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REESE LIBRARY

OF THE

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.

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CUSTOMS OF THE SERVICE.

THE ARMY, NATIONAL GUARDS, AND
VOLUNTEERS.

Compiled from Authentic Sources
by

COLONEL JAMES W. POWELL,

United States Army.

^ OF iHB ' r ^

UNIVERSITY

KANSAS CITY, MO.:
TxlE HUDSON-KlMBERLY PUBLISHING CO.

1899.

CONTENTS.

Partial List of Aaclioiit'c'5 Consulted .* 5

Preface 7

Customs of the Service 9

Routine of Duty 12

Guard Duty 20

First Day 22

Second Day 22

Grades in Organization of the Army and Volunteers, with

Monthly Pay for Less Than Five Years of Service. . . 30
Grades and Pay, Monthly, Enlisted Men, First Year, First

Enlistment 37

Company 37

Regiment 37

Post 37

Hospital Corps 38

Infantry 40

Cavalry 41

Heavy Artillery 41

Field Artillery 42

Engineers 42

Signal Corps 43

Ordnance Department 43

The Captain '. 45

The Lieutenant 48

Non-Commissioned Officers 48

The First Sergeant 54

Post Non-Commissioned Staff 57

Musicians 61

Engineer Soldiers 62

The Infantry Soldier 62

The Cavalry Soldier 63

The Artilleryman 64

_85165

2 ^ Contents,

Ordnance Soldiers 65

Subsistence 66

Commutation 69

The Ration 70

Cooking 71

Bread 75

Water 76

Spirituous Liquors 77

Coffee 78

Tea , 79

Meats 80

Beans and Pease 82

The Emergency Ration 82

Military Clothing 83

Field Uniforms, Canvas and Summer 87

Allowance of Clothing in Kind 93

Allowance for Clothing to Enlisted Men 94

Military Instruction 95

Troops in Campaign 98

Movements by Rail 104

Movements by Water 106

Battles Ill

Marches 112

Army Sanitation and Camping 116

Wounds 123

Outpost Duty 125

Advance and Rear Guards 132

Army Correspondence ; 133

Rules for Indexing 137

Stationery 138

Telegraphing 139

Boards of Survey 140

Military Orders 143

Courts-Martial 145

Arrests 150

Form for Record of a Garrison Court-Mar tial 151

Contents. ^

Form for Sentences 153

Form of Brief 154

Desertion 155

Leave of Absence for Officers 157

Furloughs to Soldiers 159

Muster-Rolls 161

Final Statements 162

Clothing Account 165

U. S. Army Recruiting Circular 166

The Signal Code 169

Miscellaneous 170

Colors 170

Flags 171

Salutes with Cannon. 171

Soldiers' Home .172

Detached Service 172

Officers' Baggage 173

Deceased Soldiers 174

Public Quarters — Officers' 175

Loss of Private Property 175

Company Records 175

Transfers 176

Public Property 176

Mourning 176

Route Step 177

Manual of Arms 177

The Post Exchange 177

Visiting the Fortifications 178

The Trumpet Calls 178

PARTIAL LIST OF AUTHORITIES CONSULTED

AND USED IN THE PREPARATION OF

THIS COMPILATION.

U. S. Army Regulations, 1895. (A. R.**»)

U. S. Army Manual of Guard Duty, War Dept., 1893.

(M. G. D.**)
Troops in Campaign, War Dept., 1892. (T. C.**)
Manual for Cooks, War Dept.
Subsistence Manual, U. S. Army, War Dept.
Paymaster's Manual, U. S. Army, War Dept.
U. S. Army Manual for Courts-Martial, A. Murray, 2d

edition. War Dept.,. 1898.
U. S. Army Drill Regulations, War Dept.
The Service of Security and Information, by Lieut.-Col.

A. L. Wagner, U. S. A.
Notes on Military Hygiene, by Col. A. A. Woodhull,

D. S. G.
A Precis of Modern Tactics, by Col. R. Home, C. B.,

Royal Engineers.
Tactical Deductions, Boguslawski.
Infantry Tactics, Von Scherff.
Organization and Administration, by Col. G. A. Furse,

C. B.
General Orders and Circulars, War Dept., A. G. O.

(G. O.****, C.**»*)

The context does not always admit of exact quotation.

-1—

PREFACE.

These papers are only rudimentary outlines of
duties which should be familiar to every man in the
Army; they present few original views and do not pre-
tend to be other than a compilation, with observations
gained from long experience. This work is undertaken
to assist our comrades, who at time of hurried prepara-
tion have neither the leisure nor the books for refer-
ence. We should all know ^'how it is done," or where
the information can be found. Careful observance of
the requirements here shown of the life military and
what like is war will aid all soldiers. It is con eded
that these matters would have been learned in time;
nevertheless, it is an aid which the writer would have
appreciated in his early service days. Drill is an essen-
tial means of discipline, teaches promptness, attention,
celerity of movement, and, well learned, proves its
value on the battle-field. All the same, there are very,
very many things not learned in the armory or ^^barrack
square drilP^ which rise up from the instant we begin
campaigning: how to feed, to clothe, to rest, to conserve
the health, to have all of our men at the front at the
decisive moment which wins or loses battles, and in
fighting condition. ^^Nothing is so expensive as an un-
healthy military force," and when we consider that

8 Preface,

during the war, '61 to '65, 99,183 white troops died
from the casualties of battle and 171,806 from dis-
ease, the necessity of that discipline being exerted
which cares for health of the troops is apparent, if
higher considerations were absent. Sickness is not in
general spontaneous, and to the able-bodied man, with
cleanliness, absolute care both in eating and drinking,
and true observance of the sanitary precautions herein
set forth, there is no good reason why good health may
not be maintained. Men of robust health often take
unnecessary chances, injudicious eating and driiiking,
lying on damp shaded ground when over-heated from
drill, feel that they can stand anything and everything,
and won't take care until down with disease — then
too late.

The importance and usefulness in our military
world of knowing the fundamental principles and how
things should be done from the start in military ser-
vice is imperative; hence this compilation of Regula-
tions and Customs of the Service.

^^ OF iHli

^ ^^BKSITY

£iLCAUFO^^

CUSTOMS OF THE SERVICE.

Military Law is derived from both written and un-
written sources. The Written sources are the Arti-
cles of War; Statutory Enactments relating to the mil-
itary service; Army Regulations; General and Special
Orders and decisions promulgated by the War Depart-
ment and by department, post, and other commanders,
and which do not contravene existing law. The Un-
written source is the "Custom of War in like cases,"
consisting of the customs of the service both in peace
and war.

It is enjoined in the Army Regulations r^ All per-
sons in the military service are required to obey strictly
and to execute promptly the lawful orders of their
superiors. Military authority will be exercised with
firmness, kindness, and justice. Punishments must
conform to law and follow offenses as promptly as cir-
cumstances will permit. No person in the military ser-
vice shall be punished by flogging, or by branding,
marking, or tattooing on the body.^ Superiors are for-
bidden to injure those under their authority by tyran-

lA. R. 1-5.

2A. W. 98.

—2-

10 Customs of the Service.

nical or capricious conduct, or by abusive language.
Courtesy among military men is indispensable to dis-
cipline; respect to superiors will not be confined to
obedience on duty, but will be extended on all occa-
sions. Deliberations or discussions among military
men conveying praise or censure, or any mark of appro-
bation toward others in the military service, and all
publications relating to private or personal transac-
tions between officers, are prohibited.

To bring the military forces to the highest state
of efficiency^ and most speedily accomplish what is ex-
pected should be the earnest effort and call forth the
best energies of all its members of whatsoever station.
All authority should be exercised with firmness, equity,
and decorum on the part of superiors, and should be
respected by implicit obedience and loyal support from
subordinates. Every officer of whatever grade will, so
far as may be in his power, guard and preserve the
health and welfare of those under his charge. He must
labor diligently and zealously to perfect himself and his
subordinates in military drill, instruction, and disci-
pline; and above all, he must constantly endeavor, by
precept and example, to maintain the highest character,
to foster and stimulate that true soldierly spirit and
patriotic devotion to duty which must characterize an
effective army.

IG. O. 57, 1898.

Customs of the Service, 11

The Articles of War shall be read and published,^
once in every six months, to every garrison, regiment,
troop, or company in the service of the United States,
and to all organizations and to every recruit within six
days after entering the service. Ignorance does not
excuse offenses nor acts done when drunk. Orders
should be clearly given and seen to that they are under-
stood. While drunkenness is no excuse for disobedi-
ence of orders, an order should not be given a soldier
who is from the condition of drunkenness incapacitated
to understand it; in such case, he should be at once
placed in confinement and brought to trial under the
62d Article of War. Voluntary drunkenness furnishes
per se no excuse or palliation for criminal acts. It is
so inexcusable in itself that the law has never recog-
nized it as an excuse for crime. It may, however, be
admitted in some cases, and as showing want of dis-
tinctive intent. (See 1 Winthrop, 410-13.)

lA. W. 2 and 128.

12 Customs of the Service.

ROUTINE OF DUTY.

The following illustrates ordinary daily routine
and service calls. Army Regulations fix the time in
the cases indicated, thus (A. R.***), the small marginal
letters merely referring to explanatory notes following :

General Orders^ ^Fort ,

No May , 1898.

The following Hours for Serrice and other Calls
are established:

(a) Reveille (A. R. 383) 6:00 a. m.

(h) BreaJifast (A. R. 384). 6:15 a. m.

(Police of quarters and grounds.)^

(d) Drill 7:00 a.m.

Drill, re-call 8:30 a. m.

(e) Fatigue, call sounded when fatigues are needed.

(f) Guard-mount 9:00a.m.

(g) Officer's Call .10:00 a. m.

(h) First Sergeants 11:45 a. m.

(j) Dinner (A. R. 384) 12:00 m.

(d) Drill 1.00 p.m.

Drill, re-call 2:30 p.m.

lA. R. 770-783.
2A. R. 387.

Customs of the Service. 13

(k) School Call, for non-com. officers 3:00 p.m.

(s) Retreat and Parade (A. R. 386) Sunset

(I) Supper (A. R. 384) 5:30 p. m.

(m) Tattoo (A. R. 383) 9:00 p. m.

(n) Call to Quarters (A. R. 383) . .10:45 p. m.

Taps (A. R. 383) 11:00 p. m.

Inspections,! Saturday and last day of

each month 8:00 a. m.

(o) Church, Sundays 10:00 a, m. and 7:30 p. m.

(p) Warning Calls precede Assembly by ten minutes.

(q) By order of Colonel Scott.

(r) Edwin SchuyUvy
1st Lieut. 26th U. S. Infantry, Adjutant.
Official.

(r) (Signature.)

(Rank, etc.)

(a) ^Reveille roll-call in garrison will not ordinarily
take place earlier than 5:30 a. m. in summer, or
6:30 a. m. in winter. Two roll-calls daily at
Reveille and Retreat, and commanding officers
may also order roll-calls in special cases at such
times as they may deem necessary. The roll
will be called on the company parade by the
first sergeant, superintended by a commissioned
officer. If companies are quartered together in

lA. R. 266, 452, 200-1.
2A. R. 383.

14 Customs of the Service.

contiguous barracks, one officer may superin-
tend tiie roll-call of two or more of them, pro
vided he can do so efficiently, the commanding;
officer regulating the practice in this respect.
(h) ^Fifteen minutes after Reveille; the men allowed
at least twenty minutes for breakfast.

medical attention will be conducted to the hos
pital by a non-commissioned officer, who will
give to the attending surgeon the Company
Sick Report Book containing the names of the
sick. The surgeon, after examination, will indi-
cate in the book, opposite their names, the men
who are to be admitted to hospital and those
to be returned to quarters, what duties the lat-
ter perform, with any other information in
regard to the sick which he may have to
communicate to company commanders. Men
marked "Quarters" are required to remain at
their quarters. Officers^ names, when sick, are
borne on same book, and they confer with the
surgeon at their quarters or the hospital, as
circumstances require.

(d) Drill hours are regulated by the commanding offi-

cer; generally three hours daily, except Satur-
days. And see notes on Drill, infra.

lA. R. 384.
2A. R. 1431.

Customs of the Service, 15

(e) Usually the men who have marched off guard the

day previous, called "old guard fatigue," are
marched in a soldierly manner (never permit
straggling) to report to the quartermaster or
other designated officer for fatigue work or
general police (cleaning up the grounds), and
on completion of the labor are then dismissed.
Except in emergencies,^ no duty will be re-
quired of the old officer of the day or the old
guard until four hours after they have been
relieved.

(f) ^The men warned for duty fall in on their company

parade-grounds, non-commissioned officers and
supernumeraries falling in as file-closers; are
verified and inspected by the first sergeants; as
the band plays, following Adjutant's Call, are
marched to the parade-ground. (See I. D. R.
257-264.)

(g) Officers assemble at headquarters, for instruction

in and discussion of drill and Army Regula-
tions, battle exercises, and instruction in first

IM. G. D. 26.

2At guard-mount (I. D. R. 715): "1. Officers and non-
commissioned officers, front and center. 2. March." In the
more military form, the adjutant then assigns their positions,
as commander of the guard, etc., indicating also, with his
saber, the person designated. The inspection ended (I. D. R.
719), the officer commanding the guard having taken his posi-
tion, the adjutant announces selection of the orderly to the
commander of the guard by name.

16 Customs of the Service.

aid^ to the sick and wounded by the surgeon.
It will be observed that Captain's Call is the
first two bars of OfiQeer's Call with the Atten-
tion added.

(h) First sergeants repair to sergeant-major's oflSce
and copy in their order books orders of the day
(to be presented to the captain, and to the lieu
tenants if affecting them) ; take notice of guard
and other details. Copies of orders enterod-
by first sergeants in company order books will
be attested by the adjutant.

( j ) ^Not earlier than 12 m. nor later than 12:15 p. m.
Thirty minutes allowed for dinner.

( k ) "Non-commissioned oflScers assemble by company,
for instruction in military matters by an officer
of the company.

( s ) ^There will be daily one parade, morning or even-
ing, as the commanding officer may direct,
which will not be dispensed with except on
urgent occasions (this is no longer termed
"dress parade")- All officers and men will be
present unless specially excused or on duty in-
compatible with such attendance. The flag will

IG. O. 60, 1897.
2A. R. 264.
3A. R. 384.
41. D. R. 185.
5A. R. 449.

Customs of the Service. 17

be lowered at the sounding of the last note of
the Retreat, and while the flag is being lowered
the band will play "The Star-spangled Banner."
The troops will stand at attention while the
flag is being lowered.

(I) ^Not earlier than 5 nor later than 6 :30 p. m. Twenty
minutes allowed for supper.

(m) ^Ordinarily there will not be any formation for
roll-call at Tattoo, but the prescribed signal
will be sounded, and fifteen minutes thereafter
lights in squad-rooms (and of course in tents)
will be extinguished and all noises and loud
talking will cease.

( n ) At Taps all lights not authorized by the command
ing officer will be extinguished and the first ser-
geant (or other non-commissioned officer, as the
company commander may direct) will inspect
each company and report to the officer of the
day the names of all unauthorized absentees.
(Call to Quarters, new music for, see Cav. Drill
Regs., p. 476.)

(o) The Orders of President Lincoln^ and Army Regu-
lations^ prescribe that an orderly observance of
the Sabbath by the officers and men in the

lA. R. 384.

2A. R. 383.

SExecutive Order, Nov. 15, 1862.

4A, R. 202.

18 Customs of the Service,

military service is enjoined. Military duty and
labor on Sunday will be reduced to the measure
of strict necessity. (Cliurch Call in C. D. K.
differs from this call as in I. D. R.)

(p) ^Warning Calls are: First Call, Guard-mounting,
Full Dress, Overcoats, Drill, Stable, Water,
and Boots and Saddles; Mess, Church, and
Fatigue may also be u^ed as Warning Calls.
When full dress or overcoats are to be worn,
the Full Dress or Overcoat Call immediately
follows the Warning Call. Alarm Calls are:
Fire Call; To Arms, the signal for the men to
fall in under arms, dismounted, on their parade-
grounds, as soon as possible; To Horse, the sig-
nal for the men to proceed under arms to their
horses, saddle, mount, and assemble at a desig-
nated place, as quickly as possible; In Extended
Order, this signal is also used to remount the
troops. Boots and Saddles is the signal for
mounted formations; it immediately follows
the Warning Call. Stables and Water (C. D. R.
995-1000, pp. 468-469) are sounded at posts of
mounted troops as directed. The General is the
signal for striking tents, which fall at the last
note; it is preceded by a Warning Call.

( q ) General oflflcers use the expression "By command" ;
other officers, "By order."
II. D. E. 769; C. D. R. 1130.

Customs of the ^^rrricc. 19

(r) Tlie adjutant si^iis tlie original order in the order
book only; all other coi)ies are made '^officiar'
by his signature or of an aide to a general offi-
cer. Orders from the War Department are
authenticated^ with an impression seal. The
adjutant also verifies the correctness of orders
from his office which have been copied in tlieir
order books by the first sergeants, by signing
"Official'' and his signature. Orders^ issued by
battalion and company commanders are simply
denominated "Orders"; those of higher units,
as posts, regiments; etc., are denominated "Gen-
eral" or "Special Orders."

IG. O. 21, 1894.
2A. R. 770.

20 Customs of the Service.

GUARD DUTY.

The most important work of the soldier and the
method of its performance stamps efficiency of the
troops. All details for guard shall be made by roster;
a list of men for duty, with record of duty performed
by each. Generally, details for duty are made so that
the one longest off is the first for detail. In making
details by roster, an officer or enlisted man is each day
charged with the number of days that he has remained
present and available sinee the beginning of his last
tour. In the field, when the commanding officer deems
it advisable, a company may be detailed to form the
guard, the captain being the ofQcer of the day, and the
lieutenants officers of the guard. The following are the
usual rosters relative to guard duty :

1. Officers of the day.

2. Officers of the guard.

3. Sergeants of the guard.

4. Corporals of the guard.

5. Musicians of the guard.

6. Privates of the guard.

The first two are kept by the adjutant; the third,
fourth, and fifth, by the sergeant-major, under the su-
pervision of the adjutant, or by the first sergeants of
companies, as directed by the commanding officer; the
sixth is always kept by the first sergeants.

Customs of the Service. 21

The sergeant-major determines the number of pri-
vates to be detailed from each company by the follow-
ing rules: Take the number of privates for duty in
each company from its morning report for the day next
preceding that on which the tour of duty is to com-
mence, deducting details for detached service of over
twenty-four hours, made after the morning report has
been received; the total of these gives the total num-
ber of privates available. Then: the total strength is
to the strength of a company as the total detail is to the
detail from the company; multiply the total detail by
the strength of the company, and divide the result by
total strength; carry out to two places of decimals, dis-
regarding all smaller fractions. This rule is applied
for each company. The whole numbers in the results
thus obtained are added together, and if the total is
less than the total detail required, add 1 to the whole
number in the result that has the largest fraction, and
so on for each company till the required total is ob-
tained. There will thus be a difference between the
exact proportion and the number detailed from each
company; this difference is carried forward to the next
day's proportion, to be added if a company has fur-
nished less, or to be subtracted if a company has fur-
nished more than its exact proportion, thus:

Customs of the Service,

FIRST DAY.

ro CO

o u u

.S^S

ctf

-co bfl

etail
ing;
ble

160

2.18

160

2.10

160

2.62

160

1.92

160

1.92

F(Cav

) 37
160

160

3.23

'd ^ {^

<1 Q P

2 .18a

2 .10a

1 3 .38s

1 2 .08s

*3 .23a

♦Troop F furnishes 3 stable guard and no post guard.

SECOND DAY.

H
c«
P.

o
a

A
B
C
D
E

o u u

.,-1 t*H PJ

^co bo
Q

.2 ^

o
o

o bc_:

™ n3 ^
o 'd <i>
H <t1 Q

27 X
23 X

14
14

28 X 14

23 X

21 X

14
14

"So

CO i3

160 2 36 .18a 2.54 2 .54a

160 2 01 .10a 2.11 2 .11a

160 2.45 .388 2.07 2 .07a

160 2.01 .08s 1.93 1 2 .07s

160 1.83 .08s 1.75 1 2 .25s

F (Cav.) 38 X 14 ^ 160 3.32 .23a 3 55 1 t4 .45s

fTroop F furnishes 3 stable guard and 1 post guard.

Customs of hiJ&Wmi^^^^ ^J 23

The adjutant will select arweerfy for the com-
manding officer from the members of the new guard,
an extra man being detailed for guard for this purpose,
the selection made during the inspection at guard-
mounting; that soldier will be chosen who is most cor-
rect in the performance of duty and in military bear-
ing, neat in person and clothing, and whose arms
and accoutrements are in the best condition. When
directed by the commander of the guard to fall out and
report: leaving his rifle in his company rack, he will
proceed to the commanding officer, reporting, ^^Sir, Pri-
vate , Co. — , Regt., reports as orderly. If a

cavalryman, he will report equipped with saber and
belt The orderly, while on duty as such, is subject
to the orders of the commanding officer only; he may
be permitted to sleep in his company quarters; his tour
ends when relieved by the new orderly. Other officers
are not allowed orderlies, and none will be detailed for
the purpose.^ An exception to this order^ directs that
the inspector-general be furnished an orderly. Guards
are relieved every twenty-four hours, with two hours
on post and four hours off; during the latter period
remaining on duty at the guard-house or tent at rest,
but without removing their equipments. During his
tour of guard duty a soldier is subject to the orders of
the commanding officer, the officer of the day, and the

IG. O. 120, 1890.
2G. O. 81, 1898.

^4 Customs of the Service.

officers and non-commissioned officers of the guard
only. Details will, as far as practicable, be made so as
to insure^ that privates have only one tour in seven
days, and, except in emergencies, are not detailed for
guard oftener than once in five days. It may be re-
marked that this is the requirement in garrison, but
in the presence of danger due discretion must be exer
cised as to the number of sentinels required. One super-
numerary from each company will be detailed, being
the next man for guard on the roster; he is paraded
with the guard at guard-mounting, and in readiness
during the tour of twenty-four hours to fill a vacancy
on the guard; they will not be detailed for anything
which may interfere with this duty, but are not exempt
from ordinary camp and garrison duties; if not called
for during this period, he is first on the guard detail the
next day. Sentences^ imposing tours of guard duty are
forbidden. All persons, of whatsoever rank in the ser-
vice, are required to observe respect toward sentinels.
When inspecting sentinels, questions asked of them
should be of such a character as to ascertain their
knowledge of their duties and surroundings, without
seeking to confuse them. Unless necessity therefor
exists, no person will require a sentinel to quit his
piece, even to allow it to be inspected. Sentinels dur-
ing the day, when not on post, are employed over work-

IM. G. D., par. 27.
2A. R. 939.

Customs of the Service. 25

ing parties of post or camp prisoners; this duty being
likewise arranged, if possible, with two hours on and
four hours off.

Sentinels must execute their orders with firmness
and determination; will not permit any trifling or non-
sense; they have commands to be obeyed; make them
so. Do not leave post without proper authority or
orders; life may be endangered, but do the duty pre-
scribed at all hazards. If for any reason leaving post
seems necessary, call, ^^Corporal of the guard, No. **
relief.'' To permit himself to be surprised by any de-
gree of inattention or slightest carelessness, or to. fall
asleep, are grave crimes ; so grave, indeed, that in war-
times the latter is punishable with death. Understand
clearly what orders require, and then, if lawful, obey
them, enforce them, without hesitation; disobedience
of a lawful order is perilous. Don't abuse authority
or subject prisoners to humiliation; have no talk with
any person while on post, except as pertaining strictly
to the duty of the post, and then be exceedingly brief.

In the absence of special instructions from the
commanding officer, the officer of the day will inspect
the guard and sentinels during the day and night at
such times as he may deem necessary.

The senior officer or non-commissioned officer of
the guard is commander of the guard.

Sentinels will be required to memorize the fol-
lowing:

-3-

26 Customs of the Service.

"My general orders are:

''To take charge of this post and all Government
property in view.

"To walk my post in a military manner, keeping
constantly on the alert, observing everything that
takes place in sight and hearing.

"To report every breach of orders or rc^gnlations
that I am instructed to enforce.

"To repeat all calls from posts more distant from
the guard-house than my own.

"To quit my post only when properly relieved.

"To receive, transmit, and obey all orders from,
and allow myself to be relieved by, the commanding
officer, officer of the day, an officer or non commissioned
officer of the guard only.

"To hold conversation with no one except in the
proper discharge of my duty.

"In case of fire or disorder, to give the alarm.

"To allow no one to commit nuisance in the vicin-
ity of my post.

"To salute all officers, and colors or standards not
cased.

"In any case not covered by my instructions, to
call the corporal of the guard.

"At night, to exercise the greatest vigilance. Be-
tween Retreat (or .... o'clock, naming the hour desig-
nated by the commanding officer) and broad daylight,

Customs of the Service. 27

challenge all persons seen on or near my post, and allow
no persons to pass without proper authority."

In addition to the foregoing, sentinels posted at
the guard-house or guard-tent will be required to mem-
orize the following:

'^Between Reveille and Retreat, to turn out the
guard for all persons entitled to the compliment, for
all colors or standards not cased, and for all armed par-
ties ai)proaching my post, except trooj)s at drill and
reliefs or detachments of guard. At night, after chal-
lenging any person or party, to advance no one, but call
the corporal of the guard, repeating the answer to the
challenge.

"A sentinel on post is not required to halt and
change the position of his rifle on arriving at end of the
post, nor to execute ^To the rear, march,' [)recisely as
y)rescribed in the Drill Regulations, but faces about
while marching in the way most convenientto him. . . .

"An infantry sentinel will salute with the ^present
arms' all officers by day and night. Whenever relieved,
a sentinel will repeat in detail, to his successor, all
special orders relating to his post.

"Between Retreat (or the hour designated by the
commanding officer) and broad daylight, if a sentinel
sees any person or party on or near his post, he will
advance rapidly along his post toward such person or
party, and when within about thirty paces will chal-

28 Cystoma of the Service,

lenge sharply, ^Halt. Who is there?' In case a mount-
ed party be challenged, the sentinel will call 'Dis-
mount,' after challenging.

"A sentinel will not divulge the countersign to
any one except the sentinel who relieves him, or to a
person from whom he properly receives orders, on such
person's verbal order, given personally.

"Until duly recognized, by countersign or other-
wise, the sentinel will allow no one to approach nearer
than about ten feet from him, . . . . and will
allow only one of a party to approach him for the pur-
pose of giving the countersign, and he must satisfy him-
self beyond a reasonable doubt that the parties are
what they represent themselves to be.

"When two or more persons approach in one
party, the sentinel, on receiving an answer that indi-
cates that some one in the party has the countersign,
will say, 'Advance one with the countersign,' and if the
countersign is given correctly, will then say, 'Advance
(so and so),' repeating the answer to his challenge.
Thus, if the answer be, 'Friends with the countersign'
(or patrol, etc.), the sentinel will say, 'Advance one
with the countersign'; then, 'Advance friends' (or
patrol, etc.)."

The foregoing excerpts are chiefly taken from the
Manual of Guard Duty, War Department, 1893, and
for the more defined duties should be consulted. Troops
armed with the U. S. Magazine rifle omit the "carry

Customs of the Service. 29

arms," and salute on the march with "port arms."
After salutes have been acknowledged, guards are
brought to the "order arms." The "present" is used
instead of the former rifle salute.

A sentinel in charge of prisoners at work will not
allow them to converse with each other, nor with any
person without permission from proper authority. He
will not himself speak to them, except in the execu-
tion of his duty.

The instructions "To walk my post in a military
manner" must be strictly construed, so that a sentinel
will marcli while on his post, and never be permitted
to walk lazily or lounge on his post, either of which
are exceedingly unmilitary; it may also be observed
that in rendering individual salutes the rifle should be
brought to the "present" sharply, not slowly and with
hesitation.

In the field and on the march the guard is generally
mounted an hour or so before sunset; it would delay
the day's march if held in the morning; after a rest,
the men are fresher for the important night work. A
"running guard" is an irregularity, only sanctioned in
emergencies, when the command is exceedingly small ;
it is simply an arrangement by which the sentinels are
relieved in turn by the next man without formal cere-
mony, every man going on in succession.

30 Customs of the Service,

GRADES IN ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY AND

VOLUNTEERS, WITH MONTHLY PAY FOR

LESS THAN FIVE YEARS OF SERVICE.

Major-general 1625.00

Brigadier-general 458.33

Colonel 291.67

Lieutenant-colonel 250.00

Major 208.38

Captain, mounted 166.67

Captain, not mounted 150.00

First lieutenant, mounted 133.33

First lieutenant, not mounted 125.00

Second lieutenant, mounted 125.00

Second lieutenant, not mounted 116.67

Adjutant of regiment, appointed by colonel

from first lieutenant 150.00

Quartermaster of regiment, appointed by colo-
nel from first lieutenant and subject to ap-

proval^ of the Secretary of War 150.00

(The adjutant and quartermaster hold de-
tail not over four^ years.)
Chaplain, post, U. S. A. (rank^ as captain of

infantry) 125.0r

lA. R. 233.
2A. R. 234.
3Act of March 2, 1867.

Customs of the Service, 31

(Chaplain of each of the four colored

regiments same as of post.)
Chaplain of U. S. Volunteers, ranli and pay^ and

allowances of mounted officers |166.67

An aide-de-camp to a major-general, |200 per year
additional.

An aide-de-camp to a brigadier-general, $150 per
year additional.

An acting commissary of subsistence, flOO per
year additional ;2 the regimental quartermaster can
also hold this position and the extra pay.^

Assistant surgeons have rank and pay of 1st lieu-
tenant of cavalry for the first five years of service. Sur-
geons have rank and pay of major.

Medical officers in the permanent establishment
are of the General Staff and do not belong to regi-
ments; in the Volunteer Army there are added to each
regiment one surgeon, two assistant surgeons, and
three hospital stewards. In emergencies the Surgeon-
General, with approval of the Secretary of War, may
appoint as many contract surgeons as may be neces-
sary, at compensation not exceeding |150 per month.^

Pay and allowances of Volunteers commence on
the day on which enrolled and joined for duty.^

lAct of July 8, 1898, and G. O. 103, 1898.

2A. R. 1304.

3A. R. 1305.

4Act of May 12, 1898, and G. 0. 52, 1898.

5G. O. 56 and 96, 1898,

32 Customs of the Service.

Pay for troops for Philippines may be advanced-
for one month.

Officers of the permanent establishment serving
under Volunteer commissions are entitled to receive
only the pay and allowances of the Volunteer rank
while serving as such.^

In time of war every officer serving with troops
operating against an enemy who shall exercise, under
assignment in orders issued by competent authority, a
command above that pertaining to his grade, shall be
entitled to receive the pay and allowances of the grade
appropriate to the command so exercised:^ providinl,
that a rate of pay exceeding that of a brigadier-general
shall not be paid in any case by reason of such assign-
ment. Troops serving within the limits of the United
States at a time when there is no foreign army within
said limits are not operating against an enemy. The
"competent authority'' can only be exercised by the
Secretary of War or the commanding general of an
army "operating against an enemy," and under their
written order; certified copy, in duplicate, of such order,
with statement of service, to be filed with the pay-
master.

The Attorney-General has since held that the
clause "was intended to apply to all^ instances where

IG. O. 56 and 96, 1898.

2Act of May 28, 1898, and G. 0. 62, 1898; A. R. 1313.
3Act of April 22, 1898; Cir. 18 and G. O. 86, 1898.
4G. O. 155, 1898.

Customs of the Service. 33

the troops of the United States are assembled in sepa-
rate bodies, such as regiments, brigades, divisions, or
corps, for the purpose of carrying on and bringing to
a conclusion the war with Spain" ; but that service in
garrisons on the Western frontiers which is requisite
in time of peace would not be within the meaning of
the act.

An officer on duty without troops at a station
where there are no public quarters is entitled to com-
mutation therefor at $12 per month per room; allow-
ance in A. K. 1006.

When an officer travels^ under orders, he is allowed
seven cents per mile; except over bond-aided or free
railroads, the cost of transportation over that part of
the route being deducted from the mileage account and
the Quartermaster's Department furnishing transpor-
tation therefor; officers traveling on duty, under or-
ders, without troops, on Government transports, where
subsistence is not furnished, will be paid mileage at
the rate of four cents per mile. An officer traveling^
under orders with three or more enlisted men is re-
garded as traveling with troops.

It will be observed that there are no regimental
commissaries of subsistence, and only post commissary
sergeants. At posts, lieutenants are detailed to per-

IG. O. 9, 125, and 129, Cir. 7, and Act of March 15th, all of
1898; A. R. 1321-1335.
2Cir. 37, 1898.

34 Customs of the Service,

form the duties of commissary. Battalion adjutants
are merely detailed from the lieutenants, and are not
additional to the organization. Except^ as provided in
Section 6, Act of April 22, 1898, the "officers in service
with" a militia organization called into the service of
the United States shall be so received into the service,
but this proviso applies only to those who held com-
missions in, and were actually in service with, the said
organizations at the time of muster-in. Hence, upon
the promotion, discharge, resignation, or death of any
such officers, who have been or may be appointed in
excess of the Regular Army organization and not other-
wise provided for by law, the offices held by them in
the United States Volunteers lapse and cease to exist,
and no persons can be appointed and mustered in the
United States service in their places. The four colored
regiments, 9th and 10th Cavalry and 24th and 25th In-
fantry, each have a chaplain; the other chaplains (30)
are post chaplains and assigned to posts. The Volun-
teers are allowed one chaplain^ to each regiment.

The following officers, in addition to those whose
pay is fixed by law, are entitled to pay as mounted offi-
cers:^ officers of the staff corps below the rank of
major, officers serving with troops of cavalry, officers of
a light battery duly organized and equipped, author-

IG. O. 98, 1898, and G. O. 149, 1898.

2Act of April 22, 1898.

3A. R. 130X and G. 0, 65 and 119,

Customs of the Service. 36

ized aides duly appointed, officers serving as military
attaches to the embassies and legations of the United
States at foreign capitals, officers serving with com-
panies of mounted infantry, and officers on duty which
in the opinion of the Secretary of War or the depart-
ment or corps commander requires them to be mounted
and so certified by him on their pay vouchers. Acting
judge-advocates of military departments are entitled
to pay, etc., of captains of cavalry. Battalion adju-
tants are entitled to mounted pa}^ upon the certificate
of their regimental commanders that they are on duty
which requires them to be mounted. Forage in kind
(no commutation) for two horses is issued to officers
(below the rank of general officer), to officers entitled
to be mounted, if horses are actually owned and kept
in service at station where due.

Fuel (allowance^ prescribed) and illuminating oil
is sold to officers and issued to troops, under regulated
allowances by the Quartermaster's Department.

Subsistence stores, including canned goods, to-
bacco, cigars, stationery, needles, thread, brushes, etc.,
can be purchased by officers and men, for their own
use, at cost price. Sales may be made on credit^ to
officers and enlisted men who have not been regularly
paid or who are in the field; enlisted men will obtain
permits from their company commanders, approved by

lA. R. 998-1006.
2A. R. 1285.

36 Customs of the Service.

the commanding officer, for purchases on credit; but
not given in excess of the unencumbered pay due him,
nor in any month in excess of his monthly pay.

The personal staffs of a general officer will consist
of his authorized aides (whom he selects from officers
in service): three captains or lieutenants for a major-
general ; two lieutenants for a brigadier-general. The
other staff officers are assigned^ by the War Depart-
ment, and their official designations^ are: adjutant-
general, chief quartermaster, chief commissary, chief
surgeon, chief paymaster, judge-advocate; and, when
necessary, an artillery inspector, an engineer officer, an
ordnance officer, a signal officer, and an inspector-
general.

lA. R. 33 and 738.
2A. R. 196 and 738.
3A. R. 196.

Customs of the Service. 37

GRADES AND PAY, MONTHLY, ENLISTED MEN,
FIRST YEAR, FIRST ENLISTMENT.

Compcmy,

Private — Artillery, Cavalry, and Infantry $13.00

Private — (Second class) Engineers and Ordnance 13.00

Musician — Engineers, Artillery, and Infantry... 13.00

Trumpeter — Cavalry 13.00

Wagoner — Artillery, Cavalry, and Infantry 14.00

Artificer — Artillery and Infantry 15.00

Corporal — Artillery, Cavalry, and Infantry 15.00

Blacksmith and Farrier — Cavalry 15.00

Saddler— Cavalry 15.00

Sergeant — Artillery, Cavalry, and Infantry 18.00

Private — (First class) Engineers and Ordnance 17.00

Corporal — Engineers and Ordnance 20.00

First Sergeant — Artillery, Cavalry, and Infantry 25.00

Sergeant — Engineers, Ordnance, and Signal Corps 34.00

Sergeants — (First class) Signal Corps 45.00

Regiment.

Chief Trumpeter — Cavalry $22.00

Principal Musician — Artillery and Infantry 22.00

Saddler Sergeant — Cavalry 22.00

Chief Musician — Artillery, Cavalry, and Infantry 60.00

Sergeant-Major — Artillery, Cavalry, and Infantry 23.00

Quartermaster Sergeant — Artillery, Cavalry, and iLfan.ry.. 23.00
Sergeant-Major and Quartermaster Sergeant— Engineers.. 36.00

Post.

Ordnance Sergeant $34.00

Commissary Sergeant 34.00

Post Quartermaster Sergeant 34.00

38 Customs of the Service,

Hospital Corps.

Hospital Steward $45.00

Acting Hospital Steward 25.00

Private 18.00

Matron 10.00

It is enacted in a section of the Act approved April
20, 1898 (the Army Bill), that in time of war the pay
proper of enlisted men shall be increased 20 per cent
over and above the rates of pay a^ fixed by law, pro-
vided that in time of war no additional increased ( om-
pensation^ shall be allowed soldiers performing what
is known as extra or special duty.

War declared to exist^ since April 21, 1898.

Veterinary surgeons, |75 and f 100 per month, are
appointed^ by the Secretary of War. They have rank^
of sergeant-major, and entitled to the same allowances
in kind, of quarters, fuel, and lights.

Signal Corps of the permanent establishment, en-
listed force, consists of fifty sergeants (generally ap
pointed from the Army), ten of the first class, pay
monthly f45, forty of the second class^ |34, with com-
mutation allowance for fuel and quarters and subsist-
ence when stationed in cities.

Lance corporals,^ one allowed to each company,
appointed for three months, and with approval of post

10. 15 and G. O. 77, 1898.

2Act of April 25, 1898.

3A. R. 182-3.

4A. R. 257, C. 9, 1896, and G. O. 42, 1897.

Customs of the Service. 39

or regimeDtal commander may be once renewed; no
additional pay attaches to this grade.

Officers of Volunteers are paid^ on the rolls with
the troops, when so serving, or on detached service or
of the General Staff are paid on duplicate accounts^ by
a designated paymaster. Officers will be paid monthly.
Appointments in the Army are entitled to pay from
date of acceptance^ only. In all cases of promotion an
officer is entitled to pay from date of vacancy .^ Officers
and enlisted men in arrest and confinement by the civil
authorities will receive no pay during the time of such
absence; if released without trial, or after trial, or after
trial and acquittal, their right to pay for the time of
such absence is restored. Any officer or enlisted man
captured by the enemy shall be entitled to receive dur-
ing his captivity, notwithstanding the expiration of his
service, the same pay, subsistence, and allowance to
which he may be entitled while in the actual service
of the United States.^ (Bee "Leave of Absence'' and
"Furloughs,'' infra, for pay during such absence.)

Troops will be paid every month, unless circum-
stances prevent; and in time of war, by paymasters in
person. Soldiers may deposit their pay with the pay-
master, to be retained until discharged, with accrued
interest at 4 per cent per annum. (See A. R. 1371.)

IG. O. 44, 1896.
2A. R. 1298-1300.
3A. R. 1306.
4R. S. 1288.

40 Customs of the Service.

All enlisted men present will receipt the pay-roll
for the amount due them thereon.^ A soldier awaiting
result of trial will not be paid before the result is
known.2 Every deserter forfeits all pay and allow-
ances due at date of desertion.^

The tables below show changes in organization in
the Army under Act of April 26, 1898, Section 3, that
upon a declaration of war by Congress, or a declaration
by Congress that war exists, the enlisted strength of
a company, troop, and battery respectively, may, in the
discretion of the President, be increased to comprise
not exceeding:

Prior Organization. New Organization.

1071

R. S. Peace. War Footing.
1108

Infantry.
Each Regiment.

10 (2 skeleton) Companies 12

1 Colonel 1

1 Lieutenant-Colonel 1

1 Majors i 2

(2 Majors hereafter, Peace.)

10 Captains 12

12 First Lieutenants 12

(Whether the Adjutant and Quartermaster extra Lieu-
tenants, subject decision.)
10 Second Lieutenants 12

lA. R. 1364.
2A. R. 945.
3A. R. 1381.

Customs of the Service, 41

Infantry,

Each Company.
R. S. Peace. ^Var Footing.

1 First Sergeant 1

0 Quartermaster Sergeant 1

4 Sergeants 4

4 Corporals 12

2 Musicians 2

2 Artificers 1

1 Wagoner 1

51 Privates 84

Cavalry,

Each Troop.

1 First Sergeant 1

0 Quartermaster Sergeant 1

5 Sergeants 6

4 Corporals 8

2 Farriers and Blacksmiths 2

2 Trumpeters 2

1 Saddler 1

1 Wagoner 1

44 to 54 Privates 78

Heavy Artillery,

Each Battery.

1 First Sergeant 1

4 Sergeants 22

4 Corporals 10

2 Musicians 2

2 Artificers 2

1 Wagoner 1

51 Privates 162

-4-

42 Customs of the Service.

Field Artillery,
Each Battery.

R. S. Peace. WarFootin -.

1 First Sergeant 1

0 Quartermaster Sergeant 1

0 Veterinary Sergeant 1

6 Sergeants 6

4 Corporals 15

0 Farriers 2

2 Artincers 2

0 Saddler 1

2 Musicians 2

1 Wagoner 1

59 Privates 141

Engineers.
Each Company.

0 First Sergeant 1

10 Sergeants 10

10 Corporals 10

2 Musicians 2

39 to 55 Privates, first class 64

39 to 56 Privates, second class 63

In the Artillery (R. S. 1100) there were 2 first and
1 second lieutenants each battery heavy artillery, and 2
first and 2 second lieutenants each light battery. The
Act approved March 8, 1898, enacts that each regiment
of artillery shall consist of 14 first lieuten-
ants, 12 second lieutenants

When recruited to their war strength, the Presi-
dent may add^ 1 second lieutenant in each battery of
artillery.

lAct of April 26, 1898.

Customs of the Service, 43

Signal Corps,

Peace. War.

10 Commissioned Officers 10

10 Sergeants, first class 10

40 Sergeants, second class 40

0 Corporals 10

0 Privates, first class 100

0 Privates, second class 40

801 Post Quartermaster Sergeants 2105

903 Commissary Sergeants 90

(Not to exceed 1 for each military post or place of
deposit of subsistence supplies.)

100 Hospital Stewards4 100

100 Acting Hospital Stewards 100

525 Privates Hospital Corps 525

110 Ordnance Sergeants 110

As indicating the importance of the post non-com
missioned staff and signal sergeants, accountability^
for public property may be transferred to them, but not
to other enlisted men.

Ordnance Department.
Peace. War.

56 Commissioned Officers 56

53 Sergeants of Ordnance 53

73 Corporals 73

231 Privates, first class 231

138 Privates, second class 138

lAct of July 5, 1884.
2Act of July 8, 1898.
3Act of March 8, 187.^>.
4 Act of March 1, 1887.
5A. R. 694.

44 Customs of the Service,

The President is authorized to appoint^ in the Vol-
unteer Army not exceeding 1 major-general for each
organized army corps and division, and 1 brigadier-
general for each brigade.

The IJ. S. Volunteer SignaP Corps consists of 1
colonel, 1 lieutenant-colonel, 1 major, disbursing offi-
cer, and not exceeding 1 major for each Army Corps,
and 2 captains, 2 first lieuterants, 2 second lieutenants,
5 first-class sergeants, 10 sergeants, 10 corporals, and
30 first-class privates to each organized division of
troops, two-thirds of whom below the rank of major
shall be skilled electricians or telegraph operators.

lAct of April 22, 1898.
2Act of May 18, 1898.

Customs of the Service. 45

THE CAPTAIN.

Captains are the soul of the whole of instruction
and care of the unit of organization — the company.
The following extracts from ^'The Prussian Campaign,
A Tactical Retrospect" (Captain May), translated by
Colonel Ouvry, C.B., so entirely accord with the expe-
rience of the compiler and based on sound observation
they cannot be bettered by original change: "The cap-
tain commanding a company is the only officer between
whom and the soldier a personal relation subsists in
peace-time. He knows every individual soldier in the
most intimate manner, and the soldier on his part is
aware that his captain so knows him. It is upon this
relation that the uncommon influence rests which he,
above all officers, has over the individual soldier, as
well as over the whole company. The soldier . . . has
under all circumstances a decided feeling for his cap-
tain, even though it be one of hatred. In most cases,
however, it is a feeling of love, confidence, and respect.
They become accustomed to one another, have their

fits of ill temper at times on both sides With

regard to the higher grade of officers, .... he has
respect for them according to regulation; otherwise, for
the most part, he is indifferent. At the very most, he
knows whether his general keeps him long at drill and
annoys him or not, and particularly whether he has

46 Customs of the Service,

any ridiculous habits The soldier looks on his

captain as by far the most important personage; and
should the colonel take to bullying the captain on
parade, to show the soldier what a great man he is, the
result usually is that the soldier respects the captain
the less, but certainly the colonel not the more. The
captain will find the attachment of his subordinates the
most precious reward which will fall to him in his life-
time." Captains have a very important part in war.
They should be held absolutely responsible for every-
thing relating to their company, especially as regards
drill, discipline, contentment, without interference by
superior authority. The captain should be alert in
knowledge of sanitary precautions, observing with
care the environments, and in sickly climates redouble
his care for his men; see that they be compelled to care
for themselves; he is required to daily inspect the
kitchens, the sinks, the police of his company grounds,
that every particle of foreign matter be removed; even
the example of removing bits of paper and such trifles
will have its good effects; insist that all kitchen waste
be carried way, and then not simply buried, but cre-
mated, not even permitting slops to be thrown on the
ground; seepage from the latter has been known to
contaminate wells many feet distant, with the natural
sequence of typhoid and other diseases. All this in-
volves labor on officers and men; it is work that will
pay in health and possibly in life. Men heated and

Customs of the Service. 47

exhausted after the drill will throw themselves on the
ground in the shade; this is a cause of sickness, fevers;
it may at the moment seem harsh to them, but do not
allow such practices; caution the men, and see that
the caution is obeyed.

In the field, the result of the daily inspection re-
quired by A. R. 26G should be reported verbally to the
colonel at a designated hour, that he may clearly know
of the comfort and needs of the men, the quality and
kinds of the ration and service for the day; be assured
that the sinks have been inspected, etc., etc. The sur-
geon should also be required to inspect the sinks, etc.,
and report similarly, together with a statement of the
health of the command, appearance or indication of
undue endemic diseases, etc.

Order and regularity in everything must be insisted
upon; for example, at the company kitchens, even in
camp, the kettles, cleaning utensils, etc., when not in
immediate use, can be properly arranged with regu-
larity; the wood (fuel) corded up, not thrown down any
way, nor chips accumulated; attention to these appar-
ently trivial matters all go to inculcate order and care
in other matters.

The captain will neither patronize nor coddle up
his men ; they resent either mode. Looking always for
their interests, with firmness in discipline and com-
manding absolute obedience to orders, and this can
be accomplished with kindness (harshness is wholly
unnecessary), be the company father.

48 Customs of the Service.

THE LIEUTENANT.

Upon the lieutenants of the company the duties of
the captain will often devolve, and, whether as com-
mandant or serving with his captain, he will be gov-
erned by the same system and share these duties and
fatigues; and so he will or will not be an able support
to his captain.

Captains will require^ their lieutenants to assist in
the performance of all company duties, including the
keeping of records and the preparation of the necessary
reports and returns.

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.2

Sergeants and corporals are appointed by regi-
mental commanders on recommendation of compariy
commanders. Non-commissioned officers will be care-
fully selected and instructed, and always supported
by company commanders in the proper performance of
their duties. They will not be detailed for any duty
nor permitted to engage in any occupation inconsistent
with their rank and position. Officers will be cautious
in reproving them in the presence or hearing of private
soldiers. They will be furnished with a warrant of
rank, signed by the colonel, countersigned by the ad-

lA. R. 255.
2A. R, 251-26X.

Customs of the Service. 49

jutant; but a separate warrant as first sergeant will not
be given. They take effect on the day of appointment.
The captain will select the first sergeant from the ser-
geants of his company, and may return him to the grad 3
of sergeant without reference to higher authority. A
non-commissioned officer may be reduced^ to the ranks
by sentence of court-martial, or by the order of the
regimental commander on the recommendation of the
company commander. The regimental^ commander
appoints the non-commissioned staff, which consists of
the sergeant-major and quartermaster sergeant; also
the regimental non-commissioned officers, consisting
of the chief musician and principal (2) musicians or
chief trumpeter and saddler sergeant, according to arm.
The ordnance, commissary, and post quartermaster
sergeants and hospital stewards are appointed by the
Secretary of War. The important duties in the field
of active operations of non-commissioned officers have
been greatly augmented by what we may term modern
drill, responsibilities fall upon squad leaders in leading
their sections into action not found in former days; to
know the right thing to do; for the lessons taught on
the drill-ground assume in actual service under fire
various phases and need of quick judgment. Leading
of squads is an important duty.

The detail of a non-commissioned officer on extra

lA. R. 261.
2A. R. 241.

50 Customs of the Service.

duty other than that of overseer will not be made with-
out the approval of the Secretary of War. A non-com
missioned officer will not be detailed on any duty incon-
sistent with his rank and position in the military ser-
vice. Chiefs of squad will see that no dressing or pol-
ishingi material on leather aecoutrem'/nts, equipments,
or harness, except the preparations supplied by the
Ordnance Department, are so used. The prohibition^
in A. R. 276 of attempts to beautify or change the finish
of arms in the hands of enlisted men is not construed
as forbidding the application of raw linseed oil to the
w^ood parts of the arm. The application for such pur-
pose of any kind of wax or varnish, including heelball,
is strictly prohibited. They will also si e that all public
property in use by their squads be marked with the
letter of the company and number of aim of the regi-
ment. Such articles issued to an enlisted man (arms
and clothing excepted) will, as far as practicable, be
marked with the number of the man (each man is origi-
nally given a number,^ which remains constant whil:^ in
the company), letter of the company, and number of th^
regiment. Haversacks and blanket-bags will be uni-
formly marked^ on the outside as follows: cavalry,
crossed sabers; artillery, crossed cannons; infantry,

lA. R. 277.
2Cir. 26, 1897.
3A. R. 267.
4A. R. 279.

Customs of the Service. 51

crossed rifles; with letter of company above and num-
ber of regiment below the intersection ; the design sten-
ciled in black, the device five inches long, and letters
and numbers in full-faced characters one inch high; the
design will be placed above letters ^^U. S." on equip-
ments, and the number of the soldier, in characters
one inch high, will be placed at the bottom, near the
the lower edge of the blanket-bag. The canteen will
be marked with the letter of the company, number of
the regiment, and number of the man. Notice that the
rifle or pistol is not permitted to be marked in any way;
it is identified by its stamped ordnance number, and so
recorded in the company records. Non-commissioned
officers are entitled to respect at all times, and to strict
and prompt obedience when in the discharge of duty,
and in turn should so perform their duties as to de
serve well of their comrades, while rigidly executing
duty; as the non-commissioned officer governs him-
self, so he can govern; laxity of discipline is not kind-
ness; ill temper must be restrained; rever use language
you would not use in the presence of your captain, nor
violence or force except in extremity and when all
other measures of restraint have failed; do not show
favoritism or overlook neglect; don't be arbitrary; be
governed by the regulations of the service; superior
authority will always support a non-commissioned offi-
cer in proper discharge of his duty. Non-commissioned
officers are not, as a rule, permitted to confine soldiers,

62 Customs of the Service,

unless the breach be serious or escape apprehended.
The first sergeant exercises a sound discretion in these
matters, and is usually authorized by the company
commander to place, as by his order, soldiers in "arrest
in quarters" or confine them, reporting the fact at once.
An officer or soldier arrested will repair at once to his
tent or quarters, and remain there until more extended
limits have been granted by the commanding officer.
Non-commissioned officers even have power to place
officers in arrest under the 24:th of the Articles of War,
which reads: "All officers, of what condition soever,
have power to part and quell all quarrels, frays, and
disorders, whether among persons belonging to h's own
or to another corps, regiment, troop, battery, or com-
pany, and to order officers into arrest, and non-com-
missioned officers and soldiers into confinement, who
take part in the same, until their proper superior officer
is acquainted therewith." (Winthiop's "Military Law,"
p. 836, Vol. 1.) "All officers whatsoever" includes non-
commissioned officers. Sec. 1342, R. S., enacts that the
word "officer," as used in the Articles of War, shall be
understood to designate commissioned officers.

At other times important duties of non-commis-
sioned officers are those of file-closers; they act in this
capacity for good and sufficient and necessary reasons,
not merely ornamental; when so marching, they see
that the men in ranks near them observe strict atten-
tion, march properly, preserve distances, and, if a re-

Customs of the Service, 53

treat be ordered, as will even sometimes become really
the only thing to do, see that the ranks are not broken
or men allowed to run beyond their comrades, and will
not get there himself the first man — in other phrase-
ology, the movement, if it must be made, will be the
exact reverse of the attack. See, if a man in ranks is
absolutely obliged to fall out of ranks, that he is so
authorized by an officer, and that the soldier gives his
rifle to be carried by a comrade; that the men be not
permitted to fall out of ranks to attend the wounded
unless so ordered.

The company is divided into four squads,^ each
under charge of a non-commissioned officer. Chiefs
of squads will be held responsible for the cleanliness
of their men; see that they bathe frequently; the hair
kept short and the beard neatly trimmed; see that arms
are put and kept in proper order. Kitchens are placed
under the immediate charge of the company quarter-
master sergeant or other non-commissioned officer,
who is held responsible for their condition, absolute
cleanliness, the proper use of the ration, and that the
meals are served at the precise hour ordered and at
no other times, except to the guard and men whose
duties call them away.

Whistles^ will be furnished for such sergeants, cor-
porals, or musicians as are required to use them. A

lA. R. 267.

2A. R. 1202 and D. R.

54 Customs of the Service,

whistle call indicates ^^Cease firing/' and is also used
to fix the attention. They are issued by the Quarter-
master's Department, and, attached with a small chain,
should always be worn in the field and on drill, and can
be heard during firing more clearly than the trumpet.

THE FIRST SERGEANT.

The first sergeant must have capacity, intelligence,
and the welfare of his company always in his mind;
he must possess and govern with quick, just, and clear
perception; he knows intimately all that goes on in
the company, and, next to the captain, the eflSciency
of the company is dependent upon him; its military
appearance, condition of the camp, management of the
mess, promptness and unfailing regularity in parading
the company and details; general comfort of the men;
he is one of the most important enlisted men in the
army, and hard- worked, and his pay is more deserving
of increase than that of any other soldier in the Army.
This paragraph is written with twenty-seven years' ex-
perience as a captain. Receiving orders and instruc-
tions from his captain, he is far more than a mere su-
perintendent; the clerical records are in his keeping,
assisted by the company clerk. At first sergeant's call,
he goes, as previously stated, to receive orders, etc., and
receive back the daily report book of the company,

Customs of the Service. 55

which he handed in before 8 o'clock in the morning ;i
he will be so familiar with the roll-call of names that
the formation can be made by night, as by day; this
can be easily memorized and the voices be recognized,
that deception, if attempted, be discovered. At the
Assembly, not before, nor after, the company fall in;
at the last note every man must be in his place; as
the roll is called, commencing with the sergeants and
corporals, then alphabetically, the response "Here,"
given firmly, in even tone of voice, never permitting a
yell or unseemly loudness. If with arms, the piece is
brought to the order as each name is called, or with
sabers drawn, returned to the scabbard. The first ser-
geant, unless this duty is developed upon the new grade
of quartermaster sergeant, superintends drawing of
the rations; the savings and purchases; reporting the
latter in each case to the captain and entering the
transaction at once in the company fund book; he is
directly responsible to the captain for all Government
property, arms, ammunition, equipments, tentage, etc.,
etc. (this, however does not relieve the captain from
responsibility to the Government) ; he posts details on
the bulletin-board, additional to their publication at
parade, usually Retreat. In keeping the Morning Re-
port Book, correctness in every detail is imperative;
very much may depend then, or perhaps years after-
wards, on the accuracy, as absence, sickness, or injury,

lA. R. 388.

66 Customs of the Service.

etc., etc. "Duty" means all men for full duty, including
those on guard. "Extra duty'' means those employed by
superior authority in the staff departments as mechan-
ics, laborers, etc., and for which extra duty pay is paid
by the United States for constant labor for not less
than ten days, at following rates: as mechanics and
artisans, 50 cents per day; as overseers, clerks, team-
sters, laborers, and all other extra duty, 35 cents per
day.^ It is, however, provided that "in time of war'' no
additional increased compensation shall be allowed
soldiers performing what is known as extra or special
duty. "Special duty" means those employed as com-
pany cooks, clerks, gardeners, etc., and for which extra
compensation is not made by the United States. Bak-
ers and one company cook are paid extra pay from mess
or bakery funds. It follows that there are no men to
be reported as on "extra duty" in time of war. Absent
sick are those left in hospital; an officer absent on sick
leave is reported as "absent with leave," not as "absent
sick."2 Absent sick are those left behind on account
of sickness in charge of station or wounded and sent
to hospital. "Total" present or absent refers to the
enlisted men; "aggregate" present or absent refers to
and includes both officers and enlisted men; all changes
from the day preceding are shown in figures, and also
on reverse side of the page by name, with notation of

lA. R. 164-172.
2Cir. 11, 1889.

Customs of the Service. 67

reason of change, and these figures must exactly prove ;
the difference between all gains or losses to or from the
company must balance to agree with the previous
report. The muster-roll is prepared from the data in
the Morning Keport Book, and careful study of the
remarks on that roll will indicate the information
daily to be noted. A monthly^ company return will be
forwarded direct to the Adjutant-General of the Army
from all detached or independent batteries, troops, or
companies, in the field. In order that the War Depart-
ment may be in possession of the latest information
respecting the Army, all returns, muster rolls, etc., will
be promptly forwarded^ when due.

Commanding officers of volunteer^ regiments, inde-
pendent battalions and batteries of heavy artillery,
squadrons and light batteries will furnish to the adju-
tant-generals of their respective States a monthly
return, prepared on Form No. 23. (A. G. O. February
11, 1897.)

POST NON COMMISSIONED STAFF.

The sergeant-major is responsible for the accuracy
of all records which pertain to his office; he must of
necessity be thoroughly familiar with Army Regula-

IG. O. 72, 1898.
2G. O. 72, 1898.
3G. O. 86, 1898.

-5—

58 Customs of the Service.

tions, War Department orders and decisions, Drill Reg-
ulations; he maintains the roster of duty of the en-
listed force, and will not permit any conversation on
the part of his clerks or himself relating to the affairs
of the office which come under notice, except to the com-
manding officer and the adjutant; information of any
such official matters must be refused. The sergeant-
major attends parade, guard and drill formations.

The quartermaster-sergeant,^ under the quarter-
master, performs varied and responsible duties of the
Quartermaster's Department; these duties are so im-
portant, so multiform, that enumeration is almost im-
possible: what supplies are furnished, how, in what
proportion, form of requisition, how accounted for,
which may be expended, forage, fuel allowances and
sales, to whom, the purchase under contract or open
market, the shipping of persons and things, transporta-
tion requests, both over free, bond-aided, and full-pay-
ment railways, and the movement of troops by rail; he
must be a good accountant, know how to make out all
these papers, etc., etc. These barely outline his duties,
which experience, not books of instruction or orders,
can teach the novice.

The commissary sergeant^ is at established posts
and subsistence depots only, and, under the commis-
sary officer, has charge of all subsistence stores, re-

lA. R. 91-104.

Customs of the Service, 89

ceipts, issues, sales; he should be an expert account-
ant, and have a clear knowledge of stores needed, com-
ponent and exchangeable parts of the ration, wast-
ages, gains, allowed, and issues so seen in advance that
there be no deficiencies.

Ordnance sergeants^ (are not sergeants of ord-
nance) are employed at established posts, forts, etc., in
charge of the ordnance and its proper preservation.

The quartermaster and commissary sergeants are
among the most meritorious assistants in army respon-
sibility, and since their organization their pay has been
saved many times over to the Government in care of
public property and knowing all about just how requisi
tions, returns, and vouchers should be prepared. In
time of war, they will be the most vauable men from
whom to make appointments in volunteer staff corps.

Hospital stewards^ may be appointed from civil
life, but are usually appointed from men already in ser-
vice. A hospital steward must be well educated, capa-
ble of keeping the records and making reports, have a
good knowledge of drugs and their uses and dangers,
be a compounder of prescriptions, and with sufficient
knowledge of surgery to act in emergencies and to
dress wounds, know the use of bandages and splints,
and have a fair knowledge of dentistry; he has care
of the sick in hospital, assisted by the nurses; during

lA. R. 91-104.
2A. R. 1397-1411.

60 Customs of the Service.

absence of the medical officers, he sees that the instruc-
tions of the surgeon for the sick and their diet are rig-
idly carried out; he should keep the air always sweet
and clean, and permit no rubbish or unpleasant objects
to remain in the sick ward, not for an instant; the
steward is responsible that the nurses do their full
duty; it will not do to report that he told them to do
certain things; he will know that they are done, or the
reason why, and never permit any neglects to pass with-
out notice of the medical officers. Hospital stewards
cannot be reduced to the ranks, but, like other soldiers,
are subject to the Articles of War and Regulations.

Signal sergeants are required to possess superior
abilities and education ; in field service, they are mount-
ed, and must care for their horses as in the Cavalry;
similar knowledge of riding and care of horses is there-
fore necessary and required. They must be expert teleg
raphers and proficient in the exchange of both day and
night signals by flag, torch, and heliograph. Official
and military messages will have precedence. Communi-
cations transmitted by telegraph or signals are always
confidential, and will not be revealed except to those
officially entitled to receive them. In war, signal men
will often be left in exposed positions, and must be pre-
pared to defend themselves, and, if escape is impos-
sible, shall destroy all signal codes, records, and mes-
sages, rather than permit capture by the enemy. The
significant number for enciphering furnished com-

Customs of the Service, 61

manders can always be memorized, and not committed
to paper. In other organizations, as companies, con-
stant instruction is maintained^ until at least one officer
and four privates are proficient — ^that is, can send and
receive five words per minute, each five letters of the
written message to count as one word, the stations
being four miles apart. The War code will be used for
visual signaling in the Army, and for intercommuni-
cation with the Navy. The American Morse code is
discontinued, except for telegraphic purposes.

MUSICIANS.

The chief musician is leader of the band. The
principal musicians are band sergeants. Chief trum-
peters are of the Cavalry.

The drum major acts as first sergeant of the band;
the regimental commander will designate the company
from which the sergeant is taken, and the number of
men of each company to serve with the band. Vacan-
cies thus caused will not be filled. The band will con-
sist of one sergeant and twenty privates, in addition to
the chief musician and principal musicians or chief
trumpeter.

Field musicians do not carry a sword; their guard
duty is as musician of the guard to sound calls, and

lA. R. 1544 and G. O. 4 and 32, 1896.

62 Customs of the S^vice^

as orderlies and messengers; remaining during their
guard tour with the main guard or at the adjutant'^
tent, as directed. When sounding calls, don't walk or
lounge to the point designated, but march there, and
halt; assume a soldierly position while sounding the
call.

ENGINEER SOLDIERS.

While enlisted as are other soldiers or transferred
to the Engineers, they are expected to have better
education and superior qualifications as mechanics
and in general ability. Organized as the Battalion of
Engineers, with headquarters at Willetts' Point, N. Y.,
where, while performing all garrison duties, they are
practically instructed in torpedo service, construction
of pontoons and other bridge-building, field fortifica-
tions, etc.

THE INFANTRY SOLDIER.

"Infantry is undoubtedly the main stay and the
backbone of all armies, whether it be viewed in the
light of numbers, or its action on the field of battle.
Its fire is more deadly than that of the artillery, its

action sure . On the infantry of an army

the brunt of the fighting falls." (Home's Precis.) "A
good infartiy is doubtless the nerve of an army." (Na-
poleon.) To the infantryman, cavalry may seem easy as

Customs of the Service, 63

the mounted man rides past the tired foot soldier, but
the cavalry soldier not only has his additional equip-
ments, pistol, saber, horse equipments, and horse, to
clean and care for, but is more often on vedette duty,
reconnaissance, courier service, while the infantry sol-
dier rests in camp. In all sorts of warfare, infantry is
the arm to which must be assigned unqualified utility
in battle and applicability to every kind of country."
(Boguslawski.)

THE CAVALEY SOLDIER.

"PJ vents have shown that the duties of cavalry, not
only as covering the advance of an army, as outposts or
reconnoiterers, but also on the actual field of battle, is
perhaps more brilliant than ever. True it is that the
qualities and knowledge now required of cavalry are
different from what they were, or, to put it more cor-
rectly, the same qualities and a great deal more besides
are needed. Quickness, coolness, and gallantry are
now, as always, requisite in a cavalry soldier.'' (Home's
Precis.) ^'So long as rapidity, boldness, and dash are
active agents in war, cavalry will retain its importance.
A cavalry devoid of these qualities, but merely possess-
ing good intentions, obedience, with ordinary bravery,
and a laudable modesty, is worse than none at all."
(Captain May.) The cavalry are the eyes and ears of
the Army. "It is a noble and right feeling for the sol-

64 Customs of the Service,

dier to think that ^My comrades can sleep, as I am
awake; my comrades have nothing to fear; I watch the
enemy.' " (Von Mirus.) Cavalry must never wait for
the attack, but always take the initiative; its strength
is in its impetus; its pride is to be bold and daring; a
sudden and bold charge which surprises the enemy is
not only successful, but the loss is small in proportion
to its success.^

THE ARTILLERYMAN.

Artillery clears the way for the infantry attack or
checks advance of the enemy, but no one arm is com-
plete; the proper use of tactical maneuvers is in com-
bination of the three arms, letting the special power
of each develop its power, and especially so in the use
of artillery. Artillery is nowadays brought or should
be brought into action in more advanced positions;
does not blaze away at enormous distances, but comes
into action earlier and continues in action much later,
even at the risk of loss of some guns. "They have got
rid of the prejudice that the loss of guns must be
avoided at any price.'' (Boguslawski.) "They concen-
trate in masses and cannonade the enemy's position,
preparing the way for the infantry which follows."
(Boguslawski.) In action, supports are usually posted

IC. D. R., p. 356.

Customs of the Service. 65

on the flanks, rather than in front or rear of the guns.

Light batteries in war have six guns, and, except
drivers and chief of piece, are not mounted, but ride on
the caissons and limbers.

In horse artillery all of the men are mounted.

Heavy artillery is employed in fortifications and
with siege train with officers mounted.

The Gatling gun of either two minor calibers is
effective against troops in the open only, and, so em-
ployed, a valuable auxiliary; it is helpless against artil-
lery, has neither its range nor power.

ORDNANCE SOLDIERS.

Enlisted as other soldiers; have special work at
arsenals; generally employed more as mechanics than
strictly as soldiers.

^Q Customs of the Service.

SUBSISTENCE.

"Well, he was an ingenious man that first found out eat-
ing and drinking." — Swift.

The very, very important consideration of feeding
our men will now be considered.

The food supply and its cooking are factors un-
known in the National Guards, whose superb drill and
attention to military drill is otherwise recognized by
all oflQcers of the permanent establi^liment. The ration
affords abundance for three meals per day, and few
men can readily consume their portion; many waste it;
and, although not always possessing the variety de-
sired, the components are best in quality and for sup-
plying energy; all articles are rigidly inspected by the
purchasing commissary and by the company com-
mander as to quality, quantity, sufficiency, cooking,
and service; no good results can be assured unless this
officer gives it earnest personal attention. The Gov-
ernment ration is also supplemented by purchases made
from sales of surplus parts of the ration, savings on
the bread and flour ration, and profits from the post Ex-
change. At some of the larger posts the messing is coii-
ducted for the whole command at the post mess-hall;
experience has shown that better results and content-
ment are obtained in the company mess, with the im-
portant gain in better instruction of cooks for field

Customs of the Service, 67

service and liow best to divide the several days' rations,
acquired only by experience, that there be not too much
cooked at first to find shortage the latter part of the
ration period. It must be quickly learned how to appor-
tion the ration so as to cover the entire period for
which issued. Kations are issued on a ration return
made by the captain, usually for a period of three or
ten days, showing exactly the number of men present,
and deducting for rations drawn on previous return for
number of men who liave been absent from any cause,
sent to hospital, detached, etc.; these returns are then
consolidated by the colonel and sent to the commissary
for issue to the company; the captain will learn when
and where the issue is to be made, and see that his com-
pany gets them. The ration is so abundant that with
care and economy parts of it may be sold and purchases
made from these savings of vegetables, dried fruits,
syrups, pickles, etc.

The Subsistence Department have always had sub-
sistence supplies in abundance for feeding the troops,
but of what avail is this, if officers do not prepare requi-
sitions for the supplies, and not then leave it at that,
but see that the rations are delivered where they
belong, and be not content until their men have them?
Somebody is responsible if the rations do not come;
find out who is at fault. Reasonable allowance must be
made on the field of battle, and there will be privations^

68 Customs of the Service,

but privations then expected must not be augmented
at other times by remissness or neglect.

The ration is not an emolument;^ if not drawn
at the time and at the place where due, it cannot be
subsequently drawn in kind or money (see ^^Furloughs'^
for exception).

Issue of a fractional part of a day's ration for a
fractional part of a day will not be made; men who
join station at or before dinner hour of a given day
will draw full rations for the day.

Subsistence stores are sold at cost to officers and
enlisted men for cash or on credit^ to those who have
not been regularly paid or who are in the field. Many
necessary articles may be procured in this way, as
tobacco, pipes, cigars, stationery, brushes, combs,
handkerchiefs, towels, canned goods, toilet soaps, etc.,
and at actual cost to the Government at place where
purchased.

When troops travel otherwise than by marching,
or when for short periods they are separated from cook-
ing facilities and do not carry cooked rations, they are
issued the ^^travel ration''^ of soft or hard bread, canned
beef, baked beans, and 21 cents each per day for pur-
chase of liquid coffee.

The company commander will inspect subsistence

lA. R. 1258.
2A. R. 1285.
3A. R. 1266.

Customs of the Service, 69

supplies issued to his company immediately on receipt
thereof; should any of the supplies not be in good con-
dition, a board of survey will be applied for at once
to examine and report upon them.^ Fresh meats must
be entirely fresh, and bacon sweet and without discol-
oration; the Government does not permit issue of dam-
aged food, and the company commander is directly re-
sponsible that such food be not given to his men, but
that he take the action indicated herein.

In canned goods, if the top of the can shows press-
ure of gases within the can, the contents are unfit for
consumption, and if many such cans are found in a
case, it might be reason to discredit the entire case.

A very serviceable oven of galvanized iron is now
supplied troops for use in camps of some duration,
and good bread may be nicely baked therein, if the
oven and bread-troughs be protected from winds and
stormy weather.

Commutation.^

To a soldier on furlough, rate per day |0 25

To soldiers on duty at station without other

troops, per day 40

To a soldier stationed in a city or town, where
subsistence is not furnished by the Gov-
ernment 75

lA. R. 1241 and 708 et seq.
2A. R. 1272.

70 Customs of the Service,

To enlisted men traveling over 24 hours under
orders and it is impracticable to cairj' ratioiis
of any kind, but not allowed in excess of two
men, or three men if one be an insane patient
under guard (and see A. R. 1272 and Circular
3, A. G. 0. 1896, in forwarding recruits), rate

per day |1 50

An order directing travel of an enlisted man will
state that the journey is necessary for the public
service.

Medical officers of alU hospitals are allowed to
commute^ the rations for diet of enlisted men under-
going medical treatment at the rate of GO cents per day
per man.

The Ration,

The established daily ration, allowance for one
person, is now composed as follows (same ration in gar-
rison and camp): Fresh beef, 20 ounces, or pork, 12
ounces, or salt beef, 22 ounces, or bacon, 12 ounces, or
(when meat cannot be furnished) dried fish, 14 ounces,
or pickled fish, 18 ounces; flour, 18 ounces, or soft
bread, 18 ounces, or hard bread, 16 ounces, or corn
meal, 20 ounces; potatoes, 16 ounces, or potatoes, 12 4 5
ounces, and onions, 3 1-5 ounces, or potatoes, 11 1-5
ounces, and canned tomatoes, 4 4-5 ounces. The other
components are, to the one hundred rations: Bears
or pease, 15 pounds, or rice or hominy, 10 pounds;

IG. O. 116, 1898, and G. O. 130, 1898.

Customs of the Service. 71

coffee, green, 10 pounds, or roasted coffee, 8 pounds, or
tea, 2 pounds; sugar, 15 pounds, or molasses, 2 gallons;
vinegar, 1 gallon; salt, 4 pounds; pepper, black, 4
ounces; soap, 4 pounds; candles, 24 ounces; baking
powder for troops in the field, when necessary to enable
them to bake their own bread, 4 pounds. Canned sal-
mon^ is added as one of the meat components of the
ration, at the rate of 16 ounces to the ration. Ordi-
narily fresh beef will be issued six days in ten; salt
meats, three days in ten; and canned salmon, one day
in ten. These proportions of the meat ration may, bow-
ever, be varied^ by commanding officers, according to
the necessities of the service.

Coohing,
*** * * and the devil sends cooks." — John Taylor, 1630.

Cooking the ration, so important and on which the
health and contentment of the men rest, cannot be
completely treated upon in these pages. A Manual for
Army Cooks is distributed by the War Department
for their instruction; each company commander is re-
quired to see that his company is furnished with two
copies.2

Preparation of the food is of vital importance in
conserving health. The Act approved July 7, 1898, au-
thorizes and directs that there be enlisted for each com-
pany a competent cook, who shall take rank and pay

IG. O. 65, 1898.
2G. O. 94, 1898.

72 Customs of the Service,

of a corporal. ^Colored cooks may be enlisted for white
regiments of Volunteers. Examination^ of qualifica-
tions required. Cooks required to attend drills, etc.,
to qualify them for duty as soldiers when necessity
arises. The head cook may be allowed 25^ cents per
day from the company fund; he is assisted by a suflfi-
cient^ number of men as assistant cooks, and daily
details, to chop wood, carry water, clean cooking uten-
sils, etc.; they are known as the "cook's police." The
company commander is required^ to supervise the cook-
ing and messing of his men, and management of the
cooking, so that the best possible use be made of the
food supply; if rations have been drawn for a speci-
fied period and do not hold out, the captain is the
responsible man. Constant, unremitting attention is
demanded.

Make changes of diet as frequently as possi-
ble; combinations of potatoes with carrots, turnips,
cabbage, etc. Soup is easily made if you have meat,
bread, and camp-kettles (but always have the grease
taken off before serving). Fresh vegetables should be
obtained whenever possible, potatoes and onions espe-
cially (this is part of the regular issue); tomatQes are
a better anti-scorbutic than potatoes; lime juice is
desirable, as well as vinegar.

iCir. 30, 1898.
2G. O. 94, 189&
3A. R. 302.

Customs of the Service, 73

The writer, as long ago as September, 1870, urged
enlistment of cooks, through the columns of the Army
and Navy Journal, in the following words. Congress
having provided that cooks be detailed to serve ten
days: "The result of their culinary labors is seen in the
enormous waste of food, the unsatisfactory manner in
which it is served, the burnt or half raw coffee, and the
endless sameness of diet. Do men so detailed as cooks
know or care that the proper temperature for boiling
meat should be about 160°? Do they not invariably
apply an excess of heat — "hard boiling," as it is termed
— which renders the meat tough, dry, tasteless, and
indigestible? Surely such a state of things is a power-
ful argument in favor of reform. The remedy is simple
and inexpensive. Enlist men whose proclivities or pur-
suits qualify them especially for employment as cooks.
Let them be thoroughly instructed at the general
recruiting depots by such men as Pierre Blot, or like
competent chefs, in the preparation, cooking, and ser-
vice of the Army ration and such other articles as
are commonly purchased with the company savings.
. . . The superior knowledge of this corps would con-
vert the U. S. Army ration, now the largest, into the
best in the world. The French realize the value and
importance of a proper cuisine. During that terrible
Crimean winter the celebrated Soyer visited and in-
structed the armies of the Empire in his .art, and
largely contributed to the health and comfort of the

74 Customs of the Service,

troops It has been truly said: ^Give a French-
man a bone, a morsel of salt, pepper, an onion, a bay
leaf, the result will be an elegant potage.^ " The fore-
going has since been advocated, in and out of season.
"Everything comes to him who waits."

In cooking, while some seasoning is desirable,
remember that it is better to add salt and pepper than
to have too much already in. Hucksters having for
sale pies and cakes should be driven out of camp.
Good, sound, simple food and plenty of it, with coffee
and tea, that is all a man needs. The unavoidable pri-
vations incident to war are multiplied many times if the
captain is remiss in attention to the cooking for his
company.

In the field, the utensils are of a primitive char-
acter, consisting of camp-kettles, mess-pans, and Dutch
ovens: the usual and most simple cooking-place is a
trench 18 inches wide, 12 inches deep, and from 4 to 6
feet long. At each end place a forked stick, or iron bar
with a hook and a stout sapling or iron bar, from which
to suspend the kettles. The Buzzacott field oven, the
invention of one of our soldier cooks, is not without
merits; it is practically a large baking-pan of sheet-
iron with a similar pan inverted over it as a cover;
better results are obtainable than from thp open pan;
it is issued by the Quartermaster's Department.

Customs of the Service.

EXTEMPORIZED COOKING-PLACE-THE TRENCH.

The Dutch ovens, of two sizes, cast-iron, with a
cover, are also supplied by the Quartermaster's Depart-
ment, about half a dozen to the company; they are cum-
bersome to carry, but very useful in roasting, baking
biscuits, etc. Care should be taken that they are quite
hot before the subsistence is placed in them for cook-
ing. It should then be imbedded in the coals and the
lid covered with coals and hot ashes.

Bread,

Every effort made, when troops are in canton-
ments, to construct field ovens for bread-baking, or to
construct ovens, except when the troops are in a fixed
camp, is waste of labor; we must also try to have the
general issue of bread manufactured conveniently close
to where used, as it soon becomes mouldy and unfit for
food. Colonel Furse, C.B., writes: '^Bread is the basis
of all nutriment; it is the food to which man is most ac-
customed. With sufficient bread, the soldier can for a
certain period of time, when necessity demands it, do
without other nutritious substances. As the manufact-
ure and carriage of bread on service is attended with

76 Customs of the Service.

considerable difficulty, we are driven to use biscuit as
a substitute for it. . . . Such medical officers are op-
posed to a continuous consumption of biscuit [which
we call hard bread. — P.], as being indigestible on ac-
count of the avidity with which it absorbs water or
other liquids. They argue that, once introduced in the
stomach, it absorbs all the liquid it finds there; if that
is not sufficient, it abstracts from the mucous mem-
branes certain fluids, which the latter borrows from the
blood. For these reasons they recommend that its issue
be restricted to every third day.''

Soldiers soon tire of hard bread — perhaps without
knowing why; the cause may be thus explained.

" Water.

Water should always be boiled before drinking; it
will be more palatable if aerated by pouring from one
vessel to another; boiling is especially necessary in
tropical countries; it is a means for removing noxious
matter and destroying microbes; a filter of some sort
should also be used, whether the water is boiled or not.
Pocket or tank filters are a necessity for the preserva-
tion of health.

^"The perfect portable filter has yet to be invented.
Those in use now, although in many respects satisfac-
tory, have drawbacks that to a large extent nullify

iMedical Record, August, 1898.

Customs of the Service, 77

their efficiency. As has been recently pointed out by
Dr. Sajous, a filter, thoroughly to answer the purpose
required by a soldier in the field, should be strong,
portable, capable of turning out a large quantity of
water in a short time, and so constructed that it can be
easily taken apart and cleansed. No filter at present
in the market fulfills all these conditions. Undoubt-
edly the most certain way of sterilizing water is by
boiling, and it is the best method of combating the dis-
eases incidental to a tropical climate. Nevertheless,
this mode of sterilization is open to objection, not the
least of which is that unless the water so treated is sub-
sequently oxygenated it is a tasteless fluid/'

Spirituous Liquors,

Medical authorities dispute on the use^ of alcoholic
beverages. Some still hold that they are at times inval-
uable. Many a frame exhausted and sinking has been
sustained by the stimulus of brandy till Nature had
time to rally. Others contend that their daily consump-
tion tends to weaken rather than invigorate; that alco
hoi is not desirable in health, and certainly to be avoid-
ed in hot climates; that its use is injurious both to
health and to discipline, and while at first stimulating,
depression follows. "Intoxicating liquors are the curse
of an army," was the verdict of one of our surgeons.

iWoodhulFs "Army Hygiene."

78 Customs of the Service,

who had had plenty of war experience. ^The history of
other armies has demonstrated that in a hot climate
abstinence from the use of intoxicating drink is essen-
tial to continued health and efficiency. ^The fact ha^
been conclusively proved that, when men are under-
going severe exertion in extremes of temperature, alco-
hol in any fonii is not only unnecessary, but is abso-
lutely injurious. It was observed that, in Cuba, while
the lower classes indulged in rum, which is made from
the waste of the sugar-cane and sold very cheaply, ale
and beer, instead of stronger alcoholic beverages, are
greatly preferred, and to drink brandy or whisky after
eating a banana may induce yellow fever.

Coffee.

Dr. Banders remarks: "Twenty years of campaign-
ing experience has demonstrated that no other beverage
is so wholesome, so efficacious and beneficial, and also,
what will surprise, so palatable, in marches undertaken
under excessive heat, as unsweetened coffee largely
diluted with water. The liquid is a tonic, and at the
same time refreshing, and has a thirst-quenching prop-
erty which is not found in an equal degree in any other
beverage; it arrests thirst, and diminishes greatly the
perspiration, which so fatigues and enervates the
marching man," It is a grand relief to the fatigu :d

IG. O. 87, 1898.

2Medic(U Record, August, 1898.

Customs of the Service, 79

soldier on his return from picket or other trying duty
to find that at his company he will get a refreshing cup
of coffee. At night, if within reach of the guard, coffee
and bread should always be sent there for refreshment
when men come off post.

Tea.

Tea is a good and useful article of diet, but sol-
diers generally do not like it; probably because of its
bitterness, caused by boiling instead of steeping; it is
a stimulative and restorative and most reinvigorating
in hot climates; a soldier with canteen filled with cold
tea, only slightly sweetened, finds himself far better
sustained on a hard and hot march than he who fills
and refills his canteen at every passing creek, not o^ly
with warmish water, but water impregnated with offen-
sive matter. ^"Tea infused in boiling water is certainly
much more palatable than insipid boiled water, as well
as being practically harmless. Therefore there would
seem to be no reason why our army in Cuba should
not follow the example of their British brothers in
arms in India and Egypt, and march and fight re-
freshed and invigorated by cold tea."

^"The late Mr. Ernest Hart was a strong advocate
of what he termed ^the doctrine of the teakettle,' and
many distinguished Indian commanders have testified

iMedical Record, August, 1898.

80 Customs of the Service.

in favor of tea as a means of quenching soldiers' thirst
when on a long march in equatorial lands. The men
under the leadership of Sir Herbert Kitchener during
the recent campaign in the Soudan were allowed no
alcoholic stimulants whatever, but performed their
long journey through the desert, ending with the
victory at Atbara, on cold tea."

i"One of the most efficacious ways of quenching
thirst, when there is a strong pressure for uninter-
rupted action on the part of the soldier, is to fill his
canteen with tea. Of course this would be made from
boiled water, and the addition of a few drops of lemon
juice would increase its power of exciting the salivary
glands to greater activity, and it is an expedient often
resorted to when it is desirable that the least possible
amount of liquid should be ingested."

Meats,

Meat is an essential to replace the losses of bodily
strength after severe exertions. Herds of cattle sent
with the troops are very burdensome, but fresh meat
carried in wagons soon becomes uneatable, or, if cut up
and carried by the^ soldier in his haversack, is unfit to
eat after twenty-four hours. Fresh pork and veal are
never issued; liable to cause diarrhea. Bacon is easily
transported, but not acceptable in hot climates. If the
fat of the bacon is yellow and the taste is strong, the

iScientiflc American, July, 1898.

Customs of the Service, 81

meat is rusty or tainted; neither is it in condition for
issue if the lean parts have brown or black spots. Stale
mixed dishes or hash prepared the night before it is
eaten are liable to induce sickness. If hash is to
be served for breakfast, the meat and potatoes, etc.,
may be prepared the night previous, but never mixed
together until ready to be cooked, as fermentation —
sour hash, and bowel troubles — will otherwise result.
Observe the constant attention essential if health
would be saved.

Boiling meat is one of the most abused methods
of cooking it as boiled in the Army. For example, rapid
boiling should be avoided; after having first been put
in boiling hot water for about eight or ten minutes,
so as to coagulate the albumen on the surface and pre-
vent escape of the juices, then reduce the furious boil
to about 170° (hot as a finger can bear). If, however,
it be intended to make soup, then the meat would be
put in cold water at the start. The tendency among
inexperienced cooks is to boil or roast too rapidly.
While soldiers do not like meats cooked rare, they are
more nutritious than with all the juices cooked out.
Boiling in fat, which is practically frying, is very ob-
jectionable and the least wholesome of all cooking —
that is, as it is done in the Army, and especially so
in out-of-doors cooking; it absorbs the grease, and this,
in turn, is an irritant in the stomach.

82 Customs of the Service,

Beans and Pease.

These constitute a nutritious diet, but must have
careful cooking or be wholly indigestible; soak over
night, and use soft water in boiling; to make it so, add
a teaspoonf ul of bicarbonate of soda to each two quarts
of beans; cover, and boil slowly for six or eight hours.

Vegetables need careful washing to rid them of
insects and soil. Potatoes boil for twenty minutes;
when the skins break or seem soft when tested with a
fork, they are cooked; then check the boiling with a
dash of cold water, heat again, pour off the water, and
leave uncovered.

The foregoing is in no sense an attempt to teach
how to cook; it may serve to invite thought to this
vitally important matter, the preparation of the food
supply.

The Emergency Ration,

This ration, composed of bacon, pea meal (for
soup), coffee, saccharine, and hard bread (this in small
cubes), has not as yet been freely issued to the Army,
although found in limited quantities at army posts.

In the German Army, each soldier carries in his
pack a three-days ration, called the "iron ration," a^d
to be used when all other means for feeding the sol-
dier fail, and then only by direction of superior au-
thority. This also means discipline.

Customs of the Service. 83

MILITARY CLOTHING.

Military clothing should be adapted to the eiiinate
in which serving; that heretofore furnished the Army
will not meet the necessities of field service in trop-
ical countries; however, some admirable changes are
recently ordered; but with the khaki or cotton drill-
ing outer clothing, great care must be taken that proper
wool underclothing be also worn, that sudden cooling
off of the body may be tempered and the perspiration
absorbed. Brief reference and only the field uniform,
and fighting clothing will be here considered. The
object of clothing is attained in proper protection
of the body, regard being had to heat and cold, and
for military clothing the essential of uniformity, nor
should slouchiness and neglect with respect to uni-
forms be permitted, as they simply had to abuses, and
do not contribute to comfort. It is conceded that hard
campaigns will cause hard usage, but there is neither
necessity nor sense in permitting the march or arrival
of troops some in the blue shirt, others with the
blouse, and others in khaki, some with caps, some with
the felt hat; such things usually indicate disorder and
want of discipline. Soldiers should wear the uniform
prescribed, without addition or change, and, discard-
ing State uniforms, conform strictly to the undress of

84 Customs of the Service.

the U. S. Army. "On campaign one very quickly i>er-
ceives the inconvenience of the garments which in
garrison or city military life were required to fit so
snugly, of the boots ordered to be made so tight.
When marching, the cramped limbs find no repose;
when the boots, dried by the fire, shrink still more on
the feet already swollen by fatigue, when their thin
soles have broken through, one would give a great deal
to be able to exchange his natty uniform for easy-fitting
clothes and shoes. In war only the useful and durable
are the elegant."

Cotton and linen are cool, but, with the cessation
of hard exercise, the body is chilled too rapidly and
there is danger of "taking cold." On the other hand,
heavy woolen clothing is horribly uncomfortable on a
hot day; it, however, absorbs the perspiration.

The prices below indicate the cost at which issued,
taking effect July Isit.

The blue flannel shirt (|1.95) should never be dis-
carded wholly; this and the knit undershirt (40 cents),
taken off at close of the day's march, hung in the wind
and sun and beaten, thus cleansing them of disagree-
able and unhealthy particles. The sweater now so
popular has been found very serviceable.

Drawers, even in hottest weather, are necessary
for cleanliness, health, and to prevent chafing; knit
wool (40 cents). Canton flannel (48 cents).

Customs of the^t1v%vvr ^^^ 85

The campaign hat as issued is of drab felt (85
cents).

Forage cap, with ornament (89 cents).

The undress coat is a loose flannel sack, to be worn
buttoned, not in a slouchy manner (|3.48).

The trousers as issued are of sky-blue kersey
(|2.75); should fit easily over the lower pelvis.

Leggings, of brown canvas (64 cents), are a very
desirable article, rendering marching easier by avoid-
ance of the flapping at bottom of trousers; support the
ankles; keep gravel and dirt out of the shoes. Don't
be without them; the dirt which without them would
collect under the trousers is avoided, and they have
the advantage of being easily removed on arrival in
camp, and of being cleaned separately.

Stockings, cotton (6 cents), woolen (23 cents); the
latter better for the marching shoe. Observe the need
of removing and drying out lest chilled feet cause
chilled bodies and sickness. In the German Army a
square woolen rag is substituted for the stocking.

Shoes, most important, imperative, to conform to
or to wear the shoes issued by the Quartermaster's
Department; low broad heels, thick wide soles, to pro-
ject beyond the upper leather; while fitting easily, no-
where too large; the friction would cause shoe blisters;
unauthorized shoes not to be permitted; few things in
campaign sooner disable men than being foot-sore,
and campaigns ai*e won by marching. The Army shoe

86 Customs of the Service.

of calfskin costs |2.25. Barrack shoes (82 cents) for in-
door wear. The feet should be well soaped or greased
to prevent chafing; at close of the day's march they
should be washed or wiped very clean and dry; very
important.

Blankets, woolen (|3.33), burdensome to carry on
a hot day, but never throw away. Can best be carried
as a blanket-roll worn over the shoulder.

Overcoats, light blue kersey ($11.49).

Ponchos, rubber, a good article (|1.41), not only as
a rain-protector, but excellent for use if obliged to lie
on the ground.

Abdominal protectors, a wide elastic woolen band,
worn next the skin over the bowels, are not issued,
but their use is highly commended by medical men
as a preventive of abdominal diseases and bowel dis-
turbances arising from sudden changes of temperature,
especially in tropical climates. Cost from 40 cents to
11.00 each.

Trousers stripes, infantry, sergeants', 26 cents;
corporals', 12 cents; musicians', 24 cents.

Chevrons, infantry, cloth, sergeants', 18 cents;
corporals', 14 cents.

Gloves, white Berlin, 10 cents.

Customs of the Service, 87

Field Uniforms^ Canvas and Summer.

The following described garments, in addition to
the prescribed uniform, are authorized:^

For general officers: A blouse of dark blue cloth or
serge, with four outside pockets with flaps, rolling col-
lar, double-breasted, with two rows of buttons, as on
the dress coat.

For all other officers: A blouse of dark blue cloth
or serge, with four outside pockets, falling collar, sin-
gle-breasted, five buttons. The shoulder-straps will
always be worn with this coat. Collar device,^ same as
on the standing collar; in the case of the Volunteers,
the letter V. will be added to the U. S., and the desig-
nation of the State, in abbreyiated form, will be worn
below the intersection of the crossed sabers, cannon, or
rifles, as the case may be.

For all commissioned officers, field service: A
blouse of cotton drilling or khaki,^ five buttons, light
brown color, standing collar, a strap on each shoulder
from sleeve to collar seam, with small regulation but-
ton at upper point, straps 1^ inches wide at sleeve
and 1 inch wide at collar; on each sleeve a false pointed
cuff; the cuffs, straps and collar of same material as
coat; the facings^ shall be worn by officers and enlisted

IG. O. 38, 1898.
2Cir. 18.
3G. O. 39, 1898.
4G. O. 112, 1898.

88 Customs of the Service,

men upon the shoulder-straps^ only. Officers below
rank of colonel wear insignia of rank on the strap;
between the insignia of rank and the collar will be
worn the coat of arms of the United States. The
crossed sabers, cannon, or rifles will be worn on the
collar^ of the khaki blouse. Officers of the rank of colo-
nel and above will have the coat of arms on each side
of the collar, together with the insignia of the corps
or arm.

The color of the facings^ for the field uniform
will be: General officers and officers of the staff corps,
dark sky blue. Infantry, light sky blue. Artillery,
scarlet. Engineer troops, scarlet, piped with white.
Post quartermaster sergeant, white, piped with buff.
Ordnance, crimson, piped with white. Post commis-
sary sergeant, white, piped with cadet gray. Sergeant
Signal Corps, black, piped with white. Hospital Corps,
emerald green.

Trousers,^ same material as the blouse or cloth, of
usual colors and facings, except that no^ stripes will
be worn with the khaki trousers. For dismounted offi-
cers, to fit loosely above and at the knee, and follow
the shape of the leg from above the calf to the top of

IG. O. 112, 1898.
2Cir. 25.
3G. O. 51, 1898.
4G. O. 39, 1898.
5Cir. 22, 1898.

Customs of the Service, 89

the shoe, fastened by buttons, etc. For mounted ser-
vice, to be made loose above the knee, fitting close at
the knee and below, extending to the top of shoes, and
fastened with buttons ; to be worn with shoes and leg-
gings or boots.

Shoes^ or boots, fair or russet leather.

Prices^ of field uniforms (canvas), as issued by the
Quartermaster's Department : Coats, |2.27. Trousers,
11.26. Hats, canvas, 40 cents. Helmets, cork, $1.38.
Summer clothing, sack coats, |1.14; trousers, $1.07.

When troops are in the field^ during extremely
warm weather and the officers and enlisted men do not
wear their blouses on drill, the chevrons may be worn
on the sleeve of the blue shirts and the ordinary insig-
nia of rank on the collars of the blue shirts by com-
missioned officers.

Shoulder-straps for chaplain,^ dark blue cloth, with
a plain Latin cross^ of silver in the center.

Acting assistant surgeons^ will be permitted to
wear the uniform of an assistant surgeon, with the
rank of first lieutenant, the shoulder-straps to be in
silver instead of gold.

IG. O. 39, 1898.

2G. O. 88, 1898.

3Cir. 26, 1898.

4G. O. 59, 1898.

5Cir. 22, 1898.

GG. O. 127 and Cir. 25, 1898.

90 Customs of the Service,

Chevrons :i company quartermaster sergeant, in-
fantry, cavalry, and light artillery, three bars and a
tie of one bar; corporal Signal Corps, two bars; first-
class private, crossed flags; veterinary sergeant, bat-
tery field artillery, three bars and a horseshoe.

Recruits^ will not be required to^ draw full-dre^s
uniforms, as during the war now existing field or un-
dress uniforms only are worn by the enlisted men in
the field.

Issue of full-dress uniforms to Hospital Corps^ dis-
continued, and an equivalent allowance in money valus
of white cotton duck clothing, and to those entitled to
wear them will be issued, free of charge, two pairs of
service chevrons per annum.

With care, and keeping articles cleanly and in
repair, the allowance is ample, and generally the best-
dressed soldier is not under the necessity of drawing
his full allowance; he then receives credit therefor and
payment in money at expiration of enlistment for such
balance. If, on the other hand, he draws more than
his allowance, it is charged against his pay on settle-
ment at the payment for June or December following.
Soldiers are not permitted to sell or barter any article
of clothing issued while in service. Clothing is re-
quired for on a clothing schedule by the company com-

IG. O. 106, 1898.
2Cir. 28, 1898.
3G. O. 62, 1898.

Customs of the Service, 9 1

mander, and, after approval by the commanding offi-
cer, issued by the quartermaster, charged at the com-
pany on the company clothing book, receipted for by
the soldier, and also entered in the soldier's ^^hand-
book'' for his information and guidance. This little
book can be obtained from the adjutant general's office
on requisition by the company commander; it also con-
tains instructive advice to the soldier.

Mattresses, knapsacks, sheets, pillow-cases, accou-
trements, and saddle equipments are issued for use,
marked with the number of company and regiment,
and charged if lost. The arms are not so marked, but
the ordnance stamped number is recorded in the prop-
erty book, opposite the name of the soldier to whom
issued.

Inexperienced officers who permit property to go
from them, beyond their immediate control and super-
vision, without the protection of taking receipts, little
realize the difficulties which will beset and harass them
at close of the war, when, if mustered out of the ser-
vice, the Treasury Department requires that every ar-
ticle, the smallest as the largest, shall be accounted
for, for which they have ever given a receipt, and final
payment will not be made until the Department is
fully satisfied as to these requirements; but, regardless
of this, and though discharge from the service is not
contemplated, never let a thing go beyond your control
for which you are accountable unless you are secured

92 Customs of the Service,

by a receipt in some form, memorandum or otherwise;
this is purely business, and before receipting for prop-
erty, see and verify by counting or measurement all
articles; this is no reflection upon the uprightness of
any other person, but mistakes may occur and short-
age be entirely unintentional. It will be understood
that the articles issued the men for use and return are
simply charged on your company books. Keep some
sort of record of all stores received and issued, with
names, etc., for future reference. Articles will get lost
or damaged; note at the time circumstances and wit-
nesses, and, as soon as possible, ask for a board of sur-
vey, to investigate and report on the case.

^In cases where clothing has been issued by the
State authorities, note on Final Settlement, "In the

settlement of for clothing is included the

sum of $. . . ., the total value of articles issued him by
the State." If none issued by the State, note the fact.

IGir. 31, 1898.

Customs of the Service,

ALLOWANCE OF CLOTHING IN KIND,

(The aggregate cost of same constituting the annual monfey allowance of

the enlisted men.)

ARTICLES.

Blankets, woolen No. •

Blouses No . .

Boots for mounted troops pairs . .

Caps, forage, and trimmings No- •

Chevrons, cloth pairs • •

Chevrons, gold lace pairs . .

Coats, canvas fatigue No--

Coats, uniform dress No • •

Collars, linen No • •

Drawers pairs.-

Gauntlets, leather pairs . .

Gloves, Berlin, for foot troops pairs. .

Gloves, Berlin, for mounted troops,

pairs . .

Hats, campaign No . .

Helmets and trimmings, complete- -No •
Overalls for engineers and mounted

troops pairs . .

Overcoats No..

Shirts, dark-blue flannel No . .

Shirts, wool-knit under No..

Shoes, barrack pairs. .

Shoes, calfskin, for foot troops. . . pairs. .
Shoes, calfskin, for mounted troops,

pairs..
Stable frocks for mounted troops. . . No. .

Stockings, cotton. pairs . .

Stockings, woolen pairs..

Suspenders pairs . .

Trousers, canvas fatigue pairs . .

Trousers, kersey pairs . .

Trousers stripes pairs , .

Band Musicians authorized by law are
' entitled to mounted helmets, and in
addition to the foregoing to the fol-
lowing articles :

Aiguillette and shoulder knots No. .

Music pouch No..

Trousers, white pairs..

YEAR.

First.

1st

Mos.

Customs of the Service,

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Customs of the Service, 95

MILITARY INSTRUCTION.

Drill is the means to discipline and quite as much
for discipline as for maneuvers in battle; it trains the
mind and body to sharp obedience, attention, and alert-
ness, and according to the methods and earnestness of
instruction, so will be the results attained; for exam-
ple, in teaching the manual of arms explain slowly and
clearly, illustrating each part of each movement, apply-
ing the words of explanation given in the book (the
different instructors will then have explained the same
thing in the same way), and from the start give the
commands in a firm, sharp tone of voice; insist upon
this also for the non-commissioned officers. Precisely
as the command is given, so will the movement be exe-
cuted; if in a conversational way or languidly, the man-
ual will be ragged, unsatisfactory, and hands will be
allowed to fall, instead of being dropped in a sharp
military manner. Hands must not be raised to the face
or to adjust uniform when at attention, nor expectora-
tion then permitted; rests are needed and should be
afforded; brief rests repeated are better than a long
one. Have them often go through the manual of arms,
each man counting the numbers aloud; follow the book;
if the book says, "Lower the piece gently to the ground
in 'order armsV' don't bring it down with a bang for

96 Customs of the Service,

the effective noise; it is not "in the book/' and loosens
the screws and mechanism.

Rapid-fire guns and arms of precision have done
away with mass columns in battle formations. Ex-
tended order is the rule, heavy lines, "swarms of skir-
mishers," and supports for reinforcing and thickening
the firing-lines.

What is commonly called "loose order" requires
discipline the most strict. Drill Eegulations, par. 503,
requires that this instruction on account of its impor-
tance will be given as soon as the recruits have had a
few drills in close order; this training at the very com-
mencement of service is of great importance, that it
be learned the "loose order" means not loose discipline.
As against a well-led, well-fed, well -officered, and de-
termined enemy, blind elan won't do, always. "The
expression ^loose order^ has been often employed to
describe the mode of attack, but the expression is an
inaccurate one. The attack is not loose, which rather
means a careless, haphazard action, but it is the in-
dividual action of the soldier fighting in extended

lines The word ^loose' is one that has a

very dangerous application; its use should be carefully

avoided Further, the word ^loose' gives an

impression to young officers that any kind x)r descrip-
tion of drill is good enough, and that neither thought,
care, nor study are required. Now, the moment when
troops are hotly engaged, and suffering much from fire,

Customs of the Service. 97

is the very time that looseness, or anything like irregu-
larity, must be as much as possible avoided; then is the
time that discipline and training enable men to obey
and follow their leaders." (Home's Precis.)

Squad leaders should cultivate the habit of observ-
ing the ground, to take advantage of the smallest acci-
dents of the terrain; to gain cover or other advantage;
they must control and direct the fire, correct the little
unsteadinesses which will arise, see that connection
with adjoining squads is not lost, and, if a retreat
becomes absolutely essential, let it be done orderly and
retire firing. The old rule is a good one, '^Don't go
away; then the enemy will go away."

On going into action, the men should not be tangled
up with any impedimenta, as blankets, extra clothing,
rations; such articles will always be discarded sooner
or later; it is therefore far better, when fighting draws
near, to pile these sort of things in one heap and leave
a sentinel or perhaps two sentinels to guard them ; the
duty is not desirable, but necessary fcr the benefit of
the whole; it may be, and probably will, that close of
the day's work finds the troops far away, eventually
to be comforted in recovering their property, otherwise
lost if hasty and individual throwing away were per-
mitted. Every man in the fighting-line is all right, but
if in the next fight half of your men are disabled from
disease caused by exposure and lack of blankets and

98 Customs of the Service,

rations which might have been obviated or at least
lessened, there won't be every man in the fighting-line.
The knapsack has not yet been , discovered which
will remove its weight wholly; practically no soldier
carries his knapsack on his back on campaign; the
system usually adopted is the "blanket-roll" of th^^
woolen blanket, within which is rolled a rubber poncho,
extra pair of socks, soap, and towel; man needs no
more.

TROOPS IN CAMPAIGN.

Nothing new, and no orders more explicit or more
clear, can be given or are required, than will be found
in "Troops in Campaign," published by the War
Department, 1892, and in which "The President of the

United States directs that the regulations

for troops in campaign be published for the govern-
ment of all concerned, and that they be strictly
observed." But of what avail are such regulations if
they are disregarded, even disobeyed? The inspection
alone of transports, if followed as herein directed^
would have ofttimes saved harsh criticisms in trans-
porting troops and supplies — in any army, in any clime.
Observance will save life, health, property, and also
conserve the temper. A few of the leading require-
ments, taken principally from "Troops in Campaign,"

Customs of the Service, 99

are here incorporated. The book is small, but is so
important.

The functions of a chief of staff are: to transmit
the orders of the commanding general and to attend to
the execution of orders directing movements and other
necessary labors, as the construction of works and lines
of defense; the opening and repair of roads and com-
munications; the construction of bridges and the es-
tablishment of camps and posts; to see that directed
reconnaissances are properly made, and that all the
branches of the service are efficiently conducted. He
will be assisted in the performance of these duties by
as many officers of the Adjutant-GeneraPs Department
as may be necessary.

The train of each regiment will be under the con-
trol of the regimental quartermaster. When the sev-
eral trains of a division, corps, or army are united, the
senior officer of the Quartermaster's Department pres
ent shall have charge of the whole.

Each quartermaster, with his assistants, must be
with the train. He will require it to take and keep its
appropriate place in the column, and will see that his
wagons do not check the march of the troops or move-
ments of trains in the rear.

None but authorized wagons are allowed to move
with the train. Those of the several headquarters, the
regimental wagons, and those of traders will be con-
spicuously marked.

100 Customs of the Service,

In every case where practicable, generals who
have headquarter guards will detach sentinels there-
from to protect their baggage during the night, rather
than cause a distinct detail to be made for the purpose.

The time and period for the issue of rations will
depend on circumstances, and will be regulated in
orders. When a command is not moving, they will be
made for the period of three or four days. Issues to the
companies of a regiment will be superintended by an
officer detailed for that purpose.

All property, public or private, lawfully taken
from the enemy, or from the inhabitants of an enemy's
country, by the forces of the United States, instantly
becomes the public property of the United States, and
must be accounted for as such. Property captured, or
taken by way of requisition, belongs to the United
States, and can not, under any circumstances, be appro-
priated to individual benefit.

OJBficers will be held strictly responsible that all
property taken from alleged enemies by' them, or with
their authority, is inventoried and duly accounted for.
If the property taken can be claimed as private,
receipts must be given to the claimants or their agents,
and it must be accounted for in the same manner as
public property.

When a foraging party is sent out for provisions
or other stores, the commanding officer will be held

Customs of the Service, 101

accountable for the conduct of his command, and that
a true report is made of all property taken.

No officer or soldier shall, without authority, leave
his colors or ranks to pillage, or enter a private house
for that purpose. All such acts are punishable with
death, and any officer who shall permit them will be
held equally guilty with the actual pillager.

It is forbidden to purchase horses without ascer-
taining the right of the party to sell. Stolen horses
shall be restored. Estrays in the enemy's country,
when the owners are not discovered, will be taken for
the Army.

Neither officers nor soldiers are allowed to make
use of their positions or power in the enemy's country
for private gain, even for commercial transactions
otherwise legitimate. Offenses to the contrary, com-
mitted by commissioned officers, will be punished with
cashiering or such other punishments as the nature of
the offense may require; if by soldiers, they shall be
punished according to the nature of the offense.

A victorious army appropriates all public money,
seizes all public movable property; private property
can be seized only by way of military necessity, for the
support or other benefit of the Army of the United
States. All captures and booty belong, primarily, to
the Government of the captor. Money, jewelry, and
extra clothing on the person of a prisoner are regarded
by the American Army as the private property of the

102 Customs of the Service,

prisoner; if large sums of money are found, they may
be appropriated for the use of the Array of the United
States and for its support. (Lieber.)

Prizes in the Navy are, after adjudication by the
courts, given to the captors. This procedure seems to
have had its origin in a letter to Robert Morris, Presi-
dent of the Marine Committee of Congress, written by
Paul Jones, in which he suggests that all the profits
from prizes by naval vessels should be given to the
crews; and he further says, ^^We enlist men, but the
privateers entice them away." (Captain Mahan, in
Scribner^s Magazine.)

The principle being recognized that the medical
officers, stewards, nurses, attendants, and chaplains
should not be held as prisoners of war, they will be
immediately and unconditionally discharged, unless the
enemy has previously failed to take like action in like
cases.

Every prisoner of war will be treated with the con-
sideration due his rank. He is required to obey the
necessary orders given him, and upon being duly inter-
rogated, is required to disclose his name, rank, and
designation in the military service.

Prisoners of war are subject to such confinement
or restraint as may be deemed necessary, but they are
to be subjected to no other intentional suffering or
indignity. The confinement of a prisoner may be varied

Customs of the Service. 103

during his captivity, according to the demands of
safety.

A prisoner of wap, while attempting to escape, may
be shot; but if recaptured, neither death nor any other
punishment shall be inflicted upon him simply for his
attempt to escape, which the laws of war do not con-
sider a crime. More rigorous methods of confinement
may be resorted to after an unsuccessful attempt.

On the march, as tending to prevention of escape
of prisoners, all buttons, straps, or other fastenings
are cut off and taken from them; running away will
not be facilitated or comfortable if a prisoner has to
hold up all of his garments.

The parole is a promise, given by an individual
of the enemy, by which, in consideration of certain
privileges or advantages, he pledges his honor to do,
or refrain from doing, certain acts. The pledge of the
parole is an individual but not a private act.

No paroling on the battie-fiald, no paroling of en-
tire bodies of troops after a battle, and no dismissal of
large numbers of prisoners with a general declaration
that they are paroled, is permitted. In capitulations
for the surrender of fortified places, the commanding
officer may, in case of urgent necessity, agree that the
troops under his command shall not fight again during
the war, unless exchanged.

When paroles are given and received, there must
be an exchange of two written documents, in each of
which the conditions of the parole and the name and

104 Customs of the Service.

rank of the paroled individual are accurately and truth-
fully stated.

Commissioned ofiScers only are allowed to give
their paroles; and they can give them only with the
permission of their superiors, so long as a superior in
rank is within reach.

An enlisted man can not give his parole except
through an officer. Paroles not given through an offi-
cer are void, and subject the individuals giving them
to punishment.

MOVEMENTS BY RAIL.

It is the duty of the Quartermaster's Department
to make suitable arrangements for transportation of
the command.

As soon as the transportation is provided, it will
be carefully inspected, by the commanding officer, to
see that the cars are in proper condition, and suffi-
ciently supplied with fuel and water.

In the transportation of organized commands, the
following regulations will be observed: The cars will
be assigned to the several companies by the command-
ing officer, who will cause to be marked, with chalk, on
the steps of each passenger car, and on the side of each
freight or stock car, the designation of the company or
detachment to which it is assigned. Freight cars car-
rying supplies should have conspicuously painted signs,
noting in general their contents.

Customs of the Service. 105

The field baggage will be loaded by details from
the several companies, under the direction of the quar-
termaster of the detachment or command. The rations,
forage, and a sufficient number of buckets to water
the animals of each company will be so loaded as to be
readily accessible. Artillery carriages, army wagons,
and other vehicles will be transported on platform
cars, and will be lashed, if need be, to keep them in
place.

After the field baggage and animals have been
loaded, the companies will be formed each one opposite
the car or cars it is to occupy, and will enter the same
under the direction of its company officers, retaining
possession of its arms. During halts, the cars will, if
practicable, be thoroughly policed and water and fuel
placed on board.

Make it obligatory that, at least once in each
twenty-four hours of railroad travel, all the men should
leave the cars, taking with them all equipments,
blankets, etc.; form company near their car, arms then
stacked, and the railroad authorities required to thor-
oughly clean the cars, ventilating them, etc.; especially
observe that the spittoons are cleansed; tanks filled
with ice water (fuel in boxes when necessary); then
reembark.

Coffee is obtained on request to railroad conductor
to wire at intended meal-stop stations, for number of
pints required, one pint per person, at 7 cents per

-8—

106 Customs of the Service.

pint, including milk and sugar. As 21 cents per day is
authorized per man, it may be found best to have coffee
only twice each day, or a pint and a half at each of
two stops.

The men may well be permitted to leave the cars
at stops, remaining strictly near the cars, unless this
privilege be abused; then discipline.

MOVEMENTS BY WATER.

Military commanders charged with the embark-
ation of troops, and officers of the Quartermaster's
Department entrusted with the selection of transports,
will see that the vessels employed are entirely sea-
worthy and proper for such service, and that suitable
arrangements are made in them for health and comfort
of the troops.

If, in the opinion of the officer commanding the
troops to be embarked, the vessel is not proper or suit-
ably arranged, the officer charged with the embarka-
tion shall cause her to be inspected by competent and
experienced persons.

In inspecting water transportation for troops, the
inspector must be governed by circumstances and
necessities, but not to the extent of endangering life.
Ordinarily, and especially in voyages of any length, ves-
sels which would furnish reasonable comfort to pas-
sengers must be provided. If there be anything to indi-

Customs of the Service. lOT

cate necessity for a critical inspection, the services of
an expert will be employed.

The inspector will call for the written contract, if
there be one, and see that its stipulations are complied
with. He will report whether the vessel is adapted to
the purpose and voyage designed, or in what particular,
if any, she may be defective, and whether any repairs
or alterations are necessary before sailing.

The inspector will ascertain how the vessel is
rated at the underwriters', the apparent age of the hull
and machinery, and their existing condition. He will
inquire when the vessel was last in dock, the condition
of the engines and boilers, and ascertain when they
were put in. He will examine whether the pumping
machinery, outfit of tackle, spare spars, etc., are suffi-
cient; whether there is an ample provision of boats,
life-buoys, and spare parts of machinery, and whether
there is sufficient deck room for quarters for officers
and enlisted men, and will see that the limit of tonnage
and passengers prescribed by law is not exceeded. He
will see that the vessel's crew is large enough for her
proper working, and inquire into the competency of
the officers; he will see that the proper instruments of
navigation, compasses, etc., are provided. He will re-
port if the chronometers have been rated, and if there
is a supply of charts. The distilling apparatus, water
tanks, and butts will be examined to see if there is
sufficient water for passengers and crew. He will espe-

108 Customs of the Service,

cially inspect the cooking arrangements, see that the
vessel is clean, and that the portion occupied by troops
is dry and well ventilated.

To secure and preserve discipline, provide against
disaster from the elements, or attack by the enemy, the
senior officer in the military service present upon any
transport will assume command of the troops (unless
he finds, on going on board, a commander already desig-
nated by proper authority), and he will take all neces-
sary measures to put his command into the best state
of efficiency to meet any emergency, and will enforce
an observance of the requirements of the following
paragraphs :

At the earliest moment after the embarkation, the
troops will be inspected, organized into detachments or
companies, officers and quarters being assigned to each
organization. So far as practicable, the men of each
company will be assigned to the same part of the ves-
sel, and squads to contiguous berths.

No officer will quit the ship without the permis-
sion of the officer commanding on board. At sea, the
guards will mount with side arms only. Sentinels will
be kept near the fires, with buckets of water at hand.
Smoking not allowed between decks. All the troops
will turn out for inspection at a prescribed hour in
the morning, without arms (in warm weather, without
shoes or stockings), when every individual will be clean
— hands, face, and feet washed and his hair combed.

Customs of the Service, 109

The same personal inspection will be repeated thirty
minutes before sunset. The cooks may be exempted
from one of these daily inspections, if necessary. Offi-
cers will enforce cleanliness. The weather permitting,
bedding will be brought on deck every morning for
airing.

Between decks will not be washed oftener than
once a week, and only when the weather is fine. The
boards of the lower berth will be removed once or
twice a week to remove the straw. Under the direction
of the surgeon and the officer of the day, frequent fumi-
gations will be performed between decks.

During voyages in hot weather, the master of the
vessel will be required to provide wind-sails, which will
be constantly hung up, and frequently examined, to
see that they draw well and are not obstructed.

During cooking hours, officers of companies visit
the galley, and see that the food is properly prepared.
The coppers and other cooking utensils will be regu-
larly washed, both before and after use, and frequently
scoured.

The bedding will be replaced in the berths at
sunset, or at an earlier hour when there is prospect of
bad weather. At Taps every man on duty will be in
his berth. To insure the execution of this regulation,
the officer of the day will inspect between decks.

Lights will be extinguished at Taps, except such
as are placed under sentinels. The officer of the day

no Customs of the Service.

will attend to thi^ requirement, and report to the com-
manding officer. Officers' lights will be extinguished
at 10 o'clock, unless special permission be given to con-
tinue them for a longer time.

For the sake of exercise, the troops will occasion-
ally be called to quarters by the call To Aims. Those
appointed to the guns will be frequently exercised in
their use. The arms and accoutrements will be fre-
quently inspected. The metallic parts of the former
will be often wiped and oiled.

The men will not be allowed to sleep on deck in
the sun. They will be encouraged, and required, to take
exercise on deck in squads, in succession when neces-
sary. If practicable, exercise in double time by the
companies — around the vessel, on deck, fore and aft —
will be found of great benefit. Recruits, and all en-
listed men requiring it, will be freqneutly drilled in
the setting-up exercises. At morning and evening
parades the surgeon will examine the men, to obsrve
whether they exhibit any indications of disease. A
good supply of hospital stores and medicines will be
taken on board each vessel, and used only for the sick
and convalescent The surgeon will warn the men
against costiveness on approaching a hot climate.
In passing the West Indies to the southern coast, for
instance, and for some weeks after landing in th:it
latitude, great care is required in the use of fruit, as
strangers are not competent to judge of its effects, and

Customs of the Service, 111

most kinds after long voyages are injurious. Stores
and supplies should be placed on board so that they
may be readily reached in the order in which they may
be required.

Every storeship should be marked at the bow and
stern and on both sides in large characters, with a
distinctive letter and number. A list of the stores on
each vessel, with the place they are to be found, should
be prepared and a copy sent to the chief officer of the
proper department, whether he accompanies the expe-
dition or is at the place for which the stores are
destined.

When officers of the Army are embarked with
troops in a ship in charge of officers of the Navy, the
latter will occupy the apartments allotted to them, and
separate accommodation will be provided for officers
of the Army and those under their command. The offi-
cers of the Army will mess together, and not with the
officers of the Navy, unless otherwise agreed upon with
the sanction of the commanding officers of the vessel
and troops.

BATTLES.

Before the action, the generals indicate the places
where they will be; if they change position, they give
notice of it, or leave a staff officer to show where they
have gone.

During the action, the officers and non-commis-

112 Customs of the Service.

sioned officers keep the men in the ranks and enforce
obedience if necessary. Soldiers must not be permitted
to leave the ranks to strip or rob the dead, nor even
to assist the wounded except by express permission,
which is only to be given after the action is decided.
The highest interest and most pressing duty is to win
the victory, by winning which only can a proper care
of the wounded be insured.

MARCHES.

The first duty of the commander is to inspect his
troops before marching, to know that the arms and
horses are in condition, cartridges supplied, clothing
and shoes in proper condition, blankets provided, and
food supply with cooking facilities prearranged for.
The length of the full step in quick time is 30 inches,
and the cadence 120 steps per minute, covering 2J to 3
miles an hour; the average march for infantry is from
fifteen to twenty miles per day, beginning with short
marches, say ten or twelve miles, and gradually in-
creasing. When long distances have to be overcome
rapidly, occasionally change gaits; special care taken
not to exhaust the troops immediately before engag-
ing the enemy. Marching in double time, breathe as
much as possible through the nose, keeping the mouth
closed. After marching about half an hour or less,
halt to allow for adjustment of equipments and that
the men may relieve themselves; thereafter halt after

Customs of the Service. 11 3

each march of fifty minutes, halting in the vicinity of
water and shade if possible; if other halts are caused
from head of the column, encourage the men to rest,
rather than holding them in ranks, because the stop is
uncertain. Have all canteens filled with water which
has been boiled, or, l3etter yet, with weak tea, slightly
sweetened, before starting; on the march drink as lit-
tle as possible, taking only small swallows of water at a
time; better to drink only at time of eating; don't drink
spirits, and especially do not before exertion — they
only give transient strength; danger of sunstroke is
lessened by wearing a wet cloth or wet grass in your
hat. Leaving the ranks on the march to get water or
on other pretexts is a serious evil, directly indicating
lack of discipline, and must be stopped in the very
inception; every man reporting sick is at once inspected
by a medical officer, and, if necessary, allowed to ride,
being provided with a ticket to this effect; a soldier,
before going to relieve himself, leaves his arms with
his comrades until he rejoins them; they are thus bur-
dened with their carriage if his return is not hastened.
On the march, no one shall fire a gun, or give the sig-
nal for halt or march, unless ordered to do so. The pre
vent straggling, with all its attendant evils, command-
ing officers of regiments require the rolls to be called
and the results reported to them, after the troops are
formed for and before recommencing the march; at the
halts the captain may count the files, to ascertain if

114 Customs of the Service.

there are absentees; the men must keep their relative
places in ranks while marching, not permitted to bunch
up nor open out distances; such want of discipline
makes the march no easier, and it wouldn't make any
difference if it did. Discipline and order. Captains
will cause an officer to march in rear of their compa-
nies, with instructions not to allow any man to leave
the ranks without written authority. In route marches,
organizations usually alternate in leading, the rear of
the column having annoyances and more fatigue, dust,
stoppages, etc.; if the head be delayed by obstacles,
their step should then be shortened, so as to avoid
hurry in closing up those in rear.

Habitually the route march is in column of fours;
when the roads are unsuitable for this formation, the
column of twos is permissible. When the day's march
is to be prolonged unusually, a halt should be made
when about two-thirds of the distance has been cov-
ered, and near water if convenient. Forced marches
and night marches are at times necessary, but should
be resorted to only when imperative. A trooper must
not be dismounted that an officer may use his horse
(T. C. 50), nor be employed to lead a private horse, nor
allow a soldier to drive a private vehicle. A compe-
tent person, preferably a commissioned officer, will be
detailed to make field sketches and notes and a jour-
nal for the later preparation of a map of the route
traversed.

Customs of the Service, 115

In camping, tentage may be dispensed with en-
tirely or shelter tents provided or bivouac made with-
out tents; if not imposing hardship, the less impedi-
menta the better. Campaigns are most frequently won
by rapidity of movements.

In camps of duration, short practice marches are
profitable, additional to the regular drills, in teaching
the necessity for regularity on the march, and while
in route step, and not required to preserve silence nor
keep the stej), the ranks must cover and preserve their
distance; the tendency being to close together and
crowd to the front. An officer and non-commissioned
oflScer should on all marches be designated to make
topographical sketches.

If blanket-rolls are worn, have them rolled uni-
formly, not an irregular bundle of varied lengths, with
the blanket extending below the shelter tent. It is
quite as easy to require system and military appear-
ance in these seemingly minor matters; results will be
shown in greater matters.

1 1 6 Customs of the Service.

ARMY SANITATION AND CAMPING.

Recent sad events have not developed anything
new or original in sanitation. The vital necessity of
enforcing sanitary laws is known in the Army from
long experience, the long lists of casualties having
merely emphasized their importance. Location of the
camping-ground and care of the body internally a^ d
externally are the foundation-stones. Lax enforcement
of sanitary laws must not, can not be permitted.

We commence with camping: our guides, safety,
water, wood; health follows the two latter, and next,
considerations of convenience for receiving supplies.

Troops will encampi in strictly military order,
ready at any instant to form in order of battle or march;
places for each organization indicated and understood
before permitting arms to be stacked or tents pitched;
confusion and disaster, especially at night attacks, are
otherwise more than likely to occur. On arrival at
place for the night, the commander quickly reconnoi-
ters the best points for outposts, and, before ranks are
broken, has the outposts details formed and sent to
occupy these points; the advanced guard form the out-
posts at all halts, and, until relieved by the regular out-
posts, hold these positions. If the march is not to be re-

IT. C. 59..

Customs of the Service. 117

sumed the next day, among the first duties on arriving
in camp will be the designation of places to attend to
calls of Nature, to post sentinels over the water supply,
that water be not wasted or riled, that the water
near the troops be guarded for their use, that next be-
low for the animals, and further down for washing pur-
poses. It is much better to dig a greater number of
sinks than a few long ones, and of suflflcient depth to
admit of free covering with dry earth every day. The
sinks must be closely inspected every day. The sinks
should be 100 yards beyond the kitchens, both on ac-
count of soil emanations and currents of air and that
flies be avoided, which would else carry disease germs
to the kitchens. Have the kitchen set up without delay,
with a pit convenient for liquid refuse (it is even better
to use barrels and have them carried away daily, the
barrels always having covers); solid matter to be car-
ried to a distance and burned; burying garbage in pits
or trenches is a temporary expedient, but all such stuff
should be taken to a cremator}^ Never permit slops to
be thrown on the ground.

To return to the selection of the camp-ground, a
position on the slope of a hill is warmer than one on the
summit or in the valley; the ground should be firm, cer-
tainly not marshy or near a marsh, no matter how short
the camp; examine the subsoil; is it too hard to absorb
moisture? is it too rocky at shallow depths for sinks?
will the gradient assist natural drainai'e? Convenient

118 Customs of the Service.

proximity to water should not be at the sacrifice of
military advantages and security. The water supply,
so important, is it adequate? is it wholesome? from
whence derived and its characteristics? if near houses,
how far does it pass from privy vaults and from cow
and horse stables? Old wells may sow the seeds of
typhoid, and even springs may be equally contami-
nated by seepage from the sinks.

Always camp in the open, even though it trench
on the drill- and parade-ground; the shade of the near-
by trees will be tempting, but the bright sunlight is
needed on the camp.

To pitch a wall tent: with the ridge-pole lay off
a square; these points indicate the corners of the walls,
to which attach corresponding loops of the tent; put
ridge-pole in position inside of tent, insert upright
poles, and raise tent; the fly can be put on either after
or before raising; drive the outer line of pins sloping
with the roof (hold better in wind). "A" or "common
wall" : pitched on same method. Conickl wall : describe
a circle with the pole from where it will rest, drive pins
on this radius at 24 inches apart; attach loops of tent;
adjust pole and raise. Hard-wood mallets for driving
the wooden pins are better than an axe, which breaks
the pins; if ground be very hard and stony, iron pins
are best.

The wagons should always be parked in regular

Customs of the Service. 119

order at indicated place, and not permitted to be scat-
tered about the camp.

Have tent walls raised for several hours each fair
day, and tents taken down and the ground scraped and
exposed to the sun once a week. Rigorous police of the
grounds insisted upon; it is just as well to habituate
the men to neatness around the grounds as in their
person. Before marching out in abandoning camp,
have all the fires, even smouldering embers, extin-
guished or covered with earth, and so damage and
destruction of grass, timber, and fences be avoided (the
return march may be over the same ground), unless, of
course, the enemy would profit by this care.

After the men are rested, a shallow ditch will be
opened around each tent and connecting with a ditch
along the rows of tents; this will ensure much comfort.
For sleeping, if the bed or blankets be raised from the
ground, the number of camp diseases will be materially
decreased; any contrivance^ is better than to lie on the
ground in malarial and tropical countries; if without
bed-sacks, for which an allowance of thirty pound^^ of
straw per man per month is authorized, use loose straw,
hay, boughs, leaves. New men hardly realize the im-
portance of these matters in conserving health, and the
captain will not be at ease until he has seen to this.

OflScers' camp cots as sold are generally made sacri-
ficing strength to lightness. The most serviceable, and

lA. R. 1048.

120 Customs of the Service.

used by the writer on many campaigns, is constructed
of hard wood as indicated: Two end pieces, 33x2x2

(1 1)

Closed. Open.

a End-piece, b Iron loops on ends, c Legs, d Hooks to hold in place.

inches (iron band extended to form a loop — 3 inches at
each end), with legs 18 inches high, to fold under on
strap hinges. Two side poles, any desired length, the
ends to fit easily in the loops on end pieces; strap
hinge joint in middle of each to facilitate rolling up in
the bedding; a piece of strong canvas with wide seam
on each side to receive these poles, and there is a com-
plete unbreakable camp bed. A light hair or wool mat-
ti^ss is a great addition to comfort.

Never go to sleep without some covering. Never lie
or sit down on the bare earth or grass ; the more weary
the more easily are colds contracted, and a mere cold
may be the beginning of a fever. Do not indulge in
fruit, especially new kinds; a very moderate indulgence
in ripe fruit may do no harm, but eat guardedly. Don't
eat bananas; the sea voyage for this fruit seems to
be necessary to insure wholesomeness to people not
natives of the country. Oranges and lemons are safe,
but don't experiment on your stomach with new and
unknown tropical fruits. Avoid excessive drinking
of water when coming in overheated from the drill-

Customs of the Service. 121

ground; don't cool off too suddenly. When possible,
take a plunge in the water every morning, or wash the
body all over.

Gymnastics are good things, but should be used
with discretion. The gymnast need not dislocate his
limbs nor practice inverted walking; easily acquired
calisthenics, as training for army life, have many and
manifest advantages. The drill in calisthenics with use
of the rifle, adopted by the War Department, is excel-
lent in every way. Athletics, when carried to excess,
do not furnish the best preparation for service in the
field.

In camp, at Retreat and Reveille officers and men
habitually fall in under arms; arms are inspected at
Retreat, the men having been cautioned to have them
at hand in case of alarm.

In closing the subject of Camping, let it be added:
Never occupy an old camp-ground if by any possibility
it can be avoided; it is more than likely to be the foci of
disease. '^Tenting on the old camp-ground," however
beautiful as a sentiment, is not healthy.

The following extract from recent orders^ of the
War Department emphasize the foregoing necessities
of rigid camp sanitation :

"In order to prevent as far as possible the dis-
eases incident to encampments of large bodies of men
— namely, typhoid and malarial fevers, diarrhea and

IG. O. 117, 1898.

— y—

122 Customs of the Service,

dysentery, and the further spread thereof where these
diseases have already gained more or less headway,
all officers, from the commanding general to company
commanders, will exercise the utmost vigilance to en-
force proper sanitary conditions in camp and strict
cleanliness of the person.

"The speedy destruction or removal with safety
of all decaying substances present and future, and the
rendering innoxious the feculent matter of the camp,
must be accomplished.

"No effort will be spared to carry this order into
effect to the fullest extent, and to this end those con-
cerned will not rest content with the issuance of or
ders upon the subject, but they or their representa-
tives, duly impressed with this grave responsibility,
will immediately see to the commencement, continu-
ance, superintendence, and practical accomplishment,
day by day, of the instructions imposed upon the
command."

Lord Wolseley, in a recent memorandum, says: "It
will be the duty of company officers to point out to the
men under their control, and particularly to young sol-
diers, the disastrous effects of giving way to habits of
intemperance and immorality; the excessive use of
intoxicating liquors unfits the soldier for active work,
blunts his intelligence, and is a fruitful source of mili-
tary crime. The man who leads a vicious life enfeebles
his constitution Even those who do not

Customs of the Service. 123

entirely break down are unfit for service in the field.

.... Company oflScers should exercise a salutary

influence in these matters, more particularly over the

younger men Officers should do their utmost

to promote a cleanly and moral tone among the men
and to ensure that all rowdyism and obscenity, in word
or action, is kept in check. ... . . Under no cir-
cumstances should public acts or expressions of inde-
cency be tolerated."

WOUNDS.

If from any wound the blood spurts out in jets,
instead of a steady stream, you will die in a few min-
utes, unless it be remedied, because an artery has been
divided. To stop this instantly, tie a handkerchief or
other cloth very loosely detween the wound and the
heart, put a stick, bayonet, or ramrod between the skin
and the handkerchief, and twist it around until the
bleeding ceases, and keep it thus until the surgeon
arrives. Practice this; then you will know how to do it
if needed. If the blood flows in a slow, regular stream,
a vein has been pierced, and the handkerchief must be
on the other side of the wound from the heart — that
is, below the wound. The greatest physical kindness
you can show a severely wounded man is to place him
on his back, the head being elevated three or four
inches only, and then give him a drink of water.

124 Customs of the Service,

All officers and soldiers are supplied with a packet
of Esmarch's "first help for wounds" in time of war in
the field of active operations; this package contains
four antiseptic compresses and bandages of sublimated
cloth; the package should not be opened except when
needed, as its antiseptic value would probably be lost.

Customs of the Service. 125

OUTPOST DUTY.

Outposts are very important. Their purposes are to
cover approaches to the main body; to discover move-
ments of the enemy and give timely warning; to pre-
vent surprise and to give rest and quiet to the army,
and, in the event of the enemy's advance, to resist him
until the main body are able to make proper disposi-
tions for battle. The duty is of the highest importance,
that security and rest be given to the other troops and
their rest undisturbed by false alarms; dire disaster
has often resulted from neglect of simple precautions.
The outposts must cover the front of the camp and ex-
tend beyond the flanks, unless protected by absolutely
impassable obstacles; observe the ground thoroughly as
to obstacles and what ought to be done if an attack be
made. All outlying pickets are to be held under arms
for at least an hour before dawn, with the supports and
reserves also under arms. Just as day is breaking and
at nightfall are especially times for extra vigilance.
The preliminary vedettes posted, the commander thor-
oughly reconnoiters the ground and improves or cor-
rects positions. The pickets should be in view of each
other, say from 100 to 300 yards apart, depending on
the topography, forming a chain, and where they can
see everything without being seen by the enemy more
than is absolutely necessary, but ability to see things

126 Customs of the Service.

is the more important function than concealment; take
advantage of a tree, a rock, a ditch, and do not move
about; the distances apart of the pickets are to be gov-
erned by circumstances of the ground and available
number of men; if posted on a hill, take position just
below and overlooking the crest. Naturally the pick-
ets would be in stronger force near roads or practica-
ble routes of advance. Hasty intrenchments are a good
thing. If fires are permitted, they must be very small
and hidden from the enemy. While the supports are
allowed to rest, they are not permitted to sleep, but
must be on the alert and constantly observing the
posted sentinels; even the slightest sound may be sig-
nificant; to turn up the coat collar even may interfere
with acute hearing. The pickets must distinctly under-
stand their orders, have arms and ammunition in read-
iness for instant use, permit no trifling, report every-
thing that is seen; dust rising may indicate moving
troops, or as a ruse — let the chief determine its impor-
tance; better report too much than too little; persons
approaching and representing themselves to be desert-
ers must be required to lay down their arms before
coming near; they may not be deserters. At night a
vedette should be posted on lower ground, so that per-
sons approaching may be outlined against the horizon;
changes of position are best made after dark, so that
the enemy cannot discern the change; let scouts see
that ambuscade is not fallen into in any change made

COSSACK POSTS.
SeNTlNELS.

7« LI * L! n

MAIN BOOV

ADVANCE GUARD

rtANKERS

FLANKERS

• — •- -

RESERVE -^

MAIN

COLUMN.

Customs of the Si

in advance. With Cossack posts there is economy in
number of men required; each post consists of three
sentinels and a non-commissioned officer; one of the
sentinels is posted 15 or 20 yards in advance and con-
stantly on the lookout, the others allowed to rest (not
to sleep) arms at hand. No compliments are paid by the
outposts, except that the relief stands at attention
when the commander visits them.i Cavalry patrols are
better for this work than infantry ; they can be and are
sent out further, cover more ground, constantly mov-
ing and naturally on the alert to avoid personal dan-
ger, and can give earlier warning; in fact, the eyes and
ears of the army and more valuable on this service than
in battle, since in our country open plains for cavalry
charges are not often found. Patrols should march in
absolute silence; avoid conversation or smoking; the
carbine and saber so arranged that no noise is made
by motion of the horse; move along under available
screens, trees, ravines, etc. If the enemy are discov-
ered and orders or their strength (don't be deceived
about this) compel return, skirmish in retreating, delay
his advance, and afford the reserves time for formation.

Outpost duty and advance guards can only be out-
Jined in these papers, but require important considera-
tion. (See Wagner's "Security and Information.")

Outposts, sentinels, or pickets are not to be fired^

lA. R. 392.

2"Govt. Armies," Lieber, and G. O. 100, 1863.

132 Customs of the Service.

upon, except to drive them in, or when a positive order,
special or general, has been issued to that effect.

ADVANCE AND KEAE GUARDS.

In the enemy's country, or where the enemy might
penetrate, troops on the march, whether in large or
small bodies, must always be preceded by an advance
guard ; there will then be neither surprise to throw the
main body into disorder, nor fear from "Quaker guns.''
Advance guards afford time for deployment and taking
of positions by the main body, and seizing and holding
important positions and gaining information.

Rear guards, in a forward movement, protect the
rear of the column from raiding parties, arrest strag-
glers, etc. In retreat, its functions are vitally impor-
tant, and should have the best troops, checking pur-
suits and at every opportunity forcing the enemy to
deploy and prepare for attack, and, having caused this
delay, move on to next good ground and repeat these
maneuvers. Every hour's delay caused to the pursuers
may be of the greatest value in saving a retreating
army.

Customs of the Service. 183

ARMY CORRESPONDENCE.

Use letter size paper only (not note size); a half-
sheet only when the single page is sufficient; fold the
letter in three equal folds parallel with the writing; the
first fold (on the reverse side of this fold is the begin-
ning of the communication, P. O. address, date, etc.)
will be used exclusively for showing date and place of
letter, as inside, office or name of writer, and a brief
analysis of the contents, the office marks, in red ink,
and note of inclosures.

Communications should refer to one subject only;
be signed or authenticated with the pen, and not by fac-
similes; signatures plainly written, with rank annexed;
be briefed (on first fold) at the first office at which it is
received and entered. Indorsements commence at the
top of the second fold, and are numbered serially, as
"1st Indorsement," etc., in order of dates, on the suc-
cessive folds, leaving room after each for office marks.
Additional space for indorsements will be provided by
pasting slips of paper on the under side of the last fold
(the right edge of the original paper), each slip, when
attached, to have the same length and width as the
original fold, and to turn back on the last fold like
the leaf of a book. The first fold, on which the brief
is made, is always outside. Printed labels, by way of

134 Customs of the Service.

indorsements, will not be pasted on official papers. In
no case will a loose wrapper be placed around an offi-
cial paper, except as a mere covering. All inclosures
will be numbered, ard will be given tlie proper office
marks. Inclosures to the original communication are
noted on the first fold, just below the brief. Officers
who forward communications will indorse thereon
their approval or disapproval, with remarks. Commu-
nications to superior authority are addressed to the
adjutant or adjutant-general of the command, and are
"Respectfully forwarded" or "Returned," with appro-
priate remarks. All communications on official mat-
ters intended for the Secretary of War, or the com-
manding general of the Army, will be in writing and
addressed to the Adjutant-General of the Army. Com-
munications, whether from a subordinate to a superior
or vice versa, will, as a rule, pass through intermediate
commanders. The use of colored inks, except for nota-
tions of numbers, office marks, etc., is prohibited. The
use of the typewritter is permitted, except in recording
fi,ndings and sentences in proceedings of courts-martial.
Note especially that communications are addressed to
the office, not to the officer by name; e. g.:

"The Assistant Adjutant-General,

"3d Brigade, 2d Division, etc.,

"Tampa, Florida."

Customs of the Service, 135

Not to "Lieut.-Colonel. . ,

"Asst. Adjutant-General,

"Etc., etc."

(The oflQcer holding this position at geographical
departments is addressed as "Adjutant-General.")

Or "The Commanding Officer,

"26th U. S. Infantry,

"Etc., etc."

Not "Colonel ,

"Commanding 26th U. S. Infantry,

"Etc., etc."

The briefing will be the same in effect; i. e,, in
name of the office held by the writer, except the com-
munication affects him in a semi-personal-official man-
ner; for example, an application for a leave of absence,
a resignation, etc.; then brief and record in name of
the writer. All communications received or sent are
recorded, with date (and telegrams, the hour), in B. L.
R. (Book of Letters Received) or B. L. S. (Book of Let-
ters Sent), with indexes.

"Letters Sent" consist of written or printed com-
munications (other than "Orders," which appear in the
Order Book) issued from the office, whether a formal
letter, an endorsement upon a letter, a memorandum,
or important verbal communication. To save time,
communications which are simply forwarded with a
brief "Forwarded approved" or "Forwarded disap-

186

Customs of the Service.

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Customs of the Service. 137

proved/' without other material remarks, are fre
quently thus noted in the B. L. R. only. This seems to
be a sort of custom.

When a reply or action on the communication is
known, note of this should be made in red ink in first
column of B. L. S., as ''See K R. No. . .," etc.

"Letters Received'' consist of written or printed
communications coming into the office.

Bules for Indexing.

Index under the office, unless the writer's commu-
nication pertains to himself, and not directly to his
organization. The example here shown would be en-
tered under "I," Infantry, and read ''Infantry, 26th,
Co. M.," with serial number of the communication in
black ink; subjects or names appearing in the body of
the communication will also be given an entry, the
number in this case being in colored (red) ink. As soon
as the indexing is made, underscore in the B. L. S. with
red ink the names and subjects indexed. Index com-
mences with the first communication received or sent
in the year, and terminates with the last entry of the
year; it contains names in black ink of all persons and
things appearing in the record book, as the writers,
receivers, or the subjects of the communication, no
name being entered more than once; this followed by
the number of the communication in black ink, but

—10-

138 Customs of the Service.

the number is in red inh if it is a name which only appears
in the tody of the letter.

In Index of Letters Sent (L. S.) the numbers refer
to the pages of the record book.

In the Index of Letters Eeceived (L. R.) the num-
bers refer to the number of the communication, and not
to the page.

Stationery,

Issues of stationery are made quarterly; quanti-
ties fixed in A. R. 1023. Necessary stationery for
courts^ and boards will be furnished on requisition of
the judge-advocate or recorder, approved by the presid-
ing officer.

The act approved June 6, 1898,^ authorizes estab-
lishment by the Postmaster-General of a temporary
postoflQce at any military camp or post. The Secretary
of War has approved the suggestions of the Postmaster-
General. Under the system^ outlined, the Postoffice
Department would keep the supervision and manage-
ment of the mails; the Quartermaster's Department
would undertake their transportation within the camp
to and from the point of departure and arrival; and
the adjutants would be responsible for the regimental
and company collection and distribution.

lA. R. 1027.
2G. O. G9, 1898.
3G. O. 89.

Customs of the Service, 139

Officers and men are advised that on communica-
tions^ addressed to them the number of the regiment
and the letter of the company to which the soldier be-
longs should be given.

Official communications and other mailable matter
relating exclusively to the public business will be
transmitted through the mails free of postage if in-
closed in the ^'penalty envelope."

Letters written by officers and enlisted men will
be transmitted without prepayment^ of postage if
plainly marked "Soldier^s letter" or "Marine's letter,"
as the case may be, and signed thereunder with the
name and official designation of the officer command-
ing the company, etc. Letters so certified will be sent
with postage due at single rate only, to be collected on
delivery.

TELEGRAPHING.

The telegraph will be used only in cases of urgent
and imperative necessity. Prescribed forms are used
in transmission, not the ordinary commercial blank,
and, having been properly certified to, are to be re-
garded by the receiving operator as "Paid, Govern-
ment." When it is questionable whether the tele-
grams are on official business, full explanations will

iCir. 13, 1898.
2Postal Regs.

1^0 Customs of the Service,

be required. Telegrams making application for leave
of absence or of that character will not be sent or paid
for as public dispatches. Omit unimportant words.
The last name of the officer addressed, or his title, and
the last name of the sender are generally sufficient.
Address and signature are counted and charged for.
Rates are fixed annually by the Postmaster-General.
The latest tariff is published in G. O. 132, War Depart-
ment, A. G. O. 1898. Approximately, it may be said
that day messages are, with modifications, charged at
20 cents for twenty words, not exceeding 1000 miles dis-
tance. A lesser rate for night messages.

BOARDS OF SURVEY.

If the public property is found damaged, except
from fair wear ard tear, or deficient, a board of sur-
vey,^ usually of three members, is asked for by the
officer accountable for the property; the board will
inquire thoroughly into and report upon all the facts,
and if possible fix the responsibility, determine the
value of the articles deficient, lost, or damaged, and
make recommendations. In case of theft, will show
the precautions taken. A board of survey cannot con-
demn property. All persons who seem responsible
must have opportunity for explanation, unless the

lA. R. 708 it seq.; G. O. 10, 1897.

Customs of the Service, 141

record shows that this was impracticable. Identifying
marks, if any, on the stores, initials or name of pur-
chasing officer, date, etc., will be stated. Testimony
should be in the form of certificates of an officer, or
affidavits of other persons. All documents used as evi-
dence will be appended to the proceedings. All the
facts and circumstances must also appear in the body
of the proceedings.

The junior member, as recorder, will prepare the
record, reciting the order in full convening the board
meetings, names of members present, etc. The record
will be made in triplicate, on legal cap paper, and
joined at the top, with a blank sheet between the last
page of the proceedings and the appended evidence for
action of the reviewing authority; the last page will
be used on the outside for the brief, as follows :

Post of , , 1898.

Proceedings of a Board of Survey, convened by S. O. No ,

Fort , , 1898.

Pwrpose,
To report upon (loss) (subsistence stores), for which

Lieut is accountable.

President:

Captain , 27th U. S. Infantry.

Recorder:

2d Lieut 9th Regt U. S. Vols.

The proceedings will be folded in four equal folds.
A separate set is required for each of the staff depart-

142 Customs of the Service,

ments concerned. A board of survey cannot condemn
property, they are called merely to determine adminis
trative responsibility. Nor can they swear witnesses;
if oral testimony be taken before the board, it will be
reduced to writing by the recorder and sworn to be-
fore a person competent to administer oaths.

The proceedings are complete with approval of the
convening authority, but are subject to revision by
higher authority.

Customs of the Service, J 43

MILITARY ORDERS.

The observance of all lawful orders given by any
competent authority is strictly enjoined, and their non-
observance strictly punishable. ^Any officer or soldier

who disobeys any lawful command of his

superior officer shall suffer death, or such other punish-
ment as a court-martial may direct. ^"Obedience to
command is the chief military virtue, in relation to
which all others are secondary and subordinate; the
obedience must be complete and undeviating." "The
vital principle of the military — the fundamental rule,
in peace and war, for all inferiors through all the
grades, from the general of the army to the newest re-
cruit." ^"The order must of course be understood."*
The orderly and proper course in all cases is to obey
orders and afterwards, if any hardship or oppression is
practiced, appeal to superior authority for redress."^

The orders^ of commanders of armies, corps, divi-
sions, brigades, regiments, posts, territorial depart-
ments, and districts are denominated "general" or

lA. w. 21.

2Samuel, 266, 283, 287.
3Winthrop*s Digest, 812.
4G. O. Div. Atlantic, 1875.
5G. O. Army Potomac, 1862.
6A. R. 770.

144 Customs of the Service,

^^special" orders of such army, corps, etc. General and
special orders are numbered in separate series, each
beginning with the calendar year or at the time of the
establishment of the headquarters. General orders
announce the time and place of duties, roll-calls, and
in general matters of importance and interest to pub-
lish to the whole command, and results of trial by
court-martial (same series). Special orders relate
chiefly to individuals or to matters that need not be
made known to the whole command. An order will
state at its head the source from which it emanates,
its number, date, and place of issue; at its foot the
name of the commander by whose authority it is issued.
Files of orders received will be kept by each regiment
and company and at each headquarters. In camp or
garrison, orders that affect a command will, as a rule,
be read to the troops at the first regular parade after
they are received, or during a halt may te read to the
troops. The precise hours of departure and the rates
at which they are to be conveyed will be Written clearly
on the covers of all dispatches transmitted by mounted
orderlies. Circulars are a form of order frequently
misused; their proper purpose is in explanation of rul-
ings on orders or decisions, not as original orders in
themselves. They should also be serially numbered.

Note that A. R. 771 prescribes the results of trials
by gereral courts-martial in all cases of officers or of
enlisted men involving matters of general interest and

Customs of the Service, 145

importance be aiinoimced in general orders. The Man-
ual for Courts-Martial, page 135, gives the form for
announcing unimportant trials, not of general interest,
in special orders.

COURTS-MARTIAL.

A general court-martial can be ordered by any
general officer commanding an army, a territorial de-
partment, or colonel commanding a separate depart-
ment. The general court-martial consists of not more
than thirteen nor less than five members (commissioned
officers). If less than thirteen are detailed, the conven-
ing authority will state in the order that "no greater
number can be assembled without manifest injury to
the service." This statement is conclusive^ of the fact.
If by sustained challenges or from any other cause the
number be reduced below five members, no further busi-
ness, except adjournment, can be transacted. General
courts have exclusive jurisdiction over capital cases
and trials of commissioned officers. Courts can only
sit between the hours of 8 o'clock a. m. and 3 o'clock
p. m., unless the convening authority direct that they
sit without regard to hours,^ when necessary for the
sake of immediate example. A court may sit on Sun-
day, but should not do so unless demanded by exigen

lA. R. 917.
2A. R. 918.

146 Customs of the Service,

cies of the service. The senior member present will act
as president of the court. The judge-advocate is not
a member of the court; he conducts the case for the
United States, and, if the accused be unrepresented by
counsel, will act as his friend in the legal sense; he
administers the oath to the members and witnesses,
and is himself sworn by the president of the court; he
keeps the record and withdraws^ when "the court is
cleared" — that is, sits in closed session. The accused
may be sworn as a witness in his own behalf. Couns?l
are permitted to represent the accused, and, if he de-
sires, an officer may be detailed for this duty.^ The
84th Article of War, as amended by the Act of July 27,
1892, recites the oath to members, and the 85th Article
of War to the judge-advocate.

Regular officers^ may now sit on courts-martial for
the trial of Volunteer oflScers and soldiers.

The former summary-court act is supplemented'*
and amended in the Act of June 18, 1898. Its action
is no longer limited to time of peace; it consists of
one officer to be designated by the commanding officer
of each garrison, fort, or other place, regiment or corps,
detached battalion or company, or other detachment
in the Army, or, in his discretion, for each battalion

lA. R. 921.

2A. R. 926 and G. O. 49, 1898.

3Cir. 21, 1898.

4G. O. 80, 1898.

Customs of the Service. 147

thereof. The accused shall be brought to trial within
twenty-four hours of the time of the arrest, or as soon
thereafter as practicable; the summary court may be
appointed and the officer designated by superior author-
ity when by him deemed desirable. Punishments shall
conform to the limits prescribed by the President of the
United States (publishedi in G. O. 16, A. G. O. 1808);
said punishment shall not exceed confinement at hard
labor for one month and forfeiture of one month's pay,
and, in the case of non-commissioned officer, reduction
to the ranks in addition thereto. Record shall be kept
of all cases heard and determined and the action had
thereon; and no sentence adjudged by said summary
court shall be executed until it shall have been ap-
proved by the officer appointing the court, or by the
officer commanding for the time being.

2The present summary-court act does not give the
accused the right to object to trial by summary court
and to demand trial by another court, nor does it re-
quire that when the trial officer is the accuser the case
shall be tried by ar other court.

The repeal^ of the 80th and 110th Articles of War
abolishes the former field officer's court, and the sum-
mary court is substituted for it. Non-commissioned
officers^ shall not, if they object thereto, be brought to

IM. C. M., pp. 44 et seq,
2M. C. M., p. 65.
3Act of June 18, 1898.

148 Customs of the Service.

trial before summary courts without the authority of
the officer competent to order their trial by general
court-martial, but such cases shall be brought to trial
before garrison, regimental, or general courts-martial,
as the case may be.

The garrison court-martial consists of three mem-
bers and a judge-advocate; the commanding officer of
a garrison, fort, or other place, where the troops con-
sist of different corps, is competent to appoint such
court. The presence on duty at the place of a medical
officer or ordnance sergeant, etc., covers the clause
"different corps."

The regimental^ court-martial is composed of three
members and a judge-advocate; officers of the regiment
or corps of the accused are only eligible for detail on
this court. Practically the regimental court is only
convened to investigate a wrong by an officer to a sol-
dier on complaint made by the latter under the 30th
Article of War.

Excluding the general court-martial, the minor
courts named shall not have power to try capital cases
or commissioned officers, or to inflict a fine^ exceeding
one month's pay, or to imprison^ or put to hard labor
any enlisted man for a longer period than one month;
and see G. O. 16, A. G. O. 1898, limiting punishments
for enlisted men. Punishments must conform to the

lA. W. 81 and 30.

2A. W. 83; G. O. 16, 1898.

Customs of the Service, 149

law; "carrying a log," "standing on a barrel/' etc., are
not permitted. Minor offenses are, subject to the con-
trol of the commanding officer of the post, authorized to
be disposed of by requiring extra tours of fatigue, un-
less the soldier demands a trial. This right^ to demard
a trial must be made known to him.

Commanding officers will, before forwarding^ any
charges for trial by general court-martial, personally
investigate them, and, by indorsement on the charges,
certify that they have made such investigation, and,
whether, in their opinion, the charges can be sustained.
Commanding officers are not required to bring every
dereliction^ of duty before a court for trial, but will
endeavor to prevent their recurrence by admonitions,
withholding of privileges, and taking such steps as
may be necessary to enforce their orders.

Charges submitted for trial must be accompanied
by evidence of ^previous convictions, if any.

Sentences^ imposing tours of guard duty are for-
bidden.

Reading of newspapers or other evidence of inat-
tention^ by members of a court-martial during its ses-

iCir. 5, 1898.

2A. R. 928.

3A. R. 930.

4A. R. 929 and G. O. 94, 1898; M. C. M., p. 18.

5A. R. 939.

fiM. C. M. 20.

160 Customs of the Service.

sions constitutes a violation of duty to the prejudice of
good order and military discipline.

Solitary confinement, or confinement on bread-and-
water^ diet, shall not exceed fourteen days at a time,
nor be again enforced until a period of fourteen days
has elapsed.

A court-martial cannot direct a forfeiture to reim-
burse any person; forfeitures can only be directed in
favor of the United States. A soldier cannot be re-
quired to receipt for money paid without his consent.

Arrests,

Commanding officers only have power to place
officers^ in arrest, except as provided in the 24th Article
of War. An officer in arrest remains at his tent or
quarters until more extended limits have been granted,
and will not wear a sword (the surrender of his sword
at arrest is usually waived). Medical officers need not
be placed in arrest until the meeting of the court-
martial, unless the charges are of a flagrant character.

Non-commissioned officers^ in arrest will not be
required to perform any duty in which they may be
called upon to exercise command, and, if in confine-
ment, will not be sent out to work with prisoners
under sentence.

IM. C. M. 42.
2A. R. 897 to 900.
3A. R. 904.

Customs of the Service. 161

Privates against whom charges may be preferred
for trial by summary court will not be confined^ in the
guard-house, but will be placed in arrest in quarters,
before and during trial and while awaiting sentence,
except when in particular cases restraint may be nec-
essary. If a soldier in arrest in quarters shall break
his arrest, the offense would be charged under the 62d
Article of War.

Form for Record of a Garrison Court-Martial.

Case Proceedings of a garrison court-martial con-
vened at , pursuant to the following order:

"Camp , , 1898.

"Orders No

"A garrison court-martial will convene at this post at

. . o'clock a. m., on , , 1898, or as soon thereafter as

practicable, for the trial of such prisoners as may be properly
brought before it.

"Detail for the Court.

"Captain , Regiment,

"First Lieutenant , etc.

"Second Lieutenant , Regt.

" , Judge-Advocate.

"By order of Colonel

(Signed) " ,

"First Lieut , Regt, Adjutant.

"Camp , , 1898."

The court met, pursuant to the foregoing order, at . .
o'clock . . m.

lA. R. 936.

J 52 Customs of the Service,

Presefit

(Give names of members present and judge-advocate.)

The court then proceeded to the trial of Private ,

Co , Regt., who was brought before the court, and, hav-
ing heard the order convening it read, was asked if he had any
objection to being tried by any member named therein; to
which he replied in the negative. The members of the court
and the judge-advocate were then duly sworn, and the accused
was arraigned upon the following charge and specification:

Charge:

Specification: (in full).

To which the prisoner pleaded:
To the specification — "Guilty."
To the charge — "Guilty."

(Or, if the plea be "Not guilty," witnesses are examined for
prosecution and defense.)

The judge-advocate announced that the prosecution here
rested.

The prisoner stated that he had no testimony to offer or
statement to make.

The accused and judge-advocate then withdrew, and the

court was closed and finds the accused. Private

Co , Regt.:

Of the specification — "Guilty."

Of the charge— "Guilty."

The judge-advocate and the accused were then recalled
and the court opened; the judge-advocate stated that he had
no evidence of previous convictions to submit (or read the evi-
dence of previous convictions hereto appended and marked
A, B, etc.).

The accused and judge-advocate then withdrew, and the

court was closed, and sentences him. Private

Co , Regt., etc.

The judge-advocate was then recalled, and the court, at . .
. .. m., etc.

(Signed by th(3 prcs^ident and the judge-advocate.)

Customs of the Service, 163

The decision and orders of the convening author-
ity, dated and officially signed, follow at close of above.

Form for Sentences.

Reduotion of Non-commissio7ied Officer.— And the court do
therefore sentence him, Sergeant , Co , .... Regi-
ment, to be reduced to the ranlis.

Confinement.— to be confined at hard labor, under

charge of the post guard, for (. .) days.

Forfeiture.— to forfeit (. .) of his pay, or

months of, etc.

Forfeiture and Confinement.— to forfeit . . (. .)

dollars of his pay and to be confined at hard labor for

days.

In order to facilitate business before general
courts-martial, the reading of previous proceedings and
of testimony for approval will be dispensed with, un-
less for special reason considered necessary by the
court, or a witness desires to have certain testimony
read for correction. (Decision Acting Sec. War, Decem-
ber 28, 1897; Cir. 27, A. G. O. 1897.)

The Orders of the President limiting punishments
in certain cases published in G. O. No. 16, War Depart-
ment, A. G. 0. 1898.

For decisions respecting mail matter for prisoners,
see Cir. No. 8, A. G. O. 1896.

For sentences of confinement, general prisoners,
see Cir. No. 10, A. G. O. 1896.

For clothing issues to general prisoners, see Cir.
No. 5, A. G. 0. 1896.
—11—

154 Customs of the Service,

Officers of the Army, other than a judge-advocate
of a department or a court-martial, or the trial officer
of a summary court, are not^ authorized by law to
administer oaths, excepting of course the president of
a court-martial the oath of the judge advocate, and to
the judge-advocate if the latter be called as a witness.
An inspector-general may be authorized in special cases
to administer the oath in investigation of matters.

Form of Brief,

The papers forming the complete record will be
fastened together at the top, and the record folded in
four folds, and briefed on the first fold as follows:

Private, Co

Trial by general (or garrison) court-martial

Commencing , 1898.

Ending , 1898.

President:

Colonel ,

Judge- Advocate :

Lieut ,

Every court-martial will keep an accurate record
of its proceedings. The record will be complete in
itself in each case, and will contain a copy of the order

lOir. 23, 1898.

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Customs of the Service, 155

appointing the court, authenticated by the signatures
of the president and the judge-advocate, the latter affix-
ing his signature to each day's proceedings. The record
must show that the prisoner was asked if he wished
to object to any member, and his answer to such ques-
tion, and that the members of the court and the judge-
advocate were duly sworn.

As indicating curiously the manners of the age,
during the reign of William and Mary (1689), Macaulay
notes that in the Mutiny Bill was added a rider, provid-
ing "that no court-martial should pass sentence of
death, except between the hours of six in the morning
and one o'clock in the afternoon. The dinner hour was
then early, and it was but too probable that a gentle-
man who had dined would be in a state in which he
could not safely be trusted with the lives of his fellow-
creatures."

Desertion.

Desertion is a grave offense and deserves condign
punishment in peace-time, and is punishable with death
in time of war. A deserter forfeits all rights of citizen-
ship. A deserter will not be restored to duty without
trial except by authority competent to order his trial.
No man is dropped^ as a deserter until after the expira-
tion of ten days, unless the company commander has
conclusive evidence of the absentee's intention not to

lA. R. 133.

156 Customs of the Service,

return. A reward of ten^ dollars is paid for apprehen-
sion, and a description of the deserter sent to marshals,
sheriffs, etc., and to civil officers in the vicinity of the
deserter^s home and place of enlistment.

When a soldier deserts,^ a board of survey will
be called by the regimental commander to ascertain
whether he has lost or abstracted any articles of Gov-
ernment property, and if so, to determine the money

value of the same The board will also fully

investigate the circumstances attending desertion, es-
pecially the causes which induced it.

While awaiting^ trial, deserters will receive no
pay, nor sign the pay-rolls. In no case will his per-
sonal effects^ be turned over to his relatives. A post
commander will promptly notify^ the surgeon of every
desertion from his command. When a deserter sur-
renders^ at a military post, the post commander will
cause immediate inquiry to be made as to whether trial

is barred by statute of limitations and examined^

by a medical officer

lA. R. 124.

2G. O. 45, 1898, A. R. amended.

3A. R. 129; G. O. 75, 1897; C. 27, 1897.

4G. O. 75, 1897.

5A. R. 123.

6A. R. 120.

7A. R. 121.

Customs of the Service. 157

LEAVE OF ABSENCE FOR OFFICERS.

A division commander may grant^ leaves for ten
days, a corps or department commander may grant
leaves for one month, and the commanding general of
the Army for four months. Leave of absence will not
be granted during the season of active operations, ex-
cept in case of urgent necessity. A leave of absence
commences^ on the day following that on which the
officer departs from his proper station. The day of
departure, whatever the hour, is counted as a day of
duty; the day of return, as a day of absence. An offi-
cer granted leave of absence for more^ than seven days
will, before taking advantage thereof, report to his post
and regimental or corps commander and to the Adju-
tant-General of the Army the probable date of his de-
parture and his new address, and thereafter he will
immediately report any change in his address to the
same officers. Applications for sick leaves must be
accompanied by report of the surgeon. (A. R. 60.)

^The expiration of an officer's leave must find him
at his post, excepting that if, under orders to change
station,^ he takes advantage of a leave before joining

IG. O. 46, 1897, and G. O. 78, 1898.

2A. R. 54.

3A. R. 57.

4A. R. 54. ;

5A. R. 1331,

168 Customs of the Service,

the new station, the leave merely suspends the execu-
tion of the order for change of station, and at the expira-
tion of the leave he comes under the operation of the
order and is entitled to travel allowances to which he
would be entitled had he not availed himself of the
leave, and is entitled to full pay for the time necessary
to perform the journey from his old to his new station.

^An officer who starts to join his station at the
expiration of a sick leave will be reported as "m route
to join station from sick leave of absence," during the
time necessarily consumed in making the journey to
his post.

No^ leave granted leaving a company without a
commissioned officer, nor during the season of active
operations, except in urgent necessity; nor exceeding
seven days, until an officer has served with his regi-
ment at least two years, except under extraordinary
circumstances; nor to go beyond sea, without permis-
sion from the War Department. In tipie of peace, com-
mander of a post may grant seven days' leave, or take
similar leave, in one month. Verbal permits for less
than twenty-four hours are not counted as leaves. Per-
mission to hunt not considered a leave under the re-
strictions of A. R. 58. Full pay allowed during absence
on account of sickness^ or wounds and during the time
consumed in making the journey to his station. An

lA. R. 63.

2A. R. 44-45, 50-51, 58.

3A. R. 1315.

Customs of the Service. 169

officer receives full pay if on leave not exceeding thirty
days in each year, or this may become accumulative
for four successive leave years. The leave year is reck-
oned from June 20th.i

Acting^ asistant surgeons are not entitled to pay
while on leave.

Leaves of absence granted to officers of the Army
serving at stations beyond the limits^ of the United
States, for the purpose of returning to this country,
will be regarded as taking effect on the dates they
reach the United States, respectively, and as terminat-
ing on the respective dates of their departure there-
from in returning to their commands. The dates of
arrival in and departure from the United States will,
in every case, be reported to the Adjutant-General of
the Army.

FURLOUGHS TO SOLDIERS.

Furloughs for twenty days^ may be granted by
commanding officers of posts or by regimental com-
manders, if the companies to which they belong are un-
der their control. A furlough will not be granted to a
soldier about to be discharged. Department command-
ers may grant furloughs to sergeants of the post non-

lA. R. 1317.
2G. O. 49, 1890.
3G. O. 167, 1898.
4A. R. 106.

160 Customs of the Service,

commissioned^ staff for one months, to other soldiers for
two months; the commanding general of the Army for
four months.

Arms or accoutrements not taken on furlough, and
no payments made while on furlough. Full pay^ is
allowed for the period of absence on furlough and com-
mutation of rations at 25 cents per day, provided the
soldier does not overstay his furlough, and under re-
cent orders^ sick and wounded soldiers sent to United
States general or field hospitals may be granted one
month's furlough and transportation and commutation
of rations to the soldier's home and return to his sta-
tion. On the application^ of a soldier on furlough,
made at the nearest military station and showing
clearly the urgency of his case, a department com-
mander may order transportation and subsistence to
be furnished to enable him to rejoin his proper station,
to be charged against the soldier's pay. A soldier who
has returned from furlough to the station from which
f urloughed, his company having in his absence changed
station, is entitled to transportation at the expense of
the Government to the new station of his company.

lA. R. 108.
2A. R. 1272.
3G. O. 114, 1898.
4A. R. 110.

Customs of the Service. 161

MUSTERROLLS.

Read and follow carefully the explicit notes on
the muster, and muster- and pay-rolls; accuracy very
important now, and in establishing in future years
the status of officers and men in back pay, pension,
and other claims. The roll must be folded evenly in
three folds,^ with brief on the outside. It will not be
folded or creased to fit an envelope, but will be mailed
in an envelope of the proper size or in a wrapper made
especially for the purpose. Company commanders will
economize space by close writing and utilizing every
line. If additional space be found absolutely neces-
sary, the roll will be enlarged, before using, by stitch-
ing into the middle of it an extra sheet from another
roll. Pieces of paper will under no circumstances be
attached to the roll.

Enlisted men belonging to different^ regiments or
distinct organizations will not be mustered on the same
roll. Separate rolls must be prepared for the members
of each regiment or organization. A soldier on duty
or in hospital^ where his company is not mustered will
be mustered on a detachment roll, a separate roll being
prepared for each regiment. Calculations on the pay-

ICir. 4, 1896.
2G. O. 56, 1898.
3A. R. 785.

162 Customs of the Service,

roll are made by the paymaster. Retained^ rolls will
not be changed without authority from the Adjutant-
General of the Army.

Companies will be designated on the rolls by let-
ters and regiments, and by the names of their captains,
whether present or absent.

For requirements in preparation of muster-out-
rolls, see G. O. 24, 1898.

FINAL STATEMENTS.

Final Statements, in duplicate, are given soldiers
on discharge (unless dishonorably discharged by sen-
tence of general court-martial, with forfeiture of all
pay and allowances). The Final Statements show date
and place of enlistment, and discharge, with reason
for; amounts due to or from soldier. In the case of
deceased soldiers, the Final Statements are sent direct
to the Adjutant-General of the Army.

^It should he home in mind that overpayments caused hy
erroneous Final Statements will he charged against the officer
who signed the Final Statements.

^The officer who prepares the Final Statement of a
soldier will, at least one day before the discharge takes
effect, send by mail, to the paymaster to whom the sol-

lA. R. 788.
2Cir. 31, 1898.
3A. R. 150.

Customs of the Service. 16' 3

dier may wish to apply for payment, a notification in
his own handwriting, in form as follows:

Major , Paymaster, U, 8, Army,

Washington,

Sir: I have the honor to advise you that Private will

be discharged the service of the United States on , 1898, by

reason of -. (Here state the reason.)

The soldier was last paid to , 1898, and has pay due

him from that date to date of discharge.

There is due him for clothing not drawn in kind, $ ,

(or, He is indebted to the United States for clothing overdrawn,

$ ). He is indebted to the United States for C. & G. E., $ .

For court-martial forfeiture, $ .

The soldier is (or is not, as the case may be) entitled to
traveling allowances.

His signature appears below.

(Soldier's signature:)

Very respectfully,

Com'g Co. , Regt. , Vols.

^Soldiers are discharged for the following reasons:

1. By order of the President or the Secretary of
War.

2. By sentence of a general court-martial.

3. On surgeon's certificate of disability by direc-
tion of the commander of a territorial department or
army in the field. Department and corps commanders
are authorized to order discharge on certificates of dis-

lA. R. 140 and G. O. 100, 1898.

-12—

164 Customs of the Service,

ability, such orders to be carried out by the regimental,
independent battalion, battery, or detachment com-
mander, as the case may be, and the Final Statements
should show the authority for discharge and whether
or not the disability was caused by the soldier's own
misconduct. The requirements of G. O. No. 100, A. G.
O. 1898, should be carefully observed.

4. In compliance with an order of one of the
United States courts, or a justice- or judge thereof, or
on a writ of habeas corpus.

5. By expiration of term of service.

Under the head of "Remarks," the notation, "Ser-
vice honest and faithful," or "Service not honest and
faithful," as the case may be, must appear.

Travel-pay is forfeited:

1. By dishonorable discharge, per sentence of
court-martial.

2. When a soldier is discharged as a minor, or
for other cause involving fraud on his part in the
enlistment.

3. When, at date of discharge, the soldier is in
the hands of the civil authorities and undergoing im-
prisonment.

4. When discharged before expiration of term of
enlistment through fault of his.

5. When discharged by order of the Secretary of
War, or by corps or department commander, for disa-
bility, caused by his own misconduct.

Gustams of the Service. 165

6. When discJiarged by way of favor, as, "to en-
able him to accept a commission."

If for any of the above causes the soldier is not en-
titled to traveling allowances, the notation, "Not en-
titled to traveling allowances," must appear, and the
authority for the same must be stated.

Clothing Account

Settlement must be made by the company com-
mander, and the balance "due the United States," or
"due the soldier," must be stated.

In cases where clothing has been issued by the
State authorities, the following remark will be made
on the Final Statements: **In the settlement for cloth-
ing is included the sum of | , the total value of

articles issued him by the State." In cases where no
clothing was issued by the State, a remark to that
effect will be made.

^"By direction of the Secretary of War, enlisted
men discharged in Cuba, Porto Rico, Hawaii, the Philip-
pines, or other places outside of the United States, will
be provided free transportation to the United States on
Government transports upon direction of the command-
ing officers in the several localities^, and will be sub-
sisted by the Subsistence Department to the [ort of
destination. They will not be entitled to travel pay

iG. o. 5, 1899.

166 Customs of the Service,

from port of embarkation to the United States, nor to
commutation of rations for the time so subsisted on
the transports. The fact that such transportation and
subsistence have been furnished must be noted on
the Final Statements. Paymasters, when paying Final
Statements of soldiers discharged under above condi-
tions, will include in such payments travel allowances
from station to port of embarkation and from port of
arrival in the United States to place of enlistment or
enrollment."

U. S. ARMY RECRUITING CIRCULAR.

The following instructions will govern recruiting
for the Regular Army in time of war:

Applicants for enlistment must be between the
ages of 18 and 35 years, of good character and habits,
able-bodied, free from disease, and must be able to
speak the English language.

Married men will be enlisted only upon the ap-
proval of a regimental commander.

Minors must not be enlisted without the written
consent of father, only surviving parent, or legally
appointed guardian. Boys between the ages of 16 and
18, who may be needed as musicians, may be enlisted
as such, with the approval of the proper commanding
oflQcer.

Customs of the Service. 167

Original enlistments will be confined to persons
who are citizens of the United States, or who have
made legal declaration of their intention to become
citizens thereof.

Applicants will be required to satisfy the recruit-
ing officer regarding age and character, and should be
prepared to furnish the necessary evidence.

For Infantry and Artillery the height- must be not
less than Q^ve feet four inches, and weight not less than
one hundred and twenty (120) pounds and not more
than one hundred and ninety (190) pounds.

For Cavalry the height must not be less than five
feet four inches and not more than five feet ten inches,
and weight not to exceed one hundred and sixty-five
(165) pounds. No minimum weight is prescribed for
Cavalry, but the chest measures must be satisfactory.

It is not necessary that an applicant should con-
form exactly to the figures indicated in the table of
proportions, the variation of a few pounds in weight
either way, and of a fraction of an inch in chest meas-
ures, being permissible.

Applicants must defray their own expenses to the
place of enlistment. Their fitness for the military ser-
vice can be determined only upon examination at a
military post, or other recruiting station.

The term of service is three years.

All soldiers receive from the Government (in addi-

168 Customs of the Service,

tion to their pay) rations, clothing, bedding, medicines,
and medical attendance.

Whenever a soldier is honorably discharged at the
expiration of his enlistment, or on account of disability
not caused by his own misconduct, his travel-pay is
ample to carry him to the place of enlistment.

By care and economy, a soldier can save from his
clothing allowance a considerable sum, payable to him
on his discharge.

For soldiers who have served honestly and faith-
fully twenty years, or who have been discharged for
wounds received or disease incurred in service, a com-
fortable Home is maintained in the city of Washington.
The sum of 12| cents per month is deducted from each
soldier's pay, to be applied toward the support of the
Home. ^After thirty years' service, enlisted men are
entitled to be retired, and upon retirement receive
three-fourths of the monthly pay allowed by law to
them in the grade they held when retired, and |9.50 per
month as commutation for clothing and subsistence
Length of war service, with the Army, Navy, or Marine
Corps during the War of the Rebellion, will be doubled
in computing the thirty years.

lA. R. 135 et seq.

Customs of the Service. 169

THE SIGNAL CODE.

Flags are used, according to the light or shade or
background, as may be best adapted to surrounding
conditions.

Wave to the right is signal for one; to the left, for
two; to the front, for three.

Important messages are sent in cipher, and are, of
course, unintelligible from the Myei's code here given.

Letters.

A.,

,.. 22

J.... 1122

S..

. . 212

B..

..2112

K....2121

T...

,. -2

.. 121

L.... 221

IT...

. . 112

D..

.. 222

M....1221

V...

.1222

E..

.. 12

N.... 11

W...

,.1121

F..

..2221

0.... 21

X...

.2122

G..

..2211

P.... 1212

Y...

. Ill

H..

, .. 122

Q....1211

Z...

.2222

I..

.. 1

R....MGG
Numerals.

ti3n.

..1112

1..

..nil

4.... 2221

7...

.1222

2..

..2222

5.... 1122

8...

.2111

3..

..1112

6.... 2211
0....2112

9...

.1221

Abbreviations.

a... after b... before c.ean h...have ii...not r..are

t the u you ur.your w . . .word wi..with y. . yes

End of word. .3 End of sentence. .33 End of message. .333

170 Customs of the Service,

MISCELLANEOUS.

Colors,

The national color of stars and stripes, made of
silk, 5.6x4.4 inches, for regiments and the battalion of
Engineers.

The battalion color will be of scarlet silk.

The regimental color, for artillery, of scarlet silk;
for infantry, of blue silk; the regimental standard for
cavalry will be of yellow silk. The silken national
color or standard will be carried in battles^ campaigns,
and on all occasions of ceremony at regimental head-
quarters in which two or more companies of the regi-
ment participate.

A national color of bunting will be furnished for
use at drills and on marches.

Each troop of cavalry will have a silken guidon,
the upper part red and the lower whit^; each battery
of light artillery, a like guidon of scarlet silk. Service
guidons are for use at drills and on marches.

Camp colors, printed upon bunting, 18x20 inches.

For the Secretary of War the flag will be of scar-
let bunting, 12x6.8, having upon it an eagle with out-
stretched wings, .... in each corner a white star.

The colors will be of scarlet silk, 5.6x4.4,

trimmed with white knotted fringe. ...

Customs of the Service, 171

Flags.

The national flags are in three sizes: the garrison,
issued to certain designated posts only; the post, 20x10;
the storm, 8x4.2.

Hospital and ambulance flags, of white bunting,
with a red cross.

Salutes with Cannon.

Salutes will be fired between sunrise and sunset
only, and, as a rule, not on Sunday.

The salute to the Union consists of 1 gun for each
State, and is fired at noon on July 4th.

The national salute is 21 guns. Same to a national
flag.

The President, both on his arrival at and departure
from a military post, or when its vicinity, receives a
salute of 21 guns.

The Vice-President, the President of the Senate,
and ambassadors receive 19 guns.

Members of the Cabinet, the Chief Justice, the
Speaker of the House of Representatives, committees
of Congress oflicially visiting a military post, and
governors within their respective States or Territories
receive 17 guns.

The Assistant Secretary of War, 15 guns.

Envoys and ministers, 15 guns.

Ministers resident, 13 guns.

172 Customs of the Service.

Charges d'affaires, 11 guDS.
Consuls-general, 9 guns.
. The major-general commanding the Army, 15 guns.
A major-general, 13 guns.
A brigadier general, 11 guns.
For other details of honors, see A. R. 405 et seq.

Soldiers^ Home,

A deduction of 12^ cents per month is made from
the pay of soldiers for support of the Soldiers' Home
at Washington, D. C.

Detached Service.

Enlisted men, when detached from their compa-
nies, will be provided with descriptive lists showing
pay due them, condition of clothing allowance, and all
other information necessary to receiving pay and set-
tlement of accounts if discharged. This descriptive
list should be sent by mail, or it may be intrusted to
the oflScer or non-commissioned officer in charge of the
party.

The following enlisted men are entitled, at public
expense, when traveling under orders on public busi-
ness without troops, to a double berth In a sleeping-car
or to the customary state-room accommodations on
steamers where extra charge is made for the same: ser-
geant-majors, ordnance, commissary, and quartermas-
ter sergeants (post or regimental), hospital stewards,

Customs of the Service.

173

chief musicians, principal musicians, chief trumpeters,
saddler sergeants, and sergeants of the Signal Corps;
also invalid soldiers when so traveling, on the certifi-
cate of a medical officer showing the necessity therefor.

Officers^ Baggage,

The baggage to be transported at public expense,
including mess-chests and personal baggage, upon
change of station, will not exceed the following
weights '}

Major-General . ,

Brigadier general

Field officer

Captain.

First lieutenant . .

Second lieutenant

Acting assistant surgreon

Veterinary surgeon

Post and regfiraental non-commissioned staff offi-
cer, hospital steward, chief musician, and ser-
geant of the Signal Corps, each

In the

Chang-

Field.

ing-
vStation

Pounds.

1,000

3,500.

700

2,800

500

2,400'

200

2,000

150

1,700

150

1,500'

150

1,200^

150

500"

500

^For officers, when embarking under orders for
extended service over the sea for duty, the allowance
of baggage to be transported by the Quartermaster's
Department from initial point to port of embarkation
and from port of destination to garrison station will be

lA. R. 1119.
2G. O. 7, 1899.

174 Customs of the Service.

three times the allowance prescribed above for change
of station.

There is no public necessity demanding that the
allowance and excess be separated and shipped in dif-
ferent cars. It would be a hardship if the goods would
not be found to arrive together. If an officer changing
station elects to make a shipment of his entire belong-
ings in a car in the interests of economy to himself, he
can make claim for reimbursement of the amount accru-
ing on his allowance, at the car-load rate paid by him.
G. O. 46, A. G. 0. 1897, has withdrawn the prohibition
heretofore contained in A. R. 1118.

Deceased Soldiers.
Upon the death of a soldier, his immediate com-
mander is required to secure all his effects, and, in the
presence of two ofiScers, make inventory of the same,
to be forwarded with Final Statements to the War
Department. If the effects are not claimed within
thirty days, they will be sold by a council of administra-
tion and the proceeds transferred to the company com-
mander and by him deposited with a paymaster to the
credit of the United States. ( A. W. 126-7; Cir. A. G. O.
No. 27, 1897.) The remains of deceased soldiers will
be decently inclosed in coffins and transported by the
Quartermaster's Department to the nearest national
cemetery, unless otherwise ordered. The other ex-
penses of burial are limited to |35.00 for each enlisted
man.

Customs of the Service. 175

Public Quarters — Officers^

^"Regarding occupancy of public quarters at mili-
tary stations by families of officers ordered to duty
abroad, the Secretary of War has remarked that offi-
cers belonging to the garrison at any post must be
allowed to choose quarters as prescribed by the Regu-
lations, and thereafter any unoccupied quarters remain-
ing may be assigned in such manner as may be arranged
by the post commanders to families of officers absent
in the field or serving abroad. It is impossible to pre-
scribe any definite method to be pursued as to the dis-
tribution of quarters, but it is expected that families
will make use of them in such neighborly manner as to
accommodate the greatest number. Families availing
themselves of this privilege will be allowed to purchase
stores from the Commissary and Quartermaster's
Departments for their own use.''

Loss of Private Property.

See paragraph 723, Army Regulations, G. O. No.
35, A. G. O. 1896, and Circular No. 1, A. G. O. 1897.

Company Records,

The company records will consist of: a company
order book, a book of letters received and of letters
sent, with indexes, council book, sick report book.

iCir. January 19, 1899.

176 Customs of the Service,

clothing book, morning report book, descriptive book
of the officers and men who have ever belonged to the
company, a duty roster, and, for the mounted service,
a descriptive book of public animals. A record of vac-
cinations will be entered in the descriptive book. The
records will also contain orders and instructions re-
ceived and retained copies of all rolls, reports, corre-
spondence, etc.

Transfers.

Transfers will only be made for cogent reasons:
from one company to another of the same regiment,
not involving change of station, by the colonel; if in-
volving change of station within the department, with
consent of the department commander. From one regi-
ment to another, by the commanding general of the
Army.

Public Property.

Public property, expended, lost, or destroyed, must
be accounted for by affidavits, or other satisfactory
evidence.

Mourning.

The badge of military mourning is a knot of black
crape worn upon the sword hilt for a period not to ex-
ceed thirty days. As family mourning, officers may

Customs of the Service. 177

wear a straight band of crape five inches wide around
the left arm above the elbow.

Route Step,
Signal for: see G. O. No. 69, A. G. O. 1897.

Manual of Arms (Modified).

Adaptation of the manual for the service maga-
zine rifle, cal. 30, to the Springfield rifle, cal. 45, is pub-
lished in Circular No. 16, War Department, A. G. O.
1897.

The Post Exchange.

The Post Exchange is established by Army Regu-
lations (A. R. 325), and the experience of probably every
commanding officer in the Army has been that it en-
courages temperance, contentment, and good behav-
ior. Its main object is to provide comforts and neces-
sities for the men and to regulate the sale of beer to
them under army restrictions, so that no man is allowed
any excess; no whisky or strong liquors are ever sold.
The sales are made nearly at cost, instead of the old
sutler's exorbitant prices. A commissioned officer of
the Army is in charge of the business, and buys only
the best articles. Two of the captains, with the Ex-
change officer, further supervise the workings of the

178 Customs of the Service,

Exchange, and any profits at close of each month are
divided equitably among the companies for the exclu-
sive benefit of the soldiers' mess. A point to be remem-
bered is that where there is no Canteen, temptation is
held out to the soldier to buy poisonous stimulants in
the groggeries outside the camp, with the usual results.
The War Department has not yet extended this system
to troops in the field.

Visiting the Fortifications.

No persons, except officers of the Army and Navy
of the United States and persons in the service of the
United States employed in direct connection with the
use, construction, or care of these works, will be
allowed to visit any portion of the lake and coast de-
fenses of the United States, without the written author
ity of the commanding officer in charge, and he will
exercise great care in acting upon the applications to
visit the works, and will grant such only as may be
warranted for good and sufficient military reasons.

THE TRUMPET CALLS.

Rhyming words have been so cleverly fitted by
the soldiers themselves that the very notes seem to
speak the meaning expressed by the call.

For instance, for Reveille we have the rousing
refrain :

Customs of the Service. 179

I can't get 'em up, I can't get 'em up, I can't get 'em up in the

morning;
I can't get 'em up, I can't get 'em up, I can't get 'em up at all;
Corp'rals worse than the privates;
Sergeants worse than the corp'rals;
Lieut'nants worse than the sergeants,
And the capt'ns the worst of all.
Chorus —
I can't get 'em up, I can't get 'em up, etc.

For Dinner or Mess call the bugler says:

Soup-y, soup-y, soup,

Without a single bean;
Pork-y, pork-y, pork,

Without a streak of lean;
Coffee, coffee, coffee.

The meanest ever seen!

The military version of ^^Gabriel's trump," or Res-
urrection call, has taken the place of the old drum and
fife jingle:

Come and get your quinine, come and get your pills,
Oh! come and get your quinine, come and get your pills.

Which summons the halt and lame to the ^'sick bay"
and the doctor's tender mercies.

In the Army the new horses have to be carefully
trained to accustom their ears to strange noises, espe-
cially the clanging trumpet notes, which inseparably
accompany the "pomp and circumstance" of a military
life.

That they may be even better accustomed to the
meaning of these sounds than the soldiers themselves

—13—

180 Customs of the Service,

is evidenced daily in the life of a cavalry troop-horse.
They soon learn to distinguish the calls which affect
them individually, especially the Stable call.

Come all who are able and go to the stable
And get out your horses and give 'em some corn;

For if you don't do it, the col'nel will know it,
And then you will rue it, sure as you *re born.

That the sound of this martial refrain conveys a
distinct meaning to them other than the oft-recurring
calls in which they have no special interest is evinced
by the impatience of horses out on herd to return to the
picket line if the Stable call is sounded in camp some
distance away. Their restlessness, raised heads, and
eager neighing give indisputable evidence of the fact
that they recognize this call above all others. Like-
wise when turned out to graze the herd starts towarS
camp of their own accord at the sourd of the Recall,
and if at squadron maneuvers, and the drill is pro-
longed a trifle beyond the sounding of the Recall, the
troop-horses manifest much greater impatience to leave
the ranks than do the troopers, seeming to know, like
their riders, that the regulation drill hour has passed
and that the troops should be dismissed.

They soon learn to recognize the Skirmish and
Squadron Drill calls, and to distinguish them apart;
Trot, Gallop, Halt, Dismonnt, Deploy, Lie Down, Rise,
are frequently understood and obeyed as readily by the
horses as by their riders, and whether or not the troop-

Customs of the Service,

181

horse is guided by the hand on his bridle-rein, his sagac-
ity is such that he rarely or never loses his place in
the ranks.

The signal Taps, the final call at 11 p. m., is cred-
ited to Major Truman Seymour, Fifth United States
Artillery. If sounded with prolonged notes and expres
sion, the effect suggests "lights out," and custom has
established it at military funerals as a finale on the
trumpets to the firing salute.

EXTINGUISH LIGHTS-TAPS.

.o^''''^'^.

TRADE

The Warnock ^ew
Uniform Co. ^ork

19 & 21 WEST 31st ST.
Makers of Reliable Goods only

Military

Aiguilettes.
Army Hats.
Blouses.

Navy

Blouses.

Belts.

Braids.

Yachting
Golfing

Belts.

Busbies.

Buttons.

Clothing.

Caps.

Buttons.

Caps.

Cap Devices.

Cocked Hats.

Collar Devices.

Cycling

Shooting

Riding

Cap Covers.

Clothing.

Cap Cords.

Cloaks.

Chapeau.

Dress Coats.

Buttons.

Corps Badges.

Epaulettes.

Braids.

Capes.

Collar Devices.

Embroideries.

Coats.

Gloves.

Capes.

Chevrons.

Gold Braids.

Caps.

Campaign Hats.

Gold Cords.

Clothing.

Dress Coats.

Gold Laces.

Cap Covers.

Drill Regulations.

Japanned Cases.

Cap Devices.

Epaulettes.

Overcoats.

Club Emblems.

Embroideries.

Shoulder Knots.

Cap Ribbons.

Gauntlets.

Shoulder Straps.

Embroideries.

Gloves.

Swords.

Monograms.

Gold Cords

Sword Cases.

Riding Breeches.

Gold Braids.

Sword Knots.

Specialties.

Gold Laces.

Sleeve Stars.

Trousers.

Helmets.

Trousers.

Uniforms.

Helmet Cords.

Uniforms.

Vests.

Leggins.

Overcoats.

Pompons.

Plumes.

Riding Breeches.

Estimates

Sabres.
Swords.

Designs

Cheerfully

Shakos.
Spurs.

Submitted

Shoulder Knots.
Shoulder Straps,
Sashes.

Samples

Sword Knots.

Sword Cases.

Saddle Clothes.

Service Trunks.

Trousers.
Trouser Stripes.

Uniforms an

d Equipments

Tactics.
Uniforms.

altered to pro

motion changes

International Military Series.

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LIEUT.-COLONBtv ARTHUR L. WAGNER,

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HORSES SADDLES AND BRIDLE'4, by Mcj )r William H. Carter,
Asst. Adjc.-Gen.. tr. S. A. This b)ok has been officially
adopted by the War Department as a standard in the ex-
amination of officers of the Regular Army for promotion.
In the future this publication will be on sale through the
Hudson- Kimberlv Publishing Co., Kansas City, Mo. Full
elolh, 368 pages, illustrated, price, 52.75.

Hudson-Kimberly Publishing Co.

1014-1016 Wyandotte St., Kansas City, Mo.

Military Publications.

CATECHISM AL EDITION OF THE INFANTRY DRILL BKGUL \-
TIONS UNITED STATES ARMY. Extended Order. Gen^-rjil
Principles; Leading the Squad ; Tlie Squad; The PI itoou ;
The Company; I he iJattalion; The Regiment; The Krigade
in Battle. Prepared by Major Wm. F. Spurgin, 23d In-
fantry. Price, tag-hoard cover, 25c; blue cloth, 50c.

DICKMA>'S FIELD HOLDER, with blanks for Road and l»osi-
tion Sketching on Practice Marches, Advance and Hear
Guard Duty, Outposts, Relay Lines, and with In^itruc-
tions for the Men in the Duties of Orderlies and Mes en-
gers. Price, 75c; additional Books or Fillers, 25c

THE CONDUCT OF WAR. By Lieat.-General von derGoUz,
Prussian Army. Full blue cloth, $2 00.

MANUAL OF MILITARY FIELD ENGINEERING, for the use of Offi-
cers and Troops of the Line. Prepared at the U. S. Infan-
try and Cavalry School by the Department of Engineer-
ing. Captain Wm. D. Beach, Third Cavalry, Instructor.
Price, $1.75.

MILITARY TOPOGRAPHY AND SKETCHING, a Revised Edition,
prepared for the Use of the Department of bJngiiieer-
ing, United States Infantry and Cavalry School of Fort
Leaveaworth, by Lieut. Edwin A Root. 280 pages, full
cloth, $2.50.

THE WAR GAME SIMPLIFIED, after the method of General
Verdy du Vernois. Designed for the use of beginners as
well as advanced study of the Military Art. Published
with full-sized Mops and complete apparatus for conduct-
ing an exercise of the Three Arms Combined. The trans-
lation and arrangement are the work of Captain Eben
Swift, Fifth Cavalry, formerly in charge of the conduct
of the War Game at the United States Infantry and
Cavalry School. Price. $5.00.

AFIELD MESSAGE-BOOK, for the use of Signalists and Army
Officers in the field. Designed by Major Howard A. Gid-
dings. Brigade Signal Officer Connecticut Nationa.
Guard. Cipher disk, pencil, blanks, tiansfer sheets, and
filing pockets, all in a compact water-proof cover. Com-
plete, 75 blanks in pad, compressed-lead pencil. Sent post-
paid to any address upon receipt of price, $1 00. Extra
puds, 25 cents.

INFANTRY FIRE; ITS USE IN BATTLE, by Jos. B. Batchelor, Jr.,
First Lieutenant Twenty fourth United States Infantry.
Handsomely bound in leather and complete with tables
and illustrations. Sent post-paid upon receipt of price,

$2.00.

Hudson-Kimberly Publishing Co

1014-1016 WyatidoUe St., Kansas City, Mo.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY,
BERKELEY

THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE

STAMPED BELOW

Books not returned on time are subject to a fine of
50c per volume after the third day overdue, increasing
to $1.00 per volume after the sixth day. Books not in
demand may be renewed if application is made before
expiration of loan period.

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