a more colourful character, 'Willyam miller the Citye foule,' died
about then, since his funeral expenses are entered early in the account for that year. En-
tries for Willy the Fool occur regularly from December 16 io and give us some glimpses
of his role in the life of the city. In the I614- i 5 account he is described as 'ye naturall
ffoole'; shirts, shoes, hose, and coat were routinely purchased for him, with expenses
entered for fabric, tailoring, and repair. Red and white kersey for his coat, with a
small quantity of canvas, were bought three times 1614-17; other distinctive items
24
CUMBERLAN D/WESTMORLAND
include two bells and a feather ( 1614), a 'Sack," and a pair of 'dulle sole" shoes ( 1617--
i8).
There is some tenuous evidence that the fool, or if not always he then some other
person, had a special part to play in entertainment at Christmas. Fabric for the fool's
coat in 1617 is grouped with other such purchases for the city's 'Christames sportes.'
Similarly in I614 and I619 shoes and stockings were bought for Willy lust before
Christmas. Further details from the beginning and end of Willy's tenure suggest that
a 'lord' or "abbot' presided over the Christmas festivities. In December 16 IO an entry
for Willy's shoes is followed on 26 December by the purchase of other items of cloth-
ing - a hat, coat, and red broadcloth - delivered not to the fool this time but to 'my
lord Abbot.' In 162o there is a payment for 'the lords coat against Christinmes.' Willy
died, however, probably in the winter of 1620- I, so that the role of Christmas lord
may on that occasion have been played by someone else.
Other glimpses of the fool's activities are seen in the summer of 16 I4. The kersey,
bell, and feather bought then were probably intended for him to wear at the celeb-
rations on St John's and St Peter's Eves in the last week of June. In the same period
he is named as present at the mayor's house, carrying (perhaps dispensing) wine and
sugar. Later he was outfitted with clothes for the assizes, possibly for an appearance
at an entertainment or dinner following the court session.
On All Hallow Thursday 1605 payment was made for 'one that was foole'; unfor-
tunately, gaps in the accounts make it impossible to determine whether this character
was Willy himself, since we cannot pinpoint the beginning date of his career with cer-
tainty. But the noncommittal phrasing of the entry suggests that even if the reference
was to Willy Miller, he had not yet become an acknowledged prot6g6 of the city of
Carlisle.
When we turn to household accounts we catch a glimpse of local musicians who
had a role not only in the domestic life of gentry and noble families but in the work
place on their estates. At Naworth the Howards employed John Mulcaster to entertain
during the Christmas season 0629/30, I633/4). At Workington the Cur-wens had
Bodell, a local fiddler, and a piper often named as Anthony Troughton; here too there
was piping at Christmas on a good many occasions between 1625 and I64O, as also
at Hackthorpe Hall, Westmorland when Sir John Lowther the younger was in resi-
dence in 1635/6. The Workington piper was also employed at harvest time in almost
every year between 1628 and 164o, a season when he earned twopence a day for periods
ranging from nine to seventeen days. It is not clear whether he entertained at a meal
concluding each day's work (which the small sum would suggest) or whether his airs,
like functional reapers' songs, kept the harvest workers advancing in a steady and even
line through the fields.
CARLISLE'S CUSTOMARY CALENDAR
A varied schedule of events was encompassed in Carlisle's mayoral year, distinguishing
DRAMA/MUSIC/CEREMONY 27
occupations began to subscribe to further awards, perhaps sensing benefits accruing to
the city's commercial life from the popularity of the event. The Tanners contributed to
the purchase of one dozen silver spoons (as apparently did the other occupations) in-
tended for a 'third Course of Horse rase.' The Merchants in the same year gave money
towards the renewing of 'a Runninge Bowie,' with further sums collected for plate
over the years 1633o.
St John's Eve and St Peter's Eve, towards the end of June, together provide the last
traditional event in the mayoral year. In 1614 we have a glimpse of what was already a
vestigial remainder of a Midsummer celebration, with payments for butchers' and
sergeants' wakes, watchers either night, the waits, and a corporation banquet perhaps
held as part of the festivities. In subsequent years the twofold occasion is seen as a time
for the distribution of money to the corporation's pensioners, the chamberlains" ac-
counts providing no further evidence of Midsummer revelry.
Visiting Performers
PLAYERS
According to the Kendal chamberlains' accounts, forty visits from groups of players
occurred between t585 and t637. The Carlisle accounts show thirty-four visits from
players between 16o2-3 and 1639. Bearing in mind the gaps in the latter source, we
may estimate that Carlisle was in fact the more popular venue, one factor perhaps being
that the cash reward earned there was on the average higher than in Kendal. Matching
years in borough and/or household accounts occasionally allow us to see players' com-
panies visiting two locations within a period of weeks or even days: for instance,
players of the earl of Sussex visited both Carlisle and Kendal in the autumn of 6 t 7, as
did the queen's players in the following spring, and the king's players in the latter days
of February 622/3 and early August 1627. Similarly the prince's players were at Car-
lisle and Naworth in the winter of t621/2 and Lord Strange's players at Workington
and Kendal in October t636. There is only rare indication of whether players' visits
were timed to exploit local events or circumstances. In November t 585 Lord Morley's
players enlivened the banquet given for the auditors at Kendal, players performed
there in the newly built Moot Hall in t 592-3, and the visit of the prince's players in
623 (and also possibly the king's in 1625/6) coincided with the period of the Easter leer
court. Local patrons are in evidence. The players of Edward, Lord Morley, and of his
son, Williana, Lord Mounteagle, whose family seat was at Hornby Castle in Lanca-
shire, appear five times between 1585 and t64. Theplayers of Philip, Lord Wharton,
who died in 1625, and of his grandson and heir, also Philip, appear sixteen times be-
tween 16oo and t638.
Several groups of players are denoted by provenance rather than by patron. The
sums paid to them are large enough to discount the theory that "players' is a term here
synonymous with 'waits' or 'musicians.' With one exception - the Penrith players at
THE DOCUMENTS
31
Michaelmas (29 September). Chamberlains might assume joint responsibility for the
whole year, or divide the quarters between them (as described in the endnotes).
In the chronological table that follows, each account is briefly described with
reference to titles (abbreviated and modernized) from which material is excerpted in
the text.
There is no actual account for I605-6, though f [3ov] is endorsed as the chamber-
lains' account for that year. This folio may be the last of the I6O4-5 account, the
endorsement based on a misunderstanding of a heading, f [28v], for demissions made
by Henry Baines, mayor in I6O4, to be accounted for by John Raven and William
Raven at Our Lady Day (25 March), I6O6. Baines's demissions (authorization of leas-
ing of city revenues - see p I59, endnote to CA/4/9 f [25]) would have been made for
the year I6O4-5 at his retirement (September I6O4); the Ravens, as chamberlains for
that year, would have accounted for these demissions six months after their own retire-
ment (Michaelmas I605), that is, in the following March (see below, Chamberlains'
Audit Book). The date, Our Lady Day 1606, given in the heading, may thus have been
misinterpreted as the end date of the accounting period, rather than being more cor-
rectly understood as the date of the subsequent audit. A summary of the account
categories for 16o2-43 follows:
I6O2- 3 CA/4/I ff [I--2OV]
6o4- 5 CA/4/I ff [22-8v]
6o8- 9 CA/4/I ff [32-47 v]
6IO-i CA/4/I ff [49-6v]
613-14 CA/4/I ff [I--15V ]
I614--15 CA/4/2 ff [i7-22v ]
I66-7 CA/4/2 ff [24-33v]
617-I8 CA/4/2 ff [35-4']
ff [42-57 ]
68-I 9 CA/4/I ff [63-76v ]
619-2o CA/4/2 ff [78-86v]
62o- CA/4/2 ff [88-94v]
I621-2 CA/4/2 ff [96-1oiv]
Disbursements, Fees,
Benevolences, Wine (annual)
Disbursements, Fees,
Benevolences, Wine (annual)
Disbursements, Fees (annual)
Disbursements, Fees (annual)
Disbursements, Fees (annual);
Disbursements on St John's Eve
and St Peter's Eve
Disbursements, Fees (annual)
Disbursements, Fees (annual)
Receipts
Disbursements with marginal
categorization, Fees (quarterly)
Ordinary, Rewards, Fees,
Liveries (annual)
Disbursements in two separate
but concurrent accounts,
Fees (annual)
Disbursements, Fees (annual)
Disbursements with marginal
categorization, Fees (annual)
THE DOCUMENTS
43
himself' (f 2); it was copied from the original by Ralph Thoresby. Additional material
follows, relevant to the lives of Dr Tobias Matthews (bishop of Durham and
archbishop of York), Dr Samuel Winters, and others.
Shaw's 'Lift' has been published as Memoirs of the Life of Master John Shawe and
as 'The Life of Master John Shaw' in Surtees Society, vol 65.
Editorial Procedures
Principles of Selection
Included for each location or group of household records are all references to local
and visiting waits, players or plays, minstrels and musicians, and entertainers such
as jugglers, bearwards, puppet-players, and fools. 1 Entries for the Carlisle and
Kendal drummers are routinely transcribed with the exception of duties carried out
at the time of local musters, levy of trained bands, or similar militia acitivities. Items
for the purchase and repair of drums are omitted from all accounts. Payments to the
Kendal waits and/or drummer, related to the summons of border service, have been
retained. This service, regional in scope, was performed as a traditional obligation by
customary, tenants within the barony of Kendal; as such it also provides illustrative
detail of the tenant protest that sparked the Kendal Stage Play of 1621.
Where waits, musicians, or other forms of entertainment are noted for civic or guild
dinners, catering details and numbers in attendance are also transcribed for context
purposes.42 The Tailors' Guild ordinance for the observance of Corpus Christi Day
is included in Appendix I (p 146), largely because it is the sole basis for the conjec,ure
that Carlisle mounted a procession on that day in which all the guilds took part.
All references to the visit of James I to Carlisle, Brougham Castle, and Kendal in
August 1617 have been included. Omitted, however, are items for the ringing of bells
on those royal or national occasions that were routinely observed throughout the king-
dora. 43
The civic life of Carlisle, as instanced in the chamberlains' and guild accounts, neces-
sitates some selective culling of material. The primary concern of the selection process
has been to preserve the sense of a traditional calendar of events, as the city moves
each year from the Michaelmas election through to the Midsummer celebration of St
John's Eve and St Peter's Eve. In the early seventeenth century a round of time-
honoured activities still gave Carlisle a strong corporate identity that distinguished
it from a relatively new royal borough such as Kendal.
The records, however, pose particular problems for the transcriber. These include
the fact that certain events do not consistently reveal evidence of a dramatic or cere-
monial nature, that entries from more than one source have sometimes to be pieced
EDITORIAL PROCEDURES
45
together to document the whole of a particular event, and that while a number of items
appear to be germane to EED, both their origin and their contemporary significance
remain obscure. The short discussion that follows will illustrate ways in which these
problems have been variously approached.
Full details for the Shrove Tuesday games, a traditional event, have been transcribed
for every recorded occasion, including not only entries for entertainment, but details
of the games themselves and the equipment required. The celebration of All Hallow
Thursday, however, has been treated differently. A perambulation of Kingmoor was
the core of the occasion, and the day's events, taking a set form, would normally fall
outside REED'$ scope. 44 A variable factor, however, occurs in occasional payments for
entertainment made on that day. These entries appear either in the chamberlains'
accounts or in guild records. Where such payment is noted, all entries for that
particular All Hallow Thursday are transcribed.4S Thus the day's events (for which
the two sets of records provide complementary information) are documented as fully
as possible in order to furnish an intelligible context for the entertainment item. Entries
for gunpowder, included in this scheme, present a subsidiary problem; they are trans-
cribed in the hope that future research may shed light on a possible connection with
an older 'summer games' tradition. 46
The third and final event singled out for comment here is the Carlisle horse-race
on Kingmoor, run in May in occasional years. Horse-racing in Carlisle went back
at least to the sixteenth century, and may have had a Shrove Tuesday connection.
Resumed after 1619 by public demand, the event appears to have had a strong claim
to inclusion in the traditional schedule of civic events. All recorded entries for the race
have been transcribed, including those descriptive of the guilds' role in the presenta-
tion of plate.
For household records a few additional points should be noted. Payments made
for waits, players, or other forms of entertainment have been omitted where the
location patently falls outside the counties of Cumberland and Westmorland. 47 In the
Howard household books sums sometimes noted as spent 'at play' or 'at a play' have
been omitted since they appear to be gambling expenses (however phrased), as Pay-
ments for an 'instrument' and for 'organs' that occur in the Curwen accounts have
not been transcribed. 49
Dating and Chronology
The bulk of the Cumberland and Westmorland transcriptions are taken from the
chamberlains' accounts for Carlisle and Kendal. The chamberlains' term of office, in
both cases coincidental with the mayoral or aldermanic term, ran from Michaelmas
to Michaelmas. For this reason I have chosen a chronology for the transcriptions as
a whole based on the chamberlains' accounting year: eg, the heading 'i 618-19' indi-
cates a year that runs from 29 September 1618 to 28 September 1619- Furthermore,
the preservation of documentary integrity is more crucial for these boroughs than for
46
CUMBERLAND/WESTMORLAND
other areas dealt with in this volume. In the case of Carlisle especially, each annual
chamberlains' account records a traditional succession of events, a local calendar,
which if at all possible ought not to be fragmented by the imposition of an alien
chronology.
Of course no system is ideal. This one, presenting the line of least resistance and
obviating the problems of old and new style chronology, must still bend to accom-
modate certain inconsistencies. In particular, the chamberlains' year, while linked to
the mayoral and aldermanic term, sometimes extended beyond Michaelmas- well
into October in Kendal. This overrun probably stems from the fact that while the
alderman was elected on or close to 29 September, the chamberlains themselves were
not chosen until the burgesses and assistants met for the first time in the new alder-
manic year, obviously at a later and more flexible date; there would then be delays
in settling up the old account and handing over office. In Kendal also the annual audit,
which took place at Martinmas (mid-November), probably came to represent a more
realistic climax to the chamberlains' term of office than Michaelmas itself. In the trans-
cription, items specifically dated after 28 September are given an extended editorial
date that includes the year, to avoid any inference that they belong to the preceding
September or October: eg, WMB/K 1, f 2ov, is dated 3o September 1587 +, indicating
that the payment date falls within the succeeding year (* 587-8), but for the sake of
documentary integrity the entry has been kept within the original account. Similar
inconsistencies presented by guild and household accounts are dealt with below.
The editorial dating of entries is also affected by other aspects of the chamberlains'
accounting procedures, in particular the methods employed for cash rewards made,
for instance, to visiting players and waits, or for the more routine payments made
to those responsible for the Carlisle Shrove Tuesday games or the provisioning of the
Kendal corporation dinners. The accounts of both boroughs indicate that a large
number of payments were handled on the authority of the mayor or alderman, being
made by his 'appointment' or 'command.' For want of actual evidence we may infer
that a written instruction authorized the chamberlains to make specific payments on
many such occasions and to claim these expenses at the end of the accounting year.
At other times it is clear, especially in Kendal, that on-the-spot payments were made
by the alderman or individual citizens as the occasion demanded; subsequent reim-
bursement was claimed from the chamberlains, though sometimes at a date much later
than that of the event itself, so The final account, made up with the help of hired pen-
manship, was presumably based on a day-to-day record of vouchers and receipts
detailing claims and payments made throughout the year - evidently a ticklish process
that was understandably eased by recourse to the amenities of a local tavern, s
What the system, if it may so be described, presents to the modern editor is a series
of possible dates, all relative to the accounting process, any one or none of which may
be given in the final form of the account. A dramatic entry, for example, may con-
ceivably be dated in the account by the event itself, the act of payment, or the
reimbursement of the payer; where none of these details is supplied, it is in a sense
EDITORIAL PROCEDURES
47
dated according to the time at which the final account containing this information was
made up. Which of these dates are we to select for editorial purposes as (*) sound,
(2) consistent, (3) useful to the researcher? Unfortunately the answer to (1) and (2)
is not always the answer to (3), though (3) of course should have priority.
The editorial solution here is based on the self-evident premiss that the account itself
is primarily concerned with documenting the record of payments; to those who kept
such accounts the events themselves are only of interest insofar as they pin down the
occasion or purpose of expenditures. In keeping with this premiss, and with the aim
of preserving documentary integrity, editorial dates assigned in parentheses, eg,
(9 May), refer to the date of payment as indicated in the account itself. As
demonstrated above, the payment date may in fact be quite distinct from the date of
the event or activity for which it was made. In such a case the date of the event, if
known, is supplied in a textual note. In some instances, of course, the date of payment
and of event coincide, but this is normally clear from the context of the entry.
The difficulties of dating are compounded by the actual format of the chamberlains'
accounts, where dates if included at all are not always given on a consistent basis. Two
basic approaches are found: one dates items 'externally+' usu ally in the left margin or
centred; the other dates them 'internally,' that is, as part of the entry itself. Normally
I have not transcribed marginal or centred dates; instead these have been given edito-
rially in parentheses. Internally dated entries have been left to speak for themselves.
More problematic is the fact that very few accounts take either approach consistently,
so that we are often faced with an entry for which there is no explicit date in the
account. Where an account is intermittently dated I have assigned payment periods
in parentheses for undated items, using the immediately previous and immediately
following explicit dates for this purpose, eg, (4 June-5 July), or where there is no
terminus ad quen+, using the format (21 Septen+ber +). I have done this, however, only
where two criteria are met: first, the account must demonstrate a reliable chronology
of successive items, tested by the proper sequence both of dates, where they occur,
and of references to known routine events (eg, the Michaelmas and Easter leet courts
in Kendal); second, the intermittent dates must be spaced in such a way as to make
the payment periods significant: (4June-I5July)not (3January-6June). The most
that can be said for this method is that it narrows down the date of payment and hence
possibly the date of the event if otherwise unknown. The reader may not agree that
because a particular entry occurs between two sequential dates it records a payment
made within the period, but he or she has at least a glimpse of where it occurs on the
face of the document, with the option of repudiating the editorial conclusion. It should
also be added that a parenthetical payment date refers to all items that follow without
other editorial interruption.
The adoption of a Michaelmas year poses some minor problems also in the incor-
poration of other types of accounts into the edited text. Almost all the material
excerpted from the Carlisle Merchants' and Tanners' accounts concerns either the
occupations' dinners - for the former the first Sunday after 8 September (Our Lady's
48 CUMBERLAND/WESTMORLAND
Nativity), for the latter St Simon's and St Jude's Day (28 October) - or their role in
the All Hallow Thursday celebrations (May-early June). The Merchants" under-mas-
ters accounted to the occupation on the Friday after the feast of St Peter (29 June);
the Tanners' masters made their account on the Friday after All Hallows Day
( November). Thus we know only the date when the final account was rendered,
and cannot pin down the actual date or period when money changed hands, though
in most cases it was probably close to the events for which payments in the account
are recorded. Again this circumstance means some accommodation both of the basic
premiss that the edited accounts date the record of payments, not events, and also
of the Michaelmas accounting year format. With the occupations' records it seems
unwise to separate either single events such as dinners or intrinsic parts of an event
such as All Hallow Thursday from the year of their occurrence. For this reason entries
of this type are incorporated into the Michaelmas year according to the date of the
events themselves (given in the textual notes). The editorial ascription, however, is
extended to indicate that the entries are from an account of a particular date, one that
mav fall outside the year of occurrence. Hence in the transcription under the year
68-9, the Tanners' All Hallow Thursday entries are headed 'f [26v] (Masters'
Accounts dated5 November 619),' that is, information relative to the event (6 May
6 9) is taken from an account whose date falls after 28 September 6 9, the terminal
date of the Michaelmas accounting year, and within what is properly 69-2o. On
the other hand, information relative to the annual dinner (28 October 68), taken
from the annual account rendered a few days later, is headed 'f [24v] (Masters'
Accounts dated 6 November)', the account and the event both falling within the
Michaelmas year 1618-19.
Household accounts, while not conforming in the original to the Michaelmas year,
present less of an editorial problem than the occupations" accounts. Entries in the Cur-
wen account book are dated internally with some frequency; the Lowther account
book contains dated summaries of expenses at roughly ten-day intervals. Thus entries
from both sources may be assigned narrow payment periods, if not specific dates. This
has facilitated fitting dramatic entries into the Michaelmas year. Naworth account
entries are also closely dated, normally within two to three days of one another. These
accounts, however, were kept annually in separate books, usually beginning in
August. To preserve a consistent Michaelmas year it has occasionally been necessary
to split entries from one household book between two years: thus Howard Household
Book 4 runs from August 62! to July 622; transcribed entries dated in August
(ff 3o-3ov) are given under ! 62o- I, while those dated from 2 November (f 3ov) are
given under 1621-2.
Finally, it should be stated that in the introduction and notes frequent reference
is made under date to material in the text. Events that fall on dates in the period
! January-24 March are given as, for example, 2 February 575/6; where an exact
date is lacking, material is referred to under the accounting year, as, for example,
Shearmen's ordinance, ! 58o- . In all other cases the references are straightforward,
eg, 7 November 6o!.
Notes
1 For an historical approach to the development of roads, see Brian Paul Hindle,
Lakeland Roads: From Early Tracks to Modern Highways (Clapham, N. Yorks,
1977), and 'Roads and Tracks,' The English Medieval Landscape, Leonard Canter
(ed) (London, I982), pp I93-2 I7. The main Roman road from the south followed
the Lune valley to Low Borough Bridge, Ewe Close, Brougham, Old Penrith,
and Carlisle; the Gough map (I36O) shows it running from Carlisle to Penrith
and Shap, thence branching to Kendal and Kirkby Lonsdale. Roman routes west
through the mountains ran from Watercrook (south of Kendal) via Ambleside
and Hardknott Pass to Ravenglass, and from Old Penrith through Keswick to
Cockermouth, Papcastle, and Maryport. In the Middle Ages a dangerous south-
erly route crossed Morecambe Sands from Furness to Lancashire. Monasteries
founded on the edges of the Lake District had a stake in the upkeep and develop-
ment of roads for estate and marketing purposes. Stimulus also came from the
creation of peel towers and from the need for 'corpse' roads that communicated
with distant parish churches. The foundation of Keswick in 1276 and the estab-
lishment of small market-towns in the south and west of the Lake District also
spurred road development, as did the growth of mining in the sixteenth century.
2 C.M.L. Bouch and G.P. Jones, A Short Economic and Social History of the
Lake District Counties 15oo-183o (Manchester, I96 O, pp i5o-5, summarize
the evidence for select-vestry government in Cumberland and Westmorland.
3 See Andrew B. Appleby, 'Disease or Famine? Mortality in Cumberland and
Westmorland 58o-I64O, ' p 430. Appleby discusses four major crises: an out-
break of typhus, probably accompanied by famine 0587); plague 0598); and
famine 0597 and 623).
4 See pp 63-4, 'RO: C49/46/16
5 See p I52, endnote to D/Lons/L, f [6v], f [I7].
6 Adolphus Ballard, British Borough Charters lO42-1216 (Cambridge, 913),
pp 85, 205; and Adolphus Ballard and James Tait, British Borough Charters
26-3o7 (Cambridge, t923), p 303.
7 Richard S. Ferguson and William Nanson (eds), Some Municipal Records of the
City of Carlisle, pp o-I.
50
8
9
CU MBERLAND/WESTMORLAND
Ferguson and Nanson, Municipal Records, p 12; the only duty laid on the twenty-
four is to help elect the mayor.
Oaths of office and ordinances in the Dormont Book, begun in 1561 (Ferguson
and Nanson, Municipal Records, pp 47-87) suggest that the new charter added
little to the city's existing administrative and judicial framework; the sword-
bearer is a new feature. Names of the mayor and bailiffs, given in the charter,
checked against the chamberlains' accounts (CA/4/2 f [ 166], account title) show
that its terms took effect at Michaelmas 636.
10 Ferguson and Nanson, Municipal Records, pp 29-3o; the occupations comprised
Merchants, Weavers, Smiths, Tailors, Tanners, Cordwainers, Glovers, and
Butchers.
11 Maurice Beresford, New Towns of the Middle Ages (London, 1967), p 5o2.
12 Ballard, British Borough Charters o42-I26, p 27.
13 Taxation assessments for 1334 show that Appleby ranked below the average vil-
lage assessment of some southwestern counties (Beresford, pp 262-3). Henry vm
cited Scottish incursion when he reduced its fee-farm rent from twenty to two
marks (Appleby and its People, Curwen Archives Trust (979), P 3), while the
cursor3." nature of extant seventeenth-century chamberlains' accounts suggests a
continuing paucity of economic life. By the middle decades of the century
Appleby played an important role in the economic life of the Lowther family (see
above, p 14 and note 28). By 7oo it had added a small suburb (Roy Millward,
'The Cumbrian Town between 6oo and 8oo,' Rural Change and Urban
Gro'th, C.W. Chalklin and M.A. Havinden (eds) (London, 974), P 222).
14 J.F. Curwen (ed), Records relating to the BaronyofKendale, vol , pp 2, 9, 18.
15 Curwen, Records, vol I, pp 50, 53, 55.
16 Curwen, Records, vol I, pp 6 0222-46), 8 0247-6o). Julian Mumby analyses
a newly found full text of William's grant in cw,,s, Transactions (forthcoming).
17 Cur-wen, Records, vol , p 37 (burgage tenement held for money rent and suit
of court), p 54 (alienation of tenement with delivery of seisin). A Kendal court
roll of 144 -2 shows that the three-weekly court sat for the borough on Mondays
and for the manor on Tuesdays (PRO: SC2/207/110).
18 n pp 275-8.
19 BR, pp 3 O--I , 332-3 . Frequent references to provision for'judges' (WMB/K,
Chamberlains' Accounts, Books , f [5]-52, f [25], 583- 639), normally in or
about the month of August, indicate that assizes were held in the borough.
20 The trades listed c. 1578 are those of Chapmen, Mercers, Shearmen, Tailors,
Cordwainers, Tanners, Innholders, Butchers, Cardmakers, Surgeons, Smiths,
and Carpenters, each with subsidiary or allied trades (BR, pp o- t).
21 B, pp 47-8.
22 C.B. Phillips, 'Town and Country : Economic Change in Kendal c. 550-17oo,'
The Transformation of English Provincial Towns: 6oo-8oo, Peter Clark (ed)
(London, 984), pp 99-3 I am indebted to the author and the editor for
28
29
3O
NOTES 51
allowing me to read the proofs of this chapter. Signs o{ municipal sell-confidence
after 1575 include improvements to Kendal parish church designed to accommo-
date corporation dignitaries (WMB/K, Chamberlains' Accounts, Books 42,
{ [22]; 43, { [20]; and 46, f [31]; numerous benefactions to Kendal Grammar
School and local charities (n/, pp 222-54); and evidence of well-attended munic-
ipal feasts in the peak years 162o-36 (see p
J.A. Hilton, 'The Cumbrian Catholics,' Northern History 16 (* 98o), p 49. The
percentage of Cumberland and Westmorland gentry families who were Roman
Catholic rose [rom 13% in 6oo to 19% in 1642.
'Memorable Observations' of Sir John Lowther (died 1675), Lowther Family
Estate Books t6t 7-1675, C.B. Phillips (ed), Suttees Society, vol * 91 (Gateshead,
'979) P 237.
Commercial Papers of Sir Christopher Lowther 1611-1644, D.B. Hainsworth
(ed), pp 224, 226.
"Memorable Observations,' p 233.
'Autobiography' of Sir John Lowther (died 637), Phillips, Lowther Family,
p 213.
Phillips, Lowther Family, p 6o.
'Autobiography,' pp 2'4-19; see also Appendix , p 218.
Walter L. Woodfill's indication that the Bolton Abbey tss have dramatic mate-
rials for the Westmorland castles of Appleby and Brougham (Musicians in English
Society from Elizabeth to Charles (Princeton, New Jersey, 1953), p 256) is not
borne out by research at Chatsworth. Extant Clifford household books and
accounts for 61o-25 (Bolton Abbey ss 79, 94-100) and for 632-42 (ibid, ss
169-70, 173-80) show that Clifford household life in the north was conducted
at Londesborough and Skipton and in the surrounding areas.
An ApologyforActors (London, 1612), sig. G3: '... to this day, in diuers places
of England, there be townes that hold the priuiledge o[ their Faires, and other
Charters by yearely stage-playes, as at Manningtree in Suffolke, Kendall, in the
North, & others.' The Kendal play's alleged origin cannot be documented from
any known charter; no record documents a stage play at this date for
Manningtree.
A manuscript chronicle of * 736, written by Bartholomew Noble (buried in Ken-
dal parish church in '773), noted a performance of the Corpus Christi play in
6o4 (Local Chronology, p vii). I have been unable to trace the original manu-
script. It is unlikely that a subsequent reference to 'the play' in the chamberlains'
accounts for ,6o7-8 is evidence of a Corpus Christi performance.
See endnote on p 229 to WMB/K [Book 3] f [*6v].
The alderman's table was served with apples and nuts at the, 615 election dinner
and sometimes, as at the 163o Michaelmas leer dinner, a higher pace per head
was charged for the fare served to its occupants. The leer jurors had to be content
with bread, cheese, and beer, and were presumably served in a separate location.
NOTES 53
41 An exception is Howard Household Book 3, f 39, 3 January 62o/I, 'to the foole
of Brampton ij s vii d,' probably a charitable donation.
42 Small amounts of wine and sugar for toasts are omitted unless providing useful
detail; see p 93, CA/4/2 f [8ov], 11 35-6, for Shrove Tuesday 69/2o.
43 Kendal ringers observed Queen Elizabeth's accession day, 7 November 583-
6o2, WMB/K, Chamberlains' Accounts, Book , f 3v-7, f [6], and 5
November 608-40, Book 22, f [ 3]-53, f [20], continuing at least through the
Interregnum to Book 70, 660. Carlisle marked 5 November 6 3-42, CA/4/2
ff [ IV--2OIV].
44 In the sixteenth century Kendal citizens spent the three Rogation days peram-
bulating town boundaries, followed by a 'comon walk' on Easter Day; on I May
and the Sunday next there were 'certayn pastymes and recreacons" on the town's
outskirts (in the Barnhills), the young people gathering birch boughs, and the
populace then returning up Stramongate and 'so to the churche' (BR, p 30).
45 Extant chamberlains' and/or guild records include no entertainment payments for
All Hallow Thursday as celebrated in the years 16o9-IO , 1612, 1616, 6aa-8,
I630-2, 634, I637-42.
46 See p 53, endnote to CA/4/2 f [6].
47 See, for example, Howard Household Book , f 36v, 4 March 633/4, a payment
!o Lady Arundel's dwarf for bringing a gift to Lord William Howard. Surround-
mg payments indicate that this occurred during a visit to London.
48 Frequent sums in the Howard household books were allocated for gambling.
Doubtful readings include Howard Household Book 4, f 53, 7 December,
'Giuen at a play in Brampton for mrs mary etc vii s vj d'; and Book I |, f 5, 29
June 622, 'to my lady a play sent by mr w. Charlton xx s' following a payment
dated 27 June, 'to mr William as lent by him to my lady at play.'
49 Curwen Account Book, 63 , f [63v], 6-2 May, nails and glue for the instru-
ment; f [65v], 27-9June, cords; I635, f [27v], 25-6 March, dressing and tuning
the organs, leather, glue, cords, a key and a band for it, f [ 29], 8-14 May, the
organist for a second tuning.
50 'pd mr Alderman the 7 'h of lanuarij as appeareth by his note money disbursed per
him to souldiers etc from the 3 h Novembr, till this daye' (WMB/K, Chamber-
lains' Accounts, Book 43, f [9v]).
51 'Paid at the Taverne when we received the accomptes of ould Chamberlaines by
mr Mayors appointment" (WMB/K, Chamberlains'Accounts, Bookso, f [23v]).
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 55
- (ed). Records relating to the Barony of Kendale. Cumberland and Westmorland
Antiquarian and Archaeological Society, vol 6 (Kendal, 1926).
Ferguson, Richard S. (ed). A Boke off Recorde or Register Containing All the Acts
and Doings on or Concerning the Corporation 2ithin the Town of Kirkbiekenda[[
beginning at the First Entrance or Practicing of the Same which /as the Eighth Day
of January in the Year of the Reign of Lady Elizabeth by the Grace of God of
England France and Ireland Queen Defender of the Faith etc. etc. the Eighteenth
575. Kirkbie Kendall A.D. 1575- To (/hich A re Added the Several Charters Granted
by Q. Elizabeth, K. Charles., and K. Charles li. Cumberland and Westmorland
Antiquarian and Archaeological Society, Extra Series, vol 7 (Kendal, 1892).
- and W. Nanson (eds). Some Municipal Records of the City of Carlisle, viz., the
Elizabethan Constitutions, Orders, Provisions, Articles, and Rules from the
Dormont Book, and the Rules and Orders of the Eight Trading Guilds, Prefaced
by Chapters on the Corporation Charters and Gtdlds, llltstrated by Extracts from
the Court Leer Rolls and from the Minutes of the Corporation and Gilds. Cum-
berland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society, Extra Series,
vol 4 (Carlisle and London, 1887).
G[eorge] E[dward] C[okayne]. The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland,
Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Extant, Extinct or Dormant. Rev ed
(London, 91o-59).
Great Britain. Royal Commission on Historical Monuments: England. An Inventory
of the Historical Monuments in (/estmorland (London, 1936).
Hainsworth, D.Ig. (ed). Commercial Papers of Sir Christopher Lo2ther 6 -644.
Surtees Society, vol 89 (Gateshead, 1977).
Local Chronology; Being Notes of the Principal Events Published in the Kendal Nes
papers since their Establishment. Compiled by the Editors. Reprinted from the 'Ken-
dal Mercury" and '(/estmorland Gazette" (London and Kendal, 865).
Mill, Anna Jean. Mediaeval Plays in Scotland: Thesis Sbmitted for the Degree of
Ph.D. of the University of St Andre2s, ]uly 1924. St Andrews University Publica-
tions, no 24 (Edinburgh and London, 1927).
Murray, John Tucker. English Dramatic Companies 558-642.2 vols (London,
9o).
Nicolson, Joseph and Richard Burn. The History and Antiquities of the Counties of
Westmorland and Cumberland. 2 vols (London, 1777).
Ornsby, George (ed). Selections from the Household Books of the Lord (/illiam
Hoard of Naorth Castle: With an Appendix, Containing Some of his Papers and
Letters, and Other Documents Illustrative of his Life and Times. Surtees Society,
vol 68 (Durham, 1878).
Pearsall, W.H. and Winifred Pennington. The Lake District: A Landscape History
(London, 1973).
Reid, Rachel Robertson. The King's Council in the North (London, 92 ).
Sackville-West, V. (intro). The Diary of Lady Anne Clifford (London, 1923).
IRISH
SEA
,Keswk
1pMites
Morecambe
Bay
Appleby '
Cumberland and Westmorland with principal renaissance routes
Mile
KINGMOOR
(Corporation of Carlisle)
/- Etterby-
Stainton
CARLISLE
Carlisle and environs 1597: a conjectural map adapted from J. Hughes, 'The Plague in Carlisle
I597/98,' cw^^s, rqs 7= (I971), by kind permission of the author
*6th c Carlisle, from Be: Cotton Augustus *.i. 13 by permission of the British Library
1 Cathedral 4 Castle 7 Fiskergate
2 St Cuthbert's 5 Botchergate 8 Castlegate
3 Market-Place and Cross 6 Rickergate 9 Caldewgate
Map of Kendal from John Speed, The Theatre of the Empire of Great Britaine, by courtesy
of the Huntington Library
CUMBERLAND RECORDS
Boroughs
CARLISLE
I345-6
Parliamentary and Council Proceedings
rnb 8* (26 September)
PRO: C49/46/16
Inquisicio capta apud karliolurn die Lune prox,ma ante festurn sancti s
rnichaelis anno regni regis Edwardi tercij a conquestu decirno nono
corarn domino Thorna de Lucy Ricardo ( ............... ) (...)g'ton per
Comrnissionem domini Regis assignatis super quibusdarn
dissencionibus et discordijs inter homines in rnunicione Castri domini
Regis karlioli existentes & Communitatem Ciuitatis karlioli to
( .................... ) per Adamum de Kyrkeby Petrurn ffrankys Thornam
de Neuby Iohannern de rnulcastre Ricardurn de Scraityngharn
Ricardurn del sandes ( .......... ) Thornam de Canonuby Iohannem de
Ireby Iohannern de Agillonuby Iohannem de Cokedene & Iohannern
filium sirnonis de kyrkandres Iuratores Qui dicunt super sacra ( ...... ) t5
quod die dornmica in vigilia sancti Petri aduincula anno supradicto
Curn Clerici fecerunt quendarn ludum in foro dicte ciuitatis karlioli
quedarn conturnelia rnota fuit inter Edmundurn Walays seruientem
domini Episcopi karlioli & Walterurn Cole hominern domini Petri de
Tillioll' eo quod idern Edmundus percussit dictum Walterum cure z0
quadarn virga grossa ter in capite (..) dictus Walterus cepit ipsum
Edmundurn per capucurn & delacerauit capuciurn & tunicam et
Ricardus del Botelry seruiens dicti domini Episcopi karlioli videns hoc
percussit dictum Walterum cure quodarn cultello in dorso fere ad
rnortem & super hoc ludus recessit Et tunc dictus Petrus de Tillioll' -'5
9/dissenctonibus for dissensionibus
16/in vigha sancti Petn aduincula: 3 t July 345
66
CARLISLE 1602--3
(19 November- 14 December)
Item vnto a blinde harper xij d
(I January)
Item vnto Iohn troumpeter capteine boyer Droommer s
and other ij musitians iiij s
(I Jan uary-8 February)
Item vnto the players of penrethe x s
Item vnto lames baines and his felowe players x s
Item for a Coatt vnto the waitte xx s
Item for Candles to the players iij d
(8 February)
I tern vnto my iorde morleyes players xxx s s
oo.
(8 Februarv-2 June )
Item vnto the waittes of penreth xij d
.oo
('-June, All Hallovz' Thursday) 2o
Item vnto Iohn troumpeter xij d
(2 June )
Item vnto Iohn grayson waitt of Cokermouthe xijd
Item vnto ij Scotes minstrels xij d
Item vnto Iohn nixon piper vj d
Item vnto j scotes gentlewomanminstrell ij s
Item vnto my iorde evers players xiij s iiij d )0
Item vnto the waittes of lankaster iii s iiij d
Item vnto Ceeine players in december x s
f [5] (Wine, Ale, and Cakes)
Item in chardgies in the highe chamber vpon mr Maior
29/gentlewomanminstrell: ie, gentlewoman's minstrel
38/ mr Major: Rclsard IX/aru,tck. [ [*], account tttle
CARLISLE 1602--5 67
and his bretheren vpon hallowe thursdaie xv i s i i d
6o4-5
Chamberlains'Accounts CCRO: CA/4/1
f [22v]* (November-3 December) (Disbursements)
im for vj quartes stamell brodclothe vno the droummer xxs
f [22] (loFebruary-TApril)
'em for playgames vpon shrovetewesdaie xviij s (....) d
15
1:[23] (9May)
im vnto the eighte occupations vpon halow thursdaie xx s
20
f [23v]* (Fees and Annuities)
Item vnto nycholas hudson droummer xx s
25
f[24] (2 0ctober)(Benevolences)
first vnto lohn troumpeter ij s
(6 April-9 May)
Item vnto the waittes of Penrethe ij s
Item vnto the waittes of leaddes ij s
Item vnto the waittes of kendall xij d
Item vnto the waittes of Rychmonde ij s
(9May)
Item vnto one that was foole vpon hallow thursdaie xij d
13/shrovetewesdaie: z February
13/(....)d: margmalrepa*r
68
CARLISLE 1604--9
f [24v] (13May +)
Item vnto Craggell the singer xij d
Item vnto the waittes of waikfeald ij s
f [25] (9 May) (Wine, Cakes, andSpices)
Item for one gallon of Secke one potle Clared wine one
quarte whirr wine j li of Suger 3 pottes beare one box of
comfittes and wheatt Caikes vpon halowethursdaie at
afternoone in the heighe Chamber [(...) s (...) d] Lxiij sj
16o8-9
Chamberlains'Accounts CCRO: CA/4/I
f [34] (October) (Disbursements)
Item to Iohn Burton trumpiter vpon the election day at
mr major comand
ijsvjd
f [3vv] (January)
I tern vnto Iohn Burton trumpiter for his Newyeares gifte xii d
(28January-I February)
Item vnto the waits of Newcastle at mr major command ij s vj d
f [38] (February)
Item the 3 day vpon the waits of kendall at mr major
commande
Item the 7 dale vpon the waits of peareth at mr major
command
iisvid
iis
20/ mr major: John Part,son. elected 3 October. f[34], account tale
7O
CARLISLE 1608-11
f [41] (t3-25May)
Item vnto the waits of Richmonde at mr major commande xv iiij d
5
f [42]
Item the xxiiijth day vpon my lord of lincolne players at
mr maior commande xx s
f [43] (2SAugust)
Item (...)to the waits of york at mr major commande ij s vj d
f [43v] (29 September)
Item to nicholas hudson for his hex xx s
f [47] (Fees and Annuities)
) Nicholas hudson the drumer (...)
I6IO-II
Chamberlains'Accounts CCRO: CA/4/I
f [52] (October)(Disbursements)
Item to Iohn Burton trumpiter vpon the election day at
mr Maior commande
Item vnto the waits of peareth the same dale at mr maior
commande
iisvid
ijsvjd
18/ hex /or hexpenses (?), poss,bly for livery; lrecedmg and following items respect,rely for
sergeants' cloaks and beadles' hveres
23/L..) triangular tear 6omm z,*de at outer edge of folio, penetrating 45ram
31/mr Major: Edz,ard Aglionby, elected I October, f [52], account title
CARLISLE 1610--11
71
f [53] (28 November)
Item to my lord wharton players at mr Major
commande...
(19-24 December)
Item for a paire of shoes to willy the fowle at mr major
commande
f [53v] (December)
Item the xxvjth day for a coat to my lord Abbott at mr
Major commande
Item for a hat vnto [my] rthel said lord read in the
makinge of his coat & hat & for candles
XX S
xviij d
xvi/s
vii i s vi d
f [541"
Item for the games vpon Shrove tewesday
Item to the waits of peareth at mr maior command the
same day
Item for a (oat ball the same day at mr major commande
xxix S
s iiii d
vii i d
25
f [54v1
Item the xxth of februarii to the waits the waits of
lancaster at mr Major commande
Item the xxiiith dale to the waits of Midlam at mr major
command
Item the iiljth of March to the waits of Appleby at
mr Major commande
Item the xxvjth day to the waits of wackefeilde at
mr Major commande
iii i s vi d
iis
iis
iiisiiiid
35
21/Shrove tewesday: 5 February
28/the waits the waits: dittograpby
72
CaHSE 1610-11
f [55]* (April)
Item to the drummer for his coat
Item the seconde of Male being alhallowe thursday to the
chambers at mr Major commande
Item to Philip Burtholme the same day at mr Major
commande
Item to musitions the same day
Item to the phie hase at mr major commande
Item to henry mounk for xviij li of powder at mr Major
commande
I tem to Michaell warde for x li of powder at mr Major
commande
Item to lohn Iackson for xvij li of powder
f [56] (t-t5July)
Item vnto th e waits of lincolne at mr Major commande
Item to the waits of peareth at mr Major commande
XX S
5
XX S
xij d
nl I s
xij d
XXIII I S
xiij s iiij d
xxij sviij d
Ill I S
xviij d
f [56v]* (July)
Item to the waits of leads at mr Major commande
Item to george wilson & his thre sones being waits who
offerd them selves to be hird at mr Major command
Ill 1 S
iisvid
f [57] (t5-27August)
Item to my lord Awbeny plaiers at mr Major commande
( t8 September')
Item payed for Makinge of the fowles coat and his
stockins at mr Major commande
35
XXS
4O
Ill I S
CARLISLE 1610--12
Item for his coat & his stockins to Michaeli warde
xiiij s ij d
73
f [6ov] (Fees and Annuities)
Item to nicholas hudson drummer
xx S
Tanners' Guild Minute Book CCRO: D/Lons/L
f [14]* (Masters'Accounts dated 2 November)
(Disbursements)
]i or ye settinge o ye occupacion dinner
Ite for wylde foole Capons & cunyes
Ire to [Minstrels], rminstrells at ye Dinner
Ite for Strangers at ye same Dinnere
Ire ffor wyne & suger then
xijs. vd.
xiiij d.
viii s. vj d.
xvij s.-
f [t4v] (Masters'Accountsdated8November 1611)
(Receipts)
Ite rec of the Cittyes benevolence ffor accopaininge
Mr Maior to the kinge moore
ijs-vid
25
f [15] (Disbursements)
Inprimis disbursed in Charges at our Chamber uppon ye
Rydinge with Mr Maior of the bounder of the kings
moore
xxij s iiij d./
I6II--I2
Tanners' GuildMinute Book CCRO: D/Lons/L
f [15] (Masters'Accounts dated8 November)
(Disbursements)
Ire for ye settinge of [the], rye10ccupacion Dinner
13/ye occupation dinner: 28 October
23/accopainingefor accompaininge
vs.
23-31/[orAll Hallow Thursday, 2 May
39/ "ye'Occupacion Dinner: 28October
76
CARLISLE 1613--14
(8-9January)
to the waytes of lancaster iij s 4 d
to kendall players not permiting yem to play iij s 4 d
given to sir henrye Curwens Musissians at last court iij s 4 d
ff [3-3v] (9-15January)
given to the players came from barnycastle v s
to the waiytes of pearith ij s vj d
(15-16January) s
to my lord Staffordes players xiij s 4 d
the ffirst day March to the waites of Canterburye iij s 4 d
(1-8 March) 2o
when my lord Cumberland dynned with yow pottle sack
pottle Clared dli suger iiij s 8 d
to his man & his three boyes that was our waites iij s 4 d
(8 March, Shrove Tuesday) 25
A foote Barwllle vpon the sandes [(.... )] vj d-
to a Boy that worm the foote Boll xij d
given to Mr maior & John Hoddye to bestowe of waites 30
Riton and other passengers iiij s 4 d
(2 6 Ma rch - 1 Atrcil)
to the whaites of Appelby ij s
35
6/e, at quarter seszons, mentzoned 4-7January. f [2vJ
21/ yow: e, Thorna Blenerhaett, mayor
22/dh: dz. h.
26/ entry znterpoed at top of foho
8O
CARLISLE 1614-15
Item to Mr Thompson ye musicion at mr maiors comand vj s viii d
Item to his boyes then by mr maiors Comand xviii d.
hem to ye fforesayde Thompson musicion ye x h of
october mr Aglionby mr hasset & others v s.
(5 November-2 December)
Item to ye wares of kirkbesteven
xviij d
f [Sv]
Item the 2 of december to my lord whartons players, at
Comand of mr maior
vi sviijd.
(2-8 December)
Item to the wares their leveres cost
iiij li. iiij s
2O
'Caldew Bridge
(Disbursements of Henry Baynes, mayor)
Item ye last daye of december to one lohn dockara ye
ware of lancaster ij s vj d.
25
f [19] (t5January +)
Item to ye wares of pearethe xviij d.
Item to ye lord Staffoordes playeres v s:
30
im to ye wakes of kerkbethure xviij d.
hem the newers gift by mr maior to ye Cittyes wares ij s vj d.
Item ffor ye Summergames xx s.
34z Caldew Bridge: wraten on crap of paper tornrn x 22rnm pasted m margin
CARLISLE 1616--17
Item to the waits of lancaster xij d
f [27v]
Item for whir & Read carsey to the foalls coat xliij s 4 d
Item for harne to his clothes ix d
Item for Makinge the foall coat v s
f [3ov]* (Fees and Annuities)
to nicholas hudson drummer x s
Chamberlains'AuditBook ccRo: CA/4/139
The Accounte...begininge At Mychaelmes 1616 And endinge At
Mychaelmes I617: In which yeare his Majestie kinge lames the ffirst
was at Carelell & did Solemnise his ffeast their vpon Gowryes daye.
ye vth of August:/...
25
f 54
The Alowances now Craved with ye nessesarye expences disbursede
Againste his Majestie Comminge, As also in fees to his offisers, At his
heighnes beinge their...
Item ffor a present to his Majestie which was a Cupp of
goulde duble giltt w/th a Cover of three full quarters
heigh xxvii li:
Item to Thomas Blackelocke ffor goinge to London
aboute ye same to Robert pattinson their xx s: 35
Item ffor ffortye duble peaces of goulde with a purse of
blewe Silke & Silver, presented with ye Cupp: to his
Majestie & for ye Charge & procuringe ye said gould xlv li :
Item in ffees to all offisers of his Malesties howsholde as
by A particuler vnder mr hebburns hande, beinge 40
gentilman vsher to his Malestie appearede xxix li xij s:
Item in more flees to ye offisers of his Majesties querye as
85
vi li vi s viii d:
CARLISLE 1616-17
by a particuler appeared vnder Str Robert Osburnes
hande
Item alowede in mr Robinsons hande ffor his
extraordinarij Chargis in entertayninge ye kinges
servantes & for his howse kepinge to ye more worshipp
of ye Citty xv li:
Tanners' Guild Minute Book CCRO: D/Lons/L
f [23] (Masters'Accountsdated7November1617) lO
(Receipts)
Ire of Mr Maior for accompainge him at ye kinge moore ij s. vj d
(Expenses)
Item at ye Rydinge of our bounder bestowed in ye
Chaber xvij s-
f [22v]* 20
Memorandum that the kings most excellent Majestie lames ye firste
was heare at Carelell ye ffourth Daye of Auguste where ye maior of
the Cittye Mr Adam Robinson with Mr Thomas Carelton Recorder
and ye Brethren of [ye].rthea Cittye presented him first with a Speatche 2s
then a cupp of gold vallewed at 30 li: and a purse of Sylk with 4 t'e
lacobusies or peaces in ye same his Majestie vouchsafed very
pleasinglye the Speatch & Gifte & thanked Mr Major & all [the], rye1
cittizens theirfore and then presentlye went to [the] , rye1 Churche
accompaned with his nobles bothe of Englande & Scotlande The next 30
Daye he did keepe a feast Royall went agayne to ye Churche in State
with his nobles / beinge gowryeidaye / where preached before him
Robert Snadon Bishopp of Carelell And ye major that Daye goinge
before him to & from [the] A rY el Church at ye Courte gate kissed his
Hand & so(....)At his Departure ye third Daye ye Maior & his s
Brethren tooke their leves of his Majestie who used all of them very
graciouslye talkinge a good Space wtth them./
4-7Cor All Hallow Thursday, 29 May
13/ acconapainge for acconapaninge
17/Chaber for Chamber
33/Snadon: Robert Snov;den, bishop of Carlisle, 1616-21
CARLISLE 1618-19
Item to hobbye Corbett & lebodye vpon hall thursdaye
(s June)
Item to the Bearwarde...
(5 June +)
Item to George Bell & other tow wares
Item to ye kinges playeres
XXX S :
91
10
f [66] (Fees)
The drummers flee
(Liveries)
The Seriantes leueries
The Beedles leueries
The hirdes leuerye
The wares leverey
The drummers leverey
The Bellmans leverey
The ffooles Cote & other Chargis ffor him
f [76v]*
Trumpeter.
ffoole ISd. 3d. 5s: I6S: Id zs 6d- li: 7s: I d.
XS.
xili xii s viii d. z0
xxvii s xi d./
(blank)
Court Leet Rolls ccRo: CA/3/21
mb [2] (2tApril)
Item we Request that Mr Maior and his breathren shall call for the
silver broad Arrowes and the Stock and the horse, rnagesl Bels with
all expedytion[s] and the same so called [into] in to bestowe the same
and ffive poundes more in A silver Cup gilded to be lmployed for
I/hallthursdaye: 6May I/lebodye: RobertLebody, amuuctan, seep95,1.2
92
CARLISLE 1618-20
manteyning of A horse Rase for the Cytties vse (vpon the kinges more)
at such tyme yearely as theye shall thinke convanient, And to Article that
the same cup shall be brought in yearely as they shall thinke ffittinge
Tanners'GuildMinuteBook CCRo: D/Lons/L
f [24v] (Masters'Accounts dated6 November) (Expenses)
Ite for [ye] Strangers at our Dinner vj s-
Ite for wyne & Sewger then viii s vj d.
Ire for wylde foole Cunnyes & Capons vii s. iij d.
Ire at ye settin ge of ye Dinner ij s.-
10
f [25]
Ite to ye Musicians at our Dinner
viii d.
15
f [26v] (Masters'Accountsdated5November 1619)
(Receipts)
Ire from Mr Maior of hallow Thursdaye
(Expenses)
Ite bestowed in ye Chamber upon hallowe Thursday
ii s. vi d.
xvj s. viii d.
I619-20
Chamberlains'Accounts CClO: CA/4/2
f [79]* (William Simson's Disbursements)
Item to Iohn Burton trumpiter vpon the election day at
mr maior commande
Item to 2 musitions beinge mr navell his men at mr Maior
iisvjd
xviij d
9/our Dinner: 28 October
23/hallow Thursdaye: 6 May
34/mr major: Thomas Blenerhasett. elected 4 October, f [79], account tttle
94
CARLISLE 1619--20
mr Malor comrnande
Item to puppie players
Item to 3 musitions at mr Ma/or cornrnande
f [81]
Item to a Iudgler that would have gone in the town at
divers tyros
Item vpon alhallow thursday in the occupations
chambers
In powder the same day
Item vpon the late quenes Majesties players
f [Sly]
Item for a coat to wille the foal
Item for sherts to him & making them
Item for a paire of stockins
Item for a paire of shoes
Item for making his coat
i;m tothe waits of kendall
Item to one of mllarn that playd vpon a drume & a pipe
Item to a piper when the veneson was eaten at mr Maior
im for aband to wille the foale
f [82] (DalstonDalton'sDisbursements)
Item to one Iohnston a ffoole at mr Maior comrnande
vjd
xij d
xij d
xviij d
XX S
XXHl S
xxj S
xj s
vs vi d
xxd
ijsvjd
iijs4d
xviij d
vjd
vjd
iiij d
vjd
5
15
20
25
3O
35
161 xxl s: foho torn through descenders ofxx; i vritten over x
28/Item: word almost obhterated by a marginal tear
96
CARLISLE 1619--21
Ite for wyne & (Sewger besydes Mr [gents] rGentsl) our
Dinner
Ite for wylde fowle Cunnyes & Capons
Ite at ye settinge of our Dinner
5
f [27]
Ite to ye Musecions for playing at our Dinner vi d.
f [28] (Masters'Accountsdated3 November 162o) (Receipts)
Ire frome Mr Major of hallowthursdaye ii s. vi d-
15
f [28v] (Expenses)
Ire bestowed in [the], lye] Chaber upon hallow Thursdaye iiii s-
vis. vjd(vid.
viii s. viii d.-
iis.-
1620-1
Chamberlains'Accounts CCRO: CA/4/2
f [89]* (Disbursements)
Item to lohn Trumpiter
Item to the Musitians att Mr Maior comand
f [89v]
xii d
ijs
Item giuen for makinge awake the fifte day of nouember
art Mr Major comand xviij d
Item giuen to Mrs Maioras, rfor 1 the dyner the v th of
nouember xxiij s iiij d
2O
25
3O
35
1-2/our Droner: 28October 18/ChaberforChamber
13/hallowthursdaye: 2531ay 26/MrMaior: Thornas James, f [89], accounr rttle
99
xv s. vj d.
[(....)d] ii s. vid.
CARLISLE 1620--1
Item giuen to the wakes of kendall iij s
f [93v1
5
Item giuen att the assize to Sir Henry Curwen Musitians xviij d
Item giuen to the waites of kendall xij d
Item giuen to the waites of Millam xij d
Item giuen to the kings players xxij s
10
f [gay] (Fees and Annuities)
To the drummer x s
Tanners" Guild Minute Book ccRo: D/Lons/L
f [28v] (Masters' Accounts dated 3 November) (Expenses)
Ite ffor v: Strangers at our Dinner ij s. vj d.
Ire ffor wyne then xx s
Ite in towpences ffor everye brothers Dinner & Strangers
amountinge to 82. psons
Ite to Musetions of ye Dinner vj d.
f [29v ] (Masters" Accounts dated 2 November 1621) (Receipts)
Ite of Mr Maior [(.)] ^ ral benevolence to [the], rye1 30
Company
(Expenses)
Ite bestowed in [the], rye Chamber upon hallow
Thursday xv s. ij d 3s
20/our Dinner: 28 October 30-5/[orAllHalloiv Thursday, 1o May
23/psons[or persons
Reward
Reward
Reward
ord'
Reward
Reward
CARLISLE 1621-2 101
Item to ye wates of lincon xviii d
(Atil)
Item to ye wates of lancaster xvii i d
Item to ye wates of pearethe xi i d 5
Item to ye wates of klrkbyelonesdell xviii d
Item to ye wates of Rippon xviii d
(May)
Item to Edward dalton ffor ye Summergames xxviii s t0
Item to ye wares of Barwicke ii s
f [98v]* (may-June)
Item to ye wares of kendall ii s
Item to ye kinges playeres ye 13 of September xx s
f [99] (Fees) 20
Item tO ye drummer of ye Cittye x s
Tanners' GuildMinute Book CCRO: D/Lons/L
f [29v-3 o] (Masters'Accounts dated2 November) (Expenses) 25
he for two Strangers at rout3 Dinner xij d
he bestowed in Wine then v s viii d
he in towpences for every Brothers dinner beinge
Parsons xvj s 30
Ite for setting of [the]. tyet Dinner ij s
Ite to Musitions vj d
3/xviii d: xii dfllo4v]
10/ ye Summergames: see p 153, endnote to CAI412 f [6]
11/ij s: xviij df[to4v]
27/rourl Dinner: 28 October
104
CARLISLE 1624--5
major Command oo o2 6
f [ Sv]
Item to the waitts of Rippon at mr maior Command oo o o4
(2 t April-3o May)
Item given to the waits of peareth oo o oo
f [19] (!lJune-5July)
Item given to the waitts of lincoln at mr maior Command oo Ol oo
Item given to the, rkings 1 players vpon the 5th of lulij at
mr major Command Ol oo oo
(5July- 7 August)
Item given to the waitts of peareth oo o oo z0
f [*,9 v] (24August )
Item to the waytes of wakefeild oo Ol oo zs
Item to the waytes of kendall oo o oo
Item to the waitts ofdarinton oo o oo
f [I21]* (Fees)(Christmas)
Item to the drummer pro his ffee oo o2 6
35
(Our Lady Day)
Item to the drumer pro his ffee oo o2 6
(St John's Day)
Item to the drummer pro his flee oo o2 o6 0
CARLISLE 1624--5
105
f [ I I v] (Michaelmas)
Item to the drummer pro his flee
oo 02 6
Tanners'GuildMinuteBook CCRO: D/Lons/L
f [33] (Masters'Accounts dated5 November) (Expenses)
Ite ffor Setting ye Occupacions Dinner ij s vj d in ye hands
Ite ffor viii Stranges invyted to ye same at 8 d apeace v s. iiij d
Ite ffor Wyne bothe Sacke and Clarrede vij s ij d
lte bestowed in wyld ffoole Capons and Cunyes vj s vj d
lte to the Musitions vj d
15
f [34]
Ite ffrome Mr Maior as A gratuetie to ye Companie ffor
Rydinge with him of he Cittyes bounder ij s vj d.
(Expenses)
Inprimis bestowed upon ye Companye at ye Rydinge
of ye kings moore upon ye assention daye in breede
cheese drinke & Cake x s-
Ite ffor our quarter of Sacke & one quart whyte wine xx d.
Ite ffor [(...)] rdressinge & trinning of ye 1 Chamber vj d
lte to ye Musisions that daye iiij d
(Masters'Accounts dated 4 November 162_5) (Recetpts)
Merchants'Book CCRO: D/GC/4
f 88 (Undermasters'Accountsdated29June1626)
(Disbursements)
Imprimis 45 persones that were at our dinner
ffor wine at our dinner
to the Cookes and vndercokes
ffor Musik
01--02
o-i 3-o
o-o3-o
2O
25
3O
9/yeOccupacionsDmner: 28October 27/[(...)]: 6wordsofabout251etters
19-28/forAllHallow Thursday, 26 May 35/our droner: 11 September
106
CARLISLE 1624--7
ffor beare
o-o(o6
6z5-6
Tanners" Guild Minute Book ccgo: D/Lons/L
f [34] (Masters'Accounts dated4 November) (Expenses)
Ire ffor setting of [the], ryea occupacons dinner ij s
Ire ffor vii Strangers at ye dinner iiij s. viii d
Ire ffor wyne both Sacke & Clarred to ye sayd dinner vii s viii d.
lte to ye musisions at ye dinner
vid
Merchants'Book CCRO: D/GC/4
f 89 (Undermasters'Accounts dated 6July t627)
(Disbursements)
ffor 57 persones at our dinner
ffor wine the same tyme
ffor Musike
to the Cookes
Bestowed in beare
o1-O86
OO'-- 15--08
oo-oI-06
o0-03-00
OO--O1-00
16z6-7
Chamberlains'Accounts CCRO: CA/4/2
[ [128V]* (Dsbursements)
Item given to thomas porter pro makeinge of the games at 30
( ................ ) the 6th of feabruarij I. 7- o
Item given pro afoott balle on shrough tuesday o.o. 6
Item given to the waitts of kendall the 8th of feabruarii at s
mrmaiorCommand o. I. o
8/ rye occupacons dinner: 28 October
19/our dinner: toSeptember
31/6thoffeabraani: Sbrove Tuesday
CARLISLE 1626--7
f [129] (S February-3 May)
Item given to the waitts of Ripon at mr major Command
Item to the waitts of peareth at mr major Command
107
f [129v]* (3May-llJune)
Item bestowed vpon the waitts of lancaster o. 1. 4 0
Item given to the lord dudles players ye 18 lune o. 3- 4-
Item payde the 5th of auguste to Edward dalton pro
adrume to the Cittye at mr maior Command I. 6. 8. s
f [13o]* (sAugust +)
ItemgiventothekingsplayersatmrmaiorCommand I l. IO. O
Item bestowed vpon the waitts of lancaster rDarinton and
Sir thomas Medcalfe [Mu] players o. 3- 4
(Christmas) (Fees)
Item to thedrumer o. 2. 6. 2s
f [I3ov ] (Our Lady Day)
Item to the drumer
(St John "s Day)
Item to the drumer
f [131 ] (Michaelmas)
Item to the drumer
0.2.6. 30
O. 2. 6,
0.2.6.
109
0]. 00. 0
2.08.0.
O. IO. O.
32/ ye occupacions dinner: 28 October
CARLISLE 1627--8
Item given the 10th of martch to ye waitts of Rippon
Item given to william heslehead for playinge at Caldowe
f [38]
Item given to hobbye Corbitt for playinge at Michaelmas
when mr major was Elected and other times o. 5- o.
Item given to the waits of hallifacke at mr major
Command o. . o
f [139v]* (Christmas)(Fees) 5
Item to the drumer o. 2. 6.
f [4o]* (Mayor'sDsbursements) 2o
Item payed to the kings Ravelles ye 29 of Iulij
Item for the waitts vj yeard of fine Read at 8 s
25
Item for 3 yeard of Read kersay for the drumer
Tanners'GuildMinuteBook CCRO: D/Lons/L
f [36] (Masters'Accounts dated 2 November) (Expenses) 30
Ire at ye settinge of ye occupacions dinner ij s.
Ire payed ffor 8 Strangers invited by thoccupacion v s: iiij d :
Ire ffor wyne & Sacke to ye sayd dinner v s vj d
Ite ffor wyld ffowle Capon & Cunyes vj s iiij d 35
Ire to ye Wares in benevolence vj d
22/ye 29 of lulit added afterpa)nent entered
11o
CARLISLE 1627-9
Merchants'Book CCRO: D/GC/4
f 9* (Undermasters'AccountsdatedsJMy1629)
(Disbursements)
Imprimis to Thomas Blaymer who had the Occupation
dinner
ffor wine the same tyme
More given to the Cookes
To the Musike
More for settinge the dinner in beare
1--9--o
o-6-o
0-3-0
O--I--O
0--2--0
I628-9
Chamberlains'DayBook CCRO: CA/4/9
f [25]cola* (Fees quarterly)
To ye drummer
ijsvjd
Tanners'GuildMinuteBook CCRO: D/Lons/L
f [37] (Masters'AccountsdatedTNovember)
(Expenses)
i at ye settinge of ye occupacions dinner
Ire ffor aleavene Strangers at ye sayde dinner
Ire ffor wyldeffowle, Capons & Cunyes
To wyne & Sacke
Ire to ye Wares for ther musycke at dinner
f [38] (Masters'Accountsdated6November1629)
(Receipts)
Ite Mr Majors gift at ye Rydinge of his bounder
(Expenses)
Inprimis bestowed in this Chamber upon thassencion
Daye,havinge accompaned Mr Maior upon ye rydinge of
ye Cittyes Bounder upon ye kings moore, in wyne Ayle,
5-6/theOccupationdinner: t 4 September
24/ye occupactons dinner: 28 October
ijs
vijs. iiijd
vij s. iiijd
ixsiiij d
vjd
ijsvjd
35-40/forAscemmn Day, 14 May
112
CARLISLE 1629--31
Ire ffor wyne & Sacke
Ire to ye Wares for musicke at dinner
Merchants'Book CCRO: D/GC/4
f 93 v (Undermasters'Accountsdated IJuly1631)
(Disbursements)
vijsiiij d
vjd
Imprimis at our dinner for 54 persones at 6 d
ffor wine at our dinner
Paved to the Musicke
To the Cookes and vndercookes
ffor settinge the dinner
o1-07-00
o--13-o 4
0--02 --O0
o-03-00
0--01 --00
t63o-t
Cbamberlains'AuditBook cclo: CA/4/139
f 78v (Allowances craved)
Item ffor a ffree gilt Bowlle provyded by ye Cittye to be
Rune ffor vpon ye kinges moore
Item ffor Chargis to Mr Major that he was art to Strangers
at those Rases
Item bestowed vpon sertayne Scittizens beinge halbert
men to se good order kept vpon ye moore
vil
ii li
viii d:
Tanners Guild Minute Book ccao: D/Lons/L
f [39] (Masters'Accounts dated5 November) (Expenses) 30
he at ye settinge of the occupacion Dinner ij s
Ite ffor Strangers at our dinners ii s
he ffor Wyide ffoole Capons & Cunyes vi s:
he ffor Wyne & Sacke v s. iiij d 3s
he to ye Wares in benevolence vi d.
I0/ourdmner: 12September
32/the occupation Dinner: 28 October
116
CARLISLE 1634--5
f [ 147v] (Thomas Wawby's Disbursements, thirdquarter)
(loApril-7 May)
paid to the waites of Askrig o.o. 6
paidtotheWaitesofOrton o.o. 6 s
paid to the Waites of Bradforth o.o. 6
to the waites of Cockermoth o.o. 6
to the waites of Orton o.
(7 May, Ascension Day)
Paid to william Atkinson & Allexander dalton for 36. li.
3 ounces of powder
paid to the seuerall companies vpon ascention day L o. o
(13 May)
ffor carrying the weightes and scales to ye kinges moore
two daies at our courses o. 2. o
To the halbyteers for attending there o. 2. o
To the drummer o. 2. o
To the Waites o.
bestowed on the WaRes of Penreth o.o. 6
Bestowed on the Waites for their attendance on
shroftuesday and ascention day o. 5- o
(Fees)
To thedrummer o. 2. 6
f [ 148v] (Thomas Wawby's Disbursements, fourth 3o
quarter) (4-16August)
Item bestowed vpon ye waites of Barwicke o. L o
f [ 49] (Fees)
Item To the drummer o. 2. 6
24/ shroftuesday: Iofebruary 24/ascentionday: 7May
CARLISLE 1636--7 121
I636-7
Chamberlains" Accounts CCRO: CA/4/2
f [166V]* (Charles Crookbane's Disbursements,first quarter) (Fees)
tothe drumer 0-2 6
f
(6 February-23 March)
Item given to Edward dalton for makeinge the games
against Shroughtuesday & for apeace Cloth to put
them on
Item given that day for 2 foott balles
Item given for a Cocke that day
Item given for adoore and paysbourd for the guners
Item given for makeinge 2 new hammer shaftes that
was broken that day
Item given to the Citties whaitts of Shroughtuesday
Item given to the skhollers for makeinge an Oratioun
the 5th of november before mr maior & his brethren
Item given to the waitts of Rippon at mr maior
Command
(John Nicbolson's Disbursements, second quarter)
O1: 18: IO
OO: O1:02
OO: OO: 08
oo O1: OO
oo: oo: 04
oo: 02:06
00: IO: 00:
OO: 02:06
f [17ov] (Fees)
Item to the drumer
OO: 02:06
f [68] (Charles Crookbane's Disbursements, third
quarter) (18-25 May)
Item more the 25th May for careing of the weights to
the moore 2 times
more for packthred
O--2--O
O-- I --O
25
12, 191 Shroughtuesday: z." February
124
CARLISLE 1638--40
f [ 186v] (Fees)
To ye drummer o 2 6
1639-4o
Cbamberlains'Accounts CCRO: CA/4/2
f [191] (Fees)
Item to thedrummer oo: o[3]r21:o[4]r61
f [19IV] (Disbursements, secondquarter)
Item giuen to the players art Chrisinmas by the
Commaundof mr mayor oo. Io. oo
f [192]
Item 7 february giuen to the waites of kendall by the
Commaunde of mr mayor co: Ol : oo
f [|92v]
Item 7 february giuen to the waites of askrigg by the
Commaund of mr mayor oo. ol. oo
f [192v] (Fees)
Item to the drummer oo: o2:o6
f [193] (Disbursements, thirdquarter)
irn 20 Aprill giuen to the waites of Rippon by the
Commaund of mr mayor oo: Ol: oo
5
15
25
35
CARLISLE 1639--43
f [94] (Fees)
Itemtothedrummer oo: o2 o6
f [ I94V] (Disbursements, fourth quarter) (9-26August)
Item bestowed by mr mayor on the waites of (blank) oo. o L O0
f [I95V] (Fees)
Item to thedrummer oo: o2:o6
Chamberlains'AuditBook CCRO: CA/4/139
f [9] (Disbursements)
toWilliam Iames thedrummer o oo oo
to a drummer for teachinge of Heslop oo IO oo
164z-3
Chamberlains'Accounts CCRO: CA/4/2
f [:oIv]* (Disbursements, first quarter) (19 November)
To Robert Browne a puppie player oo: t o: oo
f [202] (Fees)
to the drummer hudson oo: o2:06
f [2o2v]*
to William lames drummer oo: 05: oo
paid for cloath for the Sergiants Cooke and waits t 3 t 8 oo
32/hudson added afterpayment entered
125
5
15
20
25
30
35
128
CURWEN 1625-8
CURWEN OF WORKINGTON
16z5-6
Curen Account Book CCRO
f [5] (25 October-14 February)(Disbursements)
Item to the players this last Chistinmas
f [svl
Item to the piper for his wages this last Christenmas
f [7] O-14May)
To the pypers at newbiggin & penrith
t6z6-7
Cur'wen Account Book CCRO
f [23 v] (28July-4August) (Disbursements)
To the Musicions...
f [25 v] (7 September-15 October)
To Troughton the pyper
t6z7-8
Cur'wen Account Book ccRo
f [29] (3-19January) (Disbursements)
To Troughton the pyper in Christmas
5
VS
XS
xii d
xij d
xiij siiijd
XS
10
2O
25
3O
7/Chistinmas for Christinmas
17/newb*ggin : Newbtgg*n, Cumberland, about 3 mtles southwest of Penr*th
CURWEN 1627-30
[33 v] (15-24Sepeember)
To nay Lady, for _Anthony the [p] pyper
I628-9
Curwen Account Book CCRO
[35] (14-180ctober)(Disbursements)
To the pyper in harvest
[35 v] (9-15November)
To my Lord Whartons players
[36] (12-13 December)
To the Earle of derbyes players
[37 v] (H-4February)
To Cockermoth players
[43 v] (24-8August)
To Bodell the fidler
[44v] (27-gSeptember)
To the pyper, for I6. dayes in harvest
629-3o
Curen Account Book CCRO
[45] (4-6November) (Disbursements)
To my Lord Whartons players
ijs
iis
iisvjd
XX S
XS
VS
ij s viii d
iisvjd
129
5
15
25
30
35
130
CURWEN 1629--31
f [47]
To my Master for the players. 6. lanuarij
To Anthonie the pyper
f [481
To Bodle the fiddler. 26: februarij
f [53v] LJuly-TAugust)
To a pyper
[551
To a Companie of players 2 : september
[55v] (e6 Septernber-4 October)
To the Musicions for my Lady
630- !
Cur'wen Account Book ccRo
[56] (t6-170ctober) (Disbursernents)
To henrye the pyper for harvest
[56v] (e9-3o October)
To Will Bodle the fiddler
[57] (8-toNovember)
To a Company of players
xiii s iiij d
XS
iii s
xii d
VS
ijsvid
ijs
iis
iii s
S
15
20
25
30
35
40
CURWEN 1630--3
[58] (16-2oNovember)
To the players
f[63] 08-23April)
To players, by my Lady
1631-z
Curwen A ccount Book ccRo
[69v] (23 October) (Disbursements)
To the pyper in harvest
[72v] (6-T January)
To the pyper in Christmas
[74v]
To two Trumpetters, 8. Martcb
x63z-3
Curwen Account Book CCRO
[79] (28 0ctober-3 November) (Dzsbursements)
To the pyper in harvest, for 9- dayes
[83] (4-7January)
To the pyper for Christmas
[83v]
To my Lord Whartons players. 21 : februarij
vS
ii s iiii d
XS
xviij d
xviij d
XS
XS
131
VS
5
15
20
25
30
35
40
132
CURWEN 1632--4
f [84] (1-3 March)
To a poor fidler
U6 March)
To yorkshyre Musicions..
f [89v] ('-SSeptember-6October)
To the pyper for 15- dayes
iiij d
xii d
t633-4
Cur'wen Account Book CCRO
f [92] (Disbursements)
To my Lord Whartons men. 7- december
f [93v] (5-12January)
To Troughton the pyper
f [94v] (15-2oFebruary)
To my Maister, for Cockermoth players
f [Io3] (4-5September)
Bodle the fidler
(5-6 September)
To the Pyper for watching horses
XS
XS
ijsvid
viii d
XS
136
Carhle
HOWARD 1612--18
[ 22 (zSJune)
To lobn Trumpeter
f 22V (13July)
To a musician sent from Mrs Tayier
f 2 3 (12August)
To Rbert for teaching the gentlemen to daunce
(z September)
The wakes of wakefie|d
Iohn Trumpeter
Household Books z DDPD: Howard C706
f 33 (i August) (Re,ards)
To iij pipers at the gates
(5 August)
To iiij musicians at the gates
(lz August)
To the Princes players
(13 August)
...iij consorts of musicians vii s vj d ....
13/ Rbertfor Robert
13/the gentlemen: the 5ons andCr grandson of Lord Wdlarn Ho,ard
VS.
5
xl s.
ijsvjd.
VS.
ijsvjd.
ij s vj d.
XS.
XX S.
Car|i|e
HOWARD 1618-19
Household Books z DDPD: Howard C7D6
f 34 (/2 November) (Rewards)
To a piperyat came out of Lankyshire
f 34v (g January)
Io/on Trumpetor.ij s vj d...
(19-21January)
... musicians iiij s vj d ....
02January)
To a iugler
f 35 (14February)
To a cornetter
(27February)
to iij minstrells giuen by mrs mary
to ij other
(13 Marclo )
to 2. pipers
f 35v* (28April)
to a piperij d ...
Giuen at Askerton by my lady. 12 of Iune.
... a pipervj d
ij s.
ij s.
xviij d.
xij d.
xij d.
137
3
HOWARD 1622--7
f 29V* (8 May)
To a company of players at [Brampton] Coomcach.
(I I May)
To the waites of lancaster
Household Books 6 DDPD: Howard C706
f 3IV* (5January)(Rewards)
To the Players of warwick
f 32 (I t April)
to the waytes of Penreth
f 32v (22 May)
to the waites of Carlyle
16z5-6
Household Books 7 DDPD: Howard C706
f 27v (5 June) (Rewards)
to the waites of Penreth
(24June)
to iii trumpeters
16z6-7
Household Books 8 DDPD: Howard C706
f /.6v (3oDecember) (Rewards)
To ye scottish piper
VS.
xviii d.
xxii s.
iis.
iis.
iis.
iii s.
ijsvjd.
141
5
I0
2
25
3
35
4
142
HOWARD 1626-30
f 27 (3oDecember-sJanuary)
To the piper of Brampton
(S January)
To ye piper by my hdyes commaund
(14 March)
To the waites of Penreth
627-8
HouseboldBooks 9 DDPD: Howard C706
P 4"- (26 May) (Rewards)
To the waites of Carlile
ijsvjd.
ijsvjd.
xij d.
xij d
P 43 (26 September)
To - Pypers
2O
ijs
1629-3o
Household Books lo DDPD: Howard C706
f 3I (IJanuary)(Rewards)
To a Piper by my ladle
f 3Iv (SJanuary)
ijsvjd
To Iohn Mulcaster the Piper for playinge at Naward this
Cristenmas time
(5 March)
To thre Pypers the waytes of Richmonde
XV S.
iisvid
35
f 32v (13July)
To a Companie of Players
VS.
4O
144
HOWARD 1633-4
(28 March)
To 2 Pipers the wakes of Durham
(I April)
To 3 Severall Companies of Musitions at the Gate, by
lohn Porter
ij s.
f 37v (2t May)
To the waites of Penreth
(t7June)
To the wakes of Durham
To a fiddler
(2 t June)
To a blinde Herper by my ladies Commaund
ijs.
VS.
xijd.
VS.
15
f 38 (24July)
To a Herper by my ladies Commaund
f 38v (12September)
To a Companie of Players
KS.
25
f 74v 02 August) (Extraor&hary Payments)
To Mr Robert Hymes for one Moneth Teachinge Mr
William Howard and Mrs Elizabeth, this Sister to daunce
xl s
APPENDIX 1
Undated Document
Tailors" Guild o,u: A453
f [ t 26]* (transcribed 5 January t659 )
Also it is ordained & appointed by ye said Occupacion that vpon
Corpus Christy day, as old vse & Custome was befor time, the whole
Light, with ye whole Occupacon & Banner to be in St Maries
Churchyard at ye B sh tree at [x] r io 1 of ye clock in ye forenoon, &
he vt comes not befor ye banner be rased to come away (..) pay vj d.
each offender toties quoties.
above
nk blot or erasure; probably to
Translations
CARLISLE
345-6
Parliamentary and Council Proceedings
mb 8 (26 September)
PRO: C49/46/16
Inquisition taken at Carlisle, Monday next before the feast of St Michael
in the nineteenth year of the reign of King Edward, the third from the
Conquest, before Sir Thomas de Lucy, Richard ( .......... )g'ton, assigned
by a commission of the lord king concerning some dissensions and
discords between the men (who) are in munition of the lord king's castle
at Carlisle and the community of the city of Carlisle ( .................... );
by the jurors, Adam de Kyrkeby, Peter Frankys, Thomas de Neuby,
John de Mulcastre, Richard de Scraityngham, Richard del Sandes
( .......... ) Thomas de Canonuby, John de Ireby, John de Agillonuby,
John de Cokedene, and John, son of Simon de Kyrkandres, who say on
their (oath) that on Sunday, the vigil of St Peter ad vincula, in the year
mentioned above, when the clerks performed a certain play in the
market-place of the said city of Carlisle, a dispute broke out between
Edmund Walays, servant of the lord bishop of Carlisle, and Walter Cole,
man of Sir Peter de Tilliol, because the same Edmund struck the said
Walter three times on the head with a certain large stick (and) the said
Walter took him, Edmund, by the hood and tore both hood and tunic,
and seeing this, Richard del Botelry, servant of the said lord bishop of
Carlisle, struck the said Walter with a knife in the back, almost killing
him and thereupon the play stopped. And then the said Peter de Tilliol;
seeing his man was for this reason in danger of death, sent William (...)
Wyclyf, the lord king's coroner, and with him John de Stapleton and
Thomas de Neuby, to the said lord bishop of Carlisle, beseeching the
same lord bishop, since he had in his retinue in Carlisle Castle the said
Richard del Botelria, who struck the aforesaid man, that he would make
him answer for the said offence according to the law (...); the said
150
CUMBERLAND
Fasz. 7, f [4] (Account dated l January)
To players here
f [6]* (Account dated2 7March)
Given to the schoolmaster from Penrith who presented a
comedy
Endnotes
63-4 C49/46/16 mb 8, 10
Portions of these two leaves, especially at the margins, are severely faded. Dots within diamond
brackets represent approximate numbers of illegible letters.
The episode described in this documentation, of which the play's interruption was only a
part, has all the elements of a widespread feud between the ctizenry of Carlisle and the gar-
rison. Both John de Kirkeby, bishop of Carlisle t 332-52, and Peter de Tilliol of Scaleby Castle,
about six miles northeast of the city, were men of standing with an active role in public and
military life. The bishop, before he ever came to the see, had incurred the hatred and contempt
of the citizens while prior of St Mary's, Carlisle; at the time of this incident he was serving
as governor of Carlisle and hence commanded the garrison. Peter de Tilliol had been sheriff
of the county t 327-3o and was at various times elected knight of the shire for Edward tit's
parliaments. The initial clash between the two parties, described here, escalated in a series of
progressively more violent incidents in which the garrison fired indiscriminately on the
citizenry, killing a woman. In ensuing resistence to attempts by the city authorities to arrest
individual members of the garrison, a city bailiff was also killed.
65 Egerton ts 2598 f 82
Henry Scrope, ninth Lord Scrope, was at this time warden of the West March and captain
of Carlisle. Scrope's letter, though unaddressed, was presumably sent to William Asheby,
England's ambassador to Scotland (t588-9o), in whose collection of papers it is found.
65 CA/4/I f [Iv]
The "belman," entered annually in the Fees account, was the town crier. In the t622-t Dis-
bursements account he is paid 2d "for going through the towne twise for the heighe Chamber
dore key'; payment for a new key entered in the same account suggests that the 'belman' was
used in this instance to publish a case of loss or theft (CA/4/2 ff [t I t-t iv]).
67 CA/4/I f [22v]
This account begins f [22v] (account title and payments for October) and continues f [22] before
moving to f [23]. Repair to the outer edge of the lower two-thirds of the folio masks wholly
or partially marginal dates for f [22v] and portions of payments for f [22].
152 CUMBERLAND
67 CA/4/I f [23v]
The Fees account is repeated [f 27] with some additional items; the entry concerning Nicholas
Hudson is identical (except 'drommer' f [27] for "droummer' f [23v]).
71 CA/4 I f [54]
The three items for Shrove Tuesday (5 February) are included in the account under the marginal
heading for January. While two out of the three may conceivably have been prepaid, the waits
of Penrith were surely paid on the day of performance. Hence the marginal heading for Feb-
ruar), lined up with the item succeeding those for Shrove Tuesday, is misplaced.
72 CA/4'I f [55]
This item may be approximately dated mid-April: the fifth preceding payment is for 3 April,
the next succeeding for l z April.
72 CA 4/I f [56v]
It is impossible to narrow down the date of these payments. The first of the thirteen entries
on f [56v] is given for 'the last of July'; the next folio ([57]) has a marginal heading for August.
It would, however, be misleading to ascribe any of the intervening twelve items, all undated,
to 31 July.
73 D Lons/L f [14]
In 1594 the membership ordered that no strangers be bidden to the Common Dinner except
the mayor and bailiffs and the "preacher'; their table was to be allowed two bottles of wine
"& no more,' 2s 6d worth of wild fowl, 2 s worth of capons, 16d in conies, and 16d at the setting
of the table, that is, a further allowance for drink, such as beer (f [9v], 34th order).
74 D/Lons/L ff [16v], [17]
From 6o9 until his death in 1616, Henry Robinson, bishop of Carlisle, annually provided
the membership with los for wine at the dinner (Receipts, ff [12v], [3v], [14v], [ 7v], [9],
[2o]). On this particular occasion, however, the bishop gave 2os. The account indicates that
the extra os (1. 6), was used 'to paye the howse where ye Dinner was madd' (11.z4-5), that
is, the eating-house or tavern that catered to the event and possibly accommodated it. These
lines are the only suggestion in the Tanners' accounts that the dinner may have taken place
at such a location, rather than in the occupation's chamber itself.
7 CA/4/2 f [I]
Two hands are evident in the Disbursements account: the first writes ff [-4], roughly
October-April, f [Tv], 8 July- o August, and f [8v], the last nineteen items of the account;
the second writes ff [,i-7], May-end of June, and f [8], o-z5 August. The two hands may
indicate a division of work between alternating chamberlains, though they do not coincide
with the traditional quarters of the fiscal year established at Carlisle.
77 CA/4/2 f [4v]
'Munisseners' (h 7) is probably an errant form of 'musicioners.' Scribes seem to have had par-
ticular trouble with this word, in whatever form they penned it. Waits from 'Barwick" visited
EblDblOTES
153
Carlisle five times in the period t 6t 4-37; waits from 'Berwick' were at Naworth in t 622. Both
orthographical forms may refer to Berwick-upon-Tweed; alternatively either or both may refer
to Barwick-in-Elmet (Yorkshire, West Riding). The latter suggestion is supported by the fact
that waits from other West Riding communities (Bradford, Darrington, Doncaster, Halifax,
Leeds, and Wakefield) visited Carlisle at roughly the same period 0605-37).
77 CA/4/2 f [6]
The payment of 2os to the occupations and expenditures in the Merchants' and Shoemakers'
chambers are relative to All Hallow Thursday (2 June), as are, probably, items for powder,
carriage, and brown paper. More problematic are references to 'the Games'; possibly these
sums are late entries for Shrove Tuesday (9 March), 'you' (1.3o) being the mayor, Thomas
Blenerhassett, who may have closed the games with some ceremony. Elsewhere in the cham-
berlains' accounts, however, are entries for 'summer games,' one of which, entered for the
month of May 622, may refer to All Hallow Thursday (30 May t 622). In the two remaining
instances - p 80, 1.34 and p 90, 1.8 - the allusion is less clear. In both cases the positioning
of the item in the account, the absence of any other lump sum payment for Shrove Tuesday,
and the naming of Edward Dalton (responsible in five other instances for the Shrove Tuesday
games) as the payee suggest that 'summer games" is a misnomer for the Shrove Tuesday event.
(It may of course be an alternative usage for that occasion, though hard to believe for Carlisle
in February.) The 64-5 entry, however, is apparently lined up with the marginal notation,
'Caldew Bridge,' as the location of the games; this information is not consonant with other
evidence showing that the Shrove Tuesday games were staged at the Swifts (see Introduction,
p 25)- Overall, there is some indication that an event known as 'summer games" was staged
in Carlisle on or close to All Hallow Thursday; what its component parts were remains a mys-
tery, though in the context of payments for 'powder' (1.24), it may have been at this period
a gunnery or fireworks display terminating the All Hallow Thursday holiday.
79 CA/4/2 ff [13-14v]
A separate account detailing expenditures on St John's Eve and St Peter's Eve was retained
for this year; in other years the total amount spent on that occasion was normally entered with-
out details in the Disbursements account. The sums for Nicholas Hudson, the city's drummer,
and 'the two wakes,' (11-3, 5) are included in a list of almost uniform payments of one shilling
made to approximately 275 individuals; the second entry for 'the Cities waites' (11. t4- t 5) prob-
ably represents a reward for performing on the two occasions. The general Disbursements ac-
count for this year contains items for wine at a banquet (f [6v] 23 June-8 July) that was perhaps
part of the celebration.
The feast of the nativity of St John the Baptist falls on 24 June, the feast of St Peter and
St Paul on 29 June. In Carlisle 24 June was a quarter-day when, for instance, fees were due.
Quarterly chamberlains' accounts from 634-5 split payments for the two saints' days between
the end of the third and the beginning of the fourth quarters, thus confirming that 29 June
is the feast of St Peter intended in the record (rather than, for example, the feast of St Peter
ad vincula, August).
The connotation of 'Eve" needs some discussion. In the early seventeenth century we are
witnessing the vestiges of an event at least partly rooted in a folk celebration of Midsummer;
in this context the 'Eve' (ie, the preceding night or vigil of the feast) had particular significance
ENDNOTES
155
(account title, f[24] - 'hegdell" for 'Edgden,' CA/4/139 f53), were unable to carry out their
duties in the latter part of their term.
The principal route from the north into Carlisle crossed the river Eden and entered the city
by way of 'Rchard gayte' (11. tS-t9, modern Rickergate). Evidently James entered Carlisle
by this gate on his return from Scotland on 4 August. Other items for this year refer to
'Riddinge& dressingeRichard gate'f [26v], 'pavingeofRichardgate' f[27], and 'cariage of
the painter oiles from yorke" f [27v].
84 CA/4/2 f [30v]
Yearly fees and annuities are given three times for this year. The first list (f [3ov]) is transcribed
here, perhaps being a fair copy of those that follow (ff [3 Iv] and [32v]), which are marred by
frequent cancellations; items on f [32v] are each preceded by a cross in the left margin. Infor-
mation about Nicholas Hudson is identical on all lists.
84 CA/4/139 f 53
On 5 August 600, three years before he came to the English throne, King James w of Scotland
survived what he claimed was an attempt on his life at Gowrie House, Perth; his hosts (the
alleged would-be assassin, the master of Ruthven, and his brother, the earl of Ruthven) were
killed in the ensuing fracas. In spite of contemporary scepticism about James" version of the
event, the Scottish Kirk was coerced into proclaiming a day of thanksgiving for the king's de-
liverance, held annually thereafter on 5 August (David Harris Willson, King James v't and
(London, t 959), pp t 26-3o). AfterJames's accession to the English throne this episode was
eclipsed by an authentic conspiracy much closer to home as far as the English were concerned -
the Gunpowder Plot of t 6o5. The annual celebration of'conspiracy' or 'gunpowder' day on
5 November was fairly quickly taken up by the English population; the 5 August thanksgiving,
as exemplified in Carlisle at least, seems to have had much less continuing impact. Early in
James" reign, in t 6o4, "a waike" is recorded for that date, with payments for wood, peats, and
ale (CA/4/I f [26]), but thereafter the observance drops from sight until 6 t 7 when the king
himself visited the city and formally celebrated Gowrie(s) Day on 5 August (see also Tanners'
Guild Minute Book, p 95)- Bruce Jones, archivist at the Carlisle Record Office, points out
that in the northern counties "gowrie,' a variant of'gowdy' or 'gaudy,' may mean 'festive" or
"frolicsome" in local usage (The English Dialect Dictionary, Joseph Wright (ed), vol 2 (London,
19oo), pp 695, 698). Certainly this or some other circumstance soon blurred the strict origin
of the term as applied to one particular event and date (5 August); three months after the king's
visit, the words 'beinge gowres day' are added as an afterthought to an entry for 5 November
I617 (p 86, 1. I I) and towards the end of his reign, in 1624, payments occur for 'the gowries
day' again on this date (CA/4/2 f [I 17]).
85 D/Lons/L f [22v]
The illegible word (1.35) appears to be made up of four letters with brevigraph, perhaps "parted"
in the original from which the antiquarian scribe made his copy. M. Creighton, Carlisle, 2nd
ed (London, 889), p t 5 t, quotes this passage, modernizing the spelling and giving no citauon:
'gowryeidaye," however, appears as 'a Saint's Day' and the mayor kisses the king's hand 'at
their departure."
160
CUMBERLAND
in one of the races run a few weeks later on 3 May 635 (p 6, Ih 6-2 ). A subsequent entry
for 25 September 635 in the Merchants" Book (p 18,11.z8-9) also indicates that a new piece
of plate was assigned to the coming year 0636).
118 CA/4/2 f [149]
This act was probably passed on or about 24 March 635/6 when the account for the fiscal
)'ear Michaelmas 634 to Michaelmas 635 was presented for audit. The act is recorded in a
hand distinct from that used in either chamberlain's account; the signature of Ambrose
Nicholson (mayor 634-5) appears between this passage and the preceding final entry of
Wawbv's account, suggesting that the record was entered on the folio after the audit had taken
place. In fact the sergeants continued thereafter to receive bar money: for 636-7, ff [ 66-6v],
[t7o], [7v]; for 638-9, ff [8v], [83]; and for 639-4o, f [89v].
119 CA 4/2 f [154v]
John James and Christopher Inagge account respectively for the first and third, and second
and fourth quarters of 635-6, including quarterly portions of Fees.
120 CA/41139 f 87
This entrs" and a further isolated reference to plate in the Merchants' Book (I.36) provide the
only indication that the horse-race may have been run in 636; the Chamberlains' Accounts,
however, lack the detail that they normally record for this event. Possibly the plate was held
over for the race run the following year (p 2, 1.36-p 22, 1.2).
121 CA/4/2 f [166v]
Although the two chamberlains for this year accounted for alternate q uarters, each kept his
own book; that is, each book has a distinctly characteristic hand, paper, and watermark, with
separate audit signatures of Richard Barwis, mayor (ff [68v], [7v]). These books were
subseq uently bound into CA/4/2 consecutively so that Charles Crookbane's quarters (the first
and third) precede John Nicholson's quarters (the second and fourth).
121 CA/4/2 f [170]
A payment of twenty shillings to the mayor for 5 November is entered in disbursements for
the first quarter (CA/4/2 f [66]) - that is, for the dinner at which the scholars performed
122 CA/4/2 f [181v]
Receipts and disbursements are accounted for each quarter by only one chamberlain, Mathew
Wilkinson.
Two unabbreviated forms ('comand' and 'command') both appear in this account; the
brevigraph in a third form, 'co, and," has been taken as a sign of abbreviation and the word
transcribed 'command' (1.3o).
125 CA/4/2 ff [201v], 202v
Again only one chamberlain, 'Chamberlane Crookbane," kept the account for this year,
though on a quarterly basis. The payment for cloth (l.38) is one of two disbursements
ENDNOTES
161
interposed between the Poor Account and second-quarter payments. Hudson's 2s 6d (1.32)
continues as a quarterly payment throughout the fiscal year 642-3.
126 Handelsbiicher Nr. 20, Fasz. 1 f [19v]
George Needham was holding a quarter-share in the Company of Mines Royal in February
565/6, and was still listed in t58o when the company was reorganized. Throughout much
of 567 Needham was in the Keswick area transacting company business. In the late autumn
he returned again for this purpose, remaining in the area for well over a year (W.G.
Collingwood, Elizabethan Keswick (Kendal, 92), pp 3-4, 22-3, 26-9).
126 Handelsbiicher Nr. 20, Fasz. 1 f [114]
Daniel Ulstit, who was in Keswick as resident agent for company affairs in 1568, returned
to Germany the following year. Lord James Mountjoy was a shareholder in the Company
of Mines Royal from February 565/6 (Collingwood, Elizabethan Keszvzck, pp 3-4, 62).
127 Handelsbiicher Nr. 20, Fasz. 8 f [6]
The Penrith schoolmaster was John Davis, first master of the Free G rammar School of Penrith
( 569-76) (Percy H. Reaney, Records of Queen Elizabeth Grammar School, Penrith, CWAAS,
Tract Series, vol o (Kendal, 95), p 6). An historical account compiled in the early
eighteenth century by Dr Hugh Todd, the vicar of Penrith, draws on earlier sources and
includes a confirmation, dated 7o8, of ten general rules for the school. Two of these (Reaney,
pp 57-8), both based on ecclesiastical ordinances of 57 , are possibly significant in the case
of theperformance at Keswick. The eighth rule urges that the master and usher "so form the
Speech and Language of all their Scholars, by constant and frequent Exercise, that they may
speak with a Clear, Audible and Distinct Voice.' The tenth rule lists authors whose works
will prove beneficial to the scholars' language and manners; among these is the Roman
playwright, Terence (Publius Terentius Afer, 95 ?- 59 Bc), one of whose comedies may have
provided the text for the performance brought to Keswick from Penrith.
133 Curwen Account Book f [109v]
This payment was first entered on f [o8v] ('to Anthony Troughton') with fifteen other items,
headed 'disbursed since 3 december t634.' These were subsequently cancelled when the
steward presumably realized that he had forgotten to enter the receipts for the period, which
were normally given before the disbursements. All the cancelled items were included in the
disbursements that begin on f [ogv ].
133 Curwen Account Book f [149]
These payments probably stem from Sir Patricius Curwen's responsibilities as sheriff of
Cumberland, an appointment he received in 637; the allusion to "the lalor' is perhaps
connected with the county jail in Carlisle.
135 Howard C706 [Book 1] f 10
Payments made for children in the family, either as individuals or as a group, are frequently
entered in Lady Elizabeth's account. For this year there are entries for her fifth son Thomas;
youngest daughter Mary; and grandsons William, son of Sir Philip Howard, and Thomas, son
162 CUMBFRLAND
of Sir Henry Bedingfield (who married the eldest daughter, Elizabeth). All seven sons (Philip,
Francis, William, Charles, Thomas, Robert, and John) were at Naworth in 6 2 - those who
married remained until the last decade of Lord William Howard's life. Sir Philip's widow
continued to live there with her six children after her husband's death in 6 6 (George Ornsby,
Household Books, pp viii-x, xxxviii-xli; pp 9-o, notes).
137 Howard C706 [Book 2] f 35v
Through his wife, Lord William Howard became lord of the barony of Gilsland, part of the
Dacre inheritance. Askerton Castle, Cumberland, was a small border fortress within the
barony, manned by the Land Serjeant of Gilsland, and a small garrison (Ornsby, Household
Books. pp xxiv, xxxv).
138 Howard C706 [Book 2] f 36
The Penrith musicians (?waits) were probably heard in Carlisle The payment recorded is the
second of a bracketed group of four, one of which was for 'loan of sheets at Carlyle'; another
was made 'at the assveses.'
138 Howard C706 [Book 3] f 20v
Cuthbert Gray, described in a letter of 16o8 as a Newcastle merchant, also farmed the revenues
of Newbiggin, Northumberland (Heddon with Newbiggin, a Howard estate). He frequently
supplied the household with goods and, more in the role of agent, performed a variety of
services for the family (Ornsby, Household Books, pp 69, 4I 2). The dancing pumps are fifth
in a list of seven items attributed to him, enclosed in a marginal brace.
138 Howard C706 [Book 3] f 38v
Lord William Howard purchased Thornthwaite, near Hawes Water, Westmorland, from Sir
Henry Curwen of Workington; the estate lay in the parishes of Shap and Bampton (Ornsby,
Household Books, pp 5, 222, notes). It was in the latter parish that the misrule episode,
involving Lord William Howard's tenants, allegedly took place (see p 218). Mr Radclif
(William Radclif, p 14o, 11. 5- I 6) was auditor and receiver-general to Lord William Howard
(Ornsby, Household Books, p 90, note). Payments for the poor, the dancer, and the players
are included in a bracketed list of five payments attributed to Mr Radclif and apparently all
connected with the Thornthwaite visit.
139 Howard C706 [Book 4] f 30v
The item for I5 August is one of fourteen grouped with marginal brace under the name of
"mr Radclif. ' The chronological sequence of the Rewards account is interrupted here since these
entries are variously dated October, August, and September.
140 Howard C706 [Book 5] f 28v
Mary Howard, daughter of Lord William Howard, is probably intended here (1.36). A
marginal cross precedes this item.
141 Howard C706 [Book 5] f 29v
The name of the month, usually found as a marginal heading in the Household Books, has
ENDNOTES
163
been omitted from the group of ten items among which these payments are included. Listed
between groups for April and June, they are almost certainly for the month of May, which
is nowhere else recorded in this Rewards account. Cumcatch and the manor of Brampton (both
in Cumberland) were Howard lands; the latter, about three miles southwest of Naworth, was
the market town nearest the castle.
141 Howard C706 [Book 6] f 31v
There are numerous entries in the Household Books for Warwick (Warwick and Wetherall,
Cumberland, a Howard estate about four miles east of Carlisle). The date suggests that the
players came to Naworth in connection with festivities for the Christmas season.
143 Howard C706 [Book 10] f 33v
Corby, Cumberland, lies about six miles east of Carlisle. The moieties of the manor were
successively purchased by Lord William Howard in 1606 and 1624 (Ornsby, HousehoM Books,
p 111, note).
145 D/Lons/Wl/4 f 32
During Christmas 1634 Sir Christopher Lowther was in Westmorland en route home from
a business trip to York. According to the notebook (f 32) he dined with his brother John on
29 September at Hackthorpe Hall (not far from Lowther), where presumably he slept before
setting out for Whitehaven the next day.
146 A453 f [126]
This ordinance is one of several headed by the statement that in 1659 they were copied out
of an earlier book (see Document Descriptions, p 34), without any indication of the date(s)
of their original enactment. The remainder of A453 contains other entries for the guild 1652-
1734 in various contemporary hands, indicating that the 1659 transcription of older ordinances
was an administrative measure desigaxed to restore and maintain continuity of guild records,
probably undertaken because of loss, damage, or interruption suffered during the preceding
period of the interregnu.
This volume in turn evidently provided the exemplar for the version of the Corpus Christi
Day ordinance given in R.S. Ferguon and W. Nanson, Mumcipal Records, p 147, and in
D/Lons/Ll3/l 1, Tailors" Guild Minute Book, an eighteenth-centu copy. Collation of all
three reveals no substantial differences between them and in the two latter versions only minor
variants in spelling or expansion: eg, at line 6, Ferguson gives "gt Maries church yard' where
in A453 the elongated "s" in 'st" has been read as 'g'; and the D/Lons/Ll3/l I version
consistently substitutes 'the" for "ye.'
In a footnote to the transcription of the ordinance, Ferguson remarks: "This is a most
interesting entry, and carries us back to the pre-Reformation Corpus Christi procession in
Carlisle. Great Mary's church would be the parish church in the cathedral nave, and its
churchyard is now known as S. Mary's burial ground.' The cathedral in Carlisle was served
by canons of the Augustinian priory, and as was usual in such cases parishioners were confined
to the nave for the purposes of worship. Ferguon's reference to 'the pre-Reformation Corpus
Christi procession' is given uncorroborated by any other evidence and must remain
speculative. It is admittedly unlikely that Corpus Christi Day was simply one of the guild's
164 CUMBFRLAND
quarter-davs - the movabilitv of the feast, ranging from 2 May to 24 June, would have made
the choice impractical. Nevertheless, as it stands, the ordinance merely provides for an
assembly of the guild brethren (and probably ssters, as implied by the phrase 'the whole light');
whether this was for an event confined to the guild itself or a preliminary to a full-scale turnout
of the eight occupations cannot be determined from the ordinance alone.
The reference to the banner is not in itself significant of any extraordinary ceremonial nor
of activities dating from the pre-Reformation period. Well after the Reformation the Carlisle
Merchants, for example, had their yard wand (or standard) and banner; at St Peter's quarter
these were ritually delivered by outgoing to incoming undermasters (Merchants' Book, ff 86-
6v, 87v, 88v, 1624-7); in 1629 a long table covering was purchased (f 91 ) and in t 63 t a new
banner, described as 'cullers,' was made for the guild (f 93v). The two purchases were added
to those item s delivered to incom ing undermasters (f 94 v, 1632, and f 99, 1635). These few
obiects seem to have furnished a minimal ceremonial for guild events - probably quarter-day
assemblies, the annual dinner, and the All Hallow Thursday perambulation of Kingmoor in
which all the guilds took part before returning to their chambers for refreshments. Cautiously,
therefore, we should refrain from jumping with Ferguson to any conclusion, based on the
transcribed ordinance, about the existence of a pre-Reformation Corpus Christi procession,
unless evidence can be adduced from other sources.
WESTMORLAND RECORDS
Boroughs
APPLEBY
6o9-o
Chamberlains" Accounts 2 KCRO
f [I] (Disbursements)
Item to Iohn Simpson for the pipers cote
X$
6o-H
Chamberlains'Accounts4 KCO
f Ill
To Mr. smith for the piper wages x s
Chamberlains'Accounts 8
f [3] (Disbursements)
to Iohn simpson for ye piper wayge
vi d
168
KENDAL 1575--6
KENDAL
Slctt
No b dden
dvnners or
drvnkvnges:
1575-6
Boke off Recorde Krc
f 219" (2February)
Item it is Orderide & Constitutid: lykewise by the Alderman / and
Burgesses, withe the hole assennte and advise aforesaid / That no
person or personns.off what callinge or estate so ever.he.she.or they
bee off / Whiche either, be nowe dwellinge / or whiche hearafter, shall 10
fforton to be dwellinge & residente, within this Boroughe / or liberties
hearoff / ffrome & after / the sayd sevynth daye off ffebruarij nexte
comynge / shall. / either provide, prepare, desyer, byd. warne, have or
make / or cause or suffer to be had provided prepared, desyerid bydden
warnyd, or made / at or with in / any his. hers. or their seuerall howse / 15
or in or at any other howsse or place / within this / Boroughe./or
liberties hearoff / any dynner, super or ffeaste / ffor moneye offor, for
personns, rtowne ffolkes, to any Nomber moore or lesse 1 above the
Nomber off / twelve which makes vpp. three measses off ffolkes (Suche
lvke dynners supers.ffeastes or drynkyns / as have bene comonlye 20
vsed / at or vpon / Shotinges in long bowes, or metynges of men off
Occupaclons / aboute orders for their severall pagiandes of Corpus
Christi playe/, rot at the Aldermans electyon / Or at any court day 1
at accustomyed tymes in the yeare / onely exceptyd and resserved) Or
shall provide / prepair / desyer, byd. warne make. or have/or cause or 2s
suffer to be provided, prepaired desyerid, bydden warnyd or made any
open or generall drynkynges Nutcastes. merye nyghtes, aplecastes, or
others suche lyke at all / ffor moneye offor ffor any nomber, rof
townsfolkes 1 greate or. small vpon payn to fforfeite & losse to thusse
off the Chamber/. off this Boroughe ffor everye ffault so comytted 30
& donne x s ....
f 224v*
An Other Order for metinges off Burgesses & xxiiij ' etc on: Certayn
stacion & apoyntyd dayes
4 :day lune [(....)] , H576'[ -
7, hemnheawlystrokedlargerscrpt 71 theAlderman: HenryWdson
18-19/ above.., ffolkes: tzwordsunderknedls 31/xstrrecededbysmallsgn
35/An Other Order for zn larger heavily stroked script, ,'tn left margin
35
KENDAL 1585-6 171
Ad Curiam
tent,*m 22:
September 1586
f 244
ffor the Playe
Forasmuche as verry many & dyvers of the common lnhabitantes of s
this lncorporacion (suche of them onlye as rather preferr ther owne
pryvate commodities / and the common customes & vsages hear / and
more respecte the Satisfyinge of their / owne delightes & fantasyes,
by A greate deale than the Benyfite & common welthe of all others
in generall (beinge the greater parte) doo covytt & earnestlye Crye for t0
the havinge of Corpus christi play, yearlye vsuallye to be had played
and vsed heare as in former tymes without admyttinge or allowinge
almost any occacion or necessitie for the stayinge therof in any yeare
Holdinge pryvate opynyons sometymes and affirmynge that the
havinge or denyinge therof onlye restethe in the Alderman / for the is
tyme beinge) Althoughe (that in trewth) in all matters & causes
belonginge this Bourghe he is (at it were) tyed to the Societie Counsell
and Brotherhead of others with hym Not havinge power in hymselff,
to appoynte & sett downe Orders & constitucions of hymselff [to
appoynte & sett downe] in all thinges specially in suche as generallye 20
Concerne the Common state & affayrs of the same Bourghe without
the ayde & counsell & grave advise & assistaunce of his Bretherne the
head Burgesses adioyned vnto hym / ffor the redresse & certayntye
of reformacion wherof / It is Ordeyned & constitutid by the Alderman
and head Burgesses of this Bourghe of Kyrkbykendall / That it shall 2s
not be lawfull at no tyme hearafter / ffor the Alderman of the same
Bourghe for the tyme beinge or any his deputie or deputies, to
appoynte & geve lycence ffor the same Playe of Corpus christi / or
any other stage playes to be had or vsed heare, onlye of hymselff in
any yeare at or aboute the accustomyde tyme therof, or at any other 30
tyme Excepte it shalbe lyked of and consentid vnto by his sayd
Brethern the head Burgesses or the more parte of them frome tyme
to tyme beinge vpon payne to forfeyte & losse to the vse of the
Chamber of this Bourghe tocies quoctes C s
5/Forasmuche n larger beawly stroked wrtpt
17/atforas
34/C s preceded by small sign
174 KENDAL 1592--4
592- 3
Chamberlains'Accounts 6 KCRO: WMB/K
f [12]* (Extraordinary Payments)
pd to Iarvis dickson wif for ij pottes of Ale more at ye
maske
pd for ij quartes wine at ye maske
pd to mr dawson for ye charges of ye banker at ye maske
f [12v]*
xxd
xiiij d
xiij s iiij d
10
pd to ve plaiers in ye newe hall v s s
pd to mr dawson for ye waites cotes xxxiij s
pd to ye quenes players yis somer xx s
pd for charges at ye diner at ye election & for wine & to ye
wakes x s iiij d
593-4
Chamberlains'Accounts 7 KCRO: WMB/K
f [22]* (ExtraordmaryPayments)
Item pd to cudbert pearsone yat he layd forth to ye
players at ye dragon the last yeare
Item pd to cudbert yat he pd to garnat ffor playing on the
drome on the crownatyon daye
f [22v] (7June-eSJuly)
Item pd by the Apointment of mr Alderman for the
ijsvid
iiiid
10.171 mr dawson: Roger Dawson
30/at ye dragon] at mydlames WD/AG/Box
31/garnat: Edward Garnett (2)
37/mr Alderman: Wdham Wdmn
25
3O
35
KENDAL 1619--21
619-2o
Chamberlains'Acconnts32 KCRO: WMB/K
f [20]
more pd to mr Alderman that he payed vnto a company of
players
f [2ov]
more pd to the Queens of bohemia players per mr
Alderman
more pd for 9 yardes of brood clooth for the wayts
clookes
(162o)
more pd to the kings players the 21 th of October per mr
Alderman dawson appoyntment
more pd to mr Alderman that he disbursed to the princes
players as apears per his note
62o-
Chamberlains'Accounts33 KCRO: WMB/K
f [IVy]* (Monies Paid)
Pd to the players
(17 September)
Pd to mr Steven Nuby...
Pd him more at same time for the princes players in the
old account
(2 7 Septem her)
Pd for the wattes Cloakes
oo -o5 -o
OO-- IO--O
03 oo oo
O0-- I O--O
O0-- IO--O
O0 I00
ol 16 4
oo o5 o
03 02 I0
187
25
3
3S
5, I I- 12/mr Alderman : Steven Nuby
17-18, 20/mr Alderman dawson: Rowland Dawson
33-4/the princes players in the old account: see above, 11.20-1
188
KENDAL 1621--2
1621-2
Chamberlains'Accounts34 KC'IO: WMB/K
f [2o] (Extraordinary Payments)
pd to mr Alderman which he gave to the kinges players
00-- I0--0
f [2ov]*
pd the waytes at leete court dinner
00-o2-6
Star ChamberRecords PlO: STAC/8/34/4
f 55" (5 December) (Kendal Stage Play: Bill of Plaintiff)
...And to make the said Lordes the more odious to the people, Soe
it is further if it male please yor moste excellent Majestie that the said
Confederates haue alsoe stirred and raysed vp one Richard Helm,
Henry- warde, Thomas Duckett and diuers others whose names are as
yett vnknowne to yor said Attorney but humbly desireth that hee male 20
incerte the same when they shalbee discouered they beinge Players and
Actors in a stage playe publickelie to personate & represent the persons
of the said Lordes of Mannors in theire said playe, and accordingelie
the said Helme, warde, and duckett and the said other vnknowne
persons on or aboute the moneth of Iulie last in the Nineteenth yeare
of yor Majestes Raigne did publickly act a stage plaie at kendale Castle
in the said County and did therein make a representacion of Hell and
in the same did personate and acre manie Lordes of the Mannors of
the said Countie which they did libellouslie and disgracefullie then and
there represent to bee in hell to the greate abuse of the said Lordes, 3o
by which they were prouoked to haue fallen into outrage and to haue
broken yor Malestes peace and haue sought private Revenge of suche
disgracefull injuries, had not they beene restrained by the due respecte
of the obeydience to yor majestes lawes Edict and proclamacion In
tender Consideracion whereof ... It male therefore please yor most 35
excelent Majestie to graunt vnto yor said Attorney yor most gracious
Writtes of Subpena to be directed to the said [persons including]
Richard Helme Henry Ward and Thomas duckett ... Commaunding
them and euery of them.., to be and appeare before yor highnes and
yor majestes most Honorable Councell in yor Majestes High Courte 40
of Starcham(...) ...
5/ mrAIderman: WalterBecke 41/(...): (her)
KENDAL 1621-2
189
f 49*
The Ioynt and severall Answares of ...
Rychard l-lelme [and other defendants named]...
to the Informacion of Sir Thomas Coventrey
knight his majesties Attorney generaii /
... And the defendant Richard Helme Confesseth that he was by the
perswasion of one Iasper Garnett (who was the Authore of the play)
,tin the information mentioned/1 an actor in the ^ [play] rsame etc 1
acted at (...)dall Castell about the tyme in the lnformacion mencioned
But denyeth that he did in any sorte Represent or Act the part of any
Landlord or tenante in the same as in rthel said Informacion is
supposed And saith that the said play was penned by the said Iasper
Garnet aboue fower yeares agoe he being a Scholemaister in Lancashire
And drawn into fower large bookes And was seene and lyked by some
landlord and divers men in the barrony of kendall before the same was
acted ....
f 51 (Interrogatories to be put to the defendants)
Itim whether doe you know that Richard Helme Henrie ward Thomas
Duckett or any of them in or a bout the month of Iulij last 16z I did
ackt or plaie a staige plaie art Kendall Castle in the said Countie of
westmerland whether weere you priuie afore hand yat the sayd plaie
was then to be plaied whether weare you pressent att the then actinge
of the said plaie whether was ther then in the same any representacion
of Hell & whether was any thinge then Acted or mencioned of any
landlordes of westmerland to bee seane there in hell, wherefore weare
they the said landlordes represented soe to bee in hell, what was the
Conseite or morallitie there of, weare you priuie to the Inuentinge
makinge or settinge forth of the said plaie who was the Inuentor or
maker ther of and by whose meanes or abettment or procurment was
the same soe inuented & maid & enacted accordinglie declaire yor
knowledge therein & how you know the same to be true://
f I4"
(;6 February) (Examination of defendant)
Samuell Knipe of ffairbancke in the Countie
of Westmerland gentleman sworne etc
7/And rztten 2n large beawly stroked scpt
190
KENDAL 1621--2
f I_SV
Hee saieth that hee knoweth not that Richard Helme Henrie Ward,
Tomas Duckett or anie of them did in or about the moneth of lulie
last 6:1. act or play anie Stage play at Kendall Castell in the said
Countie of Westmerland. neither was hee this defendant privie that
anie such play would bee there plaied, nor was present at the acting
therof. And therefore cannot depose whether there was in the same
anie representacion of hell, or the mencion of anee of the Landlords
of Westmerland to bee [in] seene in hell or not. neither doth hee. this
Defendant know what the conceipt or moralitie of the said play
was.neither was hee this defendant privie to the inventing, setting
fourth or making of the same. nor knoweth who was the Inventor or
maker therof, nor by whose meanes, abettment or procurement the
same was invented, made, or acted.
f 54
(29 April 162z) (Examination of defendants)
Thomas Prickett of Audland in the said
Countie of westmrland gentleman aged
xxxviij yeares or thereaboutes sworne &
examined
To the xj th Interr he Cannot depose otherwise then that he did heare
that there was such a play acted at kendall aforesaid as in the said Interr zs
is mencioned. /
f 54 v*
30
Richard Helme of whinfell in the said
Countie of westmerland aged lij yeares or
thereaboutes sworne & examined
To the xj th Interr he saith that about the time in the Interr menctoned 3s
there was a stage play acted at kendall Castell, & that he this Examinat
was an actor in the said plaie, haueinge a parte Called Raymond, &
that Thomas duckett Henry ward with others to the number of twentie
or thereaboutes were actores allso in the said plaie, but denieth that
in the said play there was anie representacion of hell or of anie land- 40
lordes within the said Barronie to be in hell, saue onely there was a ieast
betweene thomas Duckett and Henry ward who acted the partes of
31:
191
KENDAL 1621-2
towe Clownes in the said plaie deliuered by thone of them to thother
in these wordes vizt, Rauens quotha no, thou art farr byth square, ites
false landlordes makes all that Croakinge there, & those sheepe wee
poore men, whose right these by their skill, would take awaie, & make
vs tennantes at will, & when our ancient liberties are gone, theile puke
& poole & peele vs to the bare bone.the which speeches passed
betweene the the said Clownes vpon former speeches vsed betweene
them of hell, And allso saith that the said plaie was made by one Iasper
Garnett borne in the Barronie of kendall Schoolemaister at Lancaster
at the time of the makeinge of the said plaie, And at the time of the
said Actinge thereof resident within the said Barronie of kendall./
ff 4o-4ov* (Interrogatories to be put to witnesses against the
defendants)
Item whether did the said defe( ................ )of them & which and
howe many of them by name styrrvp or procure any players & acters
in a Stage playe pvblickelie to personate & represent the persons of
the Lordes of Mannors in their said playe which were oppressors of
the said Custome of Tenant rght howe & in what maner were the said
Lordes represented/I
Item did the said defendant Helme one Ward & one Duckett together
with other Actors and Stage players on or about the moneth of Iuly
in the nynteenth yeare of his Majestes Raigne acre a Stage playe at
Kendall Castle in the said Countye of Westmerland & which & howe
many of them by name did act or reprsent the persons or accions of
any the lordes of Mannors within the said Countye & was the same
playe acted in disgrace or contempt of the lordes of Mannors there
declare yor knowledge herein at large.
f 26v* (Interrogatories to be put to witnesses for the defendants)
Item whethether doe you knowe that the defendantes did [effe(...)]
publikely act a stage play and there in did personate and present the
persons of the Lordes of the Marmots within the Countie of
Westmerland in the moneth of luly in Anno dornini 162 I. in Kendall
Castell And whether did the said defendantes in the said Stage play
7/the the: dzttography
15/( ................ )faded; ( ........... ) all or anie f29
33/Item: large and heavily stroked letters
33/whethether: haplography
33/[effe(...)]: fading at edge of folm
193
KENDAL 1621--2
33:
make a representacion of Hell And in the same did personate and Act
manie Lordes of the said Mannors which they did lybellouslye and
disgracefully then and there represent to be in hell yea or noe, yf yea
then which or how manie of the defendantes did soe make a
representacion of Hell and did personate and represent the said s
landlordes to be in hell, or which or how manie of the said Land Lordes
was so personated by anie of the defendantes or how manie of the said
defendantes did act the said stage play or what part or partes did anie
of them act therein or what wordes can you declare which was spoken
in anie part or partes which the defendantes or anie of them did act to
or how manie of the defendantes were at the actinge of the said play
declare the trueth vpon your oath./
Item who was the Author or Composer of the play which was acted
at Kendall Castell, and hath not Sir ffrauncis duckett knight seene and
redd the said play or some part thereof and liked allowede or s
Commended the same before the actinge thereof, And was not lames
Duckett which is grand sonne to the said Sir ffrancis Duckett one of
the actors in the said play at Kendall Castell and his bayliffe and
Tennantes actors therein and whether did he or they act the same by
the privitie or consent of the said Sir ffrancis Duckett, And whoe did 2o
speake anie wordes in nameinge of Hell in the said play or make anie
representacion thereof.
Item doe you knowe that these defendantes haue Raised vp anie
players or actors in anie stage play or playes to act and personate anie
of the Lordes of the Mannors of the Countie of westmerland, And to 2s
represent the said Lordes or anie of them to be in hell and to make
a representacion of Hell and the Land Lordes therein, yea or noe, yf
yea declare whoe what where when and the circumstances thereof and
how you knowe the same to be true./.
f 33* (1o September) (Depositions of witnesses for the defendants)
Ierom Garnet of Ouerleuens in the Countie
of westmerland about the age of xxviij yeares
sworne and examined
35
.oo
To the xxxj th Interrogatory he deposeth and saith that about the time
in the Interrogatory mencioned there was a Stage plaie publikly acted
at kendall Castle wherein Richard Helme one of the defendantes and
Thomas ducket and one ward in the Informacion named were amongst
4O
13,23/ Item : large and heavdy stroked letters
KENDAL 1621-2 193
others actores, And further saith That he hath heard That in the same
plaie there was a representacion of Hell and that landlordes were
reprsented to be in hell but this he doth not knowe of his owne
knowledge, because he was not present at the Actinge of that parte
of the said plaie if anie such was./
To the xxxij th Interrogatory he cannot certainly depose otherwise then
formerlie to the xxxj th he hath deposed./
To the xxxiij th Interrogatory he deposeth and saith That he doth not
knowe nor now remember of any act done by these defendantes or
anie of them in the said stage plaie by personateinge of the lordes of
the Mannor of the Countie of westmerland or reprsentacton of hell
otherwise or in anie other sort then in his answere to the xxxj th
Interrogatory he hath deposed,/
f 35
Anthonie Ducket of Grayrigge in the
Countie of westmerland esquire about the
age of 36 yeares sworne & examined
15
2O
f 35v
31 To the xxxi th Interrogatory he deposeth & saith That Richard Helme 25
one of the defendantes & Thomas ducker and Henrie Ward who as
he thinketh were named in the lnformacion were Actores in a Stage
Play whzch was Acted at kendall Castle about the time in the
Interrogatory mencioned, And that he this deponent was present at
a parte of the said plaie wherein hell was reprsented, And in which 30
Thomas Ducket & Henry Ward did Act the partes of towe fooles or
Clownes & demaunded of a Boy who did looke into the said
represented hell who, the1 did see there which boy declared vnto the
[(.)] Clownes & they to the people that they did see Land lordes &
puritanes & Sheriffe Bailiffes & other Sortes of people whom they 3s
would haue made odious and gaue this reason (as he now remembreth)
why the Landlordes were there in regard they did seeke to make their
tennantes, tennantes at will, & in this or the like manner to this
Examinates now remembrance was that parte of the said plaie acted./
32 To the 3 2 th Interrogatory he deposeth and saith That he doth not 40
knowe who was the Author or Composer of the said plaie neither doth
34/ [(.)1: blot pombly over m
196
KENDAL 1622--3
Corporaczon of kendall had bene formerly questioned for suffering of
a play to be played there 16o 5 wherevnto this [defendant] deponent
answered the said mr Dawson that [the Clerk of t] mr George Warde
clerke of the peace both for the Countrie & towne of kendall had seene
& perushed the said play bookes & had libertie to correct [&] any s
thinge that was offensive in the said play bookes which [th] Mr
Dawson acknowledged to be true [& that] sayinge that,rneitherl mr
warde [coulde & h.] nor he coulde fynde any thingcontayned in the
said play bookes which were not to be allowed to be played, therevpon
mr Anthoney duckett replyed he sawe noe reason whye mr Dawson 1
or any othrs should lett the said playes to be acted alledginge that it
woulde bringe a greate Concourse of people to the towne & woulde
cause much money to be spent there & therevpon the said mr Dawson
gave way therevnto condiconally that there should be noe more added
to the playe then that which they had perused is
f 18v*
To the 4. inter he satth he [neuer] had conferance & speeche with the
said Sir fir Duckett & Anthony his sonne concerning the said play in 20
desiringe their helpe & furthrance that the same might be acted but
whether they had seene the said play bookes or any parte thereof
before the same was played this deponent knowth not but by ,rthel
relacion of one Thomas ducker whoe was an acter in the said playe
tolde this [defendant] rdeponentl that the said Sir ffrancis Ducket had 2s
seene parte of the said plea. & this deponent furthr sa that lames
duckett is grand sonne to the said Sir ffrancis Duckett ,r&l was one
of the Actors in the said plea at Kendall castle & ,rthe said Sir ffr his
Balive & [tel some of his tennantes were actors therein & played their
partes in the said play with the privity & consent of the said Sir ffrancis
Duckett for any thing this deponent did know or hearde to the
Contrary & [furth] to the rest of the questions in this interrogatory
mencioned this [defendant] deponent hath before set downe saving
that the said playebookes were [(..)] made 7- yeares or thereaboutes
before the same ,rwere acted but there was not any intent of hurt or s
disgrace intended against the landlordes of the County of westmerland
[then] but [what] that the same concerned all in generall & furthr
deposeth not /
To the 5 inter this deponent sa there was not any of the defendantes
nor any other players that acted any of the stage playes wherein they 4
reprsented or personated any of the lordes of the Mannors within the
11 / lett n sense of forb,d 26,39/safor sath
2OO
KENDAI 1625-6
and and the rest at vj d a pece I IO o
paid waites for playing same tyme o 2 6
paid Petter Hugon for a leuen quartes of wyne and a pynt
was had at the leer dnner at mighalmas o 7 8
paid the waites for theire atendance at the leet dinner at 10
easter o 2 6
paid to the kings plaies by the apoyntment of mr
Alderman o IO o
paid to Petter huggon for 9 quartes of wyne and a pynt to
the leet Cort dinner at easter o 6 4
paid Edward lenings wyf for 12. mease at the lete court
dinner at Easter wheareof 3- mease were at 8 d apece, and z0
therest6dapec I 6 o
for drinke and bread to the luri o 2 o
paidmorfordrinkeafterdinner o ! o
f [22]
paid the waites for playinge at the venyson ffeast, and the
election diner o : 6
paid to Mr Becke ffor the waites Clockes and wine had at
Sundeir tymes as by his note doth apeare 5 o o
paid to Edward lenings wyf for the Election dinner, for
term mease wheareof 3 of them was at 8 d apece and the
other atvjdapece 2 o 35
I/ and and: datograpby
13-141 mr Alderman: James Don (2)
31 Mr Becke: Xalter Beke
202
KENDAI 1626--8
Pavd The first of November to my Lord Whartons
players by mr Aldermans apoyntment oo o5 o
Payd the 23th of November to the kyngs players by mr
Aldermans apoyntment oo-Io o
f [22]*
payd To wylliam Chambers the 4th of aprill 1627 for 13 10
mease at Court leete dynner whereof 3 mease at 8 d a peece
And the Rest at 6 d and for drinke and breade to the lury oI 1o 6
payd The waytes for theyre Attendance oo 02 6
pard by mr Aldermans apoyntment which was given to s
The kyngs players The 4th of August
Pavd to wylliam Chambers wyfe for The Ellection
dvnner o2 07 6
payd The waytes for theyre atendance oo o2 6 20
O0 I0--0
16z7-8
Chamberlains'Accounts4o KCRO: WMB/K
f [18v] (Extraordinary Payments)
pd will/am Chamber wife for i6 mease at leer Court diner
whereof 3 mease at 8 d the peece and the rest at 6 d and for
drinke and bread to the lury
pd the waites for their allowance that day
pd to mr bankes the 11 th of march 1627 for sarientes
Coates, wakes coates, and beadle coat as may apeare by
his noate of parcelles
4. 18: o
25
2.4-5,15/mr Aldermans: Henry Parke
26; leer Court: l,hcbaelmas t627
27-8/and for drinke: see p 239. endnote to WMB/A [Book 39]f [,2]
3D mr bankes: Wdltarn Bank
KENDAL 1627--8
f [i9}*
to will/am Chamber wife for 7 mease & 3 forkes at leet
court diner whereof 3 mease at 8 d peece o. 17. 6
pd for drinke after diner o. 2. o
pd for drinke that went to the fury o. 1. 6
pd fo the waites at leer coort diner o. 2. 6
given to my lord Morley his seruant that brought halle a
bucke, to the Companie o. 5- o
will/am Chamber wife for 8 mease where of 3 mease of
the 12 at 8 d peece
o. 18. o
203
f
pd to mr Alderman that he gave the waites at the venison
feast ! 8 d...
pd to will/am Chamber wife for 16 mease at the venison
feast at 6 d peece 1. 12. o
pd for drinke afterward o. 3- 4
pd for tobacco & pips o.I. 5
pd for 16 mease want one bodie at the ellection diner
whereof 3 mease of the I z at 8 d peece & therest 6 d peece I. 13- 6
pd for drinke afterwardes o.I. o
pd for tobacco & pips o.I. 5
pd to the fidlers for playinge at 2 feastes o.z. 6
pd to the waites for playinge at the mr Aldermans at the
sweareingediner o. 2. 6
given to Sir ffrancis keper vj s...
3/forkesfor folkes
3-4/ leer court: Easter 1628
13/ 2tnerrorfor8
18/ mr Alderman: James Rowlandson
26/ 12 It/errorfor t6
3 I/mr Aldermans: Laurence Parke
204
KENDAL 1627--29
pd peter huggon for 8 quartes of wine at 2 venison feastes
pd to the players in August by mr fisher for agratuitie
1628-9
Chamberlains'Accounts4i tCRO: WMB/K
f [2ov] (Extraordinary Payments)
pd will Chamber wyffe the leettes Courte dyner vizett 14
mease wherof 3 mease at 8 d apece and the Reste at 6 d
pece
pd waytes at lett Court dyner
.oo
pd ffor drinke & breat [to] the lury at ieete Courte
pd ffor tobaco & pipes
pd mr becke f/or v quartes of Clartt and one quart of
sacke at leett Court dyner
pd will Chambr wyffe the Court ieete dyner for 3 mease
at 8 d pece & 12 measse at vj d pece
pd ffor drinke & bread at Court leete lurry
pd to waytes at that dyner
pd ffor tobaco & pips
pd f/or drinke after dyner
01--I0--00
00-02 -06
oo-oi-o6
oo-oo-o6
oo-o4-Io
01--12--00
oo-oi-o6
00--02 --06
00--01 --02
00--02--00
15
f [21]
pd to the earle of darbie his players by Aldrman deections 00--05-00
my lord wharton playrs by mr aidrman derections 00-05-00
f [21V] (1629)
pd to will Chambr wyffe 29 sept ffor ffor election dyner
v izett r31 (.) measse at 8 d pece. 8 s. 17 measse & 2 foikes
at 6 d pece. 35 s. all
pd to the waytes same tyme
02-03 -0o
00-02-06
2/mrfisher: EdwardE*sher
9/leettesCourte: M, chaelmas1628
16/mrbecke: WalterBecke
19/Court leete: Easter 1629
29,31/Aldrman: Laurence Parke
35/ffor ffor: dttograpby
35
KENDAL 1630--2
pd for Tobacco, & pypes in all
pd the Waytes
f [2ov]
pd since the 13th of Atgust, per mr mr Aldermans
note ...
pd him more, which he spent of the Gentlemen, at
Tauerne, when feast was
pd to Lord Morley his Keeper
pd to Sir ffrancis duckett keeper
pd William Chambrs wife, at the Eleccion dinner for 3
measse at mr Aldermans Table
pd more for 15 measse, & 3 persons
pd more for drinke
pd for Tobacco, & pypes
pd Waytes the same tyme
09 September 1631 + )
pd mr Becke ... since Michelmas ...
pd him more, accordinge to his note, for sacke, & other
wyne, when the venison ffeast was at mr Adermans
63-2
Charaberlains " A ccounts 44
f [23]*
KCRO: WMB/K
Paid William Chamber Wife the 5th of October 163 J
ffor 13 measse and a bodie at Leete Courte dinner
whearof 3 measse at 2 s 8 d measse and the Rest at 2 s per
measse
paid her ffor Beare which was drunck befor and after
dynner
paid ffor bread and beare to lurie
paid the wakes ffor ther attendance ther ffee
OO: 02. 04-
OO: 02: 06.
OO: 09: OO.
OO: 03: OO.
OO: IO: OO.
OO: 06: OO.
OO: 08: OO.
O1: II: 06.
OO: 07: OO.
OO: OI: IO.
OO: 02: 06.
02: I7: OO.
OI: I4: II.
ol: 08:06
OO: o4: OO
OO: OI: 06
oo: 02:06
207
15
2o
25
3o
6/ mr mr: dttograpby
6/rnrAIdermans: EdvardFtsber
14/mr Aldermans : Jarne Bateman
21/ mrBecke: WalrerBecke
23/mrAdermans: Edzvard fher
208
KENDA[ 1631-2
(November)
paid mr Aldrman the 26th which he bestowd on the
lord \Vharton men beinge players
paid ffor oz Christopher tobaco & half oz varino and
half dozen pipes to leete Courte dinner
paid Allan Nicholson Wif the th of Aprill 632 ffor
4 Measse at Leete Courte dinner wherof 3 measse 2 s
8 d measse & the Rest 2 s measse
paid her ffor Beare which was drunk befor and after
dinner
paid ffor beare and Bread to Iurie
paid ffor t oz Christopher Tobaco and almost an oz of
varino and a dozen of pipes
paid the Waites ffor ther attendance ther flee
00: 05:O0
00: 01:05
01: I0: Oo
oo: 06:06
oo: o1:06
00: 02:O0
00: 02:06
I0
f [23v]
paid \Villtam Chamber Wiffe the 3 th of Iuly 1632 ffor
8 Measse at the venison ffeast wherof4 Measse 2 s
8 d and the Rest 2 s
paid ffor Beare which was drunke befor & after dyner
paid ffor Cherisse which mr AIdrman bestowd on the
wines
paid HeneD" Beck ffidler ffor his paines
paid ffor Tobaccho and pipes
In Varino Tobaco and pipes to mr Aldrmans at the
venison ffeast Septembr th
paid the master of ffence the 26th per mr Aldrman his
derecktions
paid ffor Tobacco and pipes
paid the waites ffor thear attendance thear flee
paid Edward Turner the 4th Octobr 632 ffor
Sargantes Coates the waites Cloakes and other Wares
ffor Chambr vse as per his note of parcelles appearethe
01." 18." 08
oo: o3: oo
00: 00:06
00: 01:O0
00: Ol: O 9
00: o1:07
00: 05:O0
00: 02:O0
00: 02:06
05: I1:04
2O
35
4O
2,25,30,32/mr Aldrman: James Bateman
KENDAL 1639--40 / WINDERMERE 1537--8
I639--40
Cbamberlains'AccountsLq2 KCRO: WMB/K
f [24v] OoMarch)(Disbursements)
Payd for 9 yrdes di quarter of broode for Waytes Clookes o3 o6 o4
WINDERMERE
1537-8 10
State Papers Domestic PRO: SP1/134, No 1370
single sheet* (James Leyburn to Thomas Cromwell)
lames labrones lettere to know yor pleysur toching Isaac dykson
being in prison for desyreinge a mynstrall to sing a song a genst yor s
lordshyp
Ryght Honorable my Dewtie vnto youre Lordshippe remembride
Pleassith yow to be aduerteshede I haue Sente yow herin clossede
certayn artikilles which is of truthe both worde & dede to knowe
your lordshipe pleassure ther in And I haue the vngracius & 20
myscheuus fellow ysaac dikson in the tooll buthe in kendall and hath
chargid the bailly deputes of the same with the sewre custody &
kepyng of hym afor Richard Ducker lustice of peace within the countie
of westmorlande / vnto Such tyme I knowe ffurthere of yor lordshipe
pleassure .... and some of thes persones which gaue me informacion 2s
of the premyss dide stayger & deny theyr wordes which maid me tary
the longer .... And as concernyng the mynstrall which is a rynner
abrod from place to place I haue hym at my howsse & shall be
aboutward to keipe hym to I know mot of yor lordshipe pleassure And
also I haue sent a copy of the artikilles herin clossed to the kynges 30
honorable consaill establishede in the north parties accordyng to my
dewtye .... ffrom conyswik the xiij th day of Iulye
State Papers Domestic PRO: SP1/134, No 1346
single sheet
Memorandum ix th Day of Iulye in The XXX th yere of The Reigne of
our Soueraigne lorde kyng henry the viij `h / Alexandre stotson lat of
cartmell in the countye of Lancastre mynstrall Saieth the last day of
14-16/endorsement
Households
CLIFFORD
Household Accounts Clifford CH: Bolton Abbey MS 97
f IO6v* (13July) (Rewards)
Item given this day in Reward to Sir william Constable s
his Coachman whoe Came to knowe what daye he should
be readee with his Coach to Carree Doctor Campion
from Londsbrough to Browham. ij s-and to mr
Stewardes boy whoe brought a letter to Doctor Campion
from mr lohn Tailor-vj d. ij s vj d 10
f 2oov* (18July)(Extraordinary)
Item paied this day to a man of Hull, which was sent for is
to Londsbrough to play on the lute at Browham, by Mr
George Mason, but was sent backe, there being noe
occasion to vse him vj s
Francis Clifford's Letter to his son Henry 2o
Whitaker: History and Antiquities of Craven, vol 2
p 369
Sonn, 25
I have till now expected your letteres, according to your promis
at your departure; so did George Minson your directions touching
the musick, whereupon he mought the better have writt to doctor
Campion. He is now gone to my Lord President's, and will be ready
to do as he heares from you. 0
For my own opinion, albeit I will not dislyke your device, I fynde
plainly, upon better consideration, the charge for that entertaynment
CLIFFORD 1616--17 / LOWTHER 1640--2 217
will grow very great, besyde the muslck; and that, instead of lessening,
my charge in generall encreaseth, and newe paiments come on, which,
without better providence hereafter, cannot be performed.
1616-i 7
Diary of the Lady Anne Clifford KAO: U269 F48/2
nf* (23 November)
Upon the 23 .d Baker Hookfeild Harry the Caterer &
Tom Fool went from hence towards London.'{-
Upon the 23 d, I went to Mr Blentre's House in
Cumberland rwhereI TM [I] staid an Hour or two & heard
Musick & saw all the House & Gardens.
LOWTHER OF LOWTHER
1640-- I
EstateAccounts CCRO: D/Lons/L3/I/5
f [28v] (2-15February)
pd to a piper ooo oo o3
f [29] (24 February-5 March)
pd to Penrith waites oo oI oo
f [3o] Oo-TApril)
pd to the waites of Midlam... oo oI oo
I64I-2
Estate Accounts CCRO: D/Lons/L3/I/5
f [4I] (24December-4January) (Disbursements)
Pd to Players ooo IO oo
29/Ol : I vrttten over o
APPENDIX 1
Undated Documents
rR. Marlow
Lord Maior.
Corpus Cbrtstt
play.
Bampton, State Papers Domestic PRO: SP14/86, No 34
single sheet*
men now become bould to abvse ye churche in tyme of diuine service,
as at christemas last, at bampton in westmorland, where ye tenantes, s
and servantes of ye lord William assisted with others of ye parishe,
did erect a christemas lord, and resorting to ye church, did most
grossely disturb ye minister in tyme of prayer, ye minister him selfe
grantinge a kind of toleration for that, he for ye most part livethe with
ye lord william at his table, but never praye together, these christemas l0
misrule men, drunke to ye minister readinge an homilie in ye pulpitt,
others stept into ye pulpitt, and exhorted ye parishioners to an
offeringe for mayntenance of there sport, ye minister contynuinge still
his service, others of ye lord william owne servantes came in savage
manner disguised into ye churche, in ye tyme of prayer, others with ts
shootinge of gunnes, others with flagges, and banners borne entered
ye churche, others sported them selves in ye churche with pies, and
puddinges, vsinge them as bowles in ye churche allies, others tooke
dogges counterfeitinge ye shepherdes part when he fees his shepe, and
all there in ye tyme of diuine service. 20
Kendal Play Weever: Ancient Funerall Monuments
p 4o5"
25
Orate pro animabus Richardi Marloi quondam venerabilis Maioris
Ciuitatis London, & Agnetis consortis sue. Qui( ....... ) ob ( ...... )
This Marlow was Lord Maior in the yeare ,4o9. in whose Maioraltie
there was a Play at Skinners Hall, which lasted eight dayes (saith Stow)
to heare which, most of the greatest Estates of England were present. 30
The Subiect of the play was the sacred Scriptures, from the creation of
APPENDIX |
the world: They call this, Corpus Christi Play in my countrey, which
I haue seene acted at Preston, and Lancaster, and last of all at Kendall,
in the beginning of the raigne of King lames; for which the
Townesmen were sore troubled; and vpon good reasons the play
finally supprest, not onely there, but in all other Townes of the
kingdome.
219
Kendal Play BL: Add. MS 4460
ff 7--7v*
...I went to Cartmell, about the later end of April 1644, and about
the begining of May following, my wife came to me to Cartmell: where
I found a very large spacious Church, scarce any seats in it, a people
very ignorant, yet willing to learne; so as I had frequently some
thousands of hearers: I seeing my work great: a large feild & looking
something white towards harvest, & knowing my stay must be but
short, & finding also 4 chapels in the parish, I preached & catechised
often, seven or 8 times in one week; I preached and catechised in season
& out of season at every one of the chappells, and usually ye Churches
were so throng by 9 a clock in ye morning, yat I had muchadoe to
get to the pulpit, I also preached at other Churches round about in
ye weekday. One day an old man (about 6o) sensible enough in other
things, & living in the parish of Cartmel, but in the chapelry of
Cartmel-fell, coming to me about some business, I told him, yat he
belonged to my care & charge, & I desired to be informed in his
knowledge of Religion; I asked him, How many Gods there were ? he
said, he knew not: I informing him, asked him again: how he tho't
to be saved? he answered, he coud not tell, yet tho't that was a hard
question than the other, I told him, yat the way to Salvation was by
I lesus Christ God-man, who as he was man shed his blood for us on
the crosse etc Oh, Sir (said he) I think I heard of that man you speake
of, once in a play at Kendall, called Corpus-Cbristiplay, where there
was a man on a tree, & blood ran downe etc And after, he professed,
that tho he was a good Churchman, yat is, he constantly went to
Common-prayer, at their chappel, yet he could not remember thatever
he heard of Salvation by lesus + but in that play, This very discourse
made me ye more vigorously go thro the chappelrye, & both publikly
& from house to house, catechise both old & young ....
APPENDIX 2
Kendal Tradesmen
Where a reasonable certainty exists, persons named in KCRO: WMB/K
Chamberlains' Accounts are identified by occupation or office by
reference to the manuscript and to Richard S. Ferguson (ed), A Boke off
Recorde (/3R), which lists corporation members, civic officers, and
members of the trades I575-[I642]. Each member of the corporation
started as one of the 24 assistants (from whose ranks the chamberlains
were normally drawn) before elevation to burgess and possibly
alderman/mayor. In the list that follows, primary identification is by
surname as it appears in the transcription (in its most common form if
cited several times), but with modern capitalization and Christian names.
Possessive forms that occur in the text (eg, Aldermans, Chambers) have
been given in the singular (Alderman, Chamber) in this appendix.
Alanson, Peter p I73; sworn
clerk of courts 575, listed under
Scriveners (/3/, pp 30, 80).
Archer, Edward p 18 I, Edward
Artcher p 79; sworn to Wrights
607 (B, p 76).
Archer, John p 212; sworn to
Mercers 635 (/3, p 6o),
chamberlain 64o-I (WMB/K
Chamberlains' Accounts, Book
53 f[l]), mayor 648-9 (/3/,
p 24).
Armer, John the... Alderman
p 7o; sworn to Shearmen 58 ,
alderman 585-6 and I587-8,
dying of plague before second
term completed (/3, pp 5o, 23).
Ayrey, James lames Aryey
p i75 , lamesAyrayp 8o,
lames Ayraye pp 175, 180, lames
Ayreyep 77; listed as searcher
under Tailors, sworn sergeant-
at-arms I589 (u,, pp 62, 3o).
Bank, William Mr Alderman
Bank p 98, mr bankes p 202;
sworn to Mercers 1605,
chamberlain 1613- 4, burgess
I62o, alderman 1623-4, mayor
639-4o (/3, pp 36, 23-4).
APPENDIX 2
Bateman,James Mr Alderman
pp 2o7-9; chamberlain 625-6
(WMB/K Chamberlains'
Accounts, Book 38 f []),
burgess 629, alderman 1631-2
(BR, pp 37, 24).
Becke, John p 213; sworn to
Mercers 629, chamberlain
* 634-5, one of the 2o burgesses
(displaced 165o), mayor 1665-6
(BR, pp 60, 38, '9, 25).
1599-16oo (n, pp 28, 23).
Dawson, Rowland Mr
Alderman Dawson p 187, Mr
Alderman pp 187, 212; clothier,
chamberlain 614- 5, burgess
619, mercer, alderman 162o-I,
1635-6, mayor 164o-I (nn, pp
36, 23-4).
Denison, William p 77; listed
under Innkeepers (nn, p 75).
221
Becke, Walter Walter Beck
p 186, Mr Alderman p 88, Mr
Becke pp 2oo, 2o4-7, 2 ; sworn
to Mercers 6 (n, p 59),
chamberlain 168-9 (WMB/K
Chamberlains' Accounts, Book
3 f[I]), burgess 168, alderman
1621-2, mayor 637-8
pp 36, 23-4)-
Caslaye, Gowan p 78; listed
under Wrights, sworn sergeant-
at-mace 6o (B, pp 30, 76).
Chamber, William pp I85,
194-5, 198-9, 202-5, 2o7-13,
William Chambr pp 204-8, 2 2;
sworn to Shearmen 1616,
sergeant-at-mace n.d. (n& pp 55,
30).
Dickson, Henry Mr Dickson
p 72; mercer, alderman 1582- 3
and 1596-7 (nn, pp 22-3 and 27).
Dickson, Jarvis Iarvis dickson
p 174; sworn to Mercers 1593
(, p 58).
Dixon, James (I) the Alderman
p 183, Mr Alderman p 183,
chapman, alderman 16o6-7 and
65-6 'bis' (nR, p 23); but
WMB/K Chamberlains'
Accounts, Book 28 f [], 65-
6, gives James Wilson as
alderman.
Dixon, James (2) Mr Alderman
p 20o; shearman dyer, alderman
1625-6 (B, p 24).
Cock, James Mr Alderman
p I99; mercer, chamberlain
622-3, alderman 624-5 (,
PP 37, 23).
Eskrige, Christopher
Christoffor Eskrige, p 78;
sworn to Shearmen 582, cham-
berlain ,597-8 (, pp 5o, 34)-
Dawson, Roger Mr Dawson
P '74; draper, chamberlain
I582-3, alderman 159o-I,
Fisher, Edward Mr ffisher
p 182, Mr Fisher p 204; Mr
Alderman pp 2o6-7; chapman,
222
WESTMORLAND
chamberlain 161o-i I (WMB/K,
Book 23 f Ill), alderman 1611-12
and 163o-I, mayor 1638- 9
pp 23-4).
Fleminge, Henry Mr Alderman
p 173, Mr Fleminge p 175;
Henry Fleminge senior, mercer,
chamberlain 158o, burgess 1581 ,
alderman 1588- 9 (BR, pp 3 I, 22).
Forth, Richard Mr Alderman
p 2o9; pewterer, sworn to
Wrights 1619, alderman 1632-3
(, PP 77, 24).
Fox, Christopher Christofer
Fox p 173; son and heir of Miles
Fox who was seised at his death
in 1581 of property in Kendal
including 'duas tavernas sive
salacia' (Court of Wards Inq.
p.m., 4 November, 30 Elizabeth
I, cited in James F. Cutwen (ed),
Records relating to the Barony o[
Kendale, vol I, pp 97-8).
Fox, William p 172; listed under
Innkeepers, named an assistant
in charter of 1575, chamberlain
1585-6 , died 1592 (BR, pp 75,
31 ). His inn, 'the head hostelrie
of the town,' was in the old
Soutergate, on the east side of the
present Highgate (John
Whitwell, The Old Houses of
Kendal, p 15).
Garnett, Edward (1) p 17o;
mercer, chamberlain 1587-8,
burgess 1592, died 1597 (n, pp
33, 28).
Garnett, Edward (2) garnet
pp 172-3, garnat p 174; same as
Edward Garnett 'cobler'
(WMB/K Chamberlains'
Accounts, Book 8 f [I7]).
Gibson, Michael Mr Alderman
p 194; sworn to Mercers I607,
chamberlain 1619-2o , burgess
162o, alderman 1622-3 (t, pp
59, 36, 23).
Green, Thomas Mr Alderman
p 181 ; shearman, chamberlain
16oo- I, burgess 1607, alderman
1610--II (BR, pp 34, 29, 23).
Holme, Robert Robert holme
p 18o; sworn to Shearmen
(before 1587), sworn sergeant-
at-mace I596 and 16oi (BR, pp
52, 3o), 'Robartt holme
tabovurne,' (WMB/K
Chamberlains' Accounts, Book
13 f [18V], 1598-9).
Huggon, Peter pp 195, 200,
204, 2 I O, Petter Hugon p 200- I ;
sworn to Innkeepers I646 (nR,
P 75)-
Jenniges, James p 182;swornto
Armourers 1594 (BR, p 72).
Judson, William p 175; listed
under Innkeepers (BR, p 75)-
MichelI, Rowland p 176;casual
employee of corporation -
hauling stones (WMB/K
Chamberlains" Accounts, Book
4 f [I I]) and timber (Book 7
APPENDIX 2
f [22]), working on dam and
'watching one week' (Book IO
f [19]).
Nickalson, Allan p 206, Allan
Nicholson p 208; sworn to
Shearmen 1617 (BR, p 55)-
Nuby, Steven p 187, Mr
Alderman p 187; sworn to
Cardmakers 16o7, chamberlain
16o9-1o, burgess 1617,
alderman t619-2o (BR, pp 35,
23).
Parke, Henry Mr Alderman
p 202; sworn to Mercers 1613
(nR, p 59), chamberlain 162 I-2
(WMB/K Chamberlains'
Accounts, Book 34 f [I]),
burgess I623, alderman 1626-7
(nR, pp 36, 24).
Parke, Laurence Mr Alderman
pp 203-4; sworn to Mercers
163, chamberlain 622-3,
alderman 1628-9, mayor 164 I-2
(aR, pp 37, 24).
Pearson, Richard Mr
Alderman p 186; chapman,
chamberlain 16IO-ll (WMB/K
Chamberlains' Accounts, Book
23 f [ I ]), alderman 1617-18
P 23)-
Pearsone, Cuthbert Cudbert
Pearsone p 174, Cudbert pp
174-5; Cuthbert p 175; sworn
sergeant-at-mace 1582 (BR, p 30).
Potter, Edward p 17o, Mr
223
Potter (?) p 172; mercer,
alderman 158 I-2 (after death of
Edward Swainson), and 1595-6
(R, p 22).
Preston, Brian Bryan Preston
p 182; sworn to Mercers 1612,
chamberlain 1619-2o (R,
PP 59, 36).
Prisor, Richard p 21 o, Richard
Priesoe p 21 o; sworn to Mercers
1624, chamberlain 163o, one of
the 12 aldermen 164t, mayor
I645-6 (8R, pp 6o, 38, 18, 24).
Robinson, John pp 178-9, Mr
Alderman pp 183, 185;
shearman, chamberlain 16ol,
burgess 1614, dyer, alderman
I616-17 (nR, pp 34, 2% 23).
Rowlandson, James Mr
Alderman p 203; sworn to
Shearmen 16o8-IO, shearman
dyer, chamberlain 162o-I,
alderman 1627-8 (BR, pp 55, 36,
24).
Rowlandson, Michael his
master p 181 ; sworn to Tanners
1594, chamberlain 16o4-5,
elected alderman 16o8 and died
August 16o9 - remainder of
term served by Edward
Wilkinson (nR, pp 68, 35, 23).
Scales, Richard p 178; sworn to
Shearmen 159o (BR, p 54)-
SeRe, Richard p ,76; sworn to
Saddlers, chamberlain 1594-5,
224
WESTMORLAND
burgess 16oo, alderman 16o4-5
(BR, pp 69, 33, 23).
Shipperd, Bartholomew p 186,
Shiphard p 86; sworn to
Tanners 616 (BR, p 68); supplied
wine for receivers in November
62o (WMB/K Chamberlains'
Accounts, Book 33 f [8v]).
Sledall, Thomas Mr Sledall
p 184, Mr Alderman p 86, Mr
sledal p 2o6, the Alderman p 2 o,
Mr Major p 23; gentleman,
chamberlain (WMB/K
Chamberlains' Accounts, Book
28 f []), alderman 168-9
(Book 3 f [] collated with nR,
p 23, where the names of Sledall
and Richard Pearson, originally
in the wrong order, are corrected
to their proper aldermanic years)
and 1634-5, attorney-at-law,
first mayor 636-7 (, p 24).
Smythe, John Mr Alderman
p 78; chapman, chamberlain
589-9o, burgess 59,
alderman 1594-5, 6o-2,
62-13 (, pp 33, 23).
Swaynson, William Mr
Swaynson p 75; cordwainer,
chamberlain 583-4, burgess
586 (n, p 32); same as vintner,
burgess 586 (B, p 28) and
vintner, alderman 159I-2 (nR,
p 23).
Thwaite, John Mr Twhaite
Alderman p 77, Mr Alderman
p 78; sworn toShearmen 58,
chamberlain 1582-3, displaced
(as burgess) but reappointed
588, alderman 592-3 and
6oo- (R, 50, 32, 23).
Towson, Thomas p 21 I
chamberlain I635-6; perhaps
same as Thomas Tolson, a
tobacco dealer, who in 1638 built
Tolson Hall in Burneside, just
outside Kendal (Whitwell, The
Old Houses of Kendal p 4).
Turner, Edward pp 206, 2o8;
sworn to Mercers 1624 (BR,
p 24), chamberlain 63-2
(WMB/K Chamberlains'
Accounts, Book 44 f [ ]), sworn
one of the 12 aldermen 637,
mayor 652-3 (n, pp 8, 25).
Warriner, William pp t 8 , t 83
William Warrinner p
William Waryner p 83, William
Warriner Jr, shearman,
chamberlain 585-6, burgess
1591 , sworn sergeant-at-mace
6o6 (B, pp 32, 30).
Warrinner, Brian p 209, Bryam
Warriner p 213; salter, sworn to
Chapmen 1612, chamberlain
628-9, sergeant-at-mace n.d.
(, pp 49, 37, 3o).
Wilkinson, Edward Mr
Alderman p 177, Mr Wilkinson,
p 83(?); mercer, chamberlain
58-2, burgess 581, alderman
589-9o, 598-9 and 6o9 (after
APPENDIX 2
death of Michael Rowlandson)
(BR, pp 28, 32).
Wilkinson, Robert Mr Robert
Wilkinsonne p 179, Mr
Wilkinson, p 183(?), Robert
wylkinson p 2oi; sworn to
Mercers 1593, chamberlain
1594-5, burgess 1597, alderman
1602-3 (BR, pp 58, 33, 23)-
Wilson, Henry the Alderman
p 168; chapman, Alderman
1575-6, displaced (as burgess)
1579 (m, pp 22, 26).
Wilson, James Mr lames
225
Willson p I77; butcher,
chamberlain 1583-4, alderman
1587-8 and after the death of
John Armer in the I597-8 term
03R, pp 32, 27, 23).
Wilson, Thomas Mr Willson
Alderman p 182, Mr Alderman
p 183, Mr Wilson p 184; mercer,
chamberlain 16o4, burgess 1612,
alderman 1614-15 (/3/, pp 23, 29,
35)-
Wilson, William Mr Alderman
p 174; chapman, alderman
1583-4, 1593-4, J-P. 1591
p 27).
Translations
KENDAL
1625-6
Diocese of Chester." Consistory Court Paper
single sheet (22 October)
CRO: EDC5/1625/13
Personal responses, taken under oath on the twenty-second of October
! 625, of William Miller of the parish of Kendal to the presentment given
against him and exemplified by the churchwardens of Kendal, as follows:
(English)
Endnotes
168 Boke off Recorde f 219
This ordinance is one of a series laid down on 2 February * 575/6 for the purpose of regulating
the number of persons attending wedding dinners and drinkings, churchings, and other events.
The bidden dinner or drinking was a local Westmorland custom whereby people were invited,
often by a messenger on horseback ranging over a wide area, to celebrate at a particular home.
The sum intent of the regulations, however, seems to be aimed less at genuine private functions
of this kind than at commercialized events, specifically laid on 'for money offor'; the preamble
to the series recites the wastefulness of victuals and money involved. Excepted from the ordi-
nance transcribed are those functions relative to the public or formal life of the borough; num-
bers attending corporation dinners, for instance, far exceed the limit of twelve persons set down
here for private events. 'Shotinges in long bowes' is probably a reference to the annual shooting
at the butts, for whose construcuon there are regular entries in the chamberlains' accounts
each spring. 'Merye nyghtes' drew informal groups of people together for drinking, music,
and dancing. "Nutcastes' and 'aplecastes' were means of fortune-telling, the former described
in Robert Burns' poem, "Halloween,' as one of the many ways in which the young sought
to divine their marital fate:
The auld Guidwife's weel-hoordet nits
Are round an' round divided,
An' monie lads' an' lasses fates
Are there that night decided:
Some kindle, couthie, side by side,
An' burn thegither trimly;
Some start awa, wi' saucy pride,
An' jump out-owre the chimlie ...
168 Boke off Recorde f 224v
Folio 224v originally ended (t576) with the words, 'dwellinge howse, And also,' continuing
f25 "in like maner,' etc. 'And also' was subsequently deleted here together with those lines
that followed, indicated as "vacat" (and enclosed in a marginal brace) p 69,11.34-6. The pen-
alty that originally concluded the vacated passage was then inserted as the last complete line
of f 4v.
ENDNOTES
229
172 WMB/K [Book 3] f [16]
An immediately preceding payment for ringing suggests that the waits and drummer are here
rewarded for celebrating Queen's Day on 17 November.
173 WMB/K [Book 3] f [16vl
Excluding gentry and persons of professional status, 'Mr' is a term the accounts reserve for
those who have served as aldermen. Three men qualified for the title 'mr wilson" (h 3) on these
grounds in 1587-8: James Wilson, butcher, the incumbent alderman, who would, however,
have therefore been referred to as 'Mr Alderman' in the account; William Wilson, chapman,
alderman 1583-4 (and subsequently in 1593-4); Henry Wilson, chapman, Kendal's first al-
derman 1575-6, (Ba, pp 22-3, 26). The latter had a house on the east side of Stricklandgate,
which is still standing, known as Black Hall 0- Whitwell, The Old Houses ofKendal (Kendal,
1866), p 2o). The alderman (1. 12) was elected on the Monday before Michaelmas Day (1595,
B,, p 154) and sworn in on the following Monday (charter of Elizabeth I, 1575, u, P 293);
thealderman'sdinner - theonlydinnermadethesubjectofanordinance - wasnamedin
1583 'at his furste and principall ffeaste' (a,, p 123) and held on the first Sunday after his oath-
taking, or almost two weeks after the actual election. With very few exceptions, however, the
only dinner mentioned in the chamberlains' accounts during this season appears to have taken
place on election day itself; at least it is normally referred to as 'the election dinner," and in
some cases explicitly occurs at the time of the election (Book 6, f [ 12 V], 1593 ; Book 14, f [ 20],
I6OO; Book 27, f [14], 1615; Book 36, f [24], 1624; Book 46, f [26v], I634 ).
References to the alderman's dinner, on the other hand, are few. In 1588 (Book 3, f [ 16v])
it is mentioned as an event separate from the election dinner, as also in 16o I when the date
is given as 11 October, evidence that enables us to reconstruct for this year an electoral pattern
that abides by the rules: Monday, 28 September would have been election day (for which a
dinner is noted), the oath-taking would have occurred on the following Monday, 5 October;
hence the alderman's dinner is properly placed (according to the 1583 ordinance) on Sunday,
I I October. Two subsequent entries are less straightforward: for 16o3 there is "the Alderman's
dinner at the Election' (Book 17, f [ 16v], not transcribed), and for 1628 a payment for waits
"at the mr Aldermans at the swearinge dinner' (in addition to payments for the election dinner,
Book 40, f [ 19v]). Similarly in 1636 (when the office of mayor replaced that of alderman) an
entry for I I October refers to the dinner 'when mr Alderman vse to be sworne" (Book 48,
f [2ov]); the date does not correspond with either the proper date for the oath-taking or for
the alderman's dinner.
The expense of provisioning, and in most cases of the entertainment, was presumably borne
at his dinner by the alderman himself, a fact that may explain the dearth of explicit references
to the event in the chamberlains' accounts. It is possible that the dinner was abandoned after
16oi, either because of the personal expense involved, a telling factor in Kendal life, or because
of the congestion (?indigestion) around Michaelmas, as election, aldermanic, and court leer
dinners followed hard upon each other. This lapse may well have gone hand in hand with a
development in which the aldermanic/mayoral election asstmilated the elements of oath-taking
232
WESTMORLAND
of the )'ear's accounts. In Book I I, f [ 8v], a payment is recorded for I "1 November 1596 'to
one that plavd the drume thrught the towne being the quenes day.' Normally the bells were
rung on this occasion, but for 1596-7 the record is confused. Book , f [23] notes for
7 September 1597 a payment to the alderman "which was bestowed of the Ringars at the Church
of quenes day': that is, he apparently waited almost a year before collecting a sum he had dis-
pensed on 17 November 156. In Book I o, f [ 19], however, the payment is recorded as made
"to the rvngers at the church/7/september 97," apparently a distortion of material entered
in Book I.
176-7 WMB/K [Book 10] f [8]; WMB/K [Book 12] f [29]
Although from two separate accounts, these items (for waits and dinner) are both for the elec-
tion dinner held at Edmund Hunt's. The main body of payments in Book I O ends, f [ 19], with
one of the last items dated 7 September. Those transcribed from f [8], in a different hand, are
among twenty-seven crammed in one and a half columns on a sheet about Iosmm x 15omm
pinned to the lower part of the folio, written recto only, and headed 'payed by me as ffoleth. '
Sporadic internal dating 15 October-6 November, with the reference to 'hwnts,' where the
election dinner was held, suggests th at this list was made up after the main body was entered.
The period covered by f [8] thus overlaps the next chamberlains' year, since Book 12, f [29]
starts with payments for the election and leer dinners (ie, October 1597).
The title of the Chamberlains' Book, 597-8, Book, 2, f [*], names John Armer as alderman.
According to the Boke offRecorde (p 23), Armer died of plague while in office and the re-
mainder of his term was served by James Wilson. Andrew B. Appleby, 'Disease or Famine ?',
Pp 414-24, interprets high mortality figures for Kendal and the northwest in the period 1596--8
as indicative of plague only in the summer and autumn of 1598, towards the end of Armer's
term. In the account itself (p 177, 11.8-9) the chamberlains erroneously ascribe the Michaelmas
'597 election to Wilson, rather than (correctly) to Armer.
'At my masters" (ie, at the alderman's house, p, 76, 1.35) may refer to the occasion of the
newly elected alderman's dinner (see endnote to p 173, WMB/K [Book 3], f [16v]).
177 WMB/K [Book 13] f [18V]
In general this account shows a chronological sequence of intermittently dated items. Those
dated variously June-August, f [ 18V], ShOW some slight irregularity, but the entry for musi-
cians occurs roughly at the end of July: "vii s" is written above the end of the original entry;
'payed them vj s viii d' is added on the next line, with the 'viii d" subsequently lost in the stitch-
ing of the book; '6s 8d' is added after 'them."
178 WMB/K [Book 15] f [21]
The occasion of this beacon-alert was probably Scottish raids carried out on the night of 20
March 6oo. Among those places that suffered were Scotby township in the area of Penrith
where buildings were burned and men and livestock carried off, and Ricardgate, a suburb of
Carlisle, where the raiders forced the citizens 'in their defencyve arrayes, for to repayre
to the walls, and the beacon to be sett in fyre, for the warning of the wardenry" (J. Bain (ed),
Calendar of Letters and Papers relating to ... the Borders of England and Scotland, vol 2
London, 1894), pp 736-7, no 1342 ).
ENDNOTES 179--82
233
179 WMB/K [Book 17] f [17]
A sign after'as his note dothe Appeare' denotes that lines 2-3 are intended as a title for the
remaining items in the account, evidently copied straight from Robert Wilkinson's bill; the
first of these is dated in April. It is almost certain that not only the facing, buttons, and baize
but also the eight yards of black frieze were brought for the waits' coats (cf the purchase in
I6OO of nine yards of grey frieze for their use, p 178 , 11. 5-6).
179 WMB/K [Book 18] f [19]
The name, Robert Hodgshone (1.41 ), or variations, appeared under Armourers, Innkeepers,
Pewterers, and Wrights, Wheelers (B,% pp 72, 75, 80, 76). Edward Archer, the town drummer,
was sworn to the last-named association in January 1607, while Robert Hodgson entered in
the following September; one Milo Atkinson, 'musitian,' was also sworn in 16 | 9 (BR, pp 76,
77).
The sum of I os 6d (p 180, I. 2) represents payment for six quarter-yards ( I '/ yards) at 7s
per yard. Even for one wait, however, the yardage was skimpy; the account does not name
the garment that was produced from it.
180 WMB/K [Book 19] f [15]
All the material excerpted from the 1604-- 5 account was probably connected with the suppres-
sion of the Kendal play in 1605. Timing of payments for the commissioners' inquiry into the
play suggests that it coincided with the Easter session of the Kendal leer court, perhaps in order
to make use of the jurors assembled on that occasion. Journeys to York indicate that the inquiry
was of an ecclesiastical kind, possibly carried out by the high commission that sat at York.
William Ingall was a parish curate and master of the Kendal Free Grammar School - 'mr Ingall
play' was performed 1587--8 (p 173,1. 14)- Ralph Tyrer ('mr Tyrar'), who went twice to York,
was vicar of Kendal 1592 -- 1627 ; at his death his possessions included a pair of virginals (Edward
M. Wilson, 'Ralph Tyrer, B.D., Vicar of Kendal 1592-1627,' CWAAS Trans., N.s., 78 (I 978),
p 72). William Addison's journey to Chester, the seat of the diocese, is also recorded for this
year (ff [ ! 5v], [ 16]), though at least part of his business concerned the removal of seats in the
parish church. See p 195,1.42-p 196,1.2, for another contemporary reference to this 1605
episode.
181 WMB/K [Book 22] f [13]
The occasion of this payment is baffling. There is no evidence that Anne of Denmark, consort
of James I, was in the region of Kendal at this time.
181 WMB/K [Book 22] f [13v]
Entries are frequently dated internally in this account; five items surrounding the payment
totheearlofLincoln'smenarenotsequential - theend-datesofthisgrouparegivenasthe
payment-period.
182 WMB/K [Book 25] f [17]
The first four payments (11.2 -4) are connected with the Michaelmas leet court and subsequent
dinner. Since all five are associated with one date (3 October) it is probable that the item 'for
ENDNOTES
235
188 STAC/8/34/4 f 55
Folio 48 is a draft of the same document (cursive hand, final formulaic clauses abbreviated).
The Kendal Stage Play of July 62 was one of a series of incidents that marked tenant unrest
in the barony of Kendal and adjacent border areas at this time. It was becoming increasingly
difficult for customary tenants to defend their rights, since both king and landlords claimed
a link between such "tenant right" and the performance of border service (see p 76, 11. - 4,
and p 78, 11. o- 8). The latter had been in a long process of decay, hastened by the union
of the Scottish and English thrones in 6o3 and the theoretical extinction of possibilities of
conflict between the two nations. In November 6 6, upon composition, Charles, prince of
Wales had confirmed to his tenants in the Marquis and Richmond fees of the barony their cus-
tomary heritable estate and right to fine certain; tenants of other landlords were eager to gain
similar confirmation. A meeting at Staveley Chapel in January 6 9/2o led to the presentation
of a bill in the House of Commons on the tenants' behalf, which was soon thrown out, and
a petition to the king. The reaction of James - a proclamation in July 62o urging landlords
toconvertcustomarytenanciestoleasehold - provokedfurtherprotest:first, atenants're-
monstrance, characterized by the landlords as a libel; and second, the performance of the Ken-
dal Stage Play in July 62 , a pointed comment on those who sought to extinguish tenant right.
The landlords thereupon initiated an action in Star Chamber, prosecuted by Sir Thomas
Coventry, appointed attorney-general in January 620- . By statute (3 Henry vn c. ) the com-
petence of Star Chamber extended to riot and unlawful assembly. Summons to the court in-
volved the preparation of lists of interrogatories from information initially laid before the au-
thorities; these lists in turn served as a basis for the sworn examination of those persons named
as defendants and the gathering of information from others (deponents), a process carried out
locally.
STAC/8/34/4 is primarily the record of examination and depositions taken at Kendal in
1622. The authorities seem to have suspected that the incidents dealt with in the interrogatories
were part of a conspiracy in which all the defendants were ultimately linked. Nevertheless,
of the defendants named in the file, Samuel Knipe, James Smith, Thomas Prickett, and John
Cartmell were principally charged in connection with 'riotous assembly' at Staveley Chapel;
Anthony Wetherall, vicar of Kirkby Stephen, Westmorland, with the making of the libel; and
Richard Helme with taking part in the Kendal Play.
Other persons are named in interrogatories or depositions in connection with the play.
Among these Sir Francis Ducker of Grayrigg and Sir James Bellingham of Levens seem to have
played a focal role. Thomas Ducker (not identified in the documents), an actor in the play,
was probably a tenant of Sir Francis, possibly a relation. Certainly Helme, the defendant in
this incident, and Henry Ward, bailiff of Sir Francis, were expressly named among the tenants
alleged to have taken part, together with James, the young grandson of Sir Francis. Among
those attending the play was Lady Ducker (Marian, second wife of Sir Francis and sister of
Sir James Bellingham), the recusant wife of a conformist husband (J.A. Hilton, 'The Cumbrian
Catholics,' Northern History, 6 ( 98o), 46, 49)- Sir Francis himself, with his son Anthony,
pressured the Kendal authorities to allow the play to be staged. Both the Ducker and Belling-
ham households provided clothing for the actors; Allan Bellingham, son of Sir James, attended
the performance; and Jerome Garnett, brother of Jasper Garnett, the author of the play, was
servant or agent of Sir James and of Sir Henry Bellingham, Sir James' son and heir.
ENDNOTES
237
aunsweres and Deposic/ons of... Thomas Prickett ... & others defendantes to the Informaczon
of Sir Thomas Coventry .... ' Thus ff 49-50, 52, and 54 probably constituted an original dos-
sier, into which ff 51 and 53, together listing (recto only) the twenty-one interrogatories for
these five defendants, were mistakenly interpolated. The left side of the folio is intermittently
torn with portions of margin and script missing. A small triangular tear at 1. IO here is part
of a larger damaged area measuring from the foot of the folio 18omm vertically and penetrating
to a maximum of 9 letters horizontally.
189 STAC/8/34/4 f 14
A separate list of interrogatories was prepared for Samuel Knipe, f 17; the eleventh of these,
however, is identical with the eleventh interrogatory (f 5I), transcribed on p I89, with the
exception of some slight spelling variants and the interlineation of the clause, 'wherefore weare
they the said landlordes represented soe to bee in hell," incorporated in the text on f 5 I. Samuel
Knipe of Fairbank-in-Staveley was chosen "agent' by those who assembled at Staveley Chapel
in 619/2o; he died and was buried in Crosthwaite Church 6 November I645 (Nicolson and
Burn, vol I, p 53; Local Chronology, p III).
190 STAC/8/34/4 f 54v
Anthony Ducket deposed that Richard Helme (l. 3t) was tenant of his father, Sir Francis
Ducket (p I94 , 11. 14-15)- At his death in 1635 Sir Francis was seised of a messuage or tenement
in Whinfell, in the tenure of the relict of Henry Holme (Inq. p.m. 24 May 12 Charles I, 1636,
cited in J.F. Curwen (ed), Records relating to the Barony ofKendale, vol 4, P 219)" 'Helme"
is occasionally spelt 'Holme" in the Star Chamber record.
191 STAC/8/34/4 ff 40-40v
Illegible words, f4o, are supplied from f 29, a second, on the whole less legible version, ap-
parently identical in substance. The sole deposition recorded in STAC/8/34/4 keyed to this
list of interrogatories (thirty-three in all) is that of James Anderson the younger of Clayton,
Westmorland, taken on 23 April I623 (f 30); he answers only the first and seventh inter-
rogatories, evidently knowing nothing of the play.
191 STAC/8/34/4 f 26v
A. draft version (with abbreviated formulaic clauses and minor variations in spelling but none
in substance) of these interrogatories, numbering thirty-five in all, is on f 24.
192 STAC/8/34/4 f 33
Jerome Garnett was named by Jasper Garnett as his brother (f 19, answer to seventh inter-
rogatory). Jerome described himself as a servant of the Bellinghams, 'employed sometimes
(amongst other services) to looke to such Causes as the said Sir Iames Bellingham ... or Sir
Henrie Bellingham have in Suite at London' (f 33, reply to sixteenth interrogatory). In answer
to the first interrogatory he admitted that he knew all the defendants named in the suit (f 33)-
195 STAC/8/34/4 f 18
The eight interrogatories to which this deposition replies are not preserved in STAC/8/34/4.
They were probably prepared specifically for Jasper Garnett as author of the suspect play.
ENDNOTES
239
202 WMB/K [Book 39] f [22]
The last eight words ('and for drinke and breade to the lury,' 1. 12) were added to the item
as a fifth line after four lines detailing the' 13 mease' were bracketed; the bracket was extended
to encompass this addition, and payment then entered for the whole sum.
203 WMB/K [Book 40] ff [19-19v]
The order of items is confusing, as are varying references to venison feast(s). Two gifts of ven-
ison were certainly received, from Sir Francis Ducket (p 203, I. 34) and from Henry, Lord
Morley and Monteagle, (p 203,11.9- * o), perhaps from Hornby Castle, Lanc, or from either
of his two manors of Farleton, Lanc and Farleton, Westmld. Fiddlers are paid for attendance
at two feasts, (p 203, I. 29) and Peter Huggon supplies wine on these occasions, (p
I. *). William Chamber's wife prepares and the waits attend only one venison feast (p 203,
II. I8-I9); the latter also attend the election (swearing) dinner, (p 203, II. 3I-2), as well as
the Michaelmas 1627 and Easter I628 leet dinners, (p 202, I. 29, p 203,1.7)- This account con-
tains the first record of smoking at a corporation dinner. Detailed accounts (until 636) reveal
that the habit rapidly became popular at all principal dinners.
207 WMB/K [Book 44] f [23]
The first 'Christopher' tobacco, from what is now St Kitts in the Caribbean, reached England
in i626 (W.N. Sainsbury (ed), Calendar of State Papers, Colonial, vol I (London, I86O),
pp 83, 94, 124). At 3 d per oz, it was the cheapest of the tobaccos purchased by the corporation;
"Varinas," from Venezuela, was a Spanish import, highly priced at I s per oz (see p 212, 1. 17)-
209 WMB/K [Book 45] f [25]
I have been unable to trace any Waite (p 209, I. 20), Thwaite or similarly named person of
this date who might have received a stipend from the corporation. '(The) master waite" may
be the sense of this entry, though there is no record of a Kendal wait receiving money other
than in the form of a gratuity at the time of playing. It is also possible that a'Mr Waite" was
master of the Free Grammar School in Kendal at this period; the term 'stipend" was used earlier
in the chamberlains' accounts in connection with this post (Mr Ingall's 'stipend,' Book 3,
f [17], and Book IO, f [18v]).
210 WMB/K [Book 46] f [31v]
The title, "An account what is paid by vs this year 633,' heads payments written upside down
from the back of the book ff [3IV-26].
211 WMB/K [Book 47] f [21v]
The Payments account is written ff [21V--2OV], upside down (ff [7-8] from the back of the
book).
213 WMB/K [Book 48] f [20v]
Kendal received a new charter of incorporation from Charles L The chamberlains" account
shows that the first mayor, as appointed under the charter, replaced the alderman at Michael-
mas 636 (ll. 3-4)-
242 WESTMORLAND
219 Add. Ms 4460 ff 7-7v
Certain words are underlined throughout the manuscript: in this passage, 'Cartmell,'
'Cartmel-fell,' "Kendall," and 'Corpus-Christi play' (11. '2,25,33).
The Civil War was well advanced when John Shaw, the manuscript's author, while living
in Manchester, was approached by a deputation from the parish of Cartmel, asking him to
spend seven or eight weeks preaching and instructing the people there. Shaw agreed to do so,
provided that an 'able man" temporarily filled his own post. He does not elaborate on why
Cartmel was without its own pastor, though presumably the circumstances of the war were
a contributor)" factor. Shaw records an abrupt end to his mission after eight weeks (towards
the end of June). His own flight into Yorkshire, and his wife's escape by sea, were occasioned
by the passage through the vicinity of royalist troops commanded by Prince Rupert, on their
way to raise the siege of York. The prince's forces were in fact defeated at the ensuingbattle
of Marston Moor on 2 July.
GLOUCESTERSHIRE
Acknowledgments
This edition could not have been produced without the considerable resources and
assistance provided by the Records of Early English Drama office; I owe a great debt
of gratitude to my colleagues there. First of all, I must thank Alexandra Johnston,
general editor of the project, for her willingness to take a chance on an unproven
graduate student and for her continuing guidance and encouragement. REED associate
editor Sally-Beth MacLean sifted through my text with a keen eye for inconsistencies
and confusion, coordinated the work of many people at the REED office and in
England, settled matters of dispute reasonably and diplomatically, and generally
brought a sense of calm orderliness to the whole endeavour. I am grateful to Abigail
Young for correcting my meagre Latin, for providing the Latin glossary, and espe-
cially for engaging in a protracted struggle with Christopher Windle's awkward and
verbose Latin; Appendix 3 could not have appeared without her efforts. Anne Quick
did most of the paleographical checking and provided the English glossary. REED'S
bibliographers - Theodore De Welles, William Cooke, Mary Blackstone, and Ian
Lancashire - furnished many valuable leads and checked the accuracy of all references
in the final text. Elza Tiner helped prepare the patrons' list and Donna Best and
William Rowcliffe typeset the text. Many others at the REED office contributed to the
production of the edition and to my peace of mind, including Sheena Levitt, Darlene
Money, Heather Phillips, and Nancy Rovers-Goheen. Penny Cole checked the trans-
lation of Appendix 3.
I am most grateful to the following libraries and owners for permission to quote
extracts from documents in their possession: the Gloucestershire Record Office, the
Corporation of Gloucester, the Bishop of Gloucester, the Dean and Chapter of
Gloucester Cathedral, the Gloucestershire County Library, the Marquess of Bath,
the Trustees of the Berkeley Estate, the Vicar of Tewkesbury, the Staffordshire Record
Office, the Hereford Cathedral Library, the British Library, and the Public Record
Office. Crown copyright material in the Public Record Office appears by permission
of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. I wish to thank the staffs of all
these institutions for their assistance and concern; in particular, my thanks go to those
at the Gloucestershire Record Office who made my work there pleasurable as well
as productive: Victoria Thorpe, Tom Bowers, Heather Martin, Nicholas Kingsley,
248 GLOUCESTERSHIRE
Graham Whitehead, Margaret Richards, and Julie Craig. Special thanks are due to
Mr. D.J.H. Smith, the county archivist, for his considerable efforts on nay behalf re-
garding the Berkeley Castle muniments in addition to the record office's holdings.
Canon David Welander was very. helpful with the documents in his care as Gloucester
Cathedral Librarian, while Neville Chapman speeded nay researches at the county li-
brary. I am also grateful to R.H. Harcourt Williams, Librarian and Archivist to the
Marquess of Salisbury, for his help. Brian Frith of Gloucester was not only an un-
failing source of knowledge about the history and records of Gloucestershire, but a
genial and entertaining companion as well.
A number of people kindly checked transcriptions and other details in England:
David Kiausner, J.A.B. Somerset, Aiexandra Johnston, and Annette Jacob. Valuable
advice on both editing and the interpretation of records came from John Wasson,
William Streitberger, Peter Meredith, Peter Happ6, Otto Reinert, and David Fowler.
Peter Clark made useful suggestions about Gloucester's history for the introduction.
I particularly wish to acknowledge the aid of John Coldewey, who supervised the dis-
sertation that developed as an offshoot of this edition. He recognized that editing
dramatic records suited nay interests and temperament, masterminded my application
for a grant, shepherded me through the extensive preparatory study needed for re-
search of this kind, and gave acute and sensitive criticism of the results.
Having acknowledged nay gratitude to all those who have helped to make this edi-
tion as accurate as possible, I take full responsibility for any errors of commission
or omission that may remain.
My research in England was made possible by a EED grant funded by the National
Endowment for the Humanities and administered by Stanley J. Kahri and the Center
for Medieval and Renaissance Studies at Ohio State University. A maior editorial pro-
iect grant from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada sup-
ported other research and publication costs of this volume.
Finally, I wish to thank nay wife, Karen, whose enthusiasm for this project never
waned, even when mine threatened to after days of empty page-turning in the record
office. She searched indexes and proofread, and gave constant support throughout the
preparation of this edition.
PHG/University of Puget Sound 1984
Introduction
The Boundaries
This edition delimits Gloucestershire according to pre-1642 boundaries, which fol-
lowed largely the same lines as they did in this century, prior to the creation, in 1974,
of the new county of Avon. The only major differences from modern Gloucestershire
occurred in the north-east corner of the county, where the boundaries with Worces-
tershire and Warwickshire were complicated by the scattered holdings of the bishop
of Worcester. Bristol, although often associated geographically with Gloucestershire,
became a county in its own right in 373, and as such, its records will appear in a sepa-
rate volume.
The dissolution of the monasteries in 54 altered the boundaries of ecclesiastical
administration for Gloucestershire and its environs. Bristol's northern suburbs be-
came part of the new Bristol diocese. Administration of lands formerly controlled by
the dioceses of Worcester and Hereford became the responsibility of the newly created
diocese of Gloucester, with the exception of some areas along the Herefordshire bor-
der, which remained within the jurisdiction of the Hereford diocese. Reapportioning
of ecclesiastical control notwithstanding, all these areas were administered civilly by
Gloucestershire and are thus included in this collection.
Historical and Geographical Perspectives
Gloucestershire is traditionally divided into three distinct topographical areas. The
Severn Vale, a relatively flat agricultural region, stretches from Bristol in the south
to Tewkesbury in the north and includes most of the places with extensive surviving
records of dramatic activity. Gloucester itself lies on the east bank of the Severn, as
do the castles at Berkeley and Thornbury further south. To the east of the river valley
are the Cotswold Hills which rise sharply, to as much as a thousand feet, along the
Cotswold Edge, before sloping gently off to the south-east, toward the Thames. Wool
production dominated the economy in this region, which was dotted with villages but
possessed only a single substantial town, Cirencester. The Forest of Dean occupies
the south-western corner of the county between the Severn and the Wye, and is hilly
250 GLOUCESTERSHIRE
country, ill-suited to agriculture. Before the Industrial Revolution only a few villages
existed in the area, surviving principally on forestry and coal-mining. The forest itself
was a royal preserve, but nearly disappeared in the late sixteenth century, when it was
heavily logged to build the ships that opposed the Spanish Armada.
Before the mid-sixteenth century, only Gloucester's position as the seat of the as-
sizes and quarter sessions served to unify three areas of such disparate character, over
which the Crown, the nobles, the bishops of Worcester and Hereford, the abbots of
Gloucester, Tewkesbury, Cirencester, and Winchcombe all exercised varied and
sometimes conflicting degrees of control. With the creation of a see at Gloucester and
the city's growth as a commercial centre, the county became linked by both civil and
ecclesiastical administration, and by patterns of trade into a somewhat less arbitrary
unit.
DRAMA/MUSIC/CEREMONY
253
Players could give performances which were not 'Mayor's plays,' subject to the fol-
lowing limitations imposed by the 158o ordinance. The total number of performances
permitted to a company depended on the stature of its patron: the queen's players
were allowed to perform three plays in three days or less; the players of a baron or
a noble of greater rank could play twice in two days; while players whose patron was
beneath the rank of baron could perform only once. An unwritten and somewhat less
rigid scale appears to have applied to the amounts of the rewards given by the city.
The queen's men consistently received larger rewards than other companies. Even
when the lord admiral's men came to Gloucester in 159o- I, led by the great Edward
Alleyn, they got only the same 3os given to the queen's players that year. The main
exceptions to this practice were Lord Chandos' and Lord Berkeley's players, who
sometimes received rewards larger than those given to companies of patrons of eq ual
rank because both nobles had great local holdings which made their favour especially
important to the city.
The chamberlains' accounts indicate that the mayor's plays were invariably given
in the Bothall, and all licensed performances likely took place there, since the 1580
ordinance prohibited private performances in the homes and establishments, espe-
cially inns, of the burgesses. The Bothall stood in Westgate Street and served as the
city's wool market, the site of the assizes, and for a variety of other civic functions.
According to Willis, the audience sat on benches and the players acted on some form
of stage. Expenses for constructing these stages appear frequently in the chamberlains'
accounts, although unfortunately without the sort of detail which would permit a
complete reconstruction. The city usually employed a carpenter named John Batty
to build these stages and the pageant scaffolds required for Queen Elizabeth's 1574
visit to the city.
The chamberlains" accounts from 1596-7 to 1634-5 have not survived, with the ex-
ception of a single year's accounts for 1628-9. By the time the accounts resume, the
decline in provincial touring that occurred in the early seventeenth century is evident.
Only two actual performances have been recorded between 1635-6 and 1642, al-
though players were occasionally paid not to perform because of fear of spreading
plague. The fact that the city rewarded players at all in those years is somewhat sur-
prising. The city had suffered economically from the decay of its cloth industry in
the late sixteenth century, from repeated outbreaks of plague, and from disputes with
county gentry over the inshire. Tension between the wealthy few who ran the city
and the growing number of urban poor led to the tightening of control by a magistracy
already strongly puritan, and confirmed in its antagonism toward the king as a result
of the Crown's heavy financial and military demanOs in the 162os and 163os. -' Yet,
unlike Worcester and Bristol, where paying players to go away without performing
was the rule in the 163os, Gloucester seems to have adopted this practice only when
plague genuinely threatened. 13 As late as 164o- , we have evidence of the mayor and
justices attending a performance and giving the players a reward.
254 GLOUCESTERSHIRE
MUSIC
The earliest surviving references to professional entertainers at Gloucester concern
minstrels who came to entertain while the assizes were in session. Five minstrels or
groups of minstrels visited the city in 1393-4 and six in 1409- I o, including those of
Richard II, Henry" iv, the countess of Stafford, and Lord Berkeley.
The chamberlains' accounts record occasional rewards to itinerant minstrels during
the latter half of the sixteenth century', but the important musical development of those
years was Gloucester's establishment of an official, salaried position of civic musician.
When Queen Elizabeth visited the city in 1574, Gloucester had to hire the waits of
Shrewsbury to furnish music, but in 1578 Garret Barnes began to receive a yearly fee
of 2os for being 'the musicion.' In 1595-6, when no payment had been made to Barnes
for two years, a civic ordinance adopted 'lames (blank) musitians' as the city waits.
The ordinance required them to play their recorders at four o'clock each morning in
the chief streets of the city, and 'at the solempne vsuall assemblies.' For this service,
each of the four received 2os for their fee and another 2os to buy the livery cloaks
that marked them as retainers of the city. The near-monopoly their position gave them
enabled them to augment their income by providing music at special Cathedral func-
tions and at feasts given by the craft guilds. The Tanners, for example, employed the
waits for this purpose as many as three times a year.
Gloucester's waits did not suffer as a result of the growth of puritanism. In 1632,
when dramatic entertainment had declined greatly, the number of waits was increased
from four to six, and their yearly fee doubled. Unlike Worcester, which suppressed
its waits in 1642, Gloucester continued to employ its waits right through the Com-
monwealth period. 4
CEREMONY
When Henry" vii made his coronation progress from York to London in 1486,
Hereford and Bristol greeted the king with elaborate pageantry', but at Gloucester 'ther
was no pageaunt nor speche ordeynede.' It was not until the sixteenth century" that
civic ceremony became more frequent and elaborate. Entries in the corporation cus-
tumnal describe how Princess Mary" (in 1525) and Henry" viii (in 1535) were welcomed
by the mayor and conducted through the town by the scarlet-clad civic officials. Not,
however, until Elizabeth's visit in 1574, did Gloucester make use of quasi-dramatic
pageantry" as a means of demonstrating affection for, and allegiance to, the sovereign.
While no narrative description of the queen's entry" exists, the chamberlains' accounts
record, in great detail, the preparations the city made. Scaffolds were built to serve
as pageant stages at the Outer Northgate, the High Cross, and an open area just outside
the Southgate known as the 'Meadow.' Several groups of musicians were paid for play-
ing at the gates and in the streets. The major civic buildings were painted and decorated
for the occasion, and 'beastes', including an antelope, unicorns, and a dragon, were
constructed, probably for some sort of tableau.
DRAMA/MUSIC/CEREMONY 255
The annual watches on Midsummer's eve and St Peter's eve (28 June) also came to
include pageantry. The watches may have originated in genuine attempts to protect
the city, but later developed into a ceremonial procession of the mayor through the
city. The 154 ordinances of the Tanners' company reveal the part the guildsmen
played in the watches:
Item it ys ordayned that euery brother of the said crake shall be in redynes withe
the maister and wardens at there commen haule euery yere on the eve of Saynte
Iohn Baptiste at eighte of the clocke at nyght and on Sayncte peturs eve at eighte
of the clock at nyght in theire best apparell withe bendes and badges on theire
shulders towchynge theyre facultie to awayte on the mayer and Sheryffes on bothe
nyghtes in the kynges watche withe the said towne And not to departe from the
watche vntyll suche tyme it be done and haue broughte the maister and wardens
to theire commen haule the which master and wardens shall make to the bretherne
of the said crake there assembled euery of these twoo nyghtes an honest
drynchynge .... s
The chamberlains' accounts are filled with payments for the firing of guns and the
purchase of fireworks to be used on these occasions, but less explosive forms of en-
tertainment appear infrequently. In 157o- , the city rewarded'the vssher of the fenche
Schole for his paines in playenge before the watche.' Only a single entry has survived
to suggest that civic pageantry accompanied the watches: the chamberlains paid lOS
at Midsummer 595 to Thomas Bubbe 'for a wagon in the pageant for the turke.'
Tewkesbury
By the second half of the sixteenth century, which furnishes all the surviving evidence
of dramatic activity, Tewkesbury had become a reasonably prosperous market and
a minor port on the Severn. The town received a charter of incorporation in 1575,
making official the status of corporate borough which it had already essentially
achieved. Its population at that time has been estimated at 16oo communicants from
4oo households, or roughly a third that of Gloucester. .6
The earliest references in the churchwardens' accounts of St Mary the Virgin,
Tewkesbury, to renting of the parish 'players gere' reveal an established dramatic tra-
dition but give no indication of its antiquity. Fifteen rentals are recorded in the
seventeen years separating the first rental, in 567-8, from the last, in 1584-5; the
amounts received range from 18d to 8s 2d, with 3s 4d ( a half-noble) being the most
common figure. Inventories of the 'players geare', taken in 576-7 and 1584-5, and
the expenses for repairing and enlarging it in 1577-8, yield some picture of the cos-
tumes and properties available to the parish for producing plays. A sheepskin garment
for Christ, wigs and beards for the apostles, and a mask for the devil suggest drama
on New Testament subjects, while the varied array of caps, gowns, and jerkins could
serve in almost any kind of performance. At least once, in 578-8o, one of Tewkes-
DRAMA/MUSIC/CEREMONY
257
Cheltenham, a relatively small manorial town at this time, provides a hint at how
players may have operated in such places. In 161 l, Richard Clerke, Guido Dobbins,
and their fellows marched through the streets of the town, banging on a drum and
proclaiming that they would perform a play at the sign of the Crown. The bailiff, citing
fear of spreading plague as his reason, prohibited them from performing, and when
they attempted to play anyway, they were arrested and fined by the manor court.
The traces of dramatic activity among the rural folk in Gloucestershire are faint in-
deed and consist mainly of general prohibitions. Extant printed articles from visita-
tions of Gloucester diocese reveal the increasing strength of puritan animosity toward
such activity. An article of 1607 prohibited the holding of plays, feasts, church ales,
and drinkings in the church or churchyard. By 1622, the articles prohibited anywhere
in the parish on the Sabbath 'Lords of misrule, dauncers, players, or any other dis-
guised person.., stage-playes, beare-baitings, bul-baitings, or other such vnlawfull and
prophane exercises....sports, or any that doe sit in the Tauerne, or Alehouse, or
streetes....' Only on the rare occasions when a cleric was accused of participating in
aprohibited or questionable activity do we learn about it from the extant depositions
sworn before the consistory court of Gloucester diocese. The most interesting of these
cases concerns one Christopher Windle, vicar of the Cotswold village of Bisley. Sev-
eral of his parishioners testified to the court of their distress at his encouragement of
maypole dancing, which ran to the extent of making his own son lord of the maypole.
In 1618 Windle sent James I a Latin commentary on the recently issued Kings Maiesties
Declaration to His Subiects Concermng law full Sports to be vsed, in which the king
defended against puritan opposition his subjects' right to participate in sports, games,
and other pastimes - including maypole dancing - on Sundays. Windle endorses the
king's pragmatic reasoning and adds an original rebuttal to the puritans' theological
objections: he argues that God wants men to celebrate Him with their bodies as well
as their minds, and that physical activities after Sunday service best accomplish this
form of devotion. He also discusses the local impact of the controversy over Sunday
sports and notes in the margin that maypoles have been pulled down at Gloucester
and Berkeley.
At the same time that puritan pressure was increasing against sports, dancing, play-
ing, church ales, and other such folk activities, a member of the Gloucestershire gentry
was reviving and institutionalizing them in what became known as Robert Dover's
Cotswold Games. The village of Weston Subedge, near Dover's estate in the north-
east corner of the county, had long held an ale and revelry each year at Whitsuntide.
As a protest against puritanism, Dover transformed this local festival, c 1604, by dres-
sing it in the costume and spirit of Greece, in imitation of the Olympics, and making
it into an entertainment for his gentle friends. Athletic contests dominated the cele-
bration, but music and dancing were included. Dover himself played the king of the
Games, wearing cast-off garments given to him by James I and directing proceedings
from a wooden castle constructed as a centre-piece for the games. Unfortunately, no
detailed records of the Cotswold Games exist; all we know of them comes from
DRAMA/MUSIC/CEREMONY
259
Thornbury Castle, consumed prodigious amounts of food and drink, and enjoyed per-
formances by minstrels, trumpeters, the Bristol waits, and the players of Writtle,
Essex. zz As at Berkeley Castle, minstrels turned up at irregular intervals throughout
the year. Even in 1520- I, Buckingham managed to ignore both the king's suspicions
(he was to be arrested in April 152 I ) and his own debts, and gave Christmastide fitting
celebration. The Bristol waits again provided music, a 'yong maide' performed tumb-
ling feats, and a troupe of French players, including two women, acted what B uck-
ingham's accountant enigmatically recorded as 'the passion of oure lorde by a vise.'
An account of 1503-4 shows that, in addition to receiving visits from itinerant per-
formers, the duke employed minstrels as members of his household. (Of the company
of players under his patronage that played at Greenwich in 1509, there is no trace in
the extant Thornbury records.Z3) The household wardrobe also contributed to the en-
tertainment: an inventory of 1515-16 lists six ells of canvas for constructing a pageant
used in an interlude; one from I516-17 reveals that morris dancing was popular at
Thornbury, because buckram, canvas, and bells were purchased to make costumes
for the morris dancers.
BRYDGES
Buckingham's lands passed to the Crown at the time of his execution for treason, and
with the Berkeleys residing at Caludon, the way was open for the Lords Chandos
to become Gloucestershire's most important patrons of the drama from the 155os to
the early seventeenth century. John Brydges had been a groom of the privy chamber
under Henry viii and later lieutenant of the Tower under Mary. In 1554, she created
him the first Baron Chandos and granted him Sudeley Castle and its estates around
Winchcombe, which had belonged to the executed Thomas Seymour. Lord Chandos'
players first appeared at Gloucester in 1558, and his heirs continued as patrons of a
provincial company until at least I6IO. 24
While no records of visits by professional performers to Sudeley have survived, the
entertainments presented during Queen Elizabeth's stay there in 1592 are important
to the history of drama in Gloucestershire, since they are the only dramatic perfor-
mances given in the county for which we possess the texts. Though called 'speeches'
by the man who first printed them, these entertainments contain stage directions and
were clearly intended to be enacted, rather than merely spoken. Still, they remain more
similar to civic pageants or masques than to contemporary plays. All three entertain-
ments have a compliment to the sovereign as their central purpose; the second day's,
for example, shows sympathy for Elizabeth's determination not to marry, by
dramatizing Daphne's successful resistance to Apollo's advances. The pastoral con-
vention so popular with the Elizabethan aristocracy made especially fitting material
for entertainments at Sudeley, in its Cotswold setting. The performances occurred
outdoors, where one's eyes would naturally be led from the play-acting shepherds
to the real shepherds and their flocks on the surrounding hills. The text for the third
260 GLOUCESTERSHIRE
day of the queen's visit is particularly appropriate, based as it is on the king game of
the folk: a cake was cut and distributed among the shepherds, with those whose pieces
contained tokens becoming king and queen for the duration of the festival. At Sudeley
in 1592, of course, the game-queen took precedence over the king.
Under James I, patronage of the drama by Gloucestershire nobles waned. The new
king's visits to the county were less frequent than Elizabeth's, affording less oppor-
tunity for the nobles to display their loyalty and generosity through entertainment.
In 6o4, parliament's revision of the vagabondage laws withdrew the right of anyone
but a member of the roy al family to license a company to travel in his name. 2s Dis-
semination of this change in the law to the provinces was slow, and many companies
relied on this fact to continue performing (both Lord Berkeley's and Lord Chandos'
players are mentioned in civic accounts until 16 IO), but fewer and fewer were willing
to risk arrest as vagabonds.
262
GLOUCESTERSHIRE
and other like Libertines, in their unlawfull Sports, hap- I ning within the Realme of England,
in the compasse one- I ly of few yeers last past, since the Book was published, worthy I to
be known and considered of all men, especially such, I who are guilty of the sin or Arch- I
patrons thereof. By that worthy Divine Mr. Henry Burton. I [within a rectangular block,
an oval portrait of the author with '/Etatis Suae 63' at left] I Printed in the yeer 1641. Colophon
on f4v, p 38: LONDON: I Printed for]obn Wright junior, and for Tbo. Bates, and/areto
be sold at their shops in the Old Baylie. 11642. Quarto; A4 - F4; roman and italic; AI (title
page), A4, B4, C4, D4, E4, F4 unsigned; ornamental rectangular block begins 'To the Reader'
and "Examples of Gods Iudgements'; ornamental capitals, A2 and B2. Wing: B6161.
GLOUCESTER
Civic Records
The Gloucestershire Record Office is currently renumbering the borough records.
The numbers which appear in parentheses in the document descriptions for the Cor-
poration Custumnal, the Corporation Common Council Minute Books, the Borough
Bailiffs" Accounts, and the Corporation Chamberlains' Accounts are the former num-
bers, based on W.H. Stevenson's Calendar of the Records of the Corporation of
Gloucester.
Corporation Custumnal
Gloucester, Gloucestershire Record Office, GBR B 2/1 (1375/1450); 486-c 6oo; English
and Latin; paper; x + 236 + iv; 29omm x 215ram (text area variable), average 33 long lines;
modern arabic foliation corrects original roman numeral foliauon; little ornamentation; first
3 and last l leaves laminated in plastic; 19th c. red leather-covered cardboard binding.
This book, begun during the reign of Henry vu as a custumnal, was used to preserve
copies of the new borough charter granted by Henry vm, acts regulating the practices
of various crafts (none of which contain references to dramatic activity), and descrip-
tions of important events, such as the visits of Princess Mary in 525 and of Henry
viii with Anne Boleyn in I535 - presumably recorded in order to preserve the ac-
cepted ceremonial forms. It also includes lists of city aldermen, of rents due on city
land, of assessments to furnish soldiers, and of soldiers sent to various campaigns;
copies of letters to and from the sovereigns regarding musters; and copies of docu-
ments concerning a land dispute between the city and the abbot of St Peter's Abbey,
Gloucester.
Corporation Common Council Minute Books
Glourester, Gloucestershire Record Office, GBR B 3/1 (1376/1451); 565-632; English wth
some Latin ; paper; xii + 411 + vi; 36omm x 24omm (33omm x 7omm), average 38 long
lines; original foliation (8 unfoliated leaves between 9 and l o, foliation jumps from 275 to436,
272 GLOUCESTERSHIRE
foliation and pagination, and modern ink-stamped pagination, which has been followed; mod-
ern patterned paper-covered cardboard binding, spine and corners reinforced with leather, title
on paper glued to spine.
These accounts refer to the finances of the household of Edward Stafford, duke of
Buckingham, while he was in residence at Thornbury Castle in southern Gloucester-
shire. The earliest set of accounts, for 15o3-4, does not explicitly indicate the location
concerned, but the extensive expenditures for building repairs suggest that the ac-
counts refer to Thornbury. Buckingham had made the castle his principal residence
in 1498 and embarked on major repair and refurbishing prior to the massive building
campaign begun in 1507-8. (An unnamed scholar working for the Historical Man-
uscripts Commission made a transcription of these accounts in the mid-nineteenth
century which is still tied up with the original roll. The transcriber also identified the
accounts as being from Thornbury.)
The 1507--8 household book consists of accounts of each day's expenditure for pro-
visions (foodstuffs, candles, stable supplies) with a list of guests present at dinner and
supper in the left-hand margin, including players and musicians. The household's lo-
cation is given at the top of each page; the winter months generally found it at
Thornbury.
The accounts of 1515-16 and 1516-17 inventory materials used for new clothes and
other special purposes by the duke's department of the wardrobe; they do not record
daily expenses. The canvas used in making a pageant in 1515-16 is listed under the
rubric, 'Dona." The bells and buckram for morris dancers' costumes occur in a section
of the 56-7 account primarily devoted to hunting and hawking accessories.
The account book for 1520- I also does not deal with everyday supplies and services,
but only with rewards to entertainers, to servants of other nobles, and with the duke's
oblations.
Editorial Procedures
Principles of Selection
The intent of this edition has been to include every reference to dramatic and musical
activity in Gloucestershire before 1642. In addition, material adjacent to these items
has been transcribed when it provides the context for a play or musical performance,
as in the Gloucester Tanners' accounts, where payments to the waits follow other ex-
penses at guild dinners. Some caution has had to be exercised, however, against the
temptation to include anything which even remotely suggests drama, music, or cere-
monial in an effort to fill the many gaps in our knowledge about these activities left
by the surviving records.
References to church drama appear here, such as the St Nicholas play performed
before Edward I at Gloucester in 1283, but church music and ceremonial have been
omitted. Thus, entirely liturgical practices like the sepulchre watchings recorded by
Minchinhampton and Gloucester parishes have not been included. Payments found
in the Cathedral Treasurers' Accounts for the purchase and repair of musical instru-
ments, and to musicians for playing at services, have not been transcribed. Only those
entries which seem to refer to non-liturgical performance are included - a payment
for music at a feast at the bishop's residence, for instance. The reference to a boy-
bishop at Gloucester in 283 is given, but not the text of a sermon preached by a boy-
bishop there on the feast of the Holy Innocents, 1558: the sermon itself is serious as
well as appropriate to the day, the entertainment being provided solely by the youth
of the preacher.26 Sixteenth-century registers of the abbots of St Peter's, Gloucester,
make several intriguing mentions of the "communes ludos,' translated in the registers
themselves as 'common plays.' Unfortunately, further examination has revealed that
these plays are not dramatic performances, but rather periods of recreation when the
monastic rule was relaxed and they are therefore omitted.
Church ales may well have provided the occasion for parish plays in Gloucester-
shire, as they did elsewhere, but the only surviving evidence comes from Tewkesbury,
where the borough council refused to allow the parish to hold an ale in conjunction
with plays in 6oo. Occasional mentions of ales in churchwardens' accounts, court
records, and the papers of John Smyth of Nibley have not been included, as they are
274
GLOUCESTERSHIRE
not accompanied by any indication of dramatic activity.
.Ce.remonial practices appear here only when they involve music or quasi-dramatic
acuvtty. Payments for entertainment at Gloucester's Midsummer watch have been
transcribed, but the annual expenses for gunpowder and matches, and for beating the
drum at Midsummer have not. Descriptions of royal entries have been included,
although those of Henry vn in 1486 and Princess Mary in 1525 yield only negative
evidence. The city's expenses in entertaining royalty during their visits to Gloucester
are also given, but payments for bell-ringing, street-cleaning, and the like at these
times are not. Similarly, references to civic and guild feasts have been excluded, unless
accompanied by music or other entertainment.
Finally, one incident beyond the chronological limit set by REED must be mentioned,
for it shows that the desire for drama persisted in Gloucester under the Common-
wealth. In 657, Thomas Wright appeared before the city council to ask permission
for a troop of 'poppet players' to perform at his inn. The council forbade it, but Wright
defied them, and was left to face the quarter sessions alone when the players slipped
OUt of town. 27
Dating the Documents
The documents in the original are dated according to a year that began on 25 March
rather than January (following the Julian calendar in use in England until the
eighteenth century). In addition, some dates are given by regnal year, and some by
saints' days or movable feasts. I have converted all dates to conform to modern prac-
tice, except that I have adopted a chronology which starts a new year at Michaelmas
(29 September) and employs double-year dates. Thus, for example, 5 September 550
would convert to I5 September I549-5o, while I5 October 155owould become I5
October 55o-.
This system of dating is suggested by the documents themselves. Many of the docu-
ments - borough minute books, civil and ecclesiastical court books, even someof the
household accounts - date each entry separately. Most of the accounts, however, sim-
ply list all the receipts and payments within a given accounting year without indicating
specific dates for individual entries. Even in the rare cases when, for instance, the
Gloucester city chamberlains record in their accounts for I582-3 that 3s 4d was
'Geven to my lorde Barckleyes players the xxx h of November,' we cannot be abso-
lutely certain that 30 November was the date of performance: the recorded date may
refer to a payment made to the players a few days after the actual performance, or
even - as appears to have happened occasionally - to the reimbursement of some civic
official who had rewarded players out of his own pocket, perhaps as much as several
months earlier. Since the most common evidence in this collection is from the ac-
counts, and the only dates that can be fixed with any confidence for the payments
in these accounts are the beginning and end of the accounting year, I have chosen to
base the chronology on the accounting year most commonly employed, one which
EDITORIAL PROCEDURES 275
ran from 29 September to the following 28 September. The Michaelmas to Michaelmas
accounting year was used in the important Gloucester bailiffs' and chamberlains'
accounts, in the accounts of the Gloucester Bakers' company, and in some of the
household accounts of Elizabeth Berkeley and of Edward Stafford, duke of
Buckingham (though the household accounts also give specific dates).
A few sets of accounts present difficulties for this arrangement. The Tanners" com-
pany observed an accounting year that began on St Clement's Day (23 November).
The only events mentioned in the Tanners' accounts which we can consistently date
are the dinners given by each new master when he took office on the St Clement's
Day which opened the accounting year. In order to place the only precisely datable
entries in the correct year, I have located each set of accounts under the year which
began on the previous Michaelmas (rather than in the year the account was rendered).
This arrangement has the added advantage that only the section of each account cov-
ering the two months from Michaelmas to St Clement's Day appears under the wrong
year.
The Tewkesbury churchwardens rendered their accounts at irregular intervals, gen-
erally about a year apart, but ranging from eight months (3 September 1577 to 3 May
1578) to nearly two years (4 May I572 to 2o April 1574). In some cases, the manuscript
tells only the date the account was rendered and we can only assume that it covers
the entire period between that date and the rendering of the previous account. The
treasurers of Gloucester Cathedral used an accounting year beginning on Lady Day
(25 March), a half-year out of phase with the system employed in this collection, and
none of the entries can be dated any more precisely. The same is true of two household
accounts of the duke of Buckingham (Staffordshire Record C)fflce: D641/1/3/7aand
9), which began their accounting year on 31 March. All these accounts have been
placed under the years in which they were rendered with the inclusive dates covered
given in the entry headings in parentheses.
Notes
1 H.C. Darby, 'Gioucestershire,' The Domesday Geography of Midland England,
2nd ed, H.C. Darby and I.B. Terrett (eds) (Cambridge, 1971), pp -2.
2 Thomas Rudge, The History and Antiquities of Gloucester, from the Earliest
Period to the Present Time (Gloucester, 18 I), pp 15-21, 25.
3 William Page (ed), The Victoria History of the County of Gloucester, vol 2
(London, 19o7), p 151.
4 Charles Phythian-Adams, 'Urban Decay in Late Medieval England," Towns in
Societies: Essays in Economic History and Historical Sociology, Philip Abrams
and E.A. Wrigley (eds) (Cambridge, 1978), pp 163-4, 174, 179-8o.
5 W.H. Stevenson (ed), 'The Records of the Corporation of Gloucester,' Historical
Manuscripts Commission, 12th Report, Appendix, Part 9 (London, 1891), pp
4o6-7; M.D. Lobel and J. Tann, 'Gloucester,' Historic Towns, vol I, M.D.
Lobel (ed) (London, 1969), p 9; Peter Clark, ""The Ramoth-Gilead of the
Good": Urban Change and Political Radicalism at Gloucester 154o-164o,' The
English Commonwealth 1547-164o: Essays in Politics and Society Presented to
Joel Hursteld, Peter Clark, Alan G.R. Smith, and Nicholas Tyacke (Leicester,
1979), pp 168-7o.
6 Stevenson, pp 4o3-4; Lobel and Tann, p 2.
7 Clark, p 168.
8 The Borough Custumnal (6Ro: GBR B 2/1) includes some guild ordinances; the
ordinances of the Tanners' company adopted in 54 survive separately (Glouces-
tershire County Library #28652/4). The records of York and Chester guilds
can be found in Alexandra F. Johnston and Margaret Rogerson (eds), York,
Records of Early English Drama (Toronto, 1979) and Lawrence M. Clopper
(ed), Chester, Records of Early English Drama (Toronto, 1979).
9 Itemized sixteenth-century churchwardens' accounts survive from St Michael's,
St Aldgate's, and St Mary de Crypt.
10 R.W[illis], Mount Tabor. or Private Exercises of a Penitent Sinner (London,
1639), p I lO. sic: 25752.
11 The uses of the Bothall are enumerated in an indenture between the city and
Robert Ingram, 26 August 569 (GBR B 2/3, ff 38-9v).
NOTES
277
12 Clark, pp I68-86.
13 The plague reached Worcester in I637 and Gloucester then enacted severe restric-
tions on entry by any strangers, not only players (GBR 1454/1543, ff IOV--I 2).
14 David Klausner transcribes the Worcester ordinance in 'Research in Progress
[Hereford and Worcester],' REEDV, 1979:1, 22.
15 Gloucestershlre County Library #28652/4.
16 C.R. Elrington (ed), The Victoria History of the County of Gloucester, vol 8
(London, 1968), pp IIO--II, 120.
! 7 William Bradford Willcox, Gloucestersbire: A Study zn Local Government, 59o-
64o, p 204, n I.
18 Colin Platt, The English Medieval Tozvn (London, 1976 ), p 14o.
19 Christopher Whitfield, Robert Dover and tbe Cotswold Games (London, 1962 ),
p 20; VCH Glouc, vol 2, p 3o6.
20 Roger S. Scofield, 'The Geographical Distribution of Wealth in England, 1334-
1649,' Economic History Review, 2nd ser, 18 (1965), 483-51o.
21 Carole Rawcliffe, The Staffords, Earls of Stafford and Dukes of Buckingham,
394-52 (Cambridge, 1978), pp 86-7; A.D.K. Hawkyard, 'Thornbury
Castle,' rBAS, 95 (1977), 51--8.
22 See Appendix I for a complete day's entry from this household book.
23 John Payne Collier, The History of English Dramatic Poetry to the Time of
Shakespeare: and Annals of the Stage to the Restoration, vol I (London, 1831 ),
P49-
24 John Tucker Murray, Englisl Dramatic Companies, 558-642, vol 2, pp 29-30.
25 Glynne Wickham, Early Englisl Stages, 3oo to 66o, vol 2, pt I, p 91 .
26 John Gough Nichols (ed), 'Two Sermons preached by the Boy Bishop at St.
Paul's, temp. Henry viii., and at Gloucester, temp. Mary," with an introduction
giving an account of the festival of the boy bishop in England by Edward F.
Pdmbault, Tle Camden Miscellany, vol 7 (I 875), Camden Society, new set, p 14-
27 6Ro: 1454/1543, f 8ov.
Select Bibliography
This short list includes books and articles with first-hand transcriptions of primary
documents, together with a few essential reference works. No attempt has been made
to list all works cited in the Introduction, textual footnotes and Endnotes.
Bennett, James. The History of Tewkesbury (Tewkesbury, I83O; rpt Dursley, Glouc,
1976).
Blair, Lawrence. English Church Ales: As Seen in English Churchwardens" Accounts
and Other Archival Sources of the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries with a Note
on Church Fairs (Ann Arbor, Michigan, 94o).
Boas, F.S. 'Play in Ancient Abbey,' Observer, 5 January 933, p 8, col 4-
-'Tewkesbury Abbey's Theatrical Gear,' Times Literary Supplement, 6 March
933, P 84.
Brewer, J.S. (ed). Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry
v111, vol 3, pts t and 2; vol 4, pt (London, 867-7o).
Chambers, E.K. The Elizabethan Stage, 4 vols (Oxford, 923).
- The Mediaeval Stage, 2 vols (London, I9O3).
Finnegan, Robert E. 'Research in Progress: Gloucestershire and Bristol,' /EE/gN,
t977:1, 9-1o-
Hannam-Clark, Theodore. Drama in Gloucestershire (The Cotswold County): Some
account of its development from the earliest times till to-day (Gloucester and
London, 928).
Hart, William Henry (ed). Historia et Cartularium Monasterii Sancti Petri
Gloucestriae, 3 vols. Rolls Series, 33 (London, 863-7).
The Historical Manuscripts Commission. W.H. Stevenson (ed). 'The Records of the
Corporation of Gloucester,' The 12tb Report of the Manuscripts Commission,
Appendix, Part 9 (London, 89), 4oo-529.
'A Letter from John Gage, Esq. Director, to Sir Henry Ellis, Secretary, Accompanying
Extracts from the Household Book of Edward Stafford, Duke of Buckingham,'
Arcbaeologia, 25 (1834), 3 -4I.
Murray, John Tucker. English Dramatic Companies: 1558-1642, 2 vols (London,
1910).
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
279
Nichols, John. The Progresses and Public Processions of Queen Elizabeth, 3 vols
(London, 1823).
Notestein, Wallace (ed). The Journal of Sir Simonds D'Ewes from the Beginning of
the Long Parliament to the Opening of the Trial of the Earl of Strafford (New
Haven, 1923).
Ross, C.D. 'The Household Accounts of Elizabeth Berkeley, Countess of Warwick,'
TBGAS, 70 (1951), 81--1o5.
Smith, Brian S. and Elizabeth Ralph. A History of Bristol and Gloucestershire
(Beaconsfield, 1972).
Southern, Richard. The Staging of Plays before Shakespeare (London, 1973).
Stevenson, W.H. (comp). Calendar of the Records of the Corporation of Gloucester
(Gloucester, 893).
Taylor, Arnold. 'Royal Alms and Oblations in the Later 13th Century: An Analysis
of the Alms Roll of 2 Edward ( 283-4),' Tribute to an Antiquary: Essays Pre-
sentedto MarcFitch bySome ofhisFriends. Frederick Emmison and Roy Stephens
(eds) (London, 1976), pp 93-125.
Wickham, Glynne. Early English Stages: 13oo to 166o. 2 vols in 3 pts (London, 1963-
72).
Willcox, William Bradford. Gloucestershre: A Study in Local Government, 159o-
164o (New Haven, I94o).
Map of Gloucestershire from John Speed, The Theatre of the Empzre of Great Britaine, by
courtesy of the Huntington Library
Map of Gloucestershire from John Speed, The Theatre of the Empire of Great Britaine, by
courtesy of the Huntington Library 3 New Inn 4 Boothall
Boroughs and Parishes
BISLEY
161o-II
Gloucester Diocese Consistory Court Deposition Books
GRO: GDR 114
ff [4-4v]* (21 May)
Die predicto super articulis predictis
Garrettus Band de Beisley in Comitatu Gloucestrie tucker vbi
moram fecit per spatium quinque Ann(..) et vltra natus apud
Estington in Comitatu predicto aetatis quadraginta quatuor
Annorum aut eo circiter testis &c.
Ad dictos Articulos articulorurn predictorum Deponit et Dicit that at
Whitsontide in Anno Domini 16IO there was a maye pole sett vpp
neare vnto the parish ,rchurch" of Bieslye & [pipe(..)g] pipeing &
Daunceinge at the same pole by the youth of the parish there & all
of the same was Done as this Deponent hath very credibley heard at
the appointe[d]ment & abettinge of mr christophre windle ye viccar
there: & he saieth that he Doth verely believe in his conscience that
the sayd reporte is true because that vppon the Munday in the same
whitson weeke the sayd christophre windle Did in a sermon that he
then preached before the congregacion most prohanely & erroniously
Defend averre and affirme that pipeinge & Daunceinge at a Maye
poule; & keepinge of Somerale was as lawfull to be vsed & ke[e]pte
by the people as it was lawfull for them to here the word of god
sincerely preached: which assertion of the sayd windle the sayd
congregacion Did very much [at that tyme] mislike being-as most of
them [aft] affirmed very contrary to the worde of Allmightye god And
he this Deponent saieth further that the sayd mr Windle is very much
subiecte to the like phantasicall & idle speeches in his sermons, for he
12/ 161o underhned s 20/ prohanely for prophanely
286 BISLEY 1610
saveth that the sayd windle did on[(.)] a Sabaoth Daye between
Allhollantyde & Cristmas last paste preach on a parte of [scp] scripture
out of the [Gos] 8 th chapter of St Mathew, & expoundinge the same
before the congregacion he sayed and [af] Did most idley & ,tin1 most
vnfitte & prophane Manner averre & say that the sayed texte of
screpture was Arithmatike & not the logicall Divinitye. yet sayed he
nunber are necessary, for [2 hosen to] two feete two shooes 2. slops
2 sleeves 4. quarters of a ierken, yf the taylor cutteth five he stealeth
one. 24. buttons twenty fowre butten holes seven churches of Asia.
[p] term comrnandementes & keepe neuer and with many other idle
& prophane and senceles speeches as they seemed to the congregacion
Et aliter ad Dictos articulos nescit vt dicit Deponere/
Henricus Aisgill Signurn
Garetti Band l
Die predicto super articulis predictis/
Willelmus Hopton de Barkley in Comitatu Gloucestrie yeoman
vbi moram fecit per sex hebdomodas et antea apud Bieslye in
Comitatu predicto a:tatis .32. Annorurn aut eo circiter ibidem
ortus [a:tatis] testis &c.
Ad Dictos articulos Deponit et Dicit that at Whitsontyde last was
twelve .rmonethl there was a May pole sett vppe & pipeinge &
Daunceinge kepte in the parish of Bieslye [and that] with the consent
of the churchwardens (as they themselues haue affermed but onely as
this Deponent hath credibly heard) at the appointement of mr
christopbre Windle the viccar there who [es] as this Deponent hath
likewise heard [was] rcaused his sonne to be 1 Lord of the same pole.
And saieth that the sayd mr windle Did on the sabaoth before
Whitsontide aforesayed preach before the congregacion in the parish
church of Bieslye aforesaid & in his sermon he the sayed christophre
Windle Did then & there afferme & Defend that pipeinge &
Daunceinge at a Maypole were by the word of god lawfull to be
kepte ....
ff [8-8v]* (3 May) 3s
officium Dornini promoturn per Richardum Hall contra
chrstopherum Windlet
Super articulis ex parte promotorts in hoc negotio Datis./
Iohannes Clissold de Beisely in Comitatu Gloucestrie yeoman vbi 40
14/ Band signed ,tth a cross (personal markJ
BISLEY 1610
287
moram fecit plerumque a nativitate sua ibidem ortus aetatis
quinquaginta Annorum aut eo circiter testis &c.
Ad Dictos articulos Deponit et dicit that in the yeare of our Lord god
6,o last past he this Deponent [was] & one christophre Bidmead s
weare churchwardens of the parish of Beisley in the countye of
Gloucester: & did exequute the same office of churchwardenship the
same yeare. & saieth that .rat Whitsontide in the same yeare mr
christophre Windle articulate without the consent & privity of him this
deponent & his sayd fellow churchwarden & against the goodwill of 0
the honest and relligiouse desposed people of the same parish erecte
& sett vpp a May pole or somner pole and caused r& mainteynde 1
pipeinge and Daunceinge to be kepte & vsed at the same tyme./& for
the better countenanceinge of that prophane buisines suffered his
sonne arlate to be lord of the sayd May pole: And after he the sayd s
christophre Windle I was by [this] the well Desposed people of the same
parish reprov(..) for that his prophane action and [(.)] toyes .tar1 not
.rthaught 1 fitt for a (...) of his callinge & profession and intreated to
Desiste from further vseinge the same. he the sayd christophre Did (as
th(.) Deponent hath credibly heard) in a sermon Defend & mayntayne 2o
that the erectinge of Maypoles pipeing & Daunceing about the same
& keepinge of somer ale was by the Word of god lawfull: to be kepte
to the greate interruption & Discontentment of the consiences of the
whole parish as this Deponent hath heard most of the parishioners
since saye .... 25
Die predlcto super articulis predictis
Christoferus Bidmeade De Beisley in Comitatu Gloucestrie yeoman
vbi moram fecit [plerumque] quatuor Annos elapsos natus apud
Ellc(...) in Comitatu pred,cto aetatis sexaginta Annorum aut eo
circiter, testis &c.
Ad Dictos articulos deponit et dicit that [the arlate] tin1 the yeare of
our lord god 6 o Iohn Clissold & [christophre Bi] this deponent wear
churchwardens of Bieslye articulate & [(..)] at Whitsontide in the same
yeare a maye pole was sett vppe, pipeing & Daunceinge kepte &
somorale or churchale [1] made & sold in the parish of Biesley
aforesaid. & [(..)] chriseophre Windle [(.)] sonne of the [sayd]
rarticulatel christophre Windle clarke was lord of the sayd Maypole
But whether the sayd Maypole was erect(..) by the meanes &
35
5,33/ 1610 underlined Ms 12/somnerfor sommer
15,32/arlatefor articulate: brevigrapb omitted
CHURCHDOWN 1633--5
289
likewise in Cheltenham, and somme of them caused the drumme to
be sounded againe about viii of the clocke in the night of the said dale
which the Bayliffe hearing sent Iohn holdy vnder bayliffe there to will
them to forbeare from playing & drawing company together so
contemptuously especially in so dangerous a tyme, otherwise he the s
said Bayliffe would come himselfe & suppresse them, which message
being deliuerid to the said Clerke & to the rest his consortes, &
companions he the said Clerke rxx s 1 dobbins rv s 1 Thomas Clerke rv
s Richard ffortey rv s Edmund Trinder rv s Walter Milton rv s &
Robert Cliveley rv s with many others then assembled of their t0
company much insulted & revyled against the said holdy & also the
said chiefe Bayliffe with many rayling & opprobrious termes saying
that they respected neither of them both in contempt of all aucthority
& good governement, whervpon the said cheife Bayliffe vnderstanding
their insolent course went himselfe to suppresse them & to punish is
them accordingly, which they vnderstanding departed & went away
before the comming of the said B ayliffe Ideo ipse in misericordia & c.
CHURCHDOWN
I633-5
Judgment upon Sabbath-breakers Burton: Divzne Tragedie
A Miller at Churchdown, neer Glocester, would needs (contrary to
the admonitions both of his Minister in private, and generally in
publike, yea and that very day, and of other Christian friends) keep
a solemn Whitson ale, for which he had made large preparation and
provision, even of threescore dozen of cheesecakes, with other things
proportionable, in the Church-house, half a mile from his Mil, his
musicall inst,-uments were set forth on I the side of the Church-house,
where the Minister and people were to passe to the Church to Evening
Prayer. When Prayer and Sermon were ended, the Drmme is struck
up, the peeces discharged, the Musicians play, and the rowt fall a
dauncing, till the evening; where they all with the Miller resort to his
Mill; where that evening before they had supt, about nine of the clock
on Whitsunday, a fire took suddenly in his house over their heads,
and was so brief and quick, that it burnt down his house and mill, and
devoured with all the greatest of all his other provision and
housholdstuffe. This is confirmed by sundry good testimonies.
81 Clerke underlined
GLOUCESTER 1525-35
293
Towne bryngyng her grace into the Abbey throw3e Seynt Edwardes
gate The Abbott & his brederne then beyng yn the Abbey porche with
Copys Crosse Carpettes & Cusshyns receyvyng her grace And so she
dyd a lyght of horse & kyssed the Crosse/And then went vp to the
high Awter Mr Meyre & all his brederne yn Skarlett goyng byfore her
grace & there she offered A pece of gold & then proceded to her
loggyng Mr Meire & his seid brederne byfore her/
The Gyfte and present gevyn by the Meire & his brel3ern to 13e princes
ffirst ij fatte oxen of the best that myght be gotton
Item x fatte Wethurs of the best 13at myght be gotton/
I534-5
Corporation Custumnal GROI GBR B 2/I
ff ll7v--9* (3 July-7 August)
15
Howe owre most dreade Soueraign lorde Kyng henry the viii th
by the grace of god of England & of ffraunce Kyng defender of
the ffaith lorde of Ireland & in erthe Supreme hedde of the
Churche of England & his most dere & entierly beloued lawfull
Wiff quene Anne at ther ffirst cornmyng to Glouceter after his 20
graces Coronacion was resceyued by the maire Aldermen Shriffes
& Burgessez of the seid towne of Glouceter commyng from
Tewkysbury toward Glouceter the Saturday the last day of Iuly
in the xxvij yere of [the reign] his most Riall reign in the tyme
of Iohn ffawconer then beyng Maire of the towne of Glouceter 2s
Thomas Payne & Richard Edwardes Shriffes there as hereafter
ensuyth//
ffirst the maire Aldermen Shriffes & Shriffes peres in ther Skarlett
gownes & velfett typpettes with an .C. of other Burgessez or ther
abowtes in Cootes of Musterdevilles all. And rode ffourth of the towne 3o
toward Tewkysbury till they came to the grene at the hether ende of
the lane athisside Brickehamptons brigge within the libertie of the seid
towne.' Then & there metyng the kynges grace & the quene and did
ther obeysaunce all on horsebacke gevyng his grace the right hande/
And then the maire rode vnto his grace (seyng these wordes) thankes 3s
be to god of your graces helth & good prosperite. Whiche god long
Contynue. And therwith the maire beyng still on horsebacke with oon
of .rthe towne masez in his hand kissed the same Mase & did his
Obeysaunce. & delyuered it vp vnto his grace (seyng these wordes)
[thankes to be to god of your graces] that all suche liberties privelages o
Customes & grauntes as your grace & other your noble progenytours
.rhere tofore haue gevyn vnto the Maire & Burgessez of this your
296
GLOUCESTER 1535-52
The giftes gevyn by the Maire & Burgessez of the towne of
Giouceter vnto the kynges grace the quene with there officers &
servauntes at there fflrst beyng at Giouceter after the Coronacon
as before is mencioned as hereafter ensuyth
In primis to the kynges grace tenne ffatte
oxen price xx ii
Item to the quenes grace A purce of golde price
xij s. with xx t' riailes of gold theryn conteynyng xj ii. v s
Summa xj li. xvij s l0
Item for gese capons & chekyn gevyn to
MaisterSecutorys [xv] xj s v d
Item in reward gevyn to oon of the kynges
seruauntes whiche made proclamacon ayenst
his graces ffirst comyng xiij s iiij d is
Item to the kynges ffotemen at his graces
departure xij s vj d
Item toquenes ffotemen v s.
Item to the kyngesTrompettors xij svj d
Item to the seruauntes of the kynges boterye iij s ix d 20
Item to the seruauntes of the kynges pantrye iij s ix d
Item in reward gevyn to the blacke garde viii s
ItemgeventothekyngesAmnersseruaunt xij d
Item to the arrodeof arremes xxvij s. vj d.
Summa totalis xxxiij ii. ix s j d 2s
1550--I
Corporation Chamberlains" Accounts GRO: GBR F 4/3
f 23 v* (Gifts and necessary expenses)
...Also in reward gevyn to maister kyngestons abbott of Mysrule
Commyng to the Citie of Glouceter in the Cristemas tyme by the
Commaundement of the major x s. Also in reward gevyn to the pleyers
of the seid maister kyngeston by the Commaundement of the major
by the tyme of this present accompte v s ....
35
Corporation Chamberlains' Accounts
f 30* (Gifts and necessary expenses)
GRO: GBR F 4/3
...Also in money paied & gevyn to the pleyers of Sir Anthony
kyngeston by the Commaundement of the major & his brethern the
tyme of this present accompte x s ...
GLOUCESTER 1552-6 297
IggZ-3
Corporation Chamberlains" Accounts
f 37 v* (Gifts and necessary expenses)
GRO: GBR F 4/3
...Also in money gevyn in reward to Sir Anthony Kyngestons
pleyars the tyme of this present accompte by the Commaundement
of the maire vj s. viii d. And in money likewise gevyn in reward to
a geister of the kynges majesties & an other Commyng with hym by
the Commaundement of maister maire v s .... Also in money gevyn
to the Gentilman that browght the proclamacon for the
Quenes grace that nowe is by the Commaundement of maister maire
& his brethern art the newe Inne Ix s. And in money gevyn the same
tyme to Sir Iohn A Bridges Trompetor by like Commaundement x s ....
Also in reward gevyn to maister Arnoldes seruauntes on may day at
the bryngyng in of may by the Commaundement of the maire
xx s. Also in reward gevyn the same tyme to William Tele & his
Company by like Commaundement vj s. viij d. And more to those
persons that daunsed the moorys daunse the same tyme by like
Commaundement v s.
I553-4
Corporation Chamberlains' Accounts
f 44* (Gifts and expenses)
GRO, GBR F 4/3
...Also in money gevyn in reward to the pleyers of the Citie by
mr maires Commaundement vj s viii d ...
I554-5
Corporation Chamberlains' Accounts
f 50 (Gifts and necessary expenses)
GRO: GBR F 4/3
...Also in reward gevyn to the Quenes Geister by the
Commaundement of maister maire iii s iiij d ...
I5SS-6
Corporation Chamberlains'Accounts GRO: GBR F 4/3
f 56v (Gifts and necessary expenses)
...Also in money gevyn to the Quenes pleyars by the tyme of this
accompte by like commaundement of the seid maior vj s viii d...
2O
25
3O
35
GLOUCESTER 1561-4
299
56-2
Corporation Chamberlains'Accounts GRO: GBR F 4/3
f 89* (Gifts and necessary expenses)
Also the same Accomptauntes aske allowaunce in moneye payed &
geven in Rewarde to the Quenes maiesties players this yere x s. Also
bestowed & spente vpon the same players at the taverne iiii s. Also
payed to Mr Ingrain for a pounde of candelles at the same playe
iij d.... Also in Rewardes geven to the Erie of warwickes players at Mr
mayores Commaundemente in redye monye x s. Also payed for a
bankett made to the seid players & for makynge of a [S(..) f] Scaffold
in the bothall iiij s. ij d. ob....Also geven in Rewarde to the lorde
Roberte dudleye his servauntes & players by the (...)
commaundemente of Mr mayor in Redy moneye xiij s. iiij d. Also
spente vppon the seid players at the taverne and for makynge of the
scaffold in the bothall iiij s. viii d.
56z- 3
Corporation Chamberlains" Accounts
f 94v (Gifts and necessary expenses)
GRO: GBR F 4/3
Also the same accomptauntes aske allowaunce of moneye payed &
geven in Rewarde to the duchesse of Suffolkes players by the
commaundemente of Mr mayor x s. Also bestowed & spente vppon
the same players at the taverne xx d. Also payed for the makynge of
the skaffold at the Bothall & for nayles there iiij d ....
2O
25
I563-4
Corporation Chamberlains'Accounts GRO: GBR F 4/3
f lOOV* (Payments)
30
...Also paid by the Commaundement of Mr mayor to one that brought
golden sommes [to] parchment from the lord of misrule of hineham
xij d ....
f 102 (Gifts and necessary expenses)
35
...Also geven Stanweye the Quenes lugler for shewinge pastimes and
other f his Iuglinge feates to Mr mayor and other of his bretherne this
yeare by the commaundement of Mr mayor x s. Also geven to the Erie
of warwickes playores by the commaundement of Mr mayor this yeare
x s. Also vpon the same playores at the wine taverne iij s. Also geven
in rewarrde 1 this yeare iikiwise by the Commaundemente of Mr mayor
300 GLOUCESTER 1563--8
,rtol the lorde Cobhames playeres v s ....
564-5
Corporation Chamberlains'Accounts GRO: GBR F 4/3
f IO7 (Payments) s
... Also paid for the makinge of the scaffold in the bothall at the tyme
that the Quenes maaesties playeres did playe there befor mr mayor and
thaldermen ii d. Also in money paid for takinge of the same scaffold
awaye agayne ii d .... t0
f o8 (Gifts, rewards, and necessary expenses)
Also the same accomptauntes aske allowaunce of money paid and
gevenn in rewarde to the Quenes rnaiestes playores by the
commaundement of mr mayor xvj s. viii d. Also in money paide &
geven in reward to the lorde stranges playores by the like
comaundement of mr mayor x s ....
2O
565-6
Corporation Chamberlains' Accounts GRO: GBR F 4/3
f 114 (Gifts, rewards, and necessary expenses)
Allso the same accomptauntes aske allowaunce of money paied & 2s
geven in rewardes to the lorde hundsdons plaiars the makinge of the
scaffolde in the bothall & the drinckinge xij s. viii d....Allso geven to
the quenes plaiores playinge at the bothall by the commaundement of
mr major xiij s. iiij d. Allso for wine & chirries spente vppon them
at Mr Swerdbearers ij s. viii d .... 30
1567-8
Corporation Chamberlains'Accounts GRO: GBR F 4/3
f i23v (Payments)
...Alsoe pd to battie for C & iij quarteres of elme bourdes for a skaffold 3s
for playors to playe one viii s. Alsoe pd to hime for a peece of tymber
to sett vnder the bourdes ij s ....
f i24 (Gifts, rewards, and necessary expenses)
Also the same accomptaunce aske a lowaunce of money pd and geven
in rewarde to the erie of worcester his players and their drinkynge at
M r swordberers by the commaundement of mr mayore xij s. vj d. alsoe
GLOUCESTER 1567-71
in money pd and geven to the quenes mazestes players and their
drinkinge xvi s. ii d ....
301
1568-9
Corporation Chamberlains" Accounts
f 28v* (Gifts and rewards)
GRO: GBR F 4/3
ffirste thesame accomptauntes aske allowaunce of money by them
geuen to mr ffoskeues plaiers at the Commaundement of mr maior x
s. And for theire drincking ij s. vj d. Allsoe geuen to the lorde monges
plaiers at the Commaundement of Mr maior iij s. iiij d ....
f 29 (Gifts and rewards)
...Allsoe geuen to the erie of woorcesters plaiers xiij s. iiij d ....
I569-7o
Corporation Chamberlains' Accounts
f I33V (Gifts and rewards)
GRO: GBR F 4/3
... Allsoe geuen in rewarde to the Quenes plaiers xiij s. iiij d .... Allsoe
geven in rewarde to therle of lecesters players playing before Mr Maior
xiij s iiij d....Allsoe geuen to theirle of suxsex plaiers plainge before
Mr Maior x s. Allsoe spent on them ij s. vj d ....
157o-
Corporation Chamberlains' Accounts GRO: GBR F 4/3
f I38" (Payments)
...Alsoe paled to the vssher of the fenche Schole for his paines in
playenge before the watche one midsomer yeve and Sainte Peters yeve
f 39 (Gifts and rewards)
...Alsoe geven to the Earle of worcesters plaiers for playinge before 35
Mr Maior and his bretherne the vj th of februarie x s. Alsoe spente
vppon them at the taverne the same time ij s....Alsoe geven to thearle
of Leysetors plaiers for playinge before Mr Maior and his bretherne
the xxx th of Aprill by the Commandemente of Mr Maior xiii s. iiii d.
Alsoe spente vppon them at the Taverne by the like commandemente 40
iij s. viii d. Alsoe geven in rewarde to the Quenes Maiestes Berward
for baytinge of his bears before Mr Maior and his bretherne the
seconde of m(.)ie (vj s.) viii d ....
302
GLOUCESTER 1571-4
f 39v
... Alsoe geven to the lifftenante of the tower his plaiers for playinge
before Mr maior and his bretherne the xx 'h of September x s. Alsoe
spente vppon them at the Swordberers by the commandemente of Mr
Major ii s. vj d.
1571-2
Corporation Chamberlains'Accounts GRO: GBR F 4/3
f I46 (Gifts and rezvards)
...geven to the Queenes maiesties plaiers at the comaundment of
Master Maior alsoe Spente vppon them at the swoordbearars by Like
comaundmente iiii s. vi d. allsoe geven to Ladle Manches plaiers by
comaundmente of Master M aior x s. Allsoe for ,rtheir3 dringinge ij s.
1572-3
Corporation Chamberlains'Accounts GRO: GBR F 4/3
f I53" (Gifts and rezvards)
Alsoe the same accomptantes aske allowance of money geuen in
rewarde as folowethe ffirste gevene to the Earle of Wosters plaiers the
firste dale of December Anno Domini I573 by Commaundemente of
Maister Major x s. Allsoe spente vppon them by like
Commaundemente iij s. iiij d ....
f 53v
...Allsoe geven by like Commaundement to the Earle of Sussex plaiers 3o
the thirde of Aprell xiij s. iiij d. Allsoe spent vppon them at that time
v s. Allsoe geuen by like commaundement to the Earle of Essexe plaiers
the tenthe of lulie xiij s. iiii d. Allsoe spent vppon them iiij s. vj d.
Allsoe geuen to the Lorde Moongeis plaiers the laste of September by
like Commaundemente then not plaienge before the Major v s .... 3s
1573-4
Corporation Chamberlains" Accounts
f 59v* (Payments)
GRO: GBR F 4/3
Alsoe the same accomptauntes praie allowaunce of iiij s. by them paied
304
GLOUCESTEr 1573-4
disbursed as foiowethe ffirste for paintinge of the Tollsey xxx s. Allsoe
paied to lohn Rise for trimenge of the kinges borde xxij s. Alisoe paied
to Gilden for makinge the beastes for the kinges boorde iij li. paled
t_o him for Coloringe of the Criste schole xij s paied to William Sannes
for hornes for the Antelap and vnicornes and the tonge for the Dragon
ii s. viii d. paied vnto lohn windowe for the Cariedge of twoe loode
of birche to the medow viii d. and for one Ioode of sande to the kinges
borde viii d. and for the Carriage of twoe lode of grauell to the forren
bridge vj d. paied for pauinge aboute the crosse vj d. paied to fiftene
laborers for makinge of the highe waie with owte the Southegate
throught the pastures for the Quenes Maiestie vii s. vj d. paied to
\Villiam Dove for the hawlinge of fower draftes of plankes to make
bridges to the meadowe ij s. paled to sparkes and hickes for twoe dales
worke ij s. viii d. Paied for twoe Ioode of sande for the Castell lane
ende xx d. Paled for twoe ioode of sande more bade into the Colledge
lane xx d. paied to harrison for dressinge the Bothall and the Tollsey
xx s. paled for packethred for the Scaffolde in the meadow vii d. paied
to Battle for takinge downe the scaffolde in the meadowe and settinge
vpp a paire of tesseiles at the Crosse xv d. paled for the makinge cleane
of the Trinitie Crosse iiij d. paied for makinge cleane of the Streate
at the colledge gate xij d. paied to Roger Layton lohn Shewell lohn
Viner and Richard hickes for woorkinge in the meadowe xij d. paled
to William Cugley for tenne daies worke vj s. viii d. paied to Thomas
wheler for the hawlinge of one lode of birche and one lode of bordes
into the meadowe viii d. paled for sixetene lode of grauell bestowed
betwene the twoe northe gates xiij s. paied to Gildene for mendinge
the Quenes picture and the pinicle vj s. viii d. Allsoe they aske
allowaunce of money by them disbursed for dressinge and paintinge
the Crosse and the kinges borde viz. for stones bordes Timber Canvas
verdigrese allablaster worke manes bier and manie other necessarie
thinges as by the perticulers thereof shewed and examined plainlie male
appere xlij li. xiij s. x d. Allsoe paled for paintinge of the fowere gates
x li. xiiij s. iiij d. Allsoe the aske ailowaunce of money by them
disbursed for makinge of twoe Scaffoldes with the furniture of the
pagentes at the vtter northegate and at the highe Crosse viz. for timber
bordes lvie mosse workemans bier and diuerse othere necessaries as
by the perticulers thereof shewed and examined plainlie appearethe
Ixiiij li. ij s. v d. AIIsoe paled to the musitians that plaied at the
Scaffoides and the Gates x s. Allsoe paied to Maister henrie Shrieffe
for a greate powle for the skaffolde for the gate xij d. paied to Thomas
19/ tessellesfor tressdles
GLOUCESTER 1573--8
305
wheler for hawlinge certaine peces of timber from the meadowe into
the Towne xij d. Allsoe paied to Iohn Battie and twoe laborers for
mendinge of the cradell and measuringe of bordes and timber iij s. vj d.
Allsoe paled to Iacson for twoe peces of timber xviij d.
Summa Cxxviij 1. iij s. iij d.
1574-5
Corporation Chamberlains'Accounts GRO: GBR F 4/3
f 169 v (Gifts and rewards)
...Allsoe geven to the Lorde of Sussex plaiers xiij s. iiij d. and more
to them in wine and makinge a skaffolde xviij s. viii d. Allsoe geven
to Maister Comptrollers players iij s. iiij d. Allsoe geven to the Quenes
Berrardes iiij s.... Allsoe geven to the Erie of Essex players by Mayster
Maiors Commaundement xiij s. And more in wine to them bestowed
v s. Item geven to the Lorde of Leycesters bearrade vj s. viii d ....
15
1575-6
Corporation Chamberlains' Accounts
f 184 v (Payments)
GRO: GBR F 4/3
2O
...payed Batty for plankes for the scaffould at the Boothall and
workmanshipp iiij s. vii d ....
f I8 5 (Gifts and rewards)
... Allso geeven to the Lorde of Sussex players xx s. Allso geeven vnto
the Lorde Comptons players xxiij s. iiij d.
1577-8
Corporation Chamberlains' Accounts
f 195v* (Gifts and rewards)
GRO: GBR F 4/3
...Geven to my Iorde Sheffields players x s. Geven to the lorde
mountyoes xiij s. iiij d. Item and for a drinkinge and for a drinkinge
for them iiij s. viii d. and so in the holl xviij s. Geven to my lord
wourcesters players xiij s. iiij d....Geven to my Iorde Barkleyes players
371 and for a dnnkinge and for a drJnklnge: dittograpby
308
GLOUCESTER 1581-3
them disbursed for gieftes and rewardes by them bestowed as
followeth/ffirste paied vnto the lorde Strainges players by
thappointment of mr maior xiiij s. iiij d ....
f 209
...Allsoe geven vnto the lorde Berckleis players v i s. viii d ....
I58-2
Corporation Chamberlains" Accounts GRO: GBR F 4/3
f 212 (Fees and wages)
...Also payde to Garrett Barneyes for his yeeres fee xx s ....
f 214" (Gifts and rewards)
... Geven by mr maiors comaundernent to my lorde Barkleyes players
xiij s. iiij d....Geven to my lorde morleyes players the xviii t of Iuly
1582 vj s. viii d. Geven to my lorde Staffordes players vj s. viii
d .... Geven to my (L) (blank)players vj s. viii d. Geven to my lorde
Huntesdounes players xiij s. iiij d. Geven to her maiestes poppette
players the vii of december I582 xx s ....
2O
582- 3 2s
Corporation Chamberlains' Accounts GRO: GBR F 4/3
f 218 (Fees and wages)
... Also paide to Garrette Barneyes the music/on for his holl yeeres fee
XX S .... 30
f 218V (Gifts and rewards)
... Geven by mr maiors appoinctement to my Iorde Chaundos players
the vii h of November 1582 xx s. Geven to my lorde Barckleyes players
the xxx th of November xiij s. iiij d....Geven to [my] rthel Lorde
Staffordes players x s. Geven to the Earle of Oxonford players the
xxvj h of may xvj s. viii d....Given to her maiestes players xxx s ....
GLOUCESTER 183--
583-4
Corporation Chamberlains'Accounts GRO: GBR F 4/3
f 225 (Fees and wages)
...Also paide to Garrette Barneyes for his holl yeeres fee xx s ....
309
f 226 (Gifts and rewards)
Also they aske allowaunce of diuerse sommes of money by them
disbursed for giftes and rewardes bestowed as followeth, viz. To the
players of the Master of the Revelles of the Queenes maiestes howse
xiij s. iiij d. To the Earle of woorcesters players the the two and
twentith of December vj s. viii d. Paid to the Lorde Chaundos players
the xj th of Ianuarye x s. To the Earle of Oxefordes players vj s. viij
d .... Given the seconde of Maye to the Lorde Staffordes players vj s.
viij d ....
f 226v
... Given to the Earle of Essex players the fifth of October vj s. viii d.
2O
I584-5
Corporation Chamberlains' Accounts GRO: GBR F 4/3
ff 231-IV (Gifts and rewards)
...geven by the appoinctement of mr maior to the Lord Barckleyes
players x s....geven by the appoinctement of mr major to the Lorde
(blank) players vj s. viii d .... geven by the appoinctement of Mr Major
to the Earle of Essex players xiij s. iiij d .... geven by the appoinctement
of mr major to the Lorde Staffordes players vj s. viii d .... I Geven by
the appoinctemente of mr Major to the Earle of Oxfordes players x
s.... Geven by the appoinctemente of mr major to the Earle of Sussex
players xiij s iiij d Geven by the appoinctement of mr major the Earle
of Leycesters players xx s ....
25
12/ the the: dzttograpby
GLOUCESTER 1585-9
1585-6
Corporation Chamberlains" Accounts
f 237 (Gifts and rewards)
GRO: GBR F 4/3
...To the Lord of Essex plaiers v s....To the Earle of Sussex plaiers
VS ....
1586-7
Corporation Chamberlains'Accounts GRO: GBR F 4/3
f 242v (Fees and wages)
...Paid Garrett Barnes the music/on for his yeeres fee xx s.
f 243 (Gifts and rewards)
... G eauen to the Earle of Essex plaiers xv s.... Geauen to the Queenes
maiestes plaiers xxx s. Geauen to the Earle of Leycesters plaiers xx
s .... Geauen to the Earle of Essex plaiers xiij s. iiij d ....
587-8
Corporation Chamberlains" Accounts GRO: GBR F 4/3
f 249 (Gifts and rewards)
ad the same Accomptantes aske allowance of diverse sommes of 2s
money by them layed out in Giftes and Rewardes as followeth: And
firste to my Lord of Leycesters Players the xvij th of Iune by mr Mayors
appoimement xx s.... Geaven the xij th of Iuly to the Queenes maiestes
Players xxxiij s. vj d....To the Earle of Sussex Players the xvij of
September vj s. viiij d .... 30
f 249v (Fees and wages)
...To Garret Barnes the musicion for his yeeres ffee xx s ....
588-9
Corporation Chamberlains" Accounts
f 255 v (Fees and wages)
GRO: GBR F 4/3
35
...To Garrett Barnes the musicon for his yeeres fee xx s .... 40
312
GLOUCESTER 1590-4
to the Lord Bechams players xiii s. iiii d .... I to the Queenes players
xxx s. To the Queenes and the earle of Sussex players xxx s. to the
Children of powls xx s. to the Lord admiralls players xxx s ....
1591--Z
Corporation Chamberlains' Accounts GRO: GBR F 4/3
f 278 (Fees and wages)
...Payed to Garret Barnes the music/on for his yeares fee xx s ....
f 278v (Gifts and rewards)
And the same accomptauntes aske allowance of moneyes by them
laved out in giftes and rewardes to diuerse persons as followeth.
Imprimis geuen to the Earle of Worcester his players xiij s. iiij d....To
the Queenes players xxx s. Payed for a breakfast for them at Mrs
Powelles ix s. v d ....
ffees and wages
Guiftes and
rewardes
f 279*
...To the Queenes trumpetters by the appoyntmente of Mr Mayor xl s
.... Gaue the Lord Straunge his players x s....Gyuen to the Lorde
Chandos in money for gratificacion against the receauing of the
Queenes Ma/esty at Sudely in progresse vj li. xiij s. iiij d ....
2O
1593-4
Corporation Chamberlains'Accounts (3Ro: GBR F 4/3
f 293 (Gifts and rewards)
... Gaue the lord Ogles players viii s. iiii d .... Item gaue to the Queenes
maiestes Players xl s ....
59z-3
Corporation Chamberlains'Accounts GRO: GBR F 4/3
f 284v 3o
...Paid to mr Garret the Must&on for his fee for three quarters of a
yere xv $ ....
...To my lord Morl(.i)es players in money and j pottle of wine and
sugar by mr Majors and mr Seamys appointment the xxviij th of lune 35
xj s. viii d ....
314
wart et howell
GLOUCESTER 1595--1603
their play xxx s. geven to the Earle of Darbies plaiers xxx s. geven to
mv L Oagles plaiers iii s. iiij d. geven to my L Admiralls plaiers
xx s .... I Geven to the Queenes plaiers in wine and suger iij s. ij d. geven
for wine and suger for my Lord Admiralls players xx d.
16oz- 3
Tanners" Company Orders and Accounts
f [43v] (23 November-22 November)
And to the musicions
GCL: 28652/18
vj d
Gloucester Diocese Consistory Court Deposition Books
GRo: GDR 89
f [6v]* (22 October)
Super articulis contra wylmott
Thomas Hyll Ciuitatis Gloucestrie yoman vbi moram fecit plerumque
a natuitate sua ibidem ortus etatis xxxv. annorum aut circiter libere vt
dicit condicionis testis &c.
Ad primum artculum dicit eundem esse verum
Ad iijj deponit that twelue monethes now past or there ahoutes this
deponent was at a stage play in the Botholl in the Cytty of Gloucester
in the Company of tharticulate Iohn wylmott, at which tyme the said
mr Iohn wylmott [did] roffered to" present himself vppon the said
stage, and sayd to this deponent that he could play better then any of
those stage players, and offered to goe vppon the same stage and to
take one of the same players instrumentes out of their handes to haue
played vppon yt himself. And this deponent perceauinge the said mr
wylmot to be very earnest to haue gon vppon the said stage and fearing
that he would haue then [haue] discredyted himself did pull him and
hold him back and did not suffer him to goe vpp to the same stage/
And this deponent dyd Iudge the said mr Iohn wylmot to he overtaken
with drynck at that tyme, and so did others then there
present/et aliter nescit deponere
Super reliquis articulis non est examinatus
36/ et ... deponere added later
GLOUCESTER 1603-8 315
f [[ [7]*
Iohannes fflemyng de Ciuitate Gloucestrie Barbor vbi moram fecit
plerunque a natiuitate sua ibidem ortus etatis xxxvj annorum et amplius
libere vt dicit condicionis testis &c./
Ad primum articulum dick eundem esse verum
Ad ij et iij nescit deponere
Ad iiij deponit that twelue monethes last past or there aboutes this
deponent was at a stage play at the Botholl in the Cytty of Gloucester
in the Company of the articulate mr Iohn wyimot at which tyme the
sayd mr Iohn wylmot did offer to haue gon [vpp] vppon the said stage,
And then this deponent [then] asked Thomas hill his precontest what
the matter was, and the said Thomas hill tould this deponent that mr
wylmot said he would haue gon vppon the stage to play vppon one
of the players Instrumentes, And at the tyme this deponent did
perceaue the said mr wylmot to be very pleasa(nO and merry but
whey(0her he was then druncken or not this deponent cannot depose,
but doth Iudge that he had ben dryncking hard before that [tyme] day,
and doth thinck that excepte he had ben moued by drynck that [(.. )]
he the said mr wylmot would not haue offered to doe soe/et ahter
nescit deponere
I6O3-4
Tanners" Company Orders and Accounts GCL : 28652/18
f [44v] (23 November-22 November)
Alsoe for wyne and sugar at the masters howse at
St Clementes tyde
Alsoe for money geeven to the musicions.
viii s./
vjd./ 30
I607-8
Tanners" Company Orders and Accounts GCL" 28652/18
f [48] (23 November-2o November)
The said Accomptant prayeth to bee allowed of diuerse
sommes of money by him layed oute within the tyme of
his accompte, viz: payed for musick at Iohn Morganes
4/ plerunque for plerumque: rmmrn rmssmg
vs. xd./
GLOUCESTER 1612--16
317
Tanners" Company Orders and Accounts GCL: 28652/18
f [55v]* (23 November-22 November)
Alsoe payed for a supper at the Newyne and for wyne
and museck there
Alsoe he prayeth allowance for wyne and sugar.
and museck, at his dynner
Liij s
xix s viij d
1613-14
Tanners' Company Orders and Accounts GCL: 28652/18
f [58] (23 November-22 November)
It this Accomptant craueth allowance for money laid
out for one supper att new Ine the xxv*h day of Iune xlvj s. iij d
It giuen to the wait players the same day by the
appoyntment of the Companie v s.
f [58v]
It Laid out for wine & sugar when I went forth maister
of the Companie
It this same day to the waite plaiers
viii s.
VS.
I614-I 5
Tanners' Company Orders and Accounts GCL: 28652/18
f [59v] (23 November-22 November)
It laid out for wine when I went forth maister of
the Companie
It the same day to the waite plaiers
xj s.
30
35
1615-16
Tanners' Company Orders and Accounts GCL: 28652/18
f [6I] 03 November-u November)
It laide out for wine when I went forth of the
40
318
GLOUCESTER 1616-20
Companie maister
It the same day to the waite player
XS.
VS
Tanners" Company Orders and Accounts
f [62v] (23 November-22 November)
...ffor wvne and sugar at Robert Reynoides dynner
To the musitions at thattyme
Also he prayeth allowance of money by him iayed out for
a supper at a meeting at the newynne
ffor wyne at the same tyme
ffor musick at the same tyme
ffor wyne and sugar; at the masters dynner
To the musick at the same tyme
GCL: 28652/18
vs. xd.
iiisiii/d...
xlijs
xxiij s Ix d] j d
vj s
xviij s. x d./
VS.
I617-8
Tanners' Company Orders and Accounts
f [64v] (23 November-22 November)
ffor wine and sugar art the maisters dinner
/(for musicke art the same time
GCL: 28652/18
xviijs, xd.
VS.
2O
25
Tanners' Company Orders and Accounts
f [67] (23 November-22 November)
Payd for musicke art the maisters dinner
GCL: 28652/18
vS.
3O
I619-zo
Tanners" Company Orders and Accounts GCL: 28652/18
ff [68v-9] (23 November-22 November)
Item iayd out for wine and sugar art william Ieynes
35
14/ xxi*l s: second x converted from v
GLOUCESTER 1621-5
his dinner x s. viii d
Allso for musicke the same time v s.
Item iayd out for wine and sugar art Richard Luggs dinner xiiii s iiii d
Allso for musicke the same time v s.
It iii gallons of sacke, ii gallons of Clarett & i pottle of
Ciarett &iii ii. of sugar art our maisters dinner xxiii s. I
Item for musicke v s.
319
I62I-2
Tanners" Company Orders and Accounts GCL: 28652/18
f [71] (23 November-22 November)
Aliso for wine and sugar art Richard Nashes dimner xx s. iii d.
ffor musicke v s.
I6z3-4
Tanners' Company Orders and Accounts GCL: 28652/18
f [74v]* (23 November-22 November)
It art Iohn Nichols dinner art newe Inne in wine
sugar & musicke
It for vii potties of sacke iiii potties of Ciarett
j pottle of white wine ii pounde of sugar art our
master his dinner
(It) for musicke
It for Linkes
i li.-xiiii s-iii d
j ii.-iij s-iiij d
O-v s.-O
O-[vii]-viij d
25
3O
I624-5
Corporation Clerks'Memoranda Book GRO: GBR 1453/1542
f l IOv
xxv h of October 1624
At which tyme one Henry Sandes with three others brought
commicon vnder Sir Henry Harberts hand & seale master of the reveiis
161 dirnner for dinner: extra rnm*rn
322
GLOUCESTER 1629-30
f 35a (Generalpayments)
Payd the Drummers and Trumpetts vppon the
Proclayning of the prolimation for peace w,th ffraunce ij s. vj d.
f 37*
Payd Mr Merowe at Cristie for their Mussicke
in the Colledg vs. 10
Tanners" Company Orders and Accounts GCL: 28652/18
f [83v] (23 November-22 November)
It payd vnto the waightplayers art Lawrence Luggs &
Richard Williams dinner v s.
It for wine and sugar art our maisters dinner xxiiij s
It or musicke vs. z0
I629-3o
Tanners' Company Orders and Accounts
f [85v] (23 November-22 November)
It for wine and sugar art our maisters dinner
It for musicke
GCL: 28652/18
jli.-js-ijd
VS
Cathedral Treasurers'Accounts GRO: D 936 A I/1 30
p 153 (25 March-24 March) (Extraordinarypayments)
Repayed to Iohn Merro for a Rome which he rented of
Iohn Beames to teache the Children to playe vppon the
Vialls 10 s. 3s
p 62 (Rewards)
To A poore Singingman at the intreaty of the
Quiremen 2 s. 4o
To A poore Musicion sent by Mr Subdeane 6 d.
1/ Proclaynmg for Proclaymmg: rnzn*rn rntss*ng .Ms; prolimation for proclimation
324
GLOUCESTER 1633-5
spent in wine and sugar
Item the same tyme by the consent of the maister
wardens and the rest of the companie spent more
in wine & sugar
Item for musicke the same tyme
Item he craueth allowance for fortye shillinges
towardes the keepeinge of his maisters dinner
accordinge to the order in that case made &
provided
Item the same tyme spent in wine
Item for sugar
Item for musicke
I633-4
Tanners' Company Orders and Accounts
f [94] (23 November-22 November)
It spent in wine and sugar when I keepe my
maisters dinner
It payd for musicke
It for musicke art Iohn Luggs dinner
Cathedral Treasurers'Accounts GRO" D 936 A 1/1
p 256 (25 March-24 March) (Rewards)
To some of the Waytes for playinge in the Quire per
Consensum Magistri Decani
O0 -- X S -- O0
VIII S -- O0
00-- VS--O0
ij li - oo - oo
j li. - oo - oo
oo - iij s - oo
O0 -- v S -- O0
GCL: 28652/18
j li. - viii s - vj d
00-- VS--O0
oo -iis - vid
2O
25
o 5- o. 30
I634-5
Tanners" Company Orders and Accounts GCL: 28652/18
ff [95-5v] (23 November-22 November) 3s
It spent in wine & sugar when I kept my masters
dinner j li.-j s-viii dl
It payd for musicke oo - v s - o0
GLOUCESTER 1634--5
325
Cathedral Treasurers" Accounts GRO: D 936 A 1/I
p 272* (25 March-24 March) (Extraordinary payments)
Given to the Waites at Ablods Court. o.
Judgment upon Sabbath-breakers Burton: Divine Tragedie
ff 24v- 5
Vpon May Eve Thomas Tree of Glocester, Carpenter in the Parish
of S. Michael, some coming unto him, and asking him, whether he
would go with them to fetch the May-pole, he swore by the Lords
wounds, that he I would, though he never went more. Now whiles
he was working on the May-pole on May day morning, before he had
finished his work, the Lord smote him with such a lamenesse and
swelling in all his limbs, that he could neither go, nor lift his hands
to his mouth, to feed himself, but kept his bed for half a yeer together,
and stil goes lame to this day; May 4, 1636.
635-6
Corporation Chamberlains'Accounts GRo: GBR F 4/5
f 8 (Fees and wages)
Item payd the Wayte players for their wages for
the whole yeare
25
Tanners" Company Orders and Accounts GCL: 28652/18
f [96v] (23 November-22 November)
It art my [mais] keeping of ou r maisters dinner spent in
wine & sugar j li - vj s - oo
It for musicke oo - v s - oo
636-7
Corporation Chamberlains' Accounts GRO: GBR F 4/5
f 38 (Fees and wages)
Item payd the wayte players for theire wages for the
3O
35
4O
GLOUCESTER 1638--40
Tanners" Company Orders and Accounts GCL: 28652/18
f [99 v] (23 November-22 November)
Item at my keeping of our masters dinner in wine
and suger i li. - ix s - viii d
Item spent by consent of the company afterwards viii s vii d
Item for musicke v s
327
Cathedral Treasurers'Accounts GRO: D 936 A I/2
p 58 (25 March-24 March) (Extraordinary payments)
To Richard Brodgate Iunior for playinge on the
Sagbott the whole yeare. 3:
O: O.
10
I638-9
Corporation Chamberlains'Accounts GRO: GBR F 4/5
f 97v (Annuities, fees, and wages)
Item Payd the Waytplayers theyr wages for the
whole yeare
iiii li.
2O
Cathedral Treasurers'Accounts GRO: D 936 A 1/2
p 8I* (25 March-24 March) (Extraordinarypayments)
To Richard Bradgate Iunior for playing on the
Sagbutt the whole yeare
3 0
25
I639-4o
Corporation Chamberlains'Accounts GRO: GBR F 4/5
f 128 (Annuities, fees, and wages)
Item payd the Wayte players theyr Wages for the
whole yeare
iiijli.
3O
35
f 29 (Gifts and rewards)
Item given to Stage playars by the appoyntemente
of Mr Mayor and the Iustices in regard they
4O
GLOUCESTER 1641-3
329
To [the] Thomas Smyth for playing on the Cornett two
yeares granted by peticion
02:00:00
Journal of Sir Simonds D "Ewes BL: Harley 162
f 219a (12 February)
The petition of the Mayor & citizens of Gloster was read that they
have ther eleven churches & [in] but one preaching minister. That at
ther owne coste they maintained on Mr Workman a godlie divine:
but hee was called into the high commission and censured, & silenced.
That after the citizens of Gioster allowing him some maintenance
weere likewise troubled in the high Commission Court. That Dr.
Goodman the Bishopp of Gloster was an enemie to all preaching &
godlines: maintaining fidlers in his howse on the sunday, & dancing
in the cittie. It was after divers motions ordered to bee referred to the
Committee touching Dr. Peirce Bisbopp of Bath & Wells.
1641-2 20
Corporation Chamberlains'Accounts GRO: GBR F 4/5
f I74 (Annuities, fees, and wages)
Item. payd the Wayte players theyr wages for the
whole yeare o4 li.-oo-oo 2s
Cathedral Treasurers" Accounts GRO: D 936 A 1/2
p I48 (25 March-24 March) (Extraordinary payments)
To Henry Vizard for playing on the Saggbutt the
whole yeare
3
1642-3
Corporation Chamberlains" Accounts GRO: GBR F 4/5
f 2o7 (Annuities, fees, and wages)
Item: paid the Wayte players their wages for the
whole yeare o4-00-00
HENBURY 1599 / LITTLEDEAN 1601--2
whoore)) but I am not such a whore as shee is for thy mother meaning
katheryne Hasleton articulate was naught at Harsecombe vpon a Bedd
and that one Bond a Musitian did play at the bedes feete in the meane
tyme, [All which] meaning thereby as this Deponent conceived that
some one man or another had had the carnall knowledge of (the body
of the said katheryne Haselton articulate ....
HENBURY
331
1599
Bristol Diocese Bishop' Cause Book
f 269v
contra Roberturn Stoakes
parochie de henburie
articulatur by report for
kepeinge of musicke &
Dansinge in his howse
at the time of eueniinge
praier
BRO" EP/J/I/I 1
10
LITTLEDEAN
Siimiliter Comparuit Stoakes et,rfassus
est presentaconP [negat presentacio(..) esse
verurn vnde Dorninus] vnde Dorninus
iniunxit ei penitentiam sequentern videlicet
that he hath [on the] ,rtol morrowe
[followenge] in the parishe church of
henburie sig(.)nifye publiquelye vnto the
whole congregacon that he hath offended
the lawe in keepinge of musique & dancinge
in his howse in time of Devine service &c et
ad certificandum
I601-2
Gloucester Diocese Consistory Court Cause Book
GRO: GDR 90
ff 178--8v* (10 March)
Willelmus hopkins detected for playeing at tabber & pipe at
de eadem [servis] tymes, inconvenient./
[excommunicatus]
Citatus in ecclesia
Comparuit et dominus iniunxit ei ad fatendum culpam vestibus
assuetis die dominica proxima et ad certificandum in proxima/
peregit
3O
4O
14/ Siirmhter: extra mzmm 19/ eueniinge: extra rmnzm
334 MITCHELDEAN 1588--9
excellencie of your highnes witt can consider and examine advisedlie,
and iudge [and] easilie of the same.
the first.
branche.
10.
11.
12.
13.
A restraint of the profaning of the Saboth day especiallie with
minstrelcie, baiting of beares and other beastes, and such like.
That it be felonie in hym that will haue hencefoorth two wiues lyving
and felony in her that will haue hencefoorth two husbandes lyving.
A restraint of publishing profane poetrie bookes of profane songes
sonnettes pamphlettes and such like, otherwise then to be sold out
of your highnes dominions.
That there be no booke pamphlett sonnet ballad or libell printed or
written of purpose either to be sold or openlie [b] published without
your maiestes licence.
The psalmes of the prophett David being now in english meeter to
be printed in folio in such sort as prophane ballades now are.
To prohibite euery spirituall person to haue any more then one
benifice, and that they be resident vppon the same except six weekes
in the yeare.
That there be not any admitted into the ministery but at such time
as there shalbe a place voide of a Curate, And that such as can preache
the word be thervnto preferred rather then others.
To nominate and sett downe euery suspicion of papistrie and to punish
the offendors by fyne or otherwise for the first second and third
offence.
That euery papist and recusant be exempted out of euery Iury and
inquisicion and to be barred of his othe if challenge be made against
hym.
That the inhabitantes of euery parish suffering any scholemaister to
teache publkely within their parishe without licence of the Lord
Bishop of the same dioces do forfaite vnto your maiestie for euery
weeke so teaching x li. And euery person keping in his howse any
scholemaister teaching privatlie vnlicenced as is aforsaide to forfaite
for euery day so kepte x li. The righte honorable the Lordes of your
maiestes privy Counsaill and such as shall please your highnes to be
excepted.
That euery person arested within the County of Middlesex recouer
his treble costes if after his apparance the plaintiff doth not declare
w,thin three daies next after and prosequuteth with effect,
That no spirituall person do make or write any manner of evidences
but onlie testamentes and last wills.
The thirteenth, and if it please your maiestie, is the bodie & service
of my self your most humble poore subiect and dailie Orator to
TEWKESBURY 1525--68 33.5
commaunde at your highnes pleasure.
TEWKESBURY
Anthonye Bridgeman
of Mychell Deane
in the County of GI(...)
525-6
Letter from John Veysey, Bishop of Exeter, and Others to Wolsey
BL: Cotton Vespasian F Xlll #187
f 24o* (27 November)
Please it youre grace for the great repaire of stranglers supposed vnto
the pryncesse honorable householde this solempne fest of Cristmas.
we humbly beseche the same/to let vs knowe youre gracious pleasure/ ts
concernyng aswell a ship of siluer for the Almes Disshe requysite for
her high estate/and spice plates/as also for trumpettes and a Rebek
to be sent/and whither we shall appoynte any lord of mysrule for the
said honorable householde/provide for enterludes Disgysynges or
pleyes in the said fest/or for banket on twelf nyght/And in likewise 20
whither the pryncesse shall sende any newe yeres giftes to the kynge
the quene youre grace and the frensshe quene/and of the value &
Devise of the same Besechyng your grace also to pardon oure busy
and Importunate sutes to the same in suche bihalf made/Thus oure
right syngler good lorde we pray the holy trynyte haue you in his 25
holy preseruacion/At Teoxbury the xxvii Day of nouember/
youre humble orators
(signed)
To the most reuerent ffather in god
the lord Cardinall his good grace./
567-8
St Mary the Virgin "s Churchwardens'Accounts
p 21 (4 May 1567-16 May 568)
Item Recevid for the hier of the players gere
Iohn Exoniensis
Ieiliz Grevile
peter burnell
Iohn Salter
G.Bromley
Thomas Audeley
GRO." P 329 CW2/1
xvii i d
3O
35
4O
4/ GI(...): probably Gloucester; page torn
336 TEWKESBURY 1572--7
157z-4
St Mary the Virgin "s Churchwardens'Accounts
p 41 (4 May t572-2o April t574)
Reseved ffore the Lone off the players aperell
GRO: P329CW2/I
iij s iiij d
1575-6
StMary the Virgin "s Churchwardens'Accounts GRO: P329CW2/I
P 51 (July-July)
paid for rnendinge ye newe seate beinge brokene Downe
at Aplaye ij d
paid for navlles to Doo ye same j d
1576-7
St Mary the Virgin "s Churchwardens'Accounts
P 55 (July-July)
Item Receved for the hyer of players gere
GRO: P329CW2/I
iij s viij d
p 57
Item Receved of Thomas Wheler for hier of the players
geare
lllJ S
p 6o
ffurther we haue loned out some players geare to Thorns
& lohn Wheler the note wherof we receued by theyr hand
wrytyng & they [s] most paye for hyer of it on myd sorner
yeve & then delyuer it agayne ml s
Areregis there is due to be Receued & to be chargyd to the next
Churchwardens as followeth
[of Thomas & lohn Wheler - iiij s]
25
35
337
TEWKESBURY 1577--80
p 62 (July-July)
The charge of the howe churchwardens Iohn
Bubbe & Richard ffield anno 577-
ffirst delivered to them in lead - xxiij, c 5
twentie three hundred poundes
Item in brasse half hundred lacking ij. li
Item five Corslettes ,rfurnished term Calivers/
sixteene murrens/lower pickes/
Item in yron one barr/one highe Candlestick. 10
one Casement/ij chaynes
Item one fiche Coape/five players gownes/iiij Iacketts/iiij beardes/
twoo heades/
Item tenn towel [(..)]s/ vii albes or sirplisses/xj other pieces of lynnen./
Item ij curtynns up at the handes of Mr Gailetiewood by Richard ffield 5
& Iohn Bubbe then churche wardens/
577-8
St Mary the Virgin's Churchwardens'Accounts
p 63 (3 September I577-3 May 1578 ) 20
Item Receued of Richarde Donne for ye hyer of ye
players Apparell iij s iiij d
p 65 25
More that is by vs/paide vnto those whose names
are vnderwritt for ye players geare as followeth
Item to Roberte Collens for payntinge iiij s vj d
Item to Roger Mylwarde for makinge of garmentes iiij s viii d 30
Item to Richard Westone for makinge A Ierkine xiij d
Item for vj sheepe skyns for Christes garmentes iij s
Item to William ffyelde for buckeram for capes viii d
Item for two kippe skines for ye thunder heades xvj d
ooo 35
GRO: P329 CW2/I
IS78-80
StMarytheVirgin'sChurchwardens'Accounts GRo: P329 CW2/I
p 66* (13 July-?)
Item Receued for the hyer of the players apparell vj s viij d
338
TEWKESBURY 1580--4
ltim Receued of Roger wiette for the hire of the
players apparell
iijs
I582- 3
StMarytheVirgin'sChurchwardens'Accounts GRO: P329 CW2/1
p 74* (Account rendered 7 August 1583)
Item Receued of luke hurst for,rhyer of ye players
apparell ij s vii d
Item Receued for ye hyer of the players beardes vj d
P 75
Item Receued for the players capes
vial
p 79 (Arrears)
Item of Richard mathewes & salsburie for the hyer of the
players geere
iijsiiijd
1583- 4 2s
StMarytbeVirgin'sCburcbwardens'Accounts GRO: P329 CW2/1
p 8o (24 May 1584)
Item Reseuyd off Wyllyam salsbery & Rychard mathews
for the hyer off ye players Rament iij s iiij d 30
p 8I
im Reseuyd for the lonne off ye Reparell at
Chrystymas
Item We haue Reseuyd off Rychard Wood / & /
Iohn farley off mathen for ye hyer off ye Reparell
viii s ij d
VS
9-12/ entrtes marked with asterisk (in later hand)?
38/ mathen: Mathon, Wore, eleven miles from Tewkesbury
340
, steeple
TEWKESBURY 1600-1
selves to build a battlement vppon the toppe of the churche tower
offred to do the same by contracting martes without any common
charge: and to that purpose did sett furthe iij stage playes shewed in
the abby at Whitsontide following, and making further mocion for a
churchale, the same could not be granted but vnder some condicons
of abuses accustomed to be reforned and abouts midsom(..) following
(didd) that battlement which cost vppon the accompt - Ixvj li.
16OO--!
St Ma. the Virgin's Churchwardens "Accounts GRO: P 329 CW 2/i
pp t 3o-t* (July-July)
Also these Churchewardens vndertooke to sett a battlement of stone
vppon the topp of the tower as now it standeth where before was none,
but stoode as it was at the fall of the spier of leade, which happened
on Easterdeye in the first yeere of the Quenes maiestis raigne on which
was a beautifull woodden battlement.
This battlement of stone they adventured vppon themselves by 20
makinge of martes wzth suche as would take of them, only was licensed
them for that yeere to devise some meetinges to be had within the
towne for their helpe therein which they after practised by settinge
furthe iij severall stage playes within the abbey on the iij first dyes of
whitson weeke anno Domini . 6oo. havinge begun that woorck in lent 2s
before of which charge they acquainte the bailiffes & parishe as
followeth;
Imprimis they accompt to have gotten by gifte within the towne &
countrey [a] neere aboute in wheate & make / videlicet wheate xvj
bushels at iij s iiij d a bushel and of malte xxxj bushels at ij s vj d rated o
vj li. x s. x d. of whzch they gained by vtteraunce of the same at their
playes so muche as made the the same amounte to xij li. ij s. xd.
Item receved for the gaine of the iij playes
Item receved of free gifte aboue martes
Item receved for lead that was spared from the topp
of the tower
Item receved for spare tymber
Summa - xlv li. ij s.
xij li. vii s. ij d
XV S. 15
xviij li. xv s.
xxij s.
6/ reforned for reformed: mtmm rmssm g ms 251 16oo underlzned ms
28/ Imprims n extra large, heawly inked letters
TEWKESBURY 1600-1 3'.1
Expended aboute the same battlementes and playes as followeth;
lmprimis for making a whele to drawe vp stone to
the tower xlj s.
Item for takinge vp the lead & wyniige the tymber
woorck xxij s iij d. s
Item for wynding vp stones to the masons iij li. xj s.
ltem for baskettes, cradles & necessaries viii s viii d.
Item for xix lodes of stone from coscombe quarr v li. iiij s.
Item for hallinge over stones from Stanwey hill iiij li.
Item for sand, hallinge it & lyme and timber & morter xliiij s ij d. I 0
Item paidd to the masons xxxj li. xij d.
Item paid Bradburye to attend them xiiij s
Item for yron woorck for bothe battlementes &
pyinacles xliij s iiij d
Item for carpenters woorck & nayles to laye the lead is
on the tower xij s
Item for castinge gutters laying & soldringe xxxij s iij d
Summa liiij li. xiij s. vii d.
laid out aboute the playes.
Imprimis for the place to playe in
Item for attendantes & other thinges
Item to T.B. for his charges
Item for hier of apparell
Item for iij trumpetters
Item for musicions all the tyme
Item for [i] j butte[s] [r& halfe 1] of beare and
brewing our make
Item for fruites & spices
Item for coockery
Item for meate for the players
Item for wayters in the seller & cuppes
All the receiptes towardes the makinge of the
battlementes
The whole charges vppon the battlementes
and playes
By which accompt appeareth that the
Churchewardens have in this woorcke expended
more then they gained by there playes the sum of
2O
xiij s iiij d.
xjsxd.
XXX So
XXS.
XV S. 25
xxxiij s iiij d.
xls.
xvij s.
xii s viii d. 3o
xxxsvjd.
ix s
xlv li. ij s.
35
[lxx] lxvj li. vj s iij d.
xxj li. iiii s.
1/ Expended in large, heavdy raked letter 10/ & morter added after entry complete
41 wyniige for wyninge: rnlmm mmmg
342
TEWKESBURY 1600--1 / "fOR'I'WORTH 1602-3
This xxi li iiij s is to be compared with the mattes which they
adventured
Gloucester Diocese Consistory Court Cause Book
GRO: GDR 90
f 52 (tzJune)
Robertus Ieynes Ad respondendum articulis
de eadem comparuit dictus Ieynes et vigore iuramenti
affirmavit that aboutes christmas laste was 3 yeeres Thomas Deacons
called to this deponent Robert Ieynes then comminge from the play
and [told him that] requested him to goe alonge with him to Richard
Brushes howse and there he should fynde Iohn [Hodges] hazard &
Margery Hodges in an vpper chamber togeather which he did
accordingly and when they came thither they found there [the said Io.]
rthel Constable & divers others to the nomber of xx ty persons or
thereaboutes and the matter beinge then called in question the said
Iohn hazard did as it did then appeare lament his falte and the said
Marge" Hodges as one lohn Cooke told this deponent offered to glue
him v li or three poundes & a gold ringe to saue her honestye &
to conceale this matter &c/
TORTWORTH
I60Z-3
Gloucester Diocese Consistory Court Deposition Books
GRO" GDR 89
f [m6]* (t3 October)
Yillelmus Lawrence de Torthworth in Comitatu Gloucestrie
husbandman vbi moram fecit per dudlcim aut circiter ortus in
Chavenidge infra parochiam de Horseley in Comitatu predicto etatis
xxxij, annorum aut circiter libere vt dicit condicmnis testis &c.
Ad primum dicit that mr wylmot articulate ys a minister in holy orders
as he beleeveth and parson of Tortworth and so comonly accompted
and taken/
33/ dud,c*mforduodeom 34/ Chavenidge: Cbavenage, Glouc.*nthepanshofHorseley
TORTWORTH 1602-3 343
Ad iii. deponit that vppon the sunday before St. Thomas day last past
at a wedding and in the Church howse of Tortworth after Candellighting
this deponent did see mr wylmot articulate amongest diuers others of his
parishioners dance and lay a Cushion on the ground and kneele downe
vppon,ritl and kysse[d] a woman that then daunced with him, as all the
rest that then daunced with him (being [(..)] v. or vj. or more) also
did/and ymedyatly after, this deponent did heare the said mr wylmott
say thus in effecte/viz. Bycause my Lord Byshopp of Gloucester will
not geue me leaue to preach, I will studdy hoe more on my booke and
howe I will studdy knauery. And there were then present this
deponent Gyles Daunt and diuers others et aliter nescit deponere./
[f IO6v]*
Egidius Dawnte parochze de Osellworth in Comitatu Gloucestrie
generosus vbi moram fecit per duodecem annos vltra elapss etatis xlvj
annorurn aut eo circiter testis productus et iuratus Dicit et deponit vt
sequitur.
Ad primum credit eundem esse verum.
Ad secundum nescit deponere./
Ad tertium dicit that the sundaye before Sainte Thomas daye last past
,r(as this deponent remembreth) he 1 this deponent accompanyed with
others came into the Churchhouse att Tortworth about vii or viii a
clock in the Eveninge and there founde divers of that parishe and other
straingers dawnceinge and amongest the rest tharticulate mr willm(ott)
and beinge well acquainted with him mr willmott came vnto this
deponent and asked him if he wolde dawnce to whome this deponent
replyed yea if he (meaneinge the saide mr willmot t) wolde beginn and
leade a dawnce, and mr willmott saide faith that I will. for nowe the
Bishopp hath suspended me ,rfrom preacheinge 1 1 will practise and
studdye all knaveries and therewithall he begann, and ledd the Cushin
dawnce with a Cushin on his sholder and kneeled downe as the order
of the dawnce is, and kissed one goodwife Hickes [there presente] there
beinge presente Thomas Taute and others whome this deponent doth
not nowe verie well remember. Et aliter nescit deponere.
17/ dapss for elapsos
25/ that converted from the
Diocese of Gloucester
I6O7
Visitation Articles GaO: GDR 102
sigs B3-B3v
Articles concerning the parishioners, and other of the Laity
17 Whether hane you or your predecessors, Churchwardens there
suffered since the last pardon, any playes, feasts, banquenttes,
Churchales, Drinkinges or any other prophane vsages, to bee kept in
your Church, chappels, or Churchyard, or beis to be rung
superstitiously vpon holy daies or Eues abrogated by the booke of
Common Prayer, contrary to the 68. Canon?
Visitation Articles GRO." GDR 115 s
sig B3
1 Touching the Church-wardens and Side-men.
Whether you and the Church-wardens, Quest-men, or Side-men,
from time to time, doe and haue done their diligences, in not suffering 20
any idle person to abide either in the Church-yard, or Church-porch,
in Seruice or Sermon time, but causing them either to come into the
Church to heare Diuine Seruice, or to depart, and not disturbe such
as be hearers there.' And whether haue they, and doe you diligently
see the Parishioners duely resort to the Church euery Sunday and 2s
Holliday, and there to remaine during Diuine seruice and sermon?
And whether you or your predecessors, Churchwardens there, suffer
any Piaies, Feasts, Drinkings, or any other prophane vsages, to be kept
in your Church, Chappell, or Church-yards, or haue suffered to your
and their vttermost power and endeuour, any person person or 30
301 person person: typographical error
346
DIOCESE OF GLOUCESTER 1612-24
persons, to be tipling or drinking in any Inne or Victualing house in
vour Parish, during the time of Diuine Seruice or Sermon, on Sundaies
and Holydaies.
1622
Visitation Articles GRO: GDR 146
P7
28 Whether haue any Lords of misrule, dauncers, players, or any other
disguised person, beene suffered to dance or play vpon the Sabbath
day, or to enter into the church or chappeil, with games or daunces,
to the prophaning of Gods house, or into the church-yarde in time
of Diuine seruice: and if they haue, what bee the names of such
disordered persons.
29 Whether there be any stage-playes, beare-baitings, bui-baitings, or
other such vnlawfull and prophane exercises vsed vpon the Sabbath
day: and who gaue them Licence. Whether there be any common
drinkings in the Church, and who were present at such drinkings: or
sports, or any that doe sit in the Tauerne, or Alehouse, or streetes
vpon Sundayes or Holidayes, in time of morning or euening prayer.
1624
Visitation Articles Folger Shakespeare Library: #10213.8 25
sig B2
17 Whether haue you or your predecessors, churchwardens, there
suffered (since the last pardon) any playes, feasts, banquets, chuchales,
drinkings, or any other prophane vsages, to be kept in your Church, 30
chappeli, or churchyard, or bels to be rung superstitiously vpon
holidayes or Eues, abrogated by the Booke of Common Prayer,
contrary to the 68. canon.
29/ chuchalesfor churchales
Households
Ad prandmm
Ad pran&um
BEAUCHAMP
420-
Household Account Book of Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick
Longleat House: Ms Misc. Ix
f 3ov* (External expenses to date)
...Et in expensis .ii- minstrallis domini de Wallia venientibus usque
Berkeley ad loquendum cure domina & existentibus in hostelaria
eiusdem Iohannis. Shephurde. per .vj. noctes dicta mense, viii d
f 43 (6 November) (Guests)
...Item I. mynstrallus domme, de Staffordia ....
f 56 (z3 December) (Guests)
...Item .iij. Trumpettes domini. Item .ij. harpers ....
f 57* (24 December-6 January) (External expenses)
2o
...In. diuersis disgisingez, factis hoc. festo .x.d. Et dato cuidam
mynstrallo dommi de Clarense. existenti in hospicio per I diem et 1
noctem [hos] hoc. festo, vj. s. viii. d. Et dato vj. ludentibus coram
domina, hoc festo de Slymbrugge per preceptum domine .iij. s. iiii.
d. Et dato .iiij. ludentibus de Wotton. pro consilio, ex precepto domine -,s
.xx. d. Et dato .i i. minstrallis [de] domine de Bergeveny. existentibus
in hospicio videlicet in festo Epiphanie. vj. s. viii. d...
24/ Slymbrugge: Shmbridge. Glouc 25/ Wotton: Wotton under Edge. Glouc
26/ Bergeveny: Abergavenny
BRYDGES 1592
349
Vouchsafe to heare, a simple Shephard, shephards and simplicity
cannot part, your highnes is come into Cotshold, an vneuen country,
but a people, that carry their thoughtes leuell with their fortunes, lowe
spirites, but true harts, vsing plaine dealinge, once counted a Iewell
nowe beggery, these hills afoorde nothing but cottages, and nothing
can we present to your highnes, but shephards. The country healthy,
and harmeles, a fresh aier, where there are noe dampes, and where a
black sheepe is a perilous beast, no monsters, we carry our harts, at
our tongues ends, being as farre from dissembling, as our sheepe from
fiercenesse, and if in anything, we shall chance to discouer our leudnes,
it wilbe in ouer boldnesse, in gazinge at you, who ills our harts with
ioye, and our des with wonder, as for the honorable Lord and Lady
of the Castle, what happines they conceiue, I would it were possible
for them selues to expresse, then should your Maiestie see, that al
outwarde enterteinment, were but a smoake rising from their inward
affections, which as they cannot be seene, being in the hart, so can they
not be smoothred, appearing in their countenance, this lock of wooll
Cotsholdes best fruite, and my poore gift, ! offer to your highnes, in
which nothing is to be esteemed, but the whitenes, virginities colour,
nor to be expected but duetye, shepards religion.
Sunday, Apollo running after Daphne, a
Shepheard followed vttering this.
Nescis temeraria; nescis,
Quem fugias; dieq/e fugis.
25
A short tale, but a sorrowfull, a lust complaint, but remedelesse, I
loued, (for shephardes haue their Saints) I long I loued (for beauty
bindeth prentices) a Nymph most faire & as chast as faire, yet not more 3
faire, then I vnhappy, Apollo who calleth him selfe a god (a title among
men, when they will commit iniuries) tearme themsdues gods,
pursued my Daphne with bootelesse loue, and me, with endlesse hate,
her he woed; with fair wordes, the flatteries of men, with great gifts,
the sorceries of gods, with crudl threates, the terrefiing of weake 35
damosels Nec prece nec pretio ndc mouet ille minis, me; he terrified
with a monstrous word metamorphosing, saying that he would turne
me into a woolfe and of a shepheard make me a sheepe-biter, or into
25-61 You do not know, rash girl, you do not know whom you flee: you flee from the day :
Ovid, Metamorphoses, L 514
36/ Neither by entreaty, nor by reward, nor by threats does he move (her).
350
BRYDGES 1592
a Cockatrice and cause mine eies which gazed on her, to blind hers
which made mine dazell, or to a molde that I should heare his flattering
speech, but neuer behold her faire face, tantend animis calestibus ire?
sometimes would he allure her with sweete musicke, but harmony is
harsh when it is lusts broaker, often with promise of immortality, but
chastetye.is of it. selfe immortall, euer pursuing her with swiftnes, but
vertue tying wngs to the thoughts of Virgins, swiftnes becommeth
surbated; thus liued he twixt loue and ielousy; I twixt loue and danger;
she twixt feare and vertue. At last and alas, this day I feare of all my
ioyes the last, I cannot as a Poet (who describing the morning, and
before he tell what it is, make it night,) stand on the time, loue coyneth
no circumloquutions, but by the sunne, a Shepheardes Diall, which
goeth as true as our harts, it was four of the clock, when she flying
from his treason was turned into a tree; which made me stand, as
though I had bene turned into a stone, and Apollo so enchanted as
wounded with her Iosse, or his owne crueltye, the fingers which were
wonte to play on the Lute, found no other instrument then his owne
face, the goulden haire the pride of his heade pulde off in lockes and
stampt at his feete, his sweete voice, turned to howling; and there
sitteth he, (long male he sorrowe,) wondring, and weeping, and kissing
the lawrell, his late loue, and mine euer. Pleaseth your Maiestye to
viewe the melancholy of Apollo, my distresse, and I Daphnes
mischance, it may be the sight of so rare perfection, will make him
die for griefe, which I wish, or Daphne returne to her olde shape,
which must be your wounder; if neither, it shal content me that I haue
reuealed my griefes, and that you may beholde his.
This speech ended, her Maiesty sawe Apollo
with the tree, hauing on the one side
one that sung, on the other one
that plaide.
Sing you, plaie you, but sing and play my truth,
This tree my Lute, these sighes my notes of ruth:
The Lawrell leafe for euer shall bee greene,
And chastety shalbe Apolloes Queene.
If gods maye dye, here shall my tombe be plaste,
And this engrauen, fonde Phoebus, Daphne chaste.
31 (Can)suchgreatwrath(liehidden,hnheavenlyhearts?: Virgfl, Aenetd L H; calestibus for
caelestibus
BRYDGES 1592
After these verses, the song.
My hart and tongue were twinnes, at once conceaued,
The eldest was my hart, borne dumbe by destenie,
The last my tongue, of all sweete thoughts bereaued,
Yet strung and tunde, to play harts harmonie.
Both knit in one, and yet asunder placed,
What hart would speake, the tongue doeth still discouer,
What tongue doth speake, is of the hart embraced,
And both are one to make a new found louer:
New founde, and onely founde in Gods and Kings,
Whose words are deedes, but deedes nor words regarded:
Chaste thoughts doe mount and file with swiftest wings,
My loue with paine, my paine with losse rewarded:
Engraue vpon this tree, Daphnes perfection,
That neither men nor gods, can force affection.]
The song ended, the tree riued, and Daphne
issued out, Apollo ranne after, with
these words.
351
20
Nimpha mane, per me concordant carmina neruis.
Faire Daphne staye, too chaste because too faire,
Yet fairer in mine eies, because so chaste,
And yet because so chaste, must I despaire?
And to despaire, I yeelded haue at last.
Shepheard possesse thy loue, for me too cruell,
Possesse thy loue, thou knowest not how to measure,
A dunghill cock doeth often finde a Iewell,
Enioying that, he knowes not to be treasure.
When broomy bearde, to sweepe thy lips presume,
When on thy necke, his rough hewen armes shall moue,
And gloate on thee with eies that drizell reume,
When that his toothlesse mouth shall call thee loue,
Noght will I saie of him, but pittie thee,
That beauty might, but would no wiser bee.
Daphne running to her Maiestie
vttred this.
25
30
22/ Nymph, remain: it is through me that songs blend with stringed instruments: Ovid,
Metamorphoses, L 518
352
BRYDGES 1592
I stay, for whether should chastety fly for succour, but to the Queene
of chastety, by thee was I enterred in a tree, that by crafte, way might
be made to lust, by your highnes restored, that by vertue, there might
be assurance in honor: these tables, to set downe your prayses long
since Sibillas prophesies I humbly present to your Maiesty, not
thinking that your vertues can be deciphered in so slight a volume, but
noted; the whole world is drawen in a small mappe, Homers Illiades
in a nutshel, and the riches of a Monarch, in a few cyphers, and so
much ods, betwext explaining of your perfections, and the touching,
as is betwixt painting and thinking, the one, running ouer a little table
I in a whole day, the other ouer the whole world in a minute, with
this vouchsafe a poore virgins wish, that often wish for good husbands,
mine, only for the endlesse prosperity of my soueraigne.
The verses, written in the tables which
were giuen to her Maiesty.
Let fame describe your rare perfection,
Let nature paint your beuties glory,
Let loue engraue your true affection,
Let wonder write your vertues story,
By them and Gods must you be blazed,
Sufficeth men they stand amazed.
The thirde day shoulde haue beene presen-
ted to her Maiestie, the high Constable of
Cotsholde but the weather so vnfit, that it
was not. But this it should haue beene,
one clothed all in sheepes-skins, face
& all spake this by his interpreter.
3O
May it please your highnes, this is the great Constable and
commandadore of Cotsholde, he speaks no language, but the
Rammish tongue, such sheepishe gouernours there are, that can say
no more to a messenger then he, (Bea), this therfore, as signifying his 3s
duety to your Maiestye, and al our desires, I am commanded to be
his interpreter, or shepheards starre, pointing directly to Cotshold,
and in Cotshold, to Sudley, made vs expect some wonder, and of the
eldest, aske some counsel, it was resolued by the ancientst, that such
a one should come, by whome all the shepheards should haue their 40
37/ or for our
IRY DGES 1592 353
flocks in safety, & their owne liues, all the country quiemes, & the
whole world astonish-lment: our Constable commaunds this day to
be kept holliday, all our shepheards are assembled, and if shepheards
pastimes may please, how Joyful would they be if it would please you
to see them; which if you vouchsafe not, as pastimes too meane for s
your Maiestie, they meane to call this day the shepheards blacke day;
in all humilitie we entreat, that you would cast an eie to their rude
deuices, and an eare to their harshe wordes, and if nothing happen to
be pleasing, the amends is, nothing shalbe tedious.
After this speech her Majesty was to be
brought amonge the shepheards amonge
whome was a King and a Queene
to be chosen and thus they
beganne, is
Melibaus. Nisa. Cutter of Cootsholde.
Mel. Cvt the Cake, who hath the beane; shalbe King, and where the
peaze is, shee shalbe Queene. 20
Nis. I haue the peaze, and must be Queene.
Mel. I the beane and King, I must cammaunde.
Nis. Not so, the Queene, shall and must commaunde, for I haue
often heard of a King that coulde not commaunde his subiects, and
of a Queene that hath commaunded Kings. 2s
Mel. I yeeld, yet it is within compasse of my authoritie to aske
questions and first I will beginne with you in loue, I meane
Shepheardes loue, for I will not meddle with Gentlefolkes loue, which
is most constant, the man or the woman?
Nis. It is no question, no more then if you should aske whether on 0
a steepe hill, a square stone, or a globe stoode most steddye.
Mel. Both loulng, which is most louing?
Nis. The woman if she haue her right, the man, if he be his owne
Indge.
Mel. Why doth the man euer woe the woman, the woman neuer 3s
the man?
Nis. Because men are most amorous and least chaste, women
carelesse of fonde affections, and when they embrace them, fearefull.
But vnlesse your questions were wiser, I commaunde you to silence.
You sirra, that sit as though your wits were a vvoole-gathering will 40
34/ Indgefor ludge
354
BRYDGES 1592
you haue a question, or a commaundement?
Cut. No question of a Queene, for they are harde to be answered,
but anie commaundement, for that must be obeyed.
Nis. Then sing, and you sir, a question, or commaundment?
Do. A commaundment I, and glad that I am?
Nis. Then play: Do. I haue plaide so long with my fingers that I
haue beaten out of play al my good fortunes
The Song.
Hearbes, wordes, and stones, all maladies haue cured,
Hearbes, wordes, and stones, I vsed when I loued.
Hearbes, smels, words, winde, stones hardnes haue procured,
By stones, nor wordes, nor hearbes her minde was moued;
I askt the cause, this was a womans reason,
Mongst hearbes are weedes, and thereby are refused,
Deceite, as well as truth speakes wordes in season,
False stones by foiles haue many one abused,
I sight, and then shee saide my fancie smoaked,
I gaz'd, shee saide my lookes were follies glauncing,
I sounded deade, shee saide my loue was choaked,
I started vp, shee saide my thoughtes were dauncing,
O sacred loue if thou haue any Godhead,
Teach other rules to winne a maidenheade.
Mel. Well song, & wel plaide, seldome so well amonge shepheards, 25
but call me the Cutter of Cotsholde, that I lookes as though he onlie
knew his leripoope, amorous he is, and wise, carying a sheepes eie
in a calls heade.
Nis. Will you 3 questions, or 3 commaundments?
Cut. Halle a dozen of eache. My wits worke like new beare, and they 30
will breake my head, vnlesse it vent at the mouthe.
Nis. Sing.
Cut. I haue forsworne that since cuckow-time, for I heard, one sing
all the sommer, and in the winter was all balde.
Nis. Play on the Lute. 35
Cut. Taylers crafte, a knocke on the knuckles, wil make one faste
a fortnight, my belly and back shall not be retainers to my fingers.
Nis. What question shall I aske?
Cut. Any so it be of loue.
Nis. Are youe amorous? 40
Cut. No, but fantasticall.
Nis. But what is loue?
APPENDIX 2
Willis' Description of a Play
at Gloucester
This description of a play at Gloucester's Bothall by R. Willis is well known and has
been printed in numerous histories of the theatre as a generalized example of provincial
performance during the latter half of the sixteenth century. The description appears
here in its particular local context. The entire meditation has been transcribed, because
the conclusion Willis draws gives us reason to trust his remarkably detailed account,
despite the fact that it was written many years after the performance took place. Willis
argues that great care must be taken in educating the young, 'for that their young
memories are like faire writing tables" (p I I3), and says of his own experience that
the play 'tooke such impression in me, that when I came towards roans estate, it was
as fresh in my memory, as if I had seen it newly acted' (p II3).
The performance described cannot be precisely dated, yet as Willis himself tells us
that he stood between the legs of his sitting father to watch the play, he must have
been fairly young, and yet old enough to remember what he saw. The title page of
Mount Tabor proclaims the author to have been seventy-five in the year of publication,
1639, so it seems likely that the performance took place during the 157os, when Willis
was between six and fifteen years of age.
Mount Tabor. or Private Exercises of a Penitent Sinner. By R.W.
Esquire. (London: Printed by R. B. for P. Stephens and C. Meredith,
at the gilded Lion in S. Paul's Church-yard, I639.) sTc: 25752
pp I IO-14
Upon a Stage-play Which I saw
when I was a child.
IN the City of Gloucester the manner is (as I think it is in other like
corporations) that when Players of Enterludes come to towne, they
first attend the Mayor to enforme him what noble-roans servants they
are, and so to get licence for their publike playing; and if the Mayor
like the Actors, or would shew respect to their Lord and Master, he
appoints them to play their first play before himselfe and the Aldermen
APPENDIX 2
363
and common Counsell of the City; and that is called the Mayors play,
where every one that will comes in without money, the Mayor giving
the players a reward as hee thinks fit to shew respect unto them. At
such a play, my father tooke me with him and made mee stand
betweene his leggs, as he sate upon one of the ben-lches where wee s
saw and heard very well. The play was called (the Cradle of security,)
wherin was personated a King or some great Prince with his Courtiers
of severall kinds, amongst which three Ladies were in speciall grace
with him; and they keeping him in delights and pleasures, drew him
from his graver Counsellors, hearing of Sermons, and listning to good ,0
counsell, and admonitions, that in the end they got him to lye downe
in a cradle upon the stage, where these three Ladies joyning in a sweet
song rocked him asleepe, that he snorted againe, and in the meane time
closely conveyed under the cloaths where withall he was covered, a
vizard like a swines snout uponhis face, with three wire chaines fastned is
thereunto, the other end whereof being holden severally by those three
Ladies, who fall to singing againe, and then discovered his face, that
the spectators might see how they had transformed him, going on with
their singing, whilst I all this was acting, there came forth of another
doore at the farthest end of the stage, two old men, the one in blew 20
with a Serjeant at Armes, his mace on his shoulder, the other in red
with a drawn sword in his hand, and leaning with the other hand upon
the others shoulder, and so they two went along in a soft pace round
about by the skirt of the Stage, till at last they came to the Cradle, when
all the Court was in greatest jollity, and then the foremost old man 2s
with his Mace stroke a fearfull blow upon the Cradle; whereat all the
Courtiers with the three Ladies and the vizard all vanished; and the
desolate Prince starting up bare faced, and finding himselfe thus sent
for to judgement, made a lamentable complaint of his miserable case,
and so was carried away by wicked spirits. This Prince did personate 30
in the morall, the wicked of the world; the three Ladies, Pride,
Covetousnesse, and Luxury, the two old men, the end of I the world,
and the last judgement. This sight tooke such impression in me, that
when | came towards mans estate, it was as fresh in my memory, as
if | had seen it newly acted. From whence | observe out of mine owne 3s
experience, what great care should bee had in the education of
children, to keepe them from seeing of spectacles of ill examples, and
hearing of lascivious or scurrilous words: for that their young
memories are like faire writing tables, wherein if the faire sentences
or lessons of grace bee written, they may (by Gods blessing) keepe 4
them from many vicious blots of life, wherewithall they may otherwise
bee tainted; especially considering the generall corruption of our
364
GLOUCESTERSHIRE
nature, whose very memories are apter to receive evill then good, and
that the well seasoning of the new Caske at the first, keepes it the better
and sweeter ever after, and withall wee may observe, how farre unlike
the Plaies I and harmlesse morals of former times, are to those which
have succeeded, many of which, (by report of others,) may bee termed s
schoolmasters of vice, and provocations to corruptions: which our
deprived nature is too prone unto: nature and grace being contraries.
APPENDIX 3
A Commentary on
The King's Book of
Sports
In I6I 8 Christopher Windle, vicar of Bisley, addressed to James * a slim, handwritten
volume entitled A Book, for a Buck with a Parke or, for a good Bishopricke or, for
a fatt Benefice at least. (BL: Royal Ms. 12 A. Lxx). Windle hoped to win a royal pardon
from the debts for which he had been imprisoned in Gloucester jail and perhaps further
royal preferment on his release. According to the letter of petition with which he opens
the volume, Windle was then fifty-eight or fifty-nine years of age, and had held the
Bisley living for thirty-one years (since * 587). He claims to have publicly supported
James from the moment of his accession and to have consistently opposed the king's
Puritan detractors. In fact, his antagonism toward Puritan attitudes had previously
caused him trouble; in ,6, *, his own parishioners attacked him before the consistory
court of Gloucester diocese for encouraging maypole-dancing and preaching against
numerological interpretation of the Bible (see entries under Bisley, pp 285-8). Windle
even blames his incarceration on the over-zealous enforcement of the debt laws by
officials hostile to his royalist views rather than on the poverty of the living.
In addition to the petition asking for the king's intervention and a number of
commendatory verses, Windle included in his book this commentary in Latin on The
Kings Maiesties Declaration to His Subjects, Concerning lawfull Sports to be vsed
(London: Bonham Norton and John Bill, I6.8), pp I-9- The Book of Sports, as it
came to be known, responded to the growing power of Puritan Sabbatarianism, which
attacked the practice of holding folk games, sports, and other pastimes on Sundays
and holy days. Since most of the people in agricultural communities were not free
to participate in or attend sports and games during the work-week, restraints against
having them on Sundays theatened to stamp out these folk pastimes altogether. In * 617
petitioners from Lancashire complained to the king that they were barred from all
recreations after divine service on Sunday (James Tait, 'The Declaration of Sports for
Lancashire ( 1617)," EHR 32 ( 1917), 561 --8). J ames first granted the desired licence to
the inhabitants of Lancashire and then expanded its provisions to apply to the entire
country by issuing The Book of Sports on 24 May 1618. The entire text of the
declaration has been printed here, since in the second half of his commentary Windle
discusses it point by point, providing key phrases as references in the left margin.
APPENDIX
367
bodies more able for Warre, when Wee or Our Successors shall haue
occasion to vse them. And in place I thereof sets vp filthy tiplings and
drunkennesse, and breeds a number of idle and discontented speaches
in their Alehouses. For when shal the common people haue leaue to
exercise, if not vpon the Sundayes and Holydayes, seeing they must
apply their labour, and winne their liuing in all working dayes?
Our expresse pleasure therefore is, that the Lawes of Our
Kingdome, and Canons of Our Church bee aswell obserued n that
County, as in all other places of this Our Kingdome. And on the other
part, that no lawfull Recreation shall bee barred to Our good People,
which shall not tend to the breach of Our aforesaid Lawes, and Canons
of Our Church: which to expresse more particularly, Our pleasure is,
That the Bishop, and all other inferiour Churchmen, and Churchwar-
dens, shall for their parts bee carefull and diligent, both to instruct
the ignorant, and conuince & reforme them that are misled in religion,
presenting them that will not conforme themselues, but obstinately
stand out to Our Iudges and Iustices: Whom We likewise command
to put the Law in due execution against them.
Our pleasure likewise is, That the Bishop of that Diocesse take the
like straight order with all the Puritans and Precisians within the same,
either constraining them to conforme themselues, or to leaue the
Countrey according to the Lawes of Our Kingdome, and Canons of
Our Church, and so to strike equally on both hands, against the
contemners of Our Authoritie, and aduersaries of Our Church. And
as for Our good peoples lawfull Recreation, I Our pleasure likewise
is, That after the end of Diuine Seruice, Our good people be not
disturbed, letted, or discouraged from any lawfull Recreation; Such
as dauncing, either men or women, Archerie for men, leaping,
vaulting, or any other such harmelesse Recreation, nor from hauing
of May-Games, Whitson Ales, and Morris-dances, and the setting vp
of Maypoles and other sports therewith vsed, so as the same be had
in due and conuenient time, without impediment or neglect of diuine
Seruice: And that women shall haue leaue to carry rushes to the
Church for the decoring of it, according to their old custome. But
withall We doe here accompt still as prohibited all vnlawfull games to
bee vsed vpon Sundayes onely, as Beare and Bullbaitings, Interludes,
and at all times in I the meaner sort of People by Law prohibited,
Bowling.
And likewise Wee barre from this benefite and libertie, all such
knowne Recusants, either men or Women, as will abstaine from
comming to Church or diuine Seruice, being therefore vnworthy of
any lawfull recreation after the said Seruice, that will not first come
Ro. 14.
22.
APPENDIX 3
369
timere, metuere, formidare, ne multum doloris, damni, pra:iudicij,
detrimenti, multis Ecclesia: Ministris, ha:c licentia, libertas, lenis
concessio facesseret, progigneret, vndequaque pareret. Cui turn ego
Respondi; Quid ira, qua:so? Satisne sani sumus? vel nunquid insani
atque inscij? vt quid nobis et nostra: plebi sit bonum et commodum, s
nesciamus. Esfne periculum aliquod timendum, tentandtimve; si
consentimus Declarationi? Vel autem nunquid est pra:iudicij in Ipsa
Declaratione? Tum Ille: Iubemur reminisci, vt sanct/ Sabbatum
agamus et colamus; et non partem tantbm, sed totum Sabbatum
sanctificare debemus. Ludere verb, iocari, ridere, saltare, recreate l0
corporali actione animos, est Sabbatum violare, polluere, prophanare,
contaminare; si vel tantillum
sanctificatione sanctimonique discerpatur. Siccine doctus es, inquam
ego; vel Iudaicum colendi Sabbati ritum nobis imponere; vel in
Ludicris et recreationibus corporeis contaminationem eius ponere?
Cert/: si Iudaeos imitari vel placeat, vel liceat; in la:tis exultationibus,
Iubilationibus, Choreis, tripudijs, saltationibus id fieri potest, et debet
potibs, qum in pra:cisf perstrictique temporum, dierum, locorum,
ceremoniarum, circumstantiarum observatione. Istud tamen, quoad
dierum seu temporum rationem respectfimque ausim affirmare;
nullum vnquam vel diem, vel tempus, choreis, saltibus, corporeis
gestibus, rebus iocularijs, ingenuis gaudendi modis, qukm Sabbata,
Soils, ferias, festbsque ac Dominicos dies magis convenisse, poti6s
sati6s competisse. Sabbata verb solenndsque ferias sic istis convenisse;
vt neque his praeteritis rith coil transigique possint; neque viii vnquam
tales dies absque istis ritibus rabsolut/' transigantur. Atque hoc
quidem (perquam Charissimi fratres) in apricum proferre, planum,
perspicuum, apertum facere statuo, et statim huc me converto et
recipio, qu6 nihil talis sit timoris, nihil metus, nil formidinis; quin
omne poti6s periculum, omne pra:iudicium eximatur; omni simul
detrimento, displicenti dolor4que quisque vestrfim liberetur.
Principi6 peterem equidem, non Principium, mall causa Syllogismi;
sed principalem et pra:cipuam causam nostri turn creandi, turn
instaurandi. Respondebitis procul-dubio, Gloriam Dei, seu creationis
seu Redemptionis, sive rerum aliarum omnium, finem vltimam et
finalem esse causam. Atqui verb Gloria Dei, quomodo, quibbsque
in rebus explicatur, illustratur, apparere cogitur? Habesne fidem?
inquit Apostolus. Apud teipsum habeto coram Deo. quasi diceret
homines non possunt corporeis oculis fidem videre. Vt/ platone de
11/prophanareforprofanare 27/CharissimiforCarissimi
374
GLOUCESTERSHIRE
Hos.2.
HabA
Zeph. L
Ezek_ 6.
15-= 7-
19-
aBv the
King
contra nos sit, aut faciat in hoc negotio; vt nihii fer magis aptum
appositfimque dici possit. Nuptijs non inter sunt mod6 gaudia, lusus
et Musica: sed exequijs etiam et funeribus, cuiusnam rei, quaeso,
causa ? qu significatione ? Nimirum celestia gaudia, celicam Ieticiam,
sanctorurn in celis exultationem representare, asserere, affirmare,
confirmare, stabilire. Qu6 spectant, que in Apocalipsi Divi Iohannis
de citharis Dei, prestantissimis, qum eximijs, excellentissimis
Organis celi narrantur et declarantur. Capitibus videlicet 5.14. et 15.
& cxtera. Itidem que apud Divurn Paulum habentur I. Cor. 13- I. et
14.7.8. Eph.5.19. Col. 3.16. et phil.4.4, precipu Domini Christi
delineatio apud iucam Evangelistam capite 5- versibus 23.25.31
necnon septimo decimtque. Vt rect iugere ieiuni dicantur pre Sponsi
defectu et absentifi, qui presentifi gaudere nolunt, lettque presentis
sponsi vultu letari recusant. Id quod t Nostratibus sic effertur: Panis
et Butyrum est esca qum optima; dolor autem sit Eius amantibus,
cupientibus, expetentibus vt qui tam dolosi, qum dolorosi, ipsi
desipiunt, sdque ipsos defraudant merit6 atque decipiunt. At non
Alcithoe Mineies orgia censer Attribuenda Deo. Scilicet vt
debacchantibus offerantur Ethnico Baccho, que Deo Optimo Maximo
soli omnin6 debentur; illis interim per auras et era sonantibus: Io
comites, veneremur Iacchum. Non aliter qum egisse, sdque impi
gessisse, videre est apud Hoseam, Habacucum, Zephaniam et alios,
Idoiolatricos Israelitas. Ea tamen in lehovam pi contulisse, que
nefari sic Idolis suis et prophanis atque impiis exposfiere procis,
nunquam offenderet Dominum, [offenderet] vitio nunquam
verteretur. Rex autem noster, et pastor Agamemnon, sive magis
Davidicus Salomon, sentit et censer, per iegitimos Mystas et Tyresias
Christicolas, iitandum esse divine Maiestati ac Numini, turn
animabus, turn corporibus suis a iuventute Christiana. a Videte proinde
nunquid maiorem rationem quasi presentis sponsi Rex habeat,
Domini Iesu Christi scilicet, in verbo suo, in Evangelio, in Ministris,
in populo suo, per spiritum sanctum semper instantis ad mundi finem
vsque, Mat. 28.2o. qum eorum quisquam, vei vniversi quidem isti; qui
pre nimio zeli synceri, sanctimonie vel purissime pretextu; nullum
Sabbato corporale prorsus excercitium, presertim quod recreationem,
alacritatdmque quandam resipiat et pre se ferat; ferre, sinere,
sustinere; nedum perferre, permittere, patienter tolerare, vt
18/Mineies for Mine*des; second e of Mineies written over another letter
24/prophanis for profanis 34/synceri for sinceri
b Rebukmg
& precistans
APPENDIX 3
375
maximum, probare possunt. Ego ver6 summum quoddam
Argumentum et certissimam demonstrationem hinc colligo Regia
noticile sanle, certleque scientile Christi Ipsius et Evangelij sui verle
nature, propositi, sensus intimi, proprietatis. Similem itidem
equiparimque colligo notam ac significationem Eius amoris
dulcissimi, Charissimi favoris, Regile, paternle, pientissimque cura
in Subditos suos quam dilectissimos, populum Ipsius amantissimum,
cupientissimum, studiosissimum, vt et fidelissimum, constantissimum
integerrimum. Quem I Quem quidem haud semel aut secund6, sed
quam slepissim populum suum, populum qum optimum, in paucis
his paginis nominat. Our People; Our good people plusquam decies
certe, vt vel decies repetita semper placeant. Vtr/am autem maiorem
benevolentiam benignitatmque testificetur; vel qubd eiusmodi
recreationes concedit Regia Maiestas; vel qubd easdem excudit su
quasi Ipsius propria manu; non est in promptu, non in proclivi
patefacere. Neque minos est difficile, quantum amorem, quim
equalem, perinde et equam benevolentiam, paternam curare,
episcopalem, seu poti/as Apostolicam vigilantiam, in vtramque huius
Insulae Regionisque Inclytissima: pattern, cum Aquilonis, turn
Australem, inque ornnes et singulos comitatus, collaudandas quasque
Civitates societatesque, gerat, ferat, amplectatur, ostendere,
Describere, manifestare. Proinde adiunxi huic tractatui meam lpsius
Regiae Maiestatis Reditfis Borele finibus gratiosissimi
exoptatissimique gratulationem. Quam tametsi rudern vald
imperitimque; Amoris tamen incontinentis, animique non
mediocriter benevoli gratifi, non potui non meorum Oxoniensium
egregijs gymnasijs, Arleque sacrasanctle simul affigere, b Iam vos
interrogo (fratres, prlesertim siqui sunt inter vos puritani) quid opus est
esse precisos, purittem, pietatem, sanctimoniam in rebus externis
pretexere? An non est Deus spiritus? An non spiritu et veritate,
venerandus, adorandus et colendus ? Precisi potestis esse conscienti,
vt verbis nihil sciatur, sed operibus. Externa et corporalia, ceu par/am
prosunt, par/am proferunt, nihil fer conducunt ad pietatem: sic in
potestate non sunt sita, non collocata vestrY, proinde de lanfi caprina
rde Asini vmbra 1 de rebus nihili contenditis, et vos stultos esse
declaratis, de non pertinentibus, non proficuis. Subinde prlesumentes,
arrogantes, insolentes habemini, otiosi, negotiosi, contentiosi,
Puritani. Odiosum san nomen, et iam olim pl/as minus
61 Char*ssimifor carissiml 271 sacrasanctfor sacrosanctae
9/Quem I Quem: dzttograpby
376
c Misn-
GLOUCESTERSHIRE
abominandum. Vobis enim ominatum est, vel omen vestrum. Sed
vestrfi culp, vestro crimine. Qui namque vocentur, quo nomine
gaudere vel debent, vel possunt, ex loco coniugatorum Aristotellco;
qui sibi puritatem arrogant, se puros videri haberique volunt; nisi vel
purorum, vel puritanorum? At purl non estis. Erg6 non purorum. Sed s
factis impuri potius, maxim/ puritatem scilicet, pietatem, sanctitatem
ad nauseam vsque prtendentes et prtexentes, vt prxfati sumus.
Erg6 Puritani. Neque tamen vel gratum, vel non grave mihi potest esse
(fratres dulcissimi) Si qui sunt alioqui viri ver pij peritlque, qui
nihilomins sensu suo nimium abundantes, vt Hieronymi verbis vtar, *0
nlmis arct priconceptis opinionibus, in rebus vel indifferentibus, vel
nugatoriis fern, vel etiam extra communem optionem positis,
priiudicatis et prifractis affectibus, respectibus, et sententijs
adhirent. Id quod Rex Ipse serenlssimus non omisit in eximio suo ac
ver/? aureo opusculo, quod 13ctot.txbv AIb0ov dicitur, suam mentem s
esse declarare. Ne vicio vertatis igitur, qubd ita nominamini, nisi
culpatis vosmet etiam ipsos, quod sic operamini. Num Philosophum
meministis, qui demonstrans Ostentum; En, inquit, magnos fures,
fures pusillos ad crucem ducentes, adigentesque suspendendos ad
patibulum ? Vos itidem in magnis lidentes, vt vel lisae Maiestatis rei 20
fern; parvulos tamen incusatis, maximoper criminamini, pessimarum
noxarum reos agitis? c Id autem minim mirum; quum Rex Ipse
quidem vestras acerbas criminationes, vafras Aspersiones et
traductiones amaras, vt est innocentissimus, pientissimus,
benevolentissimus, evitare nequeat. Quos enim pertentare, irritare, 2s
sollicitare, traducere, ldere, nocere, necare non audetis; qui Regem
Ipsum, tam Evangelicum, Orthodoxum, Angelicum, et Sanctissimum,
mordere, molestare, traducere, per auras, aures et ora mortalium
trahere, sugillare, blasphemare, qualm audacissimi cepitis, arripitis,
irruitis? Interest Eius Seren Maiestatis, Nomen Numefique suum s0
Christianum, gloriosum et czlicum, vestrarum macularum
aspersione vindicare; Ius suum Imperiale, supremam Authoritatem,
meritum honorem vindicare; quinim6 cur non vobis fedas culparum
criminfimque notas, mendarum et noxarum, prsertim petulantium
et pestilentium vociferationum conflataslabes, quas demeruistis, quas ss
aduocatis accercitisque, inferre, imponere, infligere? Medius-fidius
non agit vobiscum Regia dementia secundum merita vestra. Im6 ver(.)
venientem in memoriam ASsopicam quandam vt moralem, ita
memorabilem fabulam, non possum ex animo eijcere, neque me
continere, quin enarrem; quomodo scilicet olim Ran rogatum 40
habuerunt Iovem, vt illis concederet et daret Regem. Cessit Iupiter,
380
GLOUCESTERSHIRE
Eph-5
3-12.
psA6.
4.
If not
vpon
Sundays.
& holy
Exod. Iz.
losh. 4-
fi-
perpetrare, designare, in propatulo committere; que ne nomin(.)ntur
quidem apud obceenas et Idoiolatricas gentes. Patet id vndique et in
aprico iacet, cunctisque patefactum ex multitudine spuriorum in
vniverso superexvndantium. Sed de his videntur habere Praecisi,
reverfi nihil habent omnin6 pensi. Tantummodo iudicant eiusmodi
notabiles peccatores reprobos esse, deinde relinqunt eos in errore, in
periculo. Nunquid hoc notum est Regime Maiestati, notatfimque tam
accurat/, nos autem tanquam ignotum inscij penitfas preterlabimur?
cert sumus qum fidi subiecti, seduli officiarij, Reipublicae, et
Ecclesie charissimi commodissimique Amici; aut fallor mir6. I
Veruntamen audire me videor, nonnullos effantes, infantes tamen:
Aliis diebus septimane possunt homines se recreare, istiusmodi ludos
vsurpare, iocis vti, gesta, gestus, res ludicras exercere; vt diebus
dominicis non inferant, ingerant obtrudant, imponant. Quasi ver6 dies
hebdomadis alij, ijdem operibus ac laboribus addicti, talibus humanis
mansuetisque ludis et recreationibus aptiores essent, appositi magis,
accommodatique, qu.m dies festi ab alijs negotijs tum servilibus tum
necessariis liberi, immunes et quieti. Annon egregi/ ridiculum
immensdque absurdum hoc est, vel ab agricultura Rusticos, vel a
scrobibus fossores, vel popinis coquos, vel calcearios scamnulis,
sive sutores sedibus, vel vpiliones caulis, vel a capris et hedis
caprarios pastores, vel bubulcos stabulis, rvel ianiones macellis, 1
vel molendinis molitores, vel a Textrinfi Textores, vel etiam Lan
ac tela pedissequas, lacte muigendo, premendo, tundendo, multrices
ancillas mox in plateas exilire, ibidem in pannis laceratis, vestibus
defedatis, corporibus adipe deturpatis, saltare, exultare; insultare,
insanire fer/ tantfam non furere ac furare? Quemadmodum enim I
deuteronom 5 versibus 14- 15- non conceditur mod6, sed et requiritur,
iniungitur, et demandatur, vt et servi quiescant laboribus, sese
oblectamentis recreantes, mem6ribus interim Israelitis, semetipsos
servos et mancipia fuisse in ASgypto: sic impresentiarum hac etate
docendi sunt Iuvenes in sermonibus Dominicalibus qua ratione,
quibus moribus se gerant in exercitijs, quibus etiam finibus se recreent,
iocentur et ludant. Non id agendum, quod h nostris vbique factitatum
est, vt Doctrine loco de recto rerum externarum atque indifferentium
vsu, res ipsas Deo Ipso Optimo Maximo creatas, constitutas,
ordinatas, subtrahant, abigant, prorsus tollant. Miror equidem quam
responsionem faclent, quam rationem reddent olim Domino, de
I/nomin(.)ntur: e, nominantur 10/chansmmiforcanssimi
2/obccenasfor obscenas 27/ac wr+tten over something else; furare for furari
6/ rehnq untfor relinquunt 3 I/irnprzsentiarurnfor in praesentiarurn
384
GLOUCESTERSHIRE
on the forenoon, & that so, as they bee present thereat within one
quarter of an houre after nine of the clock of the forenoone, and after
3- of the clock on the afternoon, not departing till within a quarter
of an houre at the most of Eleven of the clock on the forenoon, and
five a Clock on the after-noon, without a reasonable Cause declared
vnto, and alowed of the Arbitrators to that purpose appoynted: Hee
or Shee shall pale for euerie such defalt xij d or be left in the Stockes
sixe houres. And whosoever shal walk, or talk, or stand aloof at
prayer, or sermon time, or vse anye meanes of disturbaunce of the
Minister and service of God, hee shal forfeyt vj d or be stocked 3-
houres Item whosoever shal vse anie vnlawfull game at anie time, or
the lawful games otherwise than the Kinges Majesty hath declared and
required, shal forfeyt lykwise for [feyte lykewyse] relverie such
defalt - xij d to the vse of the poor Prisoners of the common or maign
Gaole of or in the sayd castle, to be disposed by the Arbitrators, or
some of them. or els shall sitt in the stockes sixe houres.
Item whosoever shal falselie or rashlie sweare, or tell a false lie, or bee
druncken, or committ fornication, or Adulterie, or shall have anie
Ribaldish talke, or shall abuse anie by nicknames, and by brabling and
brawling, they shalbee at the lyke forfeyture and penaltie.
Item whosoever shal purloin, steal, beguile of, or take awaie anothers
money, vittayles or apparell, or anie thing els; They shalbee at the lyke;
besyde Restiticion, and aunswere to the lawes of the Realme, for so
doing, at the pursuit of the Robbed and beguyled.
Atque hoc modo ac ratione certiores fieri facil queunt omnes de Regiae
Maiestatis mente ac consilio, quoad praedicta gymnasia Olympiaca
quasi, libera exercitia et recreationes. De fidelium omnium itidem
subiectorum ingenuo consensu, obsequlo submisso, rect
constructione, officijs atque obedientia qu/*m prompta, qum
paratissim. Puritani valeant, qui corporalia Dominicalium dierum
exercitia prorsus abnegant. Valeant et Papistae, qui nostra Religione
deterrentur, qu6d nullam putant approbare, nullam admittere
christianam recreationem. Vtrosque san/ prohibet nisi prius un
conveniunt in sacris coetibus ad divina concelebranda. Quod quidem
vtrique recusant agere; papistae nempe schismaticum esse credentes,
Puritani Pontificium et impium. Ambo sub uno iugo contrahentes, sub
vno vexillo commilitantes cure meris prophanis histrionibus,
Nebulonibus, et vel negligentibus, vel praefractis reprobis, qui
communibus precibus, votis fidelium vsitatis, pientiss.im, is
Christianorum orationibus interesse, non possunt ommno sustinere.
1/& wr#tten over as 37/prophanisfor profanis
386
GLOUCESTERSHIRE
3% Adducite, inquit, cithardum seu Musicum aliquem. Lyricus
autem, seu Tibicen, dum psallit et cecinit, manus Dei fuit super Eum
et prophetavit. Nunquid hic videtis (confratres mei Dilectissimi) qubd
Propheta sit musica Melodia magis ad prophetandum excitatus? Itidem
et nos fortasse post Istorum musicam harmoniam magis apposite
gratias agemus Deo Optimo Maximo propter hc et innumera alia Eius
in nos collata beneficia. Magister Archidiaconus Magzster Suttonus,
reliqui omnes, quantum, scio, suavissima concordia concedunt;
accedunt Musici propifas, psallunt, ludunt, cure Instrumentis sonant,
boant, tinniunt; Nobis placent, et delectant. Ego, non dico, subtilis
emungo, sed facil/ collatam et contributam accipio vniuscuiusque
ministri drachmam vice cuiusdam symboli; musicis recipio quosdam
I hinc conflatos solidos; ij placantur et grati discedunt. Quare mihi est
opus alicui, nulla causa data, cur Regiam dicat Maiestatem agere
summo lure, proinde iniuria; Qui si vulpis Aures cornua vocitet, aures
pro cornibus sunt habend. Tantummodo vocat Aures Aures, cornua
cornua, viros viros, Asinos Asinos; et pro libito habet et placitis Leges
ipsas christianas et constitutior pias. Deo gratis. Vivat Rex ternfim.
f o col 2 (insertion)
Remember at ye pulling down of 2. poles in Barkley so I. in St. Nicolas
parish in Gloucester. some say at ye Iudges commandment.at ye
Instagation of ye Maior & prior that puritan Minister. & thomas
cherics a precisian.
25
12' symbohfor symbo|e 18/consmuuorfor cost*tuuones
Translations
BISLEY
1610--11
Gloucester Diocese Consistory Court Deposition Books
ff [4-4v] (21 May)
GRO" GDR 114
On the aforesaid day upon the aforesaid articles
Garret Band, tucker, of Bisley in the county of Gloucester where he
has dwelt for the space of five years and more, born at Eastington in
the aforesaid county, forty-four years of age or thereabouts, a witness,
etc. To the said articles of the aforesaid articles he deposes and says
(English). And he does not know how to depose otherwise to the said
articles, as he says. I
On the aforesaid day upon the aforesaid articles /
William Hopton, yeoman, of Berkeley in the county of Gloucester
where he has dwelt for six weeks, and formerly (he used to dwell) at
Bisley in the aforesaid county, thirty-two years of age or thereabouts,
born at the same place, a witness, etc.
To the said articles he deposes and says (English).
ff [8-8v]* (31 May)
The office of the lord (bishop) promoted by Richard Hall against
Christopher WindleA-
Upon the articles given on behalf of the promoter in this business. John
Clissold, yeoman, of Bisley in the county of Gloucester where he has
dwelt for the most part from his birth, born at the same place, fifty
years of age or thereabouts, a witness, etc.
To the said articles he deposes and says (English). I
On the aforesaid day upon the aforesaid articles
Christopher Bidmeade, yeoman, of Bisley in the county of Gloucester
TRANSLATIONS
following Tuesday, 6s 3d (were given) to feed fifty poor (persons) in
honour of St Thomas the martyr (ie, Thomas of Canterbury) from the
customary alms of the king. 7s (were given) in the king's offerings at
Gloucester on St Nicholas' Day aforesaid by the hand of the said H ....
389
J3oJ
Statutes of St Peter's Abbey Hereford Cathedral Library: No 1826
single rob* (1o October)
Ninth: Lest the treasury designated by the orders of the lord
(archbishop) of Canterbury for the brothers' necessities be burdened
improperly with other demands, it is ordered that the lord abbot shall
levy only the ten marks which he has indeed levied from the treasury
as the portion which the external priors pay for their brothers' clothing
during their term; (this is) so that nothing of the aforesaid (sums ?) be
contributed to another (abbot) succeeding the same, but the said
money shall be completely assigned to the treasurer to provide the
brothers with clothing more adequately. Nor shall any abbot be
permitted to maintain continuously other persons as harpers or
minstrels as if (they were) of the household; however, the abbot shall
have a squire (who is) discreet in judgement and circumspect, who may
be able to be of service in the necessities of the monastery. And when
he (the abbot) goes about the priories to exercise the duty of visitation,
he should not stay (at those priories) unless he had been accustomed
to stay (in them) of old on account of the statute of the said
(archbishop) of Canterbury against spending the money and valuables
derived from monastic revenues(?), whether (they are held) in a
treasury, or a sacristy, or a priory.
J393-4
Borough Bailiffs' Accounts GRO: GBR F 3/2
single mb*
Also paid for various minstrels and grooms of the lord
king
Also paid to minstrel/s of the lord duke of Gloucester
Also paid to m instrel/s of the earl of March for 3 (--..)
Also paid to m instrel/s and a groom of the earl of W( ..... )
Also paid to the minstrel/s of Lord Dess(....)
(...)
(...)
(...)
(...)
TRANSLATIONS
HARESCOMBE
391
1611--12
Gloucester Diocese Consistory Court Deposition Books 6RO: GDR 114
f [87] (16 March)
The sixteenth day of March in the year of the Lord 1611
Katherine Haseiton, the wife of Upon the bill of complaint
William Haseiton, against issued and exhibited on behalf of
Dorothy Dorney, the wife of the said Katherine Haselton in
Richard Dorney, senior, in a this case.
case of defamation.
Alice Arthure, spinster, of Haresfield in the county of Gloucester
where she has dwelt for the space of two years (and) more past or
thereabouts, born at Painswick in the aforesaid county, twenty-one
years of age or thereabouts, produced, sworn, and examined as a
witness.
To the second article of the aforesaid bill of complaint, she deposes
and says (English)...
HENBURY
1599
BHstol Diocese Bishop's Cause Book
f 269v
Against Robert Stoakes of the
parish of Henbury. He is
named in the articles (English)
BRO: EP/J/I/I 1
Likewise Stoakes appeared and
, rconfessed to the
presentment , [denied that the
presentment was the truth,
whereupon the lord (bishop)]
whereupon the lord (bishop)
enjoined upon him the
following penance, namely
(English) and (enjoined
him) to certify (the
performance of the same).
392
GLOUCESTERSHIRE
LITTLEDEAN
6ot-z
Gloucester Diocese Consistory Court Cause Book
ff 78-8v* (io March)
GRO: GDR 90
William Hopkins (English)
of the same
[excommunicated]
Cited in church
He appeared and the lord enjoined him to confess his guilt in the
customary clothes on the next Sunday and to certify (his compliance)
on the next (court day).
He complied.
Lttledean
Joanna Turnor
of the same
Welthiana, rharte alias 1 higeve rwidow 1 (English)
of the same
excommunicated:
Cited in church
She appeared and the lord enjoined her by the aforesaid detection to
confess her guilt the next Sunday on bended knees etc, and to certify
(her compliance) on the next (court day).
excommunicated on the 2zlth of March 16oi.
Blanche Jones and for the same (charge)
Mary Jones of the same
excommunicated:
Cited in church
Catherine Jones (their) mother appeared. She speaks (for them) and
undertook (that penance would be performed).l
Joanna Eston (English)
of the same
Cited in church
(The lord) shall send out the excommunication.
(English)
Cited in church
for the same (charge). She appeared and
Mary Buffrey the lord enjoined her to confess her guilt.
of the same Afterwards he dismissed her with a
warning, etc.
394
GLOUCESTERSHIRE
TORTWORTH
16oz-3
Gloucester Diocese Consistory Court Deposition Books GRO: GDR 89
f [IO6]* (13 October)
William Lawrence, husbandman, of Tortworth in the county of
Gloucester where he has dwelt for twelve (years) or thereabouts, born
in Chavenage within the parish of Horseley in the aforesaid county,
thirty-two years of age or thereabouts, of a free status as he says, a
witness, etc.
To the first (article), he says (English) ....
To the third (article), he deposes (English)... and otherwise he does not
know how to depose ....
f [o6v]*
Giles Dawnte, gentleman, of the parish of Ozleworth in the county
of Gloucester where he has dwelt for beyond twelve years past, forty-
six years of age or thereabouts, produced and sworn as a witness, says
and deposes as follows.
To the first (article), he believes that the same is true.
To the second he does not know how to depose.
To the third he says (English).... And otherwise he does not know how
to depose.
WESTON SUBEDGE
1574
Gloucester Diocese Consistory Court Deposition Books GRO: GDR 32
p 78" (7 July)
7 h day of July 574. It (? court session) resumes-I
Personal responses of Michael Hyndemer, cleric, made to the things
contained in some present articles issued at the voluntary promotion
of John Castler, his parishioner, against him. They follow. (English)
At dinner
At dinner
At dinner
TRANSLATIONS
BEAUCHAMP
395
]42o-]
Household Account Book of Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick
Longleat House: Ms Misc. x
f 3ov* (External expenses to date)
iilAnd in expenses incurred for two of the lord of Wales' minstrels
coming to Berkeley to speak with the lady and staying in the guest-
house (?inn) of the same John Shephurde for six nights in the said
month, 8d.
f 43 (6 November) (Guests)
...Also one minstrel of Lady Stafford ....
f 56 (23 December) (Guests)
...Also three trumpeters of the lord. Also two harpers ....
f 57* (24 December-6 January) (External expenses)
...On various disguisings done on this feast Iod. And as a gift to a
minstrel of Lord Clarence staying in the guest-house (?inn) for one
day and one night on this feast, 6s 8d. And as a gift to six (persons)
from Slimbridge playing before the lady on this feast by the lady's
orders, 3s 4d. And as a gift to four (persons) from Wotton playing for
the council (?) by the lady's order, 2od. And as a gift to two minstrels
of Lady Abergavenny, staying in the guest-house (?inn), namely on
the feast of Epiphany 6s 8d...
f 58v (1o January) (Guests)
...Also two harpers from Wales ....
f 68 (12 February) (Guests)
At dinne .... Also two minstrels of Lady Abergavenny ....
TRANSLATIONS 397
P 45 (24 December)
Present at dinner.., eighteen singers of the chapel, nine boys, six house-
hold singers, six trumpeters, the two minstrels...
p 46 (25 December)
Present at dinner.., the two minstrels, six trumpeters, four players of
the lord of Writtle...
p 53 (2 January)
Present at dinner...the two minstrels, six trumpeters, four players...
p 54 (3 January)
Present at dinner...the two minstrels, six trumpeters, four players...
P 55 (4 January)
Present at dinner...the two minstrels, six trumpeters, four players...
(Present at) supper...the four waits of Bristol.
P 56* (5 January)
Present at dinner...the two minstrels, six trumpeters, the four waits
of Bristol, four players of Writtle...
p 58 (6 January)
Present at dinner...the two minstrels, the six trumpeters, the four waits
of Bristol, four players of Writtle...
p 60 (T January)
Present at dinner...the two minstrels, the six trumpeters, four
players...
TRANSLATIONS 399
t52o-t
Household Accounts of Edward Stafford, Duke of Buckingham
PRO: E.36/220
p 12" (tJanuary)
Deliveries & payments for the said month of January-l"
(English)
''I'he Feast of
the Nativity
of the Lord
TRANSLATIONS
401
Saturday the 25th of December. Expenses of the pantry: 4913/4 loaves,
2 manchets of grain, price 13s 81/2d- From this: for breakfast, 151/2
loaves and one manchet, as on preceding days; and to the treasurer
one loaf; to the abbot of Keynsham one loaf, one manchet; to the
gentlemen of the chapel 8 loaves; to gentlemen strangers 12 loaves; in
dishes(?) 294 loaves; to the tailor/s (? or carver/s) 34 loaves; to the
regarder/s 70 (loaves); to the salter/s (? or tumbler/s) 6 loaves; to the
kitchen for works (?cooking) IO loaves; the chandler/s 5 loaves; the
bear'ward 2 loaves; the almoner/s 2 loaves; for drinkings 151/2 loaves,
that is, to strangers, for livery 153/4 loaves. Expenses of the cellar: I I
sesters and 3 quarts of Gascon wine, price 13s; 1 I& pitchers of Rhenish
wine, price 15d, and half a pitcher of Malvoisie, price 6d. From this:
for breakfast half a pitcher; in dishes(?) one sester, one pitcher of
Gascon wine and one pitcher of Rhenish wine; for Waller the nurse
half a pitcher; for the great chamber one sester; for the hall 4 sesters,
2 pitchers (delivered) by Arnold; for daily allowances half a pitcher
of Gascon wine, one quart of Rhenish wine, and one quart of
Malvoisie; for the kitchen for works (? cooking) 3 pitchers; at the door
(?) 2 sesters, 3 pitchers; for livery 2 pitchers, one quart of Gascon wine,
and one quart of Malvoisie. Expenses of the buttery in beer: 171
gallons, one quart, price 13s 71/4d- From this: for breakfast 17 gallons,
3 quarts; in dishes(?) 731/2 gallons; to the regarder/s 39 gallons; to the
kitchen for works (? cooking) 5 gallons; for drinkings 6 gallons, 3
quarts; at the door(?) 2o gallons; for livery 9 gallons, one quart.
Expenses of the kitchen from the lord's store: one carcass and 7 strips
of beef, price 2os; 9 sheep's-milk cheeses, price i6s; 4 pigs, 8s; and
11,6 calves, price 4s. Expenses of the caterer: namely on 4 swans, price
I2S; 4 geese 2s; 5 small pigs, 2od; 14 capons, 8s; 18 chickens, price
18d; 21 rabbits, 3s6d; one peacock 2s; 3 mallards, 8d; 5 widgeon, lod;
12 teal, 12d; 8 woodcock, 8d; 22 snipe(?), 12d; 12 large birds, 3d; 400
hen's eggs, 3s 4d; 20 dishes of butter, 2od; 1o gallons of milk, lod;
11/2 gallons of'quaice,' 6d; 2 gallons of frumenty, 4d; and on herbs,
price Id. Expenses of the chandlery: for Paris candles, 36 lb (of wax),
price 2s lod; 64 small candles, price 17d; 2 large square candles, price
2d; and 4 tapers, price 31/2d. Expenses of the hall and chamber: for
fuel, 6 cart-loads, 6s, and 6 quarters of charcoal, price 2s.
The whole provision for the day.
5-61 in dishes(?): perhaps ths expression means "at droner" since tt s assoczated 'ah three of
the other standard dally meals: breakfast, drinkmgs, and hvery; or perhaps '294 loaves as
trenchers' is meant.
402. GLOUCESTERSHIRE
APPENDIX 3
The variously mixed Commentary, or copious Oration, of
Christopher Windle upon this royal, exceptional, and very pleasant
declaration.
O very dear reader - whether you be the king himself, (who is) most
serene, most powerful, most learned, most pious, as well as most lov-
ing of his subiects, most well-disposed, most eager, indeed most cele-
brated himself, most loved - and why not? -, or (whether you be) a
minister or layman of whatever order, sort, (or) station or (whether
you be) one who is of the best natural character and condition, or one
who ought to be in the best circumstances - a minister from
Gloucestershire spoke to me as I was reading this royal, exceptional,
and very pleasant declaration for the first time, and just as I was reading
the first article, concerning honourable, liberal, permissible, and law-
ful sports and public amusements, jests, and pastimes, (which decla-
ration has been) shown forth, proposed, (and) granted to his very fine
people (and) to his most dear subjects. And he - how troubled he was
and sobbing! - said that he was extremely afraid, frightened, (and) ter-
rified on his own behalf lest this permission, freedom, (and) lenient
grant might make, produce, (and) bring forth on every side much pain,
condemnation, preiudice, and loss for many ministers of the church.
I then answered him: Why so, pray tell? Have we not good enough
judgement? Or have we poor iudgement and so little knowledge that
we do not know what is good and useful for us and for our people?
Is there any danger to be feared or experienced, if we agree to the de-
claration? Or is there anything preiudicial in the declaration itself?
Thereupon he (said): We are ordered to be mindful that we keep and
observe the Sabbath in a holy way; we ought to keep holy not simply
part, but all, of the Sabbath. But to play, jest, laugh, dance, (and) re-
fresh the spirit by physical activity is to violate, pollute, profane, (and)
contaminate the Sabbath, if even an iota of the twenty-four hours of
that day were taken away from holiness and sanctity. I said: Were you
then taught in such a way to impose the Jewish practice of Sabbath
observance on us, or to place its condemnation upon fun and physical
activities ? Even if it were pleasant and permissible to imitate the Jews,
it can and must be done in happy rejoicings, jubilations, round dances,
ritual dances, (and) set dances rather than in precise and restricted ob-
servance of times, days, places, ceremonies, (and) circumstances. I
would go so far as to say that, with respect to days and times, no day
or time whatever has been more befitting or appropriate for round
dances, dances, physical actions, iests, (and) liberal ways of rejoicing
Rom. 14.22
James 2. I8
Phil.4.8
Rom. 14.2 3
Jo.5.6-io
Luke i4. 3,
4,5
Jo.7.22
TRANSLATIONS
403
than Sabbaths, Sundays, holidays, feast days, and Lord's Days.
Indeed, Sabbaths and solemn feasts have been so appropriate to such
things that they could neither be observed and spent properly without
these (activities), nor should any such days ever be spent wholly with-
out these observances. Most dear brothers, I resolve to bring this (fact)
to the light, to make it plain, clear, and obvious. And I am at once
turning my attention to it, and undertaking that there might be no such
fear, fright, (or) terror, but rather that all danger (and) all prejudice
may be wiped out (and) each one of you may be freed altogether from
harm, discomfort, and distress. I
To begin with, I should seek not the beginning, for the sake of a
bad syllogism, but the principal and especial cause both of our being
created and of our being restored. You will reply no doubt that the
glory of God is the ultimate end and final cause of creation or
redemption or of anything else. But how and in what matters is the
glory of God unfolded, illustrated, forced to appear? Have you faith ?
says the Apostle. Have it within yourself before God, as if to say, men
cannot see faith with the eyes of the body. As Cicero says about wis-
dom, (borrowing) from Plato: if this (wisdom) were discerned by the
eyes, it would arouse a wonderful love of itself. So too St James: Show
me your faith from your works and I shall show you my faith by my
works. Therefore God is manifested among men (and) the glory of
God gleams, shines, (and) stands out when we declare externally the
pious aspect of the inner man, the innate genius of the mind, the true
faith of the inmost heart, (and) the sincere will by honourable, honest,
(and) holy actions. But surely ritual dances, round dances, set dances,
(and) nimble and versatile physical actions are not such works, such
external actions, I seem to hear you say! Why should they not be a
great and good part of those (works), I ask? For we always rejoice in
(our) bodies and there is always something to be done by them. And
we often do many things which are less useful and more servile than
those (actions), and we do such things without correction or reserva-
tion. Nevertheless, nothing should be done apart from faith; nothing
useless (or) servile should be preferred to what is useful and free.
There is no need to prove that we have bodies, as (there is no need
to prove) that there is always something for them to do and that they
are always in action, even when we sleep. But as for (the idea that)
the less the usefulness, the more perhaps the baseness: what, I ask, is
more base than to cook meals, and prepare them to be eaten by others;
to treat the sick; to urinate; to muck out (stalls); to pull oxen, sheep,
or asses from wells? What more useless, leaving baseness aside, than
to sacrifice (and) to circumcise, to kill cattle and to cut the foreskin?
All these things were done on holidays. But even if you insist, urge,
404
Luke t5.23
25.31
GLOUCESTERSHIRE
(and) contend that the benefit of the former (and) the holiness of the
latter are not slight, then how much more useful (it is) by means of
the aforesaid exercises to cook meals together; to digest them healthily;
to cure, or rather to prevent sickness; to acquire (both) health
untroubled by disease (and) safety free from foes; to enter into, pro-
mote, (and) strengthen friendships? (How much) more holy to sac-
rifice oneself; to circumcise one's own heart; to praise God; to rejoice
in God ; to leap, dance, (and) exult before God from an excess of joy ?
But, you (reply), as if these (exercises) are of that kind ! Lustful youths
leading round dances with unrestrained girls, just like he-goats mount-
ing wanton she-goats, thereby exceed those (ways of rejoicing which
are) circumcised, holy, and as it were self-sacrificed. As if truly, and
I also say it, either the most serene king, the most constant defender
of the faith, the most powerful, pious, (and) truthful professor and
champion of the gospel of Jesus Christ and of true religion, or anyone
else of any importance as pertains to the commonwealth of the church
and the salvation of souls, either demands or permits, let alone pre-
scribes or does more than tolerate, any round dances, actions, dances,
or gymnastics other than those which become Christian youth (and)
represent and show their joy, happiness, (and) exultation in the Lord
(and) their great and singular gratitude toward God, their creator, re-
deemer, and preserver!
For these examples, together with the remaining testimonies of
Scripture and the custom of the church, teach and prove and infallibly
confirm that gymnastics of this kind (and) such exercises can even
show forth the sign and practice of exceptional piety amongst the
people of God. And in the first instance, given that even in paradise
and at the beginning of the universe - and that state was most perfect -
together with that rest from and stopping of work, the eating of the
tree of life and the opportunity of eating it as it were a sacrament of
the covenant of works is given or rather enjoined, what else can this
suggest to us other than that nowadays under the covenant of grace
we must take care for life in the mysteries of Christ, while we indeed
eat his flesh and drink and swallow his blood ? But, you say, that eating
and drinking is spiritual: what (has) this (to do) with ritual dances,
jests, and such mimings? But is the flesh of Christ something spiritual?
Was not Christ a true man? Did he not rejoice in flesh and blood? Is
it not a twofold kind of eating, leaving those fantastic and imaginary
(sorts) aside; (one which is) Capernaitic, popish or papistic, or (one)
which is different? Do we not rejoice in minds as well as bodies, (hav-
ing) flesh together with spirit so long as we have human nature and
substance? Does not the body eat sacramentally as the soul eats spiritu-
ally? Does not Cyprian say - and others - that the most certain
Gen. 17.17
and 18.12-13
Ps.65. 4,
126.2
TRANSLATIONS
405
argument possible that the bodies of the faithful will ascend with (their)
souls into heaven just as they will rise (with them) from the earth is
that our bodies receive the sacrament of Christ's body, just as our souls
receive its grace, each (receiving) the body and blood of Christ in its
own way? (The result of all this is) that these things may be best un-
derstood mystically, typologically, metaphysically, and spiritually.
Was not Christ, I say, true man? Do we not eat, drink, and, having
been re-created in him, become united to the same Christ who was
conceived of the Holy Ghost, born of the Virgin Mary, crucified,
dead, and buried, and so on ? Certainly there is no other true Christ,
the true son of God and man, no matter how we perceive him. Do
we not now do, perform, and complete the obligations which it rather
behoves us to exceed by harping (or chanting), singing, rejoicing,
exulting? But you (respond): Not, in any case, by leaping, dancing,
gesturing/miming; playing, laughing, leading I round dances, and jest-
ing. And I (rejoin): Therefore by neither eating too much nor drinking
a lot. For, as the Apostle says, have you not homes in which you may
eat and drink that you thus hold the church in contempt? In the same
way, the other actions and deeds must be performed, carried out, and
completed in other suitable places. Moreover, these things are not to
be omitted or neglected, as necessary to both lives, both spiritual and
natural, of the body as well as of the soul, but must be introduced,
offered, and presented in appropriate places at suitable times.
Nor ought penance to be imposed upon us because of the fall of (our)
first parents only by means of this interpretation which requires that
there always be sorrow, sadness, contrition, harshness, (and) bitter-
ness under the name, that is, of pious groaning, mourning, lamenta-
tion, (and) wailing. At the same time, rejoicing, zeal, cheerfulness,
happiness, (and) delight are required. Days also have been designated
and assigned for rejoicing, amusement(s), and delights. For never has
such a great cause for enjoying, rejoicing, jesting, laughing, dancing,
(and) exulting been given and granted, not even to Adam in his most
perfect state of innocence and exceptional integrity, nor yet to
Abraham rejoicing in himself because of his works, such as (has been
given) to us in the second Adam, Christ, the blessed seed promised
in Abraham, just as it was foreshadowed, foreshown, and foretold that
this son would be called Isaac. This (name) 'Isaac' means 'Laughter,'
which applies (both) to the meaning of the word and the reason for
the name, both because his parents both laughed when he was pro-
mised and because he provided the supreme occasion (and) greatest
cause for laughter (ie, for joy). He is translated, by rendering (? his
name), into laughter: in the Canaanite language, (Isaac) foretells,
denotes, and attests laughter. Is there anything else which can be so
TRANSLATIONS
407
pious, holy, honest, honourable, festive, worthy, and even divine
activities and exercises ? But it is not even permitted to light a fire on
the Sabbath. Why would they not be allowed to warm themselves as
was fitting and necessary by other licit means? Why is it that
Deuteronomy 16 orders them to be happy on these feasts, to rejoice,
and exult not once, but often ? And in what way (and) how will they
rejoice, be happy, (and) be cheered? For even if you should concede
that ecclesiastic performance, allowing the exception of psalms,
hymns, (and) praises in the temple, what (has) that which is fitting and
appropriate to them (ie, to the psalms, etc ?) (to do) with the mob and
the common people acting apart among themselves? Did not the
psalmist himself teach in the psalms what is suitable in this cir-
cumstance? (Did he) not (teach) it to each and every one as often as
possible, according to canons (which had been) already laid down by
him beforehand ? At the time when the most holy David the psalmist
himself composed (the psalms), he put into use or practice what he
imposed upon some or composed for others or demonstrated to have
been permitted in I Chron. 15 and 25 and 29; Pss. 28:8; 31:I,2,3;
68:25;57:7; IO8:1,2;95;98; IOO, IO7; I49; and 15o. Perhaps someone
will object from the prophets, as from Isa. 24:8- I I (or) Amos 6:4,5,6,
that all exercises, gymnastics, (and) jests of this kind are blameworthy
and greatly to be condemned. But is it not readily apparent that it is
not a right use but a most depraved abuse (which is) treated as a fault,
condemned, (and) abhorred ? The same thing ought to be observed of
Judges 21:2 I, 22,23; (and) Matt. 14:6, and many other similar passages.
The text of Matt. 9:23, (in which) Christ threw out the pipers along
with the players of stringed instruments and the singing, shouting,
noisy crowd, forcing (them) to leave the house of the dead (child), is
so far from being or acting against us in this matter, that almost nothing
can be said more apt or fitting (ie, to our case). Rejoicing, amusements,
and music belong not only to weddings, I but also to burials and fun-
erals. What (is) the cause of this fact, pray tell; what (is its) meaning?
Undoubtedly to represent, assert, affirm, confirm, and establish celes-
tial joys, heavenly happiness, (and) the exultation of the saints in
heaven. The things which are described and declared in the Apocalypse
of St John in chapters 5, 14, and 15, etc, about the harps of God (and)
the most outstanding, very remarkable, (and) most excellent instru-
ments of heaven; similarly, what is in I Cot. 13:1 and 14:7, 8; Eph.
5:19; Col. 3:16; and Phil 4:4 according to St Paul; (and) especially the
description of the lord Christ according to Luke the evangelist in chap-
ter 15, verses 23, 25, (and) 3 I, also (chapter) 17, (all) point to the con-
clusion that those are rightly said to mourn (and) fast for the lack and
408
Hos.2
Hab.
Zeph.
Ezek. 6.
a. B) the king
GLOUCESTERSHIRE
absence of the Bridegroom who are not willing to reioice in (his) pre-
sence and refuse to be happy in the ioyful countenance of the present
Bridegroom. Thus that which is said among our countrymen : Bread
and butter is the finest food possible. Moreover, may there be (such)
sorrow for (them as they) love, desire, (and) await him (the Bride-
groom) as is natural for those who, deceitful as well as sorrowful, are
themselves without reason and defraud and deceive themselves as they
deserve!
But Alcithoe daughter of Minyas did not think the secret rites should
be attributed to God, on the grounds that (the rites) which were owed
only to God the best and greatest were being offered by the bacchantes
to heathen Bacchus, while they (the bacchantes) cried out through the
breezes and the air: Io! Comrades, let us worship Iacchus! According
to Hosea, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, and others, one sees that the idola-
trous Israelites (did) not (behave) any differently than to act and bear
themselves impiously; nevertheless, (one sees) that to confer piously
upon the Lord what they (formerly) offered wrongfully to their idols
and to profane and impious elders/ancestors would never offend the
Lord, never be regarded as a fault.
Now our king and shepherd, (our) Agamemnon, or rather our
Davidic Solomon, decides and recommends through lawful priests and
Christian seers that Christian youth must make offerings to the divine
maiesty and godhead both in spirit and body . Behold accordingly
how great a reason the king has, as it were (that) of the present bride-
groom, the Lord Jesus Christ, present always in his word, in the gos-
pels, in (his) ministers, (and) in his people by the Holy Spirit until the
end of the world, (as is written in) Matt. 28.20. How each one of
them - or in deed all of them - who from too great a pretext of sincere
zeal or most pure holiness cannot bear, allow, (or) endure any bodily
exercise on the Sabbath, especially that which savours of and displays
refreshment and liveliness, is far less able to brook, permit, patiently
bear, (and) most especially approve (of this)! But I am gathering to-
gether from these points the most complete argument for and surest
demonstration of the sensible royal knowledge and the certain under-
standing of the true nature, plan, inner sense, (and) meaning of Christ
himself and his gospel.
I am also gathering the similar and like indication and meaning of
his (the king's) most sweet love, dearest favour, (and) royal, fatherly,
and most dutiful care toward his most beloved subiects, his most lov-
ing, desirous, (and) eager people, as (they are) also most faithful, most
constant, (and) most upright. I Indeed, he names them, not once or
twice but very often, his people, his best people, in these few pages,
b. Rebuking
some puritans
and precisians
TRANSLATIONS
409
(calling them) Our people, Our good people more than ten times, (in
such a way) that even a tenfold repetition is always acceptable. It is
not within (my) capacity, (it is) not easy (for me) to reveal whether
the fact that the royal majesty allows recreations of this kind, or that
(the royal majesty) fashions the same (recreations) with his own as it
were proper hands, testifies to a greater goodwill and kindness. Nor
is it less difficult to show, describe, (and) make known how great, how
equal the love; and the goodwill equal to it; the fatherly care; the epis-
copal, or rather the apostolic watchfulness (with which) he bears, has,
(and) embraces both parts of this island and most famous clime, both
north and south, and each and every county and praiseworthy city and
community. On account of this I have joined to this treatise my
thanksgiving for his royal majesty's most gracious and hoped-for
return from the northern regions. I could not fail to add this, although
rude and unskilful, to the famous exercises and holy altar of my
Oxford (confreres), out of (my) unrestrained affection and no less be-
nevolent mind.
b. Now I ask you, brethren, especially if some among you are puri-
tans, why the precisians need allege purity, piety, (and) holiness in ex-
ternal matters. Is not God a spirit? Is he not to be venerated, adored,
(and) worshipped in spirit and in truth ? You can be precisians in con-
science, (claiming) that nothing is known by words, but by deeds.
(But) external and physical (acts), in the same way as they profit little,
advance little (and) conduce practically in no way to piety: thus they
are not placed, not located in your power. Wherefore you are contend-
ing about trifles, the ghost of an ass, things of no value, and you declare
yourselves to be stupid about things (which are) irrelevant and profit-
less. Therefore you are held (to be) presumptuous, arrogant, insolent,
(and) useless busybodies; contentious puritans.
(That) name (is) odious, and (has been) more or less abominated for
some time now. For it was a foretelling of you or an omen of you (or)
rather of your blame, your crime. For how may they be called, in what
name ought or can they rejoice, according to the Aristotelian passage
on etymologically related names, who arrogate purity to themselves,
(and) wish themselves to be seen and held (as) pure except (by the
name) of pure ones or of puritans? But you are not pure. Therefore,
not (the name) of pure ones. But rather (that of) impure ones by (your)
deeds, pretending and dissimulating especially purity, piety, (and) hol-
iness to the point of nausea, as we have said before. Therefore, (you
are called) puritans. Nevertheless, dearest brethren, it is neither here
nor there to me if there are men otherwise truly pious and practised
who, nonetheless, too rich in their own judgement - to use the words
410
Aspersions
c. Misinterpre-
tation of our
meaning
GLOUCESTERSHIRE
of Jerome - (and) (having) opinions too narrowly preconceived,
adhere to prejudiced and harsh likes and dislikes, considerations, and
opinions in matters (which are) either indifferent or trivial or at least
placed outside ordinary choice. Such the most serene king himself
has not failed to declare his opinion to be in his own truly golden work
called the Basilikon D6ron. Therefore, do not treat it as a fault that
you are referred to in this way, unless you blame yourselves for
behaving in that way.
You don't remember the philosopher (?Aristotle) who said as a
demonstration (of his point): 'Behold strong thieves leading weak
thieves to the gallows, driving those (who) should be hanged to the
gibbet !' do you ? Don't you accuse the little ones at the same time as
you offend in great things, and are guilty even of lse-rnajest; do you
not accuse (them) grievously (and) accuse them as of the worst
offences? c. But this is less remarkable since even the king himself,
although he (is) most innocent, pious, (and) benevolent, cannot escape
your bitter charges, harsh aspersions, and sharp accusations. For
whom do you not dare to try, annoy, bother, scorn, hurt, injure, (and)
slay, you who have begun, started, (and) commenced to hurt; molest;
scorn; drag through the air, the ears, and the mouths of men; whisper
against (and) blaspheme most boldly the king himself, so evangelical,
orthodox, angelic, and holy? It concerns his serene majesty to vindi-
cate his name and Christian, glorious, and heavenly authority from
the sprinkling of your filthy charges, to lay claim to his imperial right,
supreme authority, (and) deserved honour: why then does he not put
upon you, impose, and inflict the foul brands of (your) faults and
crimes, of your defects and offences, especially the assembled stains
of you r very petulant and pestilent tirades, which you have deserved
(and) which you summon up and bring upon yourselves? So help me
God, the royal mercy does not deal with you according to your
deserts !
I cannot get out of my mind or keep from telling a fable from Eesop
(which is) both moral and memorable (and) (which) comes to mind,
how once the frogs asked Jupiter to grant and give them a king. Jupiter
agreed and gave them a huge log for a king. When it fell there was an
earthquake. The frogs (were) so terrified by the sight that they hid for
several days; after a space of time, leaving their hiding-places, they ap-
proached the king. They saw it quiet, peaceful, subdued, sedate, (and)
not moving; they climbed across (it), leaped across (it), leaped on it,
(and) leaped back; they spurned (it), held (it) in contempt, despised
it, rejected it. They approached Jupiter again; they condemned it for
torpor, sloth, laziness, (and) lassitude; they sought another. Jupiter
"tRANSLATIONS 411
heard them again and gave them a stork as a king. This (stork) snatched
up and devoured immediately any frog it saw. Thereupon all the frogs
complained again that they were being most cruelly slaughtered, tor-
mented, (and) eaten by the stork. But in vain and to no avail. Would
that they had been content and pleased I with the former (king), so
safe and free from all harshness. You see foreshadowed in this model
what it would be to refuse, deny, object to, (and) reject a peaceful,
kind, very gentle, (and) Christian king.
Hear now another true and recent story. When I had written these
things, and at the same point of time as 1 had ornamented (them)
(? rhetorically), a summer pole was put up in the adjacent garden or
farm of this very prison, Gloucester Castle, where the inmates are ac-
customed to walk, talk, and refresh themselves somewhat in turn.
Many carp at this happening, that fun is there, is happening in that
place where there are so many examples and signs of tears and laments
rather than of plays and music.
But pay attention also to what I am going to say. If by means of
the king's edict, a strict rule, (and) a mind aware of (what is) good,
mere prisoners are able to rejoice, make music, (and) dance in prisons
and jails, in workhouses, and in confinement, what could they not
(do), what should they not dare who live freely and voluntarily in un-
restricted cities ? Moreover I am also aware that even in their dark holes
many drink and make love and fight when they are kept from, forbid-
den, or deprived of these exercises whether by accident or design. Take
this other similar (example). In the aforesaid city of Gloucester, while
I was spending (my) aforesaid time in the castle, just as happens in
other similar (situations), a murderer approached the wife of (his)
neighbour, many, many times. He asked, sought, and was seen to in-
sist on having an affair with her; while he was threatening to touch
her, (her) husband suddenly arrived who, seeing what sort of thing
(was happening), yelled: Hold! hold! These words, having been heard
by others, are now repeated daily by everyone as a parable or proverb.
But when some (summer) poles and pyramids had been put up, a good
many snarled and muttered, although (it is) by reason of these (poles)
(that) young people are wooed away from carnal inducements, spells,
brothels, drinking matches, drunkenness, (and) whoring.
Therefore 1 pray you, as those who escape safely and freely by the
king's most ineffable mercy, permit, if it be allowed, fair, right, and
just to ask, seek, obtain, and get this of you: permit, I say, and endure
quietly, sedately, and modestly that the royal will and plan might ex-
plain, set out, and explicate his own exceptional intentions for the sake
of avoiding (your own) false and depraved exposition. I take it ill, as
h. filthy
tipphngs
Eph. 5-3-2
Cot. 5.
Ps. 6-4
). If not upon
Sunday, and
holy days.
TRANSLATIONS
413
and expressions in turn, (and) become agile, warlike, and very strong
soldiers. The Israelites, you know - to say nothing of the Spartans and
others of this sort - used to drill their youth in warlike business, in
exercises belonging to war, strategy, and battles. Perhaps the Christian
religion does not desire or demand warlike gear so relentlessly. It
rather tolerates and demands softer and gentler exercises. But if there
is need and necessity the gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ does not for-
bid battles to be fought, either entirely or on the Sabbath, against his
common enemies, savage, barbarous, terrible, (and) cruelly attacking
foes. This can be proved by many passages of Holy Writ, which this
is not the place to enumerate I nor (is there) any need to explain (them).
Nor is this statement denied by any, except the anabaptists, the most
foul beings of this age. Many have made a sufficient answer and more
to them on this point: it needs no defense from me.
h. Moreover, when youths are forbidden these more humane exer-
cises and liberal and ingenious amusements of which we have often
made mention - Good God ! What a great frequenting of taverns en-
sues! How much gulping at alehouses! How many and how disgusting
the feasts, drinkings, and drunkenness (and) quaffings! How inept, ab-
surd, (and) obscene the discussions, conversations, insults, impreca-
tions, quarrels, disagreements, discords, brawls, fights, (and) conten-
tions! And along with (all) this, how many foul fornications! How
many base rapes, execrable adulteries, horrible incests, abominable
whorings! (I am) ashamed to name what they do in darkness, but they
are not ashamed to perpetrate in daylight, do, (or) commit openly
things which are not even named by obscene and idolatrous heathens.
This is completely clear, certain, and plain to all from the multitude
of bastards springing forth everywhere. But the precisians seem to hold
and actually do hold these people unimportant. They only judge
notorious sinners of this kind to be reprobates, then abandon them
in error (and) m danger! Is this not known to the royal majesty, and
known very accurately? Shall we pass over this as unknown, as if (we
were) ignorant? (No; for) surely we are very faithful subjects, sedulous
servants, very dear and useful friends of the state and the church or
I am much mistaken.
j. But I seem to hear some saying - although (they are) speaking
foolishly - people can refresh themselves on the other days of the
week, play, joke, (and) practise deeds, gestures, (and) playful activities
of these kinds so that they do not interfere with, intrude, obtrude, (or)
impose upon Lord's Days. As if the other days of the week, the same
(days) set aside for work and labour, were more suitable, apposite, and
apt for such humane and mild sports and recreations than holidays free
July IO, 1618;
similarly in
a second case,
a little before
at Berkeley.
TRANSLATIONS 415
their own good, they would certainly be persuaded by those who are
usually and properly called puritans that such folk are extremely pious,
pure, (and) holy in all things. How (then) could they possibly carry
out assiduously for the king business as great as the size of (their) dis-
trict is vast? We know that their (ie, the puritans') bragging (and)
showing o(( can through gifts and presents advance them with the
powerful in their pleading. Then those (who are) obedient (magis-
trates), whether presiding themselves or presenting (the puritans) as
disobedient or refractory, are neglected, not supported, not even cor-
roborated: indeed it goes well with them i( they are not charged,
examined, (and) reiected; and that with most contemptuous expres-
sions (English) etc. Thus these good officers towards ordained and
obedient ministers concerning or on behalf of those inflexible and dis-
orderly (puritans)!
lut I hope on this point that by God's grace (and) the outstanding
care of the royal maiesty all this will be amended in future (and) be
better, lut let them (ie, the loyal and obedient bishops and iudges)
grant me these points because it is a matter of concern to me because
of my own experience. I Or if they should not wish to make allowances
and this proposal does not please (them), then let them hazard further
danger if it pleases (them) and let them find out by experience what
is true in this respect (ie, with respect to puritans' court appearances).
For their (ie, the puritans' and their fellow-travellers') treatment
thoroughly ruined me in this respect and in this way: it is neither neces-
sary or possible for them to do worse or harm (me) more.
lut why do I not rather turn my discourse to summer poles and
May pyramids, inveighing and clamouring against things which would
not be free to answer, as if they were dumb, mute, dead idols? Even
if they answer nothing, they are still charged with being diabolic idols;
all those May games, Whitsun ales, morris dances, various ritual
dances, many iests, the all but infinite varieties of games are likewise
charged with being forms of devil worship, lut I answer that that is
not, need not be, cannot be, the situation if, as is piously requested,
(young people) are taught that (these games) should happen (only) in
proper and suitable places, at proper and suitable times, (and) without
either hindrance or neglect of divine worship.
In (act, they do dance round dances around the poles. The people
standing about and the crowd (which has) collected from every side
cast their eyes upon the pole; upon the lyrists, pipers, harpists; upon
the musical instruments; upon the dancers, their fellow players, their
fellow wrestlers; upon all the fun and iests. So also those who come
to the sanctuary, frequent the church, and often attend sacred
416
GLOUCESTERSHIRE
assemblies cast their eyes upon, look about at, gaze at the pulpits, the
Bibles, the preachers; they are awed and wonder at their sermons and
their chanting, customs, positions, and gestures. These things can and
should be wholesome and be made morally right in conformity with
doctrine: in this way they can and should be reformed.
Nay, rather, if it is not possible to achieve what is morally right and
perfect by diligently teaching what things are necessary for right use,
then things (which are) right and suitable will surely be irrecoverably
ruined gradually together with things (which are) imperfect, unneces-
sary, and intolerable - if there are any of that sort - without censure,
(without) their opposition, and (without) a choice. I recall what the
learned Ascham relates, that the lady Jane was so forcefully urged (and)
controlled by her mother, (so) compelled to dance strictly and with
equal steps in ritual dances, to observe each measure in every round
dance, to observe such countless steps and gesticulations, that she re-
garded all dancing with loathing and preferred to turn her attention
to and undertake to learn languages, both Greek and Latin, to ponder,
read, read thoroughly, reread, waste time over, slog through, (and)
pick apart the very learned ancient authors. Therefore the right use
of games ought to be taught and instilled (in people) rather than in-
veighing against abuses and the games themselves, because they will
either reform themselves in that way and be restored to a right use (of
games) or else they will reject all use (of games) automatically and com-
pletely for fear of the danger and scandal of abuses.
Let anyone who wants relaxation or sleep I during an illness but can-
not sleep for the many recurring fantasies and the subjects, some
worse, some better, (which) whirl round, fly about, (and) trouble his
mind pray earnestly (and) pour forth prayers to God; soon drowsiness
will creep in and he will sleep sweetly, drowse deeply. Perhaps you
will say: The devil, who would not wish human beings to pray, to pour
forth pious prayers, to behave in any way holy, does that. As if it were
a great object of thought or concern to some who the originator of
these notions may be, so long as they pretend (it is) God and have their
own ways, wills, (and) plans allowed them and rejoice as they please.
'Trust in Bert, he's an expert,' as the saying goes. For I have found
these (observations) to be very true both at home and abroad. I have
seriously and diligently described the uses and abuses of (morally) in-
different activities, (and) the reason for and difference between these
(ie, use and abuse). I set to work with great urgency, in order that right
use only should be in use and practice. In time everything (abusive)
lost force altogether. Accordingly my situation is very different from
that of those peevish brethren in whose parishes crowds gather as soon
TRANSLATIONS 417
as the poles are raised, more to oppose the clamouring minister than
to give themselves pleasure in playful activities or to obey the king in
exercises and recreations.
And in Gloucester jail, where I have already spent some months,
everlasting God! How clearly, properly, praiseworthily everything is
going! There a pyramid has been erected, as it were; a summer pole
has been put up, as was said before. They have decided to practise the
aforesaid varieties of games. I do not gainsay nor yet forbid these ac-
tivities, that is, exercises and recreations. But I demonstrate a proper
use: I teach how they should behave and take recreation. On this oc-
casion I have established some statutes and ordinances especially suit-
able for the chapel and jail and I have caused them to be signed with
the hands and hearts - that is, the consent - of each and every inmate.
Good God! How modestly, honestly, piously one lives thereby! In
what a Christian way one spends the time ! In order that this prison
or jail might be an example of piety and modesty to many others,
whether jails or societies, whether prisons or cities - as it is well
known that both towns and rural districts cast out and push off all
(their) depraved and vicious servants and members into prisons and
jails of this kind, as if to places and houses of correction where they
can be amended and reformed by the corrections of authority - these
statutes and ordinances of this kind have been inserted for this reason
here where anyone who is interested can gather my plan and the reason
for my deeds more easily.
(English)
And in this way and with this explanation all can easily inform them-
selves of the mind and plan of the royal majesty in so far as (it pertains)
to the aforesaid as it were Olympic games, liberal exercises, and rec-
reations (and) at the same time of the frank consent, dutiful submis-
sion, right construction, services, and obedience, both prompt and
very ready, of all faithful subjects. Off with the puritans, who deny
bodily exercises on Lord's Day! Off with the papists, who are deterred
from our religion because they think that no (religion) approves, no
(religion) admits Christian recreation!
To both sides (the king) forbids (recreation) unless they first come
together in sacred assemblies to celebrate divine service together. This
both refuse to do: the papists think it schismatic (and) the puritans
(think it) popish and impious, both pulling together under one yoke,
fighting together under one banner with nothing short of profane men,
actors, rogues, and reprobates, whether wild or hardened, who cannot
in any way bear to be involved in common prayers, the customary pet-
itions of the faithful, the most pious supplications of Christians - but
418
GLOUCESTERSHIRE
Lord Grey,
Lord Chandos
(I have said) enough and more already before about these matters.
(Now I shall add) to these matters a few facts from my own experience.
One day about two years ago, more or less, I was at Cirencester
for dinner with Mr Archdeacon and the ministers and preachers of his
deanery. While we were in that monastic conclave, some musicians
I came to us, lyrists, those called Myntyi, promising us some of their
music, harmony, and melody. Soon one of the ministers - I have de-
cided he should be named lest I bring any aspersion of some fault or
flaw and any notice upon the rest, (who were) generous, liberal, and
innocent - Alder by name, said: Be off with them ! Be off! What are
they doing here? They are vagabonds under the Act and the head and
cause of many evils among the people and populace. They, im-
mediately intending to go, not even daring to murmur as far as I could
hear, were called back by no one. Finally I (said): Well done, gentle-
men, well done ! Stay a bit, perhaps we will listen willingly. I turned
to (Alder who was) denouncing me. I said: Why should they go, pray
tell ? Do they not come willingly, if in fact they (have) not been sent
for? Do they not come with affection and respect for us? Is not divine
providence revealed in this as in other events? Is not music allowed
us just as much as tables and dinner parties (are)? Or are we like those
(ministers) who completely refuse to take part in the churching of
women after childbirth, alleging that is a papist superstition, but are
very pleasurably present along with the women for the delicacies and
dainties (ie, served afterwards?), the eating and drinking?
Is not music one of the liberal arts? 'Grammar speaks, dialectic
teaches what is true, rhetoric adorns words, music sings, arithmetic
counts, geometry weighs, astronomy studies the stars.' Might not
those men gladly have the fruits (and) reap happiness as well as utility
from their art, skill, (and) profession, as we do? Alas, how many days,
nights, weeks, months, years, not to say (their) whole miserable life,
have these wretches spent, passed, (and) used up, starving, in order
to acquire some skill in singing, playing a stringed instrument, striking
strings either by using the pick or touching them gracefully with the
fingers so as to please, wonderfully delight, exhilarate, (and) gratify
us the more? Do we receive them, treat them, act kindly toward them
in such a way by the aforesaid means, that is, by contumely and
insults?
Let us be silent and rather treat them with humanity. Do we not
remember what that most holy David says most profusely in the
psalms and elsewhere in favour of psalmody, music, (and) musical bar-
61 harmony translates both harmoma and symphonia
Verse
TRANSLATIONS
419
mony, and how plainly and fully he describes them ? Leaving this or
that occasion aside as well known to all in this regard, let us be mindful
of the passage in Holy Writ about the prophet Elisha, in the third chap-
ter of the second book of Kings: Bring in, he says, the singer accom-
panying himself upon the lyre or some musician. For while a lyrist
or a piper played and sang, the hand of God was upon him and he
prophesied. Do you not see here, my beloved brethren, that the
prophet was roused to prophesy to a greater degree by melodious
music? Pehaps in the same way we, after the harmonious music of these
men, will give thanks more appositely to God the best (and) greatest
for these and his innumerable other benefits conferred upon us. Mr
Archdeacon, Mr Sutton, (and) all the rest as far as I know agreed with
the sweetest concord; the musicians came nearer, harped, played,
sounded (their) instruments, made a loud noise, (and) jingled: they
pleased and delighted us. I, being refined, do not say I actually ex-
torted, but I did easily collect a penny given and contributed by each
of the ministers in lieu of a dinner charge: I received several shillings
thus collected for the musicians. They were appeased (for our bad be-
haviour) and went away thankful.
Therefore, for my part, there is no need that, no reason given why,
anyone should say that the royal majesty is acting strictly, therefore
injuriously, whereby, if he should call foxes' ears horns, ears must be
held to be horns. He is only calling ears, ears; horns, horns; men, men;
(and) asses, asses; and willingly and at (his) pleasure he observes the
Christian laws and pious decrees.
Thanks be to God. May the king live forever.
424 GLOUCESTERSHIRE
chamber, for at Worcester an ordinance was made prohibiting plays in the council chamber
and restricting them to the lower end of the hall (Murray, vol 2, p 4o9). However, the kind
of public performance attended by R. Willis and described in his Mount Tabor (see pp 362-4),
"where every, one that will comes in without money,' would have required the large hall. The
usual daily function of this hall was as the town market, especially for the weighing and selling
of wool. It also served as the customary seat of the assizes when they were in session, and
could be used for other large meetings. Although the Bothall was being used several times a
year for dramatic performances when the Ingram indenture was made, this use is not among
the many mentioned in the indenture.
Photographs of the New Inn in Northgate Street, Gloucester have often been included in
histories of the theatre because it possesses the best-preserved example of the inn-yard which
some believe to have influenced the shape and ddcor of the London public theatres. The extant
records, however, contain no evidence that players ever performed in the yard of the New
Inn. While it may have been the scene of performances not sponsored by the city, which would
not show up in the chamberlains" accounts, the only entertainments known to have taken place
at the New Inn occurred when the civic waits furnished music for the feasts occasionally held
there by the Tanners" guild, and these certainly happened indoors, not in the yard (GCL 28652
[18], f 55 v, passim).
298 GBR F 4/3 ff 83v-4
The trumpeter mentioned here is the lord president of the marches' trumpeter. The ellipses
represent several gifts given to the lord president which have not been transcribed.
299 GBR F 4/3 f 89
"Mr lngram' is Robert Ingram, lessee of the Bothall, where the players performed. The tavern
where the players were sometimes fted after a performance was probably the one in the Bothall
itself. (The existence of this tavern is attested to by a rental of 445, Rentalofallthe houses
in Gloucester, from a roll zn the possessmn of the corporation of Gloucester, compiled by Robert
Cole, W.H. Stevenson (ed) (Gloucester, 189o)).
299 GBRF4/3 f 100v
Highnam Court was the residence of Sir Nicholas Arnold.
301 GBRF4/3 f 128v
The transcribed entries appear on the second of two folios designated f 128v.
301 GBRF4/3 f 138
I am unable to identify the 'fenche Schole' with either of the two schools in Gloucester at this
time: the Crypt or Christ's School in the parish of St Mary de Crypt, or the King's School
connected to the cathedral.
302 GBRF4/3 f 153
The a December 1573 date of the first entry is probably an error. While the accounts were
written down at the end of the accounting year from temporary bills, and may not always
have been set down in chronological order, the payments to players in the 1572-3 account
430 GLOUCES/ERSHIRE
The 3os paid to 'T. B. for his charges' is an unusually large sum for a single individual. A
possible explanation may be found in the records of Chelmsford and several other south-
eastern towns, which contain references to "property players.' The property player was a pro-
fessional man of the theatre, brought in (probably from London) to organize and direct local
productions. His services included supervising the construction of stages, marshalling of cos-
tumes and props, direction of the players, and perhaps himself acting important roles (John
C. Coldewev, 'That Enterprising Property Player: Semi-Professional Drama in Sixteenth-
Century England,' Theatre Notebook, 31 ( 977), p 6). Such a man would have been invaluable
to Tewkesbury, which remembered its dramatic tradition, but was no longer familiar enough
with the practicalities of performance to mount the sort of spectacle which would bring in
a profit.
342-3 GDR 89 ff [106], [106v 1
Cf endnote p -127 to pp 31-1-15, GDR 89, ff [116v], [117].
344 GDR 32 p 178
Michael Hvndemer was instituted rector of Weston Subedge in 1567 (GDR 16, p 22).
Hvndemer had been accused before the consistory court by one Agnes Tise of calling her
whore, but the other witnesses answered only that they believe the first article (regarding mask-
ing) to be true, which Hyndemer himself here admits.
The phrase 'ann egge brok' might be a name, Anne Edgebrook, but it can also bear the mean-
ings'an egg broken,"a sword broken.' It is impossible to be more precise; Hyndemer's answer
to the first article is printed here in its entirety, and neither it nor the document as a whole
provides any clues to the meaning of the phrase.
347 Ms. Misc. Ix f 30v
The entry occurs in a group of undated foreign payments listed at the beginning of the house-
hold book.
The "lady" mentioned here is Elizabeth Berkeley, countess of Warwick. Richard Beauchamp,
the earl of Warwick, was fighting in France with Henry v during most of the period covered
by the household book.
347 Ms. Misc. Ix f 57
The accounts for the Christmas holidays, 24 December to 6 January, have been lumped to-
gether and no guest list is provided for this period.
The six from Slimbridge and four from Wotton who were rewarded for playing ('ludentibus')
were probably tenants hoping to gain favour with the landlord by entertaining Lady Berkeley
at Ch ristmas. Slimbndge, a village four miles north of Berkeley Castle, was on the Berkeley
estate, and the Berkeleys maintained a favourite residence at Wotton under Edge, five miles
south-east of the castle.
The 'hostelar/a" and 'hospicio' mentioned in these accounts probably refer to an inn in the
town of Berkeley, which adjoins the castle. They may, however, indicate the existence of a
guesthouse within the castle itself.
348 General Series Bound Book # 109 f 67
Tortworth park was on the estate of Sir Thomas Throckmorton.
ENDNOTES 431
357 D(W) 1721/1/5 p 44
The 'Cantatores Capelle' are the singers of the duke's own chapel at Thornbury.
357 D(W) 1721/I/5 p 56
The manuscript incorrectly gives the date for this day's accounts as 5 December rather than
5 January.
359 E 36/220 p 12
John Kyrk was a gentleman of Buckingham's household (Carole Rawcliffe, The Staffords,
Earls of Stafford, and Dukes ofBuckingharn, 1394-1521 (Cambridge, J 978), p 24 J ). George
Poley was Buckingham's treasurer from 55 to 52o (Rawcliffe, p 23o).
361 D(W) 1721/I/5 p 46 col 2
The word 'vrs'" (1. 3) probably represents a form of Latin "ursarius', bearward. The "le' which
here precedes it is usually used, within a Latin text, to signal the presence of a vernacular word,
but there is no English word beginning "urs-' or 'vrs-' that makes sense in context and "vrs'"
occurs later in the accounts without the preceding 'le."
368-86 A Book, for a Buck with a Parke ... pp 5-21
Windle's abbreviated forms of biblical book titles have not been fully expanded, as they would
normally be, because there is no consistent way of doing so. Windle uses some forms which
are clearly abbreviations of the Latin names of books of the Bible, some which are abbreviations
of the English names, and some which could be either. The titles have been left unexpanded,
to avoid imposing a false consistency.
PATRONS AND TRAVELLING COMPANIES, GLOSSARIES,
AND INDEX
Patrons and
Travelling Companies
The following list has two sections. The first gives companies alphabetically by patron,
according to the principal title under which their playing companies and entertainers
appear, with cross-references from other titles if they are also so named in the records.
The second section lists companies identified by place of origin, including counties
for locations wherever identification is certain.
The biographical information supplied here has come entirely from printed sources,
the chief of which are the following: S.T. Bindoff (ed), The HistoryofParliament:
The House of Commons 1509--1558 , 3 vols (London, I982); Calendar of Patent Rolls
(edited through 576); Calendar of State Papers; G[eorge] E[dward] C[okayne], The
Complete Peerage...; The Dictionary of National Biography; James E. Doyle, The
Official Baronage of England Showing the Succession, Dignities, and Offices of Every
Peer from lO66 to 1885, 3 vols (London, 886); P.W. Hasler (ed), The History of
Parliament: The House of Commons 1558-16o. , 3 VOIs (London, 98I); and F.
Maurice Powicke and E.B. Fryde (eds), Handbook of British Chronology. All dates
are given in accordance with the style in the sources used. The authorities sometimes
disagree over the dates of birth, death, creation, succession, and office tenure. Where
this evidence conflicts, the Calendar of State Papers, Calendar of Patent Rolls, and
similar collections are preferred: for example, List of Sheriffs for England and Wales
from the Earliest Times to a.t). 1831, Public Record Office, Lists and Indexes, no 9
(London, 898); J.H. Gleason, Tbe Justtces of the Peace in England: 1558 to 164o
(Oxford, 1969); and J.C. Sainty, 'Lieutenants of Counties, 585-1642,' Bulletin of
the Institute of Historical Research, Special Supplement no 8 (May, i97o ).
Normally each patron entry is divided into four sections. The first lists relevant
personal data and titles of nobility with dates. Succession numbers are given only for
the most important titles held by a person, as well as for those titles by which he or
she is named in the records. These numbers follow the absolute sequence given in The
Complete Peerage rather than the relative ones that begin afresh with each new
creation. Knighthood dates are included only for minor gentry not possessing higher
titles. The second section lists titles of jobs showing local connections and includes
those known to have been used as titles of playing companies. Purely expeditionary
military titles have been largely omitted, along with most minor Scottish and Irish
434
PA'[RONS AND COMPANIES
landed titles. Where possible, the date of an appointment is taken from the date of
a document assigning that position. If the appointment is stated in the document to
be 'for life,' then these words follow the job title. If the original document has not
been edited and a secondary source is used that states 'until death,' then this form
appears. Otherwise dates of appointment and termination are given, if available. If
the length of time an office is held is not known, then only the date of appointment
is given. Alternatively, if the only evidence comes from a source dated some time
during the period of tenure, then the word 'by' plus date appears. If only the date
of termination is known, 'until" is used. Finally, if no dates at all are available, 'nd'
follows the title of the job. The third section, for which information is often
incomplete or unavailable, contains the names and locations of the patron's principal
seats, and locations of other properties he or she is known to have held. Extensive
property lists have been condensed. The fourth section is an annotated index by date
of the appearances of each patron's company or companies in the records. Following
the date are the page numbers in parentheses where the citations occur. If a patron's
company appears under a title other than the usual or principal one, this other title
is in parentheses next to the designation of the company.
The reader may also wish to refer to the Index for additional references to some
of the patrons and to various unnamed companies and their players. When it has been
possible to identify a patron of an unnamed company, the reference has been included
here; otherwise the only references to such are in the Index.
Abbreviations
acc acceded Jv Justice of the Peace
adm admiral it joint
bapt baptized K6 Knight of the Garter
bet between kt knight
br brother lieut lieutenant
capt captain p Member of Parliament
co county nd no date
comm commissioner Parl Parliament
cr created pc Privy Councillor
custos rot custos rotulorum pres president
d died succ succeeded
gen general summ summoned
gov governor Univ University
PATRONS AND COMPANIES
Companies Named by Patron
435
Abergavenny (Lady)
Joan Fitz Alan ( 1375-14 Nov 435), married William Beauchamp, Lord Abergavenny
(d 8 May 141 l); held castle and honour of Abergavenny, Monmouthshire, Wales, in
dower until death.
or
Isabel Le Despenser (26 Jul 14oo-27 Dec 439), married Richard Beauchamp, 2nd
Lord Abergavenny (d 18 Mar 142 /2), 27 Jul 4 l, and Richard de Beauchamp, 13th
earl of Warwick, 26 Nov 1423.
minstrels Glouc Berkeley 142o- 1 (347, 348)
Admiral
Charles Howard (c 1536-14 Dec 1624), succ as Baron Howard, or 2Jan 1572/3;
cr oth earl of Nottingham, 22 Oct 1597- Keeper of Oatlands Park, Surr, 1562; MP,
Surr, 1563 and 1572 ; JP, Surr, by 1573, and Kent and Somers, 608; lord lieut, Surr,
sole, 573 and 3Jul 585, and jr, 27Ju11621 until death and Suss, sole, 3Jul 585
and jt, 2 Sept 1586; lieut of musters, Surr, 1579; chamberlain of the Household,
Jan 583/4- Ju11585; pc, by 5 Mar 1583/4 until death; lord high adm, 8Jul 1585-
27 Jan 68/I9; high steward, Guildford, Surr, from 1585; constable of Windsor
Castle, 5 Dec 1588 and high steward of Windsor, 15 Jan 1592/3, both until death;
keeper of Hampton Court, Midd, and bailiff and steward of several manors in Surr,
24 Mar 1593; chief justice in eyre south of Trent, 15 Jun 597 until death; lord steward
of the Household, 24 Oct 597-Nov 65; queen's lieut and capt gen in the south
of England, IoAug 1599 and 4 Feb 6oo/I. Seat at Effingham, Surr; manor of Haling,
near Croydon, Surr, granted 3 Mar 16 /12; held many manors in Surr.
players Glouc Gloucester 1589--90 (3 )
159o-I (312)
595-6 (3 4)
Albany see Charles Stuart under King
Bath
William Bourchier U557-12 Jul 1623), succ as 4th earl of Bath, IO Feb 156o/.
Devon, 584 or 1585 and Somers, 1584 and 16o8; vice-adm, 1586, lord lieut, 2 Sept
586 until death, recorder of Barnstaple by 1589, and eccles comm, Exeter, l Sept
1604, all in Devon. Seat at Tawstock; family residence at Bampton; owned manor of
llfracombe; house near Barnstaple, all in Devon.
players Glouc Gloucester 577-8 (306)
PATRONS AND COMPANIES
437
Buckingham
Edward Stafford (3 Feb 1477/8 - 17 May 1521 ), restored as 3rd duke of Buckingham,
earl of Stafford, 7th earl of Buckingham, and Lord Stafford, Nov 1485. PC, 1509; JP,
Bucks, 15o3-4, 15o7, 1509-1o, 1512, and 1514, Glouc, 15oo-6, 15o8, 151o-I I, 1513-
15, and 152o, Heref, 15o3, 15o5, 15o7, 15o9 -Io, 1513-15, and ]521, Kent, I498-
15o6, 1509-1o, 1512, 1514-15, and 1517, Shrops, 15o3-4, 151O-ll and 1513-14,
Somers, 15o3, 15o5, 15o6-8, 1509, 1512-15, and I521, Staff, 15o3-4, 15o8, 15o9-11,
1514, and 152o, Surr, 1499-15o6, 1511-12, 1514-15, 1518, and 152o, Warw, 15o3,
15O6-7, 1509 -11, and 1514-15, and Yorks, ER, 1503, 1506--7, 1509--11 and 1514;
beheaded 17 May 1521. Seats at Thornbury, Glouc and Brecknock Castle,
Brecknockshlre, Wales; manor at Penshurst, Kent.
minstrels Glouc Thornbury
players Glouc Thornbury
players (lord of Glouc Thornbury
Writtle)
trumpeters Glouc Thornbury
5o3-4 (356)
5o7-8 (356, 357,
358, 36o)
507-8 (357, 358 )
507-8 (357, 360 )
1507-8 (356, 357,
358, 36o )
Chandos
John Brydges (9 Mar 1491/2-12 Apr 1557), cr ISt Baron Chandos, 8 Apr 1554. Comm
of musters, Glouc, 1522 and Wilts, I Mar 1539 and I Oct 1542; comm for subsidy,
Glouc, 3oAug 1523-4;JP, Glouc, 1528 , 1531-2, 1537, 1539-4o, I542, 1544-5, 1547,
and I554, Heref, I54 o, and I543-4, Wilts, 153I-2, I537, I543-4, I547, and I554,
and Berks, Oxf, Shrops, Staff, and Worc, 154o; rap, Glouc, 529-36; it keeper of the
manor and park of Langley and of Cornbury Park, Oxf, IO Jun 1536; comm of jail
delivery, Gloucester Castle, 16 Oct 1537; sheriff, Wilts, 14 Nov 1537-8 and Glouc,
12 Nov 1549-5o; constable of Sudeley Castle, sole, 21 Mar 1538-42 and jr, 15 Oct
1542 until death; comm of oyer and terminer, Berks, Heref, Oxf, Shrops, and Staff,
1539, I54I, and 1543-5, Glouc, 154o and 1543-5, and Monmouthshire, Wales,
I543-5; it steward, Winchcomb and hundreds of Greston, Holford, and Kiftsgate,
all in Glouc, 15 Oct 1542 until death; comm of relief, Glouc and Wilts, I55O; comm
of goods of churches and fraternities, Glouc, 1553; lieut of the Tower, Aug 1553-Jun
I554. Principal seat at Sudeley Castle, Glouc; held manor at Coberley, Glouc and
many manors in Wilts.
trumpeter Glouc Gloucester 1552-3 (297)
Edmund Brydges (by I52O-I I Mar 1572/3), son of John, ISt Baron Chandos, qv,
succ as 2nd Baron Chandos, 2 Apt 1557. Jt constable, Sudeley Castle and it steward,
Winchcomb and hundreds of Greston, Holford, and Kiftsgate, all in Glouc, 15 Oct
1542-57, and sole, 1557 until death; rap, Wootton Bassett, Wilts, 1545 and Glouc,
PATRONS AND COMPANIES
Ches and constable, Hawarden and Mohaut Castles, both in Flintshire, Wales,
27 Apr 1415.
minstrel Glouc Berkeley 1420- I (347)
439
Cobham
William Brooke ( l Nov 1527-6 Mar 596/7), succ as oth Lord Cobham, 29 Sept 1558.
MP, I-lythe, 547 and Rochester, 555, both in Kent; JP, Kent, 1558-9, 1562, and 564
until death; lord warden of the Cinque Ports and constable of Dover Castle, both in
Kent, for life, 28 Apr 1559; lord lieut, Kent, 26 May 559 until death; comm,
Rochester Bridge, 1571; PC, 9 Feb 1585/6 and keeper of Eltham Palace and Park,
Kent, 592, both until death; lord chamberlain of the Household, 8 Aug 1596 until
death. Seat at Cobham Hall, Kent.
players Glouc Gloucester 563-4 (300)
Codnor
Sir Richard Grey (c 137 - Aug 4 8), succ as 4th Lord Grey, 14 Dec 392. Jp, Derb,
399, 14o, 14o4, 4o6-8, 14o, 43, and 145, Essex, 14o2, 4o4, 4o5-7, 4o-14,
and t4t6, Kent, 4o4, 4o6-7, 14t I, t43-14, and 4t6, and Leic, 14o4, t 4o6-8, and
1412-14; gov, Roxburgh Castle, Roxburgh, Scotland, 14oo; adm of the fleet from
the mouth of the Thames to the North, 2o Apt 14Ol ; keeper, Brecknock Castle,
Brecknockshire, Wales and Horston Castle, Derb, 4o5; lieut at Brecknock and in
Heref and adiacent Marches, Oct 1405; constable of Nottingham Castle, Nott, 1 Nov
4o6; lleut of South Wales, 2 Dec 4o5- Feb 14o6; iustlce of South Wales during
pleasure, 28 Nov 14o3 and 6 Sept 14o7; it warden of the East and West Marches, 1415-
Seat at Codnor, Derb; granted lordships of Knighton, Cnwclas, and Cefn Llys, all
in Radnorshire, Wales, 27 Jan 4o5/6; held manors in Derb, Essex, Hams, Kent,
Northants, and Nott, and through marriage, portions of manors in Leic, Linc, Rut,
and Staff.
minstrels Glouc Gloucester 1409 - 1 o (291 )
Compton
Henry Compton ( 4 Jul 544-bef 22 Nov 1589) , summ to Pad as st Lord Compt0n,
8 May 1572. MP, Old Saturn, Wilts, 563; sheriff, Warw, 4 Nov 57 ; JP, Northants,
1584. Seats at Compton Wynyates, Warw and Tottenham, Midd.
players Glouc Gloucester t 575-6 (305)
Comptroller
James Croft (57/8-4Sept 59o), kt 24 Nov 1547. MP, Heref, 1542, 1563, 157-2,
1584, 1586, and 1589; capt, Haddington, Linc, by Jun-Sept 1549; member, 1550 and
vice-pres, 155o- l, Council in the Marches of Wales; lord deputy of Ireland, 29 Apt
1551-Apt 1553; deputy constable of the Tower of London, I May?-8 Jul 1553;
imprisoned in the Tower, 21 Feb 1554-18 Jan 1555; member, Council of the North,
PATRONS AND COMPANIES
441
Lord Strange of Knockin, Shrops, 23 Jan 1558/9; succ as 13th earl of Derby and lord
of the Isle of Man, 24 Oct 1572. High steward, Ormskirk, Lane, 6 Dec 1550; jt comm
of musters, Lancaster, 1569; lord lieut, 24 Oct 1572 until death and vice-adm, Lane
and Ches, May 1574-87; eccles comm, York, 17 Jun 1577; pc, by 2o May 1585 ; lord
steward of the Household, after 4 Sept 1588-93; chamberlain of Chester, 5 Nov 1588-
93; member, Council of the North. Estates at Lathom and Knowsley, both in Lane.
players (Lord Glouc Gloucester 1564-5 (300)
Strange)
players Glouc Gloucester 1579-8o (3o6)
Ferdinando Stanley (c 1559-16 Apr I594), son of Henry, 13th earl of Derby, qv,
styled Lord Strange from 1572 ; summ to Pad as Lord Strange, 28 Jan 1588/9; succ
as 14th earl of Derby and lord of the Isle of Man, 25 Sept 1593- Deputy lieut, 1585
and lord lieut, 25 Sept I593 until death, Lane and Ches; mayor of Liverpool, Lane,
1588; vice-adm, Lane and Ches, 1594-
players (Lord Glouc Gloucester 1580- l (308)
Strange) 1591-2 (312)
William Stanley (c 1561-29 Sept 1642), succ as 15th earl of Derby, 16 Apr 1594;
confirmed in the lordship of the Isle of Man, 7 Jul 16o9. Pc, Mar-May 16o3;
chamberlain, co palatine of Chester, 30 Oct 1603 and it, with James Stanley, qv, for
life, 23 Oct 1626; lord lieut, Lane and Ches, 22 Dec I6O7, and it with James for life,
12 Dec 1626; member, Council in the Marches of Wales, by 1617; vice-adm, Lane
and Ches, I619-38; it steward of Furness, Lane, 3oNov I627. Seats at Lathom and
Knowsley, Lane; granted manor of Ormskirk and others in Lane, 21 Jul I6O3.
players Glouc Gloucester 1595-6 (314)
Wcstmld Kendal 1597-8 (177)
16o8-9 (181)
Cumb Workington 1628- 9 (129)
Westmld Ixendal 1628-9 (2o4)
1635-6 (2 I2)
James Stanley (31 Jan I6O7-15 Oct 165i), son of William, 15th earl of Derby, qv,
summ to Parl as Lord Strange, 7 Mar 1627/8- 3 Nov 1639; succ as 16th earl of Derby
and lord of the Isle of Man, 29 Sept I642. MP, Liverpool, Lane, I625; lord lieut, Lane
and Ches for life, jr, 12 Dec 1626 and sole, Chester, from 28 Feb 1642 and Lane, from
29 Sept 1642; chamberlain of Chester for life, it, 23 Oct I626 and sole from 29 Sept
1642; jt steward of Furness, Lane, 3o Nov 1627; lord lieut, North Wales, by 1642;
eccles comm in the North, 1629; it high steward of Blackburn, Hidenowe, Rochdale,
and Tottington, all in Lane, 8 Jun 1636; chief comm of array, Lane, I l Jun 1642;
alderman of Chester until 27 Oct 1646; capt gen, Ches, Lane, Staff, Wore, and North
PATRONS AND COMPANIES
447
King's Revels
Company
Westmld Kendal 1625-6 (200)
1626-7 (202)
Cumb Carlisle 1626-7 (IO7)
Westmld Kendal 1636-7 (213)
Cumb Carlisle I627-8 (IO9)
Kingston
Anthony Kingston (by 15 t 2-14 Apr 1556), kt 2 May 1540. Keeper, town and castle
of St Briavel's, Glouc, 1547; steward, castle and lordship of Berkeley, Glouc, 153
and duchy of Lancaster, Glouc, and Herd, 5 Feb 154 I, all until death, and various
manors in Glouc and Worc, 28 Jun 154 ; sheriff, Glouc, 17 Nov 1533 and I I Nov
1550;JP , Glouc, I537, 1539-40, 1542-5, I547, and t554 until death; MP, Glouc, I539,
1542?, 1545, 1547, Mar 1553, and 555; comm of musters, Glouc, 31 Mar 1539, I
Oct 1542, and 20 Jan 1546; comm of Oyer and terminer, Glouc, 1540; chief steward,
town and hundred of Tewkesbury, 28 Jun 1541 and former lands of Cirencester
Abbey, by 1547-9, both in Glouc;custos rot, Glouc, by 1546; comm for the survey
of chantries, Glouc, including cities of Gloucester and Bristol, 4 Feb 1546; mem ber,
Council in the Marches of Wales, 155 I. Seats at Chudleigh, Devon and Painswick,
Glouc; held manors of Chudleigh and Honiton, Devon, through marriage; granted
Flaxley Abbey and lands, 21 Mar I537, priory of Stanley and lands, 22 Oct 1544,
manor of Quenington, 25 Sept 1545, and Miserden, 4 Nov 1546, all in Glouc.
abbot of misrule Glouc Gloucester 155o-I (296)
players Glouc Gloucester 550- (296)
155 I--2 (296)
1552--3 (297)
Lady Elizabeth see Princess
Lawson
Wilfred Lawson ( 545- 6 Apr 1632), kt 1604. Sheriff, Cumb, 5 Dec 1582, 25 ]Nov
1597, 17 Nov 16o6, and 6 Nov 162; JP, Cumb, by 1587; lieut, honour of
Cockermouth and capt, Cockermouth Castle, Cumb, c 1591 ; MP, Cumb, 1593, 1604,
and 64; border comm, 16o5- Seat at lsell Hall, lsell, Cumb.
musicians Cure b Carlisle 1618- 9 (90)
fool Cumb Carlisle 1619-2o(93)
Leicester
Robert Dudley (24 Jun 1532 or 1533-4 Sept 1588), cr baron of Denbigh,
Denbighshire, Wales, 28 Sept, and 14th earl of Leicester, 29 Sept 1564; imprisoned
Jul 1553, attainted 22 Jan 1553/4, pardoned 8 Oct 1554, and restored in blood,
PATRONS AND COMPANIES 451
terminer, Cornw, Devon, Dots, Somers, Southants, and Wilts, 1564; shareholder in
the company of Mines Royal, Cornw, Cumb, Devon, Glouc, Lanc, Westmld, Worc,
and Wales, 28 May 1568. Country seat at Apethorpe, Northants.
players Cumb Keswick 1568-9 (126)
Glouc Gloucester 1568-9 (3ol)
1572-3 (302)
1577-8 (305)
Neville
Possibly
Edmund Neville (bef 1555-c 1618), styled himself 5th Lord Latimer after 27 May
159o and claimed title of 7th earl of Westmorland, 16oi; claim rejected, 29 Sept
1604. Imprisoned in the Tower, 1584-8 Feb 1598 and in the Fleet until 31 Dec 1598.
musicians Cumb Carlisle 1619-20 (92 )
Ogle
Cuthbert Ogle (c 154o-2o Nov 1597), succ as 7th Lord Ogle, I Aug 1562. Member,
Council of the North, Oct 1572-97; comm to survey forts and castles, East and
Middle Marches, I58O-8; Jp, Yorks, NR, 1584.
players Glouc Gloucester 1578-9 (3o6)
1593-4 (312)
1594-5 (313)
1595-6 (314)
Oxford
Edward de Vere ( 12 Apr 155o-24Jun 16o4), styled Lord Bolbec until he succ as 17th
earl of Oxford and lord great chamberlain of England, 3 Aug 1562. Chief comm of
musters, Essex, I579. Seat at Hedingham Castle, Essex; sold estate of Earls Colne,
Essex, Sept * 583; granted Earls Colne Priory, Essex, 8 Jun 1588; sold it in 1592 ; lived
at Hackney, Midd, I596 until death.
players Glouc Gloucester 1582-3 (3o8)
1583-4 (3o9)
1584-5 (3O9)
Prince see Henry of Monmouth and Charles Stuart under King
Princess
Elizabeth Stuart (mid Aug 1596-13 Feb 662), daughter of James w of Scotland and
I of England, qv, and Anne of Denmark, qv; married, 14 Feb 1613, Frederick v, then
elector palatine; became queen of Bohemia, 7 Nov i619.
players (Lady Cumb Carlisle 1617- 8 (89)
Elizabeth) 1619-2o (95)
players
PATRONS AND COMPANIES
Westmld Kendal 615- 6 (183)
1616-17 (184)
Cumb Carlisle 1617-18 (87)
Westmld Kendal 1617-18 ( 185 )
Cure b Carlisle 619-20 (94)
453
Queen of Bohemia see Princess
Savile
John Savile (I 556-31 Aug I63O), cr Baron Savile (of Pontefract, Yorks, WR), 21 Jul
I628. MP, Lincoln City, I586 and Yorks, 597, I6O4, I614, 1624, and I626; steward,
honour of Wakefield, Yorks, ws, 1588; V, Lindsey, Linc and Yorks, WR, from c 591 ;
custos rot, Yorks, wa, from c 1594-9 Dec 1615 and Jul 1626-8; member, northern
high commission, 599; member, Jul I6O 3 until death, and vice-pres, 1626-8, Council
of the North; r,c, 8 Nov I626; mayor, Leeds, Yorks, WR, Jul I626; comptroller of
the Household, by 1627 until death; high steward of the honour of Pontefract, nd.
Seats at Doddington, Linc and Howley Hall, Batley, Yorks, WR; estates at Barkston,
Linc and in Yorks, ws.
musicians Cumb Carlisle 617-18 (89)
Scrope
Henry Scrope (c 1534-13 J un 1592), succ as 9th Lord Scrope, 22 Jun 1549. Member,
Council of the North, before 20 Jan 1561 until death; warden o f the West Marches
and capt of Carlisle, Cumb, 6 Apr 1563 until death; Jr, Yorks, ER and NR, 1562 and
I564 and Cumb, Durham, Northumb, Westmld, Yorks, Berwick upon Tweed and
Newcastle upon Tyne, both in Northumb, and Kingston on Hull, Yorks, ER, 1564;
comm post mortem, Cumb, 7 Jul I568 and 2I Jun I57I; comm to assess fines in
northern cos, Mar 157o; bailiff and steward, Richmond and constable and keeper of
Richmond and Middleham Castles, all in Yorks, 23 Nov 1570. Seat at Bolton Castle,
Wensleydale, Yorks, NR; lands in Derby, Devon, Essex, Linc, Notts, Southants,
Wilts, and Yorks, and in Cardiganshire and Merioneth, Wales.
players Cumb Keswick 1573-4 (127)
Sheffield
Edmund Sheffield (7 Dec 1565-Oct I646), succ as 3rd Baron Sheffield (of Butterwick,
in the Isle of Axholme, Linc), I o Dec 1568; cr earl of Mulgrave, 5 Feb 1625/6. Lord
lieut, Yorks, I Aug I6O3-I9; lord pres, by 22 Jul 16o3-by I I Feb I618/i 9 and
member, 2I May 625, Council of the North; jp, Yorks, NR, I6O8, I626, and I636;
PATRONS AND COMPANIES
455
c 1528; principal seats at Grimsthorpe and Tattershall Castle, Linc, with associated
lands, from c 536; all lands seized by the Crown, 1557; returned, Aug 559-
players Glouc Gloucester 1562-3 (299)
Sussex
Thornas Radcliffe 0525 or I526-9Jun 1583), styled Lord FitzWalter, 27 Nov 1542-
53; succ as 8th earl of Sussex and Viscount and Baron FitzWalter, 17 Feb 1556/7.
Warden and capt of Portsmouth, Hants, 24 Nov 1549-Apr 1551 ; MP, Norf, Mar 1553;
JP, Essex and Norf, 554, 562, and 1564 and Surf, 562 and 1564; lord deputy of
Ireland, 27 Apr 1556-6o; chief justice in eyre south of Trent, 3 Jul 1557 until death ;
lord lieut of Ireland, 6 May 560-13 Oct 565; lord pres, Council of the North, Jul
1568-Oct 572 ; lord lieut of the North, 5 Nov 569; pc, 3o Dec 157o; steward, New
Hall, Beaulieu, Jul 1572 and Maldon, at death, both in Essex; lord chamberlain of
the Household, 3 Jui 572 until death; chief cornrn o array, sole, Beds, Carnbs,
Hunts, Kent, Midd, Norf, and Suff and it, Essex and Herts, 579- Seat at New Hall,
granted 23 May 574 and at Woodharn Walther, Essex; house at Berrnondsey, Surr
and rnanors in Essex; granted forts of cos Leix and Offaly, Ireland and castles in several
Irish cos, 558-
players Glouc Gloucester 1569-70 (3o)
1572- 3 (302)
' 574-5 (305)
J 575-6 (305)
Henry Radcliffe (by 533-14 Dec 1593), so of Thornas, 8th earl of Sussex, qv; succ
as 9th earl of Sussex and Viscount and Baron FitzWalter, 9 Jun 1583. P, Maldon,
Essex, 1555, Chichester, Suss, 559, Carlingford, co Louth, Ireland, 156o, Hants,
157, and Portsmouth, Hants, 572; pc, Ireland, by 25 Feb 1556/7; lieut, cos Leix
and Offaly, Ireland, 557-29 Oct 564; corrnrn, cos Dublin, Kildare, and others in
Ireland during the absence of the lord deputy, 8 Aug 1557; lieut, Maryborough Castle
and Fort, Ross and Crornarty, Scotland, 558-9; constable, Porchester Castle and
lieut, Southbere Forest, Southarnpton, both in Hams, for life, 14Jun 560; jt steward,
crown possessions in Essex, 56 ; warden and capt, 4 May 1571 and high steward,
9Sept 59o, Portsmouth, both until death; J,, Hants, 1573/4 and Norf, 1584; cornrn
of musters, Hants sole, by 576 and it, 6 Mar 579/8o; jt lord lieut, Hants and
Winchester and Southampton, both in Hams, 3 Jul 585 until death. Seat at New Hall,
Boreharn, Essex.
players Glouc Gloucester 1584-5 (3o9)
1585-6 (31o)
Westmld Kendal 1586-7 (172)
Glouc Gloucester 1587-8 (3 lO)
I588-9 (31 I)
159o-I (312)
PATRONS
Robert Radcliffe (t 2 Jun 1573-22 Sept 1629), son of Henry, 9th earl of Sussex, qv,
styled Lord FitzWalter until he succ as toth earl of Sussex and Viscount and Lord
FitzWalter, 14 Dec 1593- Lord lieut, Essex, 26 Aug 1603-25, jr, 8 Sept 625-6, and
sole, 11 Sept 1626-9; gov, Harwich, Essex and Landguard Fort, Suff, Sept 1626-Mar
628. Sold ancestral estate of New Hall, Boreham, Essex, ]u11622; family estate at
Attleborough, Norf.
players Cumb Carlisle 617-18 (86)
Westmld Kendal 6 7-18 (185)
Throckmorton
John Throckmorton (by I524-22 May I580), kt I565. MP, Leicester, Leic, 1545,
Camelford, Cornw, 547, Warw, Mar I553, Old Sarum, Wilts, Oct 553, and
Coventry, Warw, Nov 1554, 1555, 1558, and 1559; attorney, 1550--4, member, 1558
until death, and vice-pres, 1565-9, Council in the Marches of Wales; steward, manor
of Feckenham, Worc, I552 until death; recorder, Coventry, 1553 and Worc, from
I559, both until death and Ludlow and Shrewsbury, both in Shrops, by 156o; JP,
Warw, from t554 and Welsh and Marcher cos, from 1558/9; under-steward of
Westminster, I557; iustice of Chester and of Denbighshire and Montgomeryshire,
both in Wales, I558-79; eccles comm, diocese of Chester, 1562; comm for piracy,
Ches, 1565. Seat at Feckenham; residence at Congleton, Ches.
minstrels Glouc Gloucester 1560- I (298)
Vavasour
Maior Vavasour (b before 1563), of Weston, Yorks,
musicians Cumb Carlisle
608-9 (69)
Wales (lord of)
Not identified.
minstrels
Glouc Berkeley t 42o- I (347)
Warwick
Ambrose Dudley (c t 528-21 Feb 1589/90), styled Lord Ambrose Dudley from Oct
1551 ; cr B aron Lisle, 25 Dec, and 21st earl of Warwick, 26 Dec 1561 ; imprisoned and
attainted 1553, pardoned 22 Jan I554/5, and restored in blood, 7 Mar 557/8-
Constable of Kenilworth Castle, Warw, 20 Dec 1549; JP, Linc and Warw, 562 and
1564; lord pres of the North, by 22 Feb I564; comm of musters, it, London, 1569
and chief, Warw, 1569, t 579, and 16 Mar 1580 and Berks, Bucks, Northants, Oxf,
and Staff, 1579 and 16 Mar 1580; lord lieut, Warw and city of Coventry, Warw, Nov
1569-Nov 1570 and by 9 Oct 1587 until death; PC, 5 Sept 1573; high steward of St
Albans, Herts, 1589 and of the honour of Grafton, 1o May 1589; chancellor and
chamberlain, Anglesey, Caernarvonshire, and Merioneth, all in Wales, 20 May 1589 .
PATRONS AND COMPANIES
457
Seat at Warwick Castle; owned park of Wedgnock, Warw; inherited lordship of
Halesowen, Worc, 1555; granted manor of Kibworth Beauch amp, Leic, 28 Mar 1559-
players (Lord Glouc Gloucester * 559-6o (298)
Ambrose Dudley)
players Glouc Gloucester * 56* -2 (299)
1563-4 (299)
Wharton
Philip Wharton (23 Jun 1555-26 Mar 1625), succ as 3rd Baron Wharton, 14Jun or
Jul 1.572. JP, Cumb, Northumb, Westmld, and Yorks, by 1578; it high comm,
province of York, 24 Nov 1599; it border comm, 23 Jan 1617/18 and 1619- Seat at
Wharton Hall, Westmld.
players Westmld Kendal
Cumb Carlisle
1599-16oo(177)
161o-II (71)
1613-14(75)
614-15 (80)
617-18 (86)
1618-19 (9o)
1621-2 (1oo)
1622--3(IO2 )
Philip Wharton (8 Apr 1613-4 or 5 Feb 1695/6), grandson of Philip, 3rd Baron
Wharton, qv, succ as 4th Baron Wharton, 26 Mar 1625. Lord lieut, Lanc, 5 Mar 1642,
Bucks, 24Jun 1642, and Westmld, I I Sept 1644; custos rot, Cumb and Westmld and
Jp, Cumb, Westmld, and Yorks, WR and NR, all by 165o; pc, 14 Feb 1688/9. Held
lands in Beds, Bucks, Cumb, Westmld, Yorks, and Ireland, including a house at
Woburn, Beds and lands in Healaugh, Yorks.
players Westmld Kendal 1626-7 ( 202 )
Cumb Workington 1628- 9 (129)
Westmld Kendal 1628-9 (204)
Cumb Workington 1629-30 (129)
Westmld Kendal 1631-2 (208)
Cumb Workington 1632-3 (I 31 )
1633-4 (132)
Cumb Carlisle 1638-9 ( 122)
Worcester
William Somerset (c 1527-21 Feb 1588/9), styled Lord Herbert until he succ as 8th
earl of Worcester, 26 Nov 1549. Capt and keeper of castles of Aberystwyth,
Cardiganshire and Carmarthen, Carmarthenshire, both in Wales, 17 May 1543;
member, Council in the Marches of Wales, Nov 1553 and from 1576; Je, Glouc, Herd,
Shrops, and Worc, 1554, Monmouthshire, Wales, 1562 and 156d, and Shrops, 1582 ;
459
PATRONS AND COMPANIES
Barnard Castle, Dur
players Cumb Carlisle 1613-14 (76)
waits Cumb Carlisle 1618-19 (9o)
Barwick
Barwick in Elmet, Yorks, wa or Berwick upon Tweed, Northumb.
musicians Cumb Carlisle 1613-14 (77)
waits Cumb Carlisle 1616-17 (83)
1621-2(IOI)
1634-5(I 16)
1636-7(122 )
Bedale, Yorks, rR
waits Cumb Carlisle 1617- t 8 (89)
Berwick
Berwick upon Tweed, Northumb or Barwick in Elmet, Yorks,
waits Cumb Naworth
Boston, Linc
waits Cumb Carlisle
Bradford
waits Cumb Carlisle
Brampton, Cumb
piper Cumb Brampton or
Naworth
1621--2(140 )
1621--2(IOO)
1634- 5 (I 16)
1626- 7 (142)
Bristol, Glouc
waits
Glouc Thombury 15o7-8(357_8)
152o-1(359)
Cumb Cadisle 1613-14(78 )
1614-15(81)
Canterbury, Kent
waits Cumb Carlisle
Carlisle, Cumb
waits Cumb Naworth
1613-14(76)
1612-13(135)
1618-19(138 )
1624-5(141)
1627-8(142 )
PATRONS AND COMPANIES
Lincoln, Linc
waits Cumb
Middleham, Yorks, NR
waits Cumb
Cumb
Westmld
Millom, Cumb
waits Cumb
drummer/piper Cumb
Newcastle upon Tyne, Northumb
waits Cumb
Orton, Westmld
waits Cumb
Oxford, Oxf
musicians Glouc
Penrith, Cumb
players
waits
Cumb
Cumb
Cumb
Cumb
Cumb
Carlisle
Carlisle
Naworth
Lowther
Carlisle
Carlisle
Carlisle
Carlisle
Gloucester
Carlisle
Naworth
Carlisle
Naworth
Carlisle
462
161o-11 (72)
1614-15(81)
I616-17 (83)
1617-18(89)
1619--20 (95)
1621--2(IO1)
1624-5 (1o3, 1o4)
16o8- 9 (69)
161o-11 (71)
1613-14(77)
1619-20 (95)
1620--1 (98)
162o-1 (139)
164o-1 (217)
1618-19(9o)
162o-1 (99)
1619-2o(94)
1608-9 (68)
1634-5 (116)
1639 (328)
1602 -3 (66)
1622-3(14o)
1602-3 (66)
16o4-5 (67)
1608- 9 (68)
161o-11 (7o, 71,72)
1612-13(135 )
1613-14(76)
1614--15 (80)
1617--18 (87)
1618--19(90)
463
PATRONS AND COMPANIES
musicians
Cumb
Cumb
Cumb
Cumb
Cumb
Cumb
Cumb
Cumb
Cumb
Westmld
Cumb
Naworth
Carlisle
Carlisle
Naworth
Carlisle
Naworth
Carlisle
Naw0rth
Carlisle
Lowther
Naworth
1619--20 (95)
I620-- I (97)
I620-I (I39)
I62 I--2 (tOt)
1624--5 (IO4)
1624--5 (141)
1625--6(141)
1626--7 ( I O7)
1626--7 (142)
1627--8 (IO8)
1633--4 (144)
1634--5 (116)
1640- I (217)
1618-19(138)
Richmond, Yorks, WR
waits Cumb
Cumb
pipers Cumb
Carlisle
Naworth
Naworth
16o4-5(67)
1608-9(70)
1620-1(139)
1629-30(142)
Ripon, Yorks, WR
waits
Cumb
Cumb
Cumb
Cumb
Shrewsbury, Shrops
waits Glouc
Slimbridge, Glouc
players?
Glouc
Naworth
Carlisle
Naworth
Carlisle
Gloucester
Berkeley
1612-13 (135)
1618-19 (9o)
I619-2o (95)
162o-I (98)
1621-2(101)
162 I--2 ( 139 )
1624-5 (104)
1626-7 (107)
1627-8 (109)
1636-7 (12I)
1638- 9 (123)
1639-40 (124)
1573--4 (303)
1420-- I (347)
Thirsk, Yorks, NR
waits Cumb Carlisle 1616-17 (82)
PAI'RONS AND COMPANIES
Wakefield, Yorks, wg
x airs Cumb
Cumb
Cumb
Carlisle
Naworth
Carlisle
6o4-5 (68)
6o8-9 (69)
161o-I l (71)
62-3(36)
167-8 (88)
68-19(9o)
624-5 (o4)
Warwick, Warw
players Cumb Naworth 624-5 (41)
Wotton under Edge, Glouc
players? Glouc Berkeley 42o- (347)
Writtle, Essex
players Glouc Thornbury 5o7-8 (357, 358)
York, Yorks
aits Cumb Carlisle 6o8-9 (70)
464
Glossaries: Introduction
The purpose of the glossaries is to assist the reader in going through the records text; definitions
are given only for those senses of a particular word which are used in the records printed in
this volume. The criteria for the selection of glossary entries are discussed below, under the
headings Latin Glossary and English Glossary. The glossaries include both words found in
records printed in the main text and words found in records printed or quoted in the appendixes
and endnotes
Only the three earliest occurrences of each word (and each form of each word) are listed;
"etc' following three page references means that there are more occurrences of that form.
References are listed in page order, rather than chronological order. Glossed words from
entries which appear twice, once within the records text and again in Appendix 1 of the
Gloucestershire records, are given page and line references to records text occurrences only.
Within the references, page and line numbers are separated by an oblique stroke. If words
occur within marginalia, this is indicated by a lower-case 'm' following the page and line
reference. Manuscript capitalization has been ignored, except where proper names are glossed.
Latin Glossary
Words are included in the Latin glossary if they are not to be found in the Oxford Latin
Dictionary (OLD), now the standard reference work for classical Latin. Words listed in the OLD
whose meaning has changed or become restricted in medieval or Renaissance usage are also
glossed. If a word may be found in the OLD, but appears in the records text in an obscure
spelling, or an unusual or anomalous inflectional form for which the dictionary provides no
cross-reference, that word has been included and its standard lexical entry form indicated,
without giving a definition. There are exceptions to this rule, where the spelling variations
or anomalous inflectional forms have been treated as scribal errors and more correct forms
given in textual notes. Forms thus noted are not repeated in the glossary.
Most of the Latin words used in the records are common classical words whose spelling
has changed according to common medieval variations. The results of these common variations
are not treated here either as new words or as forms which require cross-referencing. These
variations are:
GLOSSARIES
467
used in the text have been preserved, even where this creates a mixture of alphabets in a single
In all cases, headwords are given in standard form: ie, nouns are listed by nominative,
genitive, and gender; adjectives by the terminations of the nominative singular, or in the case
of adjectives of one termination, by the nominative and genitive; verbs by their principal parts.
The abbreviation qv is used to refer the reader to the definitions of words in the standard
dictionaries, oto for Latin and LSJ for Greek. It has not been used for internal cross-references,
for which the expression See has been used.
English Glossary
The English glossary lists, for the most part, words which have not survived in modern English
and words which, in the records, bear meanings which do not survive in modern use. All
variant spellings of such words are listed. Forms of words interesting from a purely
morphological or phonological point of view have generally not been included in the glossary,
but unusual spellings of words which might not be easily identified (eg, "iuerie" for 'jury') are
listed. Words that look unusual because of the absence of an abbreviation mark (eg, 'pd' for
'paid') have not been glossed. It is assumed that the reader is familiar with such common
spelling alternations as 'au/a,' 'c/s,' 'd/th," 'e/a,' 'ey/i,' 'i/e," 'i/y,' 'o/oo,' 's/z,' 'u/v," 'y/J0' (eg,
'ye' for '[0e'), and 'e' or 'ea' for 'ai" and 'ay." Combinations such as 'tharticulate' (for 'the
articulate') and 'theile' (for 'they'll') have not been listed unless one of their elements is a word
that requires glossing. When variant spellings of the same glossed word occur, the first spelling
in alphabetical order has normally been chosen as headword. Spellings separated from their
main entries by more than two intervening entries have been cross-referenced.
German Glossary
There is no German glossary, because the German text is so short and because comparatively
few words in it require glossing. Those that do are glossed at the foot of the page on the German
text pages.
Works consulted
Arndt, William F. and F. Wilbur Gingrich (eds). A Greek-English Lexicon
of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature: A Translation and Adaptation
of the Fourth Revised and Augmented Edition of Waker Bauer's Griechisch-Deutsches
W6rterbuch zu den Schriften des Neuen Testaments und der iibrigen urchristlichen
Literatur. Revised and augmented 2nd edn by F. Wilbur Gingrich and Frederick W. Danker
(Chicago and London, 1957; rpt 1979).
Cunnington, C. Willett and Phillis. Handbook of English Costume in the Sixteenth Century
(London, 1964).
- Handbook of English Costume in the Seventeenth Century (London, 1965).
468 GLOSSARIES
Glare, P.G.W. (ed). Oxford Latin Dictionary (Oxford, 1982).
Kurath, Hans and Sherman M. Kuhn. Middle English D&tionary. Fascicules A. I - P. 2 (Ann
Arbor, 952-82).
Latham, R.E. Dzctionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources. Fascicules -2: A - C
(London, 975-8).
- Revised Medieval Latin Word-List from British and lrish Sources (London, 1965).
Liddell, Henry George, Robert Scott, Henry Stuart Jones, and Roderick McKenzie. A Greek-
Enghsb Lexicon. 9th edn (Oxford, 94o; rpt with supplement, 96g).
Munrow, David. [Musical] Instruments of the Middle Ages and Renaissance (London, 976).
The Oxford English Dictionary. Compact edition. 2 vols (New York, 97)-
Wright, Joseph (ed). The English Dalect Dictionary. 6 vols (Oxford, 898-9o5).
Abbreviations
adi adjective rat Medieval Latin
adv adverb n noun
art article nt neuter
ct Classical Latin rqx NewTestament
comm common noun ox Old Testament
compar comparative pa past tense
coni conjunction phr phrase
E(; English Glossary pl plural
f feminine poss possessive
Gk Greek pp past participle
Gn Genesis pr present tense
imper imperative prep preposition
in inches pron pronoun
inf infinitive prp present participle
interi interjection sg singular
intr intransitive sbst substantive
Jn John subj subiunctive
m masculine tr transitive
mf masculine/feminine v verb
Mk Mark vb verbal
470 LATIN GLOSSARY
bishop to assist him principally in
administering iustice and in supervising the
rural clergy 385/3, 386/7
arcte adv strictly, stringently 376/11,382/22
Aristotelicus, -a, -um ad! pertaining to the
Greek philosopher Aristotle or his works
376/3
armiger, -grin m (here in form (...)iger)
squire 64/22
articulo, -are, -aui, -atum v tr to name
someone or something in an article, ie, a
charge, before a court (here ecclesiastical)
331/16
articulum, -i n nt article, a charge laid against
the accused party in court 64/15, 342/8,
344/9, etc; see also libellus; a section of a
book or document 368/41
aspersio, -onis nfstain, blot 376/23, 376/32,
385/8
auca, -e n f goose 361/32
aula, -e nfhall: the centre of commumty life
and the dining area in a noble household
361/20, 361/39; aula communis town hall
64/29
aurisfaber, -bri n m goldsmith 64/19
author, -oris n m founder, originator, creator
372/2, 383/I; author (of a book, etc)
382/26
authoritas, -atis nf(royal) authority 376/32,
378/25
azimus, -a, -um adj see dies
balliuus, -i n m bailiff: a civic official
subordinate to the mayor 64/28, or the
manager of an estate or manor 360/17(3)
Barklaea, -ae n f Berkeley 381/21 m
benedico, -cere, -xi, -ctum v tr to bless
372/13; to distribute something in blessing
or as a blessing 290/9
biblium, -ii n nt a Bible 382/13
blasphemo, -are, -aui, -atum v tr to
blaspheme 376/29
butirum, -i n nt for butyrum, qv 361/35
buttria, -e nfbuttery, a storeroom for beer
and spirits, and by extension for other
provisions as well 361/24
cacolicus, -a, -um adjfor catholicus (possibly
a play on the Gk adj xcx6g, -fl, -6v,
'wicked,' or noun xdxxq, -rig, f,
'excrement') 378/16; see also catholicus
caelicus, -a, -um adj pertaining to heaven,
here used in a spiritual rather than a
physical sense 374/4, 376/31
caeteroquin adv moreover 379/28
camera, -e nftreasury 290/30, 290/32, 291/1 ;
room, chamber, suite; magna camera the
lord's chamber in a noble household (?)
361/20
camerarius, -ii n m chamberlain, treasurer:
here, of a monastery 290/35
Canaanaeus, -a, -urn adj pertaining to
Canaan or the Canaanites: by transference,
pertaining to Israel or Israelites, here used
of language 372/19
cancellarius, -ii n m chancellor, here, of a
noble household 360/16
canon, -onis n m standard of reference, rule
373/30
Cantuaria, -e nfCanterbury 290/30, 290/41
capella,-e nfchape1357/4,357/9, 360/23, etc
Capernaiticus, -a, -urn adj pertaining to
Capernaum, a town in Galilee: by
extension, with reference to Jn 6:24-59, of
or pertaining to an adherent of
transubstantiation, the Roman Catholic
doctrine that the bread and wine of the
eucharist are transformed in substance to
the body and blood of Christ during their
consecration, used disparagingly 371/19
caprarius, -a, -urn adj pertaining to a goat:
hence caprarius pastor a goatherd 380/22
capucium, -ii n nt hood 63/22(2), 64/25
caput, -iris n nt head: literally 63/21, 64/23,
or metaphorically 385/11 ; chapter (of a
book or other document) 372/36, 373/I,
373/6, etc
carcosium,-ii n nt carcass, here used of beef
361/29
carecta, oe n fcart-load 361/40
LATIN GLOSSARY
carnalis, -e adj pertaining to flesh, fleshly: by
transference, bodily, carnal (as opposed to
spiritual) 378/1
caro, -his n/flesh: of animals, caro bouis beef
361/29; of men 371/21; also used with
particular reference to that of Christ,
referring to his human nature 371/17,
371/I 8, or his eucharistic presence 371/14
castellum, -i n nt castle (here as the location
of a jail) 377/17, 377/31
castrimargus, -i n m woodcock 361/34
castrum, -i n nt (royal) castle (here as a
fortification) 63/9, 64/5
catholicus, -a, -um adj and sbst Roman
Catholic 379/4
cena, -e n [supper (the less important and
later of the two main meals of the day)
356/36, 357/4, 360/12, etc
ceremonia, -e n f liturgical or religious rite,
ritual 369/19
certifico, -are,-aui, -atum v intr to certify the
performance of a penance imposed as a
sentence by an ecclesiastical court 331/24,
331/39, 332/8, etc
ceruisia, -e n f beer 361/25
ceruisiarius, -a, -um adj pertaining to beer:
hence domus ceruisiaria an alehouse, inn
379/32
chaundelarius, -ii n m chandler, candle-
maker 361/13
chaundria, -e n f chandlery, originally a
storeroom for candles, but later a
household department, as it is here 361/37
chorea, -ae nfround dance, here apparently
used to indicate folk or country dancing,
including Maypole dancing 369/17,
369/21, 370/31, etc; Mauritii chorea a
morris dance 382/3
Christianus, -a, -um adj and sbst Christian
371/1,372/27, 374/29, etc
Christicola, -ae n m Christian 374/28
circiter adv found alone 314/20, 342/33,
342/35; or in idiom eo circiter 285/10,
286/19, 343/I 8, etc: thereabouts (of time)
circumcido, -dere, -di, -sum v tr to
471
circumcise 370/21; by transference, to
make pure or righteous 370/28
circumcisus, -a, -um adj circumcised,
purified 370/32
Cirencestria, -ae n f Cirencester 385/2
cissor, -oris n m clothcutter, tailor, orpossibly
carver 360/24; sissor 361/12
cithara,- ae n fliterally, lyre, but here
probably harp 372/30, 374/7
cithareda, -e n comm literally, in CL, a female
lyrist, but here probably harper (although
there is evidence that the word could refer
to one who played any plucked string
instrument) 290/37, possibly 373/41;
context suggests that in ML the word is to
be treated as masculine and refers to a man
citharaedus, -i n m literally, lyrist, here
probably harper 382/9, 386/1, possibly
373/41 see also cithareda
dericus, -i n m cleric, one in holy orders
63/17, 64/21,290/11
colluctator, -oris n m fellow-wrestler 382/10
collusor, -otis n m fellow-player of a sport or
game, or in some form of entertainment
382/10
comessatio, -onis n f feast, banquet 379/33,
385/21
comestio, -onis n fearing 371/15, 373/1
comitatus, -us n m county 342/32, 342/34,
343/16, etc
comes, -itis n m companion, comrade 374/21 :
earl 291/12, 291/13
comitissa, -e n f countess 291/27
comitiua, -e n f retinue, train of followers
64/5
commissio, -onis n [ (royal) commission,
usually of judicial inquiry or of the peace
63/8, 64/14, 64/15
communis, -e adj common, communal
379/22, 384/39; common, ordinary, usual
290/19, 376/12; pertaining to the
community or town (see aula)
communitas, -atis n fcommunity,
commonalty, commons 63/10, 64/29
compareo, -ere, -ui, -- v intr to appear in
474 LATIN GLOSSARY
Exoniensis, -e adjof or pertaining to Exeter,
here designating the bishop of Exeter
335/28
factura, -e n f making, fashioning 358/28
familia, -e n f household 290/38
familiaris, -e adjand sbst of or pertaining to
the household, hence mfas sbst member of
a household 357/9; famuliaris, -e 360/22,
360/23
feria, -ae n fholiday, festival, holy day
369/23, 369/24, 370/22, etc
ferialis, -e adj of or pertaining to a holiday
373/20
festum, -i n nt religious festival 369/23,
373/20, 373/23; feast of the Christian
church 347/21, 347/23, 347/24: festum
Epiphanie Epiphany, 6 January 347/27
festum Natale or Natalis domini see
natalis; festum Sancti Michaelis or Sancti
Michaelis Archangeli Michaelmas, 29
September 63/5-6, 64/12-13; festum
Sancti Nicholai St Nicholas' Day,
6 December 290/18
tides, -ei n ffaith, belief, in a restricted sense
Christian belief, either in an abstract sense
or as a concrete body of dogmas 369/37,
369/39, 370/2, etc
fidelis, -e adjand sbst worthy of trust, faithful
375/8, 384/27 m as sbst a faithful
Christian; in pl the faithful 371/24, 372/27,
384/39
focale, -is n nt fuel for fires or stoves 361/40
for, fari, fassus sum ; tr to speak, to say, here
used in restricted sense, to acknowledge,
to confess the validity of a charge 331/! 4,
331/38, 332/6, etc
forinsecus, -a, -urn adj external, alien,
foreign 290/33, 358/24
forisfactura, -e n f forfeiture (eg, of a
monetary fine) 169/28, 169/36
frater, -tris n m brother: literally, 64/25, or
in an extended sense of fellow members of
the same commumty or group 369/27,
375/28, 376/9, etc; a member of a religious
order 290/13, 290/30, 290/33, etc
garcio, -onis n m groom, servant 360/9,
360/13
gardianus, -i n m churchwarden 201/12,
333/2
gardroba, -e n f wardrobe (department of a
royal or noble household): hence gardroba
lectorum petty wardrobe, the lord's
personal clothing and effects 359/!-2m
gasconiensis, -e adj see uinum
generosus, -i n m gentleman 360/7, 360/!!,
361/11, etc
gestio, -ire, -ii, -- v intr to exult; to gesture;
to express oneself by gesture; hence
possibly to represent mimetically: it is
impossible to be sure exactly in what sense
this word is being used here 371/37
gestiuncula, -ae n f diminutive of gestus
382/14, 382/24
gestus, -us n m physical movement; (dance)
movement; gesture, sign (either
accompanying or independent of speech);
hence possibly mimetic action: it is
impossible to be sure to which of these
senses these occurrences, all in Appendix
3 of the Gloucestershire records, should be
assigned 369/22, 370/8, 370/38
Gloucestria, -e n f Gloucester 290/16m,
290/23, 291/! 1, etc
Gloucestriensis, -e adj of or pertaining to
Gloucester 368/42, 377/17, 381/15-16m,
etc
gratia, -ae n f favour, good-will, used in a
restricted sense: grace, a divine gift
operating in man to sanctify, regenerate,
and strengthen 371/13, 371/27, 372/21,
etc; thanks 375/26, 386/18; in accusative,
with "agere," to thank, to give thanks to
386/6; in ablative, followed by genitive, for
the sake of 378/7, 383/! 0; gratiarum actio
post puerperium service for the
thanksgiving of women after childbirth
(commonly known as the churching of
women) 385/20
476 LATIN GLOSSARY
Kariolium, -i n nt Carlisle 63/5, 63/10(2), etc
lagena, -ae n fgallon (liquid measure) 361/25,
361/26(2), etc
Lancastrensis, -e adj of or pertaining to
Lancaster, Lancastrian, hence rnf as sbst
Lancaster 378/17
Lancastria, -ae n f Lancaster 378/8
le, lez vernacular art see EG
libellus, -i n m formal accusation or set of
charges laid against the accused party in a
court (composed of individual charges or
articula) 330/9, 330/20
liberacio, -onis n f delivery (of money or
goods), hence, payment 359/12m ;'livery,'
one of the five daily meals in a noble
household 361/15, 361/23, 361/28
linurao -e n f lining (of clothing) 359/4
littera, -ae n f letter of the alphabet, zn pl
letters, literature: hence sacrae litterae
sacred letters, ie, the Bible 379/24,385/38
ludicrum, -cri n nt a synonym for ludus
369/15,382/lO;probablyderivedfrom thzs
noun is the adj ludicer, -cra, -crum of,
pertaining to, or suitable for a ludus
377/20, 380/13
ludo, -dere, -si, -sum v tr to perform (a play
or some other form of entertainment)
64/21,290/11,347/23, etc: in Appendix 3
of the Gloucestershire records it is difficult
to tell whether this meaning or one of the
logically prior meanings, to take part in
recreation or to play (a game, a sport, a
game of chance), is intended 369/10,
371/37, 380/34; to play (music or a musical
instrument) 386/9
ludus, -i n m play (as a form of performance),
a synonym ofmiraculum 63/17, 63/25; in
Appendix 3 of the Gloucestershire records
it is sometimes hard to tell whether this
meaning or one of the logically prior
meanings, play, recreation, game, sport, is
intended 368/32,380/12,380/16, etc; ludi
Mail May games 382/3
lusor, -otis n m player in (unspecified)
entertainment or sport 357/15, 357/21,
357/25, etc
lusus, -us n m play (as a form of recreation),
game, sport, game of chance; play (as a
form of entertainment); it is difficult to
distinguish which meaning is intended in
a given context here 368/33,372/7, 373/3,
etc
lyricus, -i n m musician, literally, one who
plays the lyre, here probably a harper
385/5, 386/1
magister, -tri n m master, Mr (as a title of
respect) 385/3, 386/7(2), etc
magnas, -atis n m magnate, person of wealth
or high political or ecclesiastical standing
378/13
maiestas, -atis n fmajesty (as a royal or divine
title) 374/28, 375/14, 375/23, etc; laesa
maiestas lse-majest6, treason 376/20
major, -otis n m mayor 64/28, 64/30, 218/25
major, -us compar adj greater (in size,
dignity, or worth)290/7, 370/17, 374/30,
etc
Maius, -a, -urn adj see ludus, pyramis
marca, -e n m mark (currency denomination
equal in value to 13 s 4 d) 290/32,291/29
Marchia, -e n fmarch, border district, hence
comes Marchie earl of March 291/12
martyr, -is n m martyr, one who dies in
defence of Christianity or moral principles
290/22
Mauritii see chorea
melodia, -ae nfmusic, melody: a Gk n taken
over into Latin; both Gk usage and CL
usage of related words have the connota-
tion of song, but Anglo-Latin medieval
usage is more ambiguous, and so seems to
imply either instrumental music or song;
hence it is difficult to know in what sense
the word is used here 385/7, 386/4
metaphysicibs adv a Gk adv I/ctq)otxdg
metaphysically (a post-classical formation)
371/28
minister, -tri n m literally, servant, hence,
478 LATIN GLOSSARY
parisiensis candela Paris candle, a kind of
large wax candle 361/37-8
parochia, -e n f parish, the smallest distinct
unit of ecclesiastical jurisdiction and
Christian ministry, each parish having its"
own church, priest, wardens, and tithes
331/15, 342/34, 343/16, etc
parochianus, -i n m parishioner, inhabitant
of a parish 344/10
particulate, -is n nt detail, item, particular
356/23
particulariter adv in detail, item by item
356/22
pascha, -ae n fsee dies
patria, -e n f local district, country 360/25
peccator, -otis n m sinner (one who commits
offenses against God or divine law as
embodied either in the Bible or
ecclesiastical law) 380/6
peccatum, -i n nt sin, an offense against God
or divine law as embodied in either the
Bible or ecclesiastical law 372/23
penitencia, -e n f penance (the act of
contrition or restitution imposed upon the
penitent sinner by ecclesiastical or divine
authority) 331/17, 333/23, 372/3
pentateuchum, -i n nt Pentateuch, the Greek
and Latin name of the Torah, the five (Gk
adj xv't) books of Moses 373/13
pentecostes, -es n fsee dies
penulator, -otis n m furrier 360/24
personalis, -e adj here found in idiom
responsio personalis 344/8 or responsum
personale 201 / 11 : a reply or response to a
charge delivered by the respondent in
person
phantasma, -atis n nt fantasy, fancy; dream
382/33
phantasticus, -a, -um adj fantastic, fanciful
371/19
picherius, -ii n m pitcher (liquid measure)
361/16, 361/17, 361/18, etc
pietancia, -e n f pittance: allowance of alms
290/10
polus, -i n m pole: here apparently either a
Maypole or a summer pole 381/13m,
382/8(2); polus aestiualis 377/17 or
aestiuus 381/35,383/14 summer pole; see
somner pole in EG
pontificius, -a, -um adj literally, of or
pertaining to a bishop, hence applied as a
derogatory term to Roman Catholicism: of
or pertaining to the pope, popish, Roman
Catholic 371/20, 379/4, 379/6, etc
potacio, -onis n f drinking: used literally
371/15, 373/1 ; or as the name of one of the
five daily meals in a noble household
361/14, 361/27
praeconceptus. -a, -um adj preconceived,
thought out in advance 376/11
praeputium, -ii n nt literally, the foreskin:
here in idiom praeputium concidere to
circumcise 370/21
prandium, -ii n nt dinner, the earlier and
more important of the two main daily
meals 347/12m, 347/17m. 348/3m, etc
praxis, -is n f Gk n zctg. -.g. fl. qv: it
occurs in Roman letters 373/32, 379/3,
383/6 and also entirely in Gk letters 371/6
presentacio, -onis nfpresentment, a spedfic
allegation or series of allegations of
misconduct made against (a) named
person(s) to an ecclesiastical officiaI or
court 201 / 11, 331/15(2); see also officium,
promocio
presento, -are, -aui, -atum v tr to make
presentment (see presentacio) 288/19
princeps, -ipis n m prince 291/21
prioratus, -us n m priory, a religious house
under the jurisdiction of a prior 290/41,
291/2
prior. -is n rn prior, an officer of a religious
house subordinate to the abbot or the head
of a religious house, itself occasionaIly
dependent upon another house 290/10,
290/33
prior, prius cornpar adj earlier (in time)
370/22; first (of two) 372/39
480
LATIN GLOSSARY
Of a church or religious house 291/2
salio, -ere, -ui, -urn v tr to leap, jump; to
mount (used of mating animals) 370/29,
370/32, 371/36, etc
saltatlo, -onis n f dancing, a dance 369/17,
370/8, 373/2, etc
saltator, -otis n m in CL, dancer; here it is
impossible to know whether this sense, or
the more usual Anglo-Latin meaning,
tumbler, is meant 382/10
salto, -are, -aui, -atum v intr to dance: in CL,
this verb can imply dancing which was
representational or mimetic in character,
but it is impossible to say whether this
connotation is intended in Appendix 3 of
the Gloucestershire records, though it
must have been known to the author
369/10, 370/29, 371/37, etc
saltus, -us n m leap, spring: by extension,
step, dance-step 369/21, 370/38
sanctifico, -are, -aui, -atum v tr to make holy
or sacred 369/10
sanctificatio, -onis nfthe act of making holy
or sacred 369/13
scandalum, -i n nt stumbling-block, an
occasion or potential cause of sin or
divisiveness 382/31
schismaticus, -a, -urn adj and sbst of or
pertaining to a schism, schismatic 384/35;
m as sbst a member of a schism 378/23
Scriptura, -ae n f the Bible 371/8
secta, -ae nfsect, usually a religious subgroup
having beliefs and practices different from
those of the group as a whole 379/4
sellaria, -ie n f storeroom, cellar 361/15
septimana, -ae n f week 380/12, 385/28
sermo, -onis n m conversation, discourse
381/35; sermon: sermo dominicalis
Sunday sermon 380/32
seruiens, -ntis n m servant, liege man 63/18,
63/23, 356/18, etc
seruus, -i n m servant 385/5m; historically, a
slave 380/29, 380/31
sextarius, -ii n m sester, a dry and liquid
measure whose equivalent is unknown
361/16, 361/18, 361/20, etc
siccine adv for sicine qv 369/13
siet archaic pr subj of sum qv 377/13
signus, -i n m for cycnus qv 361/31
siluestris, -e adj literally of or from the
woods: here in idiom, carbo siluestris
charcoal 361/40
sissor n m see cissor
spiritualis, -e adj spiritual, of or pertaining to
the human or divine spirit 371/15, 371/17,
372/1
spiritualiter adv in a way pertaining or
appropriate to the spirit or soul 371/23
spiritus, -us n m spirit, soul, mind 371/21,
375/30(2); spiritus sanctus Holy Spirit
371/30-1, 374/32
sponsus, -i n m bridegroom, here used to refer
to Jesus on the basis of his parables of the
bridegroom 374/12, 374/14, 374/30
Staffordia, -e n f Stafford 347/12
statutum, -i n nt statute, law 290/41,383/18,
383/29, etc
statutus, -a, -urn adjestablished, set 290/17
staurum, -i n nt store, storeroom 361/29
subditus, -i n m subject (of a king or other
ruler) 368/34, 368/37, 375/7
subiectus, -i n m subject (of a king or other
ruler) 380/9, 384/28
superabundanter adv in great abundance
378/19
superexundans, -ntis adj springing up to a
great extent, greatly abounding 380/4
tabernaculum, -i n nt see dies
taberna, -ae n f tavern, drinking
establishment 379/31
testamentum, -i n nt will, testament; here in
idiom testamentum nouum New
Testament 372/38-9
thesaurarius, -ii n m treasurer 361/10
tibia, -ae n f pipe, flute, reed pipe 372/30
tibicen, -inis n m piper, perhaps used
generically for musician 373/40, 382/9,
386/2
totalis, -e adj entire, whole, total 296/25,
484 ENGLISH GLOSSARY
athisside adz, on this side (of) 293/32
(.)attelment see battlement
attend -v infescort or accompany (someone)
in order to perform some service 341/12:
attend pr 3 pl'wait upon," visit on a matter
of business 362/I I
attendance, attendaunce see atendance
attendantes n pl servants, helpers 341/22
aughter n author, originator 288/i
awake see waike
awter n altar 293/5
avert adv again 294/10
ayenst see against
bailiffe n the agent of a lord of the manor, who
collects his rents, etc 194/14; balive
196/29; bayliffe i 92/i 8 balife chief public
administrative officer of a particular
district, 103/31 : bayliffe 288/30, 289/3,
289/6, etc bailly poss 214/22; bai|iffes n pl
339/6, 339/7(2), etc bailiffes poss pl
339/5m
baiting vb n setting dogs to bite and worry
(an animal, usuallv one confined for this
purpose) for sport 334/5; baytinge 301/42:
see also beare-baitings: bul-baitings
baize n a kind of woollen cloth, finer and
lighter than that now called baize 213/28;
bayse i 79/33
ballad n popular song which sometimes
attacks persons or institutions 334/11 ;
ballades pl 334/15
band n neck-band, collar (of a shirt) 94/32
banket n banquet 172/4, 174/10, 298/24, etc;
bankett 299/i 1; banquenttes pl 345/7;
banquets 346/29
bar n a bar used in some trial of strength or
skall (?) 93/38, ii5/33
harbor n barber-surgeon, one who does hair-
dressing, blood letting, and minor surgery
315/3
bare faced adl phr without a mask 363/28
barehede adj bareheaded 292/31
baron n nobleman, peer, lord of Parliament
307/i 5m: barons poss 306/i 4; baron of the
parliament n phr 307/18; baron of the
parliamente 307/14
barred of his othe pp phr prevented from
taking his oath (?) 334/26
barr monnye n phr in Carlisle, customary
payments claimed by the city's sergeants
i i 8/37
barronie n estate, honour of a baron
190/41, 191/9, 191/11 ; barrony 189/16
battlement n an indented parapet at the top
of a wall 340/1; 340/7, 340/14: etc;
(.)attelment 339/39m; battlementes p/
341/1,341/13, 341/35, etc
bayliffe see bailiffe
bayse see baize
baytinge see baiting
bea interj baa, the noise a sheep makes 352/35
beadell n beadle; a minor town official 65/22;
beadle poss 202/32: beadles pl 123/2;
beadles poss 100/38, 103/33; beedles 91/i 8
beakenes see beking
beare-baitings n p/form of entertainment in
which dogs are set on a chained bear
346/16; beare and bullbaitings 367/36; see
also baiting
bearrade n bearward; keeper of a bear, who
leads it about 305/16; bearwarde 91/4;
berward 301/41 berrardes pl 305/14
beedles see beadell
beggery n rubbish, beggarly stuff 349/5
beguile v infdeprive (of) by fraud, cheat out
(of) 384/21 ; beguyled pp 384/24
beking n beacon, signal-fire on a hill 176/8;
beakenes pl 178/10, 178/15, 178/17;
bekens 176/1, 176/6; bekinngs 176/14
belman n town-crier, one who goes around
a town and makes public announcements,
to which he attracts attention by ringinga
bell (see endnote to p 65 CA/4/I f [lv])
65/22; belman poss 103/33; bellmans
91/22
belongeth in office v phr belongs as a duty
368/4-5
benevolence n gift or grant of money 99/30,
109/37, 112/37, etc
ENGLISH GLOSSARY
prepares indictments and keeps a record of
proceedings at sessions of the peace 196/4
cloackes n p/cloaks (of varying lengths,
hooded or hoodless, sometimes having
sleeves) 186/31; cloakes 133/39, 186/9,
187/37, etc; clockes 200/31 ; clocks 103/32;
clokes 88/6; 182/11, 183/8, etc; clookes
187/14, 214/5
doath n woollen cloth 125/38; cloth 123/2,
183/8; clothe 65/22, 87/38, 169/7, etc
clossed, clossede see herin clossed
coape n ecclesiastical vestment resembling a
long cloak 337/12; coopys pl 294/22,
294/28; copys 292/35, 293/3
coarte see leet cort
coat n coat, sometimes a sleeveless close-
fitting garment coming no lower than the
waist, sometimes loose, with skirts and
sleeves 71/13, 71/16, 72/3, etc; coatt
66/12; coote 81/16; cote 91/23, 167/5; cott
88/7, 88/34; cotte 78/2, 78/11, 87/36, etc;
cootes pl 170/18, 293/30; cotes 100/37,
170/27, 172/17, etc; cots 175/32; cottes
178/6, 179/34, 182/5, etc; cotts 103/33
cockatrice n a fabulous serpent, said to kill by
its mere glance, and to be hatched from a
cock's egg 350/1
coloringe n painting (?) 334/4
combes n pl honeycombs 355/27
comffites n pl sweetmeats made of some fruit,
root, etc, preserved with sugar 172/6;
comfittes 68/l 1
commandadore n commendador,
commander (used chiefly as a Spanish or
Venetian title) 352/33
commicon n commission; warrant
authorizing someone to do something
319/40, 320/1, 320/2
commissinares n pl commissioners, members
of a commission established to investigate
(something) 180/20; commissinores
180/25; commissoneres 180/18
common charge see charge
common counceli n phr in Gloucester, a
body composed of thirty or more of the
487
principal burgesses, from among whom
the mayor and aldermen were elected
311/27-8; common counsell 363/1
common welthe n phr public welfare,
common good 171/9
companie n trade guild 105/19, 317/19,
317/24, etc; compan y 99/3 I, 170/8, 327/6;
companye 105/23, 170/9; comp (error for
'company') 111/17; companies 116/13;
companyes 113/38; companie a party of
players or a band of musicians 130/19,
143/3, 143/5, etc; company 83/3, 114/36,
133/41, etc; companye 75/19; companies
pl 144/5
conceipt n notion, idea 193/11; conseite
189/30
conceived v pa 3 sg understood, apprehended
331/4
condiscended pp agreed, consented 307/6
conforme v reflinfto comply with the usages
of the Church of England 367/16, 367/21
conforme ad 1 who has complied with the
usages of the Church of England 368/2
connyes n pl conies, rabbits 74/1; cunnyes
92/11, 96/3, 108/7, etc; cunyes 73/14,
102/26, 103/1, etc
consort n company of musicians 323/22;
consorts iv/136/34
constable n an officer of a parish or township
appointed to act as conservator of the peace
342/16; high constable n phr an officer of
a hundred or other large administrative
district, appointed to act as conservator of
the peace 352/26; constable (with 'high'
understood) 352/32, 353/2
contemners n pl despisers, scorners 367/24
contemptuously adv in the manner of those
setting legal authority at defiance 289/5
contracting martes see mattes
conuenient ad 1 decent, appropriate, suitable
367/32; conuenyent 215/9; convanient
92/2; convenient 333/38; convenyente
169/5
coocke n cook (?) or, proper name Cook (?)
145/12
488 ENGLISH GLOSSARY
coopys see coape
coote, cootes see coat
copys see coape
cornetor n one who plays a cornett (see
cornett) 140/29: cornetter 137/21
cornett n cornett, a wooden wind instrument
(not to be confused with the modern
cornet) 329/1; cornettes pl 328/14
corporacion n a town possessing self-
governing privileges; the name given to its
governing body, empowered to act as a
legal entity 170/11, 196/1 : corporations pl
362/10
corslettes n pl pieces of defensive armour
covering the body (as opposed to the
limbs) 337/8
cote, cotes, cots, cott, cotte, cottes, cotts, see
coat
counterfeete n mitator, actor (?) 100/27
counterfeitinge prp acting, imitating 218/19
course n reprehensible behaviour, 'goings on'
289/15; course race, horse-race 120/10;
courses pl 116/17; course of horse race n
phr a single race within a set ot horse-races
114/1
cradell n probably, a suspended scaffolding or
stage used by workmen on buildings
305/3; cradles pl 341/7
craueth v pr 3 sg asks, requests 317/16,
323/31, 324/7: craved pp 84/27
Cristie n Christ's School 322/9
crownatyon daye n phr Coronation Day, the
anniversary of the accession of Queen
Elizabeth I (17 Nov 1558) 174/32
cuckow-time n phr April, the time of the
cuckoo's arrival in the British Isles 354/33
cunnyes, cunyes see connyes
cusshynges n pl cushions, 294/23, 294/28;
cusshyns 292/36, 293/3
cutter n tailor (?) 353/17, 354/26
cyphers n pl numbers, numerals 352/8
damosels n p/damsels; young unmarried
women 349/36
dampes n pl gases or vapours of a noxious
kind 349/7
dasshet v pa 3 sg dashed, threw 215/22
dauncing pumpes, daunsing pumpes see
pumpes
decoring vb n decorating, adorning 367/34
deections see derection
defend v inf uphold, maintain by speech or
argument 285/21,286/31,287/20;
defended pa 3 sg 288/2
deponent n one who makes a deposition
under oath, one who gives written
testimony to be used as evidence in a court
of justice 193/29, 194/5, 194/7, etc;
deponentes poss 194/I, 194/8, 194/14, etc
depose v inf testify, bear witness
190/8, 190/24, 193/6, etc; deposeth pr3 sg
192/38, 193/8, 193/25, etc: deposed pp
193/7, 193/13
deprave v inf decry, disparage 201/24
derection n instruction, authoritative
guidance 89/12; derecktions pl 208/33;
derections 204/31; deections (error for
'derections' (?)) 204/29; directions 216/27,
366/5
detected pp informed against, accused 331/34,
332/I, 332/18, etc
device n something devised or fancifully
invented for dramatic representation
216/31; deuices pl 353/8; deuises 355/20;
see also vise; devise design 335/23
di n one-half (for Latin 'dimidium') 206/37,
212/33, 214/5, etc
diall n clock 350/12
diclosed pp declosed; disclosed, revealed
198/1
diet n food, board 348/27m, 348/28
diligences n pl in v phr done their diligences
done their utmost endeavour, exerted
themselves 345/20
directions see derection
discomininge vb n discommoning, depriving
of citizenship 307/29
dlscouer v infreveal, disclose 349/10, 351/8;
discouered pp 188/21 ; discovered v pa 3 sg
uncovered, bared 363/17
ENGLISH GLOSSARY
discredyted pp brought into discredit or
disrepute 314/32
disgisingez n p/masques, masquerades
347/21; disgysynges 335/19
disguised pp dressed up as for a pageant or
entertainment 218/15, 346/11; disguysed
201/17
diuers adj various, sundry 188/19, 201/17,
343/3, etc; diuerse 304/36, 307/2, 307/4,
etc; divers 94/10, 189/16, 197/13, etc;
diverse 310/25, 311/3; dyveres 117/9;
dyvers 171/5
dli error for "di. li.," ie, Latin "dimidium
librae,' half a pound 76/22
doble gilte adj phr having two layers of
gilding 303/15; duble giltt 84/32
dosan n dozen 113/36; duson 206/6
doubted v pa 3 sg or pp feared 288/33
draftes n p/loads 304/12
drawn pp written out 189/15
dresinge vb n cleaning, furbishing (?) 182/24;
dressinge preparing, perhaps also
decorating, adorning 105/27, 117/22,
304/16, etc
drinkinge n a convivial revel 305/37(2);
drinkynge 300/42; drinkinges pl 345/8;
drinkings 345/28, 346/19(2), etc;
drynkynges 168/9m, 168/27; drynkyns
168/20
drumme n poss drummer's 100/38
drummercotte n poss and n drummer's coat
103/33
drynkynges, drynkyns see drinkinge
duble giltt see doble gilte
duble ad 1 of twice the value 84/36
dulle sole adjphr double-soled: having soles
made from material of double thickness, or
in two layers 86/18
duson see dosan
dyes n pl days 340/24
dyveres, dyvers see diuers
earnest adj intent, zealous 314/31
egge see ann egge brok
eighttenthe adj eighteen 303/2
489
eleccion dinner n phr a dinner given on the
day of the election of the alderman 207/13;
eleckcion dener 176/18; elecktion diner
205/36, 206/2, 206/5; election diner 172/
22, 200/29; election dinner 175/22, 175/
25, 199/25, etc; election dyner 204/35;
elekxtion diner 182/17; ellection diner
203/25; ellection dynner 199/16, 202/18-
19; elections diner n poss phr 173/8
enterlude n play, especially of a light or
humorous kind 358/29; interlude 307/20;
enterludes p/306/42m, 306/42,307/1, etc;
interludes 307/11,307/15, 367/35
entertayninge see intertayne
entertaynment n public performance or
exhibition designed to interest or amuse
216/32; enterteinment hospitable
provision for the wants of a guest 349/15
er conj ere, before 295/10
erect v inf elevate to office 218/7
esquyers n pl men belonging to the order of
gentry, and ranking immediately below
knights 294/15
estat see groumes of the stable of estat
estates n p/orders or classes of society 218/30
euenday see fasten euenday
evidences n p/documents by means of which
facts are established, especially title-deeds
334/39
examinat n person under examination, either
as witness or as accused person 190/36;
examinates poss 193/39
excepte conj unless 315/19
exercyse n formal recitation 100/10; exercises
p/activities (especially sports and
entertainments) 346/17
expect v infawait, wait for 355/12; expected
pp 216/26
extraordinarij adj extra, additional, not
routine 85/5; extrordanrie adv 205/38;
extrordinarie 205/28
face n mask 339/32
fantasticall adj inclined to love (?) 354/41
farr byth square adz, phr'far by the square,"
ENGLISH GLOSSARY
84/36; peeces n pl pieces of artillery 289/34
peaze n pea 353/20, 353/21
peceadvapiece 183/13, 204/I I, 204/20, etc;
peece 203/4, 203/13, 203/22, etc; pes
176/19; the peece art and n 202/27; see also
apec
peniston n a kind of coarse woollen cloth used
for garments, linings, etc 88/3.88/4
per prep (Latin word used as English)
according to 181/29, 183/36, 187/11, etc
peraduenture adv perhaps, maybe 366/40
peres see shriffes peres
personate v znfimpersonate 188/22, 188/28,
191 / 17, etc; personated v pa 3 pl 196/41 :
personateinge vb n 193/10: personatedpp
192/7, 197/I, 363/7
pes see pece
pinicle n pinnacle, small ornamental turret
304/27; pyinacles pl 341/14
pips n pltobacco pipes 203/24,203/28, 204/23
pitts n pl (but sg zn sense?) cockpit, pit or
enclosed area in which gamecocks are set
to fight for sport 108/29
plaiars n pl players, stage-players, actors
300/26; plaiers 72/37:172/27, 174/15, etc;
plaies 200/13; plaiores 300/28; plaiors
213/15 plaires 75/27; playeres 80/29,
90/34; 91/9, etc; players 65/7, 66/11,
66/13, etc; playores 298/34, 299/41,
299/42, etc; playors 300/36; playres
181/30; playrs 204/31,212/23 pleyars
297/6, 297/41 ; pleyers 296/33, 296/41,
297/26, etc; see also stage playars
plaie hase error for 'plaie hade,' ie.
entertainment presented 72/13
plat n plate, a prize consisting of a silver or
gold cup (or something similar) given to
the winner of a race I 17/28 plate 114/25,
115/4, 115/6, etc
play bookes n phr pl books containing a play
or plays 196/5, 196/6, 196/9, etc;
playebookes 196/34
play daie n phr the day on which a play was
performed 178/23; play dayes pl 169/35;
playdayes 170/37
497
playeres, players see plaiars
playes n pl public sports and entertainments
123/12
playgames n p/games, sports (perhaps the
same as silver playgames; see siluer
games) 65/26
playores, playors, playres, playrs see plaiars
plea n play, dramatic representation 196/26,
196/28; pleas pl 197/8, 197/12, 197/13
pleasure n will, desire 366/3,366/21. 367/7,
etc
pleyars, pleyers see plaiars
pole n May-pole, a high, decorated pole, set
up in an open space, for merrymakers to
dance around on May-day 285/14,286/27
poles pl 386/22: see also May pole. somner
pole
pomell n the knob terminating the hilt of a
sword or dagger 215/14
poole v nf pull 191/6
Popish adj "Papist," Roman Catholic (used
with derogatory sense) 366/25
poppett players, poppette players see puppie
player
potle n liquid measure equalling two quarts
68/9; pottell 316/20, 320/37; pottle 76/2 I.
76/22, 312/34, etc: potties pl 319/26(2)
powder n gunpowder 72/14, 72/16, 72/18,
etc: powther 119/33: puder 88/11
praye v inf ask, request 65/13; pray pr l pl
335/25; prayeth pr 3 sg 315/37, 316/9,
316/36 etc; praie pr 3 pl 302/42, 303/13,
303/42, etc; praye 306/30
prebendaryes n pl holders of prebends,
benefices funded from the cathedral's
revenues 328/16
precise adjprecise or punctilious in religious
observance 366/9
precisian n one who is precise in religious
observance (in the 16th and 17th centuries
synonymous with 'Puritan') 386/25;
precisians pl 367/20, 375/29m
precontest n a former or previous fellow-
witness 315/12
premyss n and adj aforesaid, aforementioned
ENGLISH GLOSSARY
499
who refuses to attend the services of the
Church of England 334/25; recusants pl
366/25, 367/40
redde dere n phr cervus elaphus or red deer,
a species so called from its red-brown
colour 303/37
reed see read
remeved v pa 3 sg went away (from one place
to another) 291/36, 292/9
repaire n resort or going to a place 335/13
reparell n apparel 338/35, 338/38
repayer v inf go, make one's way 65/7
respondent n a defendant in a lawsuit 201/15
resting prp remaining 115/4
restraint n prohibition 334/4, 334/8;
restreinte means of checking or restraining
(someone's activities) 306/41
Reuells see Ravelles
reume n rheum, watery matter that drops
from the eyes, nose, etc 351/33
Revelles, revells see Ravelles
reward n remuneration 100/Sm, 100/10m,
100/16m, etc; rewarde 83/16, 86/5m,
86/20m, etc; rew (error for 'reward;'
abbreviation sign missing) 86/10m,
87/18m, 87/34m, etc rewardes pl 299/9,
300/26, 303/13m, etc
riall adj royal 293/24
rialles n iv/gold coins originally of the value
of ten shillings, first issued by Edward Iv
in 1465 295/7, 296/9
ribaldish adj abusive, scurrilous 384/19
rishes n iv/rushes, plants used for strewing on
floors and making rush-lights 120/22
riued pp riven, split, broken in two 351/18
rondes n pl rands, strips or long slices of meat
(not to be confused with 'rounds') 361/29
rowem n "room," a place to which a person
is assigned 169/24
rowt n company or band of persons 289/34
runninge bowie n phr a bowl awarded as a
prize at the Carlisle horse race 114/8
ryding vb n riding along (a boundary, etc) for
the purpose of maintaining or reviving a
clear knowledge of it 74/30; rydinge
73/30, 79/26, 79/30, etc
sa error for v pr 3 sg 'saith,' says 195/18,
195/21, 195/35, etc
sack n a general name for a class of white
wines formerly imported from Spain and
the Canaries 76/21, 184/7, 199/2, etc;
sacke 81/6, 102/39, 105/11, etc; sake
182/23; seck 175/13; secke 68/9, 103/14,
303/36
sad adj dark, deep (in colour) 169/7
sagbott n sackbut, the ancestor of the modern
trombone 327/14; sagbutt 327/28,328/7;
saggbutt 328/12, 328/36, 328/38, etc
Sainte Peters yeve n phr 28 June, the eve of
the Feast of St Peter and St Paul (for further
information see endnote to p 79, CA/4/2 ff
[13-14v]) 301/30; St Peters euen 79/14-15
sake see sack
saregantes, sargantes, sargentes, sargents,
sarientes see sergiants
saye n a woollen cloth of fine texture
resembling serge 78/35
scaffold n temporary raised platform or stage
for dramatic performances or exhibitions
299/11,299/16, 300/7, etc; scaffolde
298/15, 298/17, 300/26, etc; scaffould
305/22; skaffold 299/26, 300/35; skaffolde
304140, 305/12; scaffoldes pl 304/34,
304/39
scholler n one who is taught in a school
158/17, 194/9; schollersp193/25, 108/23;
scolleres 117/4; scollers 100/10; skhollers
121/21
scituate pp situated, located 330/24
scotes adj Scots, Scottish 66/25, 66/29, 75/10;
scotts 93/27
seck, secke see sack
secutorys n pl 'secretaries,' important
officials of the royal household, possibly
members of the Privy Council 296/12
seller n a store-room for provisions 341/32
send v inf send word 288/36
sergiant. n pl serjean ts- at-mace, low-ranking
mumcpal officers 123/2, 125/38; seriantes
ENGLISH GLOSSARY
(for further information see endnote to p 77
CA/4/2f[6]) 90/8; summergames 80/34,
101/10
sommes error for'somme," some (?) 299/33;
see golden sommes
somner pole (errorfor'sommer pole')n pbr
a pole decked with flowers, erected during
a spring/summer festival 287/12; sommer
rodd 201/16; see also May-pole, pole
sonnet n short poem or piece of verse 334/11 ;
sonnettes pl 334/9
sort n way, manner 193/12, 334/15; sorte
189/11,307/9, 307/28
spared pp left over 340/36
speach play n pbr recitation 93/25
spice plates n pl small plates or dishes used for
holding spices 335/17
spirituall person n phr cleric, clergyman
334/16, 334/39
sportes n pl amusements, entertainments
87/39; sports 346/20
stable of estat see groumes of the stable of
estat
staf torches n phrpltall thick candles used for
ceremonial purposes 303/1 ; staffe torches
303/3
stage plaie n pbr dramatic performance
188/26, 192/39, 193/10; stage-play 362/6;
stage play 190/5, 190/36, 191/34, etc;
stage playe 188/22, 191/17, 191/23; staige
plaie 189/23; stage-playes p1346/16; stage
playes 171/29, 196/40, 340/3, etc
stage playars n pl players, actors 327/40;
stage players 314/28, 328/29; see also
plaiars
stamell adj a fine woollen cloth, possibly a
variety of kersey 67/8, 313/31
stand aloof v infpbrtake no part in, hold back
from 384/8
standing see market standing
stand on v infphr dwell on, consider at length
350/11
starr n planet, or star in one of the
constellations of the Zodiac 355/12; starre
352/37, 355/35
501
stayger v inf hemate, waver (in speech)
214/26
St Clementes tyde n phr 23 November, the
Feast of St Clement 315/29
stewardes n poss probably the possessive form
of the proper name Stewart, but possibly of
a steward, one who manages the affairs of
an estate on behalf of his employer 216/9
stewardes n pl corporation officials of some
kind 313/23; stywardes 292/34
St lohn Euen n phr 23 June, the eve of the
Feast of the Nativity of St John (for further
information see endnote) 79/14
stock n a sum of money set aside to provide
for certain expenses, a fund 91/38 ; stocke
114/23, 117/21
stocked pp placed in the stocks (see
stockes) as a punishment 384/10
stockes n pl instrument of punishment
consisting of two planks, set edgewise one
over the other and furnished at the edges
with holes to receive the ankles of the
person to be punished 384/7, 384/16
St Peters euen see Sainte Peters yeve
stragling vb n interloping, intruding (where
one has no right) 355/9
straightly adv strictly 368/7
straingers n p/guests, visitors (technically,
non-members of the guild) 103/10, 115/12 ;
strangers 73/16, 74/2, 74/15, etc;
strangiers 335/13
strangeres adj or n pl (someone) from out-of-
town, not local 117/9
styrrvp v pbr stir up 191/16
stywardes see stewardes
subdeane n an official immediately below a
dean in rank, and acting as his deputy
322/42
subpena see writt of suppena
subscribed vnto pppbr attested to by signing
383/34
suffer v infperrnit, allow 168/14, 168/26,
307/27, etc; suffering prp 334/28;
sufferinge 78/14; suffring 213/39;
suffered pp 194/12, 287/14, 307/23, etc;
502 ENGLISH GLOSSARY
suffred 307/8; suffering vb n 196/1,
345/20
suffragan n an assistant or subsidia bishop
294/22m; suffryngam 294/22
sugger Ioffe n phr sugar-loaf, a moulded
conical mass of hard refined sugar 303/34
summergames see sommergames
suppressev inf put down by force 289/6,
289/15
surbated pp wea, foot-sore 350/8
sweareinge dinner n phr a dinner given on the
day of the election of the alderman, the
"election dinner' (see eleccion dinner)
203/32
swerdbearers n poss of a municipal official
who carries a sword of state before a
magistrate on ceremonial occasions
300/30; swoordbearars 302/13;
sordberers 300/43, 302/5
syngleradj'singular," superior, pre-eminent
335/25
rabbet n tabor, a small kind of drum, used
chiefly as an accompaniment to the pipe or
trumpet 331/34, 332/38
table n a board or other flat surface on which
a picture is painted 352/10
tables n plwriting-tablets 352/4, 352/15; see
also writing tables
take ... order v phr (v pr 3 subj sg) make
arrangements, take measures 367/19-20;
tooke order (v pa 3 sg) 366/9
tarbareles n pl tar-barrels, which were used
to make bonfires 178/16
teles n pl teal, a kind of duck 361/34
tenant right n phr a customa form of
landholding, with fixed obligations,
affording security of tenure 191/19
tennantes at will n phrpl tenants holding land
"at the will" of the lord, unprotected by
custom 191/5, 193/38
tenshall money n phr the fee charged a
"tenser' flee endnote) 339/10
testamentes n pl wills; originally, documents
in which personal (as opposed to real)
property was disposed of 334/40
tharticulate see articulate
the pron they 195/27
therewithall adv with that 343/32
thight n thigh 215/25
threre adj three 77/17
throng adj crowded 219/21
throught prep through 304/11; throwght
294/25; 294/26, 295/27
thunder heades n iv/the clouds portending a
thunderstorm 337/34
tipling prp drinking intoxicating liquor to
excess, or selling strong drink by retail
346/1
tiplings n iv/habitual indulgence in liquor
367/2, 379/30m
to conj till 214/29
to anempste prep towards (?) 169/27
tofore adv before 295/9
tolerable adj permitted, allowed of 213/36;
tollerable 169/13, 366/38
tollsey n tolsel, a guildhall or court-house
304/1,304/16
tooke order see take ... order
tooil buthe n phr a municipal building, part
of which was used as a prison or iai1214/21
touching prep concerning, about 216/27,
292/8 (?) (or here perhaps prp speaking of,
discoursing on), 345/18; touchinge
311/28; touching vb n touching on,
mentioning briefly 352/9
to ... warde prep towards 292/9
toyes n pl antics, tricks, or perhaps
amusements, entertainments 287/17
trimenge .vb n making ready, preparing 304/
2; trinning (error for 'trimming') 105/27
trompettes n pl trumpeters 357/21,357/25,
357/29, etc; tompettes (error for
"trompettes') 358/10; trumpettes 347/17,
356/31,357/3, etc; trunpettes 357/15,
360/20
tumbeller n tumbler, acrobat 359/15
Twelfth Day n phr the twelfth day after
Christmas (6Janua), on which the Feast
of the Epiphany is celebrated 169/17
ENGLISH GLOSSARY
typpettes n pl short shoulder capes 293/29
varina n and adj an expensive kind of
tobacco, imported from Venezuela (see
endnote top 207 WMB/K44,f[23], 13-14)
212/17, 212/32; varino 208/5, 208/15,
208/30; varona 212/14
venison feast n phr customary autumn feast
194/41, 195/5, 203/18-19, etc; venison
ffeast 207/23, 208/22, 208/31 ; venyson
feast 199/2, 199/5, 199/6; venyson ffeast
185/12, 199/13, 200/28, etc; venyson
diner 185/13-14; venison feastespl204/1
verdigrese n verdigris (acetate of copper),
used as a pigment 304/30
vialls n pl viols, bowed instruments having
five, six, or seven strings, and played in a
sitting position 322/35
vicitacion n a visitation of sickness or plague
(see endnote) 100/21
victualing house n phr an eating-house, inn,
or tavern 346/1
victualler n one who makes a business of
providing food and drink for payment; a
keeper of an eating-house, inn, or tavern
288/40
virginia n a variety of tobacco grown in
Virginia 212/15, 212/33
vise n device, something devised or fancifully
invented for dramatic representation
359/14; see also device
vittayles n p/victuals, food or provisions
384/22
vizard n mask 363/15, 363/27; vysor 339/32
vizd adv Anglicsed, abbreviated form of
Latin "videlicet,' that is, namely 183/13;
vizett 204/9, 204/36; vizt 191/2
vnder ... hand, vnder ... hande see hand
vnfeet adj unfit, unsuitable 307/24
vngracius ad 1 reprobate, wicked 214/20
voide adj (of a benefice or living) vacant,
unoccupied 334/20
vouchsafe vpr 2 sg imper grant (something),
be willing (to do something) 349/1,352/12;
vouchsafe pr 2 sg subj 353/5, 356/7;
503
vouchsafed pa 3 sg received graciously,
deigned to accept 85/27
vrs" meaning not certain; see endnote 361/13
vsages nplcustoms 171/7, 345/8,345/28, etc
vse v infengage in, practise 368/6. 368/9,
384/9, etc; vsed pp 366/10; vsing prp
349/4; vsing vb n 366/12, 366/42; vsed pp
(of a rite or custom) observed, celebrated
168/21, 171/12, 171/29, etc
vse n usage, custom 146/5
vsher see gentilman vsher
vshurs of the gard n phr pl officers of the
royal household 184/2
vssher n assistant to a head-teacher 301/29
vtter adj outer 294/21, 304/35
vtteraunce n sale 340/31
vysor see vizard
wage n rent 206/32
waie maister n phr "weigh master," official
who monitored the weighing of
commodities in the Bothall market 303/27
waike n wake; festiwties often associated with
saints" days 79/11(2), 155/26; awake art
and n 96/31
wait n musician employed by the city
government 82/28, 179/41; waitt 66/23;
waitte 66/12; wate 80/23, 82/22; wayte
180/2; waites pl 76/18, 76/23, 76/30, etc;
waits 68/28, 68/33, 68/36, etc; waittes
66/18, 66/32, 67/30, etc; waitts 103/29,
104/6, 104/14, etc; waiytes 76/13; wates
74/38, 79/20, 79/32, etc; wats 89/18;
wayghtes 316/22; waytes 76/2, 77/12,
78/13, etc; wayts 199/31; waytts 122/16,
303/31; weats 176/10; weightes 348/20;
wettes 177/37; whaites 76/34; whaitts
119/16, 121/19; whayets 176/35; whaytts
176/33; waites poss pl 170/18, 170/27,
172/17, etc; waittes 182/5; waitts 103/29;
wares 81 / 13, 91/7; wattes 187/37; waytes
179/33, 182/11,213/3, etc; wayts 183/8,
187/13; wets 175/32
wait.e player n phr musician employed by the
city government 318/2; waightplayers n pl
504 ENGLISH GLOSSARY
322/16, 326/31; wait players n phr pl
31718; waitc plaiers 317/25, 317/34; wayt
players 328/23; wayte players 325/25,
325 40, 327/34, etc; waytplayers n pl
327 21; weight players n phr pl 321/38
ssant adv less, minus 203/25
warde see to ... warde
wardens n pl members of the governing body
of a guild 324/3
wardens see lord wardens
warne z' infcall, give notice of (a meeting of
some kind) 168/13, 168/25; warnyd pp
168 15, 168,26
wasted pp used up, consumed 81/11
watche n in Gloucester, a civic celebration
held on St John's Eve and St Peter's Eve
301 30
watchers n plthose celebrating or observing
the eve of a festival 79/12
wate, wates see wait
wating of :.b n phr attending, escorting 83/26
wats, wattes, wayghtes, wayte, waytes see
wait
wayt players, wayte players, waytplayers see
waite player
wayts, waytts see wait
weadoes n pl widows 103/11
weedes n p/'weeds,' garments 356/7
weight players see waite player
weightes see wait
wets, wettes, whaites, whaitts, whayets,
whaytts see wait
where withall adv with which 363/14;
wherewithall 363/41
white ffrires n phr pl White Friars, friars of
the mendicant order of the Carmelites
294/21
Whitson ale n phr parish festival held at
Whitsuntide, marked by feasting, sports,
and merry-making 289/28; Whitson Ales
pl 367/30; see also churchale, somer ale
wif n wife 172/4, 174/5, 179/16, etc; wife
177/34, 197/15, 198/23, etc; wiff 185/13,
293/20; wiffe 178/27, 194/33, 195/4, etc;
wyf 180/24, 199/37, 200/19, etc; wyfe
175/21; 180/19, 201/32, etc; wyff 175/8;
wyffe 177/5, 177/8, 204/9, etc
wigions n p/widgeon, a kind of duck 361/33
will v mf enjoin, give order 288/37, 289/3
wit n in phr that is to wit that is to say,
namely 294/13
withall adv at the same time 65/13, 364/3
withall see where withall
without prep outside 292/1,294/21;
withoute 291/37
woed v pa 3 sg wooed 349/34
wonte pp wont, accustomed 350/17
woorck n a particular piece of labour 341/5;
woorcke 341/38
worshipp n honour, credit 85/6
wounder n wonder 350/25
writ v pa 3 sg wrote 197/19; writt pp 216/28
writing tables n phr pl writing-tablets 363/39
writt of suppena n phrwrit issued by a court
of justice commanding the presence of a
witness under a penalty for failure 197/33;
writtes of subpena p/188/37
wyf, wyff, wyffe see wif
wynding vb n hoisting, lifting 341/6; wyniige
(error for "wyninge') 341/4
yat relattve pron that 90/28, 117/20, 119/13,
etc; yt 146/8; yat what, that which 117/19;
yat con 1 that 219/25, 219/30, 219/35
yate n gate 294/22, 295/28
yem pron them 76/4
yeoman n commoner or countryman of
respectable standing, especially one who
cultivates his own land 286/17, 286/40,
287/28; yoman 314/19; yeomene of the
bottelles n phr pl minor officials of the
royal household 303/21
yeve n eve 301/30(2), 336/34
yfayth interj hterally, in faith! 381/26
yoman see yeoman
yis pron this 172/8, 174/19
yrdes n pl yards 214/5
yt see yat
Index
The index combines subject headings with places and names for ease of reference. Where the
same word occurs in more than one category, the order of headings is people, places, subjects,
and book or play titles (eg, Berkeley, Thomas precedes Berkeley, Glouc).
Place names, titles, and given names appear in their modern form where this is ascertainable;
surnames are normally cited in the most common form used in the text and are capitalized
(I, J, U, and V therefore appear in accordance with modern usage). Both places and surnames
are followed by their variant spellings in parentheses. Names of saints are indexed under St;
their identification and precise dates of feast days conform to David Hugh Farmer, The Oxford
Dictionary of Saints (Oxford, 979)- The major sources used for identification of civil and
ecclesiastical officials are The Dictionary of National Biography and F. Maurice Powicke and
E.B. Fryde (eds), The Handbook of British Chronology. Sources for identification of patrons,
monarchs, and other peers are specified in the headnote to Patrons and Travelling Companies,
to which the index refers throughout.
The format for names and titles has been largely taken from R.F. Hunnisett, Indexing for
Editors (Leicester, 972). Thus family relationships, where known, have been used rather than
succession numbers to distinguish members of noble families. Occupations known and
considered relevant are supplied (eg, Bodell, Will, fiddler). Mayors are identified as such and
their dates of office supplied in parentheses from the year of election or appointment where
Modern subject headings are provided with some complex groupings, such as costumes
(individual) and musical instruments (kinds of), to aid research.
506 INDEX
abbeys
Cirencester 256
Holme Cultram 7
Kingswood 292, 422
Lanercost 7
St Bee's 7
St Peter's, Gloucester 251,262,265, 273,
291-5, 422; statutes of 265, 290-1,422
Shap 7
Tewkesburv 256, 340, 429
See also under abbots
abbots of Cirencester 250, 256
of Gloucester 250, 262, 265, 273, 290-4,
422
of Kevnsham 360-1
of Tewkesbury 250
of Winchcombe 250
See also under misrule, at Carlisle
Abergavenny (Bergeveny), Lady see Patrons
and Travelling Companies
Abloads Court (Ablods) 325, 428
absenteeism, of clergy 334
Acton, Stephen de, juror of Carlisle 64
actors, in Kendal Stage Play (1621) 188-97
as "boy" 193
as 'clowns' 190-1, 193; see also under
representations
See also players
Addison, William 233
administration, regional 5-7, 249-52,
255-6
of Appleby 9
of Carlisle 8-9, 49-50
of Gloucester 250-5
of Kendal 9-11, 17
See also border; border service; Council
of the North; wardens; West March
Admiral, Lord see Patrons and Travelling
Companies
Agillonuby, John de, juror of Carlisle 63
Aglionby, Edward, mayor of Carlisle (1610-
11) 70, 80
John, mayor of Carlisle (1638-9) 122
agriculture 6, 249, 258
Aillesgate (Aillysyate), Gloucester see under
Gloucester, places in, East Gate
Airay see Airey
Aire-Calder region 28
Airey (Airay), Henry, provost of Queen's
College, Oxford 230
Mr 213
Aisgill, Henry 286
Alanson, Peter 173
See also Appendix 2
Albany (Awbeny) see Patrons and Travelling
Companies under King (Charles Stuart)
albs 337
aldermen see under Appleby; Carlisle;
Gloucester; Kendal
ale see under drink
ales 257, 273, 285, 287, 289, 367, 382, 429
prohibited in churches 256-7, 340, 346
Allerdale, honour of 5
Alleyn, Edward, actor 253
All Hallow quarter 34
All Hallows' Day see All Saints, feast day of
All Hallow Thursday, at Carlisle 20, 23-6,
34, 45, 48, 53, 67-8, 72, 77, 79, 83, 90-1,
95, 98, 116, 154, 157, 164
celebration of, in high chamber 26, 66-8;
in Merchants' chamber 33, 48, 77, 81,
114, 120, 153; in Tanners" chamber 34,
48, 73-4, 79, 82, 85, 89, 92, 96, 99, 105,
110-11, 113, 117, 120; in Shoemakers'
chamber 77, 153
mayor's gratuity to occupations 26, 67,
72, 77, 81, 83, 88, 90, 94, 98, 115, 119,
153
receipt of gratuity: by Merchants 111,
i 14, 118, 120; by Tanners 73-4, 79, 82,
85, 89, 92, 96, 99, 105, 110, 113,117,120
See also under gunpowder
AllSaints, feast day of(l November) 34-5,
48, 169, 286
almanacs see under props
almoners 296, 361
alms roll, of Edward 251,266, 290, 421-2
AItherton see Atherton
ambassadors 30, 51, 151
Ambleside, Westmld 49
INDEX
Anderson, James, the younger 237
Annalia Dubrensia 258Anne, queen to
James I 233
See also Patrons and Travelling Companies
under Queen (Anne of Denmark)
antelope see under props, for royal entries
Apollo see under play characters
apostles see under representations
apparel see clothes; clothing; costumes
(individual); liveries; vestments
Appleby (Appelby, Applebye), Westmld,
royal borough 5-6, 14-16, 167, 241
aldermen of 9
assizes at 9
barony of 6
burgesses of 9
chamberlains of 38-9
charter of 9
church of St Lawrence of 9
common council of 9
grammar school of 14
mayor of 9
members of Parliament of 9
recorder of 14
records of: Chamberlains" Accounts 22,
38, 50, 167
tolls of 14
waits of 19, 22, 28, 167; see also Patrons
and Travelling Companies
Appleby Castle 9, 16, 51,241
applecasts 168, 227
Appylby, Adam de, juror of Carlisle 64
archdeaconry, of Richmond 6-7
Archer (Artcher), Edward, drummer of
Kendal 22, 176(?), 179, 181,233;seealso
Appendix 2
John 212; see also Appendix 2
archery 367
archidiaconal courts 256-7
Armer, John, alderman of Kendal 170, 232
See also Appendix 2
armour 337
Armourers see under guilds (craft), at Kendal
Armstrong, John, minstrel 52
Willie 231
507
Arnold 361
Arnold, Sir Nicholas 423-4
lord of misrule of 423
servants of 297
arrows see horse-races, awards
Artcher see Archer
Arthur (Arthure), Alice 330
Jane 330
Arundel, Lady, dwarf of 53
Aryey see Ayrey
Ascension Day see All Hallow Thursday
Ascham, Westmld 197
Asheby, William, ambassador to Scotland
151
Asheton, Roger 65
Asia 286
Aske 157
See also Patrons and Travelling Companies
Aske Hall, Yorks, NR 157, 459
Askerton Castle, Cumb 137, 162
Askrigg (askrig), Yorks, r, waits of 22, 28
See also Patrons and Travelling Companies
assessments, municipal 50, 184, 234
assistants see under Kendal
assizes see under courts
Atherton (Altherton), Lanc see Patrons and
Travelling Companies
athletic contests 257
See also sports
Atkins (Atking), John 316
Atkinson, Milo, musician of Kendal 233
Thomas 117; marriage of 93
William 116
attorney-general 188-9, 235-6
Audeley, Thomas 335, 428
auditors 27, 172, 228
audits see under Carlisle; Kendal
Audland, Westmld 190
Augsburg, miners of, at Keswick 12, 35,
126-7
Augustinian canons 8, 422
Aungell, Abel 316
author, of Kendal Stage Play (1621) 189-93,
195
See also Garnett, Jasper
INDEX
509
bearwards (cont)
See also Patrons and Travelling Companies
under Leicester; Queen (Elizabeth
Tudor)
beasts see under props, for royal entries
Beatrice, 'la harpereste' 52
Beauchamp (Beacham, Becham), Richard,
earl of Warwick 270, 347-8, 430
See also Patrons and Travelling Companies
Becke(Beck), Henry, fiddler of Kendal 208
John 213; see also Appendix 2
Walter, mayor of Kendal (1637-8) 186,
188, 200, 204-7, 211 ; seealso Appendix 2
Bedale (Bedell), Yorks, rIt
waits of 28-9
See also Patrons and Travelling Companies
Bedingfield, Sir Henry 162
beer see under drink
Beisley see Bisley
Bell, George, wait of Carlisle 91, 156
John, piper 52
Richard, mayorofCarlisle(1614) 79, 154
Thomas, piper 52
Bellingham, family 10, 23.5, 237
Allan, son of Sir James 197, 235, 237-8
Sir Henry, son of Sir James 235, 237-8
Sir James 197, 201, 235, 237-8
Marian, Lady Ducket, sister of Sir James
235
bellman see under Carlisle; liveries, at
Carlisle
bell-ringing, at Carlisle, on 5 November 2.5,
.53
at Gloucester 266, 274
at Kendal, on Queen's Day 21-2, 53, 232;
on station days 169
prohibited on holy days 345-6
bells, at Carlisle, as horse-race award 26, 52,
91; for fool 24, 78
morris 259, 272, 358
Belman, William 215
benches 253, 303, 363, 425
Benedictine monks 422
Bercldei see Berkeley
Bergeveny see Patrons and Travelling
Companies under Abergavenny
Berkeley (Barckley, Barckleye, Barkley,
Barkleye, Bercklei), family 258-9
Elizabeth, countess of Warwick, daughter
of Lord Thomas 258, 270, 275, 347-8
Henry, 7th Lord Berkeley 258,271,348;
players of 253, 258, 260, 274; see also
Patrons and Travelling Companies
James, nephew of Lord Thomas 270
Sir Richard 427
Thomas, 5th Lord Berkeley 270; see also
Patrons and Travelling Companies
See also Beauchamp of Berkeley, Berkeley
of Berkeley under household and estate
accounts
Berkeley (Barkeley, Barldey), Glouc 257,
286, 295, 430
Berkeley Castle 249, 258-9, 270, 348, 395,
430
Berwick upon Tweed, Northumb 153
See also Patrons and Travelling Companies
Bible 218-19
Book of Psalms of 334, 373
Gospel of St Matthew of 286
New Testament of 255
Bidmeade, Christopher, churchwarden of
Bisley 287
Biesley, Bieslye see Bisley
Bird, John, fencer 52
Bireth see Penrith
bishops, of Bath and Wells 329
of Carlisle 8, 63-4, 85, 151-2, 230
of Durham 43
of Exeter 268, 335, 428
of Gloucester 269-70, 329, 343, 428
of Hereford 250
of Worcester 249-50, 292
Bisley, Glouc (Beisley, Biesley, Bieslye) 257,
261,266-7, 269, 285-8, 421
churchwardens of 286-7
See also under Windle, Christopher
Black (Blacke), John, fiddler and piper 69
black guard 296, 303
Black Hall, Kendal 229
Black Knight of Nappa see Metcalfe
510 INDEX
Blacklock (Blackelocke), Thomas 83-4
Blaymer, Thomas 110, 117, 159
Blenerhassett (basset), Thomas, mayor of
Carlisle (1613-14, 1619-20, 1624-5)
75-7, 80, 92, 103, 153
Blentre, Mr 217
Blount, James, 6th Lord Mountjoy 161
See also Patrons and Travelling Companies
under Mountjoy
wife of see Leigh, Katherine
Blunt. H 360
Bodell (Bodle), Will, fiddler 24, 129-30, 132
Bohemia, queen of see Elizabeth, daughter
of James 1
Bokeoff Recorde 11, 18-19, 40, 53, 168-71,
227-8
Boleyn, Anne, queen to Henry viii 262, 293-
7, 335, 423
Bolton Abbey, Yorks, wg 40
manuscripts of 51, 158
Bongate, Appleby 9
A Book, for a Buck vith a Parke 365, 368-86,
431
Book of Common Prayer 345-6
Book of Sports 257, 267, 365-8, 421
Boothall see Bothall
border, northern, of Cumberland and
Westmorland 6-9, 15, 235, 241
See also wardens; West March
border service 6, 231-2, 235-6
beacons 8, 176, 178, 231-2
in baronyof Kendal 10, 22, 44, 176, 178,
231
boroughs 6
royal see Appleby, Carlisle, Kendal; see
also under guilds (craft); liveries
See also market towns
Borrowdale, Cumb 12
Boston, Linc see Patrons and Travelling
Companies
Botelry (Botellar', Botelrla), Richard del
63-4
Walter de 64
Bothall (Boothall, Botholl) see under
Gloucester, places in
Boughey, H 360
Bourchier, William, 4th earl of Bath see
Patrons and Travelling Companies under
Bath
Bowes, Robert 157
bowl see horse-races, awards
bowling 367
boy-bishops 251, 273, 290, 422
Boyer, Captain, drummer 66
boys, at Kendal, in maypole show 201
See also under actors; singers
Bradbury (Bradburye) 341
Bradford (Bradforth), Yorks, wg 153
waits of 28;seealsoPatronsandTravelng
Companies
Bradgate (Brodgate), Richard, Jr 327
Brampton, Cumb 53, 141, 163
piper of 142
Brandhouse see Natland
Brecon, lord of 360
brethren see under Carlisle
Brickhamptons Bridge (Brickehamptons),
Gloucester 293
Bridgeman, Anthony 267-8, 333-5
Bridges, Sir John A, trumpeter of 297
Bristol, diocese of 249
records of: Bishop's Cause Book 267, 331
Bristol (Bristo, Bristoll, Bristow, Bristowe),
Glouc 249, 251, 253-4, 292, 422,
425-6
cooks of 360
High Cross at 426
Marsh at 426
waits of 28, 259; see also Patrons and
Travelling Companies
Bristow, Bristowe see Bristol
Brockbank (Brokbank), Nicholas 215
Brodgate see Bradgate
Brokbank see Brockbank
Bromley, George 335, 428
Brooke, William, 10th Lord Cobham see
Patrons and Travelling Companies under
Cobham
Brougham (Browham), Westmld 15-16,49,
216, 241
INDEX
Brougham Castle, Westmld 15-16, 40, 44,
51,216, 240-1
Broughounder-Stainmore Castle 16
Browham see Brougham
Brown, Corporal, drummer of 52
Browne, Robert, puppet player 125
Brownsword House, Kendal 234
Brus (m), Peter de 10
He|ewise, wife of 10
Brush, Richard 342
Brydges, Edmund, 2nd Baron Chandos,
players of 260
Giles, 3rd Baron Chandos 271,312, 427;
players of 253, 260
Grey, 5th Baron Chandos, players of
260
John, 1st Baron Chandos 259, 423;
trumpeter of 423
William, 4th Baron Chandos, players of
260
See also Patrons and Travelling Companies
under Chandos
Bubbe, John, churchwarden of Tewkesbury
337
Thomas 255, 313, 427
Buckingham see Stafford, Edward, 3rd duke
of Buckingham
buckram see under costumes, fabrics for
Buffrey, Mary 332
bull-baiting 270, 346, 367
burgesses see under Appleby; Carlisle;
Gloucester; Kendal
Burghley see Cecil
Burnell, Peter 335, 428
Burrell, John 360
Burtholme, Philip 72
Burton, Henry 261-2, 289, 325
John, at Thornbury 360
John, trumpeter of Carlisle 23, 65-8,
70, 75, 79, 81-3, 86, 88, 90, 92, 96,
135-8; see also trumpeters (travelling),
at Carlisle
Busse, singer from Ireland 100
Butchers 229
wake of 27, 79
511
See also under guilds (craft), at Carlisle;
Kendal
Buttermere, Cumb 12
butts 18, 168, 227
bylaws, corporation, guild, and leer court see
under Carlisle; Kendal
Caldbeck, William, piper 52
CaldewBridge(Caldowe), Carlisle 80, 109,
153, 158
Caludon Castle, Warw 258-9, 271
Cambridge, Camb 15
Campion, Dr 216
Candlemas (2 February), at Carlisle 20, 111,
114
candles 66, 71, 173, 272, 299
candlesticks 337
Canonuby, Thomas de, juror of Carlisle 63
Canterbury, archbishop of 265, 269, 389,
422
Canterbury, Kent 290
waits of 28; see also Patrons and Travelling
Companies
canvas see under cloth; costumes, fabrics for
Cape, Matthew, mayor of Carlisle (1627-8)
78, 108-10
caps see under clothing; costumes
(individual), items of
Cardmakers see under guilds (craft), at
Kendal
Carelell see Carlisle
Carelton see Carleton
Carey, Henry, 1st Baron Hunsdon see
Patrons and Travelling Companies under
Hunsdon
Caribbean Sea 239
Carlell see Carlisle
Carleton (Carelton) Thomas, recorder of
Carlisle 85
Carlisle, diocese of 6, 8
bishop of 8, 63-4, 85, 151-2, 230
Carlisle (Carelell, Carlell, Carliell, Carlile,
Carlill), Cumb, royal borough of 6, 8-9,
14-15, 17
aldermen of 9
512 INDEX
Carlisle (cont)
assizes at 14, 24, 78, 99, 162
audit of 9, 31, 33, 118, 159-60
bailiffs of 8, 50, 64, 103, 151-2, 154
bellman of 65, 151
brethren of (of corporation) 8, 26, 67, 83,
85, 91, 93, 100, 108, 118, 121
burgesses of 8
bylaws of: corporation 9, 118-19, 160;
guild 44, 146, 163-4;leetcourt 32, 91-
2, 111, 114
chamberlains of 30-3, 46, 74, 87, 111,
113-14, 118, 120, 152, 154, 156-7,
159
charters of 6, 8-9, 50
citizens of (in municipal government) 9,
49
clerk of 65
common chest of 9
cook of 125
coroners of 8, 64
fairs at 9
freemen of 9
high chamber of see under All Hallow
Thursday, celebration of
jailer of 133, 161
justices of the peace of 9
leet court of 9, 26, 32
markets at 9
mayoral elections at 68, 70, 82, 90, 92,
156
mayoress of 96
mayors of 8-9, 25-6, 31, 33, 46, 64, 66,
68, 70, 75-7, 79, 82, 86, 91-2, 96-8, 100,
102-3, 108, 117-18, 120, 122, 152, 160
places in: Caldew Bridge 80, 109, 153,
158; cathedral 8, 163-4; Eden Bridge
25, 158; Priestbeck Bridge 158;
Rickergate 83, 155,232; Rose Castle 8;
St Cuthbert's Church 17; St Mary's
Priory 151, 163; the Sands 158; the
Swifts 25, 52, 153, 158; see also
Kingmoor
recorder of 9, 85
records of: Chamberlains' Accounts 20,
22-8, 30-3, 44-7, 50, 53, 65-73, 75-84,
86-109, 115-16, 118-25, 151-61;
Chamberlains' Audit Book 27, 33, 79,
84-5, 112, 117, 120, 125, 159-60;
Chamberlains' Day Book 32, 110, 159;
Court Leet Rolls 32, 91-2, 111, 114;
Dormont Book 9, 50; Mayor's Court
52
sergeants at mace of 9, 118-19
sheriffs of 9, 64
sword-bearers of 9
tolls of 8
See also under drummers; guilds (craft);
liveries; miracle plays; trumpeters;
waits, local
Carlisle Castle 8, 63-4, 231
Carlisle Grammar School 25
See also speech plays
Carnegie Library, Kendal 234
carpenters 253, 298, 325, 341
See also under guilds (craft), at Kendal
carpets 292
Cartmel (Cartmell), Lanc 214, 219, 240, 242
parish of 219, 242
Cartmel-fell, Lanc 219, 242
Cartmell, John 235-6
Caslaye, Gowan 178
See also Appendix 2
Castle Lane (Castell lane), Glouc 304
Castler, John 344
castles
Appleby 9, 16, 51,241
Askerton 137, 162
Berkeley 249, 258-9, 270, 348, 395, 430
Brougham 15-16, 40, 44, 51,216, 240-1
Brough-under-Stainmore 16
Caludon 258-9, 271
Carlisle 8, 63-4, 231
Hornby 27, 239
Kirkoswald 14
Ludlow 428
Naworth 14-15, 37
Pendragon 16
Scaleby 151
Sudeley 259-60, 271,312, 348, 423, 425,
INDEX
castles (cont)
427
Thornbury 249, 258-9, 272, 360-1,431
See also Kendal Castle and under props
cathedrals, of St Mary, Carlisle 8, 146, 163;
churchyard of 163
of St Peter, Gloucester 423-4: choristers
of 326; treasurers' accounts of 265-6,
273, 275, 321-2, 324-5, 327-9; waits at
functions of 254, 266, 273, 324-5
Catholicism 51,241,256, 334
See also recusants
Cecil, William, 1st Baron of Burghley 303
ceremonial 7
at Carlisle (guild) 164
at Kendal (civic) 17
See also pageantry
Chamber (Chambr), William 21, 185, 198-
9, 202, 213; see also Appendix 2
wife of 21, 185, 194-5, 198-9, 202-12,
234, 239
chamberlains see under Appleby; Carlisle;
Gloucester; Kendal
Chambers, Roland 201
Chambr see Chamber
Chandos (Chandois, Chaundos) see Brydges
chantries 7
chapels, of Cartmel-Fell 219
of duke of Buckingham at Thornbury 357
of Staveley 235, 237
Chapmen 229
See also under guilds (craft), at Kendal
Charles I 9
players of 27; see also Patrons and
Travelling Companies under King
(Charles Stuart)
Charlton, Mr W 53
charters see under Appleby; Carlisle;
Gloucester: Kendal
Chaundos see Chandos
Chavenage (Chavenidge), Glouc 342
Chelmsford, Essex 430
Cheltenham, Glouc 257, 261,288-9
bailiff of 257, 288-9
manor court of 257
513
records of: Manor and Hundred Court
Book 261,288-9
Sign of the Crown at 257, 288
Cherics, Thomas 386
Chester, diocese of 7, 233
records of: Consistory Court Paper 40,
201
Chester, Ches 233, 252
guilds of 276
Cheviot Hills 8
children, of St Pauls 312
See also boys
Chraister (Craster), Edmond 98,
Christ see under costumes (individual), for
play characters; representations
Christmas 8, 20, 35, 169-70, 228, 256,286,
335, 338-9, 342, 344
as quarter of fiscal year 30, 124
entertainment at 28, 35;atBampton 218,
241 ; at Berkeley Castle 270, 347, 430; at
Carlisle 24, 111, 114; at Gloucester 296
at Keswick 126; at Naworth Castle
141-3, 163: at Thornbury Castle 258-9,
360- I ; at Workington 128, 131, 134: see
also Christmas sports; misrule
Christmas court 251
Christmas Eve 93, 157
Christmas lord 218
Christmas sports, at Bampton 218, 241
at Carlisle, purchases for 24, 71, 87-8, 98
Christ's School (Criste, Cristie, Crypt, St
Mary de Crypt's), Gloucester see under
Gloucester, places in
churchales see ales
Churchdown, Glouc 261-2, 266
breaking the Sabbath at 289; see also A
Divine Tragedie Lately Acted...
churches, at Appleby 9
at Bampton 218, 241
at Carlisle 17
at Cartmel 219
at Crosthwaite 237
at Gloucester 292
at Kendal 21-2, 51, 53, 169, 177, 240
See also cathedrals; chapels; parishes
516 INDEX
Cordiners, Cordwainers see under guilds
(craft), at Carlisle; Kendal
cornett-players, at Naworth 137, 140
cornetts 328-9
Coronation Day 174
See also Queen's Day
coroners see under Carlisle
Corpus Christi Day, at Carlisle 44, 146,
163 -4
Corpus Christi plays, at Gloucester 252
at Kendal 11, 17-19, 51, 171,213,218-
19, 240, 242; pageants of 18, 168, 228;
payments for 18-19, 170, 178-9;
suppression of 18-19, 195-6, 228
See also phy day and under
representations
Coscombe Quarry 341
costumes 363
construction of 255, 268, 339
fabrics for: buckram 259, 272, 359;
canvas 259, 272, 359; sheepskins 255,
337, 352; silk 339
inventories of 255, 337, 339
renting of 255-6, 268, 335-9, 341
costumes (individual)
for play characters: Christ 255, 337;
Constable of Cotswold 352; devil 255,
339
items of: beards 255, 337-9; caps 255,
337-9; cloaks 339; copes 337; gowns
255, 337, 339; jackets 337; jerkins 255,
337, 339; masks 255, 339, 363; tunics
259, 359; wigs 255, 337, 339
Cotswold Edge 249
Cotswold Games 257-8, 368
Cotswold Hills (Cootsholde, Cotshold,
Cotsholde) 249, 256-9, 295,348-9, 352
cutter of see under play characters
woolen mills of 251
Council of the North 6, 8, 13
Coupland, honour of 5
courts, archidiaconal 256-7
assizes, at Appleby 9; at Carlisle 14,
78, 99, 162; at Gloucester 250, 253,264,
328, 424; at Kendal 50
at Carlisle 9, 52
at Kendal 10-11, 50, 52
consistory, diocese of Chester 40, 201;
diocese of Gloucester 257, 261,266-7,
285-8, 314-15, 330-3, 342-4, 365,427,
430
leer, at Carlisle 9, 26, 32, 91-2, 111, 114;
at Kendal 11, 18, 21, 27, 47, 51,184, 206,
233; see also under dinners, at Kendal
manor 257
of mayor, at Carlisle 52
quarter sessions 52, 76, 250, 256-7
StarChamber 18, 42, 154, 188-98,235-8
Coventry (Coventrey), Sir Thomas,
attorney-general 189, 235, 237
Coventry, Warw 258, 271,423
Covetousness see under play characters
The Cradle of Security 363
cradles see under props
Craggell, singer 68
Craster see Chraister
Cricklade, Wilts 290, 421
Criste School, Cristie see under Gloucester,
places in, Christ's School
Croft, James see Patrons and Travelling
Companies under Comptroller
Crofton, Adam de, juror of Carlisle 64
Cromwell, Thomas, earl of Essex 214, 243
Crookbane, Charles, chamberlain of
Carlisle 121, 160
Crosfield, Thomas 18
diary of 18, 42, 213, 240
crosses, for processions 292-4
Crosthwaite (Crostwat), Westmld 215
church at 237
Crummok (Crumwell) (song) 215, 240
Crump, Thomas 339
Crumwell see Crummok
Crypt School, Gloucester see under
Gloucester, places in, Christ's school
Cugley, William 304
Cumberland, earl of see Clifford
Cumberland, county of 5-7, 13, 15, 151,
161, 195, 217
places in: Borrowdale 12; Brampton 53,
141-2, 162; Buttermere 12;
Cockermouth 6, 28, 49, 66, 75, 116, 129,
INDEX
drink (cont)
112, 120, white 68, 77
at Gloucester: beer 321,341; wine 264,
299-300, 305, 312-327:claret 298, 303,
319-20, sack 303, 319-20, white 319
at Kendal 21,176, 182-6, 194, 198, 200-
7, 209-11 ; ale 172-4, 212, 215; beer 21,
51,186, 207-9, 211-12; wine 21,173-4,
177-8, 182, 195, 199-201, 204, 207-8,
210-11,228, 239.'claret 175, 199, 204-6,
211, sack 175, 182, 184, 199, 204-7, 211,
white 205, 211
at Tewkesbury: ale 256
at Thombury: beer 361, Gascon wine
361, malmsey 361, Rhine wine 361
sugar, for wine see under food, at Carlisle;
Gloucester; Kendal
See also under players, refreshment for
drummers 17
at Carlisle 44, 93, 125; retained by city
17, 22-3, 25, 44, 74, 95, 99, 101, 107,
109-10, 115-16, 119-25,158-9;seealso
Hudson and under liveries, at Carlisle
at Gloucester 322
at Kendal 22, 44, 52, 172-4, 176, 178-80,
233
military 23, 52
drums see under musical instruments
Ducket (Duckett, Duckette), Sir Francis of
Grayrigg, Westmld 192, 194-7, 235,
237, 239; keeper of 198, 203, 207
Anthony, son of Sir Francis 18, 195-7,
237; wife of 197
James, grandson of Sir Francis 192, 194,
236
Marian, Lady Ducker, wife of Sir Francis
197, 235
Richard, iustice of the peace, Westmld
214, 240
Thomas, tenant of Sir Francis 188-91,
193, 195-6, 235
Dudley (Dudle, Dudleie, Dudleye),
Ambrose, 21 st earl of Warwick 172,228,
236; see also Patrons and Travelling
Companies under Warwick
519
Robert, 14th earl of Leicester see Patrons
and Travelling Companies under
Leicester
Edmund or Thomas see Patrons and
Travelling Companies
See also Sutton
Dunston, Henry 360
Durham, diocese of, bishop of 43
peculiars of 6
Durham, Dur, waits of 28
See also Patrons and Travelling Companies
Durham, county of 13
Durrance, Edward 117
Dursley, Glouc 258
Dutton, family 427
dwarf 53
Dykson (Dikson), Isaac 214-15
Earle, John 77
Easter 267
at Kendal 11, 53, 169-70, 228; see also
under dinners, at Kendal
at Keswick 35
at Tewkesbury 340
East Gate (Aillesgate, Aillysgate),
Gloucester 294-5
Eastington (Estington), Glouc 285
East March, warden of 6, 8, 15
eating-houses see taverns
Ecclesiastical High Commission 18, 233,
329
economy, regional 6-7, 249-53, 255-6
See also industries; trade and commerce
Eden Bridge 25, 158
Eden River 5, 9, 25, 155, 158
Edgden, Rowland, chamberlain of Carlisle
154-5
Edgebrook, Anne (?) 430
Edinburgh (Ednebrough), Scotland 28
See also Patrons and Travelling Companies
Edward 9, 266, 273, 421
alms roll of 251,266, 290, 421-2
visit to Gloucester 251,421
Edward u 251
Edward Ul 151
520 INDEX
Edward vl see Patrons and Travelling
Companies under King (Edward Tudor)
Edward (Archer or Garnett), of Kendal 176
Edwards, Richard, sheriffof Gloucester 293,
295
Egremont, Cumb 6
elections see under Carlisle, mayoral
elections at; dinners, at Kendal
Elephant Inn, Kendal 231
Elizabeth I 10, 236, 252-3,259, 267-8, 333-
5, 426
accession day of 53, seealsoQueen'sDay
visit to Bristol by 425-6; to Gloucester
253-4,303-5, 425-6; to Sudeley Castle
259-60, 312, 348-56, 426-7
See also Patrons and Travelling Companies
under Queen (Elizabeth Tudor)
Elizabeth, daughter of James I see Patrons and
Travelling Companies under Princess
(Elizabeth Stuart)
Emerson, Charles, chamberlain of Appleby
38
End of the World see under play characters
entertainers 44
See also bearwards; cornett-players;
dancers (travelling); fencers; fiddlers;
fools; harpers; hobby horses;
interluders; jesters; jugglers; minstrels;
musicians; pipers; players; puppet
players; slngers; trumpeters; tumblers;
waits
Epiphany (6 January) 28, 335
at Berkeley Castle 258, 347
at Kendal 169
at Keswick 126
at Thornbury Castle 361
at Workington 130
equerries, royal 84
Esk, parish of 52
Eskrige, Christopher 178
See also Appendix 2
Essex see Devereux
estate accounts see household and estate
accounts
Estington see Eastington
Eston, Joanna 332
Eure (Evers), Ralph, 3rd Baron Eure see
Patrons and Travelling Companies
Ewe Close, Westmld 49
Exeter, bishop of 268, 335, 428
Fairbank (ffayrbank) 215
Fairbank-in-Staveley (ffairbancke),
Westmld 189, 237
fairs, at Carlisle 9
at Kendal 10-11,228
at Workington 14
famine 7, 11, 49, 157
Farleton, Lanc 239
Farleton, Westmld 239
Farley, John 338
farming see agriculture
Fawconer, John, mayor of Gloucester 293-
6
Fayrbank see Fairbank
feasts see dinners
feathers, for fool 24, 78
Feeld see Field
fees, of barony of Kendal
Lumley 10
Marquis 10-11,228, 235-6
Richmond 10-11, 13, 235
fencers, at Carlisle 52
at Kendal 208
'fenche' school see under Gloucester, phces
in
fiddle 215
fiddlers
at Carlisle 26, 69, 88
at Gloucester 329
at Kendal 52, 203, 208, 239
at Keswick 127
at Naworth 139, 143-4
at Whitehaven 145
a Workington 24, 129-30, 132
Field (ffeeld, ffyelde), Anthony 321
Richard, churchwarden of Tewkesbury
337
William 337
Fiennes see Clinton
INDEX
Gloucester (cont)
sword-bearers of 294, 300, 302
waits of 254, 263-6, 273, 306-13, 316-18,
321, 323-9, 424, 428
See also under Corpus Christi plays;
drummers; guilds (craft); liveries;
miracle plays; waits (local)
Gloucestershire (Gloucestria), county of
271,285, 426-7
boundaries of 249
court of quarter sessions of 256-7
places in: Berkeley 257, 286, 295, 430;
Bisley 257, 261,266-7, 269, 285-8, 421 ;
Bristol 28, 78, 81,249, 251,253-4, 259,
292, 357-360, 422, 425-6; Chavenage
342; Cheltenham 257, 261,288-9;
Churchdown 261-2, 266, 289;
Cireneester 249,256, 258, 348; Clayton
237; Coberley 295; Dursley 258;
Eastington 285; Froeester 425;
Harescombe 267, 330-1; Haresfield
330; Henbury 267, 331; Hillchurch
339; Iron Acton 422; Leonard Stanley
295; Littledean 267, 331-3;
Minchinhampton 273; Miserden 295;
Mitcheldean 267-8, 333-5; Newent
421; Nibley 273; Painswick 294, 330,
423; Presbury 288; Quedgeley Green
292,295;Rendcombe 427;Rowell 360;
Slimbridge 258, 347, 430; Thornbury
423, 428; Tibberton Court 425;
Tortworth 269, 342-3, 427;
Tredington 288; Weston Subedge 257,
269, 344, 430;Wotton under Edge 258,
347, 422, 430;Yate 258;seealsocastles;
Gloucester; Tewkesbury; and Patrons
and Travelling Companies
recorder of 303
Glovers see under guilds (craft), at Carlisle;
Kendal
gold, gifts of 85-6, 293, 295, 303
Goodman, Dr, bishop of Gloucester 329
Gospel of St Matthew 286
Gough Map 49
government see administration
government records, of House of Lords 52
523
of Star Chamber 18, 41-2, 188-98, 235-8
Parliamentary and Council Proceedings
29, 63-4, 147-8, 151
State Papers Domestic 41,214-15, 218,
240-1
gowns see under clothing; costumes
(individual), items of
Gowrie House, Perth 155
Gowries Day (5 August), at Carlisle 22, 84-
6,
at Kendal 180
Grasmere, Cumb 12
Gray, Cuthbert 138, 162
Grayrigg (Grayrigge, Greyrige), Westmld
193, 201,235
Grayson, John, wait of Cockermouth 66
Great Mary's Churchyard see under
cathedrals, of St Mary, Carlisle
Greece 257
Green Dragon Inn, Kendal 231
Green, Thomas, alderman of Kendal 181
See also Appendix 2
Greenwich, Kent 259
Grevile, Giles 335, 428
Grey, Charles, 10th Lord Grey see Patrons
and Travelling Companies
Lady Jane 236
Sir Richard, 4th Lord Grey see Patrons and
Travelling Companies under Codnor
Greyndour, Lord John see Patrons and
Travelling Companies
Greyrige see Grayrigg
Greystoke, Cumb, barony of 15
grooms 184, 234, 291
Growce, Robert, juror of Carlisle 64
guilds (craft), at Carlisle 8-9: as
"occupations" 9, 26-7, 33, 50, 118, 146,
153, 164; bylaws of 44, 146, 163-4;
Butchers, Cordwainers, Glovers,
Smiths, Weavers 50; Merchants 27, 33,
47-8, 50, 164. records of, Merchants'
Book 33, 47-8, 103, 105-6, 110-15,
117-18, 120, 1$9-60, 164; Shoemakers
77, 153;Tailors 33-4, 44, 50, 146, 163-
4;Tanners 27, 34, 47-8, 50, 152, records
of, Tanners MinuteBook 34.47-8, 73-
INDEX
lngall (lngalle), William, schoolmaster of
Kendal 19, 173, 180, 230, 233, 239
Ingrain, Robert 276, 299, 423
lnnholders see under guilds (craft), at Kendal
inns see taverns
interluders, at Carlisle 23, 81
interludes 259, 306-7, 311,335, 358, 362,
367
Interregnum 53, 163
lreby, John de, juror of Carlisle 63
Ireland (Irelande), drummers from 52
settlers from 5
singer from 100
trade with 14
waits from 87
Iron Acton, Glouc 422
Irthing River 15
Jacson see Jackson
jackets 183, 337
lackson (Jacksoun, Jacson), of Gloucester
305
Hugh, wife of 180
James 201
John, bailiff of Carlisle 72, 83, 117, 154
jail, at Gloucester 383
jailer, at Carlisle 133, 161
James 6, 65, 219
Book of Sports by 257, 267, 365-8, 421
players of 27; see also Patrons and
Travelling Companies under King (James
Stuart)
proclamation to landlords by 235
visit to Brougham by 15-16, 40, 44, 240-
1; to Carlisle 44, 83-5, 154-5; to
Kendal 44, 184-5, 234, 241
wife of (Anne of Denmark) 233; see also
Patrons and Travelling Companies under
Queen
James, John, chamberlain of Carlisle 119,
160
Thomas, mayor of Carlisle (1620-1) 96;
wife of 96
William, mayor of Carlisle 120
William, drummer of Carhsle 125
527
James, musician 313
Jefferson (Jeffersoun), Joseph 118
Jennings (Jening, Jennig, Jenniges, Jenninge,
Jennynge), Edward 199-200, 238; wife
of 199-200
James 182; see also Appendix 2
jerkins see under costumes (individual),
items of
jest, in Kendal Stage Play (1621) 190-1
jesters, at Carlisle 100
at Gloucester 297
Jeynes, Robert 342
William 318
John, king 9
Johnston, fool at Carlisle 94
Jones, Blanche 332
Catherine 332
Mary 332
Jonson, Ben 240
journals, of Sir Francis Walsingham 425;of
Sir Simonds D'Ewes 266-7, 329
Judgment upon Sabbath Breakers see A
Divine Tragedie Lately Acted...
Judson, William; wife of 175: see also
Appendix 2
jugglers 44
at Carlisle 25-6, 82, 88, 94, 100
at Gloucester 299
at Naworth 137
jury, at Carlisle 17, 63-4
at Kendal 182, 185-6, 194, 198, 200-12,
233
justices of the peace 9-10, 13, 214, 240
Kaskell, Thomas, juror of Carlisle 64
Keizwicke see Keswick
Kendal, deanery of 6
Kendal, Westmld (Kendaill, Kendale,
Kendall, Kendell, Kirk]and,
Kyrkbykendall), royal borough of 5-6,
9-1 I, 14, 17-23, 27, 39-40, 44, 46-7, 49,
168, 171,231-2, 242
aldermen of 10-11, 18, 21, 40, 45 -6, 5 I,
53, 168-71, 173-4, 177-8, 181-3, 185,
187-8, 198-200, 229-36, 238-41
INDEX
Kirkby Thore (Kerkbethure), Westmld,
waits of 22, 28
See also Patrons and Travelling Companies
Kirkeby, John de, bishop of Carlisle 8, 63-4,
151
Kirkland see Kendal
Kirkoswald Castle, Cumb 14
Knagge, Christopher, chamberlain of
Carlisle 119-120, 160
Knaresborough (Knarshbrough,
Knasburghe) Yorks, WR, waits of 28
See also Patrons and Travelling Companies
Knipe, Samuel 189-90, 197-8, 235-8
Knollys, Lettice see Devereux, Lettice,
countess of Essex
Kynderton see Venables
Kyngeston see Kingston
Kyrk, John 359, 431
Kyrkbykendall see Kendal
Kyrkeby, Adam de, juror of Carlisle 63
Labrones see Leyburn
Lady Day see Virgin Mary, feasts of,
Annunciation
Lake District 5, 49
Lancashire (Langkeshier, Lankyshire),
county of 5, 8, 49, 65, 189, 238, 240
piper from 137
Lancaster (Lancastre, lankaster), Lanc 158,
191,214, 219
waits of 28;seealsoPatronsandTravelling
Companies
Lancaster, county of 214
Lancaster Bank, Kendal 231
Lancastre (), William de 10
Helewise, sister of William 10
Lanercost, Cumb 7
Langkeshier see Lancashire
Langnauer, Hans 12, 35
Lankyshire see Lancashire
La Rochelle, France 13
Last Judgment see under play characters
Lawrence, William 342-3
laws see bylaws; licenses; statutes; and
vagabondage laws
Lawson, Mr 37
529
Sir Wilfred see Patrons and Travelling
Companies
Layton, Roger 304
Leaddes, Leads see Leeds
leaping 158, 367, 370
leather 11, 53, 87, 176, 337
Leavens see Levens
Lebody (lebodye), Robert, musician of
Carlisle 91, 95
Lecester see Leicester
Leeds (leaddes, leads), Yorks, ws
waits of 28, 153; see also Patrons and
Travelling Companies
Leeming (Lemin), Yorks, INR or WR see
Patrons and Travelling Companies
leet courts see under Carlisle: courts;
dinners, at Kendal; Kendal, courts of
Leicester (Lecester, Leycester, Leycestor,
Leysetor), 14th earl of see Patrons and
Travelling Companies
Leigh, Katherine, Lady Manche see Patrons
and Travelling Companies under
Manche
Lemin see Leeming
Lent 340
Leonard Stanley, Glouc 295
letters, from Anthony Bridgeman to
Elizabeth 267-8, 333-5
from Francis Clifford to his son Henry
216-17, 240-1
from Henry Scrope to William Asheby
30, 65, 151
from John Veysey, bishop of Exeter, and
others to Wolsey 268, 335, 428
Levens(Leavens, Leuens), Westmld 10, 197,
201
Lewis, Anna 333
Leyburn (Labrones, Leyburne), Sir James
214, 240
Leycester, Leycestor, Leysetor see Leicester
libel, alleged 197, 235, 267
licenses, toperform 18-19, 252-3, 260, 307,
319-20, 362
to publish songs and poems 334
Lickbarrow, Reginald, chamberlain of
Kendal 234
INDEX
Manningtree, Surf 51
manors, of Brampton 163
of Cheltenham 257, 261,288-9
of Corby 163
of Cunswick 240
of Kendal 10
of Rendcombe 427
of Workington 14
March, 4th earl of see Patrons and Travelling
Companies
marches, of Wales 423, 428
Market Place, Kendal 230, 238
market-place, of Carlisle 17, 63-4
markets, at Carlisle 9
at Kendal 10, 14
at Workington 14
market towns 9, 17, 49, 163
Cockermouth 6
Egremont 6
Marlow, Richard 218
Marquis fee 10, 228, 235-6
tolls of 11
marshals 303
Marston Moor, battle of 242
Martinmas (11 November) 39, 46, 172, 228,
234
Marton,James, chamberlainofAppleby 38
Mary * 236, 259, 423
as princess 335; visit to Gloucester by
254, 262, 268, 274, 292-3,425; progress
of 423, 428
See also Patrons and Travelling Companies
under Queen (Mary Tudor)
Maryport, Cumb 49
Mary Tudor, queen of France 335
masking 344
See also disguisings
masks see under costumes (individual), items
of
Mason, George 216
masques, at Brougham Castle 240
at Kendal 174, 230
master of the Revels 319
See also Patrons and Travelling Companies
Mathen see Mathon
531
Mathew, William, sheriff of Gloucester 292
Mathews, Richard 338
Mathon (Mathen), Worc 338-9
Matilda, queen 251
Matthews, Dr Tobias, bishop of Durham and
archbishop of York 43
Maulds Meaburn, Westmld 14
May-day 53, 297
eve of 325
May games 257, 367, 382
See also king games, maypoles
mayoress, at Carlisle 96
mayors see under Appleby; Carlisle;
Gloucester; Kendal
mayor's tourn see leer court
maypoles 257, 365, 367, 377, 381-3, 386
at Bisley 285-7
at Gloucester 325
at Kendal 201
Meadow (meadowe), the, Gloucester 254,
304
Medcalfe see Metcalfe
Melibaus see under play characters
Mercers see under guilds (craft), at Kendal
Merchants see under banners; guilds (craft),
at Carlisle
Merowe (Metro), John 322, 425
Metamorphoses 351
Metcalfe (medcalfe), Sir Thomas 154 ; see also
Patrons and Travelling Companies
Elizabeth, wife of 154
Michaelmas (29 September) 63-4, 234
as term of municipal year: at Appleby 38;
at Carlisle 30-1, 33, 44-6, 160; at
Gloucester 263-5, 274; at Kendal 39,
45-6
elections at: Carlisle 44; Kendal 44
leet court, at Kendal 11 ; see also under
dinners, at Kendal
Michell, Rowland 176
See also Appendix 2
Middleham (Midlam, Midlim), Yorks, tqR see
Patrons and Travelling Companies
Middle March, warden of 6
Middlesex, county of 334
534 INDEX
Nicholson (Nickalson), Allan 206, 208;wife
of 206, 208
Ambrose, mayor of Carlisle (1634-5)
117-22, 160
John, chamberlain of Carlisle 121-2, 160
Robert, chamberlain of Carlisle 159
See also Appendix 2
Nisa see under play characters
Nixon, John, piper 66
Noble, Bartholomew 51
Norfolk, 4th duke of 14
Northampton, marquess of 236
Northgate Street, Gloucester 424, 427
Northumberland 14-15, 37
Northumbria 8
Nottingham, earl of see Patrons and
Travelling Companies under Admiral
Nuby, John 201
Steven, alderman of Kendal 187; see also
Appendix 2
nutcasts 168, 227
Oagle see Ogle
Oakham, Rut, bailiff of 360
occupations see under guilds (craft)
Ogle (Oagle), 7th Lord see Patrons and
Travelling Companies
Old Penrith, Cumb 49
Olympic Games 257, 384
orations see speech plays
ordinances see Carlisle; Kendal, bylaws of;
guilds (craft) at Gloucester, ordinances
of
organs 45, 53
Orton, Westmld 231
waits of 28; see also Patrons and Travelling
Companies
Osborne (Osburne), Sir Robert 85
Oseilworth see Ozleworth
Ouerlevens see Overlevens
Our Lady Day see Virgin Mary, feasts of,
Annunciation
Outer Northgate, Gloucester 254,294, 304,
425
Overlevens (Ouerlevens), Westmld 192
Ovid 351
Oxford (Oxeford, Oxenford), 17th earl of see
Patrons and Travelling Companies
Oxford, Oxf 18, 22, 42, 230
See also Patrons and Travelling Companies
Ozleworth, Glouc, parish of 343
Packer, William 323
pageantry 254-5, 274, 422
pageants 358
for civic watches 255, 313
for Corpus Christi play 18, 168, 228
for royal visits 253-4, 259-60, 266, 292,
304, 422, 425-7
pageant scaffolds 253-4, 304, 425-6
pageant wagons 255, 313, 427
Painswick (paynswicke), Glouc 294, 330,
423
Papcastle, Cumb 49
parishes 429
of Bampton 162, 218
of Cartmel 219, 242
of Clifton 213
of Gloucester 273: St Aldgate's 276, St
Mary de Crypt 276, St Michael's 276,
325
of Horseley 342
of Kendal 201
of Kirkandrews in Esk 52
of Minchinhampton 273
of Ozleworth 343
of Queen-Hithe 241
of Shap 162
of Tewkesbury 428-9
of Tortworth 427
parish plays 252, 255-6, 268, 340-1,429-30
Parke, Henry, alderman of Kendal 202
Laurence, alderman of Kendal 203-4
See also Appendix 2
Parker, Edward, 12th Lord Morley, players
of 27; see also Patrons and Travelling
Companies under Morley
William, Lord Morley and Monteagle,
keeper of 207, 209; players of 27;
servant of 203; see also Patrons and
Travelling Companies under Monteagle
Bess 89, 156
INDEX
535
parliament 9, 13, 251,260, 267, 307
Parliamentary and Council Proceedings
29, 63-4, 151
Parr, Katherine, queen to Henry wn 236
William, marquess of Northampton,
brother of Katherine 236
'passion of oure Iorde' 259, 359
pastimes see games; recreations: sports
Pattinson, John, wait 52
Michael 83
Robert 84
Thomas, mayor of Carlisle (1617-18)
86
Pattison, John, mayor of Carlisle (1608-9)
68
Payne, Thomas, sheriff of Gloucester 293,
295
Paynswicke see Painswick
Peareson see Pearson
Peareth, Peareth, Pearith, Pearoth see
Penrith
Pearson (Peareson, Pearsone)
Cuthbert 174-5
Henry 201
Richard, father of Henry 201
Richard, alderman of Kendal 186
See also Appendix 2
Peirce see Pierce
Pembroke, countess of see Clifford, Anne
Pendragon Castle, Westmld 16
Pennine Mountains 5, 8, 16, 28
Penrith (Bireth, Peareth, Pearethe, Pearith,
Pearoth, Penreathe, Penreth, Penrethe,
Penroethe, Penrothe, Perk), Cumb 5, 8,
14, 49, 161, 176, 195, 231-2
grammar school of 161
musicians of 162
players of 27-8
schoolmaster of 127, 161
waits of 28, 152, 162
See also Patrons and Travelling Companies
Penshurst, Kent 360
Pentecost, feast of 170
See also Whitsunday
perambulation, of Kendal 53
See also under Kingmoor
Percy, family 6
Perit see Penrith
Perth, Perth 155
Pewterers see under guilds (craft), at Kendal
Phillipson (phelipson), John 201
Robert 215
Philpott, Andrew 332
Phoebus see under play characters, Apollo
Pierce (Peirce), Dr, bishop of Bath and Wells
329
Pildrem, John 37
Pilgrimage of Grace 6-7, 240
pipers, at Askerton 137
at Carlisle 52, 66, 69, 75, 93-4, 158
at Corby 143
at Hackthorpe 145, 163
at Kirkland (Kendal) 52
at Keswick 127
at Naworth 24, 52, 135-7, 140-4
at Newbiggin 128
at Penrith 128
at Whitehaven 145
at Workington 24, 128-34
See also under waits (local), of Appleby;
Carlisle; Kendal
pipes 94, 331-2, 372, 386
See also smallpipes; tobacco
piping, musical 285-7, 331-2, 374, 382
plague 7, 49, 157, 230
at Carlisle 157, 230
at Gloucester 253
at Kendal 220
at London 428
at Presbury 288
at Tredington 288
at Worcester 277, 428
plays prohibited for fear of: at
Cheltenham 257, 288; at Gloucester
326
precautions against: at Cheltenham 257,
288; at Gloucester 263, 277, 326, 428
plate see horse-races, awards
play books, for Kendal Stage Play (1621)
189, 196, 238
play characters
Apollo 259, 349-51
536 INDEX
play characters (cont)
Constable of Cotswold 352-3
Covetousness 363
Cutter of Cotswold 3S3-5
Daphne 259, 349-52
End of the World 363
Last Judgment 363
Luxury_ 363
Melibaus 353-5
Nisa 353-5
Pride 363
Prince 363
Raymond 190
shepherds 259, 348-51
wicked spirits 363
See also under representations
play day, at Kendal 19, 169-70, 228
corporation clothes for: caps 19, 169, 228;
gowns 19, 169-70, 228
players 17, 44, 256, 258, 314-15, 319-20,
327-8, 339, 341,356, 384
costumes for 255-6, 335-9, 368; see also
under costumes
female 259, 359
French 259, 359
of the city 297
ordinances regulating 253, 263, 306-7,
311
"property players' 430
refreshment for 298-302, 305, 312, 314,
341,424
See also actors; bearwards; dancers
(travelling); fools; hobby horses;
interluders; jesters; jugglers; minstrels;
puppet players; tumblers
players (travelling) 17, 27-8, 44-6, 52,
162-3, 253, 258-60, 274, 426,
430
at Carlisle 66, 89, 124
at Cumcatch 141, 163
at Kendal 174, 181, 183, 187, 204
at Keswick 126-7
at Naworth 138-9
at Thornthwaite 138, 162
licensing of 252-3, 260, 307, 362
paid not to perform 76, 253, 326-8
See also actors; Patrons and Travelling
Companies
playing places 307, 341
at Carlisle: market-place 17, 63-4
at Cheltenham: Crown Inn 257, 288
at Kendal: at Mr Wilson's 19, 173; castle
188-93, 195-7, 236; loft 19, 173; Moot
Hall 27, 174, 230; street 19, 178
at Gloucester: Bothall 253, 276, 298-300,
305, 314-15, 423 -4; college churchyard
311; New Inn 424
at Sudeley 259-60
at Tewkesbury Abbey 256, 340, 429
at Weston Subedge 257
in churchyards 257, 270, 311,345-6
plays 17, 44, 257, 270
at Carlisle 26, 72, 103-4
at Cheltenham 257
at Gloucester 314-15; of St Nicholas
251,273, 290, 421-2; Cradle of Security
363
at Kendal 19, 173
at Sudeley 259-60; High Constable of
Cotsholde 352-6
at Tewkesbury 256-7, 336, 340-1
at Thornbury, 'passion of oure lorde' 259,
359
disturbances at 63-4, 151,256, 314-15,
336
of mayor 252-3, 363
prohibited in churches 257, 345-6
prohibited on Sabbath 311
See also comedies; Corpus Christi plays;
interludes: masques; miracle plays;
morality plays; parish plays; speech
plays; stage plays; and under games
poetry, "profane" 334
Poley, George 359, 431
Mr see George
population 6-7, 11, 251-2, 255
Porter, John 144
Thomas 106
Potter, Edward, alderman of Kendal 170,
172, 230; see also Appendix 2
Sir 19, 175
Thomas, alderman of Kendal 172, 230
INDEX
537
Powell, David 288-9
Mrs 312
Poynz (poynez, Poyntz), Sir Robert 292,
422
preachers 152
Presbury, Glouc 288
Preston, Brian, chamberlain of Kendal 182
See also Appendix 2
Preston, Lanc 219
Prickett, Thomas 190, 235-7
Pride see under play characters
Priesoe see Prisor
Priestbeck Bridge, Carlisle 158
priests 213
Prince see under play characters
priories
at Carlisle 146, 151, 163
at Cartmel 240
in Gloucestershire 422
Llanthony 422
Newent 290, 421
Prisor (Priesoe), Richard, mayor of Kendal
(1645-6) 210
See also Appendix 2
processions, at Midsummer watch at
Gloucester 255
of Tailors at Carlisle 146, 163-4
See also royal visits
proclamations 184,231,234-6,296-7,303,
322
progresses see royal visits
prohibitions, of dramatic or musical
performing 253, 257, 288-90, 306-7,
311, 345-6
property players 430
props
,lmanac 355
castle 257
cradle 363
for royal entries: antelope 304; beasts
304; dragon 304; unicorn 304
maces 363
swords 363
tablets, with verses inscribed 352
trees 350
psalms, of David 334, 373
P'ticile, Robert 360
Publius Terentius Afer, Roman playwright
161
puppet players 44
at Carlisle 94, 125
at Gloucester 274, 308, 311
of Lord Chandos 311
of Queen Elizabeth 308
under Commonwealth 274
Puritanism 7, 253-4, 257, 267-8, 270
See also Sabbatarianism
puritans 253-4, 257, 268, 270, 365-8, 375,
378-81,384, 386
puritan tracts 261-2, 266, 289, 325
purses, for James , at Carlisle 84-5
at Kendal 184, 234
Quakers 7
quarter sessions 76, 250, 256-7; records of
(Kendal) 52
Quarton see Wharton
Quedgeley Green (quoddesley grene,
quoddesleys grene, Quoddisleys Grene),
Glouc 292, 295
Queen-Hithe, parish of, London 241
Queen's College, Oxford 18, 22, 42, 230
Queen's Day (! 7 November) 2 !-2, 53, 174,
176, 179, 229, 232
Quoddesley grene, Quoddesleys grene,
Quoddisleys Grene see Quedgeley
Green
Radclif, William 138-40, 162
Radcliffe, earls of Sussex see Patrons and
Travelling Companies under Sussex
Raven, John, chamberlain of Carlisle
31
William, chamberlain of Carlisle 31
Ravenglass, Cumb 49
Rawlens, John, mayor of Gloucester ( 1524-
5) 292
Raydale House 154
Raylton, Thomas 87
Raymond see under play characters
Readman, Thomas, wife of 234
rebecs 335
538 INDEX
receivers 172, 228
recorder, office of see under Appleby;
Carlisle Gloucester: Kendal
recorders (musical instruments) 254, 313
recreations, on I May 53
on Sunday 365-86
See also games puritans;
Sabbatarianism; sports
recusants 7, 13, 15, 51,235, 241, 334,
366-7, 378
Reformation 7, 163-4, 240
religious houses 7, 49, 151,240, 422
Cirencester Abbey 256
Kingswood Abbey 292, 422
Newent Priory 290, 420
St John's Abbey, Cricklade 290, 421
St Peter's Abbey, Gloucester 251, 265,
273, 290, 292-5, 422
Tewkesbury Abbey 429
Whitefriars, Gloucester 294
See also abbeys; monasteries priories
Rendcombe, Glouc, manor of 427
representations
at Kendal: at maypole show, of devil 201;
in Corpus Christi play, of crucifixion
18-19, 219 in stage play (1621), of hell
188-93, 195, 197, of landlords 188-93,
196-7, 237, of ravens and sheep 197
at Sudeley: of Constable of Cotsholde
352-3; of Daphne's flight from Apollo
349-52; of king game 353-6
of apostles 255, 339
of Christ 255, 337
of devil 201, 255, 339
See also play characters and under actors
Restoration 428
Revels see master of the Revels
Reynold, Robert 318
Ricardgate see Rickergate
Richard , minstrels of 254
See also Patrons and Travelling Companies
under King (Richard Plantagenet)
Richardgate, Richard gayte see Rickergate
Richeson, jester 100
Richmond, archdeaconry of 6-7
Richmond (Richmonde, Rychmonde),
Yorks, rqR 157
waits of 28
See also Patrons and Travelling Companies
Richmond fee 10-11, 13, 235
tolls of 11
Rickergate, (Ricardgate, Richardgate,
Richard gayte), Carlisle 83, 155, 232
riding see Kingmoor, perambulation of
Rigg, William, piper 52
Ripon (Rippin, Rippon), Yorks, wR, waits
of 28
See also Patrons and Travelling Companies
Rise, John 304
rivers
Avon 426
Eden 5, 9, 25, 155, 158
Irthing 15
Kent S, 10, 236
Lune S, 49
Severn 249, 252, 255
Thames 249
Tweed 8
Wye 249
roads see routes
Robert 136
Robinson, family 154
Adam, mayorofCarlisle(1616-17) 82, 85
Dr Henry, provost of Queen's College,
Oxford, and bishop of Carlisle 8, 22,
152, 173, 230
John, chamberlain of Kendal 178-9, 183,
185; wife of 178-9; see also Appendix 2
Thomas 117
William, piper 52
Rogation days 26, 53
Rose Castle 8
Rotherham, Yorks, WR 42
routes 5--6, 8, 14--1S, 28, 49, 155
Rowell, Glouc, bailiff of 360
Rowlandson, James, alderman of Kendal
203; see also Appendix 2
Michael, alderman of Kendal 181 ; see also
Appendix 2
royal declarations 257, 267, 365-8
royal visits, of Edward I to Gloucester 251,
421
540 INDEX
Savile (cont)
See also Patrons and Travelling Companies
scaffolds for pageants 253-4, 304, 425-6
for players 253, 264, 298-300, 304-5
materials for 298-300, 304-5
See also stages
Scaleby, Cumb 64
Scaleby Castk 151
Scales, Richard 178
See also Appendix 2
scales see under horse-races
Scandinavia, settlers from 5
scenes see representations
scholars see Carlisle Grammar School;
schools
schoolmasters, of Kendal 18, 189, 191,230,
233, 238-9; see also Garnett, Jasper;
lngall
of Penrith 127, 161
schools, at Appleby 14
at Carlisle 25; see also speech plays
at Gloucester 255,301,304, 322,424, 428
at Kendal 50, 233, 238-9
at Penrith 161
Scotby, township of, Cumb 232
Scotland 28, 65, 85, 151, 155
entertainers from 66, 93, 141
invaders from 8-9, 13, 50, 231-2
kirk of 155
trade with 14
Scraityngham, Richard de, iuror of Carlisle
63
Scriven, Yorks, wR 154
Scrope, Henry, 9th Lord Scrope 228
letters of 30, 65, 151
See also Patrons and Travelling Companies
Seamys see Semis
select vestries 6-7, 49
Selk, Richard, alderman of Kendal 176
See also Appendix 2
Semis (Seamys), Mr 303, 312
Senistere, Elsabeth 231
sepulchres, watching of 273
sergeants at arms 292, 294
sergeants at mace see under Carlisle;
Kendal; liveries, at Carlisle; Kendal
sermons 273, 285-7, 289, 345-6
settlements 249-50
Severn, river 249, 252, 255
vale of 249, 258
Scwell, Henry, chamberlainofCarlisle 115,
159
Seymour, Edward, earl of Hertford see
Patrons and Travelling Companies under
Beauchamp
Thomas 259, 423
Seyntgeorge, I 360
Shap, Westmld 8, 14, 49, 162
abbey of 7
parish of 162
Shaw, John, autobiography of 18,42-3,242
shearers, at Thornbury 360-1
Shearmen, ordinance of 18, 48, 170
See also under guilds (craft), at Kendal
sheepskins see under costumes, fabrics for
Sheffield (Sheffild), Lord Edmund see
Patrons and Travelling Companies
shepherds see under play characters
Shephurde, John 347
Sherborne House, Glouc 427
sheriffs, of Carlisle 9, 64
of Cumberland 13-14, 151, 161
of Gloucester 255, 291-3, 295, 304, 428
of Westmodand 9
Shewdl, John 304
Shipperd (Shiphard), Bartholomew 186
See also Appendix 2
Shire Hall, Gloucester 423
shirts see under clothing
Shoemakers see under guilds (craft), at
Carlisle
shoes see under clothing
Shrewsbury (Shresburie), Shrops, waits of
254
See also Patrons and Travelling Companies
Shrovetide 28, 35
ShroveTuesday, at Carlisle 20, 23, 95, 116,
157
gameson 25, 45-6, 52, 65, 67, 69, 71, 77,
83, 87, 90, 93-4, 97, 102, 106, 108, 115,
119, 121, 123, 152-3; equipment for:
bar 93, 115, cloth 25, 121, door 25,
546 INDEX
Westmorland (cont)
231; Overlevens 192; Shap 8, 14, 49,
162; Thornthwaite 138, 162, 241;
Watercrook 49; Wharton 241;
Whinfell 190, 231,237; Windermere
214-15; see also Appleby; Kendal: and
Patrons and Travelling Companies
Weston (Westone), Richard 337
Weston Subedge, Glouc 257, 269, 344,430
Wetherall, Anthony, vicar of Kirkby
Stephen 235
Wetherall, Cumb see Warwick and
Wetheraii
Wharton (quarton), Philip, 3rd Baron,
players of 27
Thomas, son of Philip, 3rd Baron 157
Eleanor, daughter of Philip, 3rd Baron
Philip, 4th Baron, grandson of Philip, 3rd
Baron 27
See also Patrons and Travelling Companies
Wharton, Westmld 241
Wharton Hall 241
Wheeler (Wheler), John 336
Thomas, of Gloucester 304-5
Thomas, of Tewkesbury 336
Wheelers see under guilds (craft), at Kendal
Whinfell, Westmld 190, 231,237
Whitefriars, Gloucester 294
Whitehaven, Cumb 12-13, 37-8, 145, 163
Whitsun ales see ales
Whitsunday 35, 169-70, 228, 373
Whitsuntide 256-7, 285-7, 289, 340
Widmerpoole, Thomas, steward of Lord
William Howard 37
widows 115, 332
Wiette, Roger 338, 428
wigs see under costumes (individual), items
of
Wilkinson (Wilkinsonne, wylkinson)
Anthony 201
Edward, alderman of Kendal 177, 183,
230; see also Appendix 2
Mathew, chamberlain of Carlisle 118, 160
Robert, alderman of Kendal 179, 183,
201; see also Appendix 2
William 201
Willan, William 215
William , the Conqueror 251
William n (Rufus) 8
Williams, Richard 322
Willis, R 252-3, 362-4, 423
William, bailiff at Tewkesbury 339
Willmott see Wylmott
Willoughby, Katherine, duchess of Suffolk
see Patrons and Travelling Companies
under Suffolk
Willson see Wilson
Willy, fool see Miller, William
Wilson (Willson), George, wait of Carlisle
72; three sons of George 72
Henry, alderman of Kendal 168, 229
James, alderman of Kendal 177,229,232
Mr 19, 173, 229
Thomas, alderman of Kendal 182-4
William, alderman of Kendal 174, 229
See also Appendix 2
Wiltshire, county of 421
Winchcombe 259, 290, 421
abbot of 250
Winchelsey, Robert, archbishop of
Canterbury 422
Windermere (Wyndandermer), Westmld
214-15
Windermere, lake 5
Winster-in-Windermere 215
Windle, Christopher, vicar of Bisley 257,
285-8, 421,431
son of Christopher 286-7
Windowe, John 304
wine see under drink
Winters, Dr Samuel 43
Wolsey, Cardinal 268, 335
Wood, Richard 338
Woodstock, Thomas, Ist duke of Gloucester
see Patrons and Travelling Companies
under Gloucester
Woolpack Inn, Kendal 231
wool production 10-11,249, 251,253
Worcester (woorcester, woster, wourcester),
earl of see Patrons and Travelling
Companies
RECORDS OF EARLY ENGLISH DRAMA
York edited by Alexandra F. Johnston and Margaret Rogerson. 2 volumes. 1979.
Chester edited by Lawrence M. Clopper. 1979.
Coventry edited by R.W. Ingrain. 1981.
Newcastle upon Tyne edited by J.J. Anderson. 1982.
Norzvich 1540-1642 edited by David Galloway. 1984.
Cumberland/Westmorland/Gloucestershire
edited by Audrey Douglas and Peter Greenfield. 1986.
