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VY^ 


THE    CYCLOPAEDIA   OF 
AMERICAN  BIOGRAPHY 

VOLUME  VIII 


/^OST 


THE  CYCLOPAEDIA 

■■      OF 

AMERICAN  BIOGRAPHY 


NEW  ENLABGKD  EDITION  OF 

APPLETON'S   CYCLOPEDIA 
OF  AMERICAN  BIOGRAPHY 

ORIGINALLY  EDITED  BY 

James  Grant  Wilson  and  John  Fiske 


EDITED  BY 

James  E.  Homans 

WITH  AN  INTRODUCTION  BY 

RossiTER  Johnson,  Litt.  D. 


John  W.  Fat,  Managing  Editor 


/.  I', 


VOLUME  VIII 

non-alphabetical 
with  index 


NEW  YORK 
THE   PRESS   ASSOCIATION  COMPILERS,   INC. 

1918 


1/.  2 


CoPTBiGHT.  1886,  1887,  1894,  1898,  1900 

By  D.  APPLETON  AND  COMPANY 


Revised  and  Enlarged  Edition 

[COPYRIGHT,   1918,   BY  THB  PRESS  ASSOCIATION  COMPILBBS,  INC.] 


J$tu€d  by  special  arrangement  with  D  Appleton  <&  Co.,  wTio  have  granted 
the  present  publishers  the  use  of  their  plates  and  copyrighted  material. 


INTRODUCTION  TO  THE  EIGHTH  VOLUME 


When  The  CYCLOP.ia)iA  op  American  Biography  was  completed  by  the 
publication  of  the  sixth  volume,  it  was  the  most  extended  and  most  perfect  work 
of  its  kind  that  ever  had  been  made  in  America.  It  was  the  product  of  expert 
editors  with  a  specially  chosen  and  carefully  trained  staff  of  writers,  backed  by 
one  of  the  oldest  and  most  liberal  publishing-houses  in  the  country.  Every 
source  of  authentic  information — printed,  manuscript,  or  oral — was  laid  under 
contribution.  Every  subject  treated  was  shown  at  his  best,  with  mention  of  his 
most  interesting  and  most  significant  work,  but  with  no  taint  of  fulsome  eulogy 
— nothing  extenuated,  nothing  set  down  in  malice.  Every  page  was  made  up 
of  honest  work;  every  square  inch  was  carefully  edited. 

But  any  book  of  reference  is  impaired  by  age — not  because  it  becomes 
untrue,  but  because  the  world  moves  continually.  The  schoolboy  of  yesterday 
is  the  vigorous  man  of  to-day,  and  may  be  the  gray-haired  sage  of  to-morrow. 
The  youth  who  drives  a  team  on  the  towpath  may  become  President,  and  the 
newsboy  in  the  train  may  turn  out  to  be  the  greatest  inventor  of  the  age.  One 
man  passes  into  history,  and  another  springs  into  prominence.  There  comes  a 
time  when  it  seems  as  if  art,  literature,  statesmanship  and  economic  invention 
had  arrived  at  their  zenith,  and  there  is  nothing  to  do  but  close  the  record  and 
bind  up  the  work.  Then  pessimistic  critics  talk  complacently  about  degeneracy 
and  the  ''twilight  of  the  gods."  But  suddenly  a  new  genius  arises,  and  creates 
a  new  school ;  or  there  is  a  scientific  or  economic  development  that  calls  for  new 
energies,  and  the  new  energies  are  forthcoming,  and  it  seems  as  if  a  greater 
sun  had  risen  upon  the  earth.  The  electric  telegraph  appeared  to  be  the  ultimate 
thing  for  transmission  of  intelligence,  until  the  telephone  came,  and  after  that 
the  wireless.  Tennyson's  vision  of  ''the  nations'  airy  navies  grappling  in  the 
central  blue"  was  only  a  poet's  dream  till  the  astronomer  Langley  and  the 
Wright  brothers  made  it  a  possibility,  and  the  great  war  in  Europe  made  it 
a  reality. 

The  cardinal  principles  of  any  science  remain  unchanged,  while  the  dis- 
coveries and  materials  with  which  it  must  work  are  new.  As  with  the  original 
volumes,  so  in  preparing  the  new  volumes  of  this  work  the  same  general  course 
has  been  followed — the  same  careful  choice  of  writers,  the  same  wide  but  dis- 
criminating search  for  subjects,  the  same  nice  scrutiny  of  all  the  work.  One 
strong  feature  of  the  original  volumes  was  recognition  of  the  fact  that  the 
Americans  are  the  most  inventive  people  that  ever  lived,  and  their  notable  and 


INTRODUCTION  TO  THE  EIGHTH  VOLUME 

successful  inventions  outnumber  those  of  all  other  nations  together.  In  view 
of  this,  the  editors  of  that  work  took  especial  pains  to  record  the  lives  and 
achievements  of  American  inventors.  In  all  earlier  works  of  the  kind,  while 
statesmen,  clergymen,  authors  and  artists  had  been  looked  after,  inventors  had 
been  neglected. 

Similarly  to  that,  the  editors  of  the  Seventh  and  Eighth  volumes  have 
recognized  the  fact  that  ours  is  the  richest  and  most  powerful  nation  on  the 
globe,  and  have  also  recognized  the  fact  that  it  has  been  made  so  largely  by 
our  oaptains  of  industry  and  other  foremost  men  of  business.  These,  therefore, 
are  well  represented;  so  that  when  one  looks  upon  our  evidences  of  prosperity 
and  asks:  "Who  brought  this  about?"  these  volumes  will  answer  his  question. 
How  much  and  how  rapidly  events  have  moved  may  be  comprehended  if 
but  a  few  names  are  recalled  of  men  and  women  who  were  not  mentioned  in 
the  six  volumes,  but  have  since  risen  to  such  eminence  that  no  such  work  can 
now  omit  them.  These  include:  Presidents  and  vice-presidents  of  the  United 
States;  numerous  governors  of  states  who  have  risen  to  national  prominence; 
several  now  noted  statesmen  and  former  candidates  for  the  Presidency; 
numerous  army  and  navy  officers,  whose  names  are  now  constantly  before  the 
public;  several  prelates  already  historic  for  their  good  works;  great  scientists, 
inventors,  captains  of  industry,  authors,  artists  and  men  of  affairs. 

These  later  volumes  are  enriched  with  an  unusual  number  of  excellent 
portraits;  so  that  the  reader  may  not  only  learn  of  a  distinguished  man's 
achievements  but  meet  him  face-to-face  and  exercise  whatever  he  possesses  of 
the  art  of  physiognomy. 

ROSSITER  JOHNSON. 


SOME  OF  THE  CHIEF  CONTEIBUTORS 

TO  APPLETONS'  CYCLOPEDIA  OF  AMERICAN  BIOGRAPHY 


Adams,  Charles  Kendall, 

President    Cornell    University. 

Agassiz,  Alexander, 

Author  and  Professor. 

Allen,  Joseph  Henry,  D.D., 

Author  "  Hebrew  Men  and  Times." 

Allibone,  S.  Austin, 

Author    "  Dictionary   of   Authors." 

Amory,  Thomas  C, 

Author    "  Life   of   General    Sullivan,"    etc. 

Bancroft,  George, 

Author   "  History   of   the   United    States." 

Barrett,  Lawrence, 

Author   "  Life   of   Edwin   Forrest." 

Bayard,  Thomas  F., 

Secretary   of   State. 

Benjamin,  Samuel  G.  W., 

Late  U.  S.  Minister  to  Persia. 

Bigelow,  John, 

Author   "  Life   of   Franklin,"   etc. 

Boker,  George  H., 

Poet,  late  Minister  to  Russia. 

Botta,  Mrs.  Vincenzo,  . 

Author  and  Poet. 

Bradley,  Joseph  P., 

Judge  United  States  Supreme  Court. 
Brooks,  Phillips, 

Author  "  Sermons  in  English  Churches." 

Buckley,  James  Monroe,  D.D., 

Methodist  Clergyman  and  Editor. 

Carter,  Franklin, 

President  Williams  College. 

Chandler,  William  E., 

Ex-Secretary  of  the   Navy. 

Clarke,  James  Freeman, 

Author   "  Ten   Great   Religions  "   etc. 

Conway,  Moncure  D., 

Miscellaneous  Writer. 

Cooper,  Miss  Susan  Fenimore, 

Author   '*  Rural  Hours,"   etc. 

Coppee,  Henry, 

Professor  Lehigh  University,   Pa. 

Coxe,  Arthur  Cleveland, 

Bishop  Western  New  York. 

CuUum,  Gen.  George  W., 

Author    "  Register    of    West    Point    Graduates,' 
etc. 

Curry,  Daniel,  D.D., 

Author  and  Editor. 


Curtis,  George  Ticknor, 

Author  "  Life  of  James  Buchanan,"  etc. 
Curtis,  George  William, 

Author  and  Editor. 

Custer,  Mrs.  Elizabeth  B., 

Author  "  Boots  and  Saddles." 

Didier,  Eugene  L., 

Author  "  Life  of  Edgar  Allan  Poe." 

Diz,  Morgan, 

Rector  Trinity  Church,  New  York. 

Doane,  William  C, 

Bishop  of  Albany. 

Drake,  Samuel  Adams, 

Author    "  Historic    Personages   of    Boston,"    etc. 

Draper,  Lyman  C, 

Secretary  Wisconsin  Historical  Society. 

Du  Pont,  Col.  Henry  A., 

U.   S.  Senator  from  Delaware. 
Egan,  Maurice,  F.,  LL.D., 

U.  S.  Minister  to  Denmark. 
Fiske,  John, 

Author  and  Professor.. 

Frothingham,  Octavius  B., 

Author  "  Life  of  George  Ripley." 
Gayarre,  C.  E.  A., 

Author  "  History  of  Louisiana." 
Gerry,  Elbridge  T., 

Member  of  New  York  Bar. 
Gilder,  Jeanette  L., 

Editor  and  Critic. 

Gilman,  Daniel  C, 

President  Johns  Hopkins  University. 
Goodsell,  Rev.  D.  A., 

Methodist  Episcopal  Bishop. 

Greely,  A.  W.,  U.  S.  A., 

Author  "  Three  Years  of  Arctic  Service." 
Hale,  Edward  Everett, 

Author  "  Franklin  in  France,"  etc. 

Hart,  Samuel,  D.D.,  ^ 

Professor  in  Trinity  College. 

Hay,  Col.  John, 

Late  U.   S.  Secretary  of  State. 

Haydon,  Rev.  Horace  E., 

Author  "  Pollock  Genealogy  "  etc. 
Higginson,  Col.  T.  W., 

Author  "  History  of  the  United  States,"  etc. 
Hilliard,  Henry  W., 

Ex-United   States  Senator  from  Georgia. 


vii 


THE  CYCLOPAEDIA  OF  AMERICAN  BIOGRAPHY 


Holmes,  Oliver  Wendell,  M.D., 

Phytician    and    Poet. 

Howe,  Mrs.  Julia  Ward, 

Author  ••  Later  Lyric*,"  etc. 
Howe,  Bt.  Bev.  M.  A.  de  Wolfe, 

Protestant   Episcopal   Bishop. 
Isaacs,  Abraxn  S.,  Ph.  D., 

Editor  "  The  Jewish  Messenger." 
Jay,  John, 

Late  Minister  to  Austria. 
Johnson,  Oen.  Bradley  T., 

Member  Maryland  Bar. 

Johnson,  Bossiter, 

Author  "  History  of  the  War  of   1812,"  etc. 

Johnston,  William  Preston, 

President  Tulane  University. 

Jones,  Bev.  J.  William, 

Secretary  Southern  Historical  Society. 

Kendrick,  J.  Byland,  D.D., 

Ex-President   Vassar  College. 

Kobbe,  Oustav, 

Musical     Editor     of     New     York     "  Mail     and 
Express." 

Lathrop,  George  Parsons, 

Author  *'  A  Study  of  Hawthorne,"  etc. 
-Lincoln,  Bobert  T., 

Ex-Secretary  of  War. 

Lodge,  Henry  Cabot, 

Author  "  Life  of  Hamilton." 

Lowell,  James  Bussell,  LL.D., 

Poet  and  Author. 

MacVeagh,  Wayne, 

Ex-Attorney-General,   U.   S. 

Harble,  Manton, 

Late  Editor  "  The  World." 

Ilathews,  William, 

Author  "  Orators  and  Oratory,"  etc. 

McMaster,  John  Bach, 

Author    "  History   of  the    People  of   the   United 
Sutes." 

Mitchell,  Donald  G., 

Author  "  Reveries  of  a  Bachelor,"  etc. 
Norton,  Prof.  Charles  Eliot, 

Professor   Harvard    University. 

O'Neal,  Edward  A., 

Governor  of  Alabama. 

Parker,  Cortlandt, 

Member  of  the  New  Jersey  Bar. 

Parkman,  Francis, 

Author  "  Frontenac,"  "  French  in  Canada,"  etc. 

Parton,  James, 

Author   and    Essayist. 

Phelps,  William  Walter, 

Member  of  Congress  from  New  Jersey. 
Porter,  David  D., 

Admiral  United  States  Navy. 

Porter,  Gen.  Horace, 

Ex-U.    S.  Ambassador   to   France. 


Preston,  Mrs.  Margaret  J., 

Author  and   Poet. 

Bead,  Gen.  J.  Meredith, 

Late  Minister  to  Greece. 

Beid,  Whitelaw, 

Editor  of  New   York  "  Tribune." 
Bobinson,  E.  G., 

President  Brown  University. 

Bomero,  Mattias, 

Mexican  Minister  to  United  States. 

Boyce,  Josiah, 

Professor  California  University. 
Sanborn,  Miss  Kate, 

Miscellaneous  Writer. 

Schurz,  Carl, 

Ex-Secretary  of  the  Interior. 

Shaler,  Nathaniel  Southgate,  ^ 

Professor  in  Harvard   College. 

Sherman,  William  T., 

Late  General  of  the  Army. 

Sloane,  Prof.  T.  O'Conor, 

Electrical   Expert  and  Author. 

Smith,  Charles  Emory, 

Editor   Philadelphia   "  Press." 

Spencer,  Jesse  Ames, 

Author  and  Professor. 

Stedman,  Edmund  C, 

Author  "  Poets  of  America,"  etc. 

Stoddard,  Bichard  Henry, 

Author  "  Songs  of  Summer,"  etc. 

Stone,  William  L., 

Author  "  Life  of  Red  Jacket,"  etc. 

Strong,  William, 

Ex-Judge  U.  S.  Supreme  Court. 
Todd,  Charles  Burr, 

Author   "  Life  of  Joel   Barlow." 
Tucker,  J.  Bandolph, 

Member  of  Congress  from  Virginia. 
Waite,  Morrison  B., 

Chief  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court. 
Warner,  Charles  Dudley, 

Author  and   Editor. 

Washburne,  E.  B., 

Late  Minister  to  France. 

Welling,  James  C, 

President  Columbian  University. 

Whitman,  Walter, 

Author   "  Leaves  of  Grass,"   etc. 

Whittier,  John  Greenleaf, 

Poet,   Essayist   and    Reformer. 
Wilson,  Gen.  Jas.  Grant, 

President  Genealogical  and  Biographical  Society. 
Winter,  William, 

Poet  and  Theatrical  Critic. 
Winthrop,  Robert  C, 

Ex-United   States   Senator. 

Young,  John  Russell, 

Late  U.   S.   Minister   to   China. 


viii 


NEW  REVISED  EDITION  OF  THE  CYCLOPEDIA- 
OF  AMERICAN  BIOGRAPHY 


For  kind  assistance  in  the  preparation  of  the  present  revised  edition  of  the  Cyclopaedia  of  American  Biog- 
raphy, special  acknowledgments  are  due  to  the  following  for  suggestions,  revisions  of  articles,  or  for  original 
contributions.  .'"^ 


Abbott,  Rev.  Lyman,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  L.H.D., 

Editor  "The  Outlook";  Author. 

Adams,  Oscar  Fay, 

Critic,  Poet  and  Lecturer. 

Ade,  George, 

Author  and  Playwright. 

Bacon,  Edwin  Munroe, 

Former  Chief  Editor  Boston  "  Post." 

Bailey,  Liberty  Hyde, 

Author  and  Horticulturist. 

Baldwin,  Simeon  E., 

Ex-Governor  of  Connecticut. 

Bartlett,  Robert  A., 

Arctic  Explorer. 

Bates,  Lindon  W., 

Civil  Engineer  and  Author. 

Bigelow,  Poultney,  , 

Author  and  Traveler. 

Bolton,  Charles  Knowles, 

Author;   Librarian  Boston  Atheneum. 
Bowker,  Richard  R., 

Editor  and  Author. 

Brashear,  John  Alfred,  Sc.D.,  LL.D., 

Chairman    Educational    Fund    Commission,    Pitts- 
burgh; Scientist. 

Brigham,  Johnson, 

Librarian  Iowa  State  Library. 

Brown,  Elmer  Ellsworth,  Ph.D.,   LL.D., 

Chancellor  New  York  University. 

Burrell,  Rev.  David  James,  D.D.,  LL.D., 

Pastor    Marble    Collegiate     (Reformed)     Church, 
New  York;  Author. 

Burroughs,  John, 

Naturalist  and   Author. 

Caffey,  Francis  Gordon, 

Lawyer. 

Cameron,  Charles  E.,  M.D., 

Historian  and  Surgeon. 

Carus,  Paul,  Ph.D., 

Editor,   Philosopher,  Orientalist. 

Casson,  Herbert  Newton, 

Journalist  and  Author. 

Cattell,  James  McKeen,  Ph.D.,  LL.D., 

Professor  Columbia  University,  New  York. 

Chambers,  Julius, 

Journalist,  Author,  Playwright. 

Church,  William  Conant, 

Journalist,  Soldier  and  Author. 

Clark,  Champ, 

Speaker  United  States  House  of  Representatives. 
Clarke,  Joseph  I.  C, 

punia/Mt  and  Playwright. 


Coffin,  William  Anderson, 

Artist  and  Author. 

Coley,  William  Bradley,  M.D., 

Professor   Cornell   University   Medical   School. 

Cook,  John  Williston, 

President  N.   Illinois   State   Normal   School. 

Coolidge,  Hon.  Louis  Arthur, 

Ex-Assistant  Secretary  of  the  Treasury. 
Connor,  Robert  Digges  Wimberly,  Ph.D. 

Secretary  N.   C.  Historical   Commission. 

Crandall,  William  S., 

Journalist  and  Historian. 

Davenport,  Charles  Benedict,  Ph.D., 

Biologist,   Carnegie   Institution. 

Day,    Rev.    James    Roscoe,    D.D.,    LL.D., 
S.T.D.,  D.C.L., 

Chancellor   Syracuse  University. 

De  Land,  Frederic, 

Director    Volta  Bureau,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Dixon,  Hon.  Joseph  Moore, 

Ex-Senator    from   Montana,   Lawyer,    Editor. 

Doane,    Rt.-Rev.    William   Croswell,    D.D- 
LL.D.,  D.C.L., 

Late  Episcopal  Bishop  of  Albany,  N.  Y.    Author. 

Ettinger,  F.  Sumner, 

Editor  and  Historian, 

Eitel,  Edmund  H., 

Author  and  Biographer. 

Fackenthal,  Frank  Diehl, 

Secretary  Columbia  University. 

Farley,  Most  Rev'd  John  Cardinal, 

Cardinal  Archbishop  of  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Farwell,  Arthur, 

Journalist  and  Composer. 

Fay,  John  W., 

Editor  and  Historian. 

Finley,  John  Huston,  A.M.,  Ph.D.,  LL.D., 

Ex-President  College  City  of  New  York. 
Foster,  William  Eaton,  A.M.,  Litt.D., 

Librarian  Public  Library,   Providence,   R.   I. 
George,  Henry,  Jr., 

Congressman  and  Author. 

Gilbert,  Henry  Franklin  Belknap, 

Musician  and  Composer. 

Gilman,  Lawrence, 

Musical  Critic  and  Author. 

Goethals,  George  W.,  LL.D., 

Major-General    United    States   Army;    Builder   of 
the  Panama  Canal. 

Gore,  Hon.  Thomas  Pryor, 

U.   S.   Senator  from  Oklahoma. 

Grosvenor,  Gilbert  H., 

Director  National  Geographic  Society. 


iz 


THE  CYCLOPEDIA  OF  AMERICAN  BIOGRAPHY 


Hamilton,  J.  O.  d«  Boulhac, 

Trofckftor   UniverMly  of  North  Carolina. 

Hanna,  Hon.  Louia  Benjamin, 

Governor  of  North  Dakota. 

Hazard,  Caroline,  A.M.,  Litt.D.,  LL.D., 

I'roidcnt    WclloJey   College,   Mass. 

Henderson,  Archibald,  A.M.,  Ph.D., 

I'rofcssor  University  of  North  Carolina. 

Henry,  Horace  Chapin,  C.E., 

Railroad   Builder. 

Hill,  Bev.  John  Wesley,  D.D.,  LL.D., 

Clergyman.  Lecturer  and  Reformer. 

Holland,     William    Jacob,     Ph.D.,     Sc.D., 
LL.D., 

Zoologist,  Director  Carnegie  Museum,  Pittsburgh. 

Hooper,  William  L.,  Ph.D., 

Professor   Tufts  College,   Mass. 

Howard,  Herbert  S., 

Naval   Constructor,   U.   S.  Navy. 

lies,  George, 

Author  and  Editor. 

James,  Henry,  Jr., 

Manager   Rockefeller  Institute,  New  York. 

Jenks,  George  Charles, 

Author  and  Journalist. 

Johnson,  Bossiter, 

Editor  and  .\uthor. 

Kelley,    William    Valentine,    D.D.,    LL.D., 
L.H.D., 

Clergyman,  Author  and  Editor. 

Kennelly,  Arthur  Edwin,  A.M.,  Sc.D., 

Professor  Harvard  University. 

Kenyon,  James  Benjamin,  Litt.D., 

Poet,  Author,  Editor. 

Lawrence,  Bt.-Bev.  William,  S.T.D.,  LL.D., 

Bishop  of  Massachusetts. 

Lodge,  Hon.  Henry  Cabot,  Ph.D.,  LL.D., 

U.  S.  Senator  from  Massachusetts,  Author. 

MacCracken,   Bev.   Henry   Mitchell,   D.D., 
LL.D., 

Former  Chancellor  of  New  York  University. 

McGill,  William  A., 

Editor  and  Historian. 

McGovem,  Hon.  Francis  Edward, 

Governor  of  Wisconsin. 

Mantle,  Lee, 

Former  U.   S.   Senator  from  Montana. 

Markham,  Edwin, 

Poet,  .Author  and  Reformer. 

Martin,  Frederick  Boy, 

Assistant  General  Manager  Associated  Press. 

Marvin,    Bev.    Frederick    Bowland,    D.D.. 
M.D. 

Clergyman,  Author  and  Essayist. 
Maxim,  Hudson,  Sc.D., 

Inventor  and  Author. 

Mead,  William  Butherford,  LL.D., 

Architect. 

Meany,  Edmond  Stephen,  M.S.,  Litt.M., 

Professor   University  of  Washington. 

Miller,  Marion  Mills,  Litt.D., 

Editor  and  Poet. 

Mitchell,  Silas  Weir,  M.D.,  LL.D., 

Physician  and  Author. 

Moore,  Hon.  Miles  Conway, 

Last  Governor  Washington  Territory. 


Morgan,  Forrest,  A.M., 

Asst.   Librarian   Watkinson  Library,   Hartford. 
Moss,  Frank,  LL.D., 

Asst.    Dist.   Attorney,   New   York   City. 

Muir,  John,  A.M.,  LL.D.,  L.H.D., 

Geologist,  Naturalist,  Author. 

Munroe,  Charles  Edward,  Ph.D., 

Dean  Corcoran  Scientific  School.    Washington. 

Nelson,  Bt.-Bev.  Charles  Kinloch,  D.D., 

Bishop  of  Atlanta. 

Norris,  Hon.  Edwin  Lee, 

Ex-Governor  of  Montana. 

Parkinson,  Arthur  E., 

Educator  and  Historian. 

Penrose,  Bev.  Stephen,  B.L.,  D.D., 

President   Whitman   College,   Washington. 

Piper,  Edgar  Bramwell, 

Mng.    Editor    "  Morning    Oregonian,"    Portland, 

Porter,  Gen.  Horace,  LL.D. 

Soldier,    Diplomat,    Author. 

Bajrmond,    Bossiter    Worthington,    Ph.D., 
LL.D., 

Mining  Engineer,  Editor,  Author. 

Boberts,  Brigham  Henry, 

Ex-Congressman  from  Utah;  Author. 

Sargent,  Charles  Sprague, 

Arboriculturist  and  Author. 

Seward,  Hon.   Frederick  William,  LL.D., 

Lawyer,  Statesman,  Author. 

Simmons,    Dr.     George    H.,    M.D.,     L.M. 
LL.D., 

Physician,  Medical  Writer  and  Editor. 
Sheer,  Bev.  Thomas  Boberts,  A.M.,  D.D., 

Pastor  All  Souls'  Church,  New  York;  Author. 
Smalley,  Frank,  A.M.,  LL.D., 

Dean  College  Liberal  Arts,  Syracuse  University, 

Sonnichsen,  Albert, 

Author,    Journalist,    Economist. 
Spencer,  Frederick  W., 

Educator  and  Historian. 

Stewart,  Hon.   Samuel  Vernon, 

Ex-Governor  of  Montana. 

Stuart,  Hon.  Granville, 

Librarian  Public  Library,  Butte,  Mont. 

Taft,  Hon.  William  Howard,  LL.D., 

Ex-President  of  the  United  States. 
Taylor,  Charles  Henry, 

Editor  "  Boston  Daily  Globe." 

Turner,  Hon.  George, 

Ex-Senator  from  Washington. 

TJpham,  Warren,  A.M., 

Secretary  Minnesota  State  Historical  Society. 
Van  Dyke,  Hon.  Henry,  D.D.,  LL.D., 

U.   S.  Minister  to  Holland. 

Van  Dyke,   John  Charles,   L.H.D., 

Professor  in  Rutgers  College. 

Wakefield,  Hon.  W.  J.  C, 

Lawyer  and  Jurist. 

White,     Hon.     Andrew     Dickson,     LL.D.. 
L.H.D.,  D.C.L.,  * 

^°Educ  t^*    ^"    ■'^'"'^*^'"    *°    Germany;    Author; 
Wood,  Charles  Erskine  Scott, 

Soldier,  Lawyer,  Author. 

Woodberry,  George  Edward,  Litt.D.,  LL.D., 

Professor  Columbia  University. 


APPLETONS' 

CYCLOPJDIA  OF  AMERICAN  BIOGRAPHY 


CHOATE 

CHOATE,  Joseph  Hodges,  lawyer,  b.  in  Salem, 
Mass.,  24  Jan.,  1832;  d.  in  New  York  City,  14 
May,  1917,  son  of  George  and  Margaret  Man- 
ning (Hodges)  Choate.  His  first  paternal 
American  ancestor,  John  Choate,  emigrated 
from  Colchester,  England,  in  1643,  and  settled 
in  the  town  that  is  now  Ipswich,  Mass.  His  son 
Thomas  was  the  first  of  the  family  to  occupy 
Choate  Island.  Thomas's  son  Francis  (1701- 
77 )  was  a  farmer.  William,  son  of  Francis 
(1730-85),  was  a  sea  captain.  His  son  George 
married  Susanna,  daughter  of  Judge  Stephen 
Choate.  Their  son  George,  a  physician  (1796- 
1880 ) ,  married  Margaret  Manning,  daughter 
of  Gamaliel  Hodges,  of  Salem.  He  was  a 
graduate  of  Harvard,  and  to  that  institution 
he  sent  his  sons  William  Gardiner  and  Joseph 
Hodges,  who  were  graduated  in  1852,  William 
being  valedictorian  and  Joseph  ranking  fourth 
in  the  class  and  delivering  the  Latin  oration. 
Joseph  studied  two  years  in  Dane  Law  School, 
then  for  one  year  in  the  ofhce  of  Leverett 
Saltonstall  in  Boston,  and  in  1855  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  Massachusetts  bar.  In  that 
year  he  went  to  New  York,  bearing  a  letter 
of  introduction  from  his  father's  cousin,  Rufus 
Choate,  to  William  M.  Evarts.  In  1856  he 
was  admitted  to  the  New  York  bar  and  en- 
tered the  office  of  Butler,  Evarts  and  South- 
mayd.  In  1859  he  became  a  member  of  the 
firm  of  Evarts,  Southmayd  and  Choate  and 
in  1884  this  firm  became  Evarts,  Choate  and 
Beaman.  By  his  habit  of  close  study,  his 
fine  presence,  his  masterly  oratory,  his  wide 
reading,  his  marvelous  memory,  and  his  keen 
wit  Mr.  Choate  rapidly  attained  high  rank  in 
his  profession  and  was  known  as  one  of  the 
ablest  and  best-equipped  lawyers  of  the  New 
York  bar.  It  was  said  that  he  was  "  a  spe- 
cialist in  every  branch  of  the  law."  This 
was  due  to  the  fact  that  when  he  entered 
upon  a  case  he  carefully  studied  everything 
connected  with  it,  so  that  in  some  instances 
he  might  be  said  to  have  mastered  a  science 
in  order  to  apply  his  knowledge  of  it  to  the 
case  in  hand.  It  was  notable  that  his  talents 
were  not  always  arrayed  in  defense  of  the  same 
general  principles.  He  might  at  one  time 
plead  for  the  rights  and  privileges  of  the  fed- 
eral government,  against  the  encroachments  of 
corporations,  and  again  push  to  the  utmost 
the^  claims  of  individuals  or  corporations 
against  the  government.    His  justification  may 


CHOATE 

be  found  in  some  of  his  public  utterances.  In 
his  speech  when  he  unveiled  the  statue  of 
Rufus  Choate  he  said :  "  His  theory  of  ad- 
vocacy was  the  only  possible  theory  consistent 
with  the  sound  and  wholesome  administration 
of  justice:  that,  with  all  loyalty  to  truth 
and  honor,  he  must  devote  his  best  talents 
and  attainments,  all  that  he  was  and  all  that 
he  could,  to  the  support  and  enforcement  of 
the  cause  committed  to  his  trust."  And  of 
James  C.  Carter  he  said :  "  He  was  very  far 
from  limiting  himself  to  causes  that  he 
thought  would  win,  or  to  such  as  were  sound 
in  law  or  right  in  fact.  No  genuine  advocate 
that  I  know  of  has  ever  done  that.  He  held 
that  an  advocate  may  properly  maintain  either 
side  of  any  cause  that  a  court  may  hear." 
Mr.  Choate  appeared  probably  in  more  trials 
of  note  than  any  of  his  contemporaries;  in 
fact,  his  services  were  sought  in  all  the  cele- 
brated cases  of  his  time.  Among  his  memo- 
rable cases  was  the  income  tax  case,  probably 
the  one  of  widest  interest,  involving  the  con- 
stitutionality of  the  Income  Tax  Law  of  1894. 
He  appeared  before  the  Supreme  Court  in  May, 
1895,  to  argue  against  the  law;  and  though 
he  was  opposed  by  James  C.  Carter  and  other 
eminent  counsel,  the  court  decided  in  his 
favor.  Maj.-Gen.  Fitz  John  Porter,  accused 
of  gross  disobedience  of  orders  at  the  second 
battle  of  Bull  Run,  29  Aug.,  1862,  was  tried 
by  court-martial,  cashiered,  and  "  forever  dis- 
qualified from  holding  any  office  of  trust  or 
profit  under  the  .government  of  the  United 
States."  This  led  to  a  long  and  acrimonious 
controversy,  with  petitions  for  a  reversal. 
President  Hayes  appointed  an  advisory  board 
of  three  major  generals,  and  Mr.  Choate  ap- 
peared as  advocate  for  General  Porter.  The 
board  recommended  annulment  of  the  sentence, 
but  a  bill  to  that  effect  failed  to  pass  Congress. 
It  was  passed  later,  but  was  vetoed  on  a  tech- 
nical objection  by  President  Arthur.  When 
it  was  passed  a  second  time,  President  Cleve- 
land signed  it.  This  was  perhaps  the  most 
famous  case  of  the  kind  that  ever  occurred. 
The  circumstances  of  the  battle  were  so  pecul- 
iar, and  the  testimony  so  conflicting,  that 
there  was  room  for  honest  difference  of  opin- 
ion. Mr.  Choate's  chief  credit  was  due  to  the 
minute  and  patient  care  with  which  he  studied 
the  campaign  in  its  every  element — military, 
topographical,   psychological,   legal — and   made 


CHOATE 


CHOATE 


himself  complete  master  of  the  problem;  and 
Mr.  Choate  not  onlv  succeeded  in  establishing 
Porter's  innocence,  but  in  having  him  restored 
to  rank.  Another  unique  and  intricate  case 
was  that  of  Luigi  di  Cesnola,  who,  while  Ameri- 
can consul  at  Cyprus,  exhumed  a  great  num- 
ber of  antiquities  in  thiit  island,  and  brought 
them  to  the  MetroiK)litan  Museum  of  Art. 
Certain  critics  questioned  their  genuineness, 
declaring  that  many  of  them  were  either  wholly 
spurious  or  patched  up  The  newspapers  were 
fiercely  partisan,  and  the  matter  was  sub- 
mitted to  a  committee  of  five  well-known  citi- 
zens, who  pronounced  in  Cesnola's  favor.  Then 
a  lil)el  suit  was  brought  against  him,  and  the 
jury  disagreed  Mr.  Choate,  as  Cesnola's  ad- 
voctite.  made  an  extensive  study  of  archaeology. 
It  might  be  said  that  in  such  cases  he  was  his 
own  expert.  Among  other  important  cases  in 
which  he  appeared  were  the  contests  over  the 
wills  of  Commodore  Vanderbilt  and  Samuel 
J.  Tilden.  In  the  test  of  the  Chinese  Exclu- 
sion Act  he  argued  against  the  validity  of  the 
law.  Another  singular  case  was  that  of  David 
Naegle.  Da:vid  S  Terry,  who  had  killed  Sena- 
tor Broderick  in  a  duel,  had  a  grudge  against 
Justice  Field  of  the  Supreme  Court,  because 
of  a  decision  that  disinherited  his  wife,  and  he 
threatened  the  life  of  the  Justice.  Therefore 
Naegle,  a  detective,  was  assigned  to  duty  to 
protect  him.  When  Terry  found  Field  in  a 
railroad  restaurant  in  California,  and  struck 
him  while  Mrs.  Terry  ran  back  to  the  train 
for  a  revolver,  Naegle  promptly  shot  him  dead. 
For  this,  Naegle  was  tried,  the  plea  being  that 
the  fiKleral  government  had  no  right  to  author- 
ize such  a  proceeding  in  California.  Mr. 
Choate  argued  for  the  supremacy  of  the  gov- 
ernment, and  Naegle  was  acquitted.  The 
Pribilof  Islands  in  Behring  Sea,  which  belong 
to  the  United  States,  are  the  breeding-grounds 
of  the  very  valuable  Alaska  seal  herd;  and 
serious  complaints  were  made  when  Canadian 
boats  from  Victoria  persisted  in  pursuing  the 
seals  on  their  way  to  and  from  the  breeding- 
ground  and  killing  them  indiscriminately  in 
the  deep  sea,  which  threatened  destruction  of 
the  entire  herd.  The  American  contention  in- 
volved the  assumption  that  Behring  was  a  closed 
sea  and  the  seals  belonged  to  the  United  States. 
The  question  was  arbitrated,  Mr.  Choate  con- 
ducted the  case  for  the  Canadians,  and  they 
won.  He  was  counsel  for  David  Stewart  in 
his  suit  against  Collis  P.  Huntington,  one  of 
the  principal  owners  of  the  Central  Pacific 
Railway,  for  recovery  of  a  very  large  sum, 
claimed  as  the  result  of  a  stock  transaction ; 
and  he  was  counsel  also  for  Riclmrd  ^I.  Hunt, 
the  eminent  architect,  against  Paran  Stevens, 
for  whom  he  built  the  Victoria  Hotel.  In  the 
former  case  he  was  opposed  by  Roscoe  Conk- 
ling,  and  in  both  cases  his  powers  of  ridicule 
were  displayed  liberally.  But  the  most  notable 
and  picturesque  case  in  this  respect  was  that 
of  Laidlaw  against  Sage.  A  lunatic  had  en- 
tered the  office  of  Russell  Sage  carrying  a 
bomb  and  demanding  a  million  dollars.  Pres- 
ently he  dropped  the  bomb,  which  exploded, 
killing  him  and  another  man,  and  wounding 
Laidlaw,  who  was  there  on  a  business  errand 
Laidlaw  declared  that  Mr.  Sage  had  seized  him 
and  used  him  as  a  shield  to  protect  himself. 
Mr.  Choate  who  appeared  for  the  plaintiff,  in 
his    cross-questioning    and     his     plea    played 


humorously  upon  Mr.  Sage's  reputation  for 
penuriousness  and  won  a  verdict  of  $25,000 
for  his  client.  On  appeal,  the  verdict  was  set 
aside,  and  a  second  trial  gave  the  plaintill 
$43,000.  This  also  was  set  aside  on  appeal, 
the  higher  court  holding  that  ridicule  of  Mr. 
Sage's  personal  peculiarities  should  not  have 
been  allowed.  Mr.  Choate  was  engaged  in  two 
notable  political  cases.  One  was  the  prosecu- 
tion of  the  notorious  Tweed  ring  in  the  city 
of  New  York;  the  other  was  known  as  the 
♦*  theft  of  the  State  Senate  by  the  Hill  ring," 
one  Maynard  being  seated  there  on  the  strength 
of  a  spurious  return.  In  the  contest  over  the 
will  of  Mrs.  Leland  Stanford,  Mr.  Choate's 
success  secured  the  establishment  of  Leland 
Stanford  Junior  University  with  a  magnifi-  , 
cent  endowment.  He  also  appeared  in  the 
Credit  Mobilier  case,  involving  the  contract 
for  the  construction  of  the  Union  Pacific  Rail- 
road ;  several  cases  against  the  so-called 
Standard  Oil  Trust  and  the  Tobacco  Trust, 
involving  millions  of  dollars;  Gebhard  vs. 
Canada  Southern  Railway  Company,  affecting 
the  rights  of  holders  of  foreign  railway  bonds; 
Miller  vs.  Mayor,  etc.,  of  New  York,  con- 
cerning the  lawfulness  of  the  construction  of 
the  first  New  York  and  Brooklyn  Bridge;  the  i 
Bell  Telephone  case,  involving  the  validity  of  ' 
the  basic  Bell  telephone  patent;  Philadelphia 
Fire  Association  vs.  New  York,  involving  the 
constitutionality  of  the  reciprocal  and  retail-  . 
atory  taxation  laws  against  foreign  corpora-  1 
tions  enacted  by  many  of  the  States;  the  de-  1 
fense  of  Commodore  McCalla,  charged  with 
alleged  breaches  of  the  naval  regulations,  be- 
fore the  naval  court-martial;  the  Kansas  pro- 
hibition law  case,  in  which  was  attacked  the 
validity  of  the  Kansas  liquor  law^;  Hutchinson 
vs.  the  New  York  Stock  Exchange  and  of 
Loubart  vs.  the  Union  Club,  in  each  of  which 
he  succeeded  in  securing  the  reinstatement  of 
the  plaintiff  to  membership,  and  because  of 
the  novel  questions  involved,  attracted  great 
public  interest.  Among  the  sensational  will 
contests  in  which  he  participated  were  the 
Cruger,  A.  T.  Stewart,  Hopkins-Searles,  Hoyt 
and  Drake,  and  he  also  conducted  the  investi- 
gation of  the  Defender-Valkyrie  controversy, 
arising  out  of  charges  made  by  Lord  Dunraven 
as  to  the  conduct  of  the  international  yacht 
race  between  those  boats.  His  audacity  in  the 
courtroom  was  not  exhibited  solely  toward 
witnesses  and  opposing  counsel;  on  occasion 
it  struck  toward  the  bench.  To  one  judge  who 
was  listless  he  said :  "  Your  honor,  I  have 
forty  minutes  in  which  to  sum  up,  and  I  shall 
need  every  minute  of  it  and  your  strict  atten- 
tion besides."  "  You  shall  have  it,"  said  the 
judge.  On  another  occasion  the  presiding 
judge  was  about  to  punish  John  W.  Goff  for 
alleged  discourtesy  to  the  court  while  defend- 
ing a  prisoner.  Mr.  Choate  denied  that  Goff 
had  committed  the  offense.  "  But  I  saw  him 
do  it,"  said  the  judge.  "Then,"  said  Mr. 
Choate,  "  of  course  it  becomes  a  question  be- 
tween your  honor's  personal  observation  and 
the  observation  of  a  cloud  of  witnesses  who 
testify  to  the  contrary.  Was  your  honor  ever 
conscious  of  being  absolutely  convinced  from 
the  very  outset  of  a  trial,  that  a  certain  per- 
son was  guilty?  If  not,  you  are  more  than 
human.  W^as  your  honor  ever  conscious,  as 
the  trial  proceeded,  that  it  was  impossible  to 


2 


CHOATE 


CHOATE 


conceal  your  conviction?  If  not,  you  are  more 
than  human.  That  has  happened  in  many 
courts,  and  when  it  does  happen  it  rouses  the 
spirit  of  resistance  in  every  advocate  who 
understands  his  duty."  And  Mr.  Choate  car- 
ried his  point.  His  abounding  humor,  ready 
wit,  and  easy  delivery  made  him  a  successful 
after-dinner  speaker  and  he  was  called  on  for 
popular  addresses  on  many  public  occasions. 
His  published  work  consists  of  little  else  than 
such  addresses,  some  of  which  were  greatly 
admired.  Among  these  were  his  tributes  to 
Abraham  Lincoln,  Admiral  Farragut,  Benja- 
min Franklin,  Rufus  Choate,  and  the  United 
States  Supreme  Court.  He  spoke  also  in  favor 
of  abolishing  the  exemption  of  American  ships 
from  tolls  in  using  the  Panama  Canal.  Though 
he  sometimes  took  part  as  a  speaker  in  po- 
litical campaigns,  beginning  with  his  speeches 
for  Fremont  in  1856,  he  was  a  candidate  for 
political  office  but  once.  He  had  said  that  he 
would  neither  seek  office  nor  decline  it  if  it 
were  offered.  In  1897,  Republicans  who  were 
dissatisfied  with  Senator  Piatt  attempted  to 
replace  him  with  Mr.  Choate;  but  Mr.  Piatt 
secured  his  re-election  by  control  of  the  Re- 
publican caucus  in  the  Legislature.  Mr.  Choate 
presided  over  the  State  Constitutional  Con- 
vention of  1894,  and  headed  the  American  dele- 
gation to  The  Hague  Conference.  He  never 
saved  up  his  wit  for  special  occasions,  but  let 
it  fly  out  whenever  and  wherever  circumstances 
suggested  it.  Much  of  it  came  from  his  famil- 
iarity with  classic  literature  and  his  ready 
knack  of  giving  an  unexpected  application  to  a 
familiar  passage.  On  an  occasion  when  he  was 
addressing  a  large  audience,  while  the  portly 
form  of  President  Cleveland  was  beside  him, 
after  the  famous  witticism  about  the  "  Sun " 
and  the  "  Post,"  and  their  alternative  relations 
to  vice  and  virtue,  he  pretended  to  increase 
the  perplexity  with,  "  We  are  puzzled,  too,  to 
know  '  on  what  meat  doth  this  our  Caesar 
feed  that  he  has  grown  so  great.' "  Many  epi- 
grams and  bits  of  unstudied  humor  have  been 
popularly  attributed  to  Mr.  Choate,  some  of 
which  he  disowned;  but  he  acknowledged  the 
authorship  of  the  most  original  and  pleasing 
of  them  all.  Being  asked  at  a  dinner  who  he 
would  choose  to  be  if  he  could  not  be  Joseph 
H.  Choate,  he  answered  promptly,  "Mrs. 
Choate's  second  husband."  In  1899  President 
McKinley  appointed  Mr.  Choate  Ambassador 
to  the  Court  of  St.  James's,  to  succeed  Hon. 
John  Hay,  and  he  held  that  office  six  years. 
His  great  learning,  ready  wit,  and  geniality 
made  him  a  favorite  in  England.  And  well  he 
might  be;  for  his  interest  was  not  confined  to 
the  Court  and  the  attractions  of  London.  Ac- 
companied by  his  daughter,  he  made  frequent 
tours  in  the  kingdom,  entered  into  the  spirit 
of  village  life,  and  especially  visited  the  coun- 
try schools,  where  sometimes  he  catechized  the 
children  in  a  pleasantly  humorous  way,  re- 
warding the  best  answers  with  a  little  money. 
In  a  Fourth-of-July  speech  in  London  he  said 
that  studies  of  English  manners  and  institu- 
tions took  him  back  to  "  the  time  when  the 
dear  mother  country  had  not  seceded  from  the 
common  partnership,"  and  he  momentarily 
took  away  tlie  breath  of  his  auditors  by  add- 
ing gravely  that  the  way  was  open  for  the 
mother  country  to  come  back.  When  his  term 
of  office  was  ended  and  he  was  preparing  to 


return  home,  every  possible  honor  was  con- 
ferred upon  him.  Oxford  gave  him  the  degree 
of  D.C.L.  as  a  matter  of  course;  but,  most 
notable  of  all,  he  was  made  a  bencher  of  the 
Inner  Temple,  an  honor  that  had  not  been 
presented  to  an  American  since  it  was  given 
to  five  signers  of  the  Declaration  of  Independ- 
ence. He  received  also  the  freedom  of  the  city 
of  Edinburgh.  He  was  entertained  by  the 
Pilgrims  Club,  Lord  Roberts  presiding,  and 
bench  and  bar  united  in  an  affectionate  fare- 
well. Both  of  his  law  partners  died  during 
his  absence,  but  on  his  return  he  resumed 
practice.  He  was  now  called  upon  for  many 
public  services.  At  various  times  he  was  presi- 
dent of  the  American  Bar  Association,  the  New 
York  State  Bar  Association,  New  York  City 
Bar  Association,  Harvard  Law  School  Associa- 
tion, Harvard  Alumni  Association,  the  Union 
League  and  Harvard  Clubs,  the  New  England 
Society  of  New  York,  and  the  Pilgrim  Society; 
a  governor  of  the  New  York  Hospital,  a  trus- 
tee of  the  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art  and 
of  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History 
since  the  foundation  of  each,  vice-president  of 
the  American  Society  for  Judicial  Settlement 
of  International  Disputes,  foreign  honorary 
fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Literature, 
member  of  the  Colonial  Society  (Mass.),  the 
American  Philosophical  Society,  trustee  of  the 
Equitable  Life  Assurance  Society,  the  New  York 
Life  Insurance  Company,  and  director  in  the 
German  Alliance  Insurance  Company  and  the 
German-American  Insurance  Company.  He 
was  also  president  of  the  New  York  Associa- 
tion for  the  Blind  and  of  the  Board  of  Man- 
agers of  the  State  Charities'  Association.  On 
24  April,  1917,  he  delivered  a  notable  address 
at  the  annual  meeting  of  the  members  of 
the  Associated  Press,  in  which  he  said :  "  If 
Lincoln  were  here  today,  his  prayer  would  be 
verified  and  glorified  into  the  prayer  that  all 
civilized  nations  shall  now  have  a  new  birth 
of  freedom,  and  that  government  of  the  people, 
by  the  people,  and  for  the  people  shall  not 
perish  from  any  portion  of  the  earth.  Now 
I  think  it  is  not  difficult  to  understand  what 
this  war  is.  It  is  a  war  for  the  preservation 
of  free  government  throughout  the  civilized 
world.  And  I  believe  that  I  may  include  in 
that  not  only  free  governments  of  the  allied 
nations  and  the  neutral  nations,  but  of  Ger- 
many itself."  This  same  speech  contained  a 
specimen  of  his  high  magnanimity.  From  the 
beginning  of  the  war  in  Europe  his  sympathies 
were  ardently  with  the  Allies.  Impatient  at 
what  was  commonly  regarded  as  delay  on  the 
part  of  the  Administration,  he  became  a  severe 
critic  of  President  Wilson,  and  his  demand, 
"  For  God's  sake,  hurry  up !  "  echoed  through- 
out the  country.  But  relations  with  Germany 
had  just  been  severed,  and  Mr.  Choate  re- 
marked :  "  But  now  we  see  what  the  President 
was  waiting  for  and  how  wisely  he  waited." 
Mr.  Choate  was  a  lover  of  peace  and  of  jus- 
tice secured  by  peaceful  means.  At  the  Second 
Hague  Peace  Conference,  where  he  headed  the 
American  delegation,  he  was  the  champion  of 
every  method  of  abolishing  war.  In  his  proposal 
for  compulsory  arbitration,  which  succumbed 
to  the  fatal  opposition  of  Germany,  he  had 
an  impassioned  burst  about  the  alternatives  to 
settlement  of  international  disputes  by  judicial 
process — a  burst  which  almost  has  a  prophetic 


CHOATE 


PORTER 


air,  in  view  of  what  haa  since  occurred:  "Let 
us  resume  all  the  savage  practices  of  ancient 
tiroes.  Let  us  sack  cities  and  put  their  inhabi- 
tants to  the  sword.  Let  us  bombard  undefended 
towns.  I^t  us  cast  to  the  winds  the  rights  of 
security  that  have  l)een  accorded  to  neutrals. 
Let  us  make  the  sulTerings  of  soldiers  and  sail- 
ors in  and  aftor  l>attle  as  frightful  as  possible. 
Let  U8  xvipt'  out  all  that  tlu'  Red  Cross  has  ac- 
coroplisheil  at  Geneva,  and  the  whole  record  of 
the  First  Peace  Conference  at  The  Hague,  and 
all  the  negotiations  and  lofty  aspirations  that 
have  resulted  in  the  summoning  of  the  present 
conferenc<»."  If  since  the  war  he  displayed 
indignation  against  GtTnuiny's  reversion  to 
kKarlmroiH  warfare,  it  was  prompted  by  his  in- 
stincts as  an  international  lawyer  and  a  friend 
of  peace.  In  May,  when  the  city  of  New  York 
wehxmuHl  and  fettnl  the  French  and  British 
envoys— Marshal  Joffre,  M.  Ren6  Viviani,  and 
the  Right  Uonorable  Arthur  James  Balfour — 
Mr.  Choate,  as  chairman  of  the  Mayor's  Com- 
mittee, was  the  chief  speaker  at  all  the  func- 
tions. Sunday,  13  May,  he  attended  the  serv- 
ices in  the  Cathedral  of  St.  John  the  Divine, 
and  on  bidding  farewell  to  Mr.  Balfour  at  the 
close  he  said  cheerily:  '*  Remember,  we  shall 
meet  again,  to  celebrate  the  victory."  Mon- 
day night  he  was  taken  seriously  ill,  and  with 
the  words,  *'  I  think  this  is  the  end,"  he  passed 
away.  Although  he  had  just  recovered  from 
an  attack  of  grippe,  he  seemed  in  good  health 
and  entered  with  zest  into  the  various  re- 
ceptions tendered  the  French  and  the  English 
war  missions.  His  death,  however,  due  to 
heart  failure,  was  attributed  directly  to  over- 
exertion incident  to  his  participation  in  these 
many  celebrations.  It  was  a  shock  to  the  com- 
munity. Besides  the  countless  tributes  of  af- 
fection and  admiration  and  tokens  of  grati- 
tude by  the  civic  and  benevolent  associations 
in  which  he  was  interested  in  America,  it 
brought  expressions  of  sorrow  from  every  quar- 
ter of  the  globe.  President  Wilson  in  his 
message  of  sympathy  to  Mrs.  Choate  said: 
"  May  I  not  join  in  expressing  what  I  be- 
lieve to  be  the  grief  of  the  whole  nation  at 
the  death  of  your  honored  and  distinguished 
husband.  The  news  of  it  came  as  a  great 
shock  to  me,  and  I  wish  to  carry  to  you  my 
most  heartfelt  sympathy."  Among  the  con- 
dolences from  abroad  was  one  from  King 
George  to  Mrs.  Choate,  which  read :  "  The 
Queen  and  I  are  much  distressed  to  hear  of 
the  sudden  death  of  'Sir.  Choate,  whom  we 
knew  so  well  and  regarded  with  a  strong  feel- 
ing of  friendsliip  and  respect.  My  people  will 
join  witli  me  in  mourning  the  loss  of  your 
husband."  There  were  many  eulogiums  in 
America.  Tlie  special  memorial  meeting  of  the 
Union  League  Club,  of  which  he  was  a  mem- 
ber for  fifty  years  and  president  in  1873, 
vibrated  with  speeches  of  deep  and  personal 
feeling  by  many  of  its  meml)ers,  including 
Charles  E.  Hughes,  president  of  the  club,  and 
Chauncey  M.  Depew.  The  resolutions  which 
they  adopted  characterized  him  as  "  eminent 
in  all  his  walks  in  life  and  pre-eminent  in  the 
hearts  of  all  his  fellow  citizens.  ...  To  Mr. 
Choate  was  given  the  supreme  blessing  of 
arriving  at  the  wisdom  and  distinction  of  age 
without  revealing  the  penalties  of  advancing 
years.  Never  did  he  stand  more  gracefully  or 
more  majestically  in  the  public  eye  than  dur- 


ing those  last  days  when  he  filled  a  part 
exacting  and  conspicuous  in  the  civic  cere- 
monials of  welcome  to  the  allied  commissioners 
of  France  and  England."  The  Merchants' 
Association  in  an  extensive  statement  said: 
"  For  the  benefit  of  those  who  give  or  will 
have  the  future  opportunity  to  give  personal 
service  in  civic  aflfairs  we  earnestly  commend 
a  study  of  the  life  of  Joseph  Hodges  Choate, 
distinguished  lawyer,  diplomat,  statesman, 
companion,  and  friend."  As  a  mark  of  honor 
all  the  official  flags  and  those  on  many  office 
buildings,  clubs  and  private  residences  in  New 
York  were  lowered  to  half-mast.  Mr.  Choate 
was  interested  in  numerous  charities,  especially 
those  devoted  to  tlie  blind,  in  appreciation  of 
which  the  school  and  workshop  in  Paris  for 
soldiers  blinded  in  battle  was  named  in  his 
honor — the  Phare  de  France-Choate  War  Me- 
morial, of  which  he  had  become  president  of 
the  committee  at  its  organization  soon  after 
the  war  started.  Not  only  did  high  officials 
of  the  European  nations  join  in  tribute  at  the 
funeral  ceremony  in  America,  but  impressive 
memorial  services  in  his  honor  were  held 
abroad.  In  St.  Margaret's  Church,  Westmin- 
ster, England,  the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury 
said :  "  Mr.  Choate  was  a  pre-eminently  great 
American  citizen,  a  conspicuous  example  of 
what  is  pure  and  without  reproach  in  the  pub- 
lic civil  life  of  a  great  country."  At  the  serv- 
ices in  Temple  Church,  London,  the  Lord  Chief 
Justice  said:  'Mr.  Choate  was  a  lawyer  above 
everything.  He  was  cradled  in  the  law,  loved 
his  profession,  and  his  thoughts  were  influenced 
by  the  study  of  the  law.  He  was  not  only  an 
American  lawyer  but  a  bencher  of  the  Inner 
Temple.  He  also  was  a  great  Ambassador  and 
one  of  the  most  distinguished  citizens  of  the 
United  States.  He  is  remembered  as  one  who 
was  graceful  and  eloquent  in  his  orations  and 
dignified  and  lofty  in  his  more  serious  utter- 
ances. He  had  charm  and  humor  in  his 
lighter  eff"orts,  and  throughout  all  there  could 
always  be  traced  one  great  ideal,  co-operation 
between  our  two  nations."  Besides  the  host  of 
distinguished  men  gathered  within  St.  Barthol- 
omew's Church,  New  York,  at  the  funeral  serv- 
ice, thousands,  with  bared  heads,  kept  silent 
vigil  outside,  while  the  school  children  in  New 
York  in  special  assembly  were  learning  the  life 
of  their  country's  first  citizen — the  highest 
type  of  American  culture.  He  was  buried  in 
his  private  cemetery  at  Stockbridge,  and  the 
ceremony  was  marked  by  the  revival  of  an 
ancient  burial  custom:  the  body  was  carried 
to  the  grave  on  a  farm  wagon  covered  with 
branches  of  laurel  and  drawn  by  two  horses 
from  his  estate,  "  Naumkeag."  He  was  mar- 
ried, 16  Oct.,  1861,  to  Caroline  Dutcher  Ster- 
ling, daughter  of  Frederick  A.  Sterling,  of 
Cleveland,  Ohio,  and  they  were  the  parents  of 
five  children.  He  is  survived  by  his  wife  and 
three  children:  George,  Joseph  Hodges,  Jr., 
and  Mabel  Choate. 

PORTER,  Horace,  soldier,  author,  and  diplo- 
mat, b.  in  Huntingdon,  Pa.,  15  April,  1837, 
son  of  David  Rittenhouse  and  Josephine  (Mc- 
Dermett)  Porter.  His  father  was  State  sena- 
tor and  twice  elected  governor  of  the  State  of 
Pennsylvania,  and  upon  his  retirement  from 
public  office  engaged  extensively  in  the  manU' 
facture  of  iron  at  Reading,  Harrisburg,  and 
Lancaster,  Pa.     The   first  American   ancestor 


An^  i,^-  w  y 


liM^Piyttcu 


PORTER 

was  Robert  Porter,  who  emigrated  from  Lon- 
donderry, Ireland,  in  1720,  and  settled  in 
Londonderry,  N.  H.,  afterward  buying  land  in 
Montgomery  County,  Pa.  His  son,  Andrew 
Porter,  the  grandfather  of  Horace  Porter,  was 
a  man  of  great  distinction  in  both  State  and 
military  affairs.  He  early  manifested  talent 
for  mathematics,  and  under  the  advice  of  Dr. 
David  Rittenhouse  opened,  in  1767,  an  English 
and  mathematical  school  in  Philadelphia.  On 
the  outbreak  of  the  Revolution  he  was  ap- 
pointed, by  Congress,  a  captain  of  the  marines ; 
was  transferred  later  to  the  artillery,  where 
he  was  advanced  through  various  promotions 
to  the  rank  of  colonel  of  the  Fourth  Pennsyl- 
vania Artillery,  and  held  this  command  to  the 
close  of  the  war.  In  1773  he  declined  the 
chair  of  mathematics  at  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania,  and  in  1812,  on  account  of  the 
infirmities  of  old  age,  declined  the  offices  of 
brigadier-general  of  the  U.  S.  army,  and  of 
Secretary  of  War  in  President  Monroe's  Cabi- 
net. Gov.  David  R.  Porter  lived  in  Har- 
risburg,  Pa.,  during  his  tenure  of  oflfice,  and 
his  son  Horace  there  obtained  his  early  educa- 
tion. Later  he  attended  school  in  Lawrence- 
ville,  N.  J.,  preparatory  to  entering  Princeton 
University;  but  having  decided  upon  a  mili- 
tary career,  he  entered  the  Lawrence  Scientific 
School  of  Harvard  University  in  1854.  He  was 
appointed  to  West  Point  a  year  later,  being 
graduated  1  July,  1860,  in  a  class  that  was 
one  of  the  only  two  that  ever  passed  through  a 
five-year  term.  He  was  third  in  rank  among 
forty-one  classmates,  many  of  whom  later  be- 
came famous  in  military  life.  Horace  Porter 
was  unusually  well  equipped  by  nature  and 
training  for  a  successful  career  and  his  educa- 
tion was  completed  just  at  the  time  when  his 
country  stood  most  in  need  of  his  services. 
From  his  grandfather  he  had  inherited  a  math- 
ematical turn  of  mind  as  well  as  a  preference 
for  military  life,  and  when  a  boy  had  become 
thoroughly  acquainted  with  machinery  in  his 
father's  iron  works.  He  early  manifested 
great  inventive  genius  and  invented  a  water- 
test  for  boiling  water,  which  was  successfully 
employed  in  his  father's  furnaces.  He  is  also 
the  inventor  of  the  ticket-canceling  boxes  in 
use  on  the  subway  and  elevated  stations  in 
New  York  City.  This  peculiar  mental  com- 
bination of  mechanical  and  military  tendencies 
*  strongly  biased  General  Porter  in  the  selection 
of  his  arm  of  service,  and  he  adopted  the 
ordnance,  being  appointed  to  a  brevet  second 
lieutenant,  1  July,  1861.  He  remained  at 
West  Point  as  inspector  for  the  next  three 
months,  and  then  joined  the  expedition  against 

kPort  Royal  under  General  Sherman  and  Ad- 
miral Dupont.  Later  he  received  his  appoint- 
ment as  first  lieutenant  of  ordnance,  and  in 
the  next  year  acted  as  assistant  ordnance 
officer  at  Hilton  Head,  afterward  engaging  as 
chief  of  ordnance  and  artillery,  in  the  erection 
of  batteries  at  Tybee  Island,  Ga.,  for  the  reduc- 
tion of  Fort  Pulaski.  During  the  ensuing  siege, 
which  occurred  10  and  11  April,  1862,  Lieu- 
tenant Porter  was  breveted  captain,  his  com- 
mission having  been  granted  "  for  gallant  and 
meritorious  services  at  the  siege  of  Fort 
Pulaski."  He  was  also  presented  with  a 
sword  captured  from  an  officer  of  the  enemy, 
bearing  Captain  Porter's  name  and  the  in- 
scription, "  For  gallant  and  meritorious  serv- 


PORTER 


ice."  Captain  Porter  was  next  connected  with 
the  James  Island  expedition,  and  during  the 
assault  on  Secessionville,  S.  C,  was  wounded 
in  the  hand  by  a  piece  of  shell.  In  July,  1862, 
he  was  made  chief  of  ordnance  of  the  Army  of 
the  Potomac  under  General  McClellan;  joined 
his  new  command  at  Harrison's  Landing,  on 
James  River,  and  superintended  the  military 
transfer  into  Maryland.  After  the  battle  of 
Antietam,  29  Sept.,  1862,  he  was  made  chief 
of  ordnance  of  the  Army  of  the  Ohio;  on  28 
Jan.,  1863,  became  chief  of  ordnance  of  the 
Army  of  the  Cumberland;  and  13  March  was 
appointed  as  captain,  and,  until  November,  en- 
gaged in  general  staff  duty  on  the  field.  At 
the  battle  of  Chickamauga,  19  and  20  Sept., 
1863,  Captain  Porter  won  particular  distinc- 
tion. With  500  men,  and  without  orders,  he 
rode  to  the  top  of  a  hill  that  was  partly 
screened  by  underbrush,  and  by  keeping  up  a 
rapid  fire,  to  give  the  impression  of  a  much 
larger  force,  delayed  the  enemy  for  at  least 
twenty  minutes,  so  that  a  number  of  guns  and 
provision  wagons  were  saved  for  the  forces  of 
General  Rosecrans,  of  whose  staff  Captain  Por- 
ter was  a  member.  Nearly  all  of  his  men  were 
killed  or  wounded,  and  he  himself  was  wounded 
by  a  fragment  of  a  shell,  but  was  the  last  to 
leave  the  hill.  For  his  conspicuous  gallantry 
and  initiative  on  this  occasion  Captain  Porter 
received  the  Congressional  Medal  of  Honor. 
He  was  next  assigned  to  duty  at  Chattanooga 
under  General  Thomas,  who  succeeded  General 
Rosecrans  as  head  of  the  Army  of  the  Cum- 
berland. Here  he  first  met  General  Grant, 
upon  whom  he  made  such  an  excellent  impres- 
sion that  the  general  shortly  afterward  wrote 
to  Washington  asking  for  the  appointment  of 
the  young  officer  as  brigadier-general  in  his 
own  military  division.  \Vhen  General  Grant 
was  made  lieutenant-general  of  all  the  armies, 
he  appointed  Captain  Porter  an  aide-de-camp 
upon  his  staff  with  the  rank  of  lieutenant- 
colonel,  the  appointment  dating  April,  1864. 
In  this  capacity  he  served  with  General  Grant 
in  the  field  through  the  Wilderness  and  Peters- 
burg campaigns,  and  until  the  end  of  the  war. 
At  the  battle  of  the  Wilderness,  he  was  bre- 
vetted  major,  "  for  gallant  and  meritorious 
service."  During  the  four  years  of  his  mili- 
tary career  he  was  promoted  five  times,  always 
for  "  gallant  and  meritorious  military  serv- 
ice "  in  the  field.  After  the  explosion  of  the 
mine  at  Petersburg,  when  General  Grant  went 
to  the  front  on  foot  to  order  the  withdrawal 
of  the  assaulting  columns,  he  took  with  him 
only  one  aide-de-camp.  Colonel  Porter.  To- 
gether they  climbed  over  the  obstructions, 
passed  through  the  artillery  fire  of  the  enemy, 
and  successfully  executed  this  heroic  act  which 
they  would  not  have  asked  of  any  private.  On 
16  Aug.,  1864,  Colonel  Porter  was  brevotted 
lieutenant-colonel  of  the  U.  S.  army,  and  in 
February,  1865,  he  was  made  brigadier-general 
of  volunteers.  He  was  present  with  Grant  at 
the  capitulation  of  Lee  at  Appomattox  Court 
House,  and  in  recognition  of  his  services  was 
presented  by  General  Grant  with  the  head- 
quarters flag  used  on  that  occasion.  On  13 
March,  1865,  he  was  brevettod  a  brigadier- 
general  of  the  U.  S.  army.  At  the  close  of  the 
war  General  Porter  remained  with  General 
Grant  at  headquarters  at  Washington.  His 
relations  with  General  Grant  continued  to  be 


PORTER 


PORTER 


▼ery  close,  and  on  occaBiona  when  Grant  was 
pr«8ent  at  receptions  given  in  his  honor,  Gen- 
eral Porter  always  responded  in  behalf  of  hia 
old   commander    to   the   toasts   and   addresses 
made  complimentary  to  him.     On  these  occa- 
sions General  Grant  found  a  brilliant  substi- 
tute in  General   Porter,  whose  eloquence  and 
wit  as  an  orator  rank  him  among  the  great 
after-dinner  speakers  of  the  country,  sUch  as 
Joseph  H.  Choate,  Chauncey  M.  Depew,  James 
T.  Brady.  William  M.  Kvarts,  Richard  O'Gor- 
man.   Ogden    Ilotrman,   and   John   Van  Buren. 
Apropos   of    his   ability   as   an   orator    is   the 
following    anoodole:    "  Ji>aeph    II.    Choate,    in 
concluding  one  of  his  brilliant  speeches  at  a 
dinner    at    which    both    General    Porter    and 
Chauncey  M.  IK^pew  were  present,  extended  to 
them  a  'greeting  that  was  warmly  applauded: 
•  I  am  sure,'  he  said,  his  face  beaming  with 
delight,  *  you  would  not  allow  me  to  quit  this 
pleasing  program   if   1   did   not  felicitate  you 
upon  the  presence  of  two  other  gentlemen  with- 
out   whom   no    banquet    is   ever    complete.      I 
mean,    of    course,    General    Porter    and    Mr. 
Depew.     Their  splendid  efforts  on  a  thousand 
fields  like  this  have   fairly  won  their  golden 
spurs.' "      At    the    close    of    Grant's    first    ad- 
ministration,  in    1873,  General  Porter  retired 
from   active   military   life.     He   had  been   en- 
gaged in  inspection  of  army  posts  from  1866; 
as  Assistant  Secretary  of  War,  in  1868;   and 
as  private  secretary  charged  with  private  busi- 
ness  during   Grant's   term   of   office.     General 
Porter    later    entered    business    life    as    vice- 
president  of  the  Pullman  Palace  Car  Company. 
Tliis  connection  brought  him  into  contact  with 
the  promoters  of  the  West  Shore  Railroad,  and 
he  became  its  first  president,  in  1883.     He  w^as 
also  asstx'iated  with  a  number  of  other,  large 
ventures    and    was    recognized    as    a    pow^erful 
element  in  important  financial  operations.     He 
became  the   first  president  of  the  New  York, 
West    Shore   and   Buflfalo   Railroad   Company; 
president  of  the  St.  Louis  and  San  Francisco 
Railway   Company;    director    in    the    Atlantic 
and      Pacific      Railway;      Burlington,     Cedar 
Rapids  and   Northern    Railway;    Oregon   Rail- 
way  and    Navigation    Company;    Ontario   and 
Western    Railroad;    Hannibal    and    St.    Joseph 
Railroad;     the    U.     S.    Guarantee    Company; 
Equital)le     Life     Assurance     Company;     Land 
and    Improvement    Company;    and    the    Conti- 
nental   National    Bank.      General    Porter    was 
not  content  to  rest  with  his  reputation  as  an 
army  officer  and  a  financier,  but  rendered  im- 
portant   public    service    in    many    ways.      He 
personally     collected      the     necessary     funds, 
amounting    to    $600,000,    for    the    erection    of 
Grant's  Tomb,   in   Riverside  Drive,  New  York 
City.     He  spent  $35,000  of  his  own  money  and 
the   greater    part    of    six   years   in    France   in 
locating    and    bringing   to*  the    United    States 
the  body  of  John  Paul  Jones,  receiving  for  his 
services,    by    unanimous    vote,    the    thanks    of 
Congress  and  the  privilege  of  the  floor  of  both 
Houses  for  life.     The  remarkable  search  which 
ultimately  resulted  in  the  finding  of  the  body 
of  John  Paul  Jones,  not  improperly  considered 
the  father  of  the  U.   S.   Navy,  was  begun  in 
June,    1890.     The  admiral  had  died   in  Paris, 
18  July,  1702,  during  the  most  turbulent  days 
of   the    French    Revolution,    which   may,    in '  a 
measure,   account   for  the   little   interest   that 
was  taken  in   the   event   on   this   side  of  the 


Atlantic.  The  place  of  his  burial  remained  a 
mystery,  not  to  be  solved  for  more  than  100 
years.  The  account  of  General  Porter's  long 
search  reads  like  a  modern  detective  novel. 
His  first  task  was  to  find  some  record  of  the 
burial.  This  had  undoubtedly  been  registered, 
but  the  register,  which  had  been  housed  in  an 
annex  of  the  Hotel  de  Ville,  was  burned  dur- 
ing the  days  of  the  Commune,  in  1871.  The 
elder  Dumas,  in  his  romance  "  The  Pioneer," 
indicates  that  John  Paul  Jones  was  buried  in 
the  Per6  Lachaise  Cemetery.  An  examination 
of  the  old  register  of  this  cemetery  soon  proved 
that  this  statement  was  really  not  more  than 
it  pretended  to  be — fiction.  An  examination 
of  the  registers  of  other  cemeteries  which  had 
existed  at  the  time  of  Paul  Jones'  death 
proved  equally  unavailing.  The  first  promis- 
ing clew  that  presented  itself  was  an  article 
in  an  old  antiquarian  magazine,  written  by 
Charles  Read,  an  archeologist,  who  quoted 
what  he  declared  was  a  copy  of  the  registra- 
tion of  the  burial  which  had  been  burned  with  . 
the  Hotel  de  Ville.  This  stated  that  John 
Paul  Jones  had  been  buried  in  the  cemetery 
for  foreign  Protestants.  Mr.  Read  added  his 
personal  opinion  that  this  must  have  been  the 
Cemetery  of  St.  Louis,  since  the  word  "  the  " 
would  indicate  only  one  such  a  cemetery,  and 
the  Dutch  ambassador  had  requested  the 
French  government  that  the  Cemetery  of  St. 
Louis  be  reserved  for  this  purpose.  An  in- 
vestigation of  all  old  records  bearing  even 
indirectly  on  this  point  finally  convinced  Gen- 
eral Porter  that  Mr.  Read's  opinion  had  been 
based  on  sound  logic.  But  the  Cemetery  of 
St.  Louis  had  been  closed  in  1793,  within  six 
months  after  John  Paul  Jones'  burial  there. 
The  space  it  had  once  covered  was  now  in  a 
very  unpleasant  quarter  of  the  city,  one  of  the 
slums,  in  fact,  on  which  stood  a  block  of  build- 
ings of  inferior  class,  the  neighborhood  being 
known  as  "  Le  Combat,"  from  having  been 
formerly  the  scene  of  dog  and  cock  fights. 
Old  plans  of  that  section  of  the  city  were 
next  consulted  and  the  ancient  boundaries  of 
the  cemetery  were  defined  with  some  accuracy. 
From  letters  written  at  the  time  of  John  Paul 
Jones'  death  to  his  sister,  by  a  friend  who 
was  with  him  during  his  last  moments,  it  was 
known  that  he  had  been  buried  in  a  lead  cof- 
fin, at  the  expense  of  a  French  police  official. 
Thus  there  was  hope  that  there  might  remain 
some  means  to  identifying  the  remains.  Gen- 
eral Porter  now  proposed  to  tunnel  the  old 
site  of  the  cemetery,  under  the  houses.  After 
a  delay  of  two  years,  on  account  of  the  ex- 
orbitant prices  demanded  by  the  house  owners, 
this  work  was  finally  begun,  under  the  super- 
vision of  M.  Paul  Weiss,  a  member  of  the 
Paris  municipal  engineers,  assigned  to  the 
work  by  the  mayor.  Several  shafts  were  sunk, 
then  began  the  tunneling,  back  and  forth. 
That  there  had  been  no  mistake  in  the  loca- 
tion was  indicated  by  the  heaps  of  bones  that 
were  unearthed.  On  22  Feb.,  1906,  the  work- 
men unearthed  a  lead  coffin,  the  first  of  five 
that  were  discovered  during  the  operations. 
The  copper  plate  fastened  to  this  coffin,  how- 
ever, proved  its  occupant  to  have  been  one 
Richard  Hay.  The  second  lead  coffin  also 
contained  unmistakable  proofs  that  the  end  of 
the  search  was  not  yet.  On  31  March,  the 
third  lead  coffin  was  discovered.     This  bore 


VT^^AA^VU       t>  o^^^'^\^ 


PORTER 


FRICK 


no  plate,  or  any  other  outer  means  of  identi- 
fication. It  was,  therefore,  removed  from  the 
tunnels  and  opened.  A  powerful  smell  of 
alcohol  escaped  through  the  first  aperture  that 
was  made,  and  as  the  work  proceeded  it  was 
obvious  that  the  body  had  been  preserved  in 
spirits,  a  custom  by  no  means  uncommon  in 
those  days.  Finally  the  body  was  entirely  un- 
covered, except  for  the  winding  sheet.  When 
this  was  removed  from  the  features  of  the 
corpse,  the  crowd  of  spectators  gasped,  for  not 
only  were  they  in  a  wonderful  state  of  preser- 
vation, but  those  present  who  were  acquainted 
with  the  appearance  of  John  Paul  Jones, 
through  portraits  and  busts,  had  no  difficulty 
in  recognizing  him.  All  the  tests  that  science 
was  able  to  apply  were  now  brought  into 
requisition.  An  autopsy  showed  unmistakable 
signs  of  the  disease  from  which  John  Paul 
Jones  had  died;  not  only  that,  the  lungs  still 
bore  scars  of  pneumonia,  and  it  was  known 
that  he  had  suffered  from  pneumonia  while  in 
the  Russian  service,  and  that  he  had  been  com- 
pelled to  leave  Russia  on  that  account.  On 
20  April,  the  body  was  carefully  restored  to 
its  lead  coffin,  which  was  placed  in  a  second 
and  a  larger  lead  coffin,  then  placed  in  the 
vaults  of  the  American  Church  of  the  Holy 
Trinity,  to  await  the  disposition  of  the  Ameri- 
can government.  On  receipt  of  the  reports 
President  Roosevelt  immediately  sent  a  battle- 
ship squadron  to  bring  the  body  home,  there 
to  be  interred  in  the  crypt  of  the  new  chapel 
of  the  Naval  Academy,  at  Annapolis.  A 
French  fleet  welcomed  the  American  squadron. 
With  magnificent  and  impressive  ceremonies, 
participated  in  by  the  French  government,  the 
body  was  brought  aboard  the  American  battle- 
ship, and  so  carried  across  the  ocean  under 
the  flag  which  John  Paul  Jones  had  been  the 
first  to  fly  from  the  gaff  of  any  warship. 
Included  among  the  many  historical  occa- 
sions upon  which  General  Porter  has  been 
orator  was,  the  inauguration  of  the  Washing- 
ton Arch,  New  York,  1895;  dedication  of 
Grant's  Tomb,  April,  1897;  inauguration  of  the 
Rochambeau  Statue,  Washington,  D.  C,  May, 
1902;  centennial  of  the  foundation  of  West 
Point  Military  Academy,  June,  1902;  inter- 
ment of  the  body  of  John  Paul  Jones  at  An- 
napolis, April,  1906;  unveiling  of  the  statue 
of  General  Sheridan,  in  Washington,  D.  C, 
November,  1909;  memorial  services  in  Brook- 
lyn, N.  Y.,  upon  the  death  of  General  Sher- 
man; unveiling  of  the  bust  of  General  Han- 
cock; unveiling  of  the  Grant  Equestrian 
Statue  in  Brooklyn;  and  the  laying  of  the 
Soldiers'  and  Sailors'  Memorial  at  Pittsburgh, 
Pa.,  General  Porter  has  held  many  positions 
of  public  trust.  In  1892  he  was  delegate  to  the 
National  Republican  Nominating  Convention, 
making  the  speech  nominating  Whitelaw  Reid 
for  vice-president.  In  November,  1897,  Gen- 
eral Porter  organized  the  "  sound  money " 
parade  in  New  York  City,  and  on  this  occasion 
marched  at  the  head  of  a  column  of  135,000 
citizens.  He  also  commanded  the  inaugural 
parade  in  Washington,  D.  C,  on  the  occasion 
of  McKinley's  first  inauguration.  He  was 
appointed  U.  S.  ambassador  to  France  in  1897; 
and  served  until  1905.  For  several  years  also 
he  was  honorary  president  of  the  American 
Chamber  of  Commerce  in  Paris.  In  1901  the 
Sultan    of    Turkey    bestowed    upon    him    the 


"Gold  Medal  for  Patriotism";  in  1904  the* 
French  government  conferred  upon  him 
the  "  Grand  Cross  of  the  Legion  of  Honor,"  the 
first  time  it  was  ever  awarded  to  an  American. 
While  in  Paris,  General  Porter  delivered  a 
number  of  notable  orations  in  the  French  lan- 
guage. In  1907  he  was  appointed  delegate, 
with  the  rank  of  ambassador,  to  the  Second 
Hague  Peace  Conference,  where  he  succeeded 
in  having  adopted  by  the  nations  the  "  Prop- 
osition Porter,"  which  prohibited  the  collec- 
tion by  force  of  arms  of  contract  debts,  claimed 
to  be  due  from  one  government  to  the  citizens 
of  another  government,  and  he  compelled  re- 
sort to  peaceful  arbitration.  General  Porter 
is  a  fluent  writer,  a  lover  of  books,  and  an 
accomplished  linguist.  I^e  is  the  author  of 
"  West  Point  Life  "  (1866)  ;  "  Campaigning 
with  Grant"  (1898),  and  has  contributed 
many  articles  of  interest  to  the  newspapers 
and  periodicals  of  the  country.  He  is  a  mem- 
ber of  many  prominent  military  and  social 
organizations;  is  president  of  the  Grant  Monu- 
ment Association,  Union  League  Club,  Society  of 
the  Army  of  the  Potomac,  Association  of  West 
Point  Graduates,  U.  S.  Navy  League,  National 
Society  of  the  Sons  of  the  American  Revolu- 
tion; vice-president  of  the  International  Law 
Association,  and  honorary  member  of  the  So- 
ciety of  the  Cincinnati;  a  member  of  the  New 
York  State  Bar  Association;  New  York  Cham- 
ber of  Commerce;  Society  of  Foreign  Wars; 
Literary  Society  of  Princeton  University;  the 
Metropolitan,  Century,  University,  Authors', 
Lotus,  and  other  clubs;  is  commander  of  the 
George  Washington  Post  of  the  G.  A.  R.,  and 
the  Military  Order  of  the  Loyal  Legion;  and 
is  a  patron  of  the  Metropolitan  Museum  of 
Art  and  the  American  Museum  of  Natural 
History,  New  York  City.  He  has  received  the 
degree  of  LL.D.  from  Williams  College,  and 
from  Union,  Princeton,  and  Harvard  Universi- 
ties. On  23  Dec,  1863,  General  Porter  mar- 
ried Sophie  K.,  daughter  of  John  McHarg,  of 
Albany,  N.  Y.  They  had  three  sons  and  one 
daughter,  of  whom  two,  Clarence  and  Elsie 
Porter,  survive. 

FRICK,  Henry  Clay,  b  in  West  Overton,  Pa  , 
19  Dec,  1849,  son  of  John  Wilson  and  Eliza- 
beth (Overholt)  Frick.  His  earliest  American 
ancestor  came  from  Switzerland  in  1750,  set- 
tling in  western  Pennsylvania.  The  line  of 
descent  is  then  traced  through  his  son,  George 
Frick,  who  established  himself  on  a  farm  in 
that  region;  his  son,  Daniel  Frick,  b  in  1796, 
who  married  Catherine  Miller  in  1819;  and 
their  son,  John  W.  Frick,  b.  in  1822,  who  was 
the  father  of  the  subject  of  this  review.  His 
mother  was  of  German  ancestry,  the  daughter 
of  Abraham  Overholt,  a  landowner  and  a  lead- 
ing miller  and  distiller  in  western  Pennsyl- 
vania. Henry  Clay  Frick  early  gave  evidence 
of  the  earnestness  of  purpose  that  distinguished 
his  subsequent  career.  At  the  ago  of  ton  he 
is  found  attending  the  district  school  and,  dur- 
ing the  summer  holidays,  gathering  sheaves  in 
the  whoatfield  and  performing  other  light 
chores  on  the  farm,  thereby  earning  sufficient 
money  to  buy  his  clothes  for  the  ensuing  year. 
At  the  ago  of  fourteen  he  began  his  phe- 
nomenal business  career  as  a  clerk  in  a  country 
store  at  Mount  Pleasant,  Pa.,  conducted  by 
Overholt,  Shallenborgor  and  Company.  At 
nineteen,   he    left   the    store   to    become   book- 


FRICK 


FRICK 


Jceeper  in  his  grandfather  Overholt's  flouring- 
mill  and  distillery  at  Broad  Ford,  Pa.,  the 
center  of  the  Connellsville  coal  district.  A 
survey  of  Prick's  activities  in  the  coke  in- 
dustry is  necessarily  a  history  of  the  Connells- 
ville region.  He  has  been  the  leading  spirit  in 
its  development,  and  he  alone  effected  the  con- 
solidation of  the  industry  as  it  now  stands. 
With  a  foresight  unusual  in  one  of  his  years, 
he  was  the  first  to  recognize  the  importance  to 
the  expanding  iron  industries  of  this  rich  de- 
posit of  coking  coal;  he  built  roads  for  trans- 
porting it,  and  m  some  centers  Connellsville  coke 
is  known  only  as  Frick  coke.  In  1871  young 
Frick,  with  Abraham  O.  Tintsman,  one  of  his 
grandfather's  partners,  and  Joseph  Hist,  organ- 
ized the  firm  of  Frick  and  Company.  They  had 
three  hundred  acres  of  coal  lands  and  fifty  coke- 
ovens.  At  this  time  there  were  not  four  hun- 
dred ovens  in  the  whole  Connellsville  section, 
covering  an  area  of  one  hundred  square  miles. 
In  the  following  year  Frick  and  Company 
erected  one  hundred  and  fifty  more  ovens.  He 
was  one  of  the  projectors  of  the  Mount  Pleas- 
ant and  Broad  Ford  Railroad,  built  about  that 
time.  During  the  financial  panic  of  1873  he 
displayed  a  capacity  for  business  that  made 
him  supreme  in  the  coke  industry:  he  pur- 
chased or  leased  all  the  works  and  lands  offered 
by  frightened  competitors,  including  the  in- 
terests of  his  partners,  and,  in  1876,  became 
sole  owner  of  Frick  and  Company.  By  1882, 
when  Frick  admitted  the  Carnegies  into  his 
business,  it  had  acquired,  under  his  masterful 
administration,  1,026  ovens  and  3,000  acres  of 
coal  land.  The  company  was  then  reorganized 
with  a  capital  of  $2,000,000,  and  a  year  later 
this  was  increased  to  $3,000,000  to  keep  pace 
with  the  growth  of  the  trade.  In  1889  the 
capital  was  further  increased  to  $5,000,000, 
and  the  H.  C.  Frick  Coke  Company  owned  and 
controlled  35,000  acres  of  coal  land,  nearly 
two-thirds  of  the  15,000  ovens  in  Connells- 
ville, three  water  plants  with  a  pumping 
capacity  of  5,000,000  gallons  daily,  thirty-live 
miles  of  railroad  track,  1,200  coke-cars,  and 
gave  employment  to  11,000  men,  and  its  ship- 
ments of  coal  and  coke  amounted  to  1,100  car- 
loads a  day.  In  1895,  when  the  capital  of  the 
H.  C.  Frick  Coke  Company  was  further  in- 
creased to  $10,000,000,  it  owned  11,786  ovens 
and  40,000  acres  of  Connellsville  coal  lands,  with 
a  capacity  of  25.000  tons  of  coke  a  day — 80  per 
cent,  of  the  entire  production  of  the  Connells- 
ville region.  A  little  later  its  monthly  out- 
put amounted  to  1,000,000  tons,  and  the  seem- 
ing miles  of  ovens,  heaps  of  coal  awaiting  con- 
version, and  the  armies  of  workmen,  were 
classed  among  the  industrial  wonders  of 
Pennsylvania.  By  acquiring  the  interest  of 
David  A.  Stewart,  in  1889,  Frick  became  sec- 
ond largest  stockholder  in  Carnegie  Bros,  and 
Company,  Ltd.,  was  elected  its  chairman,  be- 
came director  in  Carnegie.  Phipps  and  Com- 
pany, and  resumed  the  presidency  of  the  H.  C. 
Frick  Coke  Company,  which  he  had  previously 
resigned.  As  chairman  of  Carnegie  Bros,  and 
Company,  Ltd.,  he  immediately  achieved  the 
signal  victory  of  the  many  Carnegie  successes. 
Alert  to  the  advantages  to  be  derived  from  the 
acquisition  of  a  rival  organization,  the 
Duquesne  Steel  Works,  he  succeeded  by  the 
most  skillful  financiering  and  management  in 
absorbing  this  formidable  competitor  without 


the  outlay  of  a  single  dollar.  Bought  with 
nothing  but  a  bond  issue  of  $1,000,000,  the 
plant  paid  for  itself  within  one  year.  It  soon 
became  the  most  modern  and  best  equipped 
steel  works  in  the  country ;  and  its  labor-saving 
appliances  cut  the  cost  of  labor  per  ton  of  iron 
produced  to  one-half  that  prevailing  elsewhere. 
In  1892  all  the  Carnegie  interests,  except  coke, 
were  consolidated  into  the  Carnegie  Steel  Com- 
pany, Ltd.,  and  Frick  was  elected  its  chair- 
man. His  plans  of  unification,  long  maturing 
in  his  mind,  were  now  to  be  realized.  They 
not  only  involved  the  concentration  of  the 
corporate  strength  of  the  company,  but  the 
assembling  of  the  many  scattered  establish- 
ments into  a  perfect  industrial  unit.  This  he 
effected  by  building  the  Union  Railway — a 
masterly  conception;  for,  besides  enabling  the 
company  to  regain  possession  of  its  own  yards 
— hitherto  preempted  by  the  railroad  com- 
panies— it  united  the  widely  separated  works 
and  connected  them  with  every  important  rail-  ^ 
way  in  western  Pennsylvania.  As  iron  ore 
was  now  the  only  raw  material  purchased  of 
outsiders,  the  acquiring  of  ore-fields  next  en- 
gaged his  attention;  and  the  Carnegie  Com- 
pany, by  Frick's  initiative  and  promptitude  in 
securing  one-half  interest  in  the  Oliver  Mining 
Company,  obtained  a  supply  of  high-grade 
Bessemer  ore  for  its  furnaces  by  the  com- 
paratively trivial  arrangement  of  a  $500,000 
loan,  secured  by  a  mortgage  on  the  properties, 
to  be  spent  in  development  work.  According  to 
"The  Inside  History  of  the  Carnegie  Steel 
Company,"  a  publication  containing  the  most 
comprehensive  statement  of  facts  and  figures 
upon  the  subject,  this  transaction  met  with 
the  opposition  of  Carnegie,  who  prophesied  its 
failure,  not  only  in  his  letters  from  abroad, 
but  also  on  his  return  from  Europe,  when  he 
expressed  himself  so  vigorously  in  condemna- 
tion of  it  that  there  ensued  the  first  coolness 
between  himself  and  Frick.  Notwithstanding 
the  successful  working  of  the  arrangement, 
Carnegie  continued  to  place  himself  on  record, 
with  increasing  emphasis,  as  opposed  to  the 
venture.  It  resulted,  however,  in  a  triumph 
for  Frick;  for  the  control  of  these  great  ore 
holdings  gave  the  Carnegie  Steel  Company  its 
impregnable  position  in  the  iron  industry  of 
the  country.  In  1896,  when  Oliver  and  Frick 
made  a  mining  and  transportation  arrange- 
ment with  the  Rockefellers,  these  ore  ven- 
tures resulted  in  a  visible  saving  of  $27,000,- 
000;,  and  upon  the  organization  of  the  United 
States  Steel  Corporation  the  value  of  the  Car- 
negie-Oliver Company's  mines,  according  to  the 
estimate  of  Mr.  Schwab,  w^as  upwards  of 
$500,000,000.  Having  thus  provided  an  un- 
failing supply  of  ore  at  the  mere  cost  of 
mining,  Mr.  Frick  next  became  interested  in 
perfecting  plans  for  its  economical  transporta- 
tion to  the  furnaces.  Negotiations  were  ac- 
cordingly opened  for  the  acquisition  of  the 
Pittsburgh,  Chenango  and  Lake  Erie  Railroad 
— "  little  more  than  a  right-of-way  and  two 
streaks  of  rust,"  but  with  valuable  terminal 
facilities  at  Conneaut  Harbor,  These  resulted 
favorably;  and  by  a  number  of  constructive 
and  engineering  triumphs,  including  a  steel 
bridge  across  the  Allegheny  River  tw^o-thirds 
of  a  mile  long,  its  forty-two  miles  of  road, 
now  to  be  known  as  the  Pittsburgh,  Bessemer 
and    Lake    Erie    Railroad,    was    rebuilt.      In 


FRICK 


FRICK 


October,  1897,  fifteen  months  after  letting  the 
first  contract,  ore  trains  consisting  of  thirty- 
five  steel  cars,  each  carrying  100,000  pounds, 
were  running  from  the  company's  docks  at  Lake 
Erie  over  the  company's  ovi^n  line  to  Bessemer. 
There  they  were  distributed  over  the  company's 
Union  Railroad  to  the  blast-furnaces  at  Brad- 
dock,  Duquesne,  and  Pittsburgh.  This  great 
development  likewise  had  cost  nothing  beyond 
an  issue  of  bonds,  made  gilt-edged  by  the  volume 
of  traffic  furnished  by  the  Carnegie  Steel  Com- 
pany itself.  The  only  gap  that  now  remained 
in  Frick's  plans  of  unification  was  on  the 
Great  Lakes;  and  to  fill  it  the  company  bought 
a  fleet  of  six  steamers,  of  3,000  tons  capacity 
each,  which  it  operated  under  the  title  of  the 
Pittsburgh  Steamship  Company.  Thus,  did 
Frick  accomplish  the  immense  task  of  uniting 
the  varied  and  often  conflicting  Carnegie  in- 
terests. He  had  assembled  the  disorganized 
parts  into  a  complete  industrial  unit  that  now 
owned  its  own  mines,  dug  its  own  ore  with 
machines  of  amazing  power,  loaded  it  into  its 
own  steamers,  landed  it  at  its  own  ports,  trans- 
ported it  on  its  own  railroads,  distributed  it 
among  its  many  blast-furnaces,  and  smelted  it 
with  coke  brought  from  its  own  coal  mines  and 
ovens  and  with  limestone  brought  from  its  own 
quarries.  From  the  moment  the  crude  ore  was 
dug  from  the  earth  until  its  final  distribution 
as  finished  steel  there  was  never  a  profit  or 
royalty  paid  to  an  outsider.  About  this  time 
Mr.  Frick  appointed  a  committee  to  report  on 
a  project  he  had  formed  for  building  a  tube- 
works  at  Conneaut,  the  Lake  Erie  terminal  of 
the  Bessemer  Railroad.  Mr.  Clemson,  its 
chairman,  after  investigation,  also  favored 
the  tube-works,  but  action  was  deferred  be- 
cause of  a  contemplated  sale  of  the  steel  com- 
pany to  the  Moore  syndicate.  Of  course  it  was 
originally  a  simple  business  plan  to  build 
blast-furnaces  and  a  tube-works  at  Conneaut 
that  would  call  for  Pittsburgh  coal  and  coke 
and  avoid  the  hauling  of  empty  cars  to  the 
lake;  but  Carnegie,  who  as  6arly  as  1889  had 
been  desirous  of  selling  his  interest,  revived 
this  project  in  1899,  and  utilized  it  to  force 
the  purchase  of  the  Carnegie  Company  by  the 
United  States  Steel  Corporation.  Summariz- 
ing results,  Frick,  during  his  tenure  of  office, 
increased  the  annual  earning  power  of  the 
Carnegie  works  from  $1,941,555  to  $40,000,- 
000,  and  their  annual  production  of  steel  from 
332,111  tons  to  3,000,000  tons.  Wide  publicity 
was  given  this  achievement  on  the  occasion  of 
the  equity  suit  arising  out  of  the  threatened 
confiscation  of  a  large  share  of  Mr.  Frick's  in- 
terest in  the  Carnegie  Steel  Company,  and  the 
public,  amazed  at  the  high  degree  of  efficiency 
attained,  accordingly  recognized  him  as  the 
world's  industrial  monarch.  Upon  Mr.  Frick's 
assumption  of  the  office  of  chairman  of  the 
Carnegie  Steel  Company  on  1  July,  1892,  there 
began  the  fiercest  labor  battle  ever  waged — 
the  Homestead  Strike.  Seven  strikes  in  one  or 
other  of  the  Carnegie  works  had  preceded  this 
one,  all  accompanied  by  the  customary  im- 
portation of  labor  or  the  employment  of  non- 
union men,  the  engagement  of  Pinkerton  de- 
tectives and  the  usual  disorder  and  violence. 
Since  1886,  however,  labor  conditions  had  be- 
come greatly  intensified.  Carnegie's  series  of 
lectures  and  essays  glorifying  the  toiler  were 
given  full  publicity  throughout  the  country; 


and  a  liberal  distribution  of  them  by  the  labor 
leaders  among  the  workmen  rendered  dissen- 
sion comparatively  easy.  That  he  had  fur- 
nished the  labor  leaders  with  a  powerful  argu- 
inent  Carnegie  himself  learned  when  he  en- 
leavored  to  settle  a  strike  at  the  Edgar 
Thomson  Mill  in  1888.  Regarding  this,  we 
quote  from  "  The  Inside  History  of  the  Car- 
negie Steel  Company  " :  "  The  usual  strike  re- 
sulted; but  before  it  had  gone  far  a  committee 
of  the  strikers  went  to  see  Mr.  Carnegie  at 
the  Windsor  Hotel,  New  York.  There  he  rea- 
soned with  them,  and  talked  them  into  a  con- 
ciliatory frame  of  mind;  and  they  agreed  to 
sign  the  contract  he  put  before  them.  The 
affair  seemed  to  have  reached  a  happy  conclu- 
sion; and  the  labor  leaders  left  for  Pittsburgh 
in  the  best  of  spirits.  As  Mr.  Carnegie  bade 
them  good-bye,  he  pressed  into  the  hands  of 
each  a  copy  of  his  '  Foriun '  essay.  This  the 
men  read  on  the  train;  and  on  their  arrival 
at  Braddock  they  promptly  repudiated  the 
agreement  they  had  signed  and  continued  the 
strike."  Carnegie,  chagrined  at  the  complica- 
tions occasioned  by  the  literal  interpretation 
of  his  theories  and  unable  to  consider  them 
free  from  the  bias  of  self-interest,  had  Pinker- 
ton  guards  engaged  to  protect  the  non-union 
workmen;  and  after  a  five-months'  strike, 
accompanied  by  disorder  and  loss  of  life,  the 
company  won  the  contest  in  May,  1888.  Dur- 
ing the  conflict  Carnegie  was  in  retirement  in 
Atlantic  City,  where  he  was  kept  informed  of 
its  developments  by  his  cousin,  George  Lauder. 
The  cause  of  the  Homestead  Strike  of  1892, 
which  took  on  a  militant  aspect  with  opposing 
armed  forces,  pitched  battles,  sieges,  night- 
surprises,  and  sharpshooting,  was  compara- 
tively insignificant  in  itself,  but  in  its  impli- 
cations was  all-important.  It  involved  the 
right  of  the  Carnegie  Company  to  conduct  its 
own  business,  and  grew  out  of  the  unfortunate 
settlement  of  a  dispute  at  the  same  works  in 
1889 — three  years  before  Frick  was  in  full  con- 
trol. The  agreement  then  entered  into,  which 
expired  in  1892,  was  productive  of  most  irk- 
some conditions.  It  not  only  detracted  from 
the  efficiency  of  the  business  by  permitting  the 
interference  of  the  unions  in  many  details  of 
operation,  but  based  the  wages  of  a  small  num- 
ber of  the  men  on  tonnage-output,  which  had 
since  been  so  enormously  increased  by  the  in- 
troduction of  new  machinery  and  the  adoption 
of  improved  methods  that  the  "  tonnage-men," 
as  they  were  called,  were  receiving  twice  as 
much  in  wages  as  they  themselves  expected  to 
get  under  the  agreement,  and  which  were  far  in 
excess  of  what  competing  manufacturers  were 
paying  for  the  same  work.  This  prosperity 
enabled  the  tonnage-men  to  acquire  great  power 
in  the  labor  organizations;  and  at  their  in- 
stigation the  labor  leaders  refused  to  ratify 
a  new  agreement  in  which  was  reduced  this 
excessive  compensation  of  tonnage-men.  Not- 
withstanding Carnegie's  aversion  to  any  con- 
ference with  the  workmen — as  expressed  in  his 
letter  from  Europe,  10  June,  1892,  when  he 
said :  "  Of  course,  you  will  be  asked  to  con- 
fer, and  I  know  you  will  decline  all  confer- 
ences," and  another,  17  June,  in  which  he 
emphasized  his  uncompromising  attitude  to- 
ward the  labor-union,  saying:  "Perhaps  if 
Homestead  men  understand  that  non-accept- 
ance  means  non-union   forever,   they  will  ac- 


0 


FRICK 


FRICK 


cept " — Frick  cherished  the  hope  of  an  amicable 
adjustment  of  the  dispute,  and  conferred  for 
six  hours  with  a  large  committee  of  the  work- 
men on  23  June.  It  resulted  in  an  important 
concession  to  the  men  on  one  of  the  points  at 
variance,  but  neither  side  would  yield  on 
other  matters  involved.  In  view  of  the  defiant 
attitude  of  the  labor  leaders,  Mr.  Frick,  with 
equal  determination,  proceeded  in  accordance 
with  the  plans  formulated  by  Carnegie  in  his 
notice  of  4  April,  1892,  before  he  left  for 
Europe.  At  that  time  Mr.  Carnegie  said: 
•*  These  works,  therefore,  will  be  necessarily 
Non-Union  after  the  expiration  of  the  present 
agreement."  Then  the  strike  began  and,  not- 
withstanding the  fact  that  out  of  over  3,800 
men  the  wages  of  only  325  were  affected,  it 
soon  involved  not  only  the  tonnage-men,  but  all 
other  workers  in  the  mill.  The  contest  was 
characterized  by  great  violence  on  the  part  of 
the  workmen  and  a  steadfast  adherence  to  his 
own  policy  by  Mr.  Frick.  The  strikers  formed  a 
military  organization,  deposed  the  municipal 
authorities,  and  sent  threatening  letters  to  the 
company's  officials,  who,  upon  the  failure  of  the 
sheriff  to  protect  their  property,  attempted  to 
land  300  watchmen  from  two  barges.  These 
being  attacked  with  rifle  shot  and  cannon, 
there  resulted  a  serious  loss  of  life  on  both 
sides.  However,  in  extenuation  of  the  hostility 
of  the  strikers — we  quote  from  "  The  Romance 
of  Steel  " :  "  The  workmen  had  a  conviction, 
almost  a  religious  belief,  that  no  outsiders  had 
a  right  to  come  in  and  take  their  places  dur- 
ing a  strike.  Andrew  Carnegie  himself  a  few 
years  before  had  said:  'There  is  an  unwritten 
law  among  the  best  workmen.  Thou  shalt  not 
take  thy  neighbor's  job.' "  To  Carnegie's  be- 
nevolent theories  the  workmen  evidently  at- 
tributed the  happy  condition  of  affairs  dur- 
ing the  existence  of  the  old  agreement;  al- 
though as  the  time  approached  for  its  revision 
he  made  elaborate  preparations  to  avoid  a 
repetition  of  the  former  blunder.  He  was  also 
in  full  accord  with  the  manner  in  which  the 
strike  was  being  conducted,  having  cabled 
Whitelaw  Reid,  who  was  endeavoring  to  bring 
about  a  settlement  of  the  affair,  that  no  com- 
promise would  be  considered  by  him,  and  that 
he  would  rather  see  grass  growing  over  the 
Homestead  works  than  advise  Mr.  Frick  to 
yield  to  the  strikers.  During  all  these  exciting 
happenings  at  Homestead  Mr.  Carnegie,  in 
order  to  elude  the  appeals  of  the  workmen 
which  it  was  foreseen  his  speeches  and  writ- 
ings would  call  forth,  was  in  seclusion  at  Ran- 
noch  Lodge,  in  Scotland,  in  accordance  with 
plans  made  by  him  long  before.  In  a  cable- 
gram to  Mr.  Frick,  he  said:  ".  .  .  Use  your 
own  discretion  about  terms  and  starting. 
George  Lauder,  Henry  Phipps,  Andrew  Car- 
negie solid.  H.  C.  Frick  forever!  "  But  the 
workmen  seemed  to  believe  that  Mr.  Frick  was 
preventing  the  adoption  of  the  Carnegie  ideal- 
ism. Much  comment  was  provoked  by  Mr. 
Carnegie's  inconsistency.  The  "  St.  James 
Gazette "  reported  that  "  Mr.  Carnegie  has 
preserved  the  same  moody  silence  toward  the 
members  of  the  American  Legation  here;  and 
all  other  persons  in  London  with  whom  he  is 
usually  in  communication  have  not  heard  a 
word  from  him  since  the  beginning  of  the 
troubles  at  Homestead.  .  .  .  The  news,  of  the 
shooting  of  Mr.  Frick  has  intensified  the  feel- 


ing of  all  classes  against  Mr.  Carnegie."  The 
"  London  Times  "  said :  "  The  avowed  cham- 
pion of  trade-unions  now  finds  himself  in  al- 
most ruinous  conflict  with  the  representatives 
of  his  own  views.  He  has  probably  by  this 
time  seen  cause  to  modify  his  praises  of 
unionism  and  the  sweet  reasonableness  of  its 
leaders."  Shortly  after,  a  writer  in  the  St. 
Louis  "  Post-Dispatch "  wrote :  "  Say  what 
you  will  of  Frick,  he  is  a  brave  man.  Say  what 
you  will  of  Carnegie,  he  is  a  coward.  And 
gods  and  men  hate  cowards."  Incidentally,  to 
this  strike  was  attributed  the  defeat  of  Presi- 
dent Harrison  for  re-election;  and  Senator 
Depew  said :  "  .  .  .  The  Republican  leaders  at- 
tempted early  in  the  campaign  to  have  the 
strike  settled  and  cabled  to  Mr.  Carnegie  direct 
without  consulting  Mr.  Frick."  In  both  the 
reports  of  the  Committee  of  Investigation  of 
the  House  of  Representatives  and  of  the  Sen- 
ate Committee,  appointed  to  investigate  the 
strike,  there  appeared  quotations  by  the  work- 
men of  Carnegie's  terse  commandment  to  illus- 
trate the  course  which  Mr.  Frick  ought  to  have 
followed  in  his  treatment  of  them.  Thus  ap- 
pears the  testimony  of  T.  V.  Powderly,  gen- 
eral master  workman  of  the  Knights  of  Labor: 
"Does  your  organization  countenance  the  pre- 
vention of  non-union  men  taking  the  place  of 
striking  or  locked-out  men  ?  "  Powderly's  preg- 
nant reply  was :  "  We  agree  with  Andrew 
Carnegie,  *  Thou  shalt  not  take  thy  neighbor's 
job.' "  On  23  July,  1892,  a  Russian  anarchist 
gained  access  to  Mr.  Frick's  office,  shot  him 
twice  and  stabbed  him  repeatedly.  With  a 
magnificent  display  of  courage,  he  struggled 
to  his  feet  and  helped  Mr.  Leishman  to  subdue 
the  fanatic,  whom  Mr.  Frick  later  saved  from 
the  summary  punishment  of  a  deputy  sheriff 
who  rushed  in  and  seemed  about  to  shoot  him. 
"No,  don't  kill  him,"  said  Mr.  Frick;  "raise 
his  head  and  let  me  see  his  face."  Although 
in  a  critical  condition  himself, — the  doctors 
at  first  expressed  little  hope  of  his  recovery, — 
Mr.  Frick's  chief  concern  was  for  his  wife, 
who  was  seriously  ill.  While  the  doctors 
were  operating  upon  him,  Mr.  Frick,  with 
remarkable  fortitude,  completed  several  ur- 
gent business  matters,  including  a  cable- 
gram to  Mr.  Carnegie  stating  that  he  was 
not  mortally  injured.  Convinced  of  the  fair- 
ness of  the  company's  position  in  the  strike 
— and  subsequent  events  prove  him  to  have 
been  right — Mr.  Frick  did  not  permit  this 
culmination  of  unbounded  fury  to  influence 
his  policy.  Propped  up  in  bed  and  swathed 
in  bandages,  he  conducted  the  affairs  of  the 
strike  until  thirteen  days  later,  when  he  un- 
ceremoniously returned  to  his  office,  having,  the 
previous  day,  attended  the  funeral  of  his 
youngest  child,  born  during  the  excitement. 
Despite  the  great  efforts  by  which  politicians 
and  others  sought  to  divert  him  from  his 
course,  Mr.  Frick,  with  decency  and  firmness, 
kept  steadily  on  and  finally  won  the  fight. 
When  the  troops  were  called  out  to  quell  the 
open  reign  of  terror  at  Homestead,  the  Car- 
negie officials  were  put  in  possession  of  their 
property  and  the  men  returned  to  work.  After 
less  than  a  year's  trial  of  the  new  scale  of 
wages  the  men  admitted  the  fairness  of  Frick's 
adjustment  of  the  difficulties,  and  strikes  and 
disagreements  ceased.  Having  inherited  a  ter- 
rific labor  conflict  upon  assuming  the  chail- 


10 


FRICK 


FRICK 


manship  of  the  Carnegie  Steel  Company,  an 
equally  tempestuous  situation  threatened  him 
upon  his  retirement,  seven  years  later;  and 
again  there  was  no  hesitation  and  no  compro- 
mise. The  trouble  arose  from  certain  diflfer- 
ences  between  himself  and  Carnegie,  which 
gradually  widened  into  personal  antipathy. 
From  what  can  be  learned  from  the  many  pub- 
jiications  upon  the  subject,  it  was  due  to  the 
cumulative  effect  of  their  disagreements  upon 
several  questions,  such  as  Frick's  ore  venture; 
the  price  the  steel  company  should  pay  for  coke ; 
Carnegie's  chagrin  at  the  failure  to  complete 
the  sale  of  the  business  to  the  Moore  Syndicate, 
and  the  company's  contemplated  purchase  of 
land  from  Frick.  Carnegie's  insinuation 
concerning  the  profit  Frick  might  have  made 
from  this  last  was  the  culminating  factor  in 
the  clash.  The  company  wanted  to  purchase 
this  land,  and  Frick  offered  it  at  $500  an  acre 
less  than  its  appraised  value;  but  upon  learn- 
ing of  Carnegie's  criticisms,  he  withdrew  his 
offer,  and  later  sold  it  elsewhere  for  half  a 
million  dollars  more  than  he  had  asked  the 
Carnegie  Steel  Company.  Mr.  Frick  indig- 
nantly resented  this  insinuation  by  an  arraign- 
ment of  Mr.  Carnegie  which  he  made  official  in 
an  open  minute,  spread  upon  the  records  of  the 
Carnegie  Steel  Company.  To  this  Carnegie  did 
not  reply  until  the  Board  of  Managers  ap- 
proved the  minutes  at  their  next  meeting. 
He  then  called  the  Board  of  Managers  together 
and  demanded  that  they  request  Mr.  Frick's 
resignation.  The  junior  partners  were  reluc- 
tant to  comply,  but  by  his  power  of  majority 
Interest  in  the  company  Carnegie  silenced  all 
opposition;  and  Mr.  Frick,  in  the  interest  of 
harmony,  tendered  his  resignation.  Messrs. 
Henry  Phipps  and  Schwab  tried  to  bring 
about  a  reconciliation,  but  failed;  and  Schwab, 
in  a  letter  to  I'rick,  wrote :  "  .  .  .  Under  these 
circumstances  there  is  nothing  left  for  us  to 
do  but  obey,  although  the  situation  the  board 
is  thus  placed  in  is  most  embarrassing.  .  .  ." 
Schwab  had  admitted  his  obligations  to 
Frick,  and  frankly  attributed  his  success  to 
him.  "  If  I  have  anything  of  value  in  me," 
he  wrote,  Mr.  Frick's  "  method  of  treatment 
will  bring  it  out  to  its  full  extent " ;  and  he 
"  regarded  with  more  satisfaction  than  any- 
thing else  in  life — even  fortune — the  conscious- 
ness of  having  won  "  Mr..  Frick's  "  friendship 
and  regard."  Having  accomplished  Frick's  ex- 
pulsion from  the  chairmanship,  Carnegie  ap- 
parently seemed  satisfied;  but  a  month  later 
he  returned  to  the  attack  with  an  elaborate 
scheme  which  he  had  meditated  for  the  com- 
plete "  ejecture  "  of  Frick.  He  called  a  meet- 
ing of  the  managers  and  urged  them  to  go 
through  the  ritual  he  had  prepared.  This  con- 
templated the  forcible  seizure  of  Frick's  in- 
terest at  book  values,  the  inadequacy  of  which 
is  shown  by  the  fact  that  in  the  case  of  the 
Upper  Union  Mills,  it  was  $91,857  less  than 
the  net  profits  actually  made  in  the  previous 
year;  and  the  discrepancies  in  the  value  of  the 
other  works  were  almost  as  great.  At  this 
juncture  Frick,  desiring  a  peaceful  solution, 
offered  to  sell  his  interests  to  Carnegie  at  a 
price  to  be  fixed  by  arbitrators,  or  to  purchase 
Carnegie's  on  the  same  terms.  Carnegie,  how- 
ever, declined  to  consider  either  offer,  but  pro- 
ceeded to  effect  Frick's  "  ejecture  "  and  compel 
him  to  sell  his  interest  in  the  Carnegie  Com- 


pany at  $11,000,000  less  than  its  value,  to  be 
paid  in  such  small  installments  during  a  term 
of  years  of  such  duration,  as  would  enable  its 
being  paid  out  of  the  profits  earned  by  Frick's 
interest.  In  an  effort  to  make  this  scheme 
effective,  a  minute  on  the  books  of  the  Carnegie 
Steel  Company  was  expunged,  to  revive  an 
agreement  made  thirteen  years  before  by  the 
members  of  an  entirely  different  corporation 
— namely,  Carnegie  Bros,  and  Company.  An 
attempt  was  then  made  to  graft  onto  this  Car- 
negie Bros.'  agreement  a  "  supplemental  iron- 
clad "  of  the  Carnegie  Steel  Company,  eight 
years  old,  which  had  never  been  signed  by  the 
principal  owners.  To  make  this  double-decked 
instrument  applicable  there  were  now  added  the 
signatures  of  Carnegie  himself  and  of  some 
members  who  had  no  connection  with  the  enter- 
prise at  the  time  the  agreement  was  signed 
by  Frick.  It  was  on  these  proceedings  that 
was  based  the  greatest  lawsuit  ever  commenced 
in  the  State  of  Pennsylvania.  Henry  Phipps 
and  Henry  M.  Curry  refused  to  sign  the  de- 
mand, and  Phipps  joined  Frick  in  protesting 
against  the  action  of  the  board;  but  of  the 
many  debtor  partners,  only  one,  F.  T.  F. 
Lovejoy,  was  bold  enough  to  counsel  re- 
sistance to  Carnegie's  wishes.  He  simply 
signed  it  in  his  official  capacity,  and  filed  a 
separate  answer  in  the  equity  suit  questioning 
the  validity  of  his  colleagues'  act.  The  stu- 
pendous profits  and  amazing  exhibition  of 
industrial  efficiency  revealed  by  Frick's  bill  of 
equity  attracted  universal  attention,  and  the 
promised  disclosures  were  awaited  with  the 
greatest  expectancy  by  legislators  and  pub- 
licists. These  disclosures,  however,  were  never 
made,  for  negotiations  were  at  once  entered 
into  to  stop  the  litigation;  and  five  days  after 
Carnegie's  answer  had  been  filed  to  Frick's 
citation,  a  settlement  was  effected  by  which 
Frick  received  more  than  $31,000,000  in 
securities  which  later  yielded  him  $23,000,000 
more  than  Carnegie  tried  to  force  him  to  sell 
for.  Thus  ended  the  second  of  the  two  most 
sensational  conflicts  in  industrial  history.  Al- 
though possessed  of  a  business  acumen  and 
mental  alertness  that  made  him  transcendent 
in  the  business  world  and  extorted  wonder 
from  his  opponents  and  admiration  from  his 
associates,  Mr.  Frick's  conceptions  of  right  and 
wrong  never  permitted  him  to  take  advantage 
of  another's  mistake.  His  sympathies  are 
broad  and  easily  stirred,  but  his  modesty 
causes  him  to  conceal  his  frequent  benefac- 
tions. Society  functions  do  not  appeal  to  him; 
his  tastes  are  simple  and  his  domestic  life 
exemplary.  He  is  without  pretense  of  any 
sort;  living  his  natural  life  as  a  quiet,  un- 
assuming gentleman.  His  extensive  interests 
at  present  (1017)  fully  occupy  his  attention. 
In  1901  he  built  the  largest  office  building  in 
Pittsburgh,  the  Frick  Building,  and  later  added 
to  it  the  Frick  Building  Annex.  In  1916  he 
built  the  still  more  beautiful  Union  Arcade 
Building,  covering  an  area  of  230  by  240  feet. 
Aside  from  being  the  largest  owner  of  real 
estate  in  Pittsburgh,  and  constantly  adding 
to  his  holdings,  he  is  director  in  many  impor- 
tant corporations,  including  the  Pennsylvania 
Railroad  Company;  Chicago  and  Northwoslorn 
Railway;  Atchison,  Topeka  and  Santa  Fo  Rail- 
way; Norfolk  and  Western  Railway  Company; 
United  States  Steel  Corporation;    the  Mellon 


11 


MORGAN 


MORGAN 


National  Bank,  and  the  Union  Trust  Company 
of  Pittsburgh.  Mr.  Frick  is  a  member  of  many 
clubs,  among  them  the  Union  League,  Metro- 
politan. National  Arts,  New  York  Yacht,  Co- 
rinthian Yacht,  Racquet  and  Tennis,  City, 
Midday,  Riding,  Country,  the  Automobile 
Club  of  America,  and  the  Union  Club  of  Pitts- 
burgh. He  married,  in  Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  on  15 
Dec,  1881,  Adelaide  Howard  Childs,  daughter 
of  Asa  P.  Childs,  of  Pittsburgh.  They  were 
the  parents  of  four  children,  of  whom  one  son, 
Childs,  and  one  daughter,  Helen  Clay  Frick, 
survive.  His  handsome  home  at  Seventieth 
Street  and  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York,  was  given 
over  to  Marshal  Joffre,  ex-Premier  M.  Viviani, 
and  the  other  members  of  the  French  W&r 
Mission  during  their  visit  to  the  United 
States,  incident  to  this  country's  entry  into 
the  European  War.  The  dinner  in  honor  of 
the  Commission,  a  private  affair  at  which  a 
number  of  prominent  men  participated,  was 
an  historic  event.  "The  World"  (N.  Y.) 
characterized  it :  "  As  distinguished  a  gather- 
ing as  ever  sat  down  at  one  table  in  this 
city."  Although  it  included  many  noted 
orators,  no  speeches  were  made,  but  at  the 
close  of  the  dinner  Mr.  Frick,  who  presided, 
proposed  a  toast  "  To  France  and  our 
Guests."  M.  Viviani,  of  the  French  Com- 
mission, responded  with  a  toast:  "To  the 
United  States  and  our  Host."  Then  Colonel 
Roosevelt  proposed  the  third  and  last  toast: 
"To  the  Presidents  of  the  United  States  and 
France."  Mr.  Frick's  home  is  destined  to  be 
regarded  as  one  of  the  city's  landmarks.  It 
is  designed  to  become  a  public  museum,  and 
arrangements  have  been  made  to  present  it  and 
its  magnificent  contents,  including  one  of  the 
world's  notable  collections  of  paintings,  to  the 
city  of  New  York  after  the  death  of  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Frick — an  appropriate  monument  lo  the 
magnanimous  character  of  both.  See  "The 
Inside  History  of  the  Carnegie  Steel  Com- 
pany," by  James  Howard  Bridge ;  "  The  Ro- 
mance of  Steel,"  by  Herbert  L.  Casson. 

MORGAN,  John  Pierpont,  banker  and  finan- 
cier, b.  in  Hartford,  Conn.,  17  April,  1837; 
d.  in  Rome,  Italy,  31  March,  1913,  son  of 
Junius  Spencer  and  Juliet  (Pierpont)  Mor- 
gan. His  father  (1813-00)  w-as  a  native  of 
West  Springfield,  Mass.,  and  a  descendant  of 
Capt.  Miles  Morgan,  a  Welshman,  who  emi- 
grated to  New  England  in  1636  as  one  of  the 
company  which  founded  Springfield,  Mass. 
He  and  his  immediate  descendants  fought  the 
Indians  and  later  the  British,  always  figuring 
actively  in  the  development  of  the  new  coun- 
try, which  is  now  the  United  States.  Junius 
S.  Morgan  was  a  man  of  energy  and  splendid 
business  ability.  He  was  at  one  time  an  asso- 
ciate of  George  Peabody,  establishing  a  suc- 
cessful banking-house  in  London.  His  wife, 
the  mother  of  the  banker,  was  the  daughter  of 
Rev.  John  Pierpont,  a  noted  clergyman,  poet, 
and  temperance  worker.  The  first  fourteen 
years  of  the  life  of  J.  Pierpont  Morgan  were 
spent  in  his  native  city.  For  a  short  period 
he  attended  a  country  school,  but  in  1851  the 
family  removed  to  Boston,  and  the  son  became 
a  student  in  the  English  high  school.  His 
mind  inclined  strongly  toward  the  scholar's 
life,  his  special  forte  being  mathematics.  He 
completed  the  course  at  the  Boston  school  at 
the  age  of  seventeen,  and  for  two  years  con- 


tinued his  studies  at  the  University  of  Got 
tingen,  Germany.  Here  he  heard  lectures 
history  and  political  economy,  and  won  dc 
cided  distinction  by  his  mathematical  work.1 
Before  he  left  this  historic  institution  he  re-1 
ceived  the  offer  of  a  professorship.  But  he  felt 
the  call  of  his  father's  business  in  his  blood, 
and  returned  home.  At  the  age  of  twenty  J. 
Pierpont  Morgan  began  his  career  as  a  banker, 
entering  the  house  of  Duncan,  Sherman  and 
Company  of  New  York  City.  In  1860,  when 
twenty-three  years  of  age,  he  was  appointed 
the  American  agent  for  George  Peabody  and 
Company  of  London.  Experience  with  the 
risks  and  responsibilities  of  great  business 
transactions  then  became  familiar  to  him.  Af- 
ter four  years  he  organized  the  firm  of  Dabney, 
Morgan  and  Company.  In  1871  he  entered  a 
business  relationship  with  the  Drexels  of  Phil- 
adelphia. The  elder  Morgan  died  in  1890, 
leaving  his  London  house  and  connections  all 
over  the  world  to  his  son.  In  1895  Drexel, 
Morgan  and  Company  became  J.  P.  Morgan 
and  Company,  and  all  the  vast  financial  inter- 
ests were  then  under  the  sole  dictatorship  of 
J.  Pierpont  Morgan.  In  1901  the  house  of 
Morgan  was  commonly  reported  to  represent 
$1,100,000,000,  if  not  more.  Its  creator  was 
regarded  as  a  Midas  whose  touch  turned  every-- 
thing  into  gold.  Few  persons  possess  a  clear 
idea  of  the  Morgan  firm  and  its  operations. 
Frequently  Mr.  Morgan  was  compared  with 
speculators,  railroad  men,  and  real  estate  own- 
ers. He  was  none  of  these.  He  was  primarily 
a  banker,  and,  as  such,  acted  as  an  agent  for 
wealthy  clients  in  the  investment  of  money. 
Some  people  would  call  him  a  practical  rail- 
road man,  a  steel  manufacturer,  a  coal  opera- 
tor, because  he  was  interested  in  such  things 
and  dealt  in  them.  But  Mr.  Morgan  was 
essentially  a  worker  with  money — a  master  of 
finance.  While  his  business  was  a  partner- 
ship, and  not  a  corporation,  he  was  its  domi- 
nant factor.  No  man  had  greater  influence  in 
financial  and  industrial  circles,  nor  was  any 
individual  more  trusted.  He  has  been  called 
the  statesman  of  the  business  world — a  builder 
of  a  gigantic  industrial  empire.  He  was  a 
director  in  numerous  railroad  companies,  in- 
cluding the  New  York  Central  and  Lake 
Shore  systems.  The  foremost  railroad  system 
of  the  Southern  States,  with  over  8,000  miles 
of  track,  was  veritably  his  creation.  Only 
within  recent  years  his  power  in  the  so-called 
"  coal  roads "  of  Pennsylvania  was  exhibited 
during  the  miners'  strike.  Mr.  Morgan  was 
also  a  director  in  the  Western  Union  Tele- 
graph Company,  the  Pullman  Palace  Car  Com- 
pany, the  ^^tna  Fire  Insurance  Company,  and 
the  General  Electric  Company.  Reorganizing 
and  reconstructing  bankrupt  corporations  has 
been  such  a  marked  feature  of  Mr.  Morgan's 
career  that  the  process  in  Wall  Street  has  be- 
come known  as  re-Morganizing.  On  12  Dec, 
1900,  Charles  M.  Schwab  delivered  an  address 
on  the  steel  and  iron  industry  of  America,  at 
a  dinner  at  the  University  Club,  which  Mr. 
Morgan  attended.  He  was  much  impressed 
with  Mr.  Schwab's  address,  and  at  once  con- 
ceived the  idea  of  a  gigantic  combination  of 
steel  interests,  and  the  result  was  the  organi- 
zation of  the  biggest  corporation  on  earth. 
The  swiftness  with  which  he  accomplished  this 
financial  masterpiece  astonished  the  world.    In 


12 


C^^ri^Af,a!  i^  /'meA  Bram 


^Sk.^^iy^u^^/'<--iU^^n^^A^ 


/--.v  /■>.  ^^'  '*^'''-  '-■  ■  '■  -•'■■■'•  ■''^•' 


MORGAN 


MORGAN 


three  months  he  had  overcome  all  obstacles, 
and  in  the  spring  of  1901  formed  the  United 
States  Steel  Corporation.  It  was  capitalized 
at  $1,404,000,000,  and  consolidated  ten  of  the 
largest  steel  corporations  in  America.  This 
immense  achievement  attracted  the  attention 
of  both  hemispheres,  and  J.  Pierpont  Morgan 
loomed  up  as  the  most  notable  financier  and 
organizer  that  modern  business  had  produced. 
The  United  States  Steel  Corporation  owns  as 
much  land  as  is  contained  in  the  States  of 
Massachusetts,  Vermont,  and  Rhode  Island;  it 
employs  180,000  workmen,  with  a  pay  roll  of 
nearly  $128,000,000  yearly;  it  owns  and  op- 
erates a  railroad  trackage  that  would  reach 
from  New  York  to  Galveston,  possessing  30,000 
cars  and  700  locomotives;  it  has  19  ports 
and  owns  a  fleet  of  100  large  ore-ships;  it  pro- 
duces one-sixth  of  all  the  iron  ore  in  the 
world,  and  makes  more  steel  than  either  Great 
Britain  or  Germany.  Soon  after  the  success- 
ful launching  of  this  enormous  corporation, 
Mr.  Morgan  went  to  England  and  purchased 
one  of  the  largest  English  steamship  com- 
panies, the  Leyland  line.  His  movements  were 
regarded  with  intense  interest  by  Lombard  and 
Wall  Streets.  The  ultimate  result  was  the 
organization  of  the  International  Mercantile 
Marine,  controlling  several  of  the  most  im- 
portant American  and  foreign  steamship  lines 
plying  between  American  and  European  ports. 
Both  England  and  Germany  owe  much  of  their 
latter-day  growth  to  iron  and  steel  manufac- 
ture, and  Mr.  Morgan  represented  the  formida- 
ble arch-ironmaster,  contracting  the  greatest 
and  cheapest  supply.  J.  Pierpont  Morgan  was 
first  of  all  a  creator,  and  not  a  destroyer,  in 
spite  of  adverse  criticism.  He  sought  to  con- 
serve force  and  economize  time  and  expense. 
Very  often  he  has  come  to  the  aid  of  Wall 
Street  in  times  of  panic,  and  acted  the  part 
of  financial  balance-wheel.  Furthermore,  Mr. 
Morgan  again  and  again  relieved  the  United 
States  government  of  serious  fiscal  stress. 
Drexel,  Morgan  and  Company  were  chiefly  re- 
sponsible in  1876  for  placing  this  country  on  a 
gold  basis  after  the  fearful  expenditure  occa- 
sioned by  the  Civil  War.  Two  years  after  the 
panic  of  1893,  when  gold  was  flowing  out  of 
the  country,  Mr.-  Morgan,  together  with  other 
bankers,  agreed  to  buy  government  bonds,  pay- 
ing in  gold.  At  that  time  President  Cleve- 
land and  the  Senate  were  at  odds,  and  there 
was  a  prospect  of  the  country's  financial  sys- 
tem being  changed  to  a  silver  basis.  Mr.  Mor- 
gan went  to  Washington,  called  on  President 
Cleveland,  and  off'ered  to  sell  the  government 
$100,000,000  in  gold.  Within  half  an  hour  a 
contract  was  drawn  up  whereby  the  U.  S. 
treasury  obtained  $60,000,000  in  gold  through 
a  foreign  syndicate,  and,  what  threatened  to  be 
the  greatest  financial  panic  the  world  had 
ever  witnessed,  was  in  this  way  averted.  Be- 
cause large  pay  was  exacted  for  their  services 
public  prints  unjustly  poured  forth  torrents 
of  abuse  on  Mr.  Morgan  and  his  associates. 
Until  1899  London  had  been  the  world's  money 
center.  In  that  year  J.  P.  Morgan  and  Com- 
pany led  in  a  most  significant  departure  in 
finance.  Up  to  that  time  the  United  States 
had  been  borrower,  not  a  lender.  Now,  in 
1899,  the  Morgan  firm  financed  the  first  for- 
eign loan  ever  negotiated  in  this  country. 
Supported  by  its  connection  abroad  the  Mexi- 1 


can  national  debt  of  $110,000,000  was  con- 
verted. Great  Britain  was  supplied  with 
war  money  by  the  Morgan  firm  in  1900.  Since 
that  time  it  has  taken  a  prominent  part  in 
several  other  foreign  loans.  In  1903  Mr.  Mor- 
gan acted  as  fiscal  agent  for  the  U.  S.  gov- 
ernment in  the  purchase  of  the  stock  of  the 
French  Panama  Canal  Company,  a  $40,000,000 
transaction  in  which  he  did  not  derive  one 
cent  of  profit.  During  the  "panic"  of  1907, 
when  the  question  of  closing  the  N.  Y.  Stock 
Exchange  was  under  advisement,  he  secured 
$25,000,000  which  he  passed  out  to  loan- 
seekers  at  6  per  cent.,  thus  alleviating  the 
general  depression.  Business  did  not  consume 
all  of  Mr.  Morgan's  time  or  energy.  Doubt- 
less his  first  passion,  outside  of  work,  was  the 
collecting  of  rare  books  and  manuscripts,  as 
well  as  other  works  of  art.  He  possessed 
many  famous  canvases.  Rare  china,  especially 
Limoges  ware,  was  one  of  his  leading  hobbies. 
Hardly  a  day  passed  that  he  did  not  buy  some 
art  object  worth  a  prince's  ransom.  His  pri- 
vate library  was  a  bibliophile's  paradise.  It 
contained  a  notable  array  of  old  Caxton  edi- 
tions among  others,  and  original  manuscripts 
from  all  parts  of  the  world.  It  is  estimated 
that  his  art  treasures  represented  an  expendi- 
ture of  nearly  $50,000,000.  Mr.  Morgan  was 
extremely  liberal  in  donating  art  collections 
to  public  institutions.  Cooper  Union  has  on 
display  a  collection  of  fabrics  which  he  gath- 
ered. Both  the  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art 
and  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History 
possess  rare  gifts  from  him:  the  former  a 
priceless  cabinet  of  Greek  coins  and  Egyptian 
scarabs,  rare  engravings,  also  a  porcelain  col- 
lection valued  at  $500,000;  the  latter  has  on 
exhibition  the  collection  of  Tiffany  gems  worth 
a  million  dollars.  It  was  largely  due  to  the 
efforts  of  Mr.  Morgan  that  Sir  Caspar  Purdon 
Clarke  came  to  the  United  States  and  accepted 
the  office  of  director  of  the  Metropolitan  Mu- 
seum of  Art.  Not  long  before  his  death  Mr. 
Morgan  had  a  curious  experience  in  his  search 
for  art  objects.  Unwittingly  he  purchased  a 
precious  cope,  once  the  property  of  Pope 
Nicholas  IV  that  had  been  stolen  from  the 
cathedral  at  Ascoli  in  1902.  Upon  learning 
the  state  of  affairs  he  returned  the  cope  at 
once  to  Italy.  In  recognition  of  this  act  King 
Victor  Emmanuel  conferred  upon  him  the 
Grand  Cordon  of  Saints  Mauritius  and 
Lazarus,  which  made  Mr.  Morgan  "  a  cousin 
of  his  majesty."  Pope  Pius  X  gave  him  audi- 
ence, and  later  the  Italian  Academy  of  Twenty- 
four  Immortals  presented  him  with  a  medal 
commemorating  his  generous  act.  After  his 
death  the  objects  of  art  left  by  him  were  pub- 
licly exhibited  for  the  first  time  in  the  Metro- 
politan Museum  of  Art,  in  New  York  City. 
Later,  many  of  his  collections  were  sold  to 
wealthy  purchasers.  Though  a  member  of 
many  clubs,  Mr.  Morgan  had  little  time  to  be 
a  club  man  in  the  ordinary  sense  of  the  word. 
He  was,  however,  an  active  member  of  the  New 
England  Society  and  an  active  church  worker. 
As  senior  warden  of  St.  George's  Church  in 
Stuyvesant  Square,  he  took  especial  interest 
in  the  boys  there.  His  chief  concern  was  to 
keep  them  off  the  streets  and  have  them  taught 
useful  trades.  Two  of  his  best  known  philan- 
thropies have  been  the  establishment  of  the 
New  York  Trade  School,  at  the  cost  of  over 


13 


PUTNAM 


PUTNAM 


$500,000,    and    a    similar    but    smaller   trade 
school   for  the   boys  of   St.   George's  Church. 
Mr.  Morgan  may  be  ranked  among  the  world's 
great    givers.      His    charitable    work    was    ex- 
tensive.    Hia  yearly  donations  easily  amounted 
to   $1,000,000.     Among  other  gifts  Mr.   Mor- 
gan gave  Harvard  University  $1,000,000  for  a 
medical   school ;    for   a   lying-in   hospital   near 
Stuyvesant    Square,    New    York,    $1,350,000; 
toward  completing  St.  John's  Cathedral,  $500,- 
000;    to   the   Young  Men's   Christian   Associa- 
tion,   $100,000;    to    the    Loomis    Hospital    for 
Consumptives,  $200,000;    for  a  library  at  his 
father's  birthplace,  Holyoke,  Mass.,  $100,000; 
for  the  preservation  of  the  Hudson  River  Pali- 
sades, $125,000;  for  a  new  parish  house  for  St. 
George's  Church,  $350,000;   for  a  department 
of  natural   history  at  Trinity  College,   Hart- 
ford, $70,000.     Mr.  Morgan  was  a  large  con- 
tributor to  the  Queen  Victoria  memorial  fund 
and  to  the  Galveston  relief  fund.     He  installed 
a  complete  electric  plant  in  St.  Paul's  Cathe- 
dral in  London,  and  built  a  hospital  at  Aix-les- 
Bains  in  France.     Many  of  his  private  chari- 
ties were  unknown,  even  to  his  closest  friends. 
On    7    Jan.,    1913,    three    weeks    after   he   had 
testified  before  the  Pujo  committee  investigat- 
ing the  so-called  "  Money  Trust,"  Mr.  Morgan 
sailed  from  New  York  for  Egypt.    He  had  been 
complaining  for   some   time   that   he   was   far 
from  well,  suffering  greatly  from  indigestion. 
After  a  ten-day  trip  up  the  Nile,  Mr.  Morgan 
returned    to    Cairo    apparently    benefited    in 
health,  but  in  reality  a  failing  man.     So  seri- 
ous was  his  condition  that  fresh  eggs  and  but- 
ter   were    rushed    to    him    halfway   round   the 
world  from  his  New  York  farm.     Because  of 
the  uncertain  condition  of  his  health,  he  went 
to   Rome,   Italy,   landing   there   on    13   March, 
1913.     He  grew  rapidly  worse,  and  for  several 
days  prior  to  his  death,  he  lay  in  a  comatose 
state.     Mr.    Morgan   was   recognized  as  a   co- 
lossal figure  in  the  world  of  finance,  and  his 
counsel  and  presence  were  always  influential. 
His  breadth  of  vision,  keenness  of  conception, 
and  ability  to   immediately  grasp  and  under- 
stand the  most  difficult  problems  made  him  a 
giant  power  among  financial  men  in  all  parts 
of  the  world.     By  many  prominent  financiers 
and  business  men  he  was  looked  upon  as  the 
greatest  financier  the  world  has  produced  for 
at  least  a  century.     It  was  an  obvious  conclu- 
sion after  even  a  bird's-eye  view  of  such  a  life 
that   here   we  have  an   extraordinary  man — a 
Titan  of  industrial  and  financial  achievement. 
He  has  played  a  big  role  in  the  drama  of  civi- 
lization  and   in  the  history  of  this  country's 
phenomenal    progress.      Like    every    leader    of 
men,    he    passed    through    the    white    heat    of 
public  opinion,  and  was  trusted,  respected,  and 
loved  by  those  who  knew  him  best.     Mr.  Mor- 
gan was  twice  married,  first  in  1861  to  Amelia 
Sturges,  daughter  of  Jonathan  and  Mary  Cady 
Sturges.      She   died   in    1862,   and    in    1865   he 
married   Frances   Louise   Tracy,   who   survives 
him.     By  this  union  he  had  one  son  and  three 
daughters,  all  of  whom  are  living. 

PUTNAM.  Frederic  Ward,  geologist,  ethnol- 
ogist, and  anthropologist,  b.  in  Salem,  Mass., 
16  April,  1839;  d.  in  Cambridge,  Mass.,  14 
Aug.,  1915,  son  of  Ebenezer  and  Elizabeth 
(Appleton)  Putnam.  His  grandfathers  were 
Ebenezer  Putnam  (1768-1826)  and  Nathaniel 
Appleton    (1779-1818):    his  grandmothers,  be- 


fore   marriage,     were     Elizabeth     Fiske    and 
Elizabeth  Ward.     His  father    (1797-1876)    for 
a    short    time    after    leaving    college    engaged 
in    fitting    young    men    for    college,    but    soon  ■ 
embarked     in     business    in    Cincinnati    as    a  9 
commission  merchant,  a  line  in  vvhich  he  was    ■ 
successful.     Recalled  to  Salem  by  his  father's 
death    in    1876,    he    married    there    and    never 
after    engaged    in    business,    devoting    himself 
to    the    study   and    cultivation    of    plants   and 
fruits,  and   in  the   study  of   politics   and   the 
management   of   the   Democratic   party   in   his 
county.     Although  frequently  offered  office  he 
never  accepted,  except  to  serve  as  alderman  in 
the    so-called    "  model -government "    of    Salem 
when  that  town  was  first  chartered  as  a  city, 
and  as  postmaster  of  Salem.     His  first  Ameri- 
can ancestor  was  John  Putnam  who  settled  in 
that    part   of    Salem    now   called    Danvers    in 
1640-41,    having    previously    lived    in    Aston 
Abbots,    a    Buckinghamshire    parish    adjoining 
Wingrave,    one    of    the    early    homes    of    the 
family,  and  close  by  Puttenham  in  Hertford- 
shire,   whence    came    the    family    name.      The 
Putnam  line  is  traced  through  many  genera- 
tions  of   Putnams    (or   Puttenhams),   an   ar- 
morial family,  and  lords  of  the  manor,  to  the 
twelfth  century.     From  these  early  ancestors 
Professor  Putnam  inherited  the  blood  of  Bro- 
cas,    Warbleton,    Foxle,    Hampden,    Dammar- 
tin,    Spigornell,    etc.,    and    of    families    still  " 
more   illustrious  in  the  history  of  both  Eng- 
land and  France.      (See  the  Putnam  Lineage, 
by  Eben  Putnam.)      On  his  mother's   side  he 
claimed   descent   from   the   Appletons   of    Suf- 
folk, England,  another  armorial  family  of  dis- 
tinguished lineage  and  connections.     A  not  re- 
mote  ancestor   was  Nathaniel   Appleton,   D.D. 
(son  of  John  by  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Presi- 
dent  Rogers   of   Harvard   College ) ,   who   mar- 
ried the  daughter  of  Rev.  Henry  Gibbs    (Har- 
vard,  1685),  and  who  had  a  long  and  honor- 
able  connection    with    the   college,   and   whose 
patriotism    during    the    Revolution    was   note- 
worthy.    The  Fiskes  were  also  an  ancient  Suf- 
folk family,  and  some  of  his  direct  ancestors 
suffered   religious   persecution   in   the   time  of 
Queen    Mary.      Rev.    John    Fiske,    who    emi- 
grated to  New  England,  was  the  ancestor  of 
a   long  line   of  ministers,   all   of  whom   grad- 
uated    from     Harvard.       Professor     Putnam's 
great-grandfather,    John    Fiske,    a    noted    sea-    i 
man    and    merchant,    was    commander    of    the 
"  Tyrannicide,"  the  first  armed  vessel  commis-    ' 
sioned  by  Massachusetts  in  the  Revolution,  and 
after  retiring  from  the  sea  became  major-gen- 
eral  of  militia.     Joshua   Ward    (great-grand- 
father, on  his  mother's  side)  was  also  a  promi- 
nent patriot  during  the  Revolution.     Professor 
Putnam  was  also  a  descendant  of  Rev.  Francis 
Higginson,   Rev.  Jose  Glover,  whom  many  es- 
teem as  the  prime  mover  in  the  foundation  of 
the   college   at    Cambridge.      His    ancestry   in- 
cludes such   famous  names  as  Maverick,  Ger- 
rish,  Derby,  Scollay,  Pratt,  Dennison,  Dudley, 
Byfield,    Whipple,    Waldron,    Sheaffe,    Lander, 
Hawthorne,   Brocklebank,  Porter,  all  of  them 
prominent     in    early    New    England    history.   ^ 
Professor  Putnam's  father,  Ebenezer,  1815;  his 
grandfather,   Ebenezer,   1785;   his  great-grand- 
father,    Ebenezer,     1739,    were    graduates    of 
Harvard    College.      Nevertheless    his    first    in- 
tentions were  not  to  seek  an  education  at  Har- 
vard, but  to  go  to  West  Point,  to  which  he 


14 


PUTNAM 


PUTNAM 


had  the  promise  of  an  appointment.  His  going 
to  Cambridge  was  the  result  of  a  happy,  and 
indeed  fortunate,  incident,  the  discovery  of  his 
genius  by  Louis  Agassiz,  then  on  a  visit  to 
Salem.  His  love  for  all  things  in  nature  had 
from  early  childhood  and  through  his  youth 
led  him  to  study  natural  history,  and  in  this 
study  he  had  been  warmly  encouraged.  As  a 
boy  he  was  a  helper  about  home,  worked  with 
his  father  in  cultivating  and  propagating 
plants,  and  considered  that  early  training  in 
work  and  in  regular  duties  had  much  to  do 
with  making  him  handy  in  the  use  of  tools, 
and  ready  in  emergencies  of  after  life.  His 
mother's  gentle  ways  had  a  marked  influence 
on  his  intellectual,  moral,  and  spiritual  life. 
He  had  no  obstacles  to  overcome  in  acquiring 
an  education,  except  delicate  health  in  early 
boyhood,  which  caused  absence  from  school. 
The  books  he  read  and  found  of  interest  as 
well  as  helpful  in  life  were  upon  natural 
science  in  various  branches,  in  early  years,  also 
historical  works,  and  in  later  life  zoological, 
anthropological,  and  geological  works.  His 
preparatory  instruction  until  1856  was  re- 
ceived in  private  schools,  and  at  home  under 
his  father's  tuition.  He  then  entered  the 
Lawrence  Scientific  School,  under  Prof.  Louis 
Agassiz,  and  received  the  degree  of  B.S.  His 
class  is  that  of  1862.  He  was  honored  by 
Williams  College,  in  1868,  with  the  degree  of 
A.M.,  and  by  the  University  of  Pennsylvania 
in  1894  with  that  of  S.D.  His  active  scien- 
tific life  began  at  Salem,  and  in  1856  he  was 
appointed  curator  of  ornithology  in  the  Essex 
Institute,  and  was  assistant  to  Professor 
Agassiz  at  Cambridge  in  1857.  His  deter- 
mination to  devote  his  life  to  zoology  arose 
from  his  unusual  aptitude  for  research  in 
natural  history.  His  early  inclination  toward 
West  Point,  and  his  later  studies  under  Dr. 
Jeff'ries  Wyman,  had  both  originated  from  his 
natural  bent  toward  science,  and  what  the  en- 
gineering wing  of  the  army  or  medical  science 
may  have  lost,  was  to  the  ultimate  gain  of  the 
natural  sciences  and  eventually  of  the  great 
science  of  anthropology.  The  influences  which 
most  helped  him  to  success  in  life  have  been 
the  home,  early  companionship,  private  study, 
and  contact  with  men  in  active  life.  The  pro- 
fessional positions  he  has  held  in  corporations 
and  institutions  are  as  follows:  Curator  of 
ornithology,  Essex  Institute,  Salem,  1856-64; 
assistant  to  Prof.  Louis  Agassiz,  Harvard 
University,  1857-64;  curator  of  vertebrata, 
Essex  Institute,  1864-66;  superintendent  mu- 
seum, Essex  Institute,  1866-71;  superintendent 
museum.  East  Indian  Marine  Society,  Salem, 
1867-69;  director  museum,  Peabody  Academy 
of  Science,  1869-73;  curator  of  ichthyology, 
Boston  Society  of  Natural  History,  1859-68; 
permanent  secretary,  American  Association  for 
the  Advancement  of  Science,  1873-98;  assist- 
ant, Kentucky  Geological  Survey,  1874;  in- 
structor, Pennikese  School  of  Natural  History, 
1874;  assistant  to  United  States  engineers  in 
surveys  west  of  100th  meridian,  1876-79; 
assistant  in  ichthyology.  Museum  of  Compara- 
tive Zoology,  1876-78;  curator  of  the  Peabody 
Museum,  1875-1909,  honorary  curator,  1909, 
honorary  director,  1913  to  his  death,  14  Aug., 
1915;  Peabody  professor  of  American  Arch- 
eology and  Ethnology,  Harvard  University, 
1886-1909,    Peabody   professor   emeritus,    1910 


to  his  death;  State  commissioner  of  fish  and 
game,  Massachusetts,  1882-89;  chief  of  de- 
partment of  ethnology.  World's  Columbian 
Exposition,  1891-94;  curator  of  anthropology, 
American  Museum,  New  York,  1894-1903;  pro- 
fessor of  anthropology  and  director  of  the 
Anthropological  Museum  of  the  University  of 
California,  1903-09;  professor  emeritus  of 
anthropology,  1909.  He  was  also  for  a  brief 
period  a  member  of  the  School  Committee  of 
the  city  of  Salem.  Prior  to  entering  the  Scien- 
tific School,  Professor  Putnam  was  an  active 
member  of  the  Salem  Light  Infantry,  and  al- 
though he  had  no  war  record  he  ever  main- 
tained his  interest  in  military  matters,  and  at 
his  death  was  a  member  of  the  Salem  Light 
Infantry,  Veteran  Association,  and  of  the 
Cambridge  Battalion.  He  was  vice-president 
of  the  Essex  Institute,  1871-94;  Boston  So- 
ciety of  Natural  History,  1880-87,  and  presi- 
dent, 1887-89;  president  American  Folk-Lore 
Society,  1891,  and  of  the  Boston  Branch  of 
that  society  since  1890;  president  American 
Association  for  Advancement  of  Science,  1898, 
and  permanent  secretary,  1873-98;  vice- 
president  Numismatic  and  Antiquarian  So- 
ciety of  Philadelphia  since  1896;  vice-presi- 
dent for  the  United  States  at  the  International 
Congress  of  Americanists  in  New  York,  in 
1902;  chairman  Division  of  Anthropology,  In- 
ternational Congress  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  at 
St.  Louis  Exposition  in  1904;  president  of  the 
American  Anthropological  Association  in 
1905-06.  He  received  the  cross  of  the  Legion 
of  Honor  from  the  French  government  in  1896; 
Drexel  gold  medal  from  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  in  1903;  both  for  services  in 
aid  of  American  archeology;  and  was  made  a 
member  of  the  Phi  Beta  Kappa,  Harvard 
University,  1892;  and  of  the  Sigma  Chi  of 
California  University  in  1903.  Professor  Put- 
nam has  written  more  than  400  papers,  re- 
ports, and  notes  on  zoology  and  anthropology 
since  1855.  He  has  also  done  a  large  amount 
of  editorial  work.  (See  Bibliography  in  the 
Putnam  Anniversary  Volume.)  He  has  made 
extensive  research  and  investigation  in  Ameri- 
can archeology.  He  considered  the  *  greatest 
achievements  of  his  life  work  to  be:  The  es- 
tablishment and  development  of  new  depart- 
ments of  anthropology  in  Harvard  and  Cali- 
fornia Universities;  the  development  of 
anthropological  museums;  and  the  preserva- 
tion of  prehistoric  monuments  in  the  United 
States.  Since  the  year  1858  he  has  been  a 
member  of  many  societies  at  home  and  abroad. 
Prominent  among  those  in  the  United  States 
are  the  following:  American  Philosophical  So- 
ciety; National  Academy  of  Sciences;  Massa- 
chusetts Historical  Society;  the  Historical  So- 
cieties of  Maine,  of  Ohio,  and  of  Minnesota; 
American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences; 
American  Antiquarian  Society;  American 
Association  for  Advancement  of  Science;  San 
Francisco  Academy  of  Science;  Archeological 
Institute  of  America  (a  founder)  ;  Academy 
of  Natural  Science  of  Philadelphia,  of  Daven- 
port, and  of  Washington;  American  Ethnologi- 
cal Society;  American  Anthropological  Asso- 
ciation (a  founder)  ;  Anthropological  Society 
of  Washington;  American  Folk-Lore  Society 
(a  founder)  ;  Boston  Society  of  Natural  His- 
tory. Among  those  abroad:  honorary  member 
of    the    Anthropological    Societies    of    London, 


15 


DEPEW 


DEPEW 


I,  and  Florence;  Geographical  Society 
of  Lima:  and  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Edin- 
burgh. Honorary  academician  of  the  Museum  of 
the  National  University  of  La  Plata;  Foreign 
Associate,  Anthropological  Societies  of  Paris 
and  Stockholm.  Corresponding  member  of  An- 
thropological Societies  of  Berlin  and  Rome;  of 
British  Association  for  the  Advancement  of 
Science;  the  Society  of  Americanists  in 
Paris;  and  the  Academy  of  Belles-Lettres, 
History  and  Antiquities  of  Stockholm.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  following  clubs:  Cambridge 
Saturday  Club;  Harvard  Religious  Club;  Har- 
vard Travellers'  Club;  Naturalists'  Club; 
Thursday  Club;  Examiner  Club,  Boston;  Ex- 
plorers Club,  New  York;  Colonial  Club,  Cam- 
bridge; Century  Association  and  Harvard 
Club,  New  York,  and  of  the  Society  of  the 
Governor  and  Company  of  the  Massachusetts 
Bay.  In  politics  he  was  independent,  but  with 
few  exceptions  in  national  elections  cast  his 
ballot  for  the  Democratic  electors.  In  re- 
ligious faith  and  church  affiliations  he  was  a 
Unitarian.  For  sport  and  relaxation  in  youth 
he  enjoyed  the  study  of  nature,  fencing,  horse- 
back riding,  and  baseball;  and  was  a  member 
of  the  first  regular  baseball  club  organized 
in  any  of  the  departments  of  Harvard  Uni- 
versity; in  later  years  archeological  explora- 
tion and  research  in  the  field.  Professor  Put- 
nam married,  first,  1  June,  1864,  Adelaide 
Martha,  daughter  of  William  Murray  and 
Martha  Adams  (Tapley)  Edmands,  and 
granddaughter  of  John  and  Mary  (Murray) 
Edmands,  and  of  John  and  Lydia  (Tufts) 
Tapley,  and  a  descendant  of  Walter  Edmands, 
who  came  from  Norfolk  County,  England,  to 
Concord,  Mass.,  previous  to  1639.  Three  chil- 
dren came  of  this  marriage:  Eben,  actively 
engaged  in  genealogical  and  historical  work; 
Alice  Edmands;  and  Ethel  Appleton  Fiske, 
wife  of  John  Hart  Lewis  (Harvard  University, 
1895),  an  attorney-at-law  and  referee  in  bank- 
ruptcy in  North  Dakota.  He  married,  second, 
29  April,  1882,  Esther  Orne  Clarke,  daughter 
of  John  L.  and  Matilda  (Shepard)  Clarke,  a 
descendant  of  Rev.  John  Clarke,  of  Boston,  and 
of  Rev.  Thomas  Shepard,  of  Cambridge.  No  chil- 
dren were  born  of  this  marriage.  Professor 
Putnam,  from  his  observation  and  judgment, 
offered  as  suggestions  to  young  Americans  for 
strengthening  sound  principles,  methods  and 
habits  in  American  life  and  most  helpful  to 
young  people  in  gaining  life  success,  the  fol- 
lowing: High  Ideals;  Honesty;  Charity; 
Courtesy;  Hard  Work.  Frederic  Ward  Put- 
nam died  at  his  home,  149  Brattle  Street, 
Cambridge,  Mass.,  14  Aug.,  1915.  He  was 
buried  in  Mount  Auburn,  the  funeral  services 
being  held  in  Appleton  Chapel,  Harvard  Uni- 
versity,   17    Aug. 

DEPEW,  Chauncey  Mitchell,  U.  S.  Senator 
and  railroad  president,  b.  in  Peekskill,  N.  Y., 
23  April,  1834,  son  of  Isaac  and  Martha 
(Mitchell)  Depew.  Through  his  father  he  is 
descended  from  Francois  Du  Puy,  a  Huguenot 
refugee,  who  came  to  this  country  from  France, 
in  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth  century,  and 
settled  in  Brooklyn,  where  he  married  the 
daughter  of  a  prominent  Dutch  burgher.  His 
maternal  ancestry  is  of  English  origin.  In 
the  light  of  his  later  career  it  is  peculiarly 
interesting  that  Mr.  Depew's  father,  together 
with  his  uncle,  both  prosperous  and  enterpris- 

16 


ing  fanners  and  merchants,  had  almost  com- 
plete control  of  the  transportation  of  freight 
up  and  down  the  Hudson  River.  There  were 
no  railways  in  those  days,  but  the  New  York 
and  Albany  steamboats  engaged  in  an  active 
traffic.  The  favorable  situation  of  Peekskill 
on  the  east  bank  of  the  Hudson  made  it  the 
market  for  the  country  back  of  it,  as  far  as 
the  Connecticut  State  line,  and  the  shipping 
point  of  its  produce  to  New  York,  about  forty 
miles  distant.  Chauncey  Depew  received  his 
elementary  instruction  from  his  mofher,  a 
woman  of  unusual  education  and  culture.  He 
next  attended  a  small  school  conducted  by 
the  wife  of  a  local  clergyman,  for  children 
under  the  age  of  ten.  Even  at  this  early  age 
young  Depew  was  an  omnivorous  reader,  and 
possessed  a  fund  of  general  information  much 
broader  than  that  of  the  average  boy  of  his 
years.  Yet  he  was  ever  a  real  boy,  and  the 
leader  of  his  fellows  in  the  sports  and  frolics 
familiar  to  all  country  boys.  After  his  tenth 
year,  until  his  eighteenth,  Mr.  Depew  was  a 
student  in  the  Peekskill  Academy,  an  old- 
fashioned  institution,  whose  chief  purpose  was 
to  prepare  boys  for  a  business  career.  It  was 
Isaac  Depew's  intention  that,  as  soon  as  his 
son  had  completed  the  course  in  this  institu- 
tion, he  should  join  him  in  his  business,  but 
the  boy,  influenced  probably  by  his  mother  and 
his  pastor.  Dr.  Westbrook,  had  visions  of  a 
career  that  should  extend  beyond  the  horizon 
of  the  little  country  river  town.  He  desired 
a  college  education.  To  this  the  elder  Depew 
was  at  first  opposed,  but  he  finally  changed 
his  opinion,  being  much  influenced  by  the  ad- 
vice of  Judge  Thomas  Nelson,  son  of  the  Hon. 
William  Nelson,  who  spoke  strongly  in  favor 
of  a  collegiate  training  for  the  young  man. 
After  a  period  of  thoughtful  consideration,  the 
father  finally  agreed  and  Mr.  Depew  entered 
Yale  College  in  1852,  being  graduated  with  the 
class  of  1856,  the  "  famous  class,"  as  it  was 
subsequently  called,  because  of  the  prominence 
attained  by  several  of  its  members.  In  this 
class,  numbering  some  125  men,  Depew  at- 
tained distinction,  not  only  through  his  mag- 
netic personality,  but,  especially  through  his 
gift  as  a  speaker,  which  made  him  the  orator 
of  the  class.  After  graduation,  he  became  a 
student  in  the  law  office  of  the  Hon.  W^illiam 
Nelson,  and,  in  1858,  was  admitted  to  the  bar. 
In  the  year  following  he  began  practice  in  his 
native  town.  Mr.  Depew  was  destined,  how- 
ever, to  distinguish  himself  in  other  fields  than 
that  of  the  law.  Already  in  his  later  boy- 
hood he  had  begun  to  take  a  keen  interest  in 
politics.  He  entered  college  a  Democrat.  Like 
his  father  and  the  other  members  of  his  family, 
he  belonged  to  the  conservative  wing  of  the 
party,  which  was  willing;  to  leave  slavery, 
then  becoming  a  burning  question,  in  abey- 
ance, contrary  to  the  policy  of  the  "Free 
Soil  "  Democrats.  There  were  three  presiden- 
tial candidates  in  the  field  in  Depew's  first 
year  in  college:  Franklin  Pierce,  the  candi- 
date of  the  National  Democratic  party;  Gen. 
Winfield  Scott,  of  the  Whig  party;  and  John 
P.  Hale,  the  nominee  of  the  Free  Soil  Demo- 
crats. In  the  frequent  debates  on  the  campus 
over  the  Fugitive  Slave  Law,  the  Personal 
Liberty  bills,  and  the  question  of  the  exten- 
sion of  slavery,  Depew  at  first  argued  for  the 
traditional    politics   of   his    family.      But,    in 


JTn^  />Y  Vl'T^athi 


CnauAAA^/h,  &cm(A 


DEPEW 


DEPEW 


his  very  efforts  to  be  logical,  he  felt  the  weak- 
nesses of  his  own  contentions,  and  gradually 
his  opinions  underwent  a  radical  change.  In 
1853  the  famous  Kansas-Nebraska  Bill  caused 
the  disintegration  of  the  old  parties,  and  a 
new  alignment  followed  on  the  burning  issue 
of  slavery.  Then,  also,  there  came  to  New 
Haven  such  prominent  and  eloquent  abolition- 
ist speakers  as  Wendell  Phillips,  William 
Lloyd  Garrison,  and  George  William  Curtis, 
and  their  arguments  made  a  deep  impression 
on  the  young  man.  When,  early  in  1856,  the 
Anti-Nebraska  men  adopted  the  name  Eepubli- 
can,  Depew  enrolled  himself  as  a  warm  sup- 
porter of  the  new  party.  Hardly  had  he  re- 
ceived his  degree  when  he  threw  himself  heart 
and  soul  into  the  campaign  in  support  of 
Fremont  and  Dayton,  making  speeches  in  their 
behalf,  and  thus  beginning  the  political  career 
in  which  he  has  achieved  such  prominence  in 
every  succeeding  presidential  campaign.  As 
he  has  himself  said,  his  defection  from  the 
political  faith  of  his  family  almost  broke  his 
father's  heart,  causing  him  a  bitter  disappoint- 
ment, which  reached  its  climax  when  the  son 
addressed  an  audience  in  his  native  town  from 
a  Republican  platform.  On  taking  up  his  law 
practice,  Mr.  Depew  lost  none  of  his  early  en- 
thusiasm for  politics;  indeed,  it  began  presently 
to  interfere  seriously  with  his  business.  In 
1858  he  was  elected  a  delegate  to  the  Republi- 
can State  Convention.  He  was  one  of  the  four 
delegates-at-large  from  his  State  to  the  Re- 
publican National  Conventions  in  1888,  1892, 
1896,  1900,  1904,  and  a  delegate  in  1908  and 
1912.  In  1860  Mr.  Depew  stumped  the  coun- 
try for  Lincoln,  and  attracted  a  great  deal  of 
attention  as  a  campaign  speaker.  In  the  fol- 
lowing year  he  was  elected  to  the  New  York 
assembly  from  a  district  in  which  the  Demo- 
crats were  normally  in  a  majority.  In  1862 
he  was  re-elected,  and,  at  the  commencement  of 
the  legislative  session  of  1863,  was  named  in 
caucus  as  party  candidate  for  speaker.  But  he 
subsequently  withdrew  in  favor  of  the  candi- 
date of  the  Independent  Democrats.  During 
part  of  the  session  he  acted  as  speaker  pro 
tem.,  was  chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Ways 
and  Means  and,  as  such,  leader  of  the  ma- 
jority on  the  floor.  In  that  same  year  Mr. 
Depew  was  the  candidate  of  his  party  for 
Secretary  of  State.  The  result  was  a  notable 
victory,  Mr.  Depew  being  elected  by  a  majority 
of  30,000.  He  declined  a  renomination  for 
this  office,  owing  to  business  interests.  Dur- 
ing President  Johnson's  administration,  Wil- 
liam H.  Seward,  who  was  then  Secretary  of 
State,  secured  the  appointment  of  Mr.  Depew 
as  minister  to  Japan,  which  was  confirmed 
by  the  Senate,  but,  after  considering  the  mat- 
ter for  a  month,  Mr.  Depew  declined  the  honor 
for  family  reasons.  At  about  this  same  time, 
also,  Mr.  Depew  became  acquainted  with  Cor- 
nelius Vanderbilt,  whose  steamboat  navigation 
enterprises  had  earned  for  him  the  title  of 
'•  Commodore."  Already  he  had  laid  the  foun- 
dation of  that  great  railway  system  which  was 
afterward  associated  with  his  name.  One  day 
Mr.  Depew  was  surprised  to  receive  from  the 
**  Commodore  "  the  offer  of  a  responsible  posi- 
tion in  the  company.  He  at  once  accepted  the 
offer,  and  immediately  applied  himself  to  a 
thorough  and  detailed  study  of  transportation. 
In  1866  he  became  attorney  for  the  New  York 


and  Harlem  Railroad  Company,  and  three 
years  later,  when  this  road  was  consolidated 
with  the  New  York  Central  Railroad  Com- 
pany, with  Cornelius  Vanderbilt  at  the  head, 
Mr.  Depew  was  chosen  attorney  for  the  new 
corporation.  Soon  after,  he  became  a  mem- 
ber of  the  board  of  directors.  As  the  Van- 
derbilt system  expanded  Mr.  Depew's  responsi- 
bilities and  interests  increased  in  a  correspond- 
ing degree.  In  1875  he  was  appointed  gen- 
eral counsel  for  the  entire  system,  and  was 
elected  a  director  in  each  of  the  roads  of 
which  it  was  composed.  In  spite  of  the  energy 
which  he  was  now  obliged  to  direct  into  these 
new  business  channels,  Mr.  Depew's  keen  in- 
terest in  public  affairs  made  it  impossible  for 
him  to  abandon  politics  entirely.  In  1872,  at 
the  earnest  solicitation  of  Horace  Greeley,  he 
permitted'  the  use  of  his  name  as  a  candidate 
for  lieutenant-governor  on  the  Liberal  Repub- 
lican ticket,  at  the  head  of  which  was  Greeley. 
Inevitably,  however,  he  shared  in  the  general 
defeat.  The  following  year  he  acted  with  the 
Republican  party,  and  has  remained  constant 
to  this  affiliation  ever  since.  Two  years  later 
Mr.  Depew  was  appointed  by  the  State  legis- 
lature as  a  regent  of  the  State  University,  and 
also  as  one  of  the  commissioners  to  build  the 
State  capitol  at  Albany.  Meanwhile,  William 
H.  Vanderbilt  resigned  from  the  presidency  of 
the  New  York  Central,  and  a  reorganization 
of  the  company  followed,  James  H.  Rutter 
being  chosen  president,  and  Mr.  Depew  as 
second  vice-president.  In  1885  Mr.  Rutter 
died  and  Mr.  Depew  was  chosen  to  take  his 
place.  This  latter. office  he  held  for  thirteen 
years,  acting,  also,  as  president  over  most  of 
the  subsidiary  companies,  and  as  a  director  in 
twenty-eight  additional  lines.  In  1898,  on  re- 
signing from  the  presidency,  he  was  made 
chairman  of  the  board  of  directors  of  the 
entire  system.  In  1888,  when  Mr.  Depew  was 
a  delegate-at-large  to  the  Republican  National 
Convention,  he  received  seventy  votes  from  the 
State  of  New  York  for  the  presidency.  On 
subsequent  ballots  the  vote  was  increased.  At 
his  own  request  his  name  was  withdrawn  in 
favor  of  Benjamin  Harrison,  who  was  finally 
nominated.  After  his  election.  President  Har- 
rison showed  his  appreciation  of  this  act  of 
self-sacrifice  by  offering  Mr.  Depew  any  place 
in  his  Cabinet  except  that  of  Secretary  of 
State,  which  had  already  been  promised  to 
James  G.  Blaine,  but  Mr.  Depew  felt  compelled 
to  decline.  In  1892,  at  the  Republican  Na- 
tional Convention,  held  at  Minneapolis,  Mr. 
Depew  again  supported  Mr.  Harrison  so 
strongly  that  the  latter  attributed  his  nomi- 
nation to  the  former's  efforts,  and  after  his 
re-election  he  again  sought  to  show  his  grati- 
tude, this  time  by  offering  Mr.  Depew  the 
portfolio  of  the  Secretary  of  State,  left  vacant 
by  the  resignation  of  Mr.  Blaine.  But,  again, 
Mr.  Depew  decided  not  to  accept  office.  In 
1899,  however,  he  allowed  himself  to  be  nomi- 
nated for  U.  S.  Senator  and  was  elected  by  the 
unanimous  vote  of  the  Republican  majority  in 
the  legislature.  In  1905  he  was  re-oleoted. 
Altogether  he  served  in  the  Senate  twelve 
years;  he  would  have  been  given  a  third  term 
had  it  not  happened  that  the  Republicans  lost 
control  of  the  legislature.  As  a  candidate  for 
U.  S.  Senator  Mr.  Depew  has  received  the 
ballots  of  the  members  of   his   party   in  the 


17 


CLABK 


CLARK 


State  legislature  oftener  than  any  other  citi- 
zen of  the  country;  sixty  ballots,  pne  each 
day  for  sixty  days  in  1881,  and  sixty-four 
during  forty-live  days  in  1911.  Few  men,  in- 
dependent of  the  positions  that  they  have  held, 
have  attained  so  wide  a  prominence  in  the 
country  as  Mr.  Depew,  and  this  is  almost  en- 
tirely due  to  his  own  personality.  Partly,  no 
doubt,  his  immense  popularity  rests  on  his 
abilities'  as  an  orator.  He  has  been  considered 
the  best  after-dinner  speaker  in  the  United 
States.  Even  after  their  appearance  in  cold 
print  his  magnetism  seems  to  cling  to  his 
speeches,  so  that  it  impresses  itself  even  on 
readers  who  have  never  seen  him  personally. 
Aside  from  this,  he  has  also  found  time  to 
edit  a  series  of  the  world's  greatest  orations 
in  twenty-four  volumes,  and  a  massive  work 
entitled,  "  One  Hundred  Years  of  American 
Commerce."  In  this  latter  work,  as  well  as 
in  his  collected  speeches,  is  shown  the  firm 
grasp  that  he  has  of  the  great  questions,  not 
only  of  his  own  time,  but  of  those  that  have 
agitated  the  country  throughout  its  history. 
In  addition  to  his  duties  as  the  head  of  the 
New  York  Central  and  as  a  federal  legislator, 
Mr.  Depew  has  been  very  active  as  a  director 
of  many  financial,  fiduciary,  and  other  cor- 
porations and  trusts.  The  degree  of  LL.D. 
was  conferred  on  him  by  Yale  University  in 
1887.  Among  the  many  societies  of  which  he 
is  a  member  may  be  mentioned  the  Huguenot 
Society,  the  Society  of  the  Cincinnati,  the 
Sons  of  the  American  Revolution,  the  Union 
League,  the  Metropolitan,  and  the  Century 
Clubs,  the  Holland  Society,  the  New  England 
Society,  and  the  Society  of  Colonial  Wars. 
He  is  also  a  member  of  the  American  Bar 
Association,  the  New  York  Bar  Association, 
and  the  New  York  Chamber  of  Commerce.  He 
was  for  many  years  in  succession  elected  presi- 
dent of  the  Yale  Alumni  Association,  declin- 
ing re-election  after  ten  years  of  service.  For 
seven  successive  years  he  was  president  of  the 
Union  League  Club,  a  longer  term  than  has 
ever  been  filled  by  any  other,  and  on  declining 
further  re-election,  he  was  made  an  honorary 
»  member.  In  1871  Mr.  Depew  married  Elise, 
daughter  of  William  Hegeman,  of  New  York 
City.  She  died  in  1892,  leaving  one  son, 
Chauncey  M.  Depew,  Jr.  In  1900  Mr.  Depew 
married  Mav,  daughter  of  John  Palmer,  of 
New  York  City. 

CLARK,  William  Andrews,  U.  S.  Senator, 
b.  near  Connellsville,  Pa.,  8  Jan.,  18.39,  son  of 
John  and  Mary  (Andrews)  Clark.  His  father, 
who  had  cultivated  a  farm  under  the  discour- 
aging conditions  of  impoverished  soil  and  poor 
markets,  sold  his  farm  in  1856,  and  seized  a 
favorable  opportunity  to  remove  to  Van  Buren 
County,  la.  There  ^  the  family  continued  to 
reside  for  a  number  of  years.  In  the  mean- 
time, the  future  Senator,  who  had  already  laid 
the  foundations  of  an  education,  began  his 
active  life;  displaying  even  at  the  start  the 
remarkable  energy  and  achieving  the  conspicu- 
ous success  that  has  been  characteristic  of  his 
entire  career.  He  drove  a  team  across  the 
plains  in  1862  to  Colorado,  where  he  worked 
in  the  quartz  mines  at  Central  City  for  almost 
a  year,  and  there,  with  three  companions,  pur- 
chased a  team  and  traveled  for  sixty  days  to 
the  recently  discovered  gold  placer  mines  at 
Bannack,  Idaho,  now  in  the  State  of  Montana. 


Although  he  had  studied  law,  Mr.  Clark  nevei 
practiced  his  profession,  choosing  rather  ai 
active  career  along  varied  lines,  in  which  h( 
has  been  so  conspicuously  successful.  He 
worked  in  the  placer  mines  for  two  years  anc 
was  quite  successful,  and  then  engaged  in  mer- 
cantile pursuits.  Starting  as  a  small  but  con- 
stantly growing  merchant,  he  increased  his 
fortunes  gradually,  by  careful  attention  to  de- 
tails, the  exercise  of  an  excellent  judgment, 
which  seems  to  be  a  native  characteristic  of 
his  mind,  and  a  tireless  energy  which  ever 
seeks  after  new  outlets,  and  is  determined  to 
make  the  best  of  the  advantages  which  they 
offer.  Like  other  enterprising  spirits  of  the 
time,  he  afterward  invested  his  capital  in  min- 
ing, principally  copper  at  the  start,  although, 
later,  in  coal,  silver,  and  other  mining  enter- 
prises, in  all  of  which  he  has  reaped  a  wonder- 
ful success,  the  result  solely  of  his  own  efforts 
and  industry.  By  virtue  of  his  inborn  and 
sedulously  cultivated  personal  endowments, 
Mr.  Clark  stands  alone  among  the  great  cap- 
tains of  industry  of  our  country  in  the  fact 
that  he  has  always  been  sole  owner  and  man- 
ager of  all  his  vast  enterprises,  and  has  so 
skillfully  managed  the  affairs  of  all  of  them 
that  of  all  the  twenty-eight  companies  with 
which  his  name  is  associated  not  one  share  of 
stock  or  bonds  is  quoted  upon  any  exchange 
in  the  world.  All  of  them  have  been  built  up 
solely  by  his  energy  and  industry,  and  in  all 
of  them  he  is  entirely  untrammeled  by  boards 
of  directors,  stockholders  with  their  numerous 
interests  and  constant  liability  to  produce  em- 
barrassing situations,  and  of  all  stock  market 
conditions.  He  has  thus  achieved  the  remark- 
able ability  of  weathering  all  panics,  depres- 
sions, and  other  conditions  of  "  tightness  "  in 
financial  circles.  For  the  reason,  also,  that 
all  his  companies  are  thus  close  corporations, 
little  is  heard  of  his  industrial  enterprises 
which  render  no  public  reports,  and  conduct 
their  affairs  without  making  the  usual  signs 
upon  the  surface  of  the  business  world. 
Through  his  vast  holdings  in  both  Montana 
and  Arizona,  Senator  Clark  is  the  largest  in- 
dividual owner  of  copper  mines  and  smelters 
in  the  world,  and  has  always  been  entirely  un- 
allied  with  any  other  copper  interests  what- 
ever. He  owns  nearly  all  of  the  stock  of  the 
United  Verde  Copper  Company  at  Jerome, 
Ariz.,  which  is  conceded  to  be  the  greatest 
copper  mine  in  the  world.  He  has  nearly  com- 
pleted a  large  smelting  and  converting  plant 
at  Clarkdale,  five  miles  below  Jerome  on  the 
Verde  River,  which  will  cost  over  $3,000,000 
and  have  a  capacity  of  6,000,000  pounds  of 
fine  copper  per  month.  He  also  owns  and 
operates  large  coal  mines  in  Colorado,  zinc 
mines  in  Montana,  and  silver  mines  in  Utah. 
He  was  one  of  the  first  in  America  to  enter 
the  beet  sugar  business,  Jiaving  purchased  a 
large  tract  of  land  near  Los  Angeles,  Cal., 
established  a  large  plant  as  early  as  1898, 
which  is  one  of  the  few  sugar  factories  in  the 
country  wholly  independent  of  the  so-called 
sugar  trust.  He  has,  also,  vast  lumber  in- 
terests in  Montana,  has  developed  and  owns 
great  water  powder  plants  in  Utah  and  Mon- 
tana for  the  generation  of  electric  current  and 
street  raihvays  in  two  large  cities,  Butte  and 
Missoula.  In  the  development  of  all  his  varied 
interests,    it    has   been   necessary   for   him   to 


18 


J'ach  Brothers  MX  Cofvfi^hTrd 


Jhi'iv  ^j^^j-^^,-  yy 


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CLARK 


CLARK 


enter,  also,  the  field  of  practical  railroad 
builder  and  operator.  In  addition  to  several 
freight  lines  for  the  carriage  of  the  products 
of  his  mines  and  lumber  regions,  he  is  the 
projector,  owner,  and  operator  of  the  San 
Pedro,  Los  Angeles  ,and  Salt  Lake  Railroad, 
with  its  extensive  system  of  feeders.  Among 
his  numerous  other  interests,  Senator  Clark 
operates  a  powder  mill  recently  erected  at 
Corry,  Pa.,  for  the  manufacture  of  a  new  kind 
of  blasting-powder,  a  large  cattle  ranch  in 
Montana,  a  still  larger  coffee,  sugar,  and  cattle 
ranch  in  Mexico,  a  big  wire  works  in  New 
Jersey,  where  a  large  part  of  his  copper  is 
made  into  wire,  a  bronze  factory  in  New 
York,  an  influential  daily  newspaper  in  Butte, 
and  a  bank  in  the  same  city.  This  latter  is 
one  of  the  most  remarkable  financial  institu- 
tions in  the  United  States,  inasmuch  as  it  is 
a  private  ownership  and  partnership,  started 
over  thirty  years  ago,  and  owned  by  himself 
and  brother.  Being  unincorporated,  its  lia- 
bility to  its  depositors  is  unlimited,  except  by 
the  resources  of  its  two  owners.  In  all  of  Mr. 
Clark's  varied  interests  two  extraordinary 
things  are  to  be  noted:  first,  that  he  has  com- 
plete technical  knowledge  of  every  one  of  these 
diverse  industries,  and,  second,  that  there  is  no 
man  in  his  employ  in  any  department  who  is 
indispensable  to  him.  He  is  even  an  expert 
mining  engineer  and  a  thoroughly  informed 
metallurgist.  He  keeps  the  management  of  all 
his  vast  enterprises  in  his  own  hands,  and  al- 
though superintendents  make  reports  daily, 
weekly,  or  monthly  to  him,  as  the  importance 
of  the  particular  undertaking  may  warrant, 
everything  from  the  making  of  a  contract  for 
the  paper  used  for  his  newspaper,  to  the  buy- 
ing of  equipment  for  his  railroad,  he  does  him- 
self. It  is  frequently  declared  that  he  is  the 
greatest  living  master  of  detail  in  the  world. 
If  it  were  not  for  his  exceptional  faculty  of 
taking  a  matter  up,  deciding  it,  and  then 
dismissing  it  from  his  mind,  he  could  not  pos- 
sibly get  through  his  daily  routine  of  work, 
to  say  nothing  of  having  time  left  for  recrea- 
tion and  social  enjoyment.  Yet,  while  han- 
dling all  these  great  enterprises,  he  served  the 
people  of  Montana  most  acceptably  in  the 
Senate  of  the  United  States  from  1901  until 
1907,  where  he  brought  to  bear  all  his  mar- 
velous ability  and  power  of  concentration,  and 
made  a  record  as  one  of  the  most  diligent 
members  and  hardest  workers  in  committee 
that  ever  entered  that  body.  Soon  after  he 
entered  the  Senate,  owing  to  his  intimate 
knowledge  of  several  languages,  he  was  placed 
upon  the  Committee  on  Foreign  Relations  in 
which  he  served  throughout  his  term.  Al- 
though a  ready  thinker  and  fluent  orator,  he 
never  addressed  the  Senate  unless  he  had  some 
subject  of  more  than  passing  importance  to 
speak  upon,  and  when  this  happened  his  views 
were  always  given  marked  attention  and  car- 
ried exceptional  weight.  Few  men  have  been 
more  misunderstood  by  a  large  part  of  the 
public  than  has  Mr.  Clark.  Many  imagine 
that  he  entered  public  life  through  a  desire 
to  satisfy  a  purely  personal  ambition,  when 
as  a  matter  of  fact  nothing  could  be  further 
from  the  truth.  It  was  not  by  his  own  seek- 
ing that  he  came  into  active  politics.  He 
was  forced  into  it  at  a  time  when  a  large 
class  of  citizens  in  Montana  rebelled  against 


the  domination  of  a  powerful  machine  in  their 
affairs.  The  insurgent  leaders  of  the  time 
canvassed  the  situation  and  came  to  the  con- 
clusion that  only  one  man  could  successfully 
lead  their  forces  to  victory.  Mr.  Clark  was 
then  in  New  York,  and  a  committee  was  sent 
to  urge  him  to  take  the  leadership  of  the 
movement.  At  first  he  declined,  but  after  re- 
peated solicitations  of  the  committee,  and  an 
appeal  to  his  love  of  his  State,  and  his  obliga- 
tion to  the  people  of  that  commonwealth,  he 
reluctantly  consented  to  enter  the  fight.  A 
political  battle  followed,  which  for  unre- 
strained fierceness,  bitterness,  and  malignity 
has  never  been  equaled  in  this  country.  How- 
ever, a  leading  characteristic  of  Mr.  Clark  is 
tenacity  of  purpose.  In  all  his  industrial  un- 
dertakings, the  difficulties  encountered  seem 
only  to  have  added  to  his  determination.  In- 
deed, the  more  stubborn  the  resistance,  the  more 
determined  this  man  has  been  to  conquer.  So 
it  was  in  politics.  Although  he  had  entered 
the  field  unwillingly  enough,  as  he  advanced 
and  the  road  was  beset  by  increasing  obstruc- 
tions, he  became  all  the  more  interested  in 
fighting  his  way  to  success.  For  years  this 
warfare  waged,  sometimes  Mr.  Clark  was  re- 
pulsed, but  he  never  was  routed  and  he  never 
gave  up  until  the  goal  was  reached.  With 
such  a  leader  there  could  be  but  one  termina- 
tion to  such  a  fight.  But  people  of  the  na- 
tion never  knew  how  high  and  unselfish  has 
been  the  purpose  of  Mr.  Clark  in  undertaking 
the  overthrow  of  conditions  which  had  laecome 
intolerable  to  a  large  portion  of  people  in  his 
State.  It  has  been  said  of  him  that  he  was 
the  richest  man  who  ever  entered  the  United 
States  Senate  as  a  member,  and,  although  that 
is  undoubtedly  true,  he  is  the  last  man  who 
would  ever  claim  such  distinction.  The  one 
thing  he  never  mentions  to  his  most  intimate 
associates  in  his  wealth.  At  no  time  has  he 
ever  sought  notoriety  on  this  account,  but  on 
the  contrary  it  is  the  one  subject  he  shuns 
in  conversation,  for  he  appears  to  have  the 
highly  creditable  pride  of  wanting  to  be  meas- 
ured rather  by  mental  standards  than  by  any 
other.  He  is  as  willing  to  match  intellects 
with  a  man  who  has  not  a  dollar  as  he  was 
to  try  conclusions  in  industrial  life  with  a 
genius  like  the  late  E.  H.  Harriman.  Mr. 
Clark  is  a  man  whom  wealth  has  not  spoiled 
nor  even  changed.  The  humblest  man  in  his 
employment  can  obtain  easy  access  to  him  and 
a  stranger  listening  to  a  conversation  between 
them  would  never  know  from  anything  in  Mr. 
Clark's  manner  which  was  the  employer  and 
which  the  employee.  He  keenly  appreciates 
also  the  higher  objects  in  life.  His  love  of 
the  beautiful  is  almost  a  weakness  with  him. 
Among  his  pictures,  where  he  spends  hours  of 
enjoyment  alone,  he  seems  to  give  full  play 
to  the  poetic  side  of  his  nature.  Among  art 
lovers  both  in  Europe  and  this  country  he  is 
recognized  as  an  unerring  judge  of  paintings. 
He  has  purchased,  from  time  to  time,  some  of 
the  world's  great  masterpieces,  solely  because 
he  appreciates  their  every  beauty,  and  is  in 
complete  sympathy  with  the  ideals  expressed 
by  the  artist.  He  constructed  and  completed 
a  few  years  ago,  on  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York, 
what  is  considered  the  finest  private  residence 
in  the  world — a  veritable  palace — and  has 
placed    therein    a    collection    of    tapestries    of 


10 


CLARK 


ARCHBOLD 


the  fifteenth,  sixteenth,  and  eighteenth  cen- 
turies of  the  highest  quality — also  the  greatest 
number  of  sixteenth  century  Persian  carpets 
in  any  single  collection.  His  collection  of 
pictures  comprises  the  finest  examples  of  the 
great  masters  of  all  schools  of  painting,  both 
ancient  and  modern,  and  more  particularly  of 
the  Harbizon  School,  which  is  unsurpassed  in 
the  world.  It  is  indeed  remarkable  that  this 
man  who  can  converse  so  technically  and  in- 
structively with  men  in  all  professions  and 
walks  of  life  can  also  in  the  company  of  the 
greatest  artists  and  authorities  in  matters  of 
that  kind  captivate  them  with  the  depth  of  his 
knowledge  of  their  own  departments.  There 
is  a  marked  love  of  humanity  in  Mr.  Clark's 
nature  which  finds  expression  in  intelligent 
works  of  charity.  His  generosity  takes  prac- 
tical forms.  In  giving  to  others  he  believes  in 
exercising  the  mind  as  well  as  the  heart.  Do- 
nating money  without  seeing  it  put  to  the  beat 
possible  use  does  not  appeal  to  him,  but  when 
he  gives  of  his  wealth,  he  also  contributes  his 
time  and  attention  to  the  charitable  objects 
in  which  he  has  been  interested.  In  Butte  he 
has  built  as  memorial  to  his  youngest  son, 
who  died  at  the  age  of  sixteen,  when  prepar- 
ing to  enter  Yale  University,  the  Paul  Clark 
Home  for  Children.  In  this  institution  some 
eighty  boys  and  girls  who  may  have  lost  one 
or  both  parents  have  their  loss  made  up  to 
them  so  far  as  it  is  in  the  power  of  human 
love  and  kindness  to  do  so.  There  is  nothing 
suggestive  of  a  charitable  institution  about 
this  home,  but  it  is  a  real  home  full  of  fun 
and  laughter.  Here  the  children  not  only  have 
the  advantage  of  a  good  common  school  educa- 
tion, but  the  boys  are  taught  trades  and  the 
girls  loam  to  sew  and  cook  and  become  good 
housewives  Mr.  Clark  maintains  this  insti- 
tution entirely  alone,  although,  in  order  to  dis- 
guise its  charitable  phase,  those  who  are  able 
to  do  so  are  allowed  to  pay  something  toward 
the  board  of  their  children,  but  the  great  ma- 
jority do  not  contribute,  and  no  difference  is 
made  in  the  treatment  of  the  children  on  this 
account.  They  are  all  members  of  one  big 
happy  family  with  as  little  restraint  thrown 
around  them  as  is  foimd  in  any  private  home. 
No  one  appeals  to  Mr.  Clark's  heart  like  a 
child  In  one  of  the  canyons  near  Butte  years 
ago  he  established  a  beautiful  breathing  spot, 
known  as  Columbia  Gardens.  He  employed  the 
best  landscape  gardeners  that  could  be  ob- 
tained and  these  grounds  were  laid  out  in  a 
manner  that  is  the  wonder  of  every  visitor, 
and  it  is  the  one  place  to  which  every 
stranger  in  Butte  is  at  once  taken.  Here  i's 
found  a  thoroughly  equipped  playground  for 
the  children,  with  all  kinds  of  swings,  see-saws, 
ladders,  sliding  apparatus,  and  everything  that 
can  be  imajrined  to  gladden  the  "heart  of  a 
child.  Little  streams  fed  by  the  eternal  snows 
of  the  main  range  of  the'  Rocky  Mountains, 
against  which  this  beautiful  spot  nestles,  me- 
ander through  the  grounds,  and  emptv  into  a 
lake,  in  which  the  children  bathe  and  boat 
LaAvns  and  flower  beds  are  laid  out  in  a  man- 
ner that  is  most  captivating  to  the  eye,  and 
in  the  summer  time  the  children  are' turned 
loose  in  one  portion  of  the  gardens  and  allowed 
to  pick  all  the  flowers  they  want.  Nearly  all 
the  different  wild  animals  of  Montana,  includ- 
ing buffalo,  elk,  bear,  and  deer,  are  found  in 

20 


another  portion  of  the  grounds,  and  at  one  side 
large  greenhouses  are  located  together  with  a 
fish  hatchery.  In  the  large  grove  tables  and 
easy  rustic  seats  are  provided  for  the  family 
parties  who  want  to  picnic  under  the  trees. 
The  unique  feature  of  this  institution  is  that 
each  Thursday  in  the  spring  and  summer 
every  child  in  Butte  and  vicinity  is  Mr.  Clark's 
guest,  being  carried  to  and  from  the  gardens 
in  street  cars  free  of  charge,  and  generally 
on  these  days  he  has  8,000  to  12,000  children 
as  his  guests.  Many  children  owe  it  to  Mr. 
Clark's  kind  heart  that  they  are  not  destined 
to  go  through  life  crippled,  for  he  has  borne 
the  expense  of  having  notable  medical  experts 
treat  these  little  folks  and  straighten  their 
crooked  or  dislocated  limbs.  In  addition  to 
this  Mr.  Clark  has  educated  at  his  expense 
many  children  who  have  shown  talent  along 
artistic  lines,  and  who  never  would  have  had 
their  gift  cultivated  without  his  aid.  Recently 
in  Los  Angeles,  as  memorial  to  his  mother, 
who  died  there  a  few  years  ago,  he  made  a 
large  donation  for  the  erection  of  a  home  for 
working-girls,  which  is  to  be  under  the  man- 
agement of  the  Young  Women's  Christian  As- 
sociation of  that  city.  This  institution,  which 
cost  a  large  sum,  now  provides  a  comfortable 
home  for  200  working-girls  at  a  nominal  cost. 
It  is  doubtful  if  there  has  been  a  church  built 
in  Montana,  or  any  other  good  institution 
started  in  the  commonwealth,  that  does  not 
have  to  acknowledge  a  debt  of  gratitude  to  Mr. 
Clark.  His  power  of  mental  concentration,  his 
mastery  of  detail,  and  his  unsurpassed  expert- 
ness  in  a  number  of  professions  and  technical 
knowledge  of  numerous  complicated  industrial 
lines  in  which  he  is  interested,  make  him  the 
marvel  of  everyone  who  has  any  intimate 
knowledge  of  the  many-sidedness  of  his  char- 
acter and  the  dynamic  force  of  his  tireless 
energy.  He  is  a  living  example  of  the  fact 
that  it  is  possible  for  some  minds  backed  by 
limitless  will  power  to  acquire  the  highest  pos- 
sible knowledge  upon  any  number  of  subjects, 
to  obtain  expertness  in  any  one  of  which  the 
average  individual  would  consider  a  life's  task. 
Farseeing,  genial,  and  democratic  in  the  ex- 
treme, his  character  and  career  stand  forth  as 
an  inspiration  to  ambitious  youth,  while  his 
remarkable  achievements  are  the  admiration 
and  w'onder  of  his  contemporaries. 

ARCHBOLD,  John  Dustin.  financier  and  in- 
dustrial leader,  b.  at  Leesburg,  Ohio,  26  July, 
1848;  d.  at  Tarrytow^n,  N.  Y.,  5  Dec,  1916, 
son  of  Rev.  Israel  and  Frances  (Dana)  Arch- 
bold  The  founder  of  the  family  in  America 
was  James  Archbold,  a  native  of  County  Kil- 
dare,  Ireland,  where  he  was  born  in  1766, 
migrating  to  America  and  landing  in  Balti- 
more on  16  Nov.,  1787.  Three  years  after 
his  arrival  from  Ireland — in  1790 — he  mar- 
ried Miss  Ann  Kennedy,  of  Prince  George 
County,  Md.  He  followed  some  scholastic  call- 
ing. They  had  a  large  family,  eight  sons  and 
four  daughters,  and  moved  from  place  to 
place  through  Maryland,  Washington  City, 
and  Virginia,  finally  taking  the  trail  to  Ohio. 
James  Archbold  died  on  20  Sept.,  1819,  in 
his  fifty-third  year.  His  widow,  Ann,  sur- 
vived him  twenty-four  years,  dying  in  her 
seventy-fifth  year  in  Moorfield,  Harrison 
County,  Ohio,  25  July,  1843.  James  Arch- 
bold came  of  a  family  settled  in  Ireland  for 


J 


#- 


ARCHBOLD 


ARCHBOLD 


six  hundred  years  and  during  all  that  time 
prominent  in  Wicklow  and  Kildare  as  gentle- 
men landholders,  identified  with  one  side  or 
the  other  of  the  successive  struggles  that 
marked  the  history  of  the  troubled  island. 
They  intermarried  with  the  families  of  native 
chieftains,  but  there  were  always  men  of  the 
family  to  carry  forward  the  Archbold  name. 
William  Archbold  was  created  baron  of  the 
Irish  Exchequer  in  the  late  nineties  of  the 
fourteenth  century  and  Henry  IV  appointed 
another  William  Archbold,  in  1400,  constable 
of  the  Castle  of  Mackinnegan  in  Wicklow. 
Richard  Archbold  of  the  family  was  elected 
prior  of  the  noble  Mitred  House  of  Kilmain- 
ham  in  1491.  Under  Queen  Elizabeth  some 
of  the  family  estates  were  confiscated  by  the 
Crown  to  be  restored  under  James  I.  In  the 
Irish  revolt  of  1641  most  of  the  family  acted 
with  the  Irish  lords  to  judge  by  the  many 
attainders  issued  under  Charles  I  against 
their  lands  and  persons,  some  of  these  after- 
ward released.  Six  of  the  family  fought  on 
the  side  of  James  II — ofl&cers  in  Dongan's 
Dragoons — at  the  siege  of  Limerick.  When 
the  Jacobite  Irish  officers  and  regiments  left 
Ireland  for  service  in  European  armies,  two 
of  the  Archbolds  are  found  on  the  Spanish 
rosters,  Don  Diego  (James)  Archbold,  lieu- 
tenant, and  Don  Miguel  (Michael)  Archbold, 
lieutenant-colonel  of  the  regiment  of  Ultonia. 
At  what  time  or  what  branch  of  the  family 
became  Protestant  is  obscure,  but  James 
Archbold,  the  emigrant  of  1787,  was  probably 
of  that  faith.  He  is  described  as  "  a  fine 
scholar,"  and  wrote  a  fair  hand  as  seen  in 
the  entries  he  made  in  one  of  the  family 
Bibles.  Two  of  his  sons  preached  the  Gos- 
pel in  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  one, 
his  youngest,  Noah,  who,  as  the  family  Bible 
says,  "  having  preached  Christ  departed  in 
peace  from  this  sublunary  scene,"  on  13  Aug., 
1836,  in  his  twenty-seventh  year.  The  other 
was  Israel,  father  of  John  Dustin  Archbold, 
born  in  Mount  Prosperous,  Harrison  County, 
Ohio,  2  Nov.,  1807.  He  lived  a  life  of  service 
rich  in  the  esteem  of  his  co-religionists.  He 
married  at  Newport,  Ohio,  Miss  Frances  Dana, 
daughter  of  Colonel  William  Dana  who  trav- 
eled by  wagon  from  Massachusetts  to  Mari- 
etta, Ohio — one  of  the  true  Ohio  pioneers. 
For  twenty-five  years  the  Rev.  Israel  Arch- 
bold was  a  member  of  the  Pittsburgh  Confer- 
ence. He  died  in  1859.  Thus  we  see  that  the 
gentle  dominie's  son,  one  of  four  orphaned 
children  in  the  little  Ohio  town,  was  dowered 
by  blood  with  high  qualities  from  fighting, 
dominating,  devoted  forbears  whether  of 
Irish  or  New  England  strain.  Of  this  the 
boy  of  eleven  knew  little  or  nothing:  but 
these  aids  from  the  elder  days  were  soon  to  be 
fighting  on  his  side  in  a  long  and  successful 
battle  with  the  world.  John  Dustin  was  the 
third  son.  His  eldest  brother  entered  the 
church,  his  second  brother  went  to  the  war: 
little  John's  the  task  then  to  look  after  his 
mother  and  his  little  sister.  The  family 
moved  to  Salem,  Columbia  County,  and  John 
after  a  short  term  at  school  went  to  work 
in  a  grocery  store  for  an  exceedingly  modest 
wage.  He  soon  showed  his  grit  and  his  am- 
bition for  before  a  year  was  out  it  is  recorded 
that  he  was  earning  $5.00  a  week — more  than 
three  times  hie  initial  pay.    Oil  had  first  been 


struck  in  the  world's  history  on  Oil  Creek, 
near  Titusville,  Pa.,  on  26  Aug.,  1859,  not 
more  than  sixty  miles  from  Salem,  and  the 
great  stroke  of  Colonel  Drake  was  all  the 
talk  in  Schilling's  grocery  as  well  as  in  all 
others  the  country  round.  The  story  of  the 
wells,  the  flowing  oil,  the  fortunes  made  by 
farmers  owning  lucky  "  territory,"  the  tale 
of  huge  sums  of  money  won  or  lost  in  quick 
turns  of  the  oil  market  or  the  gushing  or 
shrinking  of  the  wells,  reached  Salem  as  else- 
where. For  long  it  tempted  John  who  had 
ambitious  dreams,  but  his  duty  to  his  mother 
and  the  intense  interest  he  bestowed  on  Mr. 
Schilling's  business  still  riveted  him  to  Salem. 
He  formed  a  plan.  This  was  to  increase  his 
weekly  gains  by  increased  work,  so  as  to  be 
able  to  save  something  and  next  to'  give  every 
waking  moment  outside  his  task  to  increas- 
ing his  knowledge.  He  was  growing  brighter, 
sharper,  stronger,  but  his  inches  were  not,  so 
that  when  in  1864  and  his  sixteenth  year,  he 
resolved  to  go  with  his  little  hoard  of  savings 
to  Titusville  in  search  of  fortune,  he  looked 
barely  fourteen.  Except  in  the  depths  of  his 
heart,  he  had  nothing  of  the  minister's  son 
about  him.  Bright,  alert,  fearless,  quick  at 
figures  and  bubbling  over  with  high  spirits  he 
appeared  in  Titusville,  which  in  a  short  five 
years  had  been  metamorphosed  from  a  sleepy 
village  of  400  inhabitants,  one  store,  and  one 
little  inn  to  the  oil  metropolis  with  8,000 
residents,  banks,  churches,  hotels,  pretentious 
stores,  and  a  seething  floating  army  of  2,000 
adventurers  and  transients  all  seeking  the 
road  to  wealth  in  petroleum.  He  found  em- 
ployment with  a  typical  Connecticut  merchant, 
W.  H.  Abbot,  who  hired  him  as  a  clerk  and 
was  not  long  in  discovering  that  the  boy 
could  do  better  things  than  office  work.  Mr. 
Abbot  was'  making  money  buying  crude  oil 
at  the  wells  and  shipping  it  in  barrels — ^the 
best  mode  of  transport  of  the  time — to  New 
York.  The  new  railroad  had  been  pushed 
down  Oil  Creek  to  Oil  City,  and  twice  a  day 
Abbot  traveled  down  and  back,  picking  up 
bargains  in  oil.  After  a  while  he  brought 
young  John  along,  but  so  rapid  had  been  the 
clerk's  progress  in  learning  the  turns  of  the 
trade  that  Abbot  shortly  turned  over  the 
whole  purchasing  to  "  the  boy."  He  was 
now  earning  largely.  Keeping  back  $1,000 
against  contingencies,  he  spent  his  profits  on 
buying  a  new  home  for  his  mother  and  send- 
ing his  sister  to  college.  Before  he  was  nine- 
teen he  was  made  a  partner  by  Mr.  Abbot. 
A  contemporary,  still  living,  Joseph  Seep, 
first  met  John  D.  Archbold  in  1869  and  testi- 
fies to  his  cheerful  humor,  ready  wit,  and  the 
whole-souled  way  he  went  about  his  work. 
"  Well  I  recall  my  amazement  at  the  large 
transactions  the  boy  would  carry  through. 
He  was  about  twenty  years  of  age,  but  looked 
like  sixteen.  I  remember  on  one  occasion  he 
sold  to  Jonathan  Watson  a  line  of  5,000  bar- 
rels a  month,  buyer's  option,  running  through 
the  year  at  $6.00  a  barrel,  amounting  to 
$360,000  in  money.  Watson,  a  little  sick  of 
his  bargain,  told  John  that  he  wanted  the  oil 
delivered  in  barrels.  John's  reply  was,  '  I  will 
put  it  in  bottles  if  you  furnish  thorn.'  "  As 
a  proof  of  John  D.  Arehbold's  moral  courage, 
Mr.  Seep  recalls  that  when  the  South  Im- 
provement  Company   was   started,    excitement 


21 


ARCHBOLD 


ARCHBOLD 


ran  high  along  Oil  Creek,  and  he  with  other 
employees  of  the  Standard  Oil  Company  was 
threatened  with  a  coating  of  tar  and  feathers 
and  a  ride  out  of  town  on  a  rail.  Actually 
their  resignation  from  the  Titusville  Oil  Ex- 
change was  demanded.  There  was  a  meeting 
with  violent,  menacing  speeches  in  favor  of  ex- 
pelling them  when,  says  Mr.  Seep:  "Little 
John  D.  Archlwld — one  of  the  strongest  op- 
ponents of  the  South  Improvement  Company — 
his  boyish  face  aglow,  rose  out  of  that  meet- 
ing of  angry,  bearded,  husky  men,  and  in  his 
big,  manly  voice  protested,  saying,  '  We  should 
not  l)e  held  responsible  for  the  views  or  the 
doings  of  our  employers.' "  Two  others  fol- 
lowed John  and  the  expulsion  idea  fell 
through.  Two  or  three  years  later,  the  Abbot 
firm  was  dissolved  and  John  D.  joined  an- 
other firm,  Porter,  Moreland  and  Company, 
which  built  a  large  refinery  at  Titusville.  He 
was  selected  to  attend  to  the  sales  and  the 
financing  of  the  business,  and  made  his  first 
entrance  into  New  York  in  that  capacity  with 
offices  in  William  Street.  Joining  the  sales 
of  other  oil  region  refining  concerns  with  his 
own  he  had  great  success.  In  1870  he  mar- 
ried Miss  Annie  Mills,  daughter  of  Maj.  S.  M. 
Mills,  of  Titusville,  a  Civil  War  veteran  who 
owned  the  chief  hotel  of  the  town.  It  was 
in  this  year  that  the  Standard  Oil  Company 
of  Ohio  was  born.  The  two  brothers,  John 
D.  Rockefeller  and  William  Rockefeller,  with 
Henry  M.  Flagler  and  Samuel  Andrews,  were 
the  incorporators,  and  with  it  a  new  power 
arose  in  the  world  of  oil.  This  is  not  the 
place  to  dwell  at  length  on  the  factors  of  the 
struggle  in  which  it  gained  its  mastery;  but 
it  was  in  open  fight  from  the  beginning  with 
the  producers  and  refiners  of  the  "  Oil  Re- 
gion "  of  Pennsylvania,  yet  with  scarce  an 
exception  in  the  five  years  from  its  start,  it 
gathered  into  its  fold  the  leading  refiners  of 
the  country.  With  John  D.  Rockefeller  this 
material  growth  of  the  company  was  best 
seconded  by  securing  men  of  brains,  capacity, 
and  audacity  to  captain  its  forces,  and  when, 
in  1875,  after  John  D.  Archbold  had  been 
elected  president  of  the  newly  reconstructed 
and  vigorous  Acme  Oil  Company  of  Titus- 
ville, the  Standard  Oil  Company  made  pro- 
posals for  its  purchase  on  highly  advan- 
tageous terms,  perhaps  the  greatest  asset  it 
brought  to  the  buyer  was  Mr.  Archbold  him- 
self. He  was  by  this  time  master  of  the  de- 
tails and  the  entire  business  from  drilling 
and  manufacturing  to  marketing  and  financ- 
ing. His  rare  talents  were  at  once  fully  em- 
ployed. In  the  fall  of  1875  he  was  elected  a 
director  of  the  Standard  Oil  Company  of 
Ohio — and  he  was  twenty-seven  years  old! 
Thirty-five  years  later  John  D.  Rockefeller  in 
his  "Random  Reminiscences"  writes:  "I 
can  never  cease  to  wonder  at  his  capacity  for 
hard  work."  From  the  period  of  Mr.  Arch- 
bold's  election  to  the  directorate  onward  to 
the  close  of  1916,  full  forty-one  years,  Mr. 
Archbold's  history  is  that  of  the  Standard 
Oil  Company,  perhaps  the  greatest,  certainly 
one  of  the  greatest  and  most  powerful  busi- 
ness organizations  the  world  has  ever  seen. 
His  great  mental  force,  his  buoyant  spirit,  his 
sense  of  humor  no  less  than  his  sense  of 
justice  and  outreach  after  progress  carried 
him  forward  and  all  with  him.     His  capacity, 


80  early  ehowii,  of  instantly  grasping  the  es- 
sentials of  any  business  problem  only  broad- 
ened with  the  years.  The  uses  of  lubricating 
oils,  the  production  of  the  vaselines,  wax,  and 
naphthas  were  so  much  added  to  his  cares. 
Organizing  for  the  spread  of  the  company's 
activities  in  new  fields,  the  pipe  lines,  the  oil 
cars,  the  tank  steamers — a  great  fleet  of  them 
— all  came  in  the  day's  work.  Finally  the 
brunt  of  the  long  legal  fights  against  the  very 
existence  of  the  company  fell  on  no  shoulders 
more  heavily  than  on  his.  He  seemed  equal 
to  it  all.  Henry  M.  Flagler  practically  re- 
tired from  the  company  in  the  eighties:  John 
D.  Rockefeller  in  1806.  William  Rockefeller 
too  ceased  active  administration  a  few  years 
later.  With  his  great  associate,  Henry  H. 
Rogers,  Mr.  Archbold  never  faltered  under  the 
greater  load.  And  when,  a  few  short  years 
since,  Henry  H.  Rogers  passed  away,  John 
D.  Archbold  still  manfully  stood  at  the  helm. 
As  to  official  honors,  Mr.  Archbold  was  named 
as  one  of  the  nine  trustees  chosen  to  ad- 
minister the  first  Standard  Oil  Trust  on  4 
Jan.,  1882.  When  the  trust  was  dissolved 
ten  years  later  and  all  the  vast  properties 
were  vested  in  the  Standard  Oil  Company 
of  New  Jersey  in  1892  with  nominal  capital 
of  $100,000,000  representing  a  far  greater 
actual  value,  he  was  elected  to  the  director-  '^ 
ate,  and  on  the  entire  liquidation  of  the  trust, 
he  was  elected  vice-president,  18  June,  1899. 
This  title  he  held  until  the  dissolution  in 
1911  of  the  great  company  into  its  thirty-four 
subsidiary  companies  by  order  of  the  U.  S. 
Supreme  Court  under  the  Sherman  Anti-Trust 
Act  of  1890,  after  four  years  of  harassing  liti- 
gation. Then  on  the  retirement  of  John  D. 
Rockefeller,  Mr.  Archbold  was  elected  presi- 
dent of  the  company  and  so  remained  till  his 
death.  Long  before  this  his  sagacity  had 
made  clear  to  him  that  under  the  existing 
corporation  laws  of  forty-seven  different 
states  conflicting  conditions  were  manifold 
and  that  there  was  no  real  safety  in  the 
transaction  of  a  nation-wide  business  against 
running  counter  to  the  provisions  of  federal 
laws  aimed  blindly  at  the  repression  of  the 
greater  corporations.  His  judgment  led  him 
to  favor  a  frank  federal  incorporation  law 
which,  under  proper  provision  for  penalties 
in  case  of  violation  of  the  principles  of  fair  i 
competition,  should  permit  the  free  function- 
ing of  the  largest  companies.  He  did  not 
overlook  State  rights  of  policing  and  taxa- 
tion in  this,  but  pleaded  for  the  simple  right 
to  run  a  large  business  under  a  proper  fed- 
eral charter.  He  set  this  forth  at  length  be- 
fore the  Industrial  Commission  in  1899.  It 
is  a  landmark  in  the  history  of  American 
business.  Mr.  Archbold  made  New  York  his 
permanent  home,  and  acquired  the  beautiful 
estate  of  Cedar  Cliffs  at  Tarrytown  in  the 
early  eighties  where  he  raised  his  family  , 
amid  the  most  genial  surroundings,  and  rested  ': 
from  his  severe  daily  labors.  He  had  nat- 
urally acquired  wealth  from  the  sheer  incre- 
ment of  his  Standard  Oil  holdings.  He  never 
showed  any  disposition  for  outside  specula- 
tion, but  was  assiduous  in  a  philanthropy  as 
wide  as  it  was  modest  in  operation.  His  deep 
religious  convictions  have  been  mentioned. 
They  early  led  him  to  a  close  friendship 
with    Rev.    Dr.    James    Roscoe    Day,    pastor 


22 


-injraved  iy  tJ.iJ.  Oaile.N'ew'YoTk:. 


cytTn^jyj^ 


FLAGLER 


FLAGLER 


of  St.  Paul's  Methodist  Episcopal  Church, 
then  a  conspicuous  edifice  on  Fourth  Avenue, 
New  York.  Mr.  Archbold  became  a  trustee 
of  the  church,  and  when  in  1894  Dr.  Day 
was  translated  to  the  chancellorship  of  Syra- 
cuse (N.  Y.)  University,  Mr.  Archbold  ac- 
cepted a  trusteeship  there  also.  In  a  short 
time  he  became  chairman  of  the  board  of 
trustees.  As  long  as  he  lived  he  continued 
to  give  freely  of  his  time,  his  counsel,  and 
his  money  to  the  university.  It  was  a  con- 
tinuous benevolence,  but  among  other  gifts 
he  furnished  the  funds  for  Sims  Hall,  a 
large  dormitory  for  men,  built  and  equipped 
the  fine  gymnasium,  the  largest  in  the  col- 
lege world,  and  the  noble  stadium  with  its 
seating  capacity  of  20,000.  He  was  rewarded 
by  seeing  the  university  grow  with  giant 
strides.  To  the  New  York  Kindergarten  he  gave 
its  building,  endowing  it  with  half  a  million 
dollars  in  memory  of  his  deceased  daughter, 
Frances  ( Mrs.  Wolcott ) .  He  was  a  member 
of  the  Board  of  St.  Christopher's  Home  and 
Orphanage.  In  his  many  charities  he  en- 
tirely ignored  denominational  lines.  Mr. 
Archbold  was  a  member  of  the  Manhattan, 
Union  League,  Racquet  and  Riding  Clubs,  of 
the  Ardsley  Casino,  and  the  Ohio  Society 
whose  annual  banquets  he  loved  to  attend 
surrounded  by  a  bevy  of  friends.  He  was 
survived  by  the  wife  of  his  early  days  and 
three  of  their  children:  Mary  L.  (Mrs.  M.  M. 
Van  Beuren),  Anne  M.  (Mrs.  Armar  D. 
Saunderson),  and  John  Fletcher  Archbold. 

FLAGLER,  Henry  Morrison,  capitalist  and 
railroad  financier,  b.  in  Hopewell,  N.  Y.,  2 
Jan.,  1830;  d.  at  his  winter  home,  West  Palm 
Beach,  Fla.,  20  May,  1913,  son  of  Isaac  and 
Elizabeth  (Morrison)  Flagler.  The  first  of 
the  family  to  come  to  this  country  was  Zach- 
ariah  Flegler  (the  original  spelling),  who  emi- 
grated from  German  Palatinate  through  Hol- 
land, landing  in  West  Camp,  Columbia  County, 
N.  Y.,  in  1710.  Later,  he  removed  to  Dutchess 
County,  N.  Y.,  and  settled  in  what  is  now  the 
town  of  Beekman.  Henry  M.  Flagler,  the  sub- 
ject of  this  review,  attended  the  district  school 
until  fourteen  years  of  age,  when  he  concluded 
that  the  meager  $400.00  yearly  salary  which 
his  father  received  as  Presbyterian  clergyman 
was  inadequate  for  the  needs  of  the  family. 
He  left  home;  walked  nine  miles  to  Medina, 
where  he  boarded  a  freight  boat  on  the  Erie 
Canal  for  Buffalo,  from  which  place  he  went 
by  vessel  to  Sandusky,  Ohio,  a  three  days'  trip 
in  a  continuous  storm.  It  was  a  harrowing 
experience  of  seasickness  and  loneliness  for 
young  Flagler,  who,  upon  landing,  staggered 
along  the  wharf  from  exhaustion.  He  had 
eaten  the  lunch  his  mother  had  put  in  his 
carpetbag  and  his  negotiable  .possessions 
totaled  a  five-franc  piece,  a  French  coin  the 
equivalent  of  a  dollar;  five  cents  in  silver,  and 
four  copper  pennies.  The  five-franc  piece  he 
retained  till  his  death.  He  immediately  ob- 
tained employment  as  clerk  in  a  country  store 
at  $5.00  a  month  and  his  board.  Soon  after- 
ward, he  removed  to  Fostoria,  Ohio,  then  called 
Rome,  where  he  entered  the  employ  of  the 
father  of  Charles  Foster,  who  became  governor 
of  Ohio  and  later  Secretary  of  the  Treasury 
in  President  Harrison's  cabinet.  By  thrift  and 
industry  young  Flagler  accumulated  a  little 
money,  and  then  removed  to  Bellevue,  an  ad- 


joining county.  Here  he  embarked  in  the  grain 
commission  business,  in  which  he  soon  displayed 
the  talent  that  distinguished  his  subsequent 
career,  and  built  up  for  his  firm  the  largest 
grain  shipping  business  in  the  city.  It  was 
in  this  capacity  that  he  became  acquainted 
with  John  D.  Rockefeller,  through  whose  firm, 
Clark  &  Rockefeller,  commission  merchants,  he 
sold  many  carloads  of  wheat.  In  the  mean- 
time, as  an  outlet  for  much  of  his  grain,  Mr. 
Flagler  acquired  an  interest  in  a  distillery. 
All  of  his  interests  in  Bellevue  he  later  dis- 
posed of,  and  his  business  activities  there 
netted  him  $50,000.  He  then  located  in  Sagi- 
naw, Mich.,  where  he  engaged  unsuccessfully 
in  the  manufacture  of  salt.  In  this  venture 
he  dissipated  his  little  fortune,  and  was  left 
$50,000  in  debt.  However,  he  borrowed  suffi- 
cient money  at  10  per  cent,  interest  to  liqui- 
date these  debts,  and  removed  to  Cleveland 
where  he  again  entered  the  grain  and  produce 
commission  business.  His  subsequent  activities 
soon  afterward  (1867)  resulted  in  his  becom- 
ing associated  with  Messrs.  Rockefeller  and 
Andrews  in  their  small  oil  business,  which 
ultimately  developed  into  the  Standard  Oil 
Company,  the  greatest  industrial  enterprise  in 
history.  A  glowing  tribute  to  Mr.  Flagler's 
business  ability  is  well  outlined  by  his  partner, 
John  D.  Rockefeller,  in  his  book,  "  Random 
Reminiscences  of  Men  and  Events"  (1909), 
from  which  the  following  is  taken :  "  The  part 
played  by  one  of  my  earliest  partners,  H.  M. 
Flagler,  was  always  an  inspiration  to  me.  He 
invariably  wanted  to  go  ahead  and  accomplish 
great  projects  of  all  kinds;  he  was  always  on 
the  active  side  of  every  question,  and  to  his 
wonderful  energy  is  due  much  of  the  rapid 
progress  of  the  company  in  the  early  days. 
It  was  to  be  expected  of  such  a  man  that  he 
should  fulfill  his  destiny  by  working  out  some 
great  problems  at  a  time  when  most  men  want 
to  retire  to  a  comfortable  life  of  ease.  This 
did  not  appeal  to  my  old  friend.  He  under- 
took, single-handed,  the  task  of  building  up  the 
East  Coast  of  Florida.  I  first  knew  Mr.  Flagler 
as  a  young  man  who  consigned  produce  to 
Clark  &  Rockefeller.  He  was  a  bright  and 
active  young  fellow,  full  of  vim  and  push. 
About  the  time  we  went  into  the  oil  business 
Mr.  Flagler  established  himself  as  a  commis- 
sion merchant  in  the  same  building  with  Mr. 
Clark,  who  took  over  and  succeeded  the  firm 
of  Clark  &  Rockefeller.  A  little  later  he  bought 
out  Mr.  Clark  and  combined  the  trade  with  his 
own.  Naturally  I  came  to  see  more  of  him. 
The  business  relations  which  began  with  the 
handling  of  produce  he  consigned  to  our  old 
firm  grew  into  a  business  friendship,  because 
people  who  lived  in  a  comparatively  small 
place,  as  Cleveland  was  then,  were  thrown  to- 
gether much  more  often  than  in  such  a  place 
as  New  York.  When  the  oil  business  was  de- 
veloping and  we  needed  more  help  I  at  once 
thought  of  Mr.  Flagler  as  a  possible  partner 
and  made  him  an  oft'er  to  come  to  us  and  give 
up  his  commission  business.  This  ofTcr  he 
accepted,  and  so  began  that  lifelong  friendship 
which  has  never  had  a  moment's  interruption. 
It  was  a  friendship  founded  on  business,  which 
Mr.  Flagler  used  to  say  was  a  good  deal  bet- 
ter than  a  business  founded  on  friendship,  and 
my  experience  leads  me  to  agree  with  him. 
For  years  and  years  this  early  partner  and  I 


23 


FLAGLER 


FLAGLER 


worked  ghoulder  to  shoulder;  our  desks  were 
in  the  same  room.  We  both  lived  in  Euclid 
Avenue,  a  few  ro<iu  apart.  We  met  and  walked 
to  the  office  together,  walked  home  to  luncheon, 
back  again  after  luncheon,  and  home  again  at 
night.  On  these  walks,  when  we  were  away 
from  the  oflice  interruutioiw,  we  did  our  think- 
ing, talking,  and  planning  together.  Mr. 
Flagler  drew  practically  all  our  contracts.  He 
has  always  had  the  faculty  of  being  able  to 
clearly  express  the  intent  and  purpose  of  a 
contract  so  well  and  so  accurately  that  there 
could  bt«  no  misunderstanding,  and  his  con- 
tracts were  fair  to  lK)th  sides.  There  are  a 
number  of  persons  still  alive  who  will  recall 
the  bright,  straiglitforward  young  Flagler  of 
those  days  with  satisfaction.  At  the  time 
when  we  bought  certain  refineries  at  Cleveland 
he  was  very  active  ..."  Mr.  Flagler  dis- 
played rareaptitude  in  the  development  of  the 
oil  business,  and  was  actively  connected  with 
the  management  of  the  Standard  Oil  Company 
from  the  time  of  its  formation,  18C7,  till  1908, 
when  he  resigned  from  the  vice-presidency, 
though  continuing  as  a  director  until  1911. 
Standard  Oil,  however,  is  not  the  only  monu- 
ment to  his  constructive  genius.  In  1885,  at 
the  age  of  55,  when  most  men  are  about  to 
retire,  his  capacity  for  achievement  impelled 
him  to  embark  in  the  immense  undertaking  of 
developing  the  East  Coast  of  Florida  into  an 
American  Riviera.  Upon  his  visit  to  Florida 
in  that  year,  his  power  of  quick  discernment 
and  accurate  observation  enabled  him  imme- 
diately to  recognize  its  latent  possibilities,  and 
he  conceived  most  elaborate  plans  for  its  de- 
velopment. So,  with  his  money  and  ability, 
he  devoted  himself  to  transforming  the  East 
Coast  from  St.  Augustine  to  Key  West  from 
a  barren  wilderness  into  a  veritable  paradise. 
He  built  the  Florida  East  Coast  Railroad  and 
later  erected  the  following  hotels:  Ponce  de 
Leon  and  Alcazar  at  St.  Augustine;  Ormond 
at  Ormond ;  Royal  Poinciana,  and  The  Breakers 
at  Palm  Beach;  Royal  Palm  at  Miami;  Conti- 
nental at  Atlantic  Beach,  and  the  Colonial  at 
Nassau,  New  Providence,  Bahamas.  In  these 
stupendous  undertakings,  Mr.  Flagler  was  not 
actuated  by  self-aggrandizement.  He  was  not, 
at  his  age,  influenced  +o  put  $30,000,000  into 
it  because  of  its  attractiveness  as  a  financial 
venture.  He  was  fired  with  a  great  desire 
to  do  something  for  humanity,  and  he  yielded 
to  his  boundless  capacity  for  achievement.  As 
fast  as  the  wilderness  was  cleared,  roads, 
houses,  hotels,  gardens,  parks,  and  palaces 
dotted  the  landscape.  St  Augustine,  Ormond, 
Daytona,  Palm  Beach,  ]\Iiami,  and  the  many 
beautiful  villages  were  developed  throughout 
the  three-hundred-mile  region.  His  extensive 
irrigation  and  drainage  schemes  gave  addi- 
tional fertility,  and  the  opportunity  to  move 
the  crops  afforded  by  the  railroads  established 
the  prosperity  of  that  section  of  the  country. 
Not  content  with  having  virtually  created  an 
empire.  Mr.  Flagler  rounded  out  his  great 
cycle  of  achievements  with  the  miracle  of  an 
"  Over-Sea  "  railroad,  an  extension  of  the 
Florida  East  Coast  Railroad  from  Miami  to 
Key  West,  spanning  the  glistening  keys,  a  dis- 
tance of  156  miles.  For  many  years  his  plan 
was  ridiculed  as  impracticable  and  was  called 
"  Flagler's  Folly,"  but  the  seemingly  insur- 
mountable   obstacles    with    which     it     fairly 


bristled  fascinated  him,  and  he  launched  into 
it  with  unusual  enthusiasm.  The  length  of  the 
many  bridges  which  span  the  keys  varies  up  to 
seven  miles,  the  Flagler  viaduct,  the  longest 
bridge  in  the  world,  and  from  which  no  land 
is  visible  on  either  side.  It  spans  the  point 
where  the  waters  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean  and  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico  meet,  where  the  depth  is  from 
twenty-six  to  thirty-six  feet.  It  is  built  with 
all  concrete  piers,  some  of  which  have  con- 
crete arches.  After  the  construction  of  the 
bridge  had  progressed  for  about  four  years,  the 
engineers  declared  its  completion  impossible, 
and  work  was  discontinued.  Notwithstanding 
that  many  of  Mr.  Flagler's  associates,  who  re- 
garded the  project  as  purely  visionary,  tried 
to  dissuade  him  from  further  attempt,  he,  in- 
spired by  the  fine  encouragement  of  Mrs.  Flag- 
ler, resumed  operations  on  it  a  year  later. 
The  railroad  was  completed  in  1912,  and  its 
formal  opening,  at  Key  West,  in  January,  1913, 
was  attended  by  the  largest  delegation  of 
United  States  Senators  and  Representatives 
ever  appointed  to  represent  those  bodies.  Mr. 
Flagler,  then  eighty-one  years  of  age  and 
feeble,  was  present  at  the  celebration.  He  not 
only  received  the  plaudits  of  the  nation  for 
his  prodigious  individual  achievement  but  was 
heartily  felicitated  in  having  lived  to  the  real- 
ization of  his  great  ambition.  This  unique 
railroad  through  the  jungle  and  across  the 
sea,  besides  furnishing  an  outlet  for  Florida's 
crops,  is  of  international  importance.  Its 
operation  has  helped  to  focus  the  world's  at- 
tention on  Florida  and  the  South  in  connection 
with  the  rapid  development  of  the  West  Indies, 
and  the  enormous  expansion  of  commerce  sure 
to  come  through  the  completion  of  the  Panama 
Canal  and  the  resultant  growth  in  our  trade 
with  Central  and  South  America  and  the 
Orient.  It  also  strengthens  the  power  of  the 
government  in  protecting  its  shores  along  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico  and  on  to  Panama.  Mr.  Flag- 
ler always  showed  great  consideration  for  the 
w^elfare  and  safety  of  his  thousands  of  em- 
ployees, and  he  used  every  precaution  for  the 
prevention  of  occupational  accidents.  He  was 
highly  complimented  by  General  Brooke, 
U.  S.  A.,  upon  the  occasion  of  his  visit  to  the 
camp  of  the  8,000  workmen.  He  said:  "  I  wish 
the  United  States  men  received  as  good  treat- 
ment." Mr.  Flagler  desired  no  distinction  as 
a  philanthropist,  yet  no  religious,  charitable, 
or  civic  organization  on  Florida's  East  Coast 
ever  appealed  to  him  for  aid  unsuccessfully. 
Besides  maintaining  innumerable  private  chari- 
ties, he  assisted  in  one  way  or  another  every 
community  on  the  line  of  his  railroad.  He  gave 
ground  for  the  building  of  churches  and  school 
houses,  for  public  buildings  and  public  clubs 
without  number.  He  furnished  public  utilities 
and  maintained  them  at  financial  loss  to  him- 
self. He  built  streets  and  country  roads,  sew- 
ers and  canals,  and  turned  them  over,  without 
charge,  to  many  towns  and  cities.  If  the  rain 
or  the  frost  destroyed  a  crop,  his  quick  sym- 
pathy and  ready  purse  were  immediately  in 
evidence  with  an  offer  to  supply  as  much  seed 
and  fertilizer  as  might  be  needed.  Measured 
by  the  importance  to  humanity  of  the  monu- 
mental results  of  his  splendid  judgment  and 
lavish  expenditure  on  his  project,  Mr.  Flagler 
can  be  justly  regarded  as  one  of  the  most  use- 
ful men  of  his  generation  and  an  inspiration 


24 


ANTHONY  N.  BRADY. 


BRADY 


BRADY 


to  the  youth  of  the  country.  The  greatest 
monument  to  him  is  the  love  and  affection  he 
built  up  in  the  hearts  of  thousands  of  men  and 
women  who  achieved  prosperity  and  financial 
safety  by  the  immense,  enduring  work  he  has 
done.  Mr.  Flagler's  humanitarian  work  has 
not  been  interrupted  because  of  his  death,  for 
Mrs.  Flagler,  who  always  displayed  rare  en- 
thusiasm and  sympathy  in  all  of  her  hus- 
band's plans,  continued  his  work  in  accord- 
ance with  his  wishes.  In  fact,  the  completion 
of  the  "  Over-Sea  "  road  is  largely  due  to  her 
influence,  as  she  not  only  consented  to  but 
advised  unlimited  expenditure  to  eflFect  the 
realization  of  her  husband's  most  ambitious 
effort.  Mr.  Flagler  looked  forward  to  the  com- 
pletion of  the  road  as  the  "  romance  of  his 
life."  It  was  their  principal  topic  following 
their  marriage,  in  1901,  one  year  before  work 
on  the  road  was  commenced.  Although  Mr. 
Flagler  retained  his  alertness  of  mind  till  the 
end  and  gave  his  attention  to  the  affairs  of  the 
road  and  the  hotels,  the  vicissitudes  of  old 
age  destroyed  his  sight  and  hearing  some 
months  before  his  death.  Much  responsibility, 
therefore,  devolved  upon  Mrs.  Flagler,  who 
was  thoroughly  conversant  with  all  matters 
concerning  his  immediate  and  future  plans  for 
development.  Important  among  these  was  the 
increase  made  in  the  freight-car  ferry  service 
between  Cuba  and  Key  West.  The  original 
car  ferry,  the  "  Henry  M.  Flagler,"  became  in- 
adequate for  handling  the  immense  volume  of 
shipments  to  and  from  these  points,  and  an- 
other, built  by  Cramp  and  Company,  was  in- 
stalled in  1916.  It  has  a  capacity  of  thirty 
freight  cars  and  is  equipped  with  tanks  that 
hold  many  hundred  barrels  of  oil,  the 
"  Joseph  R.  Parrott,"  in  honor  of  an  associate, 
whose  death  occurred  shortly  after  Mr.  Flag- 
ler's, in  1913.  In  appreciation  of  Mrs.  Flag- 
ler's assistance  and  the  zeal  with  which  she 
entered  into  his  work,  he  left  her  his  im- 
mense fortune;  and  she,  in  her  devotion  to  her 
husband's  memory,  continued  the  improve- 
ment and  development  of  the  empire  which  he 
founded.  Mr.  Flagler  was  for  many  years 
vice-president  and  director  of  the  Standard 
Oil  Company;  president  and  chairman  of  the 
board  of  directors  of  the  Florida  East  Coast 
Railway  and  Jacksonville  Terminal  Company, 
director  of  the  Western  Union  Telegraph  Com- 
pany, Morton  Trust  Company,  and  other  cor- 
porations. He  was  a  member  of  the  Union 
League  Club  ( New  York ) ,  New  York  Yacht, 
and  the  Larchmont  Yacht  Clubs.  Mr.  Flagler 
was  thrice  married:  First,  in  Bellevue,  Ohio, 
9  Nov.,  1853,  to  Mary  Harkness,  and  they 
were  the  parents  of  three  children,  one  of 
whom,  Harry  H.  Flagler,  survives;  married 
secondly,  on  6  June,  1883,  to  Ida  A.  Shourds, 
and,  thirdly,  in  Kenansville,  N.  C,  on  24  Aug., 
1901,  to  Mary  Lily  Kenan,  daughter  of  William 
R.  and  Mary  (Hargrave)  Kenan,  of  Wilming- 
ton, N.  C. 

BRADY,  Anthony  Nicholas,  capitalist,  b.  in 
Lille,  France,  22  Aug.,  1843;  d,  in  London, 
England,  22  July,  1913,  son  of  Nicholas  and 
Ellen  (Malone)  Brady.  In  1843  he  came, 
with  his  parents,  to  this  country,  settling  in 
Troy,  N.  Y.  He  attended  the  public  schools  of 
Troy  until  the  age  of  thirteen,  when,  am- 
bitious to  engage  in  business,  he  entered  the 
employ  of  the  Delevan  Hotel.     Upon  attain- 


ing his  majority  he  opened  a  tea  store  in 
Albany,  N.  Y.,  and  soon  displayed  the  capacity 
for  business  that  distinguished  his  subsequent 
career.  In  1870,  by  purchasing  or  absorbing 
all  of  his  competitors,  he  acquired  exclusive 
possession  of  the  retail  tea  trade  in  Albany 
and  Troy;  and  through  his  competent  man- 
agement of  the  business,  soon  accumulated 
considerable  capital.  This  he  invested  in 
granite  quarries,  which  he  developed  into  a 
large  enterprise.  He  then  became  interested 
in  a  company  which  purchased  gas  plants 
in  Albany,  Troy,  and  Chicago,  and  street  car 
lines  in  Albany  and  Troy.  Because  of  the 
rare  ability  he  displayed  in  the  organization 
and  administration  of  the  affairs  of  these  tran- 
sit and  lighting  companies,  his  counsel  was 
sought  in  the  interest  of  these  important 
branches  of  public  service  in  New  York, 
Brooklyn,  Washington,  Philadelphia,  and 
other  cities,  in  all  of  which  he  succeeded  in 
rehabilitating  and  perfecting  numerous  pub- 
lic utility  undertakings.  The  transit  and 
lighting  systems  of  New  York  and  Brooklyn 
probably  afforded  the  best  opportunities  for 
the  display  of  his  capabilities,  and  the  splen- 
did results  of  his  efforts  in  both  of  these 
cities  are  evidence  of  his  unusual  construc- 
tive genius  and  executive  talents.  His  activi- 
ties in  New  York  in  the  transit  branch  con- 
sisted of  rebuilding  the  "  Huckleberry "  rail- 
way system,  and  in  planning  and  effecting  the 
consolidation  of  the  surface  lines  of  that  sec- 
tion. In  Brooklyn,  he  unified  a  large  number 
of  inefficiently  and  indifferently  conducted 
traction  organizations  of  small  size  into  one 
great,  perfect  organization.  Nor  were  his 
efforts  in  the  light  and  power  corporations  of 
New  York  and  Brooklyn  any  less  successful. 
In  fact,  the  development  of  the  New  York 
Edison  Company,  which  he  organized  in  1901 
and  of  which  he  became  president  and  chair- 
man of  the  board,  was  probably  the  most 
notable  of  his  great  cycle  of  business  achieve- 
ments. By  his  previous  satisfactory  man- 
agement of  public  utilities  in  other  cities,  Mr. 
Brady  brought  into  this  company  an  element 
of  assurance  that  immediately  riveted  the 
confidence  of  the  New  York  public;  and  it  is 
entirely  through  his  energy  and  ability  that 
the  company  grew  to  its  subsequent  impor- 
tance. He  served  as  executive  head  of  the 
company  by  successive  re-elections  till  his 
death  in  1913;  and  its  rapid  growth  during 
his  twelve  years'  tenure  of  office  was  a  striking 
example  of  the  fertility  of  his  methods.  The 
number  of  its  consumers,  which  included  those 
in  Manhattan  and  Bronx,  increased  during  the 
period  of  his  activity  from  11,015  to  184,775, 
and  the  horsepower  from  30,000  to  400,000, 
while  the  cost  of  lighting  was  reduced  from 
621^  to  I2V2  cents  for  1,000  candle-power 
hours;  and  in  Brooklyn,  as  executive  head  of 
the  lighting  companies,  he  accomplished  pro- 
portionate results.  Mr.  Brady's  field  of  ac- 
tion was  broad;  and  his  construction  of  the 
great  dam  on  the  Tennessee  River,  at  Chat- 
tanooga, which  effected  a  great  industrial  im- 
provement in  a  large  section  of  the  South, 
is  further  proof  of  the  versatility  of  liis  busi- 
ness genius.  Its  benefits  were  so  manifest 
that  upon  its  opening  he  was  extolled  by  the 
Manufacturers'  Association  of  Chattanooga  as 
follows:    "The   entire    citizenship    of    Chatta- 


26 


BRADY 


ARNOLD 


nooga  expresses  its  deep  appreciation  of  the 
tremendous  confidence  Mr.  Brady  has  shown 
in  our  city  and  section."  That  the  dam  was 
finally  completed  is  entirely  due  to  the  indomi- 
table persistence  of  Mr.  Brady.  Apparently 
insurmountable  obstacles  were  encountered 
during  its  construction,  and  work  on  it  had 
been  discontinued  on  the  advice  of  the  engi- 
neers. Mr.  Brady,  however,  with  character- 
istic perseverance,  was  attracted  by  the  resist- 
less nature  of  the  undertaking  and  advised  re- 
sumption of  work  with  unlimited  expenditure, 
with  the  result  that  its  ultimate  completion 
cost  six  times  the  amount  originally  estimated. 
Mr.  Brady  was  for  many  years  actively  iden- 
tified with  many  of  the  leading  public  utilities 
corporations  of  the  country,  among  them,  as 
president,  the  Municipal  Gas  Company  (Al- 
bany) ;  Edison  Electric  Illuminating  Com- 
pany (Brooklyn)  ;  Memphis  Consolidated  Gas 
and  Electric  Company;  Kings  County  (New 
York)  Electric  Light  and  Power  Company, 
and  the  United  Gas  and  Electric  Company.  Of 
the  following  companies  he  was  chairman  of 
the  board  of  directors:  Brooklyn  Heights 
Railroad  Company;  Queens  County  and  Sub- 
urban Railroad  Company  (Brooklyn)  ;  Brook- 
lyn Union  Elevated  Railroad  Company;  Nas- 
sau Electric  Railroad  Company  (Long  Island)  ; 
and  People's  Gas  Light  and  Coke  Company 
(Chicago)  ;  director  in  the  Westinghouse 
Electric  and  Manufacturing  Company;  Ameri- 
can Tobacco  Company;  United  States  Rubber 
Company;  United  Cast  Iron  Pipe  and  Foun- 
dry Company,  and  about  thirty  other  cor- 
porations. Although  public-spirited,  the  only 
public  office  he  ever  held  was  that  of  fire 
commissioner  of  Aibany,  1882-86.  Mr.  Brady 
was  always  influenced  to  an  extraordinary  de- 
gree by  a  warm  and  enthusiastic  considera- 
tion for  the  welfare  of  his  employees;  and  in 
the  ceaseless  industry  throughout  his  long 
life  his  relationship  with  labor  was  marked 
by  uninterrupted  harmony.  This  was  attrib- 
uted not  only  to  the  fairness  of  the  wages 
but  to  a  personal  interest  he  delighted  in  show- 
ing in  employees  individually,  and  to  the 
generous  attention  they  received  in  his  com- 
prehensive constructive  plans.  These  in- 
cluded the  institution  of  profit-sharing  and 
savings  and  investment  plans  in  the  Edison 
Company  of  Brooklyn,  through  which  all  of 
its  employees  have  become  stockholders;  the 
care  of  those  growing  old  in  the  service;  of 
those  injured  and  their  dependents;  the  in- 
stitution of  educational  courses  in  electrical 
technique,  accounting  and  in  business;  of  asso- 
ciations for  relief  and  for  friendly  intercourse; 
for  providing  comfortable  homes  for  the  em- 
ployees of  the  company;  for  the  encourage- 
ment he  gave  to  the  National  Electric  Light 
Association  in  its  welfare  work,  and  for  the 
hygienic  regulations  and  the  protection  af- 
forded the  employees  in  preventing  occupa- 
tional accidents,  the  latter  being  so  adequate 
that  the  Traveler's  Insurance  Company  medal 
was  awarded  to  the  company  by  the  American 
Museum  of  Safety.  Mr.  Brady's  humanita- 
rian principles  were  applied  also  to  the  peo- 
ple his  many  companies  served.  In  recogni- 
tion of  this  and  as  a  means  of  inculcating 
upon  the  minds  of  railroad  officials  the  im- 
portance of  these  principles,  the  American 
Museum  of  Safety  instituted  the  Anthony  N. 


Brady  Memorial  Medals,  which  arc  eagerly 
contested  for  annually  by  the  managers  of  all 
the  railroads  throughout  the  country.  The 
award  is  based  on  accident  prevention  by  the 
railroads,  not  only  among  their  own  employees, 
but  to  the  traveling  public;  on  the  sanitary 
conditions  of  their  cars  and  shops,  and  on  the 
welfare  and  benefit  work  they  are  carrying 
on  among  their  employees.  The  first  award  of 
the  Brady  memorial  medals  was  made  in  1914 
to  the  Boston  Elevated  Railroad,  and  in  1915 
to  the  Union  Traction  Company  of  Anderson, 
Ind.  Through  the  nature  and  extensiveness 
of  the  enterprises  with  which  Mr.  Brady  was 
identified  and  his  masterful  administration  of 
the  companies  that  engaged  his  attention,  he, 
by  means  that  will  bear  the  severest  scrutiny, 
acquired  a  fortune  that  placed  him  in  the 
front  rank  of  the  world's  wealthiest  men. 
That  he  became  transcendent  in  the  business 
world,  was  attributed  to  his  power  of  quick 
discernment  and  accurate  observation;  and  yet 
his  fine  sense  of  fairness  always  prevented 
him  from  seeking  improper  advantage  of 
others.  Mr.  Brady's  brilliant  rise  to  emi- 
nence in  the  nation's  business  affairs  stamps 
him  as  one  of  the  most  illustrious  examples 
of  self-development.  The  immense  transit  and 
lighting  organizations  built  up  by  him  are  of 
great  intrinsic  value  to  their  respective  com- 
munities, and,  while  they  serve  as  enduring 
testimonials  to  his  ability,  his  family,  in 
commemoration  of  his  name,  donated  $125,000 
to  Yale  University  for  the  erection  and  equip- 
ment of  a  clinical  and  «pathological  laboratory 
to  be  known  as  the  Anthony  N.  Brady  Me- 
morial Laboratory,  and  established  the  Anthony 
N.  Brady  Memorial  Foundation  of  $500,000  for 
medical  school  endowment  and  building  funds 
— fitting  monuments  to  his  generous  char- 
acter. Mr.  Brady  married  20  Aug.,  1867, 
Marcia  Ann,  daughter  of  Harmon  and  Mar- 
garet Ruth  Myers,  of  Bennington,  Vt.  They 
were  the  parents  of  six  children:  Nicholas  F., 
James  C,  Margaret  R.,  who  married  James  C. 
Farrell;  Mabel,  who  married  Francis  P.  Gar- 
vin; Marcia,  who  married  Carl  Tucker,  and 
Flora  (Mrs.  E.  P.  Gavit),  who  died  in  1912. 
ARNOLD,  Bion  Joseph,  electrical  engineer 
and  inventor,  b.  in  Casnovia,  Mich.,  14  Aug., 
1861,  son  of  Joseph  and  Geraldine  (Reynolds) 
Arnold.  The  Arnold  family  settled  before 
the  beginning  of  the  eighteenth  century  in 
the  colony  of  Rhode  Island,  where  many  of 
its  members  have  attained  distinction.  The 
earliest  recorded  ancestor  in  his  direct  line 
was  Jeremiah  Arnold  (b.  at  Smithfield,  R.  I., 
in  1700),  and  from  him  the  line  of  descent  is 
traced  through  Jeremiah  Arnold  (2d)  and  his 
wife,  Elizabeth  Knight;  their  son,  Ichabod 
Arnold;  his  son,  Jeremiah  (3d)  and  his  wife, 
Percy  Rounds,  grandparents  of  Bion  J.  Ar- 
nold. His  paternal  grandfather,  Joseph 
Rounds,  was  a  soldier  in  the  Revolution;  his 
maternal  ancestor,  Edward  Rawson,  was  secre- 
tary of  the  Massachusetts  Bay  Colony  (1650- 
86)  ;  his  maternal  grandmother  was  Louisa 
Hale,  of  the  Hale  family  of  Massachusetts. 
Edmund  Rawson,  grandson  of  Edward  Raw- 
son,  and  grandfather  of  Rhoda  Rawson  Taft, 
ex-President  Taft's  great-grandmother,  and 
Susanna  Raw^son,  grandmother  of  Constant 
Reynolds,  grandmother  of  Geraldine  Reynolds, 
mother  of  Mr.  Arnold,  were  brother  and  sis- 


\ud^.-0^<.x.^^(i%UU^dM^ ^ 


ARNOLD 


ARNOLD 


ter.  Thus,  as  will  be  seen,  Mr.  Arnold  comes 
of  several  of  those  excellent  families  who 
made  the  strength  of  the  early  colonies. 
Joseph  Arnold,  his  father,  following  the  cus- 
tom of  many  young  men  of  that  time,  emi- 
grated with  his  family  from  Michigan  to  Ne- 
braska in  the  summer  of  1864,  driving  the 
entire  distance  by  wagon.  After  wintering  at 
De  Soto,  near  what  is  now  the  town  of 
Blair,  the  family  finally  located,  in  the  spring 
of  1865,  four  miles  south  of  what  was  then 
an  Indian  trading-post,  called  Salt  Creek 
Ford,  but  which  is  now  known  as  Ashland. 
The  succeeding  years,  until  the  fall  of  1872, 
they  spent  upon  the  prairie  farm.  In  these 
strenuous  times,  Joseph  Arnold  supplemented 
his  income  from  the  farm  by  teaching  school, 
acting  as  a  justice  of  the  peace,  and  serving 
as  a  member  of  the  territorial  legislature, 
in  which  he  sat  as  a  member  from  the  Ash- 
land District  in  1865  and  1866,  just  prior  to 
the  admission  of  the  Territory  into  the  Union. 
Mrs.  Arnold,  a  former  school  teacher,  added 
to  her  duties  as  the  wife  of  a  pioneer,  by 
thoroughly  instructing  her  children  not  only 
in  the  elements  of  education,  in  which  she 
was  so  well  grounded,  but  also  in  self-re- 
liance and  those  other  cardinal  principles 
which  inspire  ambition  in  the  child  and 
establish  stability  of  character  in  the  man. 
In  1872  the  family  moved  into  Ashland,  Neb., 
where  the  father  engaged  in  the  practice  of 
law.  Naturally  he  wished  his  son  to  adopt 
the  legal  profession,  but  the  boy's  natural  de- 
sire for  mechanical  work  constantly  directed 
his  mind  and  eventually  determined  his 
course.  His  father's  lack  of  patience  with 
his  constant  "  tinkering "  with  mechanical 
things,  caused  him,  at  the  age  of  fourteen,  to 
run  away  from  home  and  join  a  steam  thresh- 
ing machine  crew,  the  only  one  in  the  State, 
so  far  as  he  knew,  and  his  only  opportunity 
to  acquire  the  experience  he  desired.  For 
two  years  he  followed  the  crew  as  its  en- 
gineer, and  it  was  this  experience,  by  bring- 
ing him  to  a  realization  of  his  limitations, 
unless  he  listened  to  the  advice  of  his  par- 
ents and  secured  an  education,  that  largely 
shaped  the  course  of  his  life.  Thus  con- 
vinced, he  informed  his  father  that  he  de- 
sired to  return  to  school.  While  still  upon 
the  farm  his  great  aptitude  for  mechanics  was 
shown  in  the  many  crude  models  of  farm 
machinery  which  he  constructed.  During  his 
school  years  at  Ashland,  he  was  "  always 
building  something,"  and  between  the  years 
1872  and  1880  he  produced,  in  rapid  succes- 
sion, numerous  boats,  scroll  saws,  and  models 
of  steam  engines.  At  twelve  years  of  age  he 
built  a  steam  engine;  at  seventeen  a  bicycle, 
and  at  eighteen  a  small  locomotive  which 
was,  in  all  details,  a  complete  operating  engine. 
All  of  these  were  built  under  the  most  ad- 
verse conditions  and  with  only  such  tools  as 
were^  available  in  the  local  blacksmith  shop 
of  his  home  town,  for  there  were  neither  ma- 
chine shops  nor  manufactories  in  the  vicinity 
to  awaken  his  interest  or  guide  his  work. 
Unlike  most  ambitious  youths,  his  early  ef- 
forts did  not  exhaust  his  capacity,  but,  con- 
trary to  the  general  rule,  were  really  indic- 
ative of  the  possibilities  awaiting  develop 
ment  with  maturity.  In  1879  he  entered  the 
University   of    Nebraska,    where   he   attended 


for  one  year,  leaving  because  he  wished  to 
enter  the  U.  S.  Naval  Academy  at  An- 
napolis, Md.,  as  the  State  University  did  not 
then  offer  a  mechanical  engineering  course. 
In  the  following  year  he  was  commissioned 
to  apply  for  examination  as  a  cadet  engineer 
at  the  Naval  Academy,  but,  through  lack  of 
sufficient  preparation,  failed  to  enter,  as  the 
examination  was  then  competitive.  He  de- 
cided to  study  another  year,  obtain  a  reap- 
pointment and  enter  the  academy  a  year 
later,  but,  on  the  advice  of  naval  officers,  who 
persuaded  him  that  with  the  same  amount  of 
work  he  ought  to  do  better  in  less  time  out- 
side of  the  navy  than  in  it,  he  gave  up  his 
naval  ambition,  and  determined  to  secure  an 
education  without  the  assistance  of  the  gov- 
ernment. He  entered  Hillsdale  (Mich.)  Col- 
lege (where  his  parents  were  educated)  in 
October,  1880,  and  was  graduated  B.S.  in 
1884,  paying  his  way  through  college  by 
traveling  summers  as  an  expert  for  engine 
manufacturing  companies.  He  took  the 
mathematical  prize  for  a  four  years'  course, 
and  three  years  later  was  awarded  the  degree 
of  M.S.  In  1889  the  same  institution  con- 
ferred upon  him  the  degree  of  M.Ph.  for 
engineering  work  done  subsequent  to  his 
graduation.  It  was  at  this  time,  in  April, 
1889,  that  Mr.  Arnold  finished  a  postgradu- 
ate course  in  electrical  engineering  at  Cornell 
University.  In  1903  he  received  from  Hills- 
dale College  an  engrossed  testimonial  di- 
ploma in  recognition  of  his  "  distinguished 
learning  and  achievement  in  invention  and  in 
mechanical  and  electrical  engineering," — a 
unique  form  of  honor.  After  graduation  at 
Hillsdale,  in  1884,  Mr.  Arnold  engaged  as 
general  agent  and  expert  with  the  Upton 
Manufacturing  Company,  manufacturers  of 
traction  engines,  at  Port  Huron,  Mich.,  in 
which  position  he  traveled  throughout  the 
United  States,  and  secured  a  general  business 
training.  In  order  to  enter  the  broader  field 
of  engineering  work,  he  obtained  employment 
as  a  draftsman  with  the  Edward  P.  Allis 
Company  of  Milwaukee,  Wis.  (now  the  Allis- 
Chalmers  Company),  in  January,  1886,  and 
continued  with  them  until  June  of  the  fol- 
lowing year,  when  he  became  chief  designing 
engineer  of  the  Iowa  Iron  Works,  Dubuque, 
la.  Here  he  remained  for  more  than  a 
year,  and  during  that  time  designed  and 
built  numerous  steam  engines  and  other 
heavy  machinery.  Subsequently  he  engaged 
with  the  Chicago,  St.  Paul  and  Kansas  City 
Railway  Company  (now  the  Chicago  Great 
Western  Railway)  in  the  civil  engineering 
department;  afterward  acting  as  its  me- 
chanical engineer,  in  which  capacity  he  re- 
designed some  of  their  locomotives,  and  pre- 
pared the  drawings  for  new  equipment.  Dur- 
ing these  years  immediately  after  graduation 
his  plan  was  to  secure  a  broad  foundation  for 
the  future  ratlier  than  to  anchor  at  any  one 
place,  and  at  three  different  times  lie  re- 
signed from  good  paying  positions,  which  he 
could  have  retained,  and  went  to  M'ork  for 
less  than  half  his  former  pay,  in  order  to  get 
experience  in  different  lines  of  engineering 
work.  After  five  years  of  such  experionoe  lie 
became  convinced  that  electric  railroading, 
which  was  then  in  its  extreme  infancy,  offered 
him  the  best  future  in  the  engineering  field. 


27 


ARNOLD 


ARNOLD 


He  decided,  therefore,  to  adopt  electrical 
engineering  as  a  specialty,  and  prepared  him- 
self for  this  work  by  spending  the  winter  of 
1888-89  in  postgraduate  engineering  study 
at  Cornell  University,  this  being  the  first 
technical  instruction  he  had  ever  received  at 
an  educational  institution.  Upon  leaving 
Cornell  in  the  spring  of  1889  he  obtained  em- 
ployment with  the  Thomson-Houston  Electric 
Company,  and  was  placed  in  charge  of  the 
St.  Louis  office.  In  the  following  year  he 
became  consulting  engineer  of  the  company, 
after  its  consolidation  with  the  Edison  Gen- 
eral Company  into  the  General  Electric  Com- 
pany. In  this  capacity  he  designed  and  built 
the  intramural  railroad  at  the  World's  Co- 
lumbian Exposition,  Chicago, — the  first  com- 
mercial installation  of  the  third  rail  on  a 
large  scale  and  the  forerunner  of  the  present 
elevated  electric  road.  In  October,  1893,  Mr. 
Arnold  resigned  from  the  General  Electric 
Company,  to  open  offices  in  Chicago  as  an  in- 
dependent consulting  engineer.  In  this  ca- 
pacity (in  1894)  he  built  the  St.  Charles 
Street  Railway,  New  Orleans,  and  since  then 
has  designed  and  constructed  many  electric 
properties  throughout  the  United  States  and 
other  countries,  as  well  as  perfecting  many 
inventions  and  improvements  which  have 
added  to  his  reputation.  Mr.  Arnold  was 
early  impressed  with  the  value  of  storage 
batteries  for  use  in  connection  with  electric 
plants,  and  set  himself  to  perfecting  plans  for 
their  use.  He  conducted  experiments  in  a 
laboratory  which  he  fitted  up  in  the  base- 
ment of  his  home,  and  finally  invested  his 
entire  means  in  their  production.  This  busi- 
ness, after  a  long  and  desperate  struggle,  so 
common  to  the  storage  battery  business  at 
that  time,  survived  the  panic  of  1893.  In 
1895,  through  the  sale  of  the  company  he 
realized  a  comfortable  fortune,  and  with  the 
money  thus  secured  he  was  in  position  to 
more  eflfectually  advance  his  own  ideas  re- 
garding electric  traction  and  other  matters. 
He  made  valuable  contributions  to  the  prob- 
lem of  compact  and  efficient  power  plants  for 
large  buildings,  his  plan  being  to  use  steam 
generating  units  in  conjunction  with  storage 
batteries,  and  to  operate  all  machinery,  in- 
cluding the  elevators,  by  electric  motors. 
This  plan  has  been  widely  adopted,  and  was 
first  used  by  him  when  acting  as  consulting 
engineer  for  the  Chicago  Board  of  Trade  in 
1895.  One  of  his  earliest  successes  in  the 
electric  railway  field  was  the  equipment 
(1897-98)  of  the  Chicago  and  Milwaukee 
Electric  Railway,  using  high  tension  alternat- 
ing current  for  power  transmission,  in  com- 
bination with  rotary  converter  storage  bat- 
tery substations,  by  means  of  which  the  first 
cost  and  expense  of  operation  of  electric  rail- 
roads has  been  largely  reduced.  In  connec- 
tion with  this  work  the  opposition  to  his 
ideas,  owing  to  the  road's  having  changed 
ownership  during  construction,  was  so  great 
that  he  was  forced  to  take  the  contract  for 
the  road,  thereby  assuming  the  financial  risk, 
under  a  bonus  and  forfeiture  agreement,  for 
its  successful  operation,  in  order  to  demon- 
strate the  feasibility  of  the  plan  which  he  had 
laid  down  as  consulting  engineer  on  the 
w^ork.  This  plan  proved  a  success,  becoming 
standard    despite    the    opposition    encountered 


upon  the  start,  and  has  since  been  universally 
followed  in  the  construction  of  interurban 
roads,  the  highest  type  of  its  development 
being  represented  in  the  magnificent  equip- 
ment of  the  New  York  Terminal  of  the  New 
York  Central  Railroad.  In  1901  Mr.  Arnold 
was  commissioned  by  the  New  York  Central 
Railroad  Company,  to  study  and  report  upon 
the  feasibility  of  electrically  operating  its 
trains  in  and  out  of  New  York  City,  and  was 
a  member  of  the  Electric  Traction  Commis- 
sion which  carried  out  the  work  of  electrically 
equipping  something  over  300  miles  of  track 
involving,  with  the  terminal  thus  created,  an 
expenditure  of  more  than  $60,000,000,  and  by 
means  of  which  all  trains  on  the  road  within 
thirty  miles  of  New  York  are  propelled  by 
electricity.  As  a  further  instance  of  Mr. 
Arnold's  pioneer  spirit  may  be  mentioned  the 
fact  that  from  1900  to  1905  he  carried  on, 
at  his  own  expense,  exhaustive  experiments 
at  Lansing,  Mich.,  in  connection  with  the  in- 
stallation of  the  Lansing,  St.  Johns  and  St. 
Louis  Railway,  and  demonstrated  the  practi- 
cability of  operating  electric  trains  with 
alternating  current  motors  from  a  high  po- 
tential single-phase  alternating  current  con- 
ductor. This  system,  since  developed  by  dif- 
ferent manufacturing  companies,  is  best  ex- 
emplified in  the  conversion  from  steam  to 
electrical  operation  of  the  St.  Clair  Tunnel 
of  the  Grand  Trunk  Railway,  between  Port 
Huron,  Mich.,  and  Sarnia,  Ontario,  where  Mr. 
Arnold,  in  1907,  as  consulting  engineer,  de- 
vised and  installed  the  first  single-phase  high- 
tension  system  for  heavy  electric  railway 
work,  and  in  the  equipment  of  the  New  York, 
New  Haven  and  Hartford  system,  now  in 
operation  between  New  York  City  and  Stam- 
ford, Conn.  He  was  also  a  member  of  the 
Electric  Traction  Commission  for  the  Erie 
Railroad  in  1906-07.  In  1902  he  was  engaged 
by  the  city  of  Chicago  to  make  an  exhaustive 
study  and  report  upon  the  entire  traction 
system  within  its  limits.  The  result  of  this 
study  was  a  report  so  complete  and  conclu- 
sive that  his  recommendations  were  largely 
adopted  in  the  settlement  between  the  city 
and  the  several  companies  effected  by  the 
passage  of  the  1907  ordinances.  In  these 
ordinances,  Mr.  Arnold  was  named  chief 
engineer  of  the  work  and  chairman  of  the 
Board  of  Supervising  Engineers,  Chicago 
Traction,  appointed  to  carry  out  the  terms 
of  the  ordinances.  Under  this  board  there 
have  been  expended  about  $100,000,000  to 
date.  In  1910  he  was  commissioned  by  the 
Committee  on  Local  Transportation,  Chicago 
City  Council,  to  make  a  study  of  conditions 
and  prepare  plans  for  a  subway  system,  and 
January,  1911,  he  submitted  complete  plans 
for  a  most  comprehensive  passenger  subway 
system.  In  1913  Mr.  Arnold  was  chosen  by 
the  Citizens'  Terminal  Plan  Committee  of 
Chicago  to  review^  plans  submitted  by  the 
Pennsylvania  Railroad  Company,  and  others, 
for  terminals  and  to  recommend  a  compre- 
hensive system  of  railroad  terminals  for 
Chicago.  His  complete  and  analytical  report 
was  produced  and  delivered  in  less  than 
ninety  days.  In  order  to  co-ordinate  the 
work  of  tlie  Citizens'  Terminal  Plan  Commit- 
tee of  the  Chicago  Plan  Commission,  and  of 
the   city   council   in   steam    railroad   matters, 


28 


ARNOLD 


ARNOLD 


the  Chicago  Railway  Terminal  Commission 
was  created  by  authority  of  the  city  coun- 
cil, and  Mr.  Arnold  was  appointed  a  mem- 
ber. This  commission  spent  a  part  of  the 
summer  of  1914  in  studying  the  railway 
terminals  and  harbors  of  Great  Britain  and 
Continental  Europe.  In  January,  1916,  he 
was  appointed  by  the  Chicago  city  council 
as  a  member  of  the  Chicago  Traction  and 
Subway  Commission,  to  value  and  co-ordinate 
all  of  the  present  surface  street  and  elevated 
railways  of  Chicago  with  a  subway  system, 
and  to  formulate  a  method  of  constructing, 
operating,  and  financing  such  a  system.  The 
work  of  this  commission  has  since  been  com- 
pleted, and  its  report  rendered.  He  has  also 
acted  as  chairman  of  the  various  valuation  com- 
missions which  have  valued  all  of  the  street 
railway  properties  of  Chicago,  and  as  consult- 
ing engineer  for  the  Wisconsin  State  Railway 
Commission  (1905-07),  in  valuing  the  street 
railway  properties  of  Milwaukee.  In  1908  he 
was  retained  as  consulting  engineer  for  the 
Public  Service  Commission,  First  District, 
State  of  New  York,  to  solve  certain  problems 
connected  with  the  operation  of  the  Inter- 
borough  Rapid  Transit  Company's  subway 
system,  and  the  new  subway  systems  for  the 
city  of  New  York.  In  this  capacity  he  is- 
sued a  series  of  valuable  reports.  Many  of 
his  ideas  were  adopted  and  applied  to  the 
Interborough  Rapid  Transit  System,  thereby 
largely  increasing  its  capacity,  and  also  in 
the  new  subways  now  under  construction  in 
New  York  and  Brooklyn.  He  also  acted  as 
director  of  appraisals  for  that  commission 
in  the  valuation  of  all  the  surface  line  prop- 
erties of  the  city  of  New  York  and  the  Brook- 
lyn Rapid  Transit  system.  Acting  as  con- 
sulting engineer,  he  made  exhaustive  studies 
and  reports  upon  traction  matters  for  the 
cities  of  Pittsburgh  (1910);  Providence,  Los 
Angeles,  and  San  Francisco  (1911);  Toronto 
and  Cincinnati  (1912).  In  1911  he  was  se- 
lected by  the  Public  Service  Commission, 
Second  District,  State  of  New  York,  to  ap- 
praise for  the  company  the  properties  of  the 
International  Traction  Company  at  Buffalo, 
and  afterward  prepared  data  for  the  commis- 
sion in  connection  with  the  reorganization  of 
the  company.  He  appraised  the  properties  of 
the  Seattle  Electric  Company,  Puget  Sound 
Electric  Railway  Company,  Southern  Cali- 
fornia Edison  Company  (Los  Angeles,  1911); 
Metropolitan  Street  Railway  System  of  Kan- 
sas City,  and  of  the  Toronto  Street  Railway 
(1913).  He  has  also  been  engaged  by  the 
municipalities  or  by  civic  or  commercial 
bodies  to  advise  regarding  steam  and  electric 
railway  terminals  and  other  matters  in  the 
cities  of  Des  Moines,  Omaha,  Winnipeg, 
Sacramento,  New  Orleans,  Detroit,  Harris- 
burg,  Rochester,  Syracuse,  and  Jersey  City. 
Early  in  1916  he  was  engaged  by  the  Public 
Service  Commission,  Commonwealth  of  Massa- 
chusetts, to  review  certain  valuations  and 
operating  costs  of  the  electric  railways  sur- 
rounding Boston,  and  the  report  made  by 
him  to  the  commission,  in  which  he  pointed 
out  how  economies  aggregating  $750,000  per 
year  could  be  effected,  has  led  to  his  being 
retained  by  the  Bay  State  Railway  Company, 
at^  the  request  of  the  commission,  to  assist 
this    company    in    producing    the    economies 


suggested.  Mr.  Arnold,  either  personally  or 
as  head  of  the  Arnold  Company  (organized 
in  1895)  has  made  appraisals  of  the  prop- 
erties of  the  Chicago  Telephone  Company 
(1912);  Lincoln  (Neb.)  Telephone  and  Tele- 
graph Company  (1913),  and  the  Mountain 
States  Telephone  and  Telegraph  Company  of 
Denver  (1914).  During  his  professional 
career  he  has  had  charge  of  the  expenditure 
of  something  over  $100,000,000  of  work  built 
under  his  own  designs,  and  in  addition  has 
had  charge  of  the  valuation  of  properties 
built  by  others  aggregating  in  value  over 
$900,000,000.  Mr.  Arnold  is  the  inventor  of 
a  magnetic  clutch;  a  power  station  system, 
storage  battery  improvements  and  new  sys- 
tems and  devices  for  electric  railways;  is,  as 
before  stated,  one  of  the  pioneers  in  the  de- 
velopment of  the  single-phase  electric  traction 
system,  as  well  as  the  present  standard  alter- 
nating-direct current  system,  and  was  the 
first  to  recognize  the  advantage  of  and  to  put 
into  practice  the  recently  developed  auto- 
matically controlled  substation  for  electric 
railroads.  He  became  interested  in  aeronau- 
tics in  1889.  He  was  a  member  of  "  Com- 
mittee on  Aeronautics "  at  the  World's  Co- 
lumbian Exposition,  Chicago,  in  1893,  and 
later,  an  interested  observer  and  believer  in 
the  "  gliding  experiments  "  of  Octave  Chanute 
on  the  sand  dunes  at  the  head  of  Lake  Michi- 
gan, and  afterward  purchased  a  farm  at  St. 
Joseph,  Mich.,  located  on  Water,  in  order 
to  carry  on  experiments  of  his  own.  Believ- 
ing, from  information  later  given  him  pri- 
vately by  Mr.  Chanute,  that  the  Weight 
brothers  had  succeeded  in  accomplishing  me- 
chanical flight,  he  abandoned  his  project  and 
followed  the  work  of  those  pioneers  with  in- 
terest; gave  the  prize  for  the  international 
balloon  race  held  in  Chicago,  July  4,  1908; 
witnessed,  as  the  guest  of  army  officers  in 
charge,  the  first  flight  of  Orville  Wright,  at 
Fort  Myer,  and  was  with  Wright  and  Lieu- 
tenant Selfridge  just  prior  to  the  fall  in 
which  the  latter  was  killed  and  Wright 
badly  injured.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Aero 
Club  of  America;  was  a  director  of  the  Aero 
Club  of  Illinois  at  the  time  of  the  Gordon 
Bennett  race,  held  in  Chicago  in  1912,  and 
was  president  of  the  club  in  1912-13.  In 
1916  he  was  elected  by  the  Anierican  Society 
of  Aeronautical  Engineers  to  represent  that 
body  on  the  Naval  Consulting  Board  of  the 
United  States.  One  of  Mr.  Arnold's  char- 
acteristics seems  to  be  to  keep  in  advance  of 
his  profession.  His  solution  of  engineering 
problems,  therefore,  has  often  been  carried 
out  against  much  opposition.  As  he  demon- 
strated the  success  of  one  after  another,  ad- 
verse criticism  turned  into  well-morited 
praise,  and  more  than  once  he  has  had  the 
pleasure  of  seeing  his  work  become  commonly 
accepted  prd.ctice.  An  idea  of  the  character 
of  the  man  is  furnished  in  the  fact,  previ- 
ously referred  to,  that  on  tliree  distinct  oc- 
casions in  his  early  career  as  an  engineer,  he 
withdrew  from  profitable,  and  what  were  as- 
sured to  him  as  permanent,  positions  at  con- 
siderable financial  loss,  in  order  to  take  up 
another  line  of  work  which  he  considered 
necessary  for  his  ultimate  success.  As  a  re- 
sult he  has  gained  a  broad  and  varied 
engineering  experience   of  great   value   in   his 


29 


ARNOLD 


ALDRICH 


professional  work.  His  career  as  a  student, 
whose  hours  of  relaxation  were  devoted  to 
the  practical  application  of  the  knowledge 
gained  to  enable  him  to  earn  a  livelihood,  has 
been  followed  by  gratifying  experience  as  a 
lecturer  in  the  scenes  of  his  early  studies. 
Viewed  in  this  light,  the  life  of  Mr.  Arnold 
presents  many  strong  contrasts,  but  tliey  are 
all  relieved  by  the  brilliant  setting  of  ulti- 
mate success,  much  of  which  was  achieved 
at  an  unusually  early  period,  and  the  re- 
spect and  esteem  in  which  he  is  held  by  his 
fellow  workers.  Mr.  Arnold  is  in  demand  as 
a  special  lecturer  on  engineering  subjects.  He 
has  in  this  capacity  addressed  the  engineer- 
ing students  of  the  University  of  Illinois,  the 
University  of  Michigan,  University  of  Wis- 
consin, Cornell  University,  Iowa  State  Col- 
lege, and  Purdue  University;  and,  in  1897,  he 
delivered  at  the  University  of  Nebraska  a 
course  of  ten  lectures  on  "  The  Design  and 
Construction  of  Electric  Power  Plants." 
The  faculty  of  the  institution  recognized  his 
work  by  conferring  the  honorary  degree  of 
E.E.  upon  him  in  1897,  and  in  1911  the  hon- 
orary degree  of  Doctor  of  Engineering.  In 
1907  Armour  Institute  of  Technology,  Chi- 
cago, conferred  upon  him  the  honorary  de- 
gree of  D.Sc.  A  gold  medal  was  awarded  him 
by  the  Trans-Mississippi  Exposition  at  Omaha 
(1898),  for  a  personal  exhibit.  He  showed 
some  of  the  crude  models  and  devices,  which 
he  had  built  at  Ashland  many  years  before, 
alongside  of  the  drawings  of  his  later  en- 
gineering triumphs.  Medals  and  diplomas 
have  also  been  awarded  him  by  Franklin  In- 
stitute of  Philadelphia,  the  Pan-American 
Exposition,  Buffalo,  and  the  World's  Fair  of 
St.  Louis.  Besides  contributing  frequently  to 
the  proceedings  of  the  societies  to  which  he 
belongs,  Mr.  Arnold's  report,  entitled  "  The 
Chicago  Transportation  Problem"  (1902), 
has  become  a  text-book  upon  traction  mat- 
ters, as  have  many  of  his  other  reports.  Mr. 
Arnold  has  been  a  careful  student  and  an 
earnest  investigator  of  electrical  phenomena, 
and  has  placed  the  results  of  his  experiments 
at  the  command  of  his  fellow  workers.  Tech- 
nical electrical  literature  has  been  enriched 
by  his  contributions  in  the  form  of  papers 
and  discussions  before  the  principal  societies 
of  which  he  is  a  member.  He  was  a  repre- 
sentative of  the  American  Institute  of  Elec- 
trical Engineers,  the  foremost  body  of  his 
country  in  this  profession,  at  the  Inter- 
national Electrical  Congress  at  the  Paris  Ex- 
position of  1900,  and  took  advantage  of  the 
opportunity  afforded  by  this  trip  to  make  a 
careful  study  of  European  practice.  In  1903- 
04  he  was  elected  president  of  the  American 
Institute  of  Engineers — the  first  western 
man  to  receive  this  honor — and  represented 
this  organization  (1903-07)  as  a  member  of 
the  building  committee  and  a  trustee  of  the 
United  Engineering  Society,  the  joint  en- 
gineering society  organ ized"^  for  the  purpose 
of  acting  as  trustee  for  the  expenditure  of 
the  $1,500,000  given  by  Andrew  Carnegie  for 
the  erection  of  the  Engineering  Societies 
Building  and  the  Engineers'  Club,  in  New 
York  City.  In  1904  he  was  chairman  of  the 
executive  committee  and  vice-president  of  the 
International  Electrical  Congress,  St.  Louis; 
in   1906-07   president  of  the  Western  Society 


of  Engineers,  for  which  he  acted  as  a 
trustee  in  1900-02.  Since  1905  he  has  been 
a  trustee  of  Hillsdale  College,  his  alma 
mater,  has  served  as  president  of  the  Chicago 
Alumni  Associations  of  Hillsdale  College, 
Cornell  University,  and  the  University  of 
Nebraska,  and  is  a  member  of  the  board  of 
managers  of  the  Lewis  Institute,  Chicago. 
In  addition  to  these  offices  Mr.  Arnold  is  a 
member  of  the  Inventors'  Guild;  American 
Institute  of  Consulting  Engineers;  American 
Institute  of  Aeronautical  Engineers;  Ameri- 
can Society  of  Automobile  Engineers;  Ameri- 
can Society  for  Promotion  of  Engineering 
Education;  a  vice-president  of  the  American 
Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science; 
a  member  of  the  New  York  Electrical  So- 
ciety; the  American  Defense  Society;  Na- 
tional Highways  Association;  Chicago  His- 
torical Society;  chairman  of  the  i^erican 
Committee  on  Electrolysis;  chairman  of  the 
Committee  representing  the  American  Insti- 
tute of  Electrical  Engineers  on  organization 
of  a  National  Reserve  Corps  of  Civilian 
Engineers;  major  in  the  Engineer  Officers'  Re- 
serve Corps,  \J.  S.  Army;  chairman  of  the 
Transportation  Committee  of  the  U.  S.  Naval 
Consulting  Board;  chairman  of  the  Commit- 
tee on  Award  of  the  Anthony  N.  Brady  Me- 
morial Medals  (1915-17),  appointed  by  the 
New  York  Museum  of  Safety;  a  member  of 
the  Engineers'  Club  of  New  York  and  of  the 
Engineers',  Electric,  Mid-day,  South  Shore 
Country,  Kenwood,  and  Union  League  Clubs, 
and  of  the  Art  Institute,  all  of  Chi- 
cago. On  14  Jan.,  1886,  Mr.  Arnold  mar- 
ried Stella,  daughter  of  Henry  and  Rachel 
(De  Voe)  Berry,  who,  when  in  college  with 
him  at  Hillsdale,  received  the  literary  prize 
of  her  class.  Mrs.  Arnold  died  in  Colorado 
Springs,  1  Feb.,  1907,  leaving  two  sons, 
Stanley  Berry  and  Robert  Melville  Arnold, 
and  one  daughter,  Maude  Lucille,  wife  of  Le 
Roy  Hartley  Moss.  He  married  again  in 
New  York  City,  22  Dec,  1909,  Mrs.  Margaret 
Latimer  Fonda,  daughter  of  George  L. 
Latimer. 

ALDRICH,  Nelson  Wilmarth,  Senator,  b.  in 
Foster,  R.  I.,  6  Nov.,  1841;  d.  in  New  York 
City,  16  April,  1915,  son  of  Anan  and  Abby 
Ann  (Burgess)  Aldrich.  He  first  attended  the 
local  public  schools  of  his  native  town,  in 
1857  became  a  student  of  the  Academy  at 
East  Greenwich,  R.  I.,  and  after  graduation 
entered  the  employ  of  Waldron  and  VVightman, 
wholesale  grocers,  at  Providence,  R.  I.,  begin- 
ning as  bookkeeper  and  later  becoming  a 
member  of  the  firm.  In  1862  he  enlisted  as  a 
private  in  Company  G,  Tenth  Regiment  of  the 
Rhode  Island  Infantry,  and  served  with  his 
regiment  for  ten  months  but  saw  no  fighting  as 
he  was  engaged  in  guarding  the  national  capi- 
tal, being  a  member  of  the  garrison  at  Fort 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  Virginia  bank  of  the 
Potomac.  Mr.  Aldrich  was  elected  to  the  com- 
mon council  of  Providence  in  1869,  where  he 
served  until  1875,  being  president  of  the  body 
in  1872-73.  His  preparedness  and  readiness 
in  debate  were  at  once  recognized  and  espe- 
cially effective  against  his  political  opponents. 
In  1875  he  was  elected  to  the  State  legislature, 
where  he  served  one  term.  His  experience  in 
national  politics  began  in  1879  when  he  was 
elected  to  Congress  from  the  First  District  of 


30 


,7y  ty 


ALDRICH 


BALDWIN 


Rhode  Island.  He  was  re-elected  in  1880,  but 
resigned  the  following  year,  in  the  Fortieth 
Congress,  to  take  the  seat  in  the  Senate  left 
vacant  by  the  death  of  Gen.  A.  E.  Burnside, 
having  been  the  unanimous  choice  of  the  Re- 
publicans of  the  General  Assembly.  He  was 
successfully  re-elected  to  the  Senate,  1887, 
1893,  1899,  and  1905.  Mr.  Aldrich's  part  in 
the  framing  of  tariff  and  financial  laws  began 
soon  after  he  took  his  seat  in  the  Senate  and 
continued  until  he  retired,  in  1911,  having 
declined  to  be  a  candidate  for  re-election.  He 
was  a  consistent  protectionist  and  gold  stand- 
ard advocate  and  had  made  a  profound  life- 
long study  of  tariff  and  financial  subjects, 
coming  to  be  generally  regarded  as  an  author- 
ity in  both.  Possessed  of  great  natural  ability, 
Mr.  Aldrich  was  a  close  student  of  every 
question  he  discussed  and  a  hard  worker  when 
there  was  work  to  be  done.  His  power  of  con- 
centration was  strong  and  he  dealt  only  with 
essentials.  In  his  preparation  of  tariff  bills 
and  in  organizing  the  Monetary  Commission, 
out  of  which  grew  the  present  currency  law 
and  the  Federal  Reserve  Board,  Mr.  Al- 
drich collected  a  valuable  public  and  private 
library  on  economic  subjects.  He  personally 
visited  the  great  bankers  of  the  world  and 
read  in  the  original  the  text-books  and  stand- 
ard authors  of  other  countries.  In  1903  he 
introduced  a  bill  for  increasing  the  elasticity 
of  the  currency.  It  provided  that  the  Secre- 
tary of  the  Treasury  be  authorized  to  deposit 
in  the  national  banks  "  public  money  received 
from  all  sources,"  thus  permitting  the  de- 
posit of  customs  receipts  in  banks  instead  of 
in  subtreasuries.  As  security  for  government 
funds,  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  was  to 
be  authorized  to  "  accept  bonds,  or  interest- 
bearing  obligations,  of  any  state,"  or  any 
legally  authorized  bond  issued  for  municipal 
purposes  by  any  city  in  the  United  States 
which  complied  with  certain  prescribed  condi- 
tions. The  rate  of  interest  to  be  paid  by  the 
banks  for  the  use  of  such  moneys  was  to  be 
fixed  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  but  was 
not  to  be  less  than  ll^  per  cent.  This  bill  was 
defeated  at  the  time  by  the  Democrats,  in 
retaliation  for  the  defeat  of  the  Statehood 
bill.  Then  came  the  panic  of  1907  and  Sena- 
tor Aldrich  found  his  opportunity  to  express 
his  ideas  again.  Some  of  them  were  soon 
embodied  in  certain  amendments  in  the  law 
governing  deposits  of  government  funds.  On 
30  May,  1908,  the  Aldrich- Vreeland  Emer- 
gency Currency  Bill  was  passed,  in  which  was 
incorporated  some  of  the  provisions  of  the  old 
bill  of  1903.  This  measure  provided  also  for 
the  appointment  of  a  National  Monetary  Com- 
mission to  reform  the  currency  system.  Of 
this  body  Mr.  Aldrich  was  not  only  a  member, 
but  chairman,  and  it  is  the  universal  opinion 
of  public  men  that  the  Aldrich -Vreeland  law 
saved  the  financial  situation  and  the  country 
from  a  financial  panic  in  the  interval  between 
its  enactment  and  the  operation  of  the  Fed- 
eral Reserve  Board.  A  tariff  bill  when  intro- 
duced in  the  House  of  Representatives,  or 
when  reported  from  the  Ways  and  Means  Com- 
mittee, has  generally  been  prepared  in  advance 
with  the  aid  of  statistical  experts  from  the 
Treasury  Department  and  political  experts 
from  the  outside.  The  bill  that  has  eventually 
become  a  law  or  that  has  been  made  the  party 


measure  has  always  been  almost  wholly  the 
work  of  a  subcommittee  of  the  Committee  on 
Finance,  and  of  this  subcommittee  Senator 
Aldrich  was  from  the  time  he  became  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Senate,  in  1881  until  his  death, 
either  the  chairman  or  the  dominating  mem- 
ber. Mr.  Aldrich's  rise  to  commercial  and  po- 
litical power  was  due  largely  to  his  life-long 
habit  of  mastering  details,  which  gave  him  a 
knowledge  of  the  subject  not  always  possessed 
by  his  opponents,  his  fixity  of  purpose  and  hiL 
engaging  manner.  He  was  always  patient, 
especially  with  those  whose  ability  and  knowl- 
edge were  less  than  his  own,  rarely  lost  his 
temper  and  was  not  bothered  by  "  little 
things."  After  his  retirement  from  the  Senate 
he  continued  to  give  his  attention  to  important 
commercial  enterprises  to  which  he  had  ex- 
pended time  and  thought  while  in  public  life. 
Mr.  Aldrich  married  9  Oct.,  1866,  Miss  Abby  T. 
Chapman,  who  survives.  Eleven  children  were 
born,  seven  of  whom  are  living,  Edward  B.; 
Stuart  M.;  William  T.;  Richard  S.;  Win- 
throp  W.;  Lucy  T.;  Abby  Green  (Mrs.  John 
D.  Rockefeller,  Jr.),  and  Elsie  (Mrs.  S.  M. 
Edgell ) . 

BALDWIN,  William  Henry,  Jr.,  railroad 
president,  b.  in  Boston,  Mass.,  5  Feb.,  1863; 
d.  in  New  York,  3  Jan.,  1905.  His  father  was 
for  many  years  the  leading  spirit  in  the 
Young  Men's  Christian  Union,  and  his  place 
and  influence  in  Boston,  his  philanthropic 
work,  and  his  extended  and  unselfish  service 
to  young  men  were  a  living  force  in  the  son's 
life.  The  lad's  boyhood  was  a  wholesome  and 
happy  one.  He  attended  the  Roxbury  Latin 
School,  and  later  matriculated  at  Harvard 
College,  where  he  came  under  the  influence 
of  Prof.  N.  S.  Shaler,  of  whom  he  said, 
"  Shaler  has  done  more  to  broaden  my  intel- 
lect than  any  other."  Mr.  Baldwin  was  treas- 
urer of  the  Harvard  Co-operative  Society, 
chairman  of  his  Class  Committee,  and  a  mem- 
ber of  the  "Hasty  Pudding,"  "Dickey," 
"Alpha  Delta  Phi,"  "  O.  K.,"  and  "Shake- 
speare Clubs."  He  was  also  freshman  editor 
of  the  "  Harvard  Echo,"  the  first  daily  paper 
at  college.  After  leaving  Harvard  he  entered 
the  auditor's  office  of  the  Union  Pacific  Rail- 
road, at  Omaha.  Thereafter  he  served  in  the 
general  traffic  department,  and  later  as 
division  freight  agent  in  Butte,  Mont.,  and  as 
assistant  freight  agent  in  Omaha.  He  then 
became  manager  of  the  Leavenworth  division 
of  the  same  road.  In  1889  he  was  general 
manager  of  the  Montana  Union  Railroad,  and 
in  1890  assistant  vice-president,  with  head- 
quarters at  Omaha.  In  June,  1891,  he  was  at 
Saginaw,  Mich.,  as  manager  of  the  Flint  and 
Pere  Marquette  Railroad.  In  July,  three  years 
later,  he  became  general  manager  of  the  South- 
ern Railroad,  with  headquarters  at  Washing- 
ton, D.  C.  From  October,  1896,  until  his  death 
in  1905,  he  was  in  New  York  City  as  president 
of  the  Long  Island  Railroad,  In  every  re- 
sponsible position  which  he  occupied,  the  en- 
largement and  growth  of  the  enterprise  in 
hand  engaged  his  unre^iitting  attention.  Re- 
garding his  policy  in  railroad  management  he 
said,  "  I  want  freight  and  1  want  passengers. 
I  want  business  that  shall  benefit  consumers, 
shippers,  and  road  together."  When  he  took 
in  hand  the  Long  Island  system,  he  was 
greatly   interested  in   the  problem  of  the  dis- 


31 


BELMONT 


BELMONT 


tribution  of  the  congested  population  of  New 
York,  and  gave  much  anxious  thought  to  the 
service  tliat  his  road  might  render  in  lessening 
the  awful  pressure.  He  declared  that  the  pub- 
lic good  was  the  first  imperious  fact  with 
which  railroad  men  had  to  reckon.  He  be- 
lieved that  the  function  of  the  railroad  should 
not  be  first  and  solely  to  make  money  for  man- 
agers and  stockholders;  but  that  the  first 
vigorous  obligation  should  be  public  utility 
and  service  of  every  citizen."  Mr.  Baldwin  was 
frequently  called  upon  to  deliver  lectures  and 
addresses  at  various  institutions,  educational 
and  religious,  and  also  to  speak  before  indus- 
trial and  other  organizations.  He  was  always 
heard  with  profound  respect,  and  often  with 
intense  enthusiasm.  PI  is  honesty  and  integrity 
of  purpose  were  seldom  or  never  questioned. 
He  was  once  told  by  a  man  great  in  the  busi- 
ness and  political  world  that  it  was  "  pretty 
rotten  all  round,  but  you  really  had  to  do  these 
things,  or  your  competitors  will  walk  over 
you."  When  Mr.  Baldwin  challenged  this 
statement,  he  was  warned,  "  Very  well,  then, 
you  simply  pass  the  business  over  to  your  less 
scrupulous  rival."  Mr.  Baldwin  replied,  *'  I'll 
take  that  risk.  What  I  can't  do  straight,  he 
shall  have."  By  one  who  knew  him  it  was 
said,  "Mr.  Baldwin  'made  good'  as  business 
manager  in  a  most  difficult  field  and  at  points 
in  the  railroad  area  where  competition  was  at 
white  heat.  He  was  the  hardest  kind  of  a 
worker,  and  I  never  saw  him  discouraged.  .  .  . 
His  advice  was  sought  by  some  of  our  ablest 
men,  and  yet  I  often  wondered  if  Baldwin  was 
ever  primarily  a  'business  man'  as  we  com- 
monly use  the  term.  ...  No  one  could  really 
know  him  without  feeling  that  the  master 
influence  of  his  life  was  above  and  beyond  the 
thing  called  business."  No  recent  career  of  a 
business  man  illustrates  better  tlian  Mr.  Bald- 
win's what  young  men  with  high  ideals  should 
seek,  and  what  they  should  wisely  avoid.  His 
way  was  often  beset  with  heavy  shadows,  but 
he  always  saw  the  liglit  shining  beyond.  After 
his  death  Dr.  Felix  Adler  spoke  of  him  as 
"the  Galahad  of  the  Market-Place,"  and  Dr. 
Thomas  R.  Slicer  named  him  "  the  uncorrupted 
knight."  A  memorial  fund  for  the  Depart- 
ment of  Economics  was  raised  by  the  Har- 
vard class  of  1885,  and  a  memorial  window 
was  placed  in  the  chapel  of  the  George  Junior 
Republic.  The  National  ^Municipal  League  se- 
cured a  fund  to  insure  an  annual  prize  of  $100, 
known  as  the  William  II.  Baldwin  prize,  for 
essays  on  Municipal  Government;  and  a  greater 
fund  of  .^loCOOO  was  raised  by  business  men 
and  social  friends  in  New  York  City,  and  be- 
stowed upon  Tuskegee  Institute  in  Mr.  Bald- 
win's memory.  :Mr.  Baldwin  married  Ruth 
Standish  Bowles,  of  Springfield,  Mass.,  30  Oct., 
1889. 

BELMONT,  Perry,  lawyer,  b.  in  New  York 
City,  28  Dec,  1851,  son  of  August  and  Caroline 
Slidell  (Perry)  Belmont.  His  father  (1816- 
90),  a  native  of  Alzey,  Alsace,  was  a  son  of 
Simon  Belmont,  who  long  held  tlie  office  of 
commissioner  by  appointment  of  Napoleon  I. 
He  came  to  New  York  in  1837,  founded  the 
firm  of  August  Belmont  and  Company,  and  was 
thereafter  prominently  identified  with  the  life 
and  afTairs  of  the  metropolis.  For  six  years 
(1844-50)  he  was  Austrian  consul-general  at 
New  York,   and   then  entering  the  diplomatic 

32 


service  of  the  United  States,  was  appointed,  in 
1853,  charge  d'afl"aires  at  The  Hague,  and  in 
1854  became  minister  resident.  After  four 
years  of  distinguished  service,  for  which  he 
received  the  thanks  of  his  government,  he  re- 
turned to  New  York.  During  his  business 
career  Mr.  Belmont  was  identified  with  some 
of  the  most  important  events  in  the  history  of 
finance,  and  was  long  the  accredited  repre- 
sentative of  powerful  interests  at  home  and 
abroad.  In  politics  he  was  equally  prominent, 
having  been  chairman  of  the  National  Demo- 
cratic Committee  from  1860  to  1872,  and,  after  ■^ 
his  resignation  from  the  office,  continuing  a  ] 
potent  factor  in  national  affairs.  His  wife  was 
a  daughter  of  Commodore  Matthew  Galbraith  ! 
Perry,  who  in  1854  negotiated  the  memorable 
treaty  with  Japan  which  opened  the  ports  of 
the  Island  Empire  to  the  commerce  of  the 
world.  Perry  Belmont  was  educated  in  the  ' 
schools  of  his  native  city,  and  at  a  military  . 
academy  at  Hamden,  Conn.,  was  graduated 
A.B.  from  Harvard  University  in  1872,  and 
completed  the  course  in  the  Columbia  Law 
School  in  1876.  On  his  admission  to  the  bar  he 
became  a  member  of  the  firm  of  Vinton,  Bel- 
mont and  Frelinghuysen,  with  which  he  was 
associated  until  1886.  He  was  elected  repre- 
sentative in  Congress  from  the  First  Congres- 
sional District,  composed  of  Suffolk,  Queens, 
and  Richmond  Counties,  in  1880,  and  served  , 
during  four  consecutive  terms,  until  1888, 
when  he  resigned  to  become  minister  to  Spain. 
During  his  first  term  he  was  a  member  of  the 
Committee  on  Foreign  Affairs  of  the  House  of 
Representatives,  and  came  into  national  prom- 
inence through  his  able  cross-examination  of 
the  Hon.  James  G.  Blaine,  former  Secretary 
of  State,  who  had  testified  on  charges  of  com- 
plicity wath  a  syndicate  of  American  capital- 
ists, supposed  to  have  been  interested  in  the 
government's  efforts  to  mediate  in  the  clash 
between  Chili  and  Peru.  The  exposure  of  the 
effects  of  Mr.  Blaine's  policy  of  interference  in 
the  internal  affairs  of  South  American  states 
resulted  in  its  reversal  by  the  Arthur  admin- 
istration. The  various  propositions  for  inter- 
oceanic  transit  across  the  Isthmus  were  advo- 
cated, exclusively,  during  the  eight  years  of 
Mr.  Belmont's  service,  before  the  Committee  on  „ 
Foreign  Affairs  of  the  House.  Ferdinand  de 
Lesseps,  himself,  presented  his  plan  to  the  Com- 
mittee for  the  Panama  Canal,  the  Nicaragua 
project  by  its  promoters,  the  Eads  Ship  Rail- 
way scheme  by  Mr.  Eads  himself,  the  Tehuan- 
tepec  Canal  by  its  advocates.  Mr.  Belmont, 
chiefly  on  the  ground  that  the  political  re- 
sponsibilities of  the  proposed  exclusive  guar-  ; 
antee  on  the  part  of  the  L'^nited  States  of  the 
neutrality  and  free  use  by  all  maritime  powers 
of  an  interoceanic  highway  across  the  Isthmus, 
were  not  sufficiently  taken  into  consideration, 
strenuously  opposed  all  these  projects  in  the 
committee  and  on  the  floor  of  the  House.  He 
maintained  that  under  such  conditions  to  open 
a  new  arm  of  the  sea  to  the  free  use  of  the 
maritime  nations  of  the  world  would  impose 
upon  us  the  obligations  of  a  military  power  of 
the  first  rank.  And  he,  also,  pointed  out  that 
at  that  time  the  sovereignty  of  the  United 
States  did  not  extend  its  jurisdiction  over  any 
part  of  the  Isthmus.  Since  the  Panama  Canal 
became  an  actuality,  INIr.  Belmont,  in  accord- 
ance with  the  view^s  expressed  by  him  in  Con- 


l1maVk£ 


BELMONT 


BELMONT 


gress,  is  now  one  of  the  chief  advocates  of  a 
powerful  navy  of  the  first  rank,  and  of  equal 
and  universal  military  service  on  the  part  of 
every  American  citizen.  "  The  size  of  our 
Navy,"  he  says  in  the  "  Navy  League  Maga- 
zine," "  is  not  a  naval  but  is  a  diplomatic 
question  and  should  be  determined  in  accord- 
ance with  our  policy  in  regard  to  th^  Isthmus 
and  other  features  of  our  foreign  policy."  In 
defining  the  obligations  of  an  exclusive  guar- 
antee of  neutrality,  11  Dec,  1882,  he  said,  in 
a  report  to  the  House:  "The  responsibility  of 
guaranteeing  the  neutrality  of  a  canal,  either 
at  Panama  or  at  Nicaragua,  is  certainly  Amer- 
ican. It  may  be  that  such  responsibility  is  not 
exclusively  '  American '  in  the  sense  of  repell- 
ing all  other  States  on  this  Continent  other 
than  the  United  States  of  Anierica,  but  it 
manifestly  is  '  American '  in  that  it  includes 
the  United  States  of  America,  Mexico,  the 
States  of  Central  America,  the  United  States 
of  Colombia,  and  the  States  of  South  America. 
If  in  the  growth  of  "the-..United  States 
of  America  the  dominion  o^"^~-tlie  Union 
were  to  extend  southward  from  CaHlornia, 
New  Mexico,  and  Texas  to  the  Isthmus  of 
Darien,  there  would  not  be  any  serious  ques- 
tion as  to  whose  would  be  the  right,  duty,  and 
obligation  to  police  a  canal  at  Panama  or 
Nicaragua,  and  to  guarantee  the  neutrality 
thereof  whenever  the  United  States  saw  fit  to 
be  neutral  between  other  belligerent  powers 
engaged  in  war."  Under  Mr.  Belmont's  lead- 
ership, 28  Feb.,  1885,  the  Committee  on  For- 
eign Affairs  of  which  he  was  chairman  recom- 
mended to  the  House  the  adoption  of  a  resolu- 
tion expressing  its  emphatic  dissent  from  the 
policy  of  the  Arthur  administration  in  provid- 
ing for  the  participation  in  the  so-called  Congo 
Conference.  The  resolution  offered  by  Mr. 
Belmont  was  "  That  the  House  of  Representa- 
tives, heedful  of  the  admonitions  of  Washing- 
ton, and  faithful  to  the  neutral  policy  of 
separation  and  peace  which  our  situation  and 
the  wisdom  of  a  free  people  have  hitherto  en- 
abled us  to  maintain,  hereby  explicitly  declares 
its  dissent  from  the  act  of  the  President  of  the 
United  States  in  accepting  the  invitation  of 
Germany  and  France  to  participate  in  the 
International  Conference  at  Berlin."  In  sub- 
mitting to  Congress  his  reasons  controlling  his 
action  upon  that  important  question,  Mr.  Bel- 
mont said,  on  28  Feb.,  1885:  "What  was  de- 
sired, as  we  now  clearly  see,  by  assembling  the 
Conference  at  Berlin,  was  to  define  the  jurisdic- 
tion in  Africa  of  the  International  African 
Association,  or  of  France,  or  of  Portugal,  or  of 
some  other  power,  or  to  reconcile  the  rivalries 
and  conflicting  claims  of  each  and  all,  in  order 
that  the  rights  of  the  aboriginal  and  uncivi- 
lized tribes  may  be  respected ;  slavery  and  slave 
labor  be  prevented;  facilities  afforded  in  Africa 
for  Christian  missionaries  of  all  nations;  fair 
and  equal  access  to  the  Congo  region;  a  limit 
to  all  charges  and  taxes  on  foreign  trade,  and 
all  offensive  monopolies  excluded.  Certainly 
all  those  are  desirable  objects.  But  at  least 
for  us  in  the  United  States  they  are,  when 
worked  out  in  Berlin  for  Africa,  European 
objects.  The  promotion  of  our  export  trade 
has  come  to  be  a  subject  of  national  impor- 
tance to  which  the  attention  of  our  govern- 
ment is  beginning  to  be  directed.  But  can  the 
promotion  of  that  trade  be  better  accomplished 


by  an  international  European  conference,  or 
by  commercial  treaties,  or  by  our  own  do- 
mestic legislation,  aided  when  necessary  by 
navigation  conventions  ? "  President  Cleve- 
land's Inaugural  Address  contained  a  declara- 
tion similar  to  Mr.  Belmont's  resolution,  and 
one  of  the  first  acts  of  Secretary  Bayard  was 
the  withdrawal  from  the  Senate  of  the  proto- 
cols resulting  from  the  Berlin  Conference.  On 
26  April,  1886,  Mr.  Belmont  as  chairman  of 
the  Committee  on  Foreign  Affairs  presented  a 
unanimous  report  in  favor  of  a  bill,  H.R.  6520, 
Forty-ninth  Congress,  previously  introduced  by 
him,  a  most  complete  measure  drafted  in  co- 
operation with  the  State  Department,  for  the  re- 
organization and  reform  of  the  consular  service. 
The  purpose  of  the  bill  was  to  put  that  service 
on  a  salaried  basis,  establishing  the  principle 
of  the  merit  system.  This  bill  formed  the  basis 
of  a  similar  bill  introduced  in  1895  by  Senator 
Morgan,  chairman  of  the  Committee  on  For- 
eign Relations  of  the  Senate.  Though  Congress 
failed  to  enact  either  of  these  bills.  President 
Cleveland,  in  an  executive  order,  20  Sept.,  1895, 
carried  out  some  of  their  purposes,  and  in  a 
message  to  Congress  said:  "It  is  not  assumed 
that  this  system  will  prove  a  full  measure  of 
consular  reform.  It  is  quite  probable  that 
actual  experience  will  show  particulars  in 
which  the  order  already  issued  may  be 
amended  and  demonstrate  that  for  the  best  re- 
sults appropriate  legislation  by  Congress  is 
imperatively  required."  Troublesome  ques- 
tions had  long  been  pending  in  regard  to 
Canadian  fisheries,  when  on  23  Feb.,  1887,  Mr. 
Belmont,  as  chairman  of  the  Foreign  Affairs 
Committee,  presented  to  the  House  what  be- 
came known  as  the  Canadian  Non-intercourse 
Bill  which  had  the  support  of  the  Administra- 
tion, and,  on  its  enactment,  conferred  on  the 
President  discretionary  power  to  "  prohibit 
vessels  bearing  the  British  flag  and  coming 
from  such  Canadian  ports  from  entering 
the  ports  of  the  United  States,"  and  by 
proclamation  "  forbid  the  entrance  to  the 
United  States  of  all  merchandise  coming 
by  land  from  the  Provinces  of  British  North 
America  " — referring  to  the  transit  of  merchan- 
dise in  bond.  Until  Congress  had  taken  the 
action  referred  to  the  British  government 
seemed  to  have  regarded  the  fisheries  question 
as  rather  of  minor  importance  and  of  local 
interest  chiefly  in  Massachusetts,  but  its  na- 
tional aspects  being  thus  made  evident  the 
way  was  paved  for  the  advent  of  Joseph 
Chamberlain  in  Washington  when  a  modus 
Vivendi  satisfactory  to  both  governments  was 
finally  established.  On  18  Jan.,  1887,  Mr.  Bel- 
mont introduced  a  joint  resolution  securing  its 
adoption  and  cordially  accepting  the  invitation 
of  the  French  Republic  to  officially  take  part 
in  an  exhibition  to  commemorate  in  1889  the 
events  of  the  French  Revolution  of  1789,  the 
fall  of  the  Bastile  and  of  the  monarchy.  The 
governments  of  the  great  powers  of  Europe  did 
not  and  could  not  well  accept  such  an  invita- 
tion, and  they  limited  their  participation  to 
commercial  and  trade  relations  in  tlu>  exhibi- 
tion. Its  success  was  of  great  political  im- 
portance to  the  government  of  the  French  Re- 
public, at  that  time  menaced  by  the  conspira- 
cies of  General  Boulanger  and  the  royalists. 
Mr.  Belmont's  speech  in  Congress  was  emphatic 
in  aflSrming  the  confidence  of  our  government 


33 


BELMONT 


BELMONT 


in  the  permanence  of  republic  government  in 
France.  In  recognition  of  his  services  to  the 
Republic,  the  president  of  the  French  Republic 
conferred  upon  Mr.  Belmont  the  decoration  of 
Commander  of  the  Legion  of  Honor,  which  he 
was  unable  tot  accept  until  after  his  service  in 
Congress  and  as  minister  to  Spain  had  ended. 
The  French  government  again  tendered  it  to 
him,  at  that  time,  and  he  then  accepted  it. 
In  1885  he  was  appointed  chairman  of  the 
committee,  serving  in  this  capacity  until  his 
resignation  three  years  later  to  accept  ap- 
pointment as  minister  to  Spain.  He  was  dele- 
gate to  the  Democratic  National  Conventions  of 
1892,  to  the  Chicago  and  Indianapolis  Demo- 
cratic Conventions  of  1806,  1900,  1904,  and  in 
1912  as  a  delegate  from  New  York  secured  the 
platform  declaration  in  favor  of  a  strong  navy 
and  the  establishment  of  a  Council  of  National 
Defense.  In  his  professional  practice  Mr.  Bel- 
mont was  retained  in  several  prominent  cases, 
notably  in  the  suit  of  the  Pensacola  Company 
vs.  the  Western  Union  Telegraph  Company,  be- 
fore the  U.  S.  Supreme  Court.  In  this  connec- 
tion he  won  the  memorable  decision  that  since 
telegraphy  is  an  instrumentality  of  commerce, 
it  falls  under  the  commerce  clause  of  the  Con- 
stitution defining  the  powers  of  Congress  to 
regulate  commerce  with  foreign  nations  and  be- 
tween the  States  of  the  Union  (96  Otto).  This 
decision  forms  a  precedent  of  immense  impor- 
tance in  subsequent  legislation  and  the  numer- 
ous cases  arising  under  the  administration  of 
federal  laws  for  the  regulation  of  business. 
Mr.  Belmont's  name  will  be  long  remembered 
as  that  of  the  originator  of  the  movement  for 
the  abolition  of  the  secrecy  of  party  funds  by 
securing  publication  of  all  contributions  to  and 
expenditures  of  national,  congressional,  State, 
and  local  party  committees,  and  of  all  political 
committees.  Such  publication  is  now  required 
by  legal  enactments,  both  by  federal  and  State 
legislation,  and  has  contributed  very  greatly  to 
the  purification  of  politics  and  has  been  instru- 
mental in  preventing  the  purchase  and  sale  of 
public  offices.  In  February,  1905,  his  forcible 
paper  on  the  subject  appeared  in  "  The  North 
American  Review,"  forming  the  initial  impetus 
to  the  movement  which  has  since  become  nation- 
wide. Upon  its  publication  the  National  Cam- 
paign Publicity  Association  was  formed,  of 
which  he  was  chosen  president.  The  New  York 
State  Campaign  Publicity  Association  was  also 
then  organized,  Mr.  Belmont  becoming  its  presi- 
dent. As  a  direct  result  the  legislature  of 
New  York  passed  a  stringent  and  effective  law 
in  the  following  year.  Mr.  Belmont  also 
headed  the  committee  which  framed  the  Con- 
gressional Bill  of  1906  requiring  publication  of 
all  contributions,  national  and  congressional. 
At  the  meeting  of  the  Democratic  National 
Committee,  12  Dec,  1907,  called  to  select  the 
place  for  holding  the  nominating  convention 
in  the  approaching  presidential  election,  an 
unusual  departure  from  the  ordinary  procedure 
occurred  in  the  adoption  of  a  resolution  com- 
mending the  work  of  National  Publicity  Law 
Associations,  and  declaring  "  that  the  thanks 
of  the  committee  and  of  the  Democratic  party, 
so  far  as  the  committee  can  tender  them,  be 
extended  to  the  Hon.  Perry  Belmont,  of  New 
York,  for  his  earnest  and  faithful  advocacy  of 
the  principles  involved  in  the  resolution  just 
adopted  by  the  committee."     At  the  following 


National  Convention,  the  Democratic  party 
adopted  in  its  platform  a  comprehensive  reso- 
lution declaring  in  detail  its  approval  of  the 
movement  to  secure  campaign  fund  publicity 
by  federal  and  State  legislation.  Owing  almost 
entirely  to  his  able  and  vigorous  advocacy  of 
the  movement  fiifteen  States  adopted  laws  re- 
quiring publicity  for  campaign  contributions 
and  expenditures  by  political  committees,  and 
of  expenditures  incurred  in  presidential  and 
congressional  elections,  and  others  have  since 
followed,  making  the  reform  of  national  sig- 
nificance. Mr.  Belmont's  activities  in  the 
cause  had  its  origin  during  the  presidential 
campaign  of  1904  when  he  was  serving  as  a 
member  of  the  New  York  Democratic  State 
Committee.  Reference  was  made  by  him  to 
the  practice  of  presidents  and  directors  of  great 
insurance  and  other  corporations  of  contribut- 
ing secretly  to  party  funds  which  were,  in 
fact,  the  property  of  the  policy-holders  and 
stockholders  of  these  institutions.  The  amounts 
required  having  outgrown  all  reasonable  pro- 
portions members  of  political  organizations  as 
well  as  managers  of  corporations  having 
knowledge  and  experience  of  conditions  that 
have  become  intolerable  and  were  threatening 
widespread  corruption  were  the  first  to  wel- 
come a  remedy.  A  measure  to  supplement  the 
New  York  Statute  of  1890  limiting  its  re- 
quirements to  the  publication  of  expenditures 
of  candidates  only  was  accordingly  prepared  by 
a  legislative  committee  composed  of  lawyers 
and  representative  men  of  both  the  great  po- 
litical parties.  As  originally  framed,  it  pro- 
vided that  political  campaign  committees 
should  not  only  account  for  their  expenditures 
and  for  money  received,  but  should  also  specify 
the  sources  of  such  contributions  and  the  in- 
volved liabilities  and  expectations;  that  writ- 
ten and  detailed  vouchers  for  all  expenditures 
should  be  obtained  and  preserved;  that  the  con- 
tributions should  be  made  and  recorded  in  the 
true  name  of  the  contributor,  and  that  every 
person,  directly  or  indirectly,  paying  or  con- 
tributing money  or  valuable  aid  to  election,  ex- 
cept to  a  candidate,  or  a  political  committee 
or  member  thereof,  or  to  an  authorized  agent, 
should  file  a  statement  setting  forth  all  such 
receipts  and  expenditures  with  the  Secretary 
of  State.  Although  the  measure  failed  of  passage 
in  the  New  York  legislature  of  1905,  the  work 
of  the  committee  had  served  to  arouse  public 
sentiment,  and  the  success  of  the  movement 
was  assured.  Even  at  the  time  of  apparent 
failure,  Mr.  Belmont  received  encouraging 
letters  published  at  the  time  from  Judge  Gray, 
of  Delaware,  Carl  Schurz,  Edward  M.  Shepard, 
Samuel  Gompers,  Francis  Lynde  Stetson,  John 
E.  Parsons,  and  other  influential  citizens.  At 
a  public  meeting  of  the  New  York  Campaign 
Publicity  Association  on  20  Nov.,  1905,  the 
membership  was  augmented  by  such  leaders  in 
public  affairs  as  Oscar  S.  Straus,  Col.  George 
Harvey,  Charles  A.  Towne,  and  G.  W.  Wicker- 
sham.  On  this  occasion  a  committee  was  ap- 
pointed, including  Charles  A.  Gardiner,  chair- 
man, John  F.  Dillon,  ex-Governor  Frank  E. 
Black,  Francis  Lynde  Stetson,  John  S.  Crosby, 
John  Ford,  Edward  Mitchell,  John  G.  Mil- 
burn,  DeLancey  Nicoll,  and  Martin  V.  Little- 
ton, which  redrafted  the  bill.  It  was  accorded 
a  hearing  by  the  judiciary  committees  of  the 
State  senate  and  assembly  in  January,  1906, 


34 


BELMONT 


BELMONT 


and  was  soon  after  passed  apd  promptly 
signed  by  the  governor.  It  was  pointed  out  at 
a  meeting  of  the  national  organization  at 
Washington,  when  the  committees  on  cam- 
paign publicity  measures  of  fifteen  or  twenty 
States  were  present,  that  the  bill  presented 
to  the  New  York  legislature  by  the  publicity 
organization  embodied  the  most  practical  and 
effective  features  of  that  form  of  legislation 
then  under  consideration  by  the  several  States. 
In  1905  the  National  Campaign  Publicity  Bill 
Organization,  with  Mr.  Belmont  as  permanent 
president,  was  formed  at  Washington,  which 
was  the  immediate  outgrowth  of  the  New 
York  State  Publicity  Law  Organization.  Its 
membership  included  ex-President  Cleveland, 
former  Judge  of  the  Court  of  Appeals  Alton 
B.  Parker,  the  presidents  of  almost  every  uni- 
versity in  the  country,  the  governors  of  most 
of  the  States,  and  many  other  distinguished 
men  who  now  continue  to  be  members  of  the 
association.  The  bill  which  was  introduced 
into  the  House  of  Representatives  on  12  Jan., 
1906,  by  Hon.  Samuel  W.  McCall,  and  known 
as  the  McCall   Bill,   became   a   law  25    June, 

1910,  and  a  second  McCall  bill  more  in  accord 
with  the  far-reaching  purposes  of  Mr.  Bel- 
mont and  his  associates  was  enacted  14  Aug., 

1911.  The  abolition  of  the  secrecy  of  party 
funds  before  and  after  elections  through  pub- 
licity laws  is  an  idea  originating  and  developed 
in  our  own  country;  it  is  not  embodied  in 
the  legislation  of  any  others.  Mr.  Belmont 
repeatedly  pointed  out  that  it  is  not  penal 
legislation  as  are  corrupt  practices  acts.  A 
higher  standard  has  been  established,  by  the 
enactment  of  federal  and  State  publicity  laws, 
than  prevails  elsewhere.  Secrecy  of  party 
funds  still  exists  as  a  serious  menace  to  the 
English  party  system,  under  which  many  in- 
stances of  the  purchase  and  sale  of  titles  and 
peerages,  carrying  with  them  legislative  power, 
are  tolerated.  With  us  a  complete  revolution 
or  change  in  the  point  of  view  \vas  brought 
about.  Formerly,  public  sentiment  in  the 
United  States  had  been  satisfied  by  corrupt 
practice  acts,  designed  to  aff'ect  candidates 
and  operating  only  at  the  close  of  their  election 
campaigns.  In  1882  Mr.  Belmont  secured  the 
appointment  of  a  select  committee  to  inquire 
into  the  decline  of  the  American  foreign  carry- 
ing trade.  Out  of  investigation  and  report  of 
that  committee  grew  the  establishment  of  the 
standing  committee  of  the  House  on  Merchant 
Marine.  For  this  service  he  received  the 
thanks  of  the  Maritime  Association  of  the 
Port  of  New  York.  In  recognition  of  his 
services  for  the  relief  of  shipping  from  some 
of  its  burdens,  including  a  repeal  of  tonnage 
dues,  Mr.  Belmont  received  the  thanks  of  the 
ocean  steamship  companies.  He  also  secured 
passage  of  the  resolution  authorizing  the 
President  to  call  an  International  Conference 
to  establish  a  common  Prime  Meridian,  so  im- 
portant to  navigation.  Another  important 
service  of  Mr.  Belmont  was  securing,  in  1888, 
the  passage  of  the  bill  to  provide  for  an  In- 
ternational Marine  conference  which  was  held 
in  Washington,  October,  1889,  for  the  protec- 
tion of  commerce  and  the  safety  of  human  life. 
It  was  at  this  conference  that  a  more  effective 
system  of  signaling  was  adopted,  the  Inter- 
national Code  of  Flag  Signals  revised,  the 
employment    of    national    vessels    for    the    re- 


moval of  dangerous  wrecks  from  the  path- 
way of  shipping  agreed  upon,  and  the  steam- 
ship lanes  were  established.  Mr.  Belmont  has 
for  a  number  of  years  taken  an  active  part  in 
the  movement  to  give  members  of  the  Presi- 
dential Cabinet  seats  on  the  floor  of  both 
branches  of  Congress,  with  the  privilege  to  take 
part  in  the  discussion  of  matters  which  might 
arise  affecting  the  business  of  their  depart- 
ment and  duty  to  be  imposed  by  Congress  to 
give  verbal  information  in  regard  to  such  de- 
partment affairs.  Mr.  Belmont  is  convinced 
that  the  welfare  of  the  country  would  be  served 
by  such  a  change.  That  his  conviction  is 
shared  by  many  other  public  men  who  have 
given  the  subject  earnest  study  is  shown  by 
the  records  in  Washington.  As  early  as  1865 
Congressman  Pendleton,  of  Ohio,  presented  it  in 
the  House  of  Representatives.  Mr.  Pendleton 
afterward  became  U.  S.  Senator  and  in  1883 
a  resolution  favoring  granting  of  the  privilege 
of  the  floor  to  Cabinet  members  was  presented 
in  the  Senate  by  him.  A  favorable  report  was 
signed  by  Allison,  of  Iowa;  Blaine,  of  Maine; 
Ingalls,  of  Kansas;  O.  H.  Piatt,  of  Connecti- 
cut; Voorhees,  of  Indiana,  and  M.  C.  Butler,  of 
South  Carolina.  In  his  message  in  1912  Presi- 
dent Taft  advocated  an  amendment  to  the  rules 
that  would  admit  his  Cabinet  to  the  debates 
in  Congress  and  gave  cogent  reasons  for  his 
indorsement  of  the  project.  In  a  striking  ad- 
dress before  the  American  Club  of  Paris,  2 
July,  1914,  Mr.  Belmont  opened  by  saying  that 
"  the  presence  of  members  of  the  Cabinet  in 
Congress  is  not  suggested  by  the  parliamentary 
systems  of  other  governments.  Those  systems, 
in  their  fundamental  principles,  are  so  different 
from  ours  as  to  be  hardly  a  safe  guide  for  us. 
The  suggestion  belongs  to  the  development  of 
our  own  laws  and  must  be  discussed  within  its 
capacity  of  adjustment  to  our  American  sys- 
tem. We  Americans  have  reached  the  point 
when  we  are  asking  ourselves  do  we  or  do 
we  not  want  executive  supremacy  to  assert  it- 
self with  increasing  emphasis,  and  has  it  grad- 
u  lly  developed  to  such  a  degree  as  to  require 
an  effort,  in  order  to  restore  the  equilibrium 
between  the  executive  and  legislative  depart- 
ments of  the  governments."  He  declared  that 
the  inquiry  was  non-partisan  and  impersonal, 
and  that  "  equal  non-partisan  and  impersonal 
is  the  proposed  plan  to  enlarge  the  intercourse 
between  these  two  great  departments,  provid- 
ing, through  a  mere  change  in  the  rules  of 
procedure,  for  the  presence  in  Congress  of  mem- 
bers of  the  Cabinet — the  heads  of  executive 
departments  created  by  Congress  to  whom  new 
duties  can  be  assigned.  No  encroachment  by 
the  legislative  branch  upon  the  constitutional 
privileges  of  the  President  or  of  his  Cabinet 
is  suggested,  and  no  invasion  by  the  Executive 
of  the  jurisdiction  of  the  legislative  branch; 
nor  does  it  involve  any  modification  of  the  con- 
stitutional distribution  and  separation  of  the 
functions  of  the  three  departments  of  our  gov- 
ernment, its  distinctive  and  characteristic  fea- 
ture. Nor  would  such  a  change  in  the  rules 
of  procedure  interfere  with  the  existing  meth- 
ods of  communication,  by  written  reports  or  by 
the  personal  presence  before  congressional  com- 
mittees of  members  of  the  Cabinet  and  sub- 
ordinate chiefs  of  bureaus  of  the  executive 
departments.  The  subjects  rise  immeasurably 
above  party  interests.     Democrats  and  Repub- 


36 


BELMONT 


GARDINER 


licana  can  unite  in  promoting  this  movement 
for  better  administrative  and  legislative 
methods."  Referring  to  the  increasing  per- 
sonal influence  of  the  President  in  controlling 
the  law-making  branch  of  the  government,  Mr. 
Belmont  said  in  a  letter  to  the  National  Se- 
curity League's  Congress  in  Washington,  Jan- 
uary, 1917:  "Much  has  happened  recently  in 
confirmation  of  the  great  advantages  of  the 
proposed  effort  to  minimize,  without  the  slight- 
est change  of  our  Constitution,  the  dangers  of 
personal  government ;  that  the  President  be  not 
enabled  to  initiate  personal  policies,  of  which 
the  consequence  even  so  great  and  powerful  a 
nation  as  ours  might  have  cause  to  regret. 
The  Executive  may  advocate  a  policy  which 
Congress  opposes  and  the  absence  of  author- 
ized means  of  oral  communication  may  prevent 
the  establishment  of  the  harmony  of  action 
necessary  for  the  p  iblic  welfare.  When,  on 
the  contrary,  there  exists  an  agreement  be- 
tween the  Legislature  and  Executive  branches, 
an  intercourse  resulting  from  a  common  pur- 
pose would  be  promoted  by  free  oral  com- 
munication." It  was  on  4  March,  1916,  that 
Mr.  Belmont  addressed  a  communication  to  the 
Vice-President,  Marshall,  which  the  latter  laid 
before  the  Senate  and  was  printed  in  the  '*  Con- 
gressional Record  "  on  25  March,  1916,  of  which 
the  salient  paragraphs  were  as  follows:  "That 
the  Secretary  of  State,  the  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury,  the  Secretary  of  War,  the  Secretary 
of  the  Navy,  the  Attorney-General,  the  Post- 
master-General, the  Secretary  of  Agriculture, 
the  Secretary  of  Commerce,  the  Secretary  of 
Labor  shall  be  entitled  to  occupy  seats  on  the 
floor  of  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representa- 
tives, with  the  right  to  participate  in  debate 
on  matters  relating  to  the  business  of  their 
respective  departments,  under  such  rules  as 
may  be  prescribed  by  the  Senate  and  House 
respectively.  That  the  said  Secretaries,  the 
Attorney-General,  and  the  Postmaster-General 
shall  attend  the  sessions  of  the  Senate  on  the 
opening  of  the  sittings  on  Tuesday  and  Friday 
of  each  week,  and  the  sessions  of  the  House  of 
Representatives  on  the  opening  of  the  sittings 
on  Monday  and  Thursday  of  each  week,  to  give 
information  asked  by  resolution  or  in  reply  to 
questions  which  may  be  propounded  to  them 
under  the  rules  of  the  Senate  and  the  House; 
and  the  Senate  and  the  House  may,  by  standing 
orders,  dispense  with  the  attendance  of  one  or 
more  of  said  officers  on  either  of  said  days. 
The  proposed  legislation  would  confer  a  privi- 
lege at  the  same  time  imposing  a  duty  on  the 
heads  of  the  departments,  who,  it  must  be  re- 
membered, are  the  creations  of  Congress  and 
therefore  not  mere  adjuncts  of  the  President. 
The  privilege  is  a  voluntary  attendance  to  take 
part  in  debate  under  established  rules.  The 
duty  is  to  give  direct  oral  information  under 
compulsory  attendance.  The  law  organizing 
the  Treasury  may  be  accepted  as  a  solution  of 
this  question.  Congress,  in  creating  the  office 
of  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  declared  that 
the  Secretary  shall  make  report  and  give  in- 
formation to  either  branch  of  the  Legislature, 
either  in  person  or  in  writing,  respecting  all 
matters  which  shall  appertain  to  his  office,  as 
either  House  may  require.  The  relation  of 
the  Executive  Department  and  Congress  en- 
gaged the  attention  of  the  men  who  formed 
the  Confederate  government,  and  they  modeled 


its  constitution  and  laws  upou  those  of  the 
Federal  government.  Long  experience  of  the 
Federal  system  suggested  to  them  in  framing 
their  provisional  and  permanent  constitution 
as  well  that  to  allow  the  members  of  the  Cabi- 
net seats  on  the  floor  of  their  congress  would 
be  an  improvement.  They,  therefore,  preserved 
the  existing  provision  of  our  Constitution  dis- 
tributing the  functions  of  government,  and 
after  the  words  '  and  no  person  holding  any 
office  under  the  Confederate  States  shall  be  a 
member  of  either  house  during  his  continuance 
in  office,'  they  introduced  the  following  clause: 
*  But  Congress  may  by  law  grant  to  the 
principal  officers  in  each  of  the  Executive 
departments  a  seat  upon  the  floor  of  either 
house,  with  the  privilege  of  discussing  any 
measures  appertaining  to  his  department.' " 
Mr.  Belmont  is  forceful  and  aggressive, 
stubborn  in  the  advocacy  of  any  move- 
ment which  he  is  convinced  is  for  the 
public  good,  and  uncompromising  in  his  ad- 
vocacy. He  is  possessed  of  character,  energy, 
and  the  ability  to  convince  others.  His  public 
record  has  been  effective  in  a  marked  degree. 
During  the  Spanish  War  of  1898  he  served 
as  inspector  general  of  the  First  Division  of 
the  Second  Army  Corps,  on  the  staff  of  Maj.- 
Gen.  M.  C.  Butler.  In  1917  he  again  offered 
his  services,  and  was  commissioned  an  officer 
in  the  reserve  corps,  detailed  to  the  remount 
service.  He  is  vice-president  of  the  Army 
League,  a  director  of  the  Navy  League, 
an  active  member  of  both  organizations.  He 
holds  membership  in  the  Knickerbocker, 
Union,  Metropolitan,  Manhattan,  New  York 
Yacht,  and  Jockey  Clubs;  is  president  of  the 
United  Hunts  Racing  Association,  and  member 
of  the  Metropolitan,  University,  Army  and 
Navy  Clubs,  Washington;  and  the  Marlbor- 
ough Club  of  London.  Mr.  Belmont  married, 
in  New  York  in  1899,  Jessie  Robbins,  daughter 
of  Daniel  C.  Robbins,  of  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

GARDINER,  David  Lion,  lawyer,  soldier,  b. 
in  New  York  City,  23  May,  1816;  d.  there  3 
May,  1892,  son  of  Hon.  David  and  Juliana 
(MacLachlan)  Gardiner.  Lion  Gardiner,  the 
first  of  this  illustrious  family  in  America,  and 
from  whom  David  Lion  Gardiner  is  a  lineal 
descendant,  was  born  in  England  in  1599  and 
died  in  East  Hampton,  N.  Y.,  in  1663.  He  was 
a  military  engineer,  an  officer  in  the  British 
army,  and  served  in  the  Netherlands  under 
Lord  Fairfax.  While  thus  engaged  he  was 
persuaded  by  Hugh  Peters,  and  other  English- 
men then  residing  in  that  country,  to  enter  the 
service  of  a  company  of  lords  and  gentlemen, 
the  proprietors  of  a  tract  of  land  lying  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Connecticut  River.  He  was  to 
serve  for  four  years,  and  to  be  employed  in 
drawing  plans  for  a  city,  towns,  and  forts  in 
that  locality,  and  to  have  three  hundred  able- 
bodied  men  under  his  control.  On  his  arrival 
in  Boston  on  28  Nov.,  1635,  the  authorities 
requested  him  to  draft  designs  for  a  fort.  This 
he  did,  and  a  committee  was  appointed  to 
supervise  the  erection  of  the  work,  each  citizen 
being  compelled  to  contribute  two  days'  labor. 
Gardiner  then  sailed  for  his  destination  and 
proceeded  to  build  a  fort,  which  he  named  Say- 
brook,  after  Lord  Say  and  Seal  and  Lord  Brook. 
Here  he  remained  for  four  years  during  the 
exciting  period  of  the  Pequot  War.  In  1639 
he  purchased  from  its  Indian  owners  an  island 


36 


/^C^^^W^.^^:^:^^ 


^^^-^/^ 


GARDINER 


GARDINER 


called  by  them  Monchonock,  which  he  renamed 
the  Isle  of  Wight,  but  which  has  since  been 
known  as  Gardiner's  Island.  This  was  the 
first  English  settlement  within  the  present 
boundaries  of  New  York  State.  While  at  Say- 
brook  a  son  was  born  to  him,  29  April,  1636, 
which  was  the  first  white  child  born  in  Con- 
necticut. His  daughter,  Elizabeth,  b.  in  the 
"  Isle  of  Wight,"  was  said  to  be  the  first  white 
child  born  in  New  York.  The  original  grant 
by  which  Gardiner  acquired  proprietary  rights 
in  the  island  made  it  a  separate  and  inde- 
pendent "  plantation,"  in  no  way  connected 
either  with  New  England  or  New  York.  He 
was  empowered  to  draft  laws  for  church  and 
state,  observing  the  forms,  so  ran  the  instru- 
ment, "  agreeable  to  God,  to  the  king,  and  to 
the  practices  of  the  country."  Several  other 
patents  were  subsequently  issued,  the  last  by 
Governor  Dongan,  erecting  the  island  into  a 
lordship  and  manor  to  be  called  "  Gardiner's 
Island,"  giving  Gardiner  full  powers  to  hold 
"  court  leet  and  court  baron,  distrain  for  rents, 
exercise  the  rights  of  advowson,"  etc.  The 
island  is  now  a  part  of  the  township  of  East 
Hampton,  Suffolk  County,  New  York,  and  is 
nine  miles  long  and  a  mile  and  a  half  wide, 
containing  about  3,500  acres.  It  was  kept  in 
the  family  by  entail  up  to  1829,  and  is  the 
only  instance  of  the  law  of  primogeniture  in 
this  country  covering  so  long  a  period.  By 
purchase  and  unentailed  inheritance,  however, 
the  island  has  been  retained  in  the  Gardiner 
family  since  then.  The  manor  house  on  the 
island  was  built  in  1774.  During  the  life  of 
John,  the  third  owner,  the  island  was  visited 
by  Captain  Kidd,  who  deposited  goods  and 
treasure  there,  which  were  secured  by  Governor 
Bellomont  after  Kidd's  death.  During  the 
early  part  of  the  eighteenth  century  the  island 
was  frequently  visited  and  pillaged  by  priva- 
teersmen,  smugglers,  and  freebooters,  and  suf- 
fered greatly  by  their  depredations.  The 
British  fleet  made  Gardiner's  bay  a  rendezvous 
during  the  Revolution,  and  took  supplies  from 
the  island.  The  same  thing  occurred  during 
the  War  of  1812-15  between  the  United  States 
and  England,  and  in  1869  it  was  selected  as 
the  rallying-point  of  an  expedition  intended  to 
liberate  Cuba  from  the  Spanish  yoke.  David, 
the  father  of  our  subject  (b.  1784,  d.  1844), 
was  the  son  of  Abraham  and  Phoebe  (Dayton) 
Gardiner.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale  Uni- 
versity in  1804;  was  a  lawyer  by  profession, 
and  elected  State  senator  from  the  first  dis- 
trict of  New  York,  serving  from  1824  to  1828. 
David  Gardiner  was  a  man  of  magnificent 
physique,  and  of  fine  intellectual  attainments; 
and  author  of  "  The  Chronicles  of  East  Hamp- 
ton." Personally,  he  was  esteemed  by  all  who 
knew  him.  He  married  Juliana,  daughter  of 
Michael  MacLachlan,  a  native  of  Scotland, 
though  for  many  years  a  resident  of  New  York, 
and  whose  father.  Colonel  MacLachlan,  fell  in 
the  battle  of  Culloden,  8  April,  1746,  while 
gallantly  leading  the  united  clans  of  Mac- 
Lachlan and  MacLean  in  the  cause  of  Prince 
Charles  Edward  Stuart.  Issue:  David  Lion, 
Alexander,  Julia,  and  Margaret.  His  son, 
David  Lion,  the  subject  of  this  review,  passed 
his  early  years  in  East  Hampton,  L.  I.,  at  that 
time  the  seat  of  Clinton  Academy,  a  school 
of  note  throughout  the  country,  where  he  re- 
ceived  his   early   education.     At   the   age   of 


seventeen  he  entered  the  sophomore  class  of 
Princeton  College,  and  was  graduated  in  1836. 
He  studied  law  with  the  firm  of  Emerson  and 
Pritchard,  New  York,  and  in  1842  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar.  He  practiced  several  years, 
and  was  one  of  the  U.  S.  Commissioners  for 
the  District  of  New  York.  In  1844  he  was 
appointed  aide-de-camp,  with  the  rank  of 
Colonel,  to  John  Tyler,  President  of  the  United 
States.  It  was  in  this  year  that  his  sister, 
Julia,  married  President  John  Tyler.  She  was 
with  her  father  a  guest  of  President  Tyler  on 
board  the  "  Princeton  "  when  the  explosion  of 
the  gun  fired  in  salute  when  off  Mount  Vernon 
caused  the  death  of  her  father  and  several 
other  guests  of  the  President.  Mr.  Gardiner's 
body  was  taken  to  the  White  House,  she  accom- 
panying the  same.  From  this  sad  occurrence 
the  formal  acquaintanceship  with  the  Presi- 
dent grew  into  love  and  marriage,  and  she  was 
mistress  of  the  White  House,  Washington, 
D.  C,  up  to  the  close  of  her  husband's  term 
of  office,  March  3,  1845,  after  which  they  lived 
in  his  beautiful  estate,  Sherwood  Forest, 
Charles  City  County,  Virginia.  Her  husband, 
ex-President  Tyler,  died  at  the  Exchange  Hotel, 
Richmond,  Va.,  18  Jan.,  1862,  and  she  died 
at  the  same  hotel,  10  July,  1889,  in  a  room 
opposite  that  in  which  her  husband  had  died 
27  years  before.  At  the  close  of  our  war 
with  Mexico,  Colonel  Gardiner  joined  a 
party  of  young  men  who  left  New  York  for 
California,  via  Mexico.  Some  of  the  members 
had  been  prominent  in  society;  and  all,  with 
the  exception  of  Colonel  Gardiner,  who  traveled 
for  pleasure,  were  lured  by  a  love  of  adventure 
or  a  desire  to  better  their  fortunes  in  our  newly 
acquired  territory.  They  sailed  from  New 
York  to  Vera  Cruz,  where  arrangements  were 
completed  for  the  journey  overland  to  the 
Pacific  Coast.  For  the  transportation  of  the 
baggage  and  supplies,  pack-mules  were  pur- 
chased; also  a  number  of  army  wagons  at 
$15.00  each,  wagons  which  had  been  left  in 
Vera  Cruz  on  the  withdrawal  of  the  American 
forces  under  Gen.  Winfield  Scott.  These  were 
the  first  wheeled  vehicles  to  cross  Mexico,  and 
were  sold  for  $1,500  each  on  the  arrival  of 
the  expedition  in  California.  From  Vera  Cruz 
the  party  traveled  on  horseback  to  the  City 
of  Mexico,  and  thence  to  San  Bias,  on  the 
Pacific  Ocean,  a  distance  of  1,500  miles,  which 
was  covered  in  forty  consecutive  days.  Much 
difficulty  was  experienced  in  hauling  the 
wagons,  as  most  of  the  country  westward  of 
the  City  of  Mexico  was  without  roads,  and 
trees  had  frequently  to  be  felled  to  clear  a  way. 
Relative  to  the  arduousness  of  the  task,  Colonel 
Gardiner,  who  was  a  frequent  contributor  to 
the  New  York  "  Journal  of  Commerce  "  during 
his  sojourn  in  California,  writes  as  follows: 
"Harbor  of  San  Bias,  18  March,  1848.  We 
have  accomplished,  to  the  surprise  of  the  Mexi- 
cans and  all  others,  what  was  never  done  be- 
fore, and  what  was  thought  perfectly  imprac- 
ticable; that  is,  the  bringing  of  loaded  wagons 
from  Vera  Cruz  to  the  Pacific.  The  roads  from 
Guadalajara  are  the  worst  ever  seen;  in  fact, 
scarcely  traversable  by  mules.  As  we  passed 
the  several  towns  on  our  route  from  Guadala- 
jara, the  inhabitants  cheered  us  with  cries  of 
"Bravo!  Bravo!  "  and  when  we  entered  San 
Bias  we  received  three  times  three.  At  one 
place  on  the  route  we  were  obliged  to  descend 


37 


GARDINER 


GARDINER 


a  baranco,  or  ravine,  three  hundred  feet  deep, 
and   three-quarters   of   a  mile   wide.     Tlie   de- 
scent   was    almost    perpendicular    and    deemed 
impracticable,  but  we  accomplished  it  without 
unloading;   the  mules  were  taken  out  and  the 
wagons  let  down  by  ropes."     At  San  Bias  the 
party  had  the  good   fortune  to  find  a  sailing 
vessel  bound  to  San  Francisco,  aboard  of  which 
they  took  passage.    The  ship  called  on  the  way 
at  San  Diego,  at  that  time  a  small  hamlet  of 
adobe  houses.     Here  Colonel  Gardiner  and  his 
friend,    John    R.    Bleeker,    disembarked,    their 
companions     proceeding     to     San     Francisco. 
Through    the    persuasions    of    a    surveyor,    a 
chance  acquaintance,   who  predicted  that  San 
Diego,  in   virtue  of   its  harbor,   the   only  one 
south  of  San  Francisco,  was  destined  to  be  a 
great  city.  Colonel  Gardiner  and  Mr.  Bleeker 
purchased    for   the    sum    of   $50.00    a    plot    of 
ground    on    the    waterfront,    facing    Coronado 
Island,  a  price  which  included  the  cost  of  sur- 
veying the  land  and  the  fee  for  recording  the 
deed  with  the  alcalde.    This  property  was  held 
by  its  joint  owners  until  the  land  speculation 
was  rife  in  San  Diego,  about  twenty-five  years 
ago,  wlien  it  was  sold  for  $40,000,  the  taxes  on 
the  same  having  been  but  a  nominal  sum  yearly 
from  the  time  of  its  purchase.     Colonel  Gardi- 
ner  eventually   reached   San   Francisco,   which 
was  little  else  than  a  vast  mining  camp,  filled 
largely  with  adventurers  and  rough  characters 
from  all  parts  of  the  world,  attracted  by  the 
excitement    attending    the    discovery    of    gold 
which   was  then   at  its  height.     Lying  at  an- 
chor in  the  harbor  were  sixty  full-rigged  ships, 
including     the     United     States     sloop-of-war, 
"  St.  Mary's."     All  were  deserted  with  the  ex- 
ception  of  the  "  St.   Mary's,"  the  officers  and 
crews  having  left  for  the  gold  diggings.     Colo- 
nel Gardiner  visited  the  mines,  where  he  saw 
the    practical   operation   of   panning   for   gold, 
or    placer    mining,    besides    having    an    oppor- 
tunity   of    studying    life    among    the    miners. 
Fabulous   prices   were   paid   at   the   mines   for 
the  bare  necessities  of  life,  flour,  for  instance, 
selling  at  $250.00  a  barrel.     One  miner  whose 
sole  working  capital  was  a  pair  of  strong  arms, 
a    shovel,    and    pick,    exhibited    a    strong    par- 
tiality for  Colonel  Gardiner's  necktie,  offering 
him    the    equivalent    of    $16.00    in    gold    dust, 
which  he  proceeded  to  weigh  in  anticipation  of 
the    owner's    willingness   to    part    with    it,   al- 
though the  offer  was  declined.     Another  pro- 
posed to  purchase  his  gold  watch  for  a  sum 
many  times  greater  than  its  original  cost;  and 
several   coveted  his  Colt's  revolver,   for  which 
a   price   far   beyond   its   intrinsic   value   w^ould 
have  been  cheerfully  paid.    Wliile  exploring  the 
course  of  the  Sacramento  River,  Colonel  Gar- 
diner  was  stricken   wnth  malarial  fever,   with 
no  one  to  minister  to  him  but  a  faithful  negro 
servant.     A  tent  pitched   on   the  bank  of  the 
river  served  as  their  only  protection  from  the 
elements.     At  night  thefr   slumbers   were   dis- 
turbed by  wild  swine  or  peccaries  entering  the 
tent  in  search  of  food,  and  their  leather  boots 
would  have  been  devoured  had  they  not  taken 
the    precaution    of    placing    them    beyond    the 
reach  of  the  ravenous  animals.     Much  to  Colo- 
nel Gardiner's  astonishment,  while  lying  on  his 
back,  low  with  fever,  there  appeared  one  day 
before    the    tent    a    hunter    attracted    by    the 
extraordinary    sight    of    a    tent    so    far    from 
civilization.     The  stranger   wore  a  long  gray 

38 


beard,  and  a  suit  of  buckskin  clothed  his  tall 
and  lanky  figure.    A  sombrero  covered  his  head, 
and  he  carried  a  Kentucky  rifle  with  its  bar- 
rel of  exaggerated  length,  a  characteristic  of 
that  type  of   firearm.     After  an  exchange   of 
greetings,  the  hunter  inquired  of  Colonel  Gardi- 
ner if  he  had  seen  anything  of  a  party  of  sur- 
veyors.     Receiving   a    negative    reply   the    old 
man  said  that  he  had  recently  met  them  at  the 
very    place    where    Colonel    Gardiner    was    en- 
camped,   and    that    they    believed    it    to    be    a 
desirable  site  for  a  city.    The  hunter,  however, 
held  dissimilar  views,  predicting  that  were  a 
city   located   there   it   would   be   in   danger   of 
inundation,   as  the   river   had   been   known   to 
overflow  its  banks;   in  proof  of  which  the  old 
man,  looking  upward,  pointed  out  to  the  sur- 
veyors the  marks  left  on  the  tree  trunks  by 
former  floods.     But  notwithstanding  his  warn- 
ings,  the   city   of   Sacramento,   the   capital   of 
California,  occupies  the  site  of  Colonel  Gardi- 
ner's tent,  and,  as  the  old  hunter  predicted,  the 
river  has  on  more  than  one  occasion   flooded 
its  streets,  to  the  discomfort  of  its  inhabitants. 
Recovering  from  his  illness.  Colonel  Gardiner 
returned  to  San  Francisco,  where,  by  chance, 
he  met  Captain  Edwards,  of  Sag  Harbor,  L.  I., 
who  had  just  come  around  Cape  Horn  in  com- 
mand  of   a   schooner   hailing  from   his  native 
place.      The   vessel    was    loaded    with    lumber, 
and   at    the    suggestion    of    Captain    Edwards, 
whom  Colonel  Gardiner  had  known  as  a  boy, 
he    bought    the    cargo.      As    Colonel    Gardiner 
was  on  his  way  back  to  San  Diego,   Captain 
Edwards  agreed  to  carry  the  lumber  down  the 
coast,  and  assisted  by  his  crew,  most  of  whom 
were     carpenters,     wheelwrights,     and     black- 
smiths, from  the  east  end  of  Long  Island,  he 
erected    for    Colonel    Gardiner    a    substantial 
dw^elling.     This  was  the  first  American  house 
built  in  San  Diego,  and  was  occupied  by  Colonel 
Gardiner  until  his  return  home  in  1851.     The 
house    overlooked    the    harbor,    and    from    its 
porch    the    sight    of    whales    disporting   them- 
selves was  not  an  uncommon  one  in  those  early 
days.     In  consequence  of  his  brother  Alexan- 
der's death  and  of  his  presence  being  needed 
at  home,   Colonel  Gardiner  left  San  Diego  in 
1851.     The  homeward  journey  from  San  Bias 
to  the  City  of  Mexico  was  over  the  same  ground 
as     that     traversed     three     years     previously. 
Colonel   Gardiner  being  a  man  oi  remarkable 
self-reliance    and    of    undaunted    courage,    ex- 
pected to  make  the  trip  alone  with  only  his 
compass  to  guide  him,  but  just  as  he  was  bid- 
ding farewell  to  the  Pacific,  he  was  joined  by  a     '* 
fellow  traveler,  a  German,  bound  also  to  Mex- 
'ico  City.     The  two  men,  though  strangers  to 
each  other  and  unable  to  speak  any  language 
but  their  respective  native  one,  rode   side  by 
side  for  forty  consecutive  days,  yet  managed 
by  means  of  signs  to  make  themselves  under- 
stood.    At  night  they  slept  under  no  covering 
but   their   blankets,   their    saddles   serving   for 
pillows;  their  horses  were  hobbled,  and  a  fire 
kindled     as     a     protection     against     prowling 
wolves.     Colonel  Gardiner's  long  ride  ended  in 
the  City  of  Mexico,  whence  he  completed  the  re- 
mainder of  his  journey  overland  by  stage-coach 
to  Vera  Cruz.    From  Vera  Cruz  he  sailed  for  New 
York  in  the  brig  "  Ninfea," — Spanish  for  water- 
lily.     Tempestuous   weather   was  met  with   in 
the  Gulf,  the  sea  running  so  high  that  grave 
fears  were  entertained  for  the  safety  of  the 


GARDINER 


GARDINER 


brig.  At  times  it  seemed  as  though  the  small 
vessel  must  surely  founder,  but  the  peninsula 
of  Florida  was  successfully  doubled,  and  the 
brig's  course  laid  to  the  northward.  All  went 
well  until  abreast  of  Cape  Hatteras,  when  a 
severe  storm  arose,  carrying  the  brig  before 
it  to  the  vicinity  of  the  West  India  Islands. 
The  fury  of  the  gale  having  subsided,  the  brig 
was  again  headed  for  her  destination,  but  no 
sooner  had  she  reached  the  American  coast 
than  another  storm  of  equal  intensity  was  en- 
countered, driving  her  back  to  nearly  the  same 
position.  A  second  attempt  to  recover  the 
ground  lost  was  no  more  successful,  as  a  third 
storm  drove  the  vessel  well  off  the  coast. 
Finally  New  York  was  reached,  but  not  in 
time  to  save  the  life  of  a  pet  goat  belonging 
to  the  sailors,  which  had  to  be  sacrificed  for 
food,  as  the  brig  was  long  overdue  and  the 
supply  of  provisions  was  well-nigh  exhausted. 
On  his  return  from  California,  Colonel  Gardi- 
ner settled  on  Staten  Island,  leading  the  life 
of  a  country  gentleman  until  he  went  abroad 
in  1875,  and  resided  in  France  for  a  num- 
ber of  years.  In  personal  appearance  Colo- 
nel Gardiner  was  a  distinguished  looking, 
dignified  gentleman  of  fine  military  bear- 
ing, with  a  strikingly  handsome  face,  a 
high,  noble  forehead,  and  refined  clear-cut 
features.  Of  great  repose  of  manner,  and  of 
the  strictest  integrity  of  character,  he  was  of 
a  genial  disposition,  free  from  all  vanity  or 
ostentation,  and  uniformly  courteous  toward 
all.  Just  in  all  his  dealings,  he  was  a  man 
who  enjoyed  life  rationally;  the  possessor  of 
a  sound  mind,  and  of  a  temperament  of  un- 
usual equanimity  under  all  circumstances.  He 
was  an  admirer  of  the  beautiful  in  art  and 
nature;  an  accomplished  horseman,  a  good 
shot,  and  well  versed  in  ornithology.  His  in- 
terest in  historical  matters  evinced  itself  at 
an  early  age,  and  few  were  better  informed 
than  Colonel  Gardiner  on  the  Indian  lore  of 
Long  Island,  or  of  its  history  in  Colonial  days., 
Politically,  Colonel  Gardiner  was  a  Democrat 
of  the  old  school,  though  a  stanch  supporter 
of  the  Union  throughout  the  Civil  War.  He 
never  sought  office,  but  was,  nevertheless, 
nominated  by  acclamation  for  member  of  Con- 
gress from  the  First  Congressional  District  of 
New  York,  at  the  Union  Convention  held  at 
Jamaica,  L.  I.,  19  Oct.,  1860.  There  were  four 
nominees  for  Congress  in  the  district.  The 
convention  went  into  an  informal  ballot  which 
resulted  in  the  naming  of  Colonel  Gardiner,  of 
Richmond  County,  and  Tunis  G.  Bergen,  of 
;  Kings  County;  and  Colonel  Gardiner  receiving 
a  majority  of  the  votes  cast;  on  motion  of 
James  Ridgeway,  he  was  declared  by  acclama- 
tion the  nominee  of  the  convention.  Subse- 
quently at  a  meeting  of  the  committee  of 
conference  having  in  view  the  selection  of  a 
Union  Committee  of  Fifteen  of  New  York  and 
Union  candidate  in  the  First  Congressional  Dis- 
trict, which  committee  was  composed  of  the 
fifteen  from  the  body  of  the  district  represent- 
ing the  respective  candidates,  each  candidate 
naming  five  representatives,  held  at  the  Mer- 
chants' Exchange,  New  York  City,  30  Oct., 
1860,  after  a  full  interchange  of  views,  Colonel 
Gardiner,  for  the  purpose  of  eff'ecting  a  com- 
promise in  the  First  Congressional  District, 
consented  to  withdraw  his  name  in  favor  of 
Edward   Henry   Smith.     He   married   in   New 


York,  on  26  April,  1860,  Sarah  Gardiner 
Thompson,  daughter  of  David  Thompson,  a 
noted  financier  of  New  York,  and  Sarah  Dio- 
dati  (Gardiner)  Thompson,  daughter  of  John 
Lion  Gardiner,  seventh  proprietor  of  Gardiner's 
Island.  They  were  the  parents  of  three  chil- 
dren: David,  Sarah  Diodati,  and  Robert  Alex- 
ander Gardiner.  David,  the  oldest  son  (b.  at 
Castleton,  S.  I.,  7  April,  1861 ) ,  was  educated 
in  this  country  and  abroad.  He  is  interested 
in  science  and  art,  and,  although  he  studied 
architecture,  he  never  practiced.  He  is  also 
a  student  of  polite  literature  and  compiled  the 
excellent  family  narrative  from  which  this 
sketch  was  written.  David  Gardiner  is  pres- 
ent owner  of  Sagtikos  Manor,  situated  at  West 
Islip,  L.  I.,  having  inherited  the  ancient  do- 
main of  his  uncle.  Count  Frederick  Diodati 
Thompson.  Sagtikos  Manor,  called  by  the 
English  Appletreewick,  was  purchased  from  the 
native  Indians  in  1692,  and  a  charter  or  patent 
was  subsequently  issued  for  the  same  in  the 
name  of  King  William  III.  The  estate  com- 
prises an  area  of  1,206  acres,  and  extends  from 
the  Great  South  Bay  on  the  south  to  within  a 
mile  and  a  quarter  of  Smithtown  on  the  north. 
Much  of  it  is  woodland,  and  the  arable  portion, 
composed  of  a  rather  light  soil,  yields,  never- 
theless, bountiful  crops  as  a  result  of  scien- 
tific methods  of  agriculture  instituted  by  the 
present  owner.  The  manor  house,  built  in 
1697,  is  in  excellent  preservation,  though  its 
exterior  has  been  greatly  modified  by  the  late 
owner  of  the  manor,  who  built  an  extension 
and  large  wing  with  modern  appointments. 
The  manor  house,  especially  the  original  por- 
tion, is  an  interesting  repository  of  old  furni- 
ture of  the  Colonial  period,  and  of  engravings 
and  mementoes  of  Revolutionary  days.  Sarah 
Diodati  Gardiner  (b.  at  Castleton,  S.  I.)  was 
educated  in  private  schools  in  this  country  and 
in  Geneva,  Switzerland.  At  an  early  age  she 
showed  a  marked  disposition  for  drawing  and 
painting,  which  led  her  to  enter  the  Yale 
School  of  Fine  Arts,  a  department  of  Yale 
College,  from  which  institution  she  graduated 
with  honor.  She  then  went  abroad,  spending 
several  years  in  the  study  of  art  in  Paris. 
She  is  a  miniature  painter  and  an  accomplished 
linguist.  She  is  unmarried,  and  resides  with 
her  mother  and  brother,  David  Gardiner,  at 
Sagtikos  Manor,  West  Islip,  L.  I.  Robert 
Alexander  Gardiner  (b.  in  Castleton,  S.  I., 
16  Oct.,  1863)  was  educated  at  the  Anthon 
Grammar  School,  New  York,  and  in  schools 
in  Geneva  and  Vevey,  Switzerland.  Subse- 
quently he  became  a  student  in  the  Lycee  of 
Tours,  France,  and  on  his  return  to  this  coun- 
try he  entered  the  Academic  Department  of 
Yale  College,  graduating  in  1887.  After  his 
graduation  he  was  prominently  identified  with 
society  in  New  York,  and  later  with  that  of 
Paris,  in  which  city  he  resided  for  several 
years.  Though  not  actively  engaged  in  busi- 
ness, he  is  a  clever  financier,  managing  several 
estates  with  unusual  ability,  and  his  advice  on 
investments  is  frequently  sought  by  corpora- 
tions and  private  individuals.  He  is  fond  of 
athletic  sports;  is  a  collector  of  old  prints; 
is  interested  in  historical  and  genealogical  sub- 
jects, and  resides  with  his  family  in  SufTolk, 
England.  He  married  Nora  Loftus,  of  Mount 
Loftus,  County  Kilkenny,  Ireland,  the  wedding 
ceremony  taking  place  22  Feb.,  1908,  in  Lon- 


39 


STETSON 


STETSON 


don,  at  St.   Margaret's  Church,   Westminster, 
and  they  are  parents  of  two  children:    Alex- 
andra    Diodati    Gardiner,    b.    7    Feb.,     1910; 
Robert  David  Lion  GJardiner,  b.  25  Feb.,  1911. 
STETSON,    Lemuel,    lawyer   and   statesman, 
b.  in  Champlain,  N.  Y.,   13  March,   1804;   d. 
at   Plattsburg.   N.    Y.,    17    May,    1886,   son  of 
Reuben  and  Lois  (Smedley)  Stetson.    He  came 
of  Colonial  ancestry,  tracing  his  descent  from 
Robert   Stetson,   who   was  cornet  of   the   first 
"  Troop  of  Horse,"  raised  in  Plymouth  Colony, 
in  the  year  1058.     Cornet  Robert's  eldest  son, 
Joseph,  had  a  second  son,  Robert    (b.  9  Dec, 
1670),  a  cordwainer  and  a  constable  in  Han- 
over,   Mass.      He    married    Mary    CoUamore, 
daughter    of    Capt.    Anthony    Collamore,    and 
died    in    1760,    aged    ninety    years.      His    son, 
Robert    (b.  3  Sept.,   1710;   d.  27   Feb.,   1768), 
married    Hannah   Turner,   and    lived   in   Han- 
over.    Their   son,    Robert    (b.    in   Hanover,    8 
May,  1740),  married  Lydia  Rich,  daughter  of 
Samuel    Rich,    of    Truro,    lived    first    in    Scit- 
uate,  Mass.,  and  removed  later  to  Hardwick, 
Worcester,  Mass.,  dying  in  Hardwick,  18  Jan., 
1814.     His  second  son,  Reuben    (b.  23  March, 
1775),    accompanied    by    his    elder    brother, 
Robert,    purchased    land    in    the    southeastern 
part  of  the  town  of  Champlain,  where  their 
families  continued  for  more  than  a  century. 
He  married  Lois  Smedley,  daughter  of  John 
Smedley,  Jr.,  of  Williamstown,  Mass.,  and  a 
woman    of    great    force    of    character    and    of 
unusual   vigor   of  mind   and  body.     He   died 
25   Aug.,    1838.     Lemuel   Stetson   was  one   of 
thirteen  children,  and  of  all  the  descendants 
of     Cornet     Robert     Stetson     none     attained 
greater   public  distinction.     From   early  boy- 
hood he  exhibited  marked  ability  and  an  in- 
terest in  study.     His  youth  was  spent  on  his 
father's  farm,  where  he  took  his  part  in  its 
cultivation,   at   the   same   time   attending   the 
public  schools  of  his  district,  and  later  pur- 
sued a  course  at  Plattsburgh  Academy.     Un- 
til he  reached  the  age  of  eighteen  he  was  well 
content   to  remain  a  farmer,  but  his  future 
career  was  then  decided  by  a  chance  remark 
of  his  neighbor,  "  Squire  "  Julius  Caesar  Hub- 
bell,    of    Chazy:     "Stetson,    why    don't    you 
study  law?     You  can  do  better  as  a  lawyer 
than  as  a  farmer."     After  a  brief  period  of 
reflection,    the    young    farmer    determined    to 
act    upon    the    suggestion,    entering    first    the 
law  office  of  Julius  C.  Hubbell,  then  that  of 
Henry  K.  Averill,  of  Rouse's  Point,  and  finally 
that    of    John    Lynde,    of    Plattsburg,    one    of 
the    most    eminent    lawyers    and    citizens    of 
Northern    New    York.      Mr.    Stetson    was    ad- 
mitted to  the  practice  of  law  about  the  year 
1828,   and   from   that   time   became   an   active 
and  leading  politician,  without,  however,  los- 
ing his  interest  in  the  study  of  his  profession. 
His  zeal   was   such  that,  even  before  his  ad- 
mission  to   regular   practice,   he   acted   as   at- 
torney  for   every  prisoner   in   Clinton   County 
Jail,  thus  acquiring  the  familiarity  with  crim- 
inal procedure  that  led  to  his  being  retained, 
for    or    against,    every    person    charged    with 
murder    in   Clinton   County   during   the   forty 
years  of  his  professional  life.     His  investiga- 
tion and  preparation  of  cases  were  marked  by 
care    and    ability,    and    he    was    vigorous   and 
powerful  in  argument,  and  remarkable  for  his 
intellectual    acumen.      Although    in   all    walks 
of  life  he  showed  sound  judgment  and  great 


good  sense,  he  possessed  a  forensic  rather  than 
a  judicial  mind,  and  few  trial  lawyers  were 
more  formidable  than  he.  Honorable  and  lib- 
eral in  his  practice,  he  abhorred  all  technical 
or  undue  advantage,  and  was  willing  to  meet 
his  opponent  on  the  real  merits  of  his  case. 
Judge  Stetson's  political  preferment  was  as 
rapid  and  remarkable  as  his  professional  suc- 
cess. He  reached  his  varied  positions  solely 
through  the  native  vigor  of  his  mind  and  his 
energetic  character.  He  was  Democratic 
leader  in  his  county,  and  was  many  times 
chosen  for  public  office;  was  district  attorney 
(1838-43);  member  of  the  assembly  in  1835, 
1836,  1842,  and  1882;  member  of  the  Twenty- 
eighth  Congress  (1843-45);  and  a  member  of 
the  convention  of  1846,  which  framed  the  con- 
stitution of  the  State  of  New  York.  While  a 
member  of  the  assembly  he  came  into  promi- 
nence through  his  opposition  to  the  measure, 
proposing  the  abolition  of  capital  punishment, 
and  established  a  reputation  as  a  legislator  of 
more  than  ordinary  power  and  eloquence.  In 
Congress  he  was  a  leading  debater  and  an 
active  and  influential  member;  while  many 
of  his  suggestions  are  incorporated  in  the 
present  State  constitution.  From  1847  to 
1851  he  served  as  county  judge,  changing  his 
residence  from  Keeseville  to  Plattsburg.  the 
county  seat,  in  order  to  discharge  the  duties 
of  his  office.  In  1855  Judge  Stetson  was 
Democratic  candidate  for  State  comptroller, 
running  500  votes  ahead  of  Samuel  J.  Tilden, 
candidate  for  the  office  of  attorney-general  on 
the  same  ticket.  He  was  a  delegate  to  the 
Democratic  National  Convention  at  Charles- 
ton, S.  C,  and  at  Baltimore,  Md.,  in  1860, 
giving  hearty  and  efficient  support  to  his 
friend,  Stephen  A.  Douglas.  In  1862  he  went 
to  the  legislature  as  a  War  Democrat,  and 
in  the  fall  of  that  year  was  defeated  for  re- 
election along  with  Gen.  James  S.  Wadsworth 
and  the  rest  of  the  Union  ticket.  At  the  first 
outbreak  of  the  Civil  War,  he  presided  at  the 
first  Union  meeting  in  Plattsburg,  when  he 
outlined  his  attitude  as  follows:  "In  this 
crisis  all  party  feeling  should  be  put  aside  and 
everyone  stand  for  the  preservation  of  the 
Union  and  with  the  Administration  in  enforc- 
ing the  laws,  and  recovering  the  property  of 
the  United  States,  unlawfully  seized."  He  re- 
mained patriotically  devoted  to  the  cause  of 
his  country,  and  was  called  upon  to  bear  the 
loss  of  his  second  son,  John  L.  Stetson,  lieu- 
tenant-colonel of  the  Fifty-ninth  New  York 
Regiment,  who  heroically  fell,  the  most  bravely 
exposed  of  his  regiment,  upon  the  battlefield 
of  Antietam.  Judge  Stetson  went  South  to 
bury  his  son,  and  while  on  this  mission  wrote 
a  letter  to  a  friend,  noteworthy  for  the  broad- 
minded  sympathy  expressed  for  the  suff'erings 
brought  upon  the  enemy  by  a  war  waged  in 
their  own  territory,  and  for  its  brilliant  de- 
scriptive qualities.  Judge  Stetson  always  en- 
joyed the  friendship  and  appreciation  of  emi- 
nent men.  During  his  term  in  the  Twenty- 
eighth  Congress,  he  was  known  as  one  of 
"  Silas  Wright's  boys  "  from  the  fact  that  to- 
gether with  Preston  King,  Henry  C.  Murphy, 
and  Governor  Fairfield,  he  resided  with  the 
Senator  from  New  York.  Here  he  formed  his 
life-long  friendship  with  Stephen  A.  Douglas; 
his  seat  was  directly  opposite  that  of  John 
Quincy  Adams,  and  in  the  memoirs  of  that 


40 


\ 


hu  W  '/'.  /; other  A  . 


LEMUEL    STETSON, 


STETSON 


STETSON 


statesman  occurs  the  following :  "  Yesterday 
three  young  men  spoke,  Robert  C.  Schenck, 
Stephen  A.  Douglas,  and  Lemuel  Stetson.  I 
prophesy  that  they  will  be  heard  from  later." 
He  was  a  warm  supporter  of  Martin  Van 
Buren  and  Samuel  J.  Tilden;  his  instructive 
discussions  in  the  Constitutional  convention 
of  1846  are  referred  to  by  President  Lincoln 
in  his  "  Constitutional  History."  During  his 
last  legislative  term,  in  1862,  he  was  chairman 
of  the  Judiciary  Committee,  of  which  Charles 
S.  Benedict,  U.  S.  judge,  and  Gen.  Benjamin 
F.  Tracy  were  members.  Among  the  eulogies 
delivered  upon  the  character  of  Judge  Lemuel 
Stetson  in  the  memorial  proceedings  of  the 
Clinton  County  Bar,  on  the  occasion  of  his 
death,  one  may  be  quoted  here :  "...  by  the 
death  of  Judge  Stetson  this  bar  has  lost  its 
ablest  member,  and  this  community  a  man  who 
always  took  a  deep  interest  in  its  prosperity. 
...  He  was  truly  an  honest,  upright  man. 
During  my  long  acquaintance  with  him,  I 
have  never  heard  his  honesty  or  integrity 
called  in  question.  The  accumulation  of 
wealth  never  seemed  to  be  an  object  of  much 
importance  to  him.  Notwithstanding  the 
large  business  he  did,  and  the  opportunity 
he  had  of  acquiring  wealth,  he  accumulated  but 
a  limited  amount  of  property.  He  was  evi- 
dently ambitious  of  standing  high  as  a  law- 
yer, politician,  and  statesman.  Uniformly 
courteous  and  kind,  he  was  warm-hearted  and 
peculiarly  sympathetic  with  the  sorrows  of 
others;  a  firm  and  ardent  friend,  he  was 
zealous  in  the  performance  of  the  offices  that 
friendship  imposed."  On  2  Feb.,  1831,  Judge 
Stetson  married,  in  Plattsburg,  N.  Y.,  Helen, 
daughter  of  Ralph  Hascall,  a  pioneer  lawyer 
and  public  man  of  Essex,  N.  Y.  Mrs.  Stetson 
was  a  devout  Christian,  and  united  unusual 
powers  of  mind  with  loveliness  of  disposition. 
He  fittingly  caused  to  be  inscribed  upon  her 
monument  this  line:  "She  did  him  good  and 
not  evil  all  the  days  of  her  life."  Judge  and 
Mrs.  Stetson  had  four  sons:  Ralph  Hascall  (b. 
in  Keeseville,  N.  Y.,  22  Jan.,  1832;  d.  in  New 
York  City,  5  Nov.,  1859)  ;  John  Lemuel  (b.  in 
Keeseville,  N.  Y.,  8  March,  1834;  d.  at  An- 
tietam,  17  Sept.,  1862),  lieutenant-colonel  of 
the  Fifty-ninth  New  York  Volunteers;  Francis 
Lynde  (b.  in  Keeseville,  23  April,  1846)  ; 
William  Sterne  (b.  in  Plattsburg,  2  April, 
1850;  d.  29  May,  1883). 

STETSON,  Francis  Lynde,  lawyer,  b.  in 
Keeseville,  Clinton  County,  N.  Y.,  23  April, 
1846,  son  of  Lemuel  and  Helen  (Hascall) 
Stetson.  Five  generations  of  his  ancestors 
lived  in  Scituate  and  Hanover,  Mass.,  and  he 
is  the  descendant  of  Cornet  Robert  Stetson,  of 
Plymouth  Colony,  whom  early  records  show  to 
have  been  cornet  of  the  first  "  Troop  of  Horse," 
in  1658.  In  about  the  year  1800,  Reuben  Stet- 
son, grandfather  of  the  subject  of  this  review, 
removed  to  Champlain,  N.  Y.,  where  his  de- 
scendants resided  for  more  than  a  century. 
His  father,  Lemuel  Stetson,  was  eminent 
as  a  jurist  and  a  lawyer.  Many  other 
members  of  the  family  won  distinction  in 
various  callings,  including  Levi  P.  Morton, 
ex-Vice-President  of  the  United  States, 
the  late  John  B.  Stetson,  manufacturer  and 
philanthropist,  of  Philadelphia,  and  Henry  A. 
Pevear,  capitalist  and  philanthropist,  of  Bos- 
ton, Mass.    In  the  year  1847,  shortly  after  the 


birth  of  his  son,  Judge  Lemuel  Stetson  re- 
moved his  family  to  Plattsburg,  N.  Y.  Fran- 
cis Lynde  Stetson  was  prepared  for  college  at 
the  Plattsburg  Academy  and  entered  Williams 
College,  and  graduating  there  in  1867,  in  a 
class  famous  in  college  annals  for  the  number 
of  men  it  contained  who  afterward  came  into 
national  prominence.  Among  these  were 
Hamilton  Mabie,  of  New  York;  Stanley  Hall, 
president  of  Clark  University,  whose  intimate 
friend  he  became;  Governor  Dole  of  Hawaiian 
fame,  and  Henry  Loomis  Nelson,  journalist. 
He  was  awarded  the  Master's  Degree  at  Wil- 
liams College  in  1868,  and  matriculated  in 
Columbia  University  Law  School,  where,  in 
1870,  he  received  the  degree  of  LL.D.  Later 
the  degree  of  LL.D.  was  given  him  at  St.  John's 
College,  Maryland,  and  at  Colgate  University. 
He  was  admitted  to  the  New  York  bar  in  1869; 
I  his  first  practice  dating  from  1870,  when  he 
formed  a  partnership  with  his  uncle,  William 
S.  Hascall.  While  in  this  connection  his  readi- 
ness in  making  friends  and  skillful  management 
of  the  law  business,  attracted  the  attention  of 
William  C.  Whitney.  Mr.  W^hitney,  who  was 
at  that  time  head  of  New  York  City's  legal 
department,  urged  his  appointment  as  assist- 
ant corporation  counsel.  When  the  Whitneys 
became  conspicuous  in  Washington,  Mr.  Stet- 
son was  closely  identified  with  them,  drawing 
the  will  of  the  first  Mrs.  Whitney.  In  1894 
he  left  the  office  of  the  corporation  counsel 
to  become  a  partner  in  the  law  firm  of  Stetson 
and  Bangs,  one  of  the  most  notable  law  firms 
of  New  York  and  one  of  the  most  generally 
known  among  the  lawyers  of  the  country.  In 
the  fall  of  that  year  the  firm  name  was  changed 
to  Stetson,  Jennings  and  Russell.  For  nearly 
half  a  century  Mr.  Stetson  has  practiced  law 
in  New  York,  for  five  years  in  association  with 
Grover  Cleveland,  who  became  a  member  of  the 
firm  of  Stetson  and  Bangs  after  his  first  term  as 
President;  Mr.  Stetson  was  organizer  of  the 
United  States  Steel  Corporation,  the  most 
powerful  industrial  organization  of  the  coun- 
try, and  has  been  general  counsel  of  the  com- 
pany since  its  inception.  The  most  important 
railway  litigation  has  been  directly  or  in- 
directly managed  by  Mr.  Stetson.  He  was  re- 
tained by  the  late  J.  P.  Morgan  as  counsel  in 
all  the  interests  of  that  firm,  and  in  that 
capacity  advised  Mr.  Morgan  in  regard  to  his 
loan  to  the  government,  one  of  the  most  spec- 
tacular financial  deals  Wall  Street  had  ever 
known.  He  is  also  general  counsel  for  the 
United  States  Rubber  Company,  Northern 
Pacific  Railway  Company,  International  Mer- 
cantile Marine  Company,  and  Southern  Railway 
Company.  Aside  from  his  professional  activi- 
ties as  a  great  corporation  lawyer,  Mr.  Stetson 
has  demonstrated  his  remarkable  capacity  for 
business  by  his  affiliation  as  director  with  the 
following  important  companies:  Erie  Railway 
Company;  Chicago  and  Erie  Railway  Com- 
pany; Niagara  Development  Company;  New 
York,  Susquehanna  and  Western  Railway 
Company;  Alabama  Great  Southern  Rail- 
road; Belleview  and  Lancaster  Railway; 
Buffalo  Railway;  Cincinnati,  Now  Orleans  and 
Texas  Railway;  Niagara  Falls  Power  Com- 
pany; Niagara  tJunction  Railway;  South  Caro- 
lina and  Georgia  Railway;  Southern  Railway 
in  Kentucky;  Southern  Railway  in  Mississippi; 
and   first   vice-president   and    director    in    the 


41 


STETSON 

Cataract  Construction  Company.  With  all  his 
remarkable  intellectual  equipment,  organiza- 
tional ability,  and  intimate  association  with 
the  leading  men  of  the  day  in  politics  and 
finance,  Mr.  Stetson  could  have  aspired  to  al- 
most any  public  honor,  but  steadfastly  refused 
political  preferment  of  any  kind.  No  man  \yas 
more  completely  in  the  confidence  of  the  faction 
known  in  New  York  as  the  "  Cleveland  Democ- 
racy "  than  he,  while  his  faithfulness  com- 
manded the  respect  of  the  other  faction  of  the 
party.  He  was  the  friend  and  political  ad- 
herent of  Grover  Cleveland  before  Mr.  Cleve- 
land's elevation  to  the  presidency,  and,  though 
the  younger  of  the  two  by  many  years,  was  in 
the  councils  of  his  party  long  before  Mr.  Cleve- 
land. The  following  story  well  illustrates  Mr. 
Stetson's  independent  spirit  and  personal 
modesty.  In  tlie  last  Administration  of  Mr. 
Cleveland,  a  coterie  of  New  York  Democrats 
asked  Mr.  Cleveland  to  honor  Mr.  Stetson  with 
an  appointment  that  would  approximately 
recognize  his  merits  and  party  service.  To 
this  application  the  President  replied:  "You 
gentlemen  can  go  back  home  with  the  assur- 
ance that,  if  Mr.  Stetson  would  have  accepted 
an  appointment  in  this  Administration,  his 
friends  would  not  have  to  ask  it  for  him.  But 
the  trouble  with  Stetson  is  his  friends  can  do 
nothing  for  him."  When  Tilden  and  Hendricks 
were  the  presidential  candidates  of  the  Demo- 
cratic party  and  were  compelled  to  give  up 
what  the  party  considered  their  victory,  Mr. 
Stetson  was  one  of  the  men  called  in  confer- 
ence by  Mr.  Tilden.  To  him  was  given  what 
is  known  in  the  contest  as  the  "  Florida  re- 
turns " — the  returns  of  several  Southern  states 
which  were  in  question.  Mr.  Stetson  prepared 
the  Florida  case,  a  task  that  required  the  best 
trained  legal  mind  and  truest  party  spirit, 
for  the  tribunal  that  had  been  created  to  pass 
upon  the  greatest  election  contest  in  history. 
In  this  connection  it  was  authoritatively 
stated,  "  That,  if  all  the  cases  had  been  pre- 
pared as  Francis  Lynde  Stetson  prepared  his, 
it  would  have  been  better  for  the  party."  In 
1874  Mr.  Stetson  had  declined  the  position 
of  secretary  to  which  he  had  been  invited  by 
Mr.  Tilden,  who  was  then  governor  of  New 
York  State.  Mr.  Stetson  is  esteemed  by  those 
who  know  him  not  only  for  his  high  rank  as 
a  lawyer,  but  for  his  unsullied  character  as  a 
man,  his  fidelity  as  a  citizen,  his  loyalty  to 
his  party,  his  devotion  to  his  church,  also  his 
acknowledged  scholarly  attainments,  and  his 
spotless  private  life.  He  is  a  zealous  church- 
man, and  a  warden  in  the  Church  of  the  In- 
carnation (Episcopal)  in  New  York  City.  He 
has  been  a  delegate  to  every  Episcopal  con- 
vention for  many  years,  and  it  was  he  who 
framed  the  canon  on  "  divorce  and  marriage," 
which  at  the  time  of  its  promulgation  pro- 
voked much  discussion  both  by  the  church  and 
the  press.  On  the  occasion  of  the  annual  meet- 
ing of  the  "  Stetson  Kindred  of  America,"  held 
in  August,  1913,  at  the  old  Stetson  homestead, 
Dr.  Hamilton  W.  Mabie  sent  an  appreciative 
tribute  on  the  character  of  Mr.  Stetson,  pref- 
aced with  the  remark :  "  I  have  no  dearer 
friend,  and  know  of  no  man  in  whose  integrity 
I  have  greater  confidence."  In  part,  he  said: 
'".  .  .It  would  have  been  easy  to  forecast 
Mr.  Stetson's  future  from  his  aims  and  atti- 
tude in  college.     Eectitude  was  then  the  basis 

42 


VANDERBILT 

of  his  character.  He  has  a  directness  of  moral 
perception  which  predestined  him  to  clear  and 
unswerving  integrity  in  all  the  relations  and 
affairs  of  life.  Add  to  this  fundamental  recti- 
tude an  open  and  frank  nature,  and  a  habit, 
not  only  of  personal  kindness  but  of  general 
good  will  and  an  instinctive  desire  in  all  dif- 
ferences of  opinion  to  bring  men  together  on  a 
common  ground,  and  the  high  and  warm  re- 
gard in  which  Mr.  Stetson  is  held  and  his 
notable  success  in  his  profession  are  easily 
understood.  ...  To  his  friends  his  steadfast- 
ness, companionable  intelligence,  and  unfailing 
humor  have  been  a  continual  delight;  while  all 
who  have  any  claim  on  his  sympathy  or  aid 
have  found  him  not  only  quick,  but  generous 
in  response.  To  use  a  commercial  phrase,  he 
has  honored  at  sight  all  the  drafts  which  life 
has  drawn  on  him."  Mr.  Stetson  is  a  director 
of  the  New  York  Botanical  Gardens;  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Alpha  Delta  Phi  and  Phi  Beta 
Kappa  college  fraternities;  the  Century,  Uni- 
versity, Tuxedo,  Riding,  Down  Town,  Church, 
Democratic,  Grolier,  Bar  Associations;  and 
member  of  the  board  of  trustees  of  Williams 
College,  the  Dunlap  Society,  New  England  So- 
ciety, Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art,  and  the 
American  Geographical  Society.  On  26  June, 
1873,  he  married  Elizabeth  Ruff,  daughter  of 
William  Ruff,  of  Rahway,  N.  J.  In  the 
winter  he  resides  at  27  Madison  Avenue,  New 
York,  and  in  the  summer  finds  his  greatest 
happiness  in  leading  a  quiet  life  with  his  wife 
at  his  country  home,  "  Skylands,"  in  Ring- 
wood,  N.  J.  Some  years  ago,  together  with 
the  late  John  B.  Stetson,  of  Philadelphia,  he 
purchased  and  presented  to  the  "  Stetson  Kin- 
dred of  America  "  the  home  of  their  ancestors 
in  England. 

VANDERBILT,  Alfred  Gwynne,  capitalist, 
b.  in  New  York  City,  20  Oct.,  1877;  d.  near 
Kinsale  Head,  Ireland,  7  May.,  1915,  third  son 
of  Cornelius  and  Alice  (Gwynne)  Vanderbilt, 
and  a  grandson  of  William  Henry  and  Louise 
(Kissam)  Vanderbilt.  The  first  known  rep- 
resentative of  the  family  in  this  country  was 
Jan  Aertsen  Van-der-Bilt,  a  Holland  farmer, 
who  settled  in  the  neighborhood  of  Brooklyn, 
N.  Y.,  about  1650.  As  the  name  indicated 
the  family  belonged  to  either  the  village  of 
Bilt,  a  suburb  of  Utrecht,  or  the  parish  of 
Bilt  in  Frisia.  In  the  second  generation,  the 
family  divided,  one  of  the  sons  removing  from 
Brooklyn  to  New  Dorp,  Staten  Island,  in  1715. 
They  were  successful  farmers  and  pursued  in- 
dustrious lives.  In  the  fifth  generation,  the 
leading  member  was  Cornelius  Vanderbilt 
(1794-1877),  better  known  as  "The  Commo- 
dore," who  was  the  great-grandfather  of  Al- 
fred Gwynne  Vanderbilt.  He  laid  the  founda- 
tion of  the  family  fortune,  when,  in  1814,  he 
obtained  a  contract  from  the  government  for 
the  transportation,  by  water,  of  supplies  to 
the  nine  military  posts  around  New  York  City. 
His  success  constantly  emboldened  him  to 
larger  efforts,  so  that  when  the  gold  "fever" 
was  prevalent  in  California  in  1849,  he  estab- 
lished a  passenger  line  to  the  Pacific  via 
Nicaragua.  In  the  meantime  he  became  im- 
pressed with  the  importance  of  great  trunk 
line  railways  running  into  New  York,  and,  in 
1844,  acquired  an  interest  in  the  New  York 
and  New  Haven  Railroad,  by  disposing  of  the 
Sound  steamboats,  which  he  then  owned.     In 


1 


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VANDERBILT 


VANDERBILT 


1863  he  purchased  a  large  part  .of  the  stock 
of  the  New  York  and  Harlem  Railroad,  and 
eflfected  a  consolidation  with  the  Hudson  River 
Railroad.  Four  years  later  he  was  elected 
president  of  the  New  York  Central  Railroad, 
and  his  descendants  have  uniformly  main- 
tained an  interest  in  its  management.  Alfred 
G.  Vanderbilt  was  prepared  for  college  at  St. 
Paul's  School,  Concord,  N.  H.,  and  entered 
Yale  University  with  the  class  of  1899.  Dur- 
ing his  college  career  he  was  voted  the  most 
popular  man  in  the  institution,  and,  although 
his  family  had  given  large  sums  of  money  to 
Yale,  he  was  noted  among  his  fellow  students 
for  democracy  and  unassuming  manners.  Soon 
after  graduation  Mr.  Vanderbilt,  with  a  party 
of  friends,  started  on  a  tour  of  the  world 
which  was  to  have  lasted  two  years.  When 
they  reached  Japan  on  12  Sept.,  1899,  he  re- 
ceived news  of  the  sudden  death  of  his  father, 
and  hastened  home  as  speedily  as  possible  to 
find  himself,  by  his  father's  will,  the  head  of 
his  branch  of  the  family.  Soon  after  his  re- 
turn to  New  York,  Mr.  Vanderbilt  began 
working  as  a  clerk  in  the  offices  of  the  New 
York  Central  Railroad,  as  preparation  for 
entering  into  the  councils  of  the  company  as 
one  of  its  principal  owners.  Subsequently, 
he  was  chosen  a  director  in  other  companies 
as  well,  among  them  the  Fulton  Chain  Rail- 
way Company,  Fulton  Navigation  Company, 
Raquette  Lake  Railway  Company,  Raquette 
Lake  Transportation  Company,  and  the  Plaza 
Bank  of  New  York.  Mr.  Vanderbilt  was  a 
good  judge  of  real  estate  values  and  projected 
several  important  enterprises.  On  the  site  of 
the  former  residence  of  the  Vanderbilt  family, 
and  including,  also,  several  adjacent  plots,  he 
built  the  beautiful  Vanderbilt  Hotel  at  Park 
Avenue  and  Thirty-fourth  Street,  New  York, 
which  he  made  his  city  home.  Mr.  Vander- 
bilt found  great  enjoyment  in  society  and  in 
travel.  He  had  keen  pleasure  in  his  associa- 
tion with  men  of  note  and  prominence,  and  his 
social  gifts  and  his  wealth  enabled  him  to 
bear  his  part  in  that  life  with  grace  and  dis- 
tinction. But  social  entertainment  given  or 
received,  was  by  no  means  the  whole  of  his 
career.  Mr.  Vanderbilt  was  an  expert  whip, 
and  whether  tooling  a  coach  along  the  roads 
of  this  country  or  enjoying  his  favorite 
pastime  in  England,  he  was  always  a  genial 
and  enthusiastic  sportsman.  Although  he  be- 
came an  automobilist  as  soon  as  automobiles 
were  introduced  in  this  country,  he  never 
gave  up  his  great  liking  for  coaching,  and  de- 
veloped the  sport  until  it  became  an  art. 
Even  when  an  undergraduate  he  had  made 
four-in-hand  driving  his  favorite  sport.  At 
his  country  place,  Oakland  Farm,  Newport, 
R.  L,  Mr.  Vanderbilt  had  the  largest  private 
riding-ring  in  the  world,  and  it  was  there  that 
his  horses  were  trained  for  public  road-coach- 
ing, as  well  as  for  private  horse  shows, 
amateur  circuses,  and  country  fairs.  In  1906 
his  coach,  "  Venture,"  gained  much  fame. 
When  he  drove  this  coach  from  the  Victoria 
Hotel,  London,  England,  for  his  first  trial  run 
along  the  Brighton  road  in  1908,  his  party  re- 
ceived an  ovation  along  the  entire  route,  and 
Mr.  Vanderbilt  said  that  that  had  been  the 
greatest  day  of  his  life.  He  later  established 
regular  daily  runs  with  his  famous  coach, 
from  Victoria  Hotel  in  London  to  the  Metro- 


pole  Hotel  in  Brighton.  Some  time  before  he 
had  become  one  of  the  most  prominent  horse- 
men in  America,  his  horses  winning  blue  rib- 
bons at  every  show  of  importance  both  here 
and  abroad.  In  looking  back  throughout  his 
career  one  is  impressed  by  the  modesty  of  his 
sportsmanship.  If  he  had  chosen,  he  could 
easily  have  taken  front  rank  as  an  exhibitor 
of  show  horses;  he  preferred,  however,  to 
keep  only  a  comparatively  small  stable  with 
which  to  be  merely  represented,  and  which 
was  so  regulated  as  always  to  permit  others 
of  lesser  means  an  equal  chance.  In  the  last 
analysis,  this  might  be  said  to  have  been 
one  of  the  finest  characteristics  that  a  true 
sportsman  could  display,  unconsciously  con- 
forming with  the  spirit  of  his  country — ^human- 
ity itself.  When  the  automobile  was  in  its 
infancy  he  spent  $30,000  for  a  racing-car  for 
the  Florida  beach  tracks,  and  awarded  many 
costly  trophies  to  record,-breaking  automo- 
bilists.  Mr.  Vanderbilt  owned  a  camp  in  the 
Adirondack  Mountains,  New  York;  a  private 
railroad  car,  and  a  yacht,  the  "  Wayfarer." 
He  was  a  victim  of  one  of  the  world's  greatest 
tragedies  of  the  sea  as  a  passenger  aboard 
the  great  British  steamer  "  Lusitania "  en 
route  from  New  York  to  Liverpool,  England, 
which  was  torpedoed  by  a  German  submarine, 
and  sunk  off  the  coast  of  Kinsale  Head,  Ire- 
land, 7  May,  1915.  The  last  recorded  act  of 
Mr.  Vanderbilt,  who  could  not  swim,  was  that 
he  nobly  removed  his  life  belt  and  gave  it  to 
a  woman.  The  ship  sank  a,  few  seconds  later. 
The  following  tribute  to  his  memory  appeared 
in  the  "Westminster  Gazette,"  of  London: 
"  To  most  of  us  the  name  Vanderbilt  suggests 
the  great  wealth  used  in  this  country  in  re- 
viving and  sustaining  the  pleasant  pastime  of 
coaching,  but  for  the  future  the  name  will 
always  remind  us  of  the  gallant  gentleman 
who  knew  how  to  die.  Not  the  least 
affecting  of  the  many  moving  stories  which 
we  have  read  of  the  '  Lusitania '  is  the 
story  of  how  Vanderbilt  organized  search- 
ing parties  for  '  kiddies '  and  got  them 
into  boats,  and  how,  just  before  the  end, 
unable  to  swim  a  yard  himself,  he  gave 
his  life  belt  to  an  old  woman.  These  are  days 
when  it  is  the  commonest  thing  for  men  to 
meet  death  with  coolness  and  courage,  but 
even  in  these  days  we  will  not  forget  the 
story  of  Vanderbilt's  humanity  and  sacrifice." 
To  his  friends  he  was  ever  accessible,  cordial, 
and  generous,  to  strangers  he  was  dignified, 
courteous,  and  aff'able.  He  was  a  benefactor 
of  various  philanthropies,  among  them  the 
Y.  M.  C.  A.,  a  building  for  which  organization 
he  erected  in  Newport,  R.  I.,  in  memory  of  his 
father.  Mr.  Vanderbilt  held  membership  in 
the  Knickerbocker,  Piping  Rock,  Metropolitan, 
New  York  Yacht,  Riding,  Meadow  Brook, 
Turf  and  Field,  the  Brook,  Yale,  Automobile 
of  America,  and  Ardsley  Clubs.  He  married, 
first,  14  Jan.,  1901,  Elsie  French,  daughter 
of  Francis  Ormond  French,  by  whom  he  had 
one  son,  William  H.  Vanderbilt;  and  second, 
17  Dec,  1911,  at  Reigate,  England,  Margaret 
Emerson  McKim.  daughter  of  Capt.  Isaac  E. 
Emerson,  of  Baltimore,  Md.,  by  whom  he  had 
two  sons,  Alfred  Gwynne,  Jr.  (b.  22  Sept., 
1912),  and  George  Vanderbilt  (b.  23  Sept., 
1914). 


43 


CARNEGIE 


CARNEGIE 


GABNEGIE,  Andrew,  manufacturer,  finan- 
cier, philanthropist,  b.  in  Dunfermline,  Scot- 
land, 25  Nov.,  1835,  son  of  William  and  Mar- 
garet (Morrison)  Carnegie.  His  father  was  a 
weaver  of  fine  damasks,  taking  the  materials 
from  merchants  and  working  them  up  on  his 
own  loom  at  home.  The  introduction  of  steam- 
looms  and  the  extension  of  the  factory  system 
put  him  out  of  work;  and  in  1848,  with  his 
wife  and  two  sons — Andrew,  aged  thirteen, 
and  Thomas,  six — he  migrated  to  America,  set- 
tling in  Pittsburgh,  where  they  had  relatives. 
Andrew  Carnegie  received  scant  early  school- 
ing, and  that  Ijefore  he  was  twelve  years  of 
age.  The  father  found  work  in  the  Black- 
stock  Cotton  Mill,  Allegheny  City,  where  An- 
drew presently  joined  him  as  bobbin-boy  at 
$1.20  a  week.  To  their  earnings  were  added 
the  small  sums  which  the  mother  could  earn 
taking  in  washing  and  binding  boots  for  the 
father  of  Henry  Phipps  who  lived  next  door. 
At  the  age  of  fourteen  Andrew  secured  a  posi- 
tion at  $3.00  a  week  in  a  bobbin-turning  shop, 
firing  a  furnace  in  the  cellar,  and  assisting  in 
running  a  small  engine.  Shortly  afterward  he 
was  made  a  bill  clerk  in  the  factory.  At  the 
age  of  fifteen  he  left  to  become  a  messenger  boy 
for  the  Ohio  Telegraph  Company,  and  later, 
having  learned  telegraphy,  became  an  operator, 
at  $450.00  a  year.  By  assiduous  attention  to 
duty,  he  was  rewarded  in  1854,  when  he  was 
nineteen,  with  the  position  of  private  secretary 
to  Thomas  A.  Scott,  then  superintendent  of  the 
western  division  of  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad 
Company.  He  became  Scott's  prot^g^,  and  to 
this  fact  may  be  attributed  a  large  part  of 
his  subsequent  prominence  in  the  business 
world.  His  pay  was  only  $50.00  a  month;  but 
being  secretary  to  the  most  influential  railroad 
man  in  Pennsylvania  afforded  him  peculiar 
advantages,  leading  him  to  engage  in  many 
successful  speculative  ventures.  For  the  first 
of  these,  the  purchase  of  ten  shares  of  Adams 
Express  Company  stock  for  $600.00,  he  raised 
$500.00  by  a  mortgage  on  his  mother's  home, 
and  the  remainder  was  lent  by  Mr.  Scott.  The 
latter  also  gave  him  an  interest  in  the  Wood- 
ruff Sleeping  Car  Company  and  the  Columbia 
Oil  Company,  which  are  known  to  have  been  the 
basis  of  his  fortune.  He  also  had  interests  in 
a  company  formed  to  build  telegraph  lines 
along  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad;  in  a  project 
for  establishing  a  sutler's  business  in  soldiers' 
camps;  in  a  horse-trading  concern,  in  connec- 
tion with  General  Eagan,  for  the  supply  of 
cavalry  mounts  to  the  government ;  in  a  bridge- 
building  company;  in  a  locomotive  works;  in 
the  Duck  Creek  Oil  Company;  Birmingham 
Passenger  (horse-car)  Railroad;  in  the  Third 
National  Bank  of  Pittsburgh;  in  the  Pitts- 
burgh Grain  Elevator;  in  the  Citizens'  Pas- 
senger Railroad;  in  the  Dutton  Oil  Company, 
and  many  others.  By  1863  his  speculative 
activities  had  netted  him  considerable  capital. 
In  that  year,  also,  he  was  promoted  to  Scott's 
old  position  a^  local  superintendent  of  the 
Pennsylvania  Railroad,  with  offices  at  the  Outer 
Df^not,  Pittsburgh,  and  with  his  brother,  Tom, 
nine  years  his  junior,  as  his  assistant.  His 
entry  into  the  iron  business  occurred  in  1865, 
when  he  and  Thomas  N.  Miller,  his  most  inti- 
mate friend,  organized  the  Cyclops  Iron  Com- 
pany. It  was  intended  as  a  rival  mill  to  the 
Kloman-Phipps  Iron  City  Forges,  but  through 


the  inexperience  of  its  projectors  proved  a 
failure.  Carnegie  found  himself  in  the  iron 
business  more  by  accident  than  preference,  and 
the  future  iron  king  reproached  Miller  in  a 
letter  for  getting  him  in  the  "  most  hazardous 
enterprise  I  ever  expect  to  have  anything  to 
do  with."  In  fact,  his  success  in  the  specu- 
lative field  had  inspired  him  with  the  desire 
for  a  financial  career.  However,  he  extricated 
himself.  The  year  before  he  had  furnished  his 
brother  Tom  the  money,  $8,925,  with  which  to 
purchase  a  one-sixth  interest  in  the  Kloman- 
Phipps  mill;  and  through  Tom's  persuasiveness 
he  succeeded  in  consolidating  the  latter  works 
with  the  Cyclops  concern.  Kloman  was  a 
mechanical  genius,  and  his  mill  had  shown 
steady  growth  since  its  organization  as  a  small 
forge  in  1857;  and  at  the  beginning  of  1865  it 
had  increased  its  capital  from  $60,000  to 
$150,000.  Thenceforward  the  two  mills,  or- 
ganized as  the  Union  Iron  Mills  and  capitalized 
at  $500,000,  were  known  as  the  Upper  and 
Lower  Union  Mills,  and  are  so  known  today. 
The  Civil  War  was  then  drawing  to  a  close, 
causing  a  great  loss  of  government  business, 
and  involved  the  finding  of  new  markets  and 
the  making  of  other  kinds  of  goods.  During 
this  transition  period  the  company  was  saved 
from  failure  on  more  than  one  occasion  by 
Miller,  the  wealthiest  of  the  partners,  fre- 
quently loaning  the  money  to  pay  the  work- 
men's wages.  Carnegie  resigned  his  railroad 
position  in  this  year,  and  he  and  Phipps  went 
to  Europe  on  a  nine-months'  walking  tour. 
On  their  return  in  the  spring  of  1866,  Phipps 
assumed  the  financial  management  of  the  com- 
pany, and  Carnegie,  in  the  role  of  salesman, 
essayed  to  create  an  outlet  for  their  product. 
In  this  capacity,  which  cpnstituted  his  prin- 
cipal duties  during  his  long  connection  with 
the  iron  industry,  he  displayed  rare  resource- 
fulness. He  immediately  procured  profitable 
orders  through  a  connection  he  had  formed 
with  the  bridge-building  firm  of  Piper  and 
Shiffler.  In  1865  he  had  promoted  the  re- 
organization of  this  company  and  incorporated 
it  as  the  Keystone  Bridge  Company,  with  a 
capital  of  $300,000;  and  his  principal  in- 
terest in  the  company  was  given  to  him  for 
promoting  the  project.  The  Union  Mills,  with 
the  sustenance  thus  furnished  by  the  Keystone 
Bridge  Company,  together  with  the  general  re- 
vival of  the  iron  trade  throughout  the  country, 
entered  upon  an  era  of  prosperity,  and  Mr. 
Carnegie  now  revised  his  former  opinion  that 
the  iron  business  is  a  "  most  hazardous  enter- 
prise." His  optimism,  in  fact,  inspired  him 
with  a  desire  to  gain  control  of  the  company. 
This  he  accomplished  in  the  next  twenty  years 
by  a  series  of  "  ejectures,"  as  he  termed  them, 
of  partners.  His  first  victim  was  his  friend 
Miller,  in  1867.  Carnegie  effected  it  by  de- 
preciating the  value  of  the  company  to  Miller, 
to  whom  he  wrote  that  he  would  like  to  sell 
his  stock  at  $27.50  a  share.  Miller  sold  his 
at  $32.00  a  share  supposedly  to  David  A. 
Stewart,  but  when  the  sale  was  finally  made 
the  purchaser  proved  to  be  Andrew  Carnegie 
himself.  This  gave  him  39  per  cent,  of 
the  outstanding  shares.  The  firm  was  re- 
organized in  1870  under  the  style  of  Kloman, 
Carnegie  and  Company,  and  constructed  the 
first  Lucy  furnace,  so  called  after  the  wife  of 
Thomas    Carnegie,    who    was    a    daughter    of 


44 


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1 


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CARNEGIE 


CARNEGIE 


William  Coleman,  a  manufacturer  of  iron  rails 
in  Pittsburgh.    In  1871  Coleman,  who  had  just 
completed  observations  of  the  many  Bessemer 
converters  which  were  installed  in  America  in 
the  preceding  four  years,  proposed  to  Thomas 
Carnegie    that    they    organize    a    company    to 
manufacture   Bessemer   steel.     They   succeeded 
in    interesting    David    McCandless,    David    A. 
Stewart,  and  other  prominent  Pittsburgh  men, 
and    obtained    an    option    on    a    tract    of    107 
acres  of  land  called  Braddock's  field.     Thomas 
Carnegie  presented  the  matter  to  his  brother 
Andrew,    who    lived    in    New    York,    but    the 
latter    strongly    opposed    it,    and    refused    to 
connect  himself  with  it  in  any  way.     However, 
fate  had  decreed  that  Andrew  Carnegie  should 
play  a  prominent  part  in  the  organization  of 
this  famous  company.     While  the  plans  were 
still  in  embryo  Andrew  Carnegie's  patron  saint, 
Colonel  Scott,  had  him  commissioned  by  Presi- 
dent J.   Edgar  Thomson,  of  the  Pennsylvania 
Railroad,  to  go  to  Europe  and  market  a  block 
of  the  bonds  of  a  new  railroad  which  was  to 
run    to    Davenport,    la.      Carnegie    sailed    in 
April,    1872,    and    was    successful    in    selling 
$6,000,000  of  the  bonds,  from  which  his  aggre- 
gate commissions  amounted  to  $150,000.    "  In- 
cidentally  the   loss   to   the   purchasers   of  the 
bonds  was  $6,000,000 — every  cent  they  put  in; 
and  a  futile  effort  was  afterward  made  to  hold 
Carnegie  responsible  for  the  loss.     During  this 
European    trip,     however,     Carnegie    made    a 
study   of   the    Bessemer   steel   situation   there. 
In    England    the    industry    was    firmly    estab- 
lished.      At    Derby    visitors    were     shown    a 
double-headed   Bessemer   rail   which   had   been 
laid  down  in  1857 — at  a  point  on  the  Midland 
Railway  where  previously  iron  rails  had  some- 
times to  be  renewed  within  three  months — and 
which,   after   fifteen  years'   constant   use,   was 
still  in  good  condition.     The  nature  of  these 
exhibits  made  the  Pittsburgh  scheme  now  ap- 
peal to  Carnegie,  and  he  became  an  enthusiastic 
supporter   of   Coleman's   Bessemer   project,   es- 
pecially at  the  prospect  of  an  additional  out- 
let for  the  product  of  the  Lucy  Furnace.     And 
on  his  return  he  eagerly  put  into  the  venture 
the  whole  of  his  European  profits,  in  addition 
to  a  commission  of  $75,000  which  he  had  made 
the  previous  October  on  the  sale  of  a  block  of 
Gilman   bonds,   also   won   through   the   friend- 
ship  of   Colonel    Scott.      So   on    1    Jan.,    1873, 
Coleman    took    up    the    option    on    Braddock's 
field,  and  on  the  13th  of  the  same  month  the 
firm    of    Carnegie,    McCandless    and    Company 
was    organized    with    a    capital    of    $700,000. 
Carnegie    put    altogether    $250,000    into    the 
venture    and    acquired    the    largest    individual 
interest.     Coleman   put   into   it   $100,000,  and 
Kloman,   Phipps,   McCandless,   Scott,   Stewart, 
Shinn,    and    Thomas    Carnegie    each    supplied 
$50,000.     Thus   was    started   the   great   enter- 
prise which  afterwards  became  famous  as  the 
Edgar    Thomson    Steel    Works.      Ground    was 
broken   13  April,  1873.     Before  the  work  was 
more  than  well  started,  however,  the  panic  in- 
volved  the   firm   in   great   financial    difficulty; 
and  but  for  the  high  standing  of  McCandless, 
Stewart,  and  Scott,  it  would  have  succumbed. 
As  it  was,  an  issue  of  bonds  was  found  neces- 
sary.    These   conferred   on   the   purchaser   the 
right  to  exchange  them  within  three  years  for 
paid-up    stock    in    the    company.      J.    Edgar 
Thomson,  president  of  the  Pennsylvania  Rail- 


road and  Colonel  Scott,  Carnegie's  pi*otector8, 
took  $150,000,  and  Gardiner  McCandless,  son  of 
the  chairman,  bought  about  $70,000  for  himself 
and  friends.     Notwithstanding  that  these  pur- 
chases  saved  the  company  and  brought  to  it 
the  prestige  and  favor  of  President  Thomson 
and  Colonel  Scott,  as  was  found  when  it  en- 
tered the  market  with  its  rails,  Carnegie  re- 
fused to  permit  them  to  convert  their  bonds 
into  stock  upon  maturity  and  compelled  them 
to    accept    cash    instead.      Young    McCandless, 
however,  upon  seeking  legal  redress,  was  given 
stock  in  exchange  and  taken  into  the  firm  as 
Carnegie's    secretary.      In    the    meantime    Mr. 
Carnegie    had    availed    himself    of    the    oppor- 
tunity   to    acquire    Kloman's    interest    in    the 
Kloman,    Carnegie    Company,    which    had    re- 
mained a  separate  concern.     Kloman  had  be- 
come interested  in  a  project  for  mining  and 
smelting  ore  in  Michigan.     Its  ore  proved  de- 
ficient in  quality  and  the  company  failed,  in- 
volving Kloman.    Lest  the  affairs  of  the  other 
partners   in   Kloman,    Carnegie   and    Company 
also    become    involved    through    pressure     of 
Kloman's  creditors,   Carnegie  made  a  written 
offer  to  restore  Kloman  to  full  partnership  if 
he   would   make   a   voluntary   assignment   and 
get  a  judicial  discharge.     This  Kloman  agreed 
to  do;   and  a  committee  of  the  creditors  was 
formed    to    appraise   his    interests,    which    the 
Carnegies  bought.     Kloman  was  thus  enabled 
to  make  a  settlement  of  fifty  cents  on  the  dol- 
lar.     But    after    the    disentanglement    of    his 
affairs    Carnegie    offered    him    an    interest    of 
$100,000.     This  did  not  satisfy  Kloman,  who. 
valued  his  interest  at  several  times  that;  and 
he  demanded  complete  reinstatement  in  all  the" 
Carnegie    companies,    in    accordance    with    the 
previous   understanding.      But    as    he   had    no 
binding  contract — the  written  offer  and  its  ac- 
ceptance carried  no  legal  consideration — he  was 
unable  to  force  his  demands.     So  in  bitterness 
he  withdrew  from  Carnegie,  Kloman  and  Com- 
pany,   although    he    retained    his    interest    in 
Carnegie,  McCandless  and  Company  until  1876. 
On  12  Oct.,  1874,  the  latter  firm  was  dissolved, 
and  the  J.  Edgar  Thomson  Steel  W^orks,  Ltd., 
was  incorporated,  with  a  capital  of  $1,000,000, 
to  take   its  place.      Its   personnel   was   almost 
exclusively  of   railroad   men,  and   naming  the 
works  after  the  president  of  the  Pennsylvania 
Railroad   insured    that   company's    favor.      By 
1875  the  Edgar  Thomson  mill  was  yielding  a 
golden   stream  of  profits,  and  its   sole  owner- 
ship  was   becoming   a   passion   with    Mr.    Car- 
negie.   In  a  letter  from  Europe,  dated  13  April, 
1876,  in  which  he  estimated  the  annual  profits 
would  be  $300,000,  he  wrote :  "  Where  is  there 
such   a    business!    ...   I    want    to    buy    Mr. 
Coleman  out  &  hope  to  do  so.   .    .    .   Kloman 
will  have  to  give  up  his  interest.    These  divided 
between    Harry   You   and    I    would    make   the 
Concern  a  close  Corporation.     Mr.  Scott's  loan 
is  no  doubt  in  some  banker's  hands,  and  may 
also  be  dealt  with  after  a   little.   .    .    .    Then 
we  are  right  and  have  only  to  watch  the  bond 
conversions."     According  to  schedule,  the  ejec- 
ture  of  Mr.  Coleman,  the  founder  of  the  enter- 
prise,  was  effected,   and   his   interest  acquired 
by  Mr.  Carnegie.     Shortly  afterward  Kloman, 
whose     interest     in     the     Carnegie,     Kloman 
Company  Mr.  Carnegie  had  previously  seized, 
again   succumbed     to     the     latter's     pressure 
and    yielded    up    his    interest    in    the    Edgar 


45 


CARNEGIE 


CARNEGIE 


Thomson  mill.     Concerning  the  next  victims 
whose  interests  were  coveted,   Carnegie  wrote 
on  1  May,  1877,  to  Mr.  Shinn:  "  It  is  not  likely 
that  McCandless,   Scott  and   Stewart  will   re- 
main with  us.    I  scarcely  think  they  can.  .    .    . 
I  know  Harry  and  Tom  have  agreed  with  me 
that  you,  out  of  the  entire  lot,  would  be  wanted 
as  a  future  partner,  and  I  think  we  will  one 
day   make   it   a   partnership    Lucy   F.    Co.    U 
Mills,  E.  T.  &c.,  and  go  it  on  that  basis  the 
largest  and  strongest  Concern  in  the  Country." 
David  McCandless,  however,  was  eliminated  by 
the  kindly  hand  of  death;   and  Andrew  Car- 
negie in  a  pathetic  letter,  dated  22  Feb.,  1879, 
in  Bombay,  where  he  received  the  news,  said: 
"  It  does  seem  too  hard  to  bear,  but  we  must 
bite  the  lip  and  go  forward,  I  suppose,  assum- 
ing  indifference;    but   I   am    sure   none   of   us 
can  ever  efface  from  our  memories  the  image 
of    our    dear,    generous,    gentle    and    unselfish 
friend.    To  tlie  day  I  die  I  know  I  shall  never 
be  able   to  think   of   him   without   a   stinging 
pain  at  the  heart.     Let  us  try  to  be  as  kind 
and  devoted  to  each  other  as  he  was  to   us. 
One    thing    more    we    can    do,    attend    to    his 
affairs,    and    get    them    right    that    Mrs.    Mc- 
Candless and  Helen  may  be  provided   for.     I 
know  you  will  all  be  looking  after  this,  and 
you  know  how  anxious  I  shall  be  to  co-operate 
with    you.*'      Accordingly    nothing    was    done 
about  it  until  Carnegie's  return  the  following 
July,  when,  besides  refusing  to  credit   David 
McCandless'   interest  with  any  of  the  profits 
of  the  last  five  months,  Carnegie  insisted  on 
purchasing  his  interest  at  book  value  appraise- 
ment  made    before    McCandless'    death.      Mrs. 
McCandless  and  her  daughter  Helen  received 
$90,000    for    her    husband's    interest.      It    had 
cost   $65,000   in   cash.     Gardiner    McCandless, 
David's  son,  who  was  ejected  shortly  afterward, 
received  $183,000  for  his  original  investment  of 
$42,000  in  the  convertible  bonds.     William  P. 
Shinn,  the  next  to  go,  was  eliminated  in  1881, 
and  his  case   found  its  way  into  the  courts. 
His  interest  amounted  to  the  same  as  David 
McCandless',  but  he  received  $200,000.    In  1881 
the   Edgar  Thomson   Steel   Works,   Lucy  Fur- 
naces, and  the  Union  Iron  Mills  were  consoli- 
dated   into   the   Carnegie   Brothers   and    Com- 
pany, Ltd.,  with  a  capital  of  $5,000,000.     In 
the  following  year  the  "  ejecture "  was  again 
set    in    operation,    and    Gardiner    McCandless, 
mentioned   above,    and   John    Scott,    after   the 
usual  personal  difficulty  with  Carnegie  preced- 
ing these   events,   relinquished   their   interests 
in  the  company.    In  1883  the  Homestead  Mills 
were  added  to  the  Carnegie  group.    The  Home- 
stead, intended  as  a  rival  of  the  Edgar  Thom- 
son Mill,  had  been  incorporated  in  1879  as  the 
Pittsburgh     Bessemer     Steel     Company,    Ltd., 
with  a  capital  of  $250,000.    Its  founders,  own- 
ers of  various  mills,  had  been  customers  of  the 
Edgar   Thomson   Mill;    but   experiencing   diffi- 
culty in  getting  their  orders  for  billets  filled, 
they  built  the  Homestead  plant  as  a  measure 
of  self -protection.     After  a  year  its  prospects 
were    exceedingly    bright,    but    it    became    in- 
volved in  labor  difficulties  which  extended  into 
the  individual  plants  of  the  different  owners; 
and  the  Carnegies  effected  a  consolidation  in 
October,  1883.    On  1  Jan.,  1886,  the  Pittsburgh 
Bessemer  plant  at  Homestead,  the  Lucy  Fur- 
naces, and  the  Upper  and  Lower  Union  Mills 
were  organized  into  Carnegie,  Phipps  and  Com- 


pany, Ltd.  The  net  earnings  of  the  Carnegie^ 
companies  rose  from  $512,068  in  1879  to^ 
$2,128,422  in  1882.  While  1883,  1884,  and  1885J 
each  averaged  a  million  dollars  less.  In  1886' 
they  increased  to  $2,925,350,  in  1887  to 
$3,441,887,  but  decreased  in  1888  to  $1,941,565. 
This  drop  in  profits  led  Mr.  Carnegie  to  be- 
lieve that  the  steel  business  had  reached  its 
zenith  of  prosperity,  and  in  1889  he  entered  into 
negotiations  with  certain  English  bankers  and 
capitalists  with  a  view  to  selling  out.  Phipps 
resisted  the  project,  although  he  finally  yielded 
reluctantly  to  Carnegie's  insistence.  However, 
the  negotiations  had  no  satisfactory  result, 
much  to  the  delight  of  Phipps,  who,  writing 
to  Carnegie  in  Europe  said :  "  I  am  gratified 
that  we  are  not  to  go  out  of  business.  With 
Mr.  Frick  at  the  head,  I  have  no  fear  as  to 
receiving  a  good  return  upon  our  capitaL 
Being  interested  in  manufacturing  keeps  us 
within  touch  of  the  world  and  its  affairs." 
In  1882,  when  Carnegie  had  acquired  an  inter- 
est in  the  coke  business  of  Frick  and  Company, 
he  first  became  familiar  with  the  ability  of 
Henry  C.  Frick.  In  1889  he  persuaded  Mr. 
Frick  to  accept  the  chairmanship  of  Carnegie 
Brothers  and  Company,  Ltd.  Frick,  by  ac- 
quiring the  interest  of  David  A.  Stewart,  be- 
came the  second  largest  stockholder  in  the 
company.  He  became  director  in  Carnegie, 
Phipps  and  Company,  and  was  also  president 
of  the  H.  C.  Frick  Coke  Company.  Fortune 
favored  Carnegie  when  he  failed  to  sell  the 
company,  for  in  the  same  year  (1889),  al- 
though the  price  of  rails  dropped  to  their 
lowest  point,  under  Frick's  management  all 
previous  Carnegie  records  for  profits  were  ex- 
ceeded, and  they  steadily  increased  from 
$3,540,000  in  1889,  to  $40,000,000  in  1900,  the 
last  year  of  the  Carnegie  Steel  Company's  sep- 
arate existence.  Shortly  after  assuming  the 
chairmanship  of  Carnegie  Brothers  and  Com- 
pany Frick  skillfully  effected  the  absorption  of 
a  rival  organization,  the  Duquesne  Steel 
Works,  without  the  outlay  of  a  dollar,  by  a 
bond  issue  of  a  million  dollars.  It  added  to 
the  Carnegie  group  the  best  steel  works  in  the 
country,  paying  for  itself  within  one  year. 
In  1892  all  the  Carnegie  interests,  except  coke, 
were  consolidated  as  the  Carnegie  Steel  Com- 
pany, Ltd.,  and  Frick  was  elected  its  chair- 
man. Under  this  magician  of  steel  its  profits 
multiplied.  He  devoted  his  attention  to  per- 
fecting economies  of  operation,  and  the  changes 
he  effected  revolutionized  the  iron  industry. 
He  did  not  depend  on  an  intense  human  drive, 
and  immediately  dissipated  the  animosities  of 
the  petty  factions  which  had  been  created  out 
of  the  former  system  of  unfriendly  rivalry  for 
speed.  Frick  organized  the  many  separate 
Carnegie  establishments  into  a  coherent  unit 
of  harmonized  movement.  He  built  the  Union 
Railway,  which  connected  the  scattered  works 
with  every  important  railway  in  Western 
Pennsylvania.  He  obtained  a  one-half  interest 
in  the  Oliver  Mining  Company,  whose  ore- 
fields  provided  an  unfailing  supply  of  high 
grade  Bessemer  ores;  and  for  its  economical 
transportation  he  built  the  Pittsburgh,  Besse- 
mer and  Lake  Erie  Railroad  and  the  Pitts- 
burgh Steamship  Company.  This  ore  acquisi- 
tion, which  actually  gave  the  Carnegie  Steel 
Company  supremacy  in  the  iron  industry,  was 
opposed  by  Andrew  Carnegie.    When  consulted 


46 


CARNEGIE 


CARNEGIE 


concerning  it,  he  wrote  from  Scotland  in 
August,  1892:  "If  there  is  any  department  of 
business  which  offers  no  inducement,  it  is  ore." 
And  two  years  later,  in  April,  1894,  after 
Frick  had  made  the  arrangement  and  proven 
its  efficacy,  Carnegie  wrote  from  Sussex,  Eng- 
land :  "  The  Oliver  bargain  I  do  not  regard  as 
very  valuable.  You  will  find  that  this  ore 
venture,  like  all  our  other  ventures  in  ore, 
will  result  in  more  trouble  and  less  profit  than 
almost  any  branch  of  our  business.  If  any 
of  our  brilliant  and  talented  young  partners 
have  more  time,  or  attention,  than  is  required 
for  their  present  duties,  they  will  find  sources 
of  much  greater  profit  right  at  home.  I  hope 
you  will  make  a  note  of  this  prophecy."  His 
prophecy  proved  a  source  of  much  amusement 
to  the  other  members,  for  this  ore  venture  in 
1896,  through  an  arrangement  with  the  Rocke- 
fellers, resulted  in  a  visible  saving  of  $27,000,- 
000;  and  upon  the  organization  of  the  United 
States  Steel  Corporation,  Charles  M.  Schwab 
estimated  the  value  of  these  ore  holdings  at 
upward  of  $500,000,000.  By  the  acquisition  of 
this  ore,  and  by  the  building  of  railroads  and 
steamships  for  its  economical  transportation, 
Frick  had  co-ordinated  every  branch  of  the 
vast  Carnegie  interests.  They  formed  now  a 
complete  industrial  unit  of  amazing  efficiency; 
and  the  profits  were  increasing  annually  by 
millions.  In  1899  Mr,  Carnegie,  who  for  sev- 
eral years  had  been  living  abroad,  again  sought 
to  sell,  valuing  the  company,  including  the 
H.  C.  Frick  Coke  Campany,  at  $250,000,000; 
and  soon  afterwards,  March,  1899,  ex- Judge 
W.  H.  Moore  made  overtures  for  the  pur- 
chase of  Carnegie's  interests  in  the  Carnegie- 
Frick  properties.  Carnegie  stipulated  that 
negotiations  should  be  conducted  through  his 
principal  partners,  Phipps  and  Frick.  They 
agreed,  with  the  understanding  that  Moore  and 
his  friends  should  finance  the  entire  scheme. 
Carnegie  demanded  a  million  dollars  for  a 
ninety  days'  option  on  his  entire  interests  at 
a  price  of  $157,950,000;  and  he  afterward 
raised  this  bonus  to  $1,170,000.  The  increase 
was  met  by  Phipps  and  Frick  each  contributing 
$85,000,  Carnegie  agreeing  to  return  these 
sums  to  them  later.  Negotiations  ended 
abruptly,  however,  because  of  the  panic  due 
to  the  death  of  Roswell  P.  Flower.  Frick  and 
Phipps  went  to  Carnegie  at  Skibo  Castle, 
Scotland,  to  get  an  extension  of  the  option, 
but  he  refused.  He  was  desirous  of  selling 
out,  and  keenly  disappointed  at  the  failure  to 
complete  the  transaction.  Besides,  he  was 
chagrined  at  the  ridiculous  aspects  that  arose 
out  of  the  premature  publicity  of  its  consum- 
mation. The  failure  to  sell  also  was  one  of 
a  series  of  causes  that  brought  on  the  sensa- 
tional dispute  between  him  and  Frick.  Many 
reasons  contributed  to  Carnegie's  anxiety  to 
sell.  Lack  of  practical  knowledge  of  the  busi- 
ness had  shaken  his  faith  in  the  future  of  the 
iron  industry  ten  years  before,  when  he  at- 
tempted to  sell  to  the  English  capitalists;  and 
now,  in  his  estimation,  steel  had  passed  its 
•  golden  age.  Besides,  he  was  sixty-four  years 
of  age  and  living  principally  abroad.  He  was 
fascinated  by  the  international  attention  he 
had  achieved  through  association  with  the 
world's  political  and  social  leaders,  and  busi- 
ness affairs  no  longer  appealed  to  him.  In  per- 
sonal success,  at  least,  he  had  conquered  the 


business  world,  but  he  dreaded  the  possibility 
of  reverses.  Furthermore,  his  industrial  prestige 
was  being  eclipsed  by  the  achievements  of  the 
unostentatious  Frick;  and  Mr.  Carnegie  had 
never  tolerated  any  partner  who  threatened  to 
overshadow  him  in  prominence.  Two  Ameri- 
can beauty  roses  on  one  stem  did  not  accord 
with  his  esthetic  tastes;  so  the  ejecture  process 
was  revived  to  expel  Frick  from  the  company 
and  seize  his  interests  at  millions  below  their 
value.  This  iron-clad  (ejecture)  agreement 
was  a  practice  inaugurated  in  1884  of  reward- 
ing exceptional  services  of  employees  by  credit- 
ing them  with  an  interest  in  the  company; 
many  received  its  favor.  The  book  value  of 
the  interests  thus  assigned  was  credited  against 
recipients;  and  the  shares  were  held  by  the 
company  as  security  until  the  indebtedness  had 
been  paid  off.  Usually  the  profits  alone  sufficed 
to  liquidate  the  debt.  In  1887  an  automatic 
ejecture  was  added  to  it,  so  that  no  junior 
partner  need  be  kept  in  the  association  any 
longer  than  his  favor  lasted.  It  was  an  ex- 
cellent device,  keeping  the  young  "  geniuses  " 
in  an  humble  frame  of  mind  and  spurring 
them  to  further  eff'ort,  but  it  was  never  in- 
tended to  apply  to  partners  whose  interests 
were  paid  up,  such  as  Frick  and  Phipps.  In 
1892  Carnegie  made  a  futile  attempt  to  revise 
it  and  include  all  partners.  At  his  palace  near 
Windsor,  England,  he  besought  Phipps  to  sign 
this  new  document,  but  Phipps,  not  to  be  thus 
beguiled,  refused,  and  Carnegie's  was  the  only 
signature  ever  appended  to  it.  Concerning 
this  document  Phipps  wrote  from  London,  4 
Oct.,  1892:  "Please  inform  the  chairman, 
president,  and  board  of  managers  that  I  re- 
fuse to  sign  the  '  Iron-clad '  or  any  paper  of 
a  similar  character,  and  that  I  shall  resist  the 
buying  of  the  company's  stock  as  the  proposed 

agreement   contemplates   .      Besides   the 

act  would  be  illegal.  For  these  and  other  good 
reasons,  I  beg  that  no  action  in  the  matter 
be  taken."  That  was  the  status  of  the  iron- 
clad in  1899  when  Carnegie  revived  it  to  effect 
Frick's  ejecture.  After  an  extraordinary 
ritual  in  an  attempt  to  make  the  iron-clad 
applicable  to  the  Frick  case,  Carnegie  desig- 
nated Charles  M,  Schwab,  one  of  the  junior 
partners,  to  obtain  signatures  to  it;  and  domi- 
nated by  Carnegie's  overruling  influence,  all 
of  the  junior  partners  signed  it  except  two, 
F.  T.  F.  Lovcjoy  and  H.  M.  Curry.  Henry 
Phipps,  the  other  senior  partner,  whose  in- 
terests were  on  a  par  with  Frick's,  not  only 
refused  to  sign  the  demand,  but  joined  the 
latter  in  a  protest  against  the  action  of  the 
board.  He  wrote :  "  I  dissent  from  some  of 
the  statements  of  alleged  facts  therein  con- 
tained, and  I,  certainly,  do  not  agree,  but 
object  to  and  deny,  that  the  said  actions  of 
the  Board  of  Managers  on  8  Jan.,  1900,  and, 
indeed,  any  action  of  the  Board  of  Managers, 
could  or  did  reinstate  the  so-called  agreement 
of  1887."  Notwithstanding  the  apparent  liol- 
lowness  of  the  whole  proceeding,  Carnegie 
directed  Schwab,  as  Frick's  attorney  in  the 
pretended  transfer  of  the  latter'a  interest  to 
the  company,  which  amounted  to  its  seizure 
at  $11,000,000  less  than  its  value,  and  to  be 
paid  in  installments  of  such  long  duration, 
as  would  enable  its  being  paid  out  of  the 
profits  earned  by  Frick's  interest.  Frick 
sought  protection  in  the  courts,  which  resulted, 


47 


CARNEGIE 


five  days  later,  in  his  receiving  an  interest 
which  later  yielded  him  $23,000,000  more  than 
Carnegie  tried  to  force  him  to  sell  for.  This 
was  followed,  in  1900,  by  a  reorganization  of 
the  Carnegie  interests,  including  the  H.  C. 
Frick  Coke  Company,  into  the  Carnegie  Com- 
pany, incorporated  under  the  laws  of  New 
Jersey,  with  a  capital  of  $160,000,000.  In 
this  company  both  Mr.  Carnegie  and  Mr.  Frick 
were  omitted  from  the  directorate.  The  Frick 
fiasco  now  made  Mr.  Carnegie  desperately 
anxious  to  sell  out,  and  his  methods  of  accom- 
plishing it  stand  as  a  monument  to  his  re- 
sourcefulness. About  a  year  before  Frick  re- 
signed as  liead  of  the  Carnegie  Steel  Company, 
he  appointed  a  committee  to  report  on  a 
project  for  building  a  tube  works  at  Conneaut, 
the  Lake  Erie  terminus  of  the  Bessemer  Rail- 
road. There  being  little  freight  from  Pitts- 
burgh to  the  Lake  port,  the  ore  trains  returned 
for  the  most  part  empty;  and  to  utilize  this 
profitless  haul,  various  plans  had  been  dis- 
cussed by  Frick  and  his  colleagues  for  the 
building  of  blast-furnaces  and  other  works  at 
Conneaut  that  would  call  for  Pittsburgh  coal 
and  coke.  The  minutes  of  the  meeting  of  the 
Board  of  Managers  of  16  Jan.,  1899,  show  that 
Mr.  Clemson,  whom  Frick  had  authorized  to 
investigate  the  matter,  also  was  in  favor  of 
starting  the  tube  works.  But  further  action 
was  deferred  because  of  the  contemplated  sale 
of  the  Carnegie  Steel  Company  to  the  Moore 
syndicate.  The  Conneaut  terminal  was  in- 
tended as  a  simple  business  plan  and  grew  out 
of  the  need  for  filling  the  empty  ore-cars  on 
their  return  to  Conneaut.  There  was  no  in- 
tention during  Prick's  regime  of  holding  the 
tube  project  as  a  threat  over  anybody.  But 
now  it  occurred  to  Mr.  Carnegie  that  this 
might  be  revived  and  utilized  to  force  the 
purchase  of  at  least  his  own  holdings,  and 
perhaps  of  the  whole  Carnegie  concern.  So 
the  plan  was  perfected  and  given  to  the  news- 
papers by  the  Carnegie  press  agent  and  by 
Carnegie  interviews.  This  project,  in  addi- 
tion to  becoming  a  rival  of  the  powerful 
National  Tube  Works,  threatened  to  enter  into 
competition  with  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad. 
The  consternation  thus  produced  was  well 
described  in  a  magazine  of  that  period: 
"  Either  project  as  a  threat  would  have  been 
alarming.  The  two  together  as  imminent  and 
assured  accomplishments  produced  a  panic. 
And  a  panic  among  millionaires,  while  hard 
to  produce  is,  when  once  under  way,  just  as 
much  of  a  panic  as  is  a  panic  among  geese. 
...  At  last  they  ran  to  their  master,  Mor- 
gan, and  he  negotiated  with  Carnegie."  An 
effective  feature  of  the  propaganda,  arranged 
by  the  credit  manager  of  the  Carnegie  Com- 
pany, was  a  dinner  given  in  New  York  by 
bankers  at  which  Schwab  described  with  en- 
thusiasm the  future  of  the  steel  industry. 
Concerning  this,  Prof.  Henry  Loomis  Nelson 
says:  "Views  so  large,  so  wise  and  so  interest- 
ing that  Mr.  Morgan  was  strongly  impressed 
by  the  speech  and  the  speaker.  Then  there 
began  a  series  of  interviews  which  eventually 
led  to  the  founding  of  the  United  States  Steel 
Corporation,  to  the  realization  of  Mr.  Car- 
negie's desire  to  retire  from  control  of  the 
business."  It  was  the  most  masterly  piece  of 
diplomacy  in  the  history  of  American  industry, 
and  formed  a  fitting  climax  to  Andrew  Car- 

48 


CARNEGIE 


\ 


negie's  romantic  business  career.  Carnegie  has 
claimed  to  have  been  the  first  to  introduce 
into  this  country  the  manufacture  of  iron 
bridges  and  the  Bessemer  process  of  making 
steel.  But  statistics  prove  these  claims  un- 
warranted. In  a  biography  of  himself  he 
wrote :  "  There  were  so  many  delays  on  rail- 
roads in  those  days  from  burned  or  broken 
bridges  that  I  felt  the  day  of  wooden  bridges 
must  end  soon,  just  as  the  day  of  wood- 
burning  locomotives  was  ended.  Cast  iron 
bridges,  I  thought,  ought  to  replace  them,  so 
I  organized  a  company,  principally  from  rail- 
road men  I  knew,  to  make  these  iron  bridges, 
and  we  called  it  the  Keystone  Bridge  Com- 
pany." The  facts  are,  according  to  "  The  In- 
side History  of  the  Carnegie  Steel  Company," 
that  the  formation  of  the  Keystone  Bridge 
Company  was  merely  the  incorporation  of 
the  firm  of  Piper  and  Shiffler,  which  had  been 
building  iron  bridges  since  1857 — eight  years 
before  Mr.  Carnegie  became  associated  with  it. 
Concerning  his  introduction  of  the  Bessemer 
process  into  this  country,  he  writes :  "  On  my 
return  from  England  [he  is  speaking  of  the 
year  1868]  I  built  at  Pittsburgh  a  plant  for 
the  Bessemer  process  of  steel-making,  which 
had  not  until  then  been  operated  in  this  coun- 
try, and  started  in  to  make  steel  rails  for 
American  railroads."  The  facts  are  that  the 
construction  of  the  first  Carnegie  Bessemer 
steel  plant,  which  was  the  eleventh  in  America 
to  adopt  the  process,  was  not  commenced  until 
April,  1873,  and  was  not  in  operation  until 
the  end  of  August,  1875.  All  encyclopedic 
data  on  the  subject  is  to  the  effect  that  the 
first  Bessemer  steel  produced  in  America  was 
made  at  Wyandotte,  Mich.,  in  1864,  and  that 
the  first  Bessemer  steel  rails  made  in  America 
were  rolled  at  the  North  Chicago  Rolling  Mill 
in  presence  of  the  American  Iron  and  Steel 
Institute  in  May,  1865,  from  ingots  made  at 
Wyandotte.  In  September,  1875,  the  "  Ameri- 
can Manufacturer,"  commenting  on  the  com- 
pletion of  the  Edgar  Thomson  works,  remarked : 
'*  We  [in  Pittsburgh]  have  been  slow  to  take 
advantage  of  the  Bessemer  process.  This  j 
dilatoriness  is  all  the  more  remarkable  as  | 
there  has  not  been  the  least  doubt  as  to  its  - 
success  and  value  practically  and  commer- 
cially." It  is  a  fact  that  Mr.  Carnegie  is  not 
credited  with  having  invented  or  contributed 
any  innovation  to  any  practical  branch  during 
his  long  connection  with  the  iron  industry. 
On  the  contrary,  he  is  on  record  as  having 
strongly  opposed  vital,  improvements,  such  as 
building  the  Universal  Slabbing  Mill  at  Home- 
stead, Coleman's  Bessemer  project  in  1871,  and 
Frick's  acquisition  of  the  Oliver  ore-fields. 
For  the  sakj  of  accuracy,  reference  might  also 
be  made  to  another  error  in  fact  which  has  ap- 
peared in  several  biographical  articles  on  Mr. 
Carnegie,  and  exhibits  a  tendency  toward  in- 
accuracy. In  the  same  biography  in  which  he 
claims  to  have  been  the  first  to  introduce  the 
Bessemer  process  in  America,  he  says :  "  My 
father,  who  had  been  naturalized  as  an  Ameri- 
can citizen  in  1853,  had  died  soon  afterwards.  * 
.  .  .  At  the  age  of  sixteen  I  was  the  family 
mainstay."  But  "  The  Inside  History  of  the 
Carnegie  Steel  Company,"  whose  exhaustive  ref- 
erence to  original  documents  has  established 
the  date  of  every  salient  event,  says :  "  The 
facts,  as  shown  by  the  Allegheny  County  rec- 


i 


CARNEGIE 


CARNEGIE 


ords  on  file  in  the  Pittsburgh  court  house,  are 
as  follows :  On  14  Sept.,  1855,  the  father  of  An- 
drew Carnegie  made  a  will.  .  .  .  Andrew  was 
then  within  ten  weeks  of  being  twenty  years  of 
age."  Nevertheless,  in  the  important  role  he  did 
assume,  that  of  creating  outlets  for  the  com- 
pany's products,  he  displayed  extraordinary 
ability.  "  The  part  at  first  selected  by  Andrew 
Carnegie  for  himself,"  says  "  The  Inside  His- 
tory of  the  Carnegie  Steel  Company,"  "  was  the 
procurement  of  orders.  Here  he  displayed  an 
originality  so  marked  that  it  amounted  to 
genius.  Endowed  with  a  ready  wit,  an  ex- 
cellent memory  for  telling  stories,  and  a  nat- 
ural gift  for  reciting  them,  he  became  a  social 
favorite  in  New  York  and  Washington,  and 
never  missed  a  chance  to  make  a  useful  ac- 
quaintance. His  mental  alertness,  ready 
speech,  and  enthusiastic  temperament  made 
him  a  delightful  addition  to  a  dinner  party; 
and  many  an  unconscious  hostess,  opening  her 
doors  to  the  little  Scotchman,  has  also  paved 
the  way  to  a  sale  of  railroad  material.  Car- 
negie early  found  that  his  power  to  promote 
sales  grew  in  proportion  to  his  own  impor- 
tance. His  natural  love  of  prominence  was  thus 
fortified  by  its  commercial  value.  Never  was 
a  band  wagon  driven  with  such  skill.  The  box 
of  Carnegie's  chariot  became  the  '  seats  of  the 
mighty.'  And  so  a  politico-social  campaign 
went  on  hand  in  hand  with  the  rail,  bridge, 
armor-plate,  and  structural-steel  business, 
through  seasons  of  opera,  concerts,  lecturings, 
and  book-publishings,  until  the  name  of  Car- 
negie was  written  in  bright  letters  across  the 
sky  of  two  hemispheres,  and  people  forgot  that 
there  were  any  other  steel  works  in  the  world. 
Meanwhile  in  Pittsburgh  the  partners  worked 
steadily  on,  building  dollar  by  dollar  the  great 
golden  pyramid  by  which  their  majority  stock- 
holder was  to  be  immortalized."  "  Carnegie 
owes  a  great  deal  to  his  habit  of  traveling," 
said  George  Lauder,  his  cousin.  "  While 
other  men  were  wallowing  in  details,  he  was 
able  to  take  a  wider  view."  Supplied  with 
daily  reports  of  the  product  of  every  depart- 
ment of  each  of  the  works,  Carnegie  had  lei- 
sure to  make  comparisons,  and  to  prod  with 
a  sharp  note  any  partner  or  superintendent 
whose  work  did  not  rank  with  the  best.  In 
time  he  became  very  expert  at  these  postal 
proddings;  and  with  a  few  words  scribbled 
on  the  back  of  his  address  card,  he  could  spur 
the  best  of  his  managers  to  more  furious  effort. 
"  Carnegie  did  not  roost  in  the  tree,"  wrote 
David  Graham  Phillips;  "he  would  sit  afar 
off,  on  the  rail-fence,  apparently  watching  the 
waterers  and  spaders  and  caterpillar-killers, 
all  desperately  at  work,  with  the  sweat  stream- 
ing. Presently  he  would  descend  from  his  rail- 
perch,  catch  up  a  great  club  and  lay  franti- 
cally about  him.  Bruised  skulls  here;  broken 
skulls  there;  corpses  yonder;  fellows  with  raw 
heads  and  aching  bones,  crawling  rapidly  into 
the  cover  of  the  tall  grass;  imprecations  fill- 
ing the  air.  A  scene  of  peaceful  industry 
transformed  into  a  sliambles.  Grinning  at  his 
club,  Carnegie  would  stroll  back  to  his  rail- 
perch,  usually  Skibo."  In  1885  he  began  a 
series  of  lectures  and  essays  on  the  natural 
rights  of  labor,  and  a  year  later  he  published 
"Triumphant  Democracy,"  a  vehicle  for  his 
advanced  views  on  tlie  political  and  social 
equality  of  all  men.  It  was  a  glorification  of 
the   toiler,   among  whom   it   was   widely  dis- 


tributed. In  the  same  year  he  also  published, 
in  the  "  Forum,"  an  essay  on  the  relations  of 
capital  and  labor.  It  was  lofty  in  spirit  and 
purpose  and  contained  his  famous  aphorism: 
"  There  is  an  unwritten  law  among  workmen : 
*  Thou  shalt  not  take  thy  neighbor's  job.' " 
However,  Carnegie  in  theory  and  Carnegie  in 
practice  were  brought  into  sharp  contrast 
shortly  afterward  by  the  Edgar  Thomson 
strike  of  1887,  caused  by  his  intention  to  re- 
sume the  twelve-hour  day.  Captain  Jones, 
superintendent  of  the  mill,  had  previously 
effected  a  reduction  from  twelve  hours,  and 
said  that  "  I  soon  discovered  it  was  entirely 
out  of  the  question  to  expect  human  flesh  and 
blood  to  labor  incessantly  for  twelve  hours." 
Nevertheless,  Mr.  Carnegie  desired  its  resump- 
tion. The  workmen  refused  to  accede  to  the 
demand,  and  a  strike  resulted.  "  The  Inside 
History  of  the  Carnegie  Steel  Company  "  says : 
"  But  before  it  had  gone  far  a  committee  of 
the  strikers  went  to  see  Mr.  Carnegie  at  the 
Windsor  Hotel,  New  York.  There  he  reasoned 
with  them,  and  talked  them  into  a  conciliatory 
frame  of  mind;  and  they  agreed  to  sign  the 
contract  he  put  before  them.  The  affair 
seemed  to  have  reached  a  happy  conclusion; 
and  the  labor  leaders  left  for  Pittsburgh  in 
the  best  of  spirits.  As  Mr.  Carnegie  bade 
them  good-by,  he  pressed  into  the  hands  of 
each  a  copy  of  his  '  Forum '  essay.  This  the 
men  read  on  the  train;  and  on  their  arrival 
at  Braddock  they  promptly  repudiated  the 
agreement  they  had  signed  and  continued  the 
strike,"  Under  the  protection  of  Pinkerton 
guards,  the  works  were  put  in  operation  by 
non-union  men.  The  usual  disorders  took 
place,  resulting  in  loss  of  life;  and  after  a* 
five-months'  struggle  the  company  won  the 
contest  in  May,  1888.  During  the  strike  Mr. 
Carnegie  was  in  retirement  in  Atlantic  City, 
where  he  was  kept  informed  of  its  develop- 
ments by  his  cousin,  George  Lauder.  Nor  did 
time  effect  any  favorable  change  in  his  atti- 
tude toward  labor.  His  humanitarian  precepts 
became  thorns  under  the  perversion  of  the 
labor  agitators;  in  fact,  to  these  are  directly 
attributed  the  Homestead  strike.  Although  in 
this  strike  the  men  presented  less  grievance 
than  in  any  of  the  others,  it  proved  to  be  the 
most  sensational  of  all  the  many  Carnegie 
labor  troubles.  And  it  was  aggravated  by  the 
belief  of  the  workmen  that  Mr.  Carnegie,  who 
was  in  Europe,  would  settle  matters  to  their 
satisfaction  if  he  were  apprised  of  their  de- 
sires. But  the  strike  was  being  conducted  in 
accordance  with  plans  made  by  him  before  his 
departure.  On  4  April,  1892,  three  months  be- 
fore the  strike  began,  in  a  notice  intended 
for  the  workmen  he  stated :  "  These  works, 
therefore,  will  be  necessarily  Non-Union  after 
the  expiration  [1  July,  1892]  of  the  present 
agreement."  This  refers  to  an  agreement  en- 
tered into  at  the  same  works  three  years  be- 
fore, which,  through  the  installation  of  im- 
proved machinery,  was  enabling  many  of  the 
workmen  to  earn  upwards  of  $15.00  a  day.  It 
also  compelled  the  company  to  submit  to  the 
interference  of  labor  loaders  in  the  operation 
of  nearly  every  department.  Thus  all'airs  had 
smoldered  for  ne'arly  tliree  years,  greatly  to 
the  chagrin  of  Mr.  Carnegie,  who  now  fanned 
the  conflagration,  and  ])rudently  retired  to 
Scotland.  From  there,  on  10  June,  1892,  he 
wrote  to  Frick:  "Of  course,  you  will  be  asked 


49 


CARNEGIE 


KAHN 


to  confer,  and  I  know  you  will  decline  all  con- 
ferences. You  will  win  and  win  easier  than  you 
suppose,  owing  to  the  present  condition  of  mar- 
kets." On  17  June,  181)2,  he  emphasized  his  un- 
compromising attitude  by  writing:  "  Perhaps  if 
Homestead  men  understand  that  non-acceptance 
means  non-union  forever,  they  will  accept." 
•He  also  cabled  VVhitelaw  Reid,  who  was  trying 
to  bring  about  a  settlement  of  the  strike,  that 
no  compromise  would  be  considered  by  him, 
and  that  he  would  rather  see  grass  growing 
over  the  Homestead  works  than  advise  Mr. 
Frick  to  yield  to  the  strikers.  "  The  Romance 
of  Steel "  says :  "  The  workmen  had  a  con- 
viction, almost  a  religious  belief,  that  no  out- 
siders had  a  right  to  come  in  and  take  their 
Elacfs  during  a  strike.  Andrew  Carnegie 
imself  had  said,  a  few  years  before:  'There 
is  an  unwritten  law  among  the  best  workmen, 
"Thou  shalt  not  take  thy  neighbor's  job."'" 
Mr.  Carnegie,  however,  had  selected  the  secluded 
residence  at  Rannoch  Lodge,  in  Scotland,  for 
the  purpose  of  eluding  the  appeals  which  it 
was  apparent  his  speeches  and  writings  would 
call  forth;  and  his  silence  during  the  conflict 
at  Homestead  was  in  accordance  with  plans 
made  by  him  long  before.  An  Associated 
Press  representative  located  Mr.  Carnegie  in 
Scotland  and  after  much  difficulty  succeeded 
in  getting  a  short  statement  from  him.  He 
said:  "  Well,  I  authorize  you  to  make  the  fol- 
lowing statement:  I  have  not  attended  to 
business  for  the  past  three  years,  but  I  have 
implicit  confidence  in  those  who  are  managing 
the  mills.  Further  than  that  I  have  nothing 
to  say."  This  aroused  a  storm  of  criticism 
both  at  home  and  abroad.  The  St.  Louis 
''Post-Dispatch"  said:  "One  would  naturally 
suppose  that  if  he  had  a  grain  of  manhood, 
not  to  say  courage,  in  his  composition,  he 
would  at  least  have  been  willing  to  face  the 
consequences  of  his  inconsistency.  But  what 
does  Carnegie  do?  Runs  off  to  Scotland  out 
of  harm's  way  to  await  the  issue  of  the  battle 
he  was  too  pusillanimous  to  share."  The  Lon- 
don "  Financial  Observer,"  of  16  July,  1892, 
said:  "  Here  we  have  this  Scotch-Yankee  pluto- 
crat meandering  through  Scotland  in  a  four- 
in-hand,  opening  public  libraries,  and  receiving 
the  freedom  of  cities,  while  the  wretched  Bel- 
gian and  Italian  workmen  who  sweat  them- 
selves in  order  to  supply  him  with  the  ways 
and  means  for  his  self-glorification  are  starving 
in  Pittsburgh."  In  America,  on  the  same  date, 
Carnegie  was  burnt  in  effigy  at  Little  Rock, 
Ark.  How  eagerly  the  labor  leaders  had 
seized  upon  Carnegie's  terse  commandment  to 
etfect  their  purpose  became  evident  in  the 
testimony  of  General  Master  Workman  T.  V. 
Powderly  at  the  Congressional  investigation  of 
the  strike:  "Does  your  organization  coun- 
tenance the  prevention  of  non-union  men  tak- 
ing the  place  of  striking  or  locked-out  men?" 
he  was  asked.  To  which  he  replied:  "We 
agree  with  Andrew  Carnegie,  '  Thou  shalt  not 
take  thy  neighbor's  job.' "  Public  sentiment 
became  so  enraged  at  the  Homestead  strike 
that  it  became  a  national  political  issue  and 
brought  defeat  to  the  Republicans  in  the  presi- 
dential campaign  of  November,  1892.  One  of 
the  disappointed  leaders,  General  Grosvenor, 
of  Ohio,  stigmatized  Mr.  Carnegie  as  "the 
arch-sneak  of  the  age."  Vainglory  and  ab- 
normal astuteness  furnish  the  key  to  Mr.  Car- 


negie's conflicting,  enigmatical  personality. 
He  took  unscrupulously  from  his  partners,  and 
gave  lavishly  of  public  bequests;  he  glorified 
his  workmen,  yet  drove  them  inhumanly;  he 
said :  "  I  would  as  soon  leave  to  my  son  a 
curse  as  the  almighty  dollar,"  while  his  only 
child  is  a  daughter,  born  in  1897.  He  possessed 
an  inordinate  craving  for  public  attention,  and 
his  departure  or  entrance  into  the  country  was 
always  chronicled  by  an  interview.  Unfor- 
tunately the  one  that  attracted  the  most  at- 
tention contained  praise  of  the  Kaiser,  just 
after  the  outbreak  of  the  European  War.  He 
was  roundly  criticized  for  this,  and  in  Scot- 
land, of  which  country  he  had  been  regarded 
as  "Patron  Saint,"  his  statue  was  splattered 
with  mud  and  filth.  In  the  early  eighties,  to 
remedy  the  defects  due  to  his  neglected  early 
training,  Carnegie  devoted  considerable  time  to 
study  under  the  guidance  of  tutors,  and  soon 
became  a  prolific  writer,  largely  in  the  form 
of  magazine  articles.  But  he  has  also  pro- 
duced, with  the  aid  of  literary  assistants,  a 
number  of  works  in  more  permanent  form: 
"  An  American  Four-in-Hand  in  Britain " 
(1883);  "Round  the  World"  (1884);  "Tri- 
umphant Democracy"  (1886);  "The  Gospel 
of  Wealth"  (1900);  "The  Empire  of  Busi- 
ness "  ( 1902 )  ;  "  Life  of  James  Watt  "  ( 1905 )  ; 
and  "Problems  of  To-day"  (1908).  Mr.  Car- 
negie's stupendous  charities  include,  .besides 
$60,000,000  for  2,500  libraries,  the  endowment 
of  various  institutions  for  the  advancement  of 
learning.  These  institutions  are  supported  by 
the  interest  from  the  endowments,  which  in- 
clude $125,000,000  for  the  Carnegie  Corpora- 
tion of  New  York;  $22,000,000  for  the  Car- 
negie Institution  of  Washington;  $16,000,000 
for  the  Carnegie  Foundation  for  the  Advance- 
ment of  Teaching;  $13,000,000  for  the  Car- 
negie Institute  at  Pittsburgh;  $10,000,000  for 
the  Carnegie  Institute  of  Technology;  $5,000,- 
000  for  the  Carnegie  Hero  Fund;  $10,000,000 
for  the  Carnegie  Endowment  for  International 
Peace ;  $6,000,000  for  church  organs ;  $4,000,000 
for  steel  workers'  pensions;  $2,000,000  for  the 
Church  Peace  Union;  and  $1,500,000  for  The 
Hague  peace  palace.  He  married,  in  1887, 
Louise  Whitfield,  of  New  York  City.  They 
are  the  parents  of  one  child,  Margaret  (b.  in 
1897). 

KAHN,  Otto  Hermann,  banker  and  art 
patron,  b.  in  Mannheim,  Germany,  21  Feb., 
1867,  Son  of  Bernhard  and  Emma  (Eberstadt) 
Kahn.  From  his  father,  a  prosperous  banker 
of  Mannheim,  Otto  inherited  a  love  of  art  in 
its  various  developments  which  caused  him  to 
become  internationally  distinguished  as  an 
earnest  advocate  and  liberal  supporter,  not 
only  of  what  was  excellent  in  music,  painting, 
sculpture,  and  literature,  but  of  all  that  prom- 
ised to  become  so.  He  always  has  been  broad, 
democratic,  and  catholic  in  his  artistic  judg- 
ment, a  judgment  that  has  seldom  been  ques- 
tioned, and  never  successfully  controverted. 
He  grew  up  in  an  atmosphere  of  art,  for  his 
father's  home  in  Mannheim  was  a  rendezvous 
for  a  wide  circle  of  artists,  musicians,  singers, 
sculptors,  and  writers.  His  own  ambition  was 
to  be  a  musician,  and  he  learned  to  play  sev- 
eral instruments  before  he  was  graduated  at 
the  high  school.  But  he  was  one  of  eight  chil- 
dren and  his  father  had  set  plans  for  the 
career  of  each  one.     In  his  own  case  he  was 


50 


;•;•-■.', /r,.//,*.^  A-'Y 


hit/ 


KAHN 


KAHN 


destined  to  be  a  banker  and  perhaps,  to  his 
disgust,  certainly  to  his  disappointment,  in- 
stead of  being  permitted  to  make  the  study  of 
music  his  life  work,  after  passing  through  col- 
lege, at  the  age  of  seventeen,  he  was  placed  in 
a  bank  at  Karlsruhe,  near  Mannheim,  to  learn 
finance  from  the  very  fountain.  His  principal 
duties  for  some  time  were  those  of  junior 
clerk.  Speaking  of  the  months  when  he  filled 
this  hard-working  and  undignified  position, 
Otto  Kahn  is  quoted  as  having  said :  "  It  was 
a  useful  salutary  training,  for  it  taught  dis- 
cipline and  order.  One  must  learn  to  obey  be- 
fore he  is  fit  to  command.  It  instilled  a  proper 
sense  of  one's  place,  and  emphasized  that  the 
most  humble  duties  must  be  performed  con- 
scientiously and  without  any  loss  of  self- 
respect.  I  suppose  I  must  have  wiped  the  ink- 
wells fairly  satisfactorily,  for  it  was  not  long 
before  I  was  promoted  and  had  another  novice 
to  clean  my  inkwell  and  fetch  my  lunch."  For 
three  years  Otto  Kahn  remained  in  the  bank  at 
Karlsruhe,  advancing  until  he  was  thoroughly 
grounded  in  the  intricacies  of  finance,  and  could 
properly  be  called  a  good  banker  at  that  time. 
Then  the  call  of  the  army  came  and  he  entered 
the  Kaiser's  Hussars  to  give  the  required  years 
of  service.  As  a  soldier  he  was  as  thorough  as 
in  everything  else,  and  the  eff'ect  of  his  mili- 
tary training  has  always  remained  with  him 
in  his  upright  carriage  and  easy  grace  of  move- 
ment. On  leaving  the  army  he  went  to  the 
important  London  agency  of  the  Deutsche  Bank, 
where  he  remained  five  years.  Here  he  dis- 
played such  unusual  talents  that  he  became  sec- 
ond in  command  when  he  had  been  there  but 
a  comparatively  short  time.  The  English  mode 
of  life,  both  political  and  social,  appealed  to 
him  so  forcefully  that,  when  he  had  become 
thoroughly  familiar  with  its  traditions,  its 
freedom  and  broadness  of  outlook  on  the 
world  he  decided  to  renounce  his  German  citi- 
zenship and  became  naturalized  as  an  English- 
man. As  he  has  expressed  it,  very  happily,  he 
became  an  "  Englishman  from  conviction." 
Notwithstanding  that  he  was  an  aristocrat  by 
birth,  education,  and  associations,  he  was  thor- 
oughly democratic  at  heart  and  his  aversion  to 
everything  that  savored  of  coercion  and  abridg- 
ment of  freedom  was  deep  and  sincere.  When 
he  went  to  London  first  he  had  no  intention 
of  becoming  a  British  subject.  His  course  was 
prompted  solely  by  his  admiration  for  the  in- 
stitutions of  the  country  as  they  appealed  to 
him,  and  in  that,  as  in  every  important  act  of 
his  life,  he  never  lacked  for  an  instant  the 
courage  of  his  convictions.  It  was  in  1893 
that  the  marked  talents  of  Mr.  Kahn  attracted 
the  notice  of  the  heads  of  the  great  London 
banking  firm  of  Speyer  and  Company,  and  they 
offered  him  an  important  position  in  their  New 
York  house.  He  accepted,  but  intended  to  re- 
main only  temporarily  in  America.  Before  he 
had  been  long  in  New  York,  however,  he 
changed  his  mind.  He  decided  that  both  the 
people  and  climate  of  the  United  States  were 
congenial  to  his  temperament,  and  soon  he  be- 
came so  completely  absorbed  in  the  business 
and  social  activities  of  New  York  that  he  had 
no  wish  for  any  others.  On  the  first  of  Jan- 
uary, 1897,  he  became  a  member  of  the  bank- 
ing firm  of  Kuhn,  Loeb  and  Company.  He  did 
much  to  enhance  the  already  great  prestige 
and  influence  of  that  famous  institution  of  high 


finance.  Almost  immediately  he  was  thrown 
into  contact  with  the  railroad  builder,  E.  H. 
Harriman.  These  two,  gifted  with  the  clear, 
quick  thought  that  is  always  the  precursor  of 
brilliant  deeds,  took  to  each  other  immediately. 
In  spite  of  sharply  defined  diff'erences  in  tem- 
perament and  method,  they  became  as  brothers. 
In  opposition  to  Harriman's  gruff,  domineer- 
ing, aggressive  manner  in  business,  was  Mr. 
Kahn's  calm,  good-humored,  almost  gentle  de- 
portment. True,  the  velvet  glove  he  extended 
so  smilingly  covered  a  fist  of  steel,  but  the  fist 
did  not  smite  unless  real  occasion  arose.  Then 
the  blow  came  hard,  swift,  and  sudden,  and  al- 
ways was  eff"ective.  The,  traveled,  cultured 
banker  and  diplomat  had  early  learned  the 
value  of  cultivating  the  good  will  of  others, 
thus  enlisting  their  co-operation,  rather  than 
arousing  a  spirit  of  combativeness  in  them  by 
a  challenging  truculence.  That  was  the  dif- 
ference in  the  methods  of  these  two  excep- 
tionally able  men.  Otto  Kahn  at  this  time 
was  only  thirty  years  of  age,  but  he  took  an 
almost  equal  part  with  Harriman  in  the  gi- 
gantic task  of  reorganizing  the  Union  Pacific 
Railroad,  a  work  which  in  its  early  stages 
had  been  handled  by  that  master  of  finance 
and  railroad  management,  Jacob  H.  Schiff, 
the  head  of  the  firm  of  Kuhn,  Loeb  and 
Company.  Otto  Kahn  proved  his  ability  to 
analyze  mathematically  and  scientifically 
the  innumerable  problems  that  were  con- 
stantly presented  in  this  enormously  respon- 
sible undertaking.  It  was  not  only  his  im- 
portant part  in  perfecting  the  Northern 
Pacific  system  that  caused  Mr.  Kahn  soon  to 
be  acknowledged  as  the  ablest  reorganizer  of 
railroads  in  the  United  States.  His  unerring 
judgment  has  been  applied  to  the  Baltimore 
and  Ohio;  Missouri  Pacific;  Wabash;  Chicago 
and  Eastern  Illinois;  the  Texas  and  Pacific; 
and  other  great  systems.  He  saved  the  Missouri 
Pacific  almost  from  total  ruin  by  a  singularly 
bold  stroke,  which  wrested  the  control  of  the 
road  from  a  management  that  had  proved  it- 
self inadequate,  although  fighting  to  hold  its 
power  to  the  very  end.  More  than  once  the 
prompt  and  vigorous  action  of  Otto  Kahn 
averted  an  imminent  financial  panic.  A  notable 
instance  was  his  rescuing  from  collapse  the 
famous  Pearson-Farquhar  syndicate  when  it 
found  itself  in  deep  water  in  a  daring  attempt 
to  combine  several  existing  lines  of  railroad 
into  a  great  transcontinental  system  that  would 
excel  any  other  in  existence.  When  the  Ameri- 
can International  Corporation,  with  its  $50,- 
000,000  capital  and  its  vast  protentialities  for 
making  •  eminent  America's  position  in  the 
world  of  trade  and  finance,  was  in  process  of 
formation,  it  was  Otto  H.  Kahn  who  took  an 
active  part  in  the  negotiations,  and  brought 
them  to  a  successful  issue.  In  fact,  the  presi- 
dent of  the  corporation,  Charles  A.  Stone,  con- 
fessed to  an  interviewer :  "  I  don't  know  what 
we  should  have  done  without  the  counsel  and 
practical  assistance  of  Mr.  Kahn.  He  is  a 
wonder,  his  understanding  of  international  af- 
fairs is  amazing."  Another  great  work  in 
which  Mr.  Kahn  showed  his  transcendent 
ability  was  in  conducting  the  intricate,  deli- 
cate negotiations  which  led  to  the  opening  of 
the  doors  of  the  Paris  Bourse  to  American 
securities  and  the  listing  there  of  $50,000,000 
Pennsylvania  bonds,  in   1906,  the  first  official 


51 


KAHN 

listing  of  American  securities  in  Paris.  Also 
he  had  a  large  share  later  in  the  negotiations 
which  resultt^  in  the  issue  by  Kuhn,  Loeb  and 
Company  of  $50,000,000  of  City  of  Paris  bonds 
and  $60,000,000  Bordeaux-Lyons  and  Mar- 
seilles bonds.  As  an  art  connoisseur,  Otto  H. 
Kahn  is  probably  better  known  to  the  world  at 
large  than  he  is  as  a  banker.  He  reorganized 
the  Metropolitan  Opera  in  New  York  as  he 
would  have  reorganized  a  railroad.  Regard- 
less of  expense  to  liimself  personally,  he  in- 
tro<luced  many  valuable  reforms  both  artisti- 
cally and  raanagerially,  ended  costly  and  use- 
less* excrescences,  raised  the  tone  of  artistic 
aspiration,  and  in  general  put  new  life  into  the 
institution.  He  is  chairman  of  the  Metropoli- 
tan Opera  Company  and  he  gives  a  great  deal 
of  valuable  time  to  its  affairs  inspired  only 
by  his  genuine  love  of  music,  coupled  with  the 
determination  that  what  is  offered  by  the 
organization  shall  be  of  the  finest  quality  it  is 
possible  to  acquire,  no  matter  at  what  expense 
or  labor.  To  Mr.  Kahn  music,  beautiful  paint- 
ings, vitalized  statuary,  and  real  literature  are 
the  essentials  of  a  full  life,  and  he  would  as 
soon  try  to  live  without  food  as  to  deprive 
himself  of  an  interest  in  the  beautiful  and  the 
true  as  exemplified  in  art  in  all  its  aspects. 
Nor  has  he  ever  been  selfish  in  his  enjoyment 
of  art.  His  sentiments  in  this  regard  he  once 
put  into  words  which  are  well  worth  quoting, 
"  Maecenases  are  needed,"  he  said,  "  for  the 
dramatic  stage,  the  operatic  stage,  the  con- 
cert stage;  for  conservatories  and  art  acad- 
emies; for  the  encouragement  and  support  of 
American  writers,  painters,  sculptors,  decora- 
tors, in  fact  for  all  those  things  which  in 
Europe  are  done  by  princes,  governments,  and 
communities  ...  to  strive  toward  fostering 
the  art  life  of  the  country,  toward  counter- 
acting harsh  militarism,  toward  relieving  the 
monotony  and  strain  of  the  people's  every-day 
life  by  helping  to  awaken  or  foster  in  them 
the  love  and  the  understanding  of  that  which 
is  beautiful  and  inspiring,  and  aversion  and 
contempt  for  that  which  is  vulgar,  cheap,  and 
degrading,  that  is  a  humanitarian  effort  emi- 
nently worth  making."  In  all  his  activities 
aside  from  those  of  his  banking  house,  Mr. 
Kahn  has  been  inspired  not  by  a  wish  to  cater 
to  the  whims  of  people  of  his  own  social  stand- 
ing, but  by  a  sincere  desire  to  furnish  for  the 
masses  the  mental  and  spiritual  nourishment 
afforded  by  genuine  art  and  beauty  and  cul- 
ture. In  addition  to  holding  the  chairmanship 
of  the  Metropolitan  Opera  Company,  he  was 
chairman  of  the  Century  Opera  Company, 
founded  to  give  opera  at  popular  prices,  treas- 
urer of  the  New  Theater,  vice-president  and 
principal  founder  of  the  Chicago  Grand  Opera 
Company,  director  of  the  Boston  Opera  Com- 
pany, and  honorary  director  of  the  Royal  Opera 
Company,  Covent  Garden,  London.  Among 
other  institutions  in  which  he  takes  a  help- 
ful interest  are  the  Boys'  Club,  New  York 
City,  which  was  founded  by  E.  H.  Harriman, 
and  the  Neurological  Institute,  also  in  New 
York,  and  which  Mr.  Kahn  helped  to  establish. 
Besides  his  membership  in  the  banking  firm 
of  Kuhn,  Loeb  and  Company,  he  is  a  director 
of  the  following:  Equitable  Trust  Company, 
Union  Pacific  Railroad  Company,  Southern 
Pacific  Company,  Oregon  Short  Line  Railroad 
Company,     Oregon-Washington     Railroad    and 


LOREE 

Navigation  Company,  and  Morristown  Trust 
Company.  Mr.  Kahn  drives  a  four-in-hand, 
and  likes  riding,  automobiling,  golfing,  and 
sailing,  and  has  a  proper  respect  for  the  great 
American  game  of  baseball.  Also  he  under- 
stands cricket.  He  plays  both  violin  and 
cello  with  the  skill  and  taste  of  a  virtuoso, 
and  is  an  omnivorous  reader.  One  of  his 
inviolable  rules  is  to  read  for  one  hour  every 
night  before  retiring  no  matter  how  late  it 
may  be.  Although  an  Englishman  by  adop- 
tion and  with  a  clear  road  to  membership  in 
the  British  parliament,  had  he  chosen  to  ac- 
cept it,  after  more  than  twenty  years  of  resi- 
dence in  the  United  States,  in  which,  as  he 
expressed  it,  "  my  roots  have  gone  too  deeply 
into  American  soil  ever  to  be  transplanted," 
he  took  the  necessary  steps  to  become 
legally  an  American,  thus  consummating  in 
due  form  what  he  long  had  been  actually — a 
loyal  representative  citizen  of  the  country 
which  he  had  cause  to  look  upon  as  his  very 
own.  One  of  Mr.  Kahn's  projects  for  the  ad- 
vancement of  art,  and  which  has  met  with 
universal  approval,  is  to  establish  in  America 
a  counterpart  of  the  Luxembourg  gallery  of 
Paris,  a  place  where  the  work  of  contemporary 
American  artists  can  be  exhibited  free  to  the 
people,  where  the  artist  can  go  for  recognition, 
and  where  the  people  will  gain  a  better  under- 
standing of  art.  It  is  characteristic  of  Mr. 
Kahn  that  he  is  ever  ready  to  aid  genuine 
talent,  especially  in  the  young,  and  that  he 
takes  time  to  seek  opportunities  to  do  real 
service  in  the  cause  of  art  and  culture  in 
America.  In  1896  he  married  Sadie,  daughter 
of  Abraham  Wolff,  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
banking  house  of  Kuhn,  Loeb  and  Company, 
and  they  have  two  sons  and  two  daughters. 

LOREE,  Leonor  Fresnel,  railroad  president, 
b.  in  Fulton  City,  111.,  23  April,  1858,  son  of 
William  Mulford  and  Sarah  Bigelow  (Marsh) 
Loree.  He  attended  Rutgers  College,  New 
Brunswick,  N.  J.,  where  he  specialized  in 
mathematics  and  science,  and,  after  his  grad- 
uation in  1877,  entered  the  service  of  the  Penn- 
sylvania Railroad.  Natural  predilection  and 
education  contributed  to  give  him  an  excel- 
lent equipment  for  the  work  which  he  was 
called  upon  to  perform,  which  consisted  at 
first  of  surveying;  and  in  two  years  he  had 
acquired  a  thorough  practical  knowledge  of 
railroad  engineering.  The  following  two  years 
he  spent  as  a  transitman  in  the  engineering 
corps  of  the  United  States  army,  and  the  suc- 
ceeding period  (1881-83)  as  leveler,  transit- 
man,  and  topographer  of  the  Mexican  National 
Railway.  In  that  capacity  he  made  the  pre- 
liminary surveys  for  the  line  between  the  Rio 
Grande  and  Saltillo,  Mexico.  Upon  his  return 
to  the  United  States,  Mr.  Loree  again  entered 
the  service  of  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad.  His 
experience  had  by  this  time  qualified  him  for 
responsible  positions.  After  a  brief  service 
as  assistant  engineer  of  the  Chicago  division, 
he  was  made  engineer  of  maintenance  of  way 
of  the  Indianapolis  and  Vincennes  division  and 
later  of  the  Chicago  division,  remaining  until 
1888;  then  for  another  year  he  held  a  similar 
office  on  the  Cleveland  and  Pittsburgh  division 
of  which  he  was  the  superintendent  until  1896. 
During  this  incumbency,  he  devised  and  ap- 
plied the  arrangement  of  lap-passing  tracks 
with    numbered    switches,    and   worked   out   a 


52 


-^-^1^ 


LOREE 


LOREE 


system  of  train-dispatching  that  greatly 
facilitated  single-track  operation.  In  January, 
1896,  Mr.  Loree  succeeded  to  the  important 
post  of  general  manager  of  the  Pennsylvania 
Lines  west  of  Pittsburgh.  With  this  vast  sys- 
tem under  his  control  he  found  an  adequate 
scope  for  the  application  of  his  principles  of 
construction  and  operation.  Straightening  of 
tracks,  elimination  of  grades,  enlargement  and 
adaptation  of  yards  and  terminals,  and  the 
general  construction  carried  out  on  an  ex- 
tensive scale — these  were  elements  in  a  general 
improvement  that  aroused  nation-wide  atten- 
tion. On  the  operating  side  other  sweeping  re- 
forms were  carried  out;  established  methods 
of  operation  were  analyzed  and  revised;  em- 
ployees were  more  carefully  selected  and  more 
thoroughly  trained;  the  modern  freight  car 
with  greatly  increased  capacity,  and  the  mod- 
ern locomotive  with  greater  tractive  power 
were  adopted.  Thus  only  was  the  road  enabled 
to  cope  properly  with  the  sudden  increase  of 
traffic  incident  to  the  great  business  revival 
in  1898.  It  is  also  worthy  of  notice  that  Mr. 
Loree,  as  general  manager,  established  the 
first  organized  railroad  police  force  in  the 
United  States,  and  so,  with  the  aid  of  Josiah 
Flynt  Willard,  the  well-known  criminologist, 
eliminated  the  tramps  and  yeggmen  on  the 
Pennsylvania  Railroad.  Mr.  Loree  was  elected 
fourth  vice-president  of  the  Pennsylvania 
Lines  west  of  Pittsburgh  on  1  Jan.,  1901,  but 
soon  resigned  that  position  to  accept  the  presi- 
dency of  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad 
Company,  to  which  he  was  elected  in  the  same 
year.  In  this  office  he  remained  until  his 
resignation  in  1904.  In  the  course  of  his  ad- 
ministration, Mr.  Loree  was  given  splendid 
opportunities  for  the  display  of  his  talents, 
and  his  four  years'  administration  of  this 
road  was  replete  with  marked  reforms  and  im- 
provements. His  thorough  remodeling  of  it 
showed  in  the  highest  degree  his  constructive 
genius.  He  revolutionized  the  road's  affairs 
by  completely  overhauling  the  entire  operating 
organization.  The  new  system  of  disburse- 
ment accounting  which  he  established  was 
quickly  adopted  by  the  Pennsylvania  and  other 
lines,  and  became  the  basis  for  the "  present 
system  of  the  Interstate  Commerce  Commis- 
sion. He  caused  the  construction  of  the  first 
articulated  locomotive,  and,  in  connection 
therewith,  introduced  the  Welschaert  valve 
gear.  The  upper  quadrant  system  of  sema- 
phore signaling,  one  of  his  inventions,  is  now 
the  standard  of  all  American  roads.  Mr. 
Loree  also  projected  and  built  the  great  piers 
of  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  road  at  Canton  on 
Chesapeake  Bay,  and  was  instrumental  in 
bringing  about  the  thirty-five-foot  channel  im- 
provement of  the  harbor  and  consequent  ex- 
pansion of  commerce  of  the  city  of  Baltimore. 
On  resigning  the  presidency  of  the  Baltimore 
and  Ohio,  in  1904,  he  was  elected  to  the  presi- 
dency of  the  Rock  Island;  at  the  same  time 
serving  as  chairman  of  the  executive  com- 
mittee of  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  and  Pacific 
Railway  Company,  and  of  the  St.  Louis  and 
San  Francisco  Railroad  Company.  These  of- 
fices he  resigned  in  October,  1904.  In  June, 
1906,  he  was  made  chairman  of  the  executive 
committee  of  the  Kansas  City  Southern  Rail- 
way Company,  and  in  April,  1907,  was  elected 
president  of  the  Delaware   and  Hudson   Com- 


pany, which  offices  he  still  (1916)  occupies, 
as  well  as  the  presidency  and  directorship  of 
thirty-four  companies  controlled  by  or  affiliated 
with  it.  Both  the  Kansas  City  Southern  and 
Delaware  and  Hudson  he  rehabilitated  in  a 
manner  which  demonstrated  anew  his  extraor- 
dinary executive  skill.  He  is  also  a  director 
of  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad  Company, 
the  Erie  Railroad  Company,  the  National  Rail- 
road Company  of  Mexico,  the  Seaboard  Air 
Line  Railway  Company,  the  New  York,  On- 
tario and  Western  Railway  Company,  the 
Southern  Pacific  Company,  and  the  Wells- 
Fargo  Express  Company.  In  1899  Mr.  Loree 
was  elected  president  of  the  American  Rail- 
way Association,  was  re-elected  in  1900  and 
declined  re-election  in  1901.  He  represented 
the  association  at  the  International  Railway 
Congress  in  Paris  in  1900,  and  secured  the 
selection  of  Washington  as  the  place  of  the 
next  meeting  (1905).  In  April,  1913,  Mr. 
Loree  was  elected  chairman  of  the  Eastern 
group  of  the  Presidents'  Conference  Committee 
on  Federal  Valuation  of  the  Railroads  in  the 
United  States.  He  is  also  a  member  of  the 
Railway  Executives'  Advisory  Committee  on 
Federal  Relations.  At  the  Chicago  Exposition 
in  1893  he  was  judge  of  transportation.  At 
the  outbreak  of  the  European  War,  in  1914, 
great  anxiety  was  felt  in  the  United  States  re- 
garding the  amount  of  American  securities 
held  abroad  and  the  effect  on  the  financial  sit- 
uation here  should  these  securities  be  offered 
for  sale.  Attempts  were  made  by  bankers  and 
by  the  United  States  government  to  ascertain 
the  facts  in  this  respect,  but  without  success, 
and  finally  Mr.  Loree  was  requested  to  in- 
vestigate the  situation.  The  results  of  the 
inquiry  were  placed  at  the  disposal  of  the 
Federal  Reserve  Bank.  The  data  assembled 
in  this  investigation  was  considered  of  great 
public  importance  and  was  given  wide  pub- 
licity. What  Mr,  Loree  has  contributed  to  the 
profession  of  railroading  cannot  easily  be 
gauged,  but  a  comprehensive  survey  of  the  en- 
during work  which  he  did  and  the  ease  with 
which  he  maintained  his  early  gained  position 
of  superiority,  show  great  ability  and  tireless 
industry.  He  has  given  unselfishly  and  in  a 
fine  professional  spirit  all  that  his  profound 
study  and  vast  experience  have  taught  him,  and 
that  his  keen  and  progressive  mind  has  de- 
veloped. His  counsel  on  economic  conditions 
is  highly  valued,  and  to  his  extraordinary 
knowledge  of  that  subject  is  attributed  his 
convincing  public  arguments  on  behalf  of  the 
railroads.  Aside  from  his  railroad  connec- 
tions, Mr.  Loree  is  a  trustee  of  the  Equitable 
Trust  Company,  New  York;  and  a  trustee  of 
the  American  Surety  Company  of  New  York. 
He  is  a  director  of  the  National  Em])loyment 
Exchange;  the  Boston,  Cape  Cod,  and  New 
York  Canal  Company,  and  the  Mechanics  and 
Metals  National  Bank  of  New  York.  IIo  is 
a  member  of  the  Metropolitan,  Century,  l^rook, 
Manhattan,  New  York  Athletic,  India  House, 
Mid-day,  and  Bankers'  Clubs  of  New  York ;  tlio 
Oakland  Golf, Club  of  Bayside,  L.  I.,  the  Bal- 
tusrol  Golf  Club  of  Short  Hills,  N,  J.;  the 
Maidstone  Club  of  East  Hampton,  L.  I.;  the 
Essex  County  Country  Club  of  Orange,  N.  J., 
and  the  Automobile  Club  of  America.  He 
married  29  Jan.,  188.1,  Jessie,  dau;,'liter  of 
Jesse  Taber,   of  Logansport,   Ind.     They  have 


C3 


ARMOUR 


ARMOUR 


two  Bon8,  James  Taber,  Robert  Fresnel,  and 
one  daughter,  Louise  Claire  I^ree. 

ARMOUR,  Philip  Danforth,  merchant,  b.  in 
Stockbridp',  N.  V,  1(>  May,  1H.T2;  d.  in 
Chicago,  111.,  G  Jan.,  1901.  His  ancestors  for 
generations  were  noted  for  strength  of  char- 
acter and  shrewd  common  sense,  the  maternal 
side  being  of  Puritan  stock.  His  father,  Dan- 
forth Armour,  and  his  mother  (Julianna 
Brooks)  left  Union,  Conn.,  September,  1820, 
and  settled  at  Stockbridge,  Madison  County, 
N.  Y.,  where  Philip  D.  Armour  was  born. 
There  were  five  brothers  and  three  sisters. 
Farming  was  their  occupation,  and  habitual 
frugality  and  industry  were  their  fundamental 
principles.  His  schooldays  were  the  best  the 
local  red  schoolhouse  could  afford,  but  Philip 
was  fortunate  enough  to  attend  the  neighbor- 
ing village  seminary  at  Cazenovia,  becoming 
a  natural  leader  of  his  schoolmates  there. 
During  the  winter  of  1851  and  1852,  the  ex- 
citement attending  the  gold  discovery  in  Cali- 
fornia having  spread  over  the  country,  a  party 
was  organized  to  make  the  overland  trip  to 
California  and  Philip  was  invited  to  join, 
being  influenced  to  accept  by  a  growing  desire 
to  get  out  into  the  world.  The  party  left 
Oneida,  N.  Y.,  in  the  spring  of  1852,  and 
reached  California  six  months  later.  In  mak- 
ing the  trip  they  were  not  exempt  from  the 
trials  and  dangers  attending  similar  journeys. 
Armour  was  too  resolute  and  had  too  fixed 
a  purpose  to  yield  to  the  temptations  of  an 
adventurous  life,  and  the  vicissitudes  of  this 
early  experience  broadened  his  views  and 
strengthened  his  character.  With  natural  and 
trained  prudence  he  saved  the  returns  from 
his  mining  and  trading  ventures,  returning 
East  in  1856  with  a  sum  considered  ample  in 
those  days  for  embarking  in  commerce.  After 
a  long  visit  to  his  parents  and  family  in 
Stockbridge,  N.  Y.,  he  returned  West  again, 
settling  in  the  grain  commission  business  in 
Milwaukee  in  March,  1859.  His  first  partner 
was  Frederick  B.  Miles.  They  were  suc- 
cessful, but  dissolved  in  1863.  During  the 
same  year,  1863,  a  co-partnership  was  formed 
by  John  Plankinton  and  Philip  D.  Armour, 
which  continued  many  years  and  was  singu- 
larly successful.  Mr.  Plankinton  had  been  for 
some  years  previously  engaged  in  the  pork 
and  beef-packing  business  with  Frederick  Lay- 
ton.  Mr.  Plankinton  was  Mr.  Armour's  senior 
and  had  been  a  resident  of  Milwaukee  for  a 
much  longer  period.  He  had  established  a 
most  thriving  business  which  had  been  con- 
ducted with  great  judgment.  He  stood  high 
as  a  merchant  and  commanded  the  respect  of 
all  as  a  public-spirited  citizen.  This  was  Mr. 
Armour's  opportunity.  How  well  he  handled 
himself  and  the  affairs  that  fell  to  him  the 
history  of  the  commercial  world  is  our  wit- 
ness. To  the  business  of  Mr.  Plankinton  he 
brought  that  unremitting  labor  and  concen- 
tration of  thought  that  were  so  peculiarly  his 
own.  The  fluctuations  in  the  prices  of  pro- 
visions at  the  close  of  the  war  left  the  firm 
with  a  fortune.  This,  with  the  development 
of  the  country,  gave  them  an  opportunity  of 
extending  their  growing  business.  At  Chicago, 
in  1862,  Mr.  Armour's  brother,  Herman  0. 
Armour,  had  established  himself  in  the  grain 
commission  business,  but  was  induced  by 
Philip  to  surrender  this  to  a  younger  brother, 


Joseph  F.  Armour,  in  1865,  and  take  charge 
of  a  new  firm  in  New  York,  then  organized 
under  the  name  of  Armour,  Plankinton  and 
Company,  The  organization  of  the  New  York 
house  was  most  timely  and  successful.  The 
financial  condition  of  the  West  at  that  period 
did  not  permit  of  the  large  lines  of  credit 
necessary  for  the  conduct  of  a  business  assum- 
ing such  magnitude,  and  it  was,  therefore,  as 
events  proved,  most  fortunate  that  the  duties 
devolving  on  the  head  of  this  house  should 
fall  to  one  so  well  qualified  to  handle  them. 
He  was  not  only  equal  to  the  emergency,  but 
was  soon  favorably  known  as  a  man  of  great 
financial  ability,  and  he  became  the  Eastern 
financial  agent  of  all  the  Western  houses.  The 
firm  name  of  H.  O.  Armour  and  Company  was 
continued  at  Chicago  until  1870..  They  con- 
tinued to  handle  grain  and  commenced  pack- 
ing hogs  in  1868.  This  part  of  the  business, 
however,  was  conducted  under  the  firm  name 
of  Armour  and  Company,  which,  in  1870,  as- 
sumed all  their  Chicago  operations.  The  busi- 
ness of  all  these  houses  under  their  efficient 
management  grew  to  dimensions  that  were  the 
marvel  of  the  trade.  Their  brands  became 
as  well  known  in  all  the  markets  of  the  world 
as  at  home.  In  all  these  developments  Philip 
D.  Armour  was  the  leading  and  dominant 
spirit.  It  became  evident  in  1871  that  the 
live  stock  producing  power  of  the  country  was 
migrating  westward,  and  in  order  to  keep 
abreast  of  it  they  established  at  Kansas  City 
the  firm  known  as  Plankinton  and  Armour. 
This  packing-plant  was  under  the  imme- 
diate supervision  of  Simeon  B.  Armour,  an 
elder  brother.  The  total  output  of  the 
Chicago,  Milwaukee,  and  Kansas  City  houses 
under  their  vigorous  leadership  was  truly  ^ 
enormous.  The  failing  health  of  Joseph  at 
Chicago  necessitated  assistance,  and  conse- 
quently Philip  moved  to  Chicago  in  1875, 
where  he  resided  until  his  death  in  January, 
1901.  Joseph  Armour  died  in  January,  1881. 
The  fraternal  feeling  manifested  by  Mr.  Ar- 
mour on  every  occasion  for  the  welfare  and 
prosperity  of  his  family  was  noticeable  again, 
when,  in  1879,  he  induced  another  brother, 
Andrew  Watson  Armour,  the  last  one  to  leave 
the  old  homestead  at  Stockbridge,  to  remove 
to  Kansas  City  to  take  charge  of  the  Armour 
Bros.'  Bank,  which  he  managed  with  suc- 
cess. The  settling  of  A.  W.  Armour  in 
Kansas  City  led  later  to  the  admission  into 
the  Kansas  City  packing-house  of  his  sons, 
Kirkland  B.  Armour  and  Charles  W.  Armour, 
who  became  the  active  managers  there.  Large 
plants  were  later  established  at  Omaha,  Sioux 
City,  East  St.  Louis,  St.  Joseph,  and  Fort 
Worth.  A.  W.  Armour  died  in  May,  1892, 
and  S.  B.  Armour  in  March,  1899.  In  August, 
1901,  H.  0.  Armour  died,  and  in  September 
of  the  same  year  Kirkland  B.  Armour  passed 
away.  His  sons,  Watson  and  Laurance,  have 
since  entered  the  business  and  take  part  in 
the  Chicago  management.  Quite  recently 
Philip  D.  Armour  (3d),  the  grandson  of  the 
founder  of  the  house,  has  also  entered  the 
management.  As  a  manufacturer  Mr.  Armour 
was  constantly  seeking  greater  economy  and 
efficiency  by  preventing  waste.  Tankage, 
blood,  bones,  and  other  animal  by-products 
were  turned  to  greater  value  by  a  vigorous 
and    complete    system,    which    eliminated    the 


54 


urCct^    d    /yWk-^i-ii^---.-^ 


1 


ARMOUR 


SHUEY 


comparatively  wasteful  methods  previously 
used.  Many  articles  formerly  removed  at  an. 
expense,  or  given  away,  or  sold  for  trifling 
amounts,  were,  by  good  handling  and  by  mix- 
ture with  other  suitable  raw  material  bought 
for  the  purpose,  made  into  glue,  curled  hair, 
ammonia,  and  above  all  into  fertilizers,  which 
have  almost  revolutionized  agriculture.  As 
a  merchant  he  was  quick  to  see  and  grasp 
new  outlets  for  all  his  products  by  furnishing 
them  to  consumers  at  the  lowest  possible 
prices,  with  guaranteed  excellence.  Thus, 
economy  in  manufacture,  with  energy  and 
initiative  in  marketing,  worked  together  for 
great  results.  In  the  years  1881  and  1882  a 
new  departure  in  handling  beef  for  the  East- 
ern markets  began  its  development.  For  a 
number  of  years  experiments  had  been  made, 
and  cattle  that  had  formerly  been  slaughtered 
and  dressed  at  their  destination  were  now 
killed  at  Western  points  and  the  dressed 
product .  shipped  successfully  in  refrigerator 
cars  to  Eastern  dealers.  This  required  a 
large  outlay  of  capital  and  could  only  be  suc- 
cessfully carried  out  by  doing  an  immense  busi- 
ness in  order  to  reduce  the  cost  of  handling 
to  a  minimum.  The  house  of  Armour  and 
Company  became  one  of  the  leaders  of  this 
trade.  Even  before  incorporation,  and  before 
control  of  all  plants  was  officially  centered  in 
Chicago,  the  strength,  wisdom,  and  genius  of 
Philip  D.  Armour  were  so  manifest  that  his 
brothers  and  the  lieutenants  at  all  the  plants 
followed  his  wishes  and  suggestions  with  an 
alacrity  and  willingness  that  not  only  showed 
their  confidence  in  him,  but  resulted  in  a  co- 
operation of  energy  that  in  itself  insured  suc- 
cess. It  is  impossible  to  convey  its  magnitude 
to  one  not  familiar  with  the  wide  scope  of  the 
business,  which  in  its  wonderful  ramifications 
catered  not  only  to  the  various  needs  of  the 
human  family,  but  also  to  the  numerous  re- 
quirements of  the  soil  itself.  Mr.  Armour's 
capacity  for  work  was  something  wonderful. 
He  was  at  his  desk  by  6:00  a.m.  and  fre- 
quently before.  Fatigue  was  an  unknown 
term.  He  traveled  extensively,  but  wherever 
time  found  him  it  was  among  those  who  con- 
sumed his  products  and  where  necessarily  his 
agencies  had  been  established.  His  mind 
would  turn  intuitively  to  his  industries  and 
thus  his  recreation  became  a  method  by  which 
he  qualified  himself  as  to  the  merits  of  his 
representatives,  as  well  as  the  requirements 
of  the  people  and  their  condition.  He  was  a 
close  observer,  forming  remarkably  clear  and 
accurate  forecasts  of  financial  conditions  and 
acting  upon  them  promptly  and  decidedly. 
His  foresight  in  estimating  the  probable  sup- 
plies of,  and  demand  for,  the  agricultural 
products  of  the  country,  notably  provisions 
and  grain,  was  truly  wonderful,  and  it  led 
naturally  to  large  returns.  Mr.  Armour  in- 
spired respect  and  afi"ection  among  his  friends 
and  business  associates  to  an  unusual  degree. 
Particularly  among  those  connected  with  the 
interests  he  controlled,  loyalty  to  him  and  to 
his  wishes  was  pre-eminent,  and  naturally 
aided  his  progress.  He  could  always  count 
upon  the  co-operation  of  his  men.  Seldom 
indeed  was  disloyalty  found  among  them.  His 
extensive  grain  and  elevator  interests  were 
conducted  under  a  separate  organization  from 
modest  beginnings  in  1875  to  a  commanding 


position  in  the  trade — a  position  the  Armour 
Grain  Company  still  holds.  The  energy, 
genius,  and  shrewdness  always  shown  in  his 
other  undertakings  were  also  pre-eminently 
evident  in  the  grain  business.  At  the  earnest 
solicitation  of  the  late  Alexander  Mitchell,  he 
became  one  of  the  directors  of  the  Chicago, 
Milwaukee  and  St.  Paul  Railway.  This  is  the 
only  office  he  ever  held.  Political  preferment 
was  not  the  bent  of  his  mind  or  his  ambition. 
Mr.  Armour  was  married  to  Malvina  Belle 
Ogden,  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  October,  1862.  She 
was  the  only  daughter  of  Jonathan  Ogden. 
The  home  life  of  this  remarkable  couple  was 
singularly  happy.  Mr.  Armour  always  had  the 
happy  faculty  of  leaving  his  business  cares  at 
his  office  and  entering  his  family  circle  with 
content  and  enjoyment  of  a  simple  and  gracious 
life.  They  had  two  sons,  J.  Ogden  and  Philip 
D.,  Jr.,  who  became  partners  with  their 
father.  Philip,  Jr.,  died  in  1900.  J.  Ogden 
Armour,  to  whom  full  responsibility  has  de- 
scended, carries  his  honors  gracefully  and  with 
becoming  modesty.  He  is  quiet  in  manner; 
nothing  can  agitate  him;  and  under  his  steady 
hand  the  interests  to  which  he  succeeded  have 
very  greatly  expanded  and  have  continued  to 
prosper.  Modern  methods  have  been  adopted  and 
efficiency  increased  thereby  so  that  his  posi- 
tion in  the  world  is  fully  as  great  as  was  that 
of  his  father.  In  January,  1881,  Joseph  F. 
Armour  died  and  bequeathed  $100,000  for  the 
founding  of  a  charitable  institution,  the 
Armour  Mission.  He  wisely  directed  that 
the  carrying  out  of  his  benevolent  design 
should  be  chiefly  intrusted  to  his  brother,  the 
subject  of  this  sketch.  In  accepting  the  trust 
so  imposed,  Philip  D.  Armour  gave  to  it  the 
same  energetic  and  critical  attention  that  he 
had  given  to  his  private  affairs,  and  added 
a  large  amount  to  his  brother's  bequest.  The 
mission  is  a  broad  and  wholly  non-sectarian 
institution.  It  is  free  and  open  to  all  to  the 
full  extent  of  its  capacity,  without  any  con- 
dition as  to  race,  creed,  or  otherwise.  The 
Armour  Institute  of  Technology  is  the  out- 
growth of  this  working  purpose,  which  has 
been  shared  by  the  family.  It  is  a  school  of 
engineering,  whose  graduates  number  more 
than  a  thousand.  The  institution  was  founded 
for  the  purpose  of  giving  to  young  men  an 
opportunity  to  secure  a  scientific  and  engi- 
neering education.  Its  aim  is  broadly  phil- 
anthropic. Profoundly  realizing  the  impor- 
tance of  self-reliance  as  a  factor  in  the 
development  of  character,  the  founder  condi- 
tioned his  benefactions  in  such  a  way  as  to 
emphasize  both  their  value  and  the  student's 
self-respect.  To  these  institutions  P.  D. 
Armour  contributed  more  than  $1,500,000  and 
his  son  has  contributed  $2,000,000.  It  was 
the  combination  of  industry,  untiring  energy, 
and  philanthropy  that  has  made  the  name 
of  Philip  D.  Armour  not  only  so  potent  in 
the  West,  but  also  a  recognized  leader  among 
the  merchants  of  the  world. 

SHUEY,  Edwin  Longstreet,  manufacturer,  b. 
in  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  8  Jan.,  1857,  son  of  Wil- 
liam John  and  Sarah  (Berger)  Shuey. 
Through  his  father  he  is  of  French  stock,  being 
descended  from  Daniel  Shuey,  a  Huguenot, 
who  came  to  this  country  about  1732  and  set- 
tled in  Lancaster  County,  Pa.  His  great- 
grandfather, John  Martin  Shuey,  distinguished 


55 


SHUEY 


HAMMOND 


himself  as  a  soldier  of  the  Revolutionary  army 
under  Washington.  His  grandfather,  Adam 
Shuey,  was  one  of  the  pioneer  settlers  in  the 
Miami  valley,  in  Ohio,  where  he  became  the 
first  postmaster  of  Miamishurg,  and  was  for  a 
while  the  assessor  of  Montgomery  County. 
The  most  prominent  member  of  the  family, 
however,  was  Mr.  vShuey's  father,  William 
John  Shuey,  one  of  the  first  ministers  of  the 
United  Brethren  in  Christ  denomination  and 
perhaps  the  best  known  figure  in  the  history 
of  that  religious  denomination.  William  John 
Shuey  was  the  manager  of  the  United  Brethren 
Publishing  House,  which  issued  all  the  litera- 
ture of  the  organi- 
zation. He  found- 
ed the  first  mission 
of  the  United 
Brethren  Church 
in  Sierra  Leone, 
Africa,  which  has 
since  become  one 
of  the  chief  cen- 
ters of  Christian 
influence  on  that 
continent.  Young 
Edwin's  boyhood 
was  spent  in  the 
city  of  Dayton, 
Ohio,  where  he  at- 
tended the  public 
schools,  graduating 
from  the  high  school  of  that  city  in  1877.  He 
then  entered  the  Otterbein  University,  of  which 
his  father  was  a  trustee,  and  in  due  time  was 
graduated  at  that  institution,  with  the  degree 
of  A.B.  Having  finished  his  education,  he  be- 
gan to  teach  in  Green  Hill  Seminary,  in  In- 
diana, and  later  in  the  Fostoria  Academy, 
where  he  remained  until  1881,  when  he  was 
appointed  principal  of  the  academy  of  the 
Otterbein  University,  in  Westerville,  Ohio. 
Here  he  remained  for  four  years,  resigning  to 
take  the  position  of  manager  of  the  book 
department  of  the  United  Brethren  Publishing 
House,  in  Dayton,  Ohio.  He  remained  here 
for  twelve  years,  until  1897,  when  he  became 
head  of  the  welfare  department  of  the  Na- 
tional Cash  Register  Company,  in  Dayton.  It 
was  during  the  three  years  that  he  carried  on 
the  welfare  work  among  the  working  people 
of  this  big  commercial  enterprise  that  Mr. 
Shuey  first  became  actively  interested  in  the 
welfare  features  of  business  affairs.  In  1900 
he  joined  the  Lowe  Brothers  Company  of  that 
city  as  advertising  manager,  and  a  little  later 
became  one  of  its  directors.  Since  then  his 
business  interests  have  widened  and  he  is,  at 
the  present  time,  connected  with  a  number  of 
large  corporations  as  an  official  and  director. 
It  is  not  as  a  business  man,  however,  that  Mr. 
Shuey's  career  demands  most  attention.  His 
most  lasting  service  probably  has  been,  outside 
of  his  business  pursuits,  performed  merely  for 
the  love  of  the  work,  gratuitously.  Inspired 
by  the  home  atmosphere  in  which  he  was 
brought  up,  he  early  acquired  an  interest  in 
the  welfare,  material  as  well  as  spiritual,  of 
working  people.  This  tendency  he  was  first 
able  to  give  expression  on  becoming  head  of 
the  welfare  department  of  the  National  Cash 
Register  Company,  representing  one  of  the 
first  organized  efforts  on  the  part  of  a  large 
corporation   to   improve   the   material   welfare 


of  its  employees.  In  this  line  of  endeavor  Mr. 
Shuey  may  properly  be  considered  one  of  the 
pioneers.  His  book,  "  Factory  People  and 
Their  Employers"  (1901),  is  regarded  as  one 
of  the  best  authorities  on  the  early  phases  of 
welfare  social  work  in  general.  Aside  from 
this,  Mr.  Shuey  became  very  much  interested 
in  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Association  as 
president  and  chairman  of  the  educational 
committee  of  the  Dayton  Association,  with 
which  he  has  been  identified  since  1887.  He 
has  had  a  strong  influence  in  shaping  the 
work  of  establishing  night  schools  in  his  own 
city,  and  so  gave  the  impetus  for  the  work 
of  this  kind  which  has  since  been  done  all 
over  the  country.  Since  1893,  as  a  member 
of  the  International  Committee,  he  has  been 
closely  associated  with  the  extension  of  night 
school  education  for  mechanics  in  all  sections 
of  the  United  States.  Through  his  writings 
and  lectures  and  by  actual  supervision  he  has 
taken  part  in  the  establishment  of  a  great 
number  of  such  schools.  He  is  now  recognized 
within  the  organization  as  one  of  the  leading 
authorities  of  this  class  of  work  and  his  help 
is  sought  by  Y.  M.  C.  A.  workers  in  other 
cities  and  towns.  In  1895  he  was  editor  of 
"  Helps  "  in  a  new  Teachers'  Bible  for  Sunday 
school  teachers  and  workers,  the  first  work  to 
be  issued  in  this  country  in  this  form.  This 
proved  so  helpful  and  so  popular  that  its  plan 
has  been  followed  by  some  of  the  largest  firms 
in  the  country.  Though  a  business  man  of 
keen  and  practical  judgment,  Mr.  Shuey  is 
essentially  a  man  of  deep  religious  convictions, 
and  of  a  profoundly  religious  temperament. 
This  tendency  in  his  character,  however,  has 
found  expression  in  civic  and  educational 
work,  rather  than  in  the  preaching  of  re- 
ligious, or  church  doctrines,  for  it  is  Mr, 
Shuey's  belief  that  a  truly  religious  character 
must  be  based  on  intelligence,  and  that  first  of 
all  intelligence  must  be  developed  by  education. 
To  him  business  has  been  largely  incidental. 
Most  of  his  enthusiasm  has  gone  to  the  efforts 
which  he  has  developed  to  the  social,  material, 
and  spiritual  betterment  of  his  fellows.  Mr. 
Shuey  was  for  fifteen  years  a  member  of  the 
library  board  of  his  home  city,  Dayton,  Ohio; 
he  was  for  one  term  member  of  the  Board  of 
Education  of  Dayton;  he  was  twice  delegate 
to  the  General  Conference  of  his  church;  he 
was,  for  one  term,  president  of  the  Association 
of  National  Advertisers,  the  largest  organiza- 
tion of  business  men  directly  interested  in  na- 
tional promotion  of  business,  Mr.  Shuey  is 
a  member  of  the  American  Academy  of  Social 
and  Political  Science.  He  is  also  a  trustee  of 
Otterbein  University,  at  Westerville,  Ohio,  an 
institution  founded  in  1847,  and  conducted 
under  the  auspices  of  the  United  Brethren 
Church.  On  15  Aug,,  1882,  Mr.  Shuey  mar- 
ried Effie  Mitchell,  daughter  of  Ross  Mitchell, 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  great  agricultural 
implement  business  of  this  country.  They 
have  had  three  children,  Amy  M.,  Edwin  Lin- 
coln, and  Sarah  C.  Shuey. 

HAMMOND,  John  Hays,  mining  engineer,  b. 
in  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  31  March,  1855,  son  of 
Richard  Pindell  and  Sarah  Elizabeth  (Hays) 
Hammond.  His  father  was  a  graduate  of  West 
Point,  and  served  as  an  officer  of  artillery  in 
the  Mexican  War.  He  was  twice  brevetted  for 
"  gallant  and  meritorious  conduct "  in  the  bat- 


itfi 


^V^^yc^f^-^^^ 


i 


HAMMOND 


HAMMOND 


ties  of  Cherubusco  and  Cerro  Gordo.  At  the 
close  of  the  war  with  Mexico,  Major  Hammond 
resigned  his  commission  in  the  army,  and  a  few 
years  later  settled  in  San  Francisco,  where  he 
was  appointed  collector  of  the  port  of  San 
Francisco  by  President  Pierce.  Subsequently, 
he  held  for  several  years  the  position  of  presi- 
dent of  the  Board  of  Police  Commissioners  of 
San  Francisco,  and  during  his  tenure  of  office 
made  a  noteworthy  record  in  police  reforms 
and  administrative  methods.  Mr.  Hammond's 
mother  was  a  daughter  of  Harmon  Hays,  of 
Tennessee,  and  a  sister  of  Col.  John  Coffee 
Hays,  the  noted  Texas  Ranger.  Mr.  Hammond 
spent  a  great  part  of  his  boyhood  at  the  home 
of  Colonel  Hays,  who  had  removed  to  Cali- 
fornia, and  was  the  first  sheriff  of  San  Fran- 
cisco. The  boy  was  taught  to  ride,  shoot,  and 
swim,  and  early  developed  a  fondness  for  wood- 
craft and  out-of-door  life.  He  obtained  his 
preliminary  education  in  the  public  schools  of 
San  Francisco,  and  subsequently  at  the  Hop- 
kins Grammar  School  in  New  Haven,  Conn., 
and  entered  the  Sheffield  Scientific  School  of 
Yale  University,  where  he  was  graduated  in 
1876  with  the  degree  of  Ph.B.  He  then  took 
a  post-graduate  course  in  mining  at  the  Royal 
School  of  Mines  in  Freiberg,  Saxony,  where  he 
remained  until  1879.  On  his  return  to  America 
in  that  year,  he  was  engaged  as  assayer  by  the 
late  Senator  George  Hearst.  Subsequently,  he 
became  mining  expert  on  the  United  States 
Geological  Survey  to  exapiine  the  gold  mines 
of  California,  and  from  the  information  he  ob- 
tained at  that  time  became  a  recognized  author- 
ity on  the  subject  of  gold  mining,  which  re- 
sulted later  in  his  being  called  to  South  Africa 
to  take  charge  of  important  mining  properties 
there.  At  this  period  of  his  career,  Mr.  Ham- 
mond was  also  consulting  engineer  to  the 
Union  works  of  San  Francisco,  and  to  the  Cen- 
tral and  Southern  Pacific  Railroad;  manager 
of  various  mines  in  the  Republic  of  Mexico; 
manager  and  consulting  engineer  of  the  Em- 
pire and  North  Star  mines,  situated  in  Grass 
Valley,  Cal.;  and  consulting  engineer  and 
president  of  the  Bunker  Hill  and  Sullivan 
Mining  and  Concentrating  Company,  located 
in  the  Coeur  d'Alene  District  of  Idaho.  This 
last-named  property,  one  of  the  largest  silver 
and  lead  mines  in  the  world,  was  purchased  on 
Mr.  Hammond's  recommendation.  During  the 
years  1888  to  1902  he  was  consulting  engineer 
of  the  State  Mining  Bureau  of  California.  In 
1893  Mr.  Hammond  went  to  South  Africa  as 
mining  expert  for  the  Barnato  Brothers  of 
London,  to  take  charge  of  their  important  min- 
ing operations  in  that  country.  The  following 
year  he  became  associated  with  Cecil  Rhodes, 
and  took  entire  charge  of  the  vast  mining  in- 
terests of  the  companies  controlled  by  him  in 
South  Africa.  Indeed,  no  one  man  in  the  his- 
tory of  mining  has  shouldered  a  greater  bur- 
den of  professional  and  personal  responsibility 
than  fell  upon  Mr.  Hammond  in  the  fulfillment 
of  his  contract  with  Mr.  Rhodes.  A  warm  per- 
sonal friendship  sprang  up  between  Mr.  Ham- 
mond and  Mr.  Rhodes,  and  Mr.  Hammond 
never  loses  an  opportunity  to  extol  the  virtues 
and  far-sightedness  of  that  great  "  Empire 
Builder."  Contemporaneously  with  his  engage- 
ment as  consulting  engineer  of  the  Consoli- 
dated Gold  Fields  of  South  Africa,  one  of  Mr. 
Rhodes'  companies,  Mr.  Hammond  retained  for 


a  time  the  position  of  consulting  engineer  of 
the  important  Barnato  mines;  of  the  Rand- 
fontein  estate,  the  properties  controlled  by  the 
J.  B.  Robinson  group;  and  of  other  competi- 
tive mining  groups.  He  was  also  consulting 
engineer  of  the  British  South  Africa  Char- 
tered Company,  which  had  the  political  con- 
trol of,  and  the  mineral  and  agricultural 
rights  to,  that  large  territory  now  known  as 
Rhodesia.  In  1894  Mr.  Hammond  headed  a 
reconnoitering  expedition  into  the  country 
south  of  the  Zambesi  River,  in  South  Africa. 
Mr.  Rhodes  and  Dr.  Jameson  accompanied  him 
a  part  of  the  way,  after  which  Mr.  Hammond 
and  three  companions  made  a  dash  into  the 
interior  for  an  inspection  of  the  fabled  King 
Solomon's  mines.  After  enduring  many  hard- 
ships, he  and  his  three  companions  arrived 
safely  back  and  joined  the  main  party.  His 
examination  resulted  in  the  reopening  of  the 
old  mines,  which  had  been  abandoned  for  cen- 
turies and  which  are  regarded  by  eminent 
archeologists  as  the  site  of  the  King  Solomon 
mines  mentioned  in  the  Bible.  Of  the  four 
that  composed  this  special  expedition,  Mr. 
Hammond  is  the  only  man  alive  today.  It 
was  while  on  this  trip  that  Mr.  Hammond 
advised  Mr.  Rhodes,  who  was,  as  has  been 
stated,  the  controlling  spirit  in  the  Consoli- 
dated Gold  Fields  of  South  Africa,  to  sell  the 
enormous  holdings  of  that  company  in  its 
Witwatersrand  (Transvaal)  outcrop  properties, 
then  being  operated,  and  to  purchase,  in  their 
stead,  other  deeper  areas.  These  latter  tracts 
gave  no  surface  indications  of  ever  becoming 
mines,  and,  in  fact,  some  of  them  were  under 
cultivation  as  farming  land;  but,  in  Mr.  Ham- 
mond's opinion,  as  expressed  at  that  time,  de- 
velopments to  a  sufficient  depth  would  en- 
counter rich  ore  bodies  and  result  in  these 
properties  becoming  valuable  mines.  Owing 
to  the  depth,  at  times  4,000  feet,  to  which  it 
was  necessary  to  sink  shafts  in  order  to  reach 
the  ore  bodies  in  the  deep  level  areas,  ex- 
penditures, in  some  instances  of  several  mil- 
lion dollars,  were  necessary.  As  time  was  of 
great  importance,  the  erection  of  large  mills 
and  cyanide  works  was  undertaken  simulta- 
neously with  the  sinking  of  the  shafts  and  the 
development  of  ore  in  the  property.  Mr. 
Hammond's  remarkable  prophecy  proved  to  be 
entirely  correct,  and  subsequently,  as  a  direct 
result  of  his  advice,  and  under  his  supervision, 
the  wonderful  deep  level  mines  of  the  Rand 
came  into  existence,  and  have  since  that  time 
added  hundreds  of  millions  of  dollars  to  the 
world's  gold  supply.  Many  difficulties  wore 
encountered  in  the  selling  of  these  vast  hold- 
ings of  securities  in  the  London  market  and 
in  convincing  the  London  Board  of  the  wisdom 
of  parting  with  such  valuable  assets,  which 
appeared  to  them  at  the  time  to  be  the  wildest 
folly.  These  transactions  constitute  a  record 
chapter  in  the  history  of  mining  finance,  and 
especially  so  when  it  is  r(>alizcd  that  one  man 
was  pitting  his  teclinical  knowledge  against  the 
protests  of  some  of  the  greatest  financiers  of 
that  day  in  a  matter  whore  the  entire  assets  of 
the  largest  mining  company  in  the  worhl  were 
at  stake.  But  sub.seciuent  develo|)men1s  en- 
tirely justified  Mr.  Hammond's  ])oliey,  for  his 
company  made  millions  of  dollars  in  this 
transaction  through  the  liquidation  of  its  hold- 
ings in  the  outcrop  companies.     This  was  fur- 


57 


HAMMOND 


HAMMOND 


ther  demonstrated  by  the  fact  that  within  two 
years,  by  legitimate  flotation  of  properties  of 
undoubted  intrinsic  value,  they  were  iible  to 
pay  an  annual  dividend  of  ten  million  dollars. 
One  of  the  sensational  chapters  in  Mr.  Ham- 
mond's career  was  his  connection  with  the  so- 
called  Jameson  Raid.  This  "  Raid,"  which 
occurred  in  the  winter  of  the  years  1895-96, 
really  was  but  an  incident  in  a  bona  fide  move- 
ment for  reform.  In  this  movement  Mr.  Ham- 
mond was  one  of  the  four  leaders  of  the  Re- 
form Committee,  the  other  members  being 
Col.  Frank  Rhodes,  brother  of  Cecil  Rhodes,  a 
retired  British  army  officer;  George  Farrar, 
now  Sir  George  Farrar;  and  Lionel  Phillips, 
now  Sir  Lionel  Phillips.  The  Johannesburg 
reform  movement  was  an  uprising  of  the  Uit- 
landers,  or  foreigners,  against  the  regime  of 
Paul  Kruger,  then  president  of  the  Transvaal 
Republic.  The  Uitlanders  in  Johannesburg  num- 
bered about  70,000,  as  against  about  14,000 
Boers.  They  paid  nine-tenths  of  the  taxes  of 
the  entire  Transvaal  Republic,  and  yet  were 
denied  citizenship  and  had  no  voice  whatso- 
ever in  the  conduct  of  the  government  affairs, 
in  which  they  were  vitally  interested.  This 
was  an  extreme  case  of  taxation  without  rep- 
resentation. Their  grievances,  as  recorded  in 
the  history  of  the  period,  were  many  and  se- 
vere. They  protested  individually  and  collec- 
tively, on  many  occasions,  against  the  unfair 
treatment  they  suffered  at  the  hands  of  the 
Boer  government,  but  without  avail;  and 
finally,  when  a  deputation  of  Uitlanders  was 
sent  from  Johannesburg  to  President  Kruger 
in  Pretoria,  to  ask  him  for  the  redress  of 
certain  grievances,  they  were  told  by  Presi- 
dent Kruger  that  "  if  you  want  your  so-called 
*  rights '  you  had  better  fight  for  them."  This 
they  decided  to  do,  and  secretly  organized  a 
committee  and  made  arrangements  with  Cecil 
Rhodes,  who  was  at  that  time  Prime  Minister 
of  Cape  Colony,  Alfred  Beit,  and  other  capi- 
talists heavily  interested  in  the  mining  de- 
velopments in  the  Transvaal,  to  furnish  money 
for  the  purchase  of  guns  and  ammunition  to 
enable  them  "  to  fight  for  their  rights."  The 
leaders  of  the  Reform  Committee,  which  com- 
mittee numbered,  finally,  sixty  men,  of  whom 
twelve  were  Americans  prominently  identified 
with  the  mining  industry,  and  men  of  other 
nationalities  than  English,  made  a  secret  ar- 
rangement with  Dr.  Jameson,  then  Administra- 
tor of  Rhodesia,  the  British  territory  adjoin- 
ing the  Transvaal  on  the  north,  to  come  to 
their  relief  under  certain  contingencies  when 
called  upon  to  do  so.  Arms  had  been  im- 
ported from  abroad  by  the  Reform  Committee 
and  smuggled  into  Johannesburg,  but  few  guns 
and  little  ammunition  had  arrived  at  the  time 
that  Jameson  crossed  the  border.  In  spite  of 
positive  instructions  from  the  leaders  of  the 
Reform  Committee  that  he  was  not  to  cross 
the  border  until  he  had  received  telegraphic 
instructions  from  them  to  do  so,  he  disobeyed 
their  orders.  Jameson  was  defeated  by  a  con- 
tingent of  Boers,  who  learned  of  his  intention 
to  cross  the  border,  and  he  and  his  officers  were 
captured  before  they  reached  Johannesburg. 
They  were  taken  to  Pretoria  and  imprisoned 
there  until  subsequently  removed  to  Great 
Britain  for  trial.  The  premature  action  of 
Dr.  Jameson  in  crossing  the  border,  which  was 
represented  as  having  been  made  for  the  relief 


of  the  women  and  children  of  Johannesburg, 
precipitated  the  failure  of  the  Reform  move- 
ment. The  impression  was  created  by  Boer 
emissaries  immediately  after  the  raid  had 
taken  place,  that  it  was  for  the  purpose  of 
enabling  Great  Britain  to  secure  the  territory 
of  the  Transvaal.  That  this  was  not  true  has 
been  subsequently  proved,  and  no  further  evi- 
dence is  required  than  the  fact  that  Mr.  Ham- 
mond himself  took  occasion  to  make  the  mem- 
bers of  the  Reform  Committee  swear  allegiance 
to  the  flag  of  the  Transvaal  Republic,  and  that 
this  flag  remained  over  the  headquarters  of 
the  committee  until  after  the  collapse  of  the 
Reform  movement.  Furthermore,  Mr.  Ham- 
mond, in  addressing  a  meeting  of  Americans 
in  Johannesburg,  who  subsequently  became 
identified  with  the  movement  and  formed  a 
George  Washington  Corps,  and  took  up  arms 
in  its  cause,  made  the  statement  that  he  would 
shoot  anyone  who  attempted  to  remove  the 
Boer  flag  and  substitute  the  flag  of  any  other 
nation.  The  Boer  government,  under  the  im- 
pression, which  was  skillfully  created  by  the 
Reform  leaders,  that  Johannesburg  was  well 
armed,  sent  to  the  Johannesburg  Reform  Com- 
mittee an  accredited  deputation  from  Pretoria 
to  endeavor  to  arrange  terms  that  would  pre- 
vent bloodshed  and  to  remove  the  grievances 
of  the  Uitlanders.  An  arrangement  was  made 
that  no  action  of  force  should  be  taken  by  the 
Reform  Committee  or  by  the  Boer  government 
pending  the  arrival -of  the  high  commissioner 
of  Great  Britain,  Sir  Hercules  Robinson,  who 
was  to  act  as  mediator.  On  Sir  Hercules 
Robinson's  arrival  in  Pretoria  the  Boer  gov- 
ernment stipulated,  as  a  condition  precedent 
to  the  consideration  of  the  grievances  of  the 
Uitlanders,  that  they  should  lay  down  their 
arms,  and  were  assured  by  Sir  Hercules  that 
when  they  did  so  they  would  receive  the  pro- 
tection of  the  British  government  and,  at  the 
same  time,  their  grievances  would  be  redressed. 
This  stipulation  was  sent  to  the  Reform  Com- 
mittee as  a  request  by  Sir  Hercules  Robinson, 
and  a  special  plea  was  urged  by  him  that  the 
guns  be  surrendered  in  order  to  save  the  lives 
of  Dr.  Jameson  and  his  officers.  Therefore  the 
reformers  laid  down  their  arms.  Unfortu- 
nately Sir  Hercules  was  taken  ill  and  was 
compelled  to  suddenly  return  to  Cape  Town. 
Immediately  following  his  departure,  the  lead- 
ers, being  disarmed,  were  arrested  and  taken 
to  Pretoria  jail.  Although  offers  were  made  by 
friends  to  enable  the  leaders  to  escape  into  the 
friendly  colony  of  Natal,  they  refused  to  desert 
the  cause,  for  which  they  had  risked  their 
lives,  and  after  being  confined  in  jail  for  three 
months,  were  brought  to  trial.  Meanwhile,  be- 
cause of  a  painful  illness,  which  Mr.  Ham- 
mond contracted  during  his  trip  to  the  Zam- 
besi region  some  months  previously,  he  was 
allowed  by  the  Boer  government  to  go  on 
parole  to  Cape^Town.  After  a  fortnight's  stay 
there,  he  courageously  returned  to  Pretoria  to 
attend  his  trial,  in  spite  of  the  warnings  he 
received  from  many  friends  that  he  was  liable 
to  be  shot  by  the  Boers  on  the  way  back,  and 
that  if  he  succeeded  in  reaching  Pretoria,  he 
would  sure  receive  sentence  of  death.  The  next 
act  in  this  drama  of  real  life,  which  came  so 
near  to  becoming  a  tragedy,  was  the  trial  of 
the  four  leaders  by  a  Boer  jury.  Under  an 
agreement  between  their  counsel  and  the  at- 


58 


HAMMOND 


HAMMOND 


torney  for  the  Boer  government,  they  were 
promised  that  they  would  be  tried  under  what 
was  known  as  the  statute  law  of  South  Africa. 
With  this  understanding,  they  pleaded  guilty 
to  revolution,  the  penalty  for  which  would  not 
have  been  severe.  It  developed,  however,  that 
they  had  been  deceived  by  the  government's 
attorney,  who  tried  them  according  to  the  old 
Roman  Dutch  law,  under  which  the  penalty 
for  revolution  was  death;  and  their  plea  of 
guilty  resulted  in  the  four  leaders  receiving 
death  sentences.  After  many  months  of  agon- 
ized uncertainty  and  suffering,  and  after  the 
entire  civilized  world  had  been  wrought  up, 
and  every  possible  effort  brought  to  bear  on 
the  Boer  government,  the  death  sentences 
passed  on  the  four  leaders  were  commuted  to 
fifteen  years'  imprisonment,  and  eventually 
they  were  liberated  on  the  payment  of  $125,000 
each  to  the  Boer  government.  After  the  close 
of  this  memorable  epoch,  Mr.  Hammond  went 
to  England,  and  from  his  headquarters  in  Lon- 
don continued  to  conduct  the  extensive  mining 
operations  which  had  previously  been  under 
his  supervision  in  South  Africa.  It  should  be 
stated  here  that  Mr.  Hammond  was  not  exiled 
from  South  Africa,  as  many  people  believe,  be- 
cause of  his  participation  in  the  Reform  move- 
ment. He  made  several  trips  to  that  country 
after  the  occurrence  of  the  events  recorded 
above.  It  was  while  on  one  of  these  trips, 
just  preceding  the  Boer  War,  and  the  day  be- 
fore Sir  Alfred  Milner  (now  Lord  Milner)  had 
a  conference  with  President  Kruger,  that  Mr. 
Hammond,  at  the  request  of  his  friends  among 
the  progressive  Boers,  interceded  with  Kruger 
to  make  concessions  to  the  British  government 
in  order  to  obviate  the  necessity  of  war.  Al- 
though Kruger  promised  Mr.  Hammond  that 
he  would  follow  his  suggestion,  he  unfortu- 
nately failed  to  do  so,  for,  at  the  conference 
with  Milner  he  stated  that  he  was  not  ready 
to  make  terms  for  the  redress  of  the  Uit- 
landers'  grievances.  The  result  of  Milner's  con- 
ference with  Kruger  was  a  failure;  and  war 
resulted.  Recently,  when  asked  regarding  the 
political  effect  which  the  Reform  movement,  if 
successful,  would  have  had  on  the  affairs  of 
South  Africa,  Mr.  Hammond  stated :  "  What 
has  been  accomplished  politically  in  South 
Africa  is  exactly  what  the  members  of  the  Re- 
form Committee  were  striving  for — the  con- 
federation of  South  Africa  and  the  elimination 
of  grafting  officials."  As  an  indication  of  the 
friendly  feeling  which  sprang  up  between  the 
English  and  the  Boers  after  the  war,  Lionel 
Phillips  and  George  Farrar,  among  others  of 
the  Reform  movement,  were  knighted  in  Eng- 
land, on  the  recommendation  of  a  former 
Boer  general,  Louis  Botha,  who  was  then  the 
Prime  Minister  of  the  Union  of  South  Africa. 
Dr.  Jameson,  who,  subsequently  to  the  Boer 
War,  was  for  a  time  Prime  Minister  of  the 
South  African  union,  was  also  knighted  on  the 
recommendation  of  General  Botha.  Today  the 
progressive  Boers  and  the  Uitlanders  are 
working  in  complete  accord  in  the  economic  de- 
velopment of  South  Africa.  In  1900  Mr.  Ham- 
mond returned  to  America,  and  devoted  the 
greater  part  of  his  time  to  large  mining 
projects  in  the  interests  of  a  group  of  English 
capitalists  with  whom  he  was  associated.  It 
was  during  this  period  that  he  was  responsible 
for  the  purchase  of  the  celebrated  Camp  Bird 


Mine,  situated  in  the  San  Juan  District  of 
Colorado.  Mr.  Hammond  has  been  identified 
with  enterprises  of  great  magnitude,  not  only 
in  the  development  of  important  mining  dis- 
tricts, which  have  added  greatly  to  the  world's 
stock  of  metals — gold,  silver,  copper,  lead,  etc. 
— and  the  development  of  which  has  resulted 
in  the  extension  of  railway  systems  and  the 
building  of  important  industrial  centers,  but 
he  is  likewise  responsible  for  the  development 
of  large  agricultural  areas,  which  have  added 
enormously  to  the  food  products  of  the  world. 
One  of  his  largest  undertakings  is  the  de- 
velopment of  1,000  square  miles  of  land  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Yaqui  River,  in  the  state 
of  Sonora,  Mexico.  Over  400  miles  of  irriga- 
tion ditches  have  been  built;  and,  in  spite  of 
interruption  by  present  political  troubles,  over 
20,000  acres  are  already  under  cultivation. 
This  irrigation  system  will  develop  a  greater 
irrigated  area  than  ten  of  the  largest  irriga- 
tion projects  in  the  United  States  combined. 
It  has  an  acre-feet  capacity  which  is  50  per 
cent  greater  than  that  of  the  Roosevelt  Dam, 
situated  in  the  Salt  Lake  District  of  Utah. 
He  is  also  interested  in  the  development  of  a 
large  tract  of  oil-bearing  land  on  the  east 
coast  of  Mexico,  and  in  the  Mt.  Whitney 
Power  Company,  in  California,  which,  by  a 
system  of  irrigation  through  pumping,  intro- 
duced by  Mr.  Hammond,  in  Tulare  County,  has 
brotight  into  profitable  cultivation  thousands 
of  acres  of  citrus  fruit.  Among  his  other 
accomplishments  was  the  construction  of  the 
first  electric  street  railways  in  South  Africa 
and  in  the  City  of  Mexico.  Likewise,  he  was 
a  prime  mover  in  the  development  of  one  of 
the  largest  hydro-electric  projects  in  Mexico, 
the  Guanajuato  Power  Company  As  a  result 
of  his  connection  with  the  Tonopah  Mining 
Company,  in  Nevada,  in  the  capacity  of  con- 
sulting engineer,  mining  developments  were 
successfully  carried  out  under  his  direction; 
and  the  construction  of  railways  resulted, 
making  possible  further  profitable  mining  in- 
vestments in  other  parts  of  that  section  of  the 
country.  In  1903  Mr.  Hammond  became  gen- 
eral manager,  consulting  engineer,  and  a  di- 
rector of  the  Guggenheim  Exploration  Com- 
pany, at  present  one  of  the  largest  mining  cor- 
porations in  the  world.  When  he  took  over  the 
management  of  this  company,  it  was  compara- 
tively unknown  and  practically  a  failure.  Mr. 
Hammond  surrounded  himself  with  a  competent 
technical  staff,  and  within  a  few  years  had 
secured  for  the  Guggenheim  Exploration  Com- 
pany properties  which  have  since  been  opened 
and,  developed  under  their  direction,  liave 
netted  them  enormous  profits  reckoned  by 
many  millions  of  dollars.  These  properties 
are  the  Utah  Copper,  Nevada  Consolidated 
Copper,  Esperanza  Gold  Mine,  in  Mexico,  lead 
mines  in  the  Federal  district  of  Missouri,  and 
other  mines  in  this  country  and  in  Mexico. 
The  successful  development  of  these  and  other 
mines  made  possible  the  success  of  the  Ameri- 
can Smelting  and  Refining  Company,  con- 
trolled by  the  Guggenheims,  and  resulted  in 
providing  opportunities  for  the  employment  of 
thousands  of  men.  During  liis  connection  with 
this  company,  which  he  severed  in  1907,  Mr. 
Hammond  was  the  highest  salaried  man  in  the 
world.  In  1910  Mr.  Hammond  took  a  promi- 
nent part  in  negotiations  for  the  sale  of  one 


69 


HAMMOND 


HAMMOND 


of  the  largest  silver  mines  in  Mexico,  the 
Santa  Gertrudis.  An  interesting  fact  in  this 
connection  is  that  tlie  largest  single  check  ever 
issued  in  payment  of  a  mine,  one  for  $10,000,- 
000  in  Mexican  currency,  was  drawn  to  the 
order  of  Mr.  Hammond's  clients.  Mr.  Ham- 
mond was  twice  invited  by  the  Russian  govern- 
ment to  visit  Rufjsia  and  give  his  advice  re- 
garding the  development  of  the  industrial  re- 
sources of  that  country.  In  1898  he  made  a 
trip  through  Russia,  Siberia,  and  into  Mon- 
golia, and  examined  the  mineral  resources  of 
Russia;  and  in  1011  sent  an  expedition  into 
Russian  Turkestan  to  investigate  the  possi- 
bilities of  irrigating  600,000  acres  of  land  in 
that  country.  He  had  previously  sent  experts 
to  investigate  a  proposed  grain  elevator  system 
for  Russia.  WHien  summoned  to  an  audience 
with  the  Czar  a  few  years  ago,  in  connection 
with  the  industrial  and  commercial  develop- 
ment of  Russia,  and  the  relations  between 
Russia  and  the  United  States,  the  Czar  re- 
marked to  one  of  his  ministers,  after  the  inter- 
view had  taken  place,  that  "  Mr.  Hammond 
talked,"  as  he  expressed  it,  "  straight  from  the 
shoulder,  and  as  man  to  man,  and  not  as  man 
to  sovereign."  In  the  summer  of  1908,  only 
a  few  weeks  before  the  National  convention  in 
Chicago,  Mr.  Hammond  was  urged  by  numer- 
ous friends  throughout  the  entire  country  to 
announce  his  candidacy,  as  a  resident  of 
Massachusetts,  for  the  office  of  Vice-president 
of  the  United  States.  Mr.  Hammond  stated 
at  that  time:  "Like  all  candidates,  I  place 
myself  in  the  hands  of  my  friends."  This  was 
indeed  the  case,  for  before  he  fully  realized  it, 
he  found  that  his  friends  all  over  this  country 
had  made  up  their  minds  that  he  should  enter 
this  race,  and  his  boom  was  launched  whether 
he  would  or  no.  Mr.  Hammond  discovered  that 
his  political  strength  w^as  increasing  tremen- 
dously, and  believed  that  his  chances  were  as 
good  as  those  of  any  other  candidate  for  this 
office.  Upon  his  arrival  in  Chicago,  this  feel- 
ing was  greatly  strengthened  because  of  the 
assurances  of  support  which  he  received  from 
a  great  many  delegates,  as  well  as  from  numer- 
ous Republican  leaders  there.  Indeed,  entire 
delegations,  among  them  some  of  the  largest, 
came  to  Mr.  Hammond's  headquarters  in  their 
enthusiasm,  and  requested  that  they  be  allowed 
to  stampede  the  convention  for  him.  At  the 
eleventh  hour,  and  because  he  received  word 
that  any  but  a  New  York  candidate  for  the 
office  of  Vice-president  would  jeopardize  the 
success  of  the  ticket  and  endanger  the  election 
of  William  H.  Taft,  Mr.  Hammond  withdrew 
from  the  race,  feeling  no  disappointment  in 
doing  so,  as  his  greatest  ambition  was  to  se- 
cure the  election  of  his  friend  Mr.  Taft. 
Shortly  after  President  Taft's  inauguration, 
Mr.  Hammond  was  offered  the  post  of  Minister 
to  China,  which  the  President  had  stated  was 
one  of  the  most  important  diplomatic  appoint- 
ments he  had  to  make.  Personal  considera- 
tions, however,  determined  Mr.  Hammond  to 
decline  the  proffered  honor.  One  of  the  special 
honors  of  Mr.  Hammond's  life  was  his  selec- 
tion by  President  Taft  to  represent  the  Presi- 
dent and  the  people  of  the  United  States  at 
the  coronation  of  King  George  V.  It  was  par- 
ticularly fortunate  that  a  typical  American 
was  sent  to  the  coronation,  as  the  impression 
upon  the  British  people,  as  well  as  the  ulti- 

60 


mate  reputation  of  our  country,  was  enhanced 
thereby.  As  president  of  the  Commission 
extraordinary  of  the  Panama-Pacific  Inter- 
national Exposition  (to  which  position  he  was 
appointed  on  the  suggestion  of  President  Taft ) , 
he  visited,  in  1912,  the  capitals  of  the  princi- 
pal countries  of  Europe,  and  there  interviewed 
the  rulers  and  foreign  ministers  of  the  various 
countries,  in  behalf  of  the  interests  of  the  in- 
ternational exposition,  held  in  San  Francisco 
in  1915.  Being  a  Californian,  his  appointment 
was  a  peculiarly  fitting  one,  and  he  carried  out 
the  duties  of  his  commission  with  success.  Mr. 
Hammond  has  given  a  great  deal  of  time  and 
thought  to  his  alma  mater — Yale  University. 
His  devotion  to  this  institution  led  him  to 
accept  the  professorship  of  mining  engineering, 
and  he  delivered  numerous  lectures  there.  Mr. 
Hammond  presented  the  university  with  a  min- 
ing and  metallurgical  laboratory  which  bears 
his  name,  and  this  structure  is  complete  with 
modern  mining  and  metallurgical  machinery 
and  equipment.  Mr.  Hammond  has  often  said, 
in  regard  to  the  making  of  moHey,  that  that 
should  be  a  secondary  consideration  in  a  man's 
efforts,  and  that  in  mining  the  success  attend- 
ing an  engineer's  professional  duties  brought 
with  it,  usually,  a  certain  amount  of  emolu- 
ment, but  he  deprecates  young  men  joining  the 
engineering  profession  with  the  sole  object  of 
making  money;  that,  he  says,  should  be  the 
result  of  the  engineer's  success  and  not  his 
aim.  In  addition  to  the  time  which  Mr.  Ham- 
mond has  given  to  Yale,  he  has  lectured  ex- 
tensively at  various  other  large  institutions 
throughout  the  country,  as  well  as  before  va- 
rious scientific  bodies.  He  has  done  much  to 
help  young  men  in  their  professional  careers, 
and  has  had  under  him  men  of  all  nationalities 
and  graduates  from  nearly  all  the  leading  in- 
stitutions of  the  world,  especially  the  technical 
institutions.  He  has  taken  great  interest  in 
the  elevation  of  his  profession,  and  has  in- 
sisted on  adequate  compensation  being  paid  by 
employers  to  engineers.  Indeed,  it  is  a  known 
fact  that  the  engineers  who  have  worked  for 
him  have  received  the  largest  salaries  paid  to 
the  profession.  Mr.  Hammond  has  served,  dur- 
ing the  past  few  years,  as  chairman  of  the 
Visiting  Committee  of  the  Harvard  Mining  and 
Metallurgical  Department.  The  other  members  M 
of  the  committee  are  distinguished  engineers,  m 
who  are  alumni  of  Harvard.  His  activities  in 
civic,  philanthropic,  and  political  work  have 
been  carried  on  as  an  officer  and  member  of 
many  organizations.  He  was  until  recently 
chairman  of  the  North  American  Civic  League 
for  Immigrants,  wdth  headquarters  in  New 
York  City.  He  is  a  member  of  the  executive 
committee  and  chairman  of  the  newly  created 
Department  of  Industrial  Economics  of  the  Na- 
tional Civic  Federation,  and  has  devoted  much 
time  tow^ard  the  solution  of  national  problems. 
The  honorary  degrees  conferred  on  Mr.  Ham- 
mond are  Yale,  A.M.;  Stevens  Institute  of 
Technology,  DE.;  St.  John's  College,  LL.D.; 
Colorado  School  of  Mines,  E.M.  He  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  hospital  and  school  boards  in  the 
city  of  Gloucester,  Mass.,  w^here  he  has  a 
summer  home,  and  takes  an  active  interest  in 
all  matters  pertaining  to  the  public  welfare. 
Some  of  the  clubs  of  wiiich  Mr.  Hammond  is 
a  member  are  Yale,  University,  Century,  Engi- 
neers,  Lotos,   Racquet   and  Tennis,   Metropoli- 


I 


I 


yu-yj'^^rr.^--  jV 


GATES 


GATES 


tan,  Union  League,  New  York  Yacht,  Republi- 
can, and  Rocky  Mountain  Clubs,  American  In- 
stitute of  Mining  Engineers,  American  Society 
of  Mechanical  Engineers — all  of  New  York; 
Chicago  and  University  Clubs  of  Chicago; 
Metropolitan,  University,  Cosmos,  Chevy  Chase, 
and  National  Press  Clubs  of  Washington; 
Union  and  Boston  Press  of  Boston;  Denver 
and  University  Clubs  of  Denver;  Maryland 
Club,  Baltimore ;  California  Club,  Los  Angeles ; 
Pacific  Union,  University,  and  Press  Clubs  of 
San  Francisco;  and  the  University  Club  of 
Salt  Lake  City.  As  an  advocate  of  universal 
peace,  Mr.  Hammond  has  taken  a  deep  interest 
in  the  work  of  the  American  Society  for  Ju- 
dicial Settlement  of  International  Disputes,  of 
which,  in  1910,  he  was  president.  He  is  presi- 
dent of  the  National  Republican  League,  which 
numbers  among  its  membership  1,000,000 
voters.  In  politics  he  belongs  to  the  new 
school;  that  is,  he  believes  that  success  is  best 
attained  by  a  frank,  unreserved  statement  of 
views  on  the  issues  of  the  day.  He  is  of  the 
opinion  that  the  great  majority  of  voters  pre- 
fer a  candidate  for  office  who  frankly  acknowl- 
edges that  he  disagrees  with  their  opinion  on 
some  questions,  and  insists  on  the  right  of  in- 
dependent action  on  these  questions.  He  is 
unqualifiedly  against  the  domination  of  bosses 
and  has  taken  a  strong  position  on  that  sub- 
ject on  many  occasions;  and  yet  he  recognizes 
the  necessity  of  political  organization  and  po- 
litical leadership.  An  essential  part  of  Mr. 
Hammond's  philosophy  of  life  is  to  produce 
results.  His  career,  which  has  been  filled  with 
adventure,  has  been  one  long  exemplification 
of  this  principle.  In  his  younger  days,  in  the 
examination  of  mining  properties,  and  in  pros- 
pecting for  mines  in  the  Southwest  and  in 
Mexico,  he  had  many  narrow  escapes  from  In- 
dians and  bandits.  He  made  frequent  trips 
through  that  part  of  the  country  which  was 
overrun  by  the  murderous  Apaches,  and  had 
numerous  thrilling  experiences  in  revolutions 
in  Mexico  and  on  trips  into  the  wilderness  of 
Central  and  South  America.  Mr.  Hammond 
was  married,  1  Jan.,  1881,  to  Natalie,  daugh- 
ter of  Judge  J.  W.  M;  Harris,  of  Mississippi. 
Their  children  are  Harris,  John  Hays,  Jr., 
Richard  P.,  and  Natalie  Hammond.  In  their 
early  married  life,  Mrs.  Hammond  took  her 
full  share  of  the  hardships,  perils,  and  dis- 
appointments which  in  those  days  fell  to  the 
lot  of  the  young  mining  engineer  endeavoring 
to  achieve  success.  She  accompanied  her  hus- 
band into  countries  full  of  danger  and  disease, 
and  her  fortitude  and  courage  never  failed. 
When  Mr.  Hammond's  duties  grew  more  ex- 
acting and  trying,  and  his  life  grew  bigger, 
there  was  no  one  whose  praise  he  cherished 
more  highly,  nor  whose  encouragement  meant 
more  to  him,  than  that  of  his  devoted  wife. 

GATES,  John  Warne,  capitalist,  b.  near 
Turner  Junction  (now  West  Chicago),  111.,  18 
May,  1855;  d.  in  Paris,  France,  9  Aug.,  1911, 
son  of  Asel  A.  and  Mary  Gates.  He  was  the 
son  of  a  farmer,  and,  as  a  boy,  assisted  his 
father  in  this  pursuit  when  his  studies  were 
not  absorbing  his  attention.  He  attended 
Wheaton  College,  Illinois,  and  was  graduated  at 
Northwestern  College,  Illinois.  He  early  dis- 
played a  marked  capacity  for  business.  At  the 
age  of  sixteen  he  contracted  to  husk  a  neigh- 
boring   farmer's    corn.      From    this,    his    first 


venture,  he  earned  sufficient  to  purchase  a 
third  interest  in  a  threshing  machine.  The 
following  season,  one  of  abundant  harvests, 
proved  very  profitable  to  young  Gates,  who 
bought  out  his  partners  and  became  sole 
owner  of  the  threshing  machine.  A  patch  of 
woodland  next  engaged  his  attention,  and  he 
entered  into  an  agreement  with  the  owner, 
giving  his  threshing  machine  as  security, 
whereby  he  was  to  pay  for  the  timber  as 
rapidly  as  he  sold  it;  and  after  working  most 
diligently  during  the  winter  months,  with  the 
single  woodchopper  he  had  hired,  the  wood- 
lot  was  cleared  and  the  owner  was  paid  in 
full.  The  budding  capitalist  now,  at  eighteen, 
had  a  thousand  dollars  in  the  bank,  and  was 
still  owner  of  the  threshing  machine.  He 
then  invested  his  capital  in  a  hardware  store 
which,  although  it  proved  a  satisfactory  finan- 
cial venture,  he  soon  disposed  of  and  became 
a  salesman  of  barbed  wire  for  a  Col.  Isaac 
Elwood,  who  had  acquired  the  right  to  manu- 
facture it  from  the  inventor,  a  Missouri 
blacksmith.  Elwood  was  having  much  diffi- 
culty in  launching  his  product  upon  the  mar- 
ket and,  attracted  by  Gates'  enthusiasm  and 
forceful  eloquence,  offered  him  $25.00  a  week 
to  sell  the  barbed  wire  in  Texas.  Gates, 
quick  to  grasp  its  possibilities,  accepted  the 
offer;  thus  was  the  future  wire  king  set  in 
motion  toward  the  Texas  cattle  country  with 
his  bristling  samples.  Gates,  however,  did  not 
meet  with  immediate  success.  He  found  the 
cattlemen  very  skeptical  as  to  the  merits  of 
this  novelty.  They  ridiculed  the  idea  that 
such  flimsy  material  could  restrain  a  herd 
of  cattle.  Gates,  consequently,  on  his  mettle, 
conceived  a  convincing  selling  plan  which  in- 
cluded an  elaborate  demonstration  of  his 
product.  This  took  place  in  San  Antonio, 
where  he  hired  a  plaza,  wrapped  it  round  with 
the  barbed  wire,  and  put  into  it  a  herd  of  the 
wildest  steers  that  could  be  found.  The  steers, 
after  numerous  displays  of  boldness,  became 
subdued,  and  the  cattlemen  admitted  the 
efficiency  of  the  barbs.  Enormous  sales  re- 
sulted from  this  exhibition;  and  Gates  later, 
in  view  of  his  very  successful  subsequent 
efforts,  applied  for  a  partnership  in  the  com- 
pany. Upon  the  refusal  of  Elwood  to  agree 
to  this,  Gates,  with  the  first  display  of  his 
extraordinary  constructive  ability,  built  a 
barbed  wire  mill  of  his  own.  As  a  competitor. 
Gates  soon  ^proved  too  formidable  for  Elwood, 
who,  provoked  at  the  conditions  brought 
about  by  ambitious  young  Gates,  sued  him 
for  infringements  of  patents.  Gates,  how- 
ever, finally  persuaded  Elwood  to  enter  into 
a  partnership  with  him  which  lasted  many 
years.  Gates  soon  became  a  specialist  in  the 
wire  branch  of  the  steel  industry,  and  utilized 
every  dollar  he  could  get  for  the  expansion 
of  the  business.  In  1886  he  put  into  it 
$100,000,  the  profits  of  his  first  big  transac- 
tion— a  sale  of  English  steel.  He  bought  or 
absorbed  competitors  whenever  possible,  and, 
in  1892,  by  merging  several  large  wire  com- 
panies, he  became  monarch  of  the  wire  in- 
dustry. In  1895  he  became  president  of  the 
Illinois  Steel  Company,  which,  in  1808,  he 
enlarged  into  the  Federal  Steel  Company;  in 
1897,  in  connection  with  his  interests  in  the 
American  Steel  and  Wire  Company,  he  cleared 
$10,000,000,    and    in    1901,    Mr.    Gates'    com- 

61 


GATES 


GATES 


panics  entered  the  merger  of  the  bill  ion  dollar 
United  States  Steel  Corporation.     As  the  lat- 
ter   concern    did    not    alTord    adequate    oppor- 
tunity for  his  grqat  energy,  he,  in  1907,  went 
to    Texas    and    became    interested    in    the    oil 
fields  in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  State. 
The  success  of  his  subsequent  activities  there 
is  a  further  tribute  to  the  versatility  of  his 
business  genius.     He   was   identified  with   the 
Texas   Company,    which,    under    his   masterful 
administration,   became   the    largest   independ- 
ent oil  company  in  the  country,  with  a  capital 
stock  of  $3(),00{).0()0,  and  owning  800  miles  of 
pipe     line,     reaching    Texas,     Oklahoma,     and 
Louisiana   oil    fields,   with   an   ocean   terminal 
in  Europe  and  a  number  of  terminals  on  the 
Atlantic    seaboard    in    this    country,    besides 
many    local    distributing    stations    in    the    in- 
terior.     Port    Arthur,    Tex.,   before    1900   pos- 
sessed  only   a   few   hundred    inhabitants.      Its 
rapid   and    substantial    growth    is   due   to   the 
leadership  of  Mr.  Gates.     Under  his  guidance 
it  became  in  a  few  years  a  modern  city  with 
20,000   inhabitants,  and  has  one  of  the  most 
accessible  harbors  on  the  Gulf  Coast,  through 
which  45  per  cent  of  the  export  tonnage  of  all 
Texas  ports  is  handled.    In  fact,  it  now  (1917) 
ranks  among  the  first  ten  export  cities  of  the 
United    States;    has   many    modern    buildings, 
first-class    hotels,    substantial    banks,    and    a 
$140,000  federal  building.     Its  extensive  public 
park  system  includes  a  fine  residential  section; 
drives  and  boulevards;  a  splendid  public  school 
system;     manual     training    school;     adequate 
public  utilities;  an  extensive  traction  system; 
churches  of  all  denominations;  the  Mary  Gates 
Hospital,  one  of  the  charities  of  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Gates,  which  ranks  with  the  pretentious  hos- 
pitals  of   the   first-class   cities,   and   the   Port 
Arthur  College,  another  of  their  benefactions 
to  the  city.     This  "  magic  city,"  the  product  of 
Mr.  Gates'  industry  and  ingenuity,  was  made 
possible  by  the  establishment  of  two  immense 
oil    companies — the    Texas    Company   and    the 
Gulf    Refining   Company.      These   corporations 
now   have   a    combined    capital   of   more   than 
$100,000,000  and  a  monthly  payroll  of  nearly 
$300,000.    The  Port  Arthur  College,  Mr.  Gates' 
pet  philanthropy,  was  the  result  of  his  desire 
to  found  and  endow  the  finest  business  school 
in  the  entire  South.     In  commemoration  of  his 
name,    Mrs.    Gates   has   planned   to   build   the 
Gates  Memorial  Library.     Mr.  Gates  was  the 
dominant  factor  in  practically  all  of  the  indus- 
tries of  the  town,  was  its  largest  real  estate 
owner,  and  was  the  principal  owner  of  the  Kan- 
sas City  Southern,  the  successor  of  the  Kansas, 
Pittsburgh  and  Gulf  Railway,  which  was  the 
reason  originally  for  Port  Arthur's  existence.  At 
the  time  of  his  death,  Mr.  Gates  was  a  director 
of  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad  Company, 
Century  Realty  Company,  Hippodrome  Amuse- 
ment Company,  New  York  Hippodrome,  Plaza 
Operating  Company,   Republic   Iron  and  Steel 
Company  of   New   Jersey,   United   Realty   and 
Improvement  Company,  Texas  Company,  Moose 
Mountain    Limited,    and    the    Western    Mary- 
land Railroad  Company.     Besides  the  connec- 
tion as  director  of  the  many  companies  already 
named,  he   held   high  office   in   other  corpora- 
tions.    To   the   very   last   he   enlisted   all   his 
great  energies  and  unusual  constructive  genius 
in  the  development  of  the  several  large  enter- 
prises with  which  he  was  most  closely  iden- 


tified. Naturally,  many  were  buflFeted  in  his 
forceful  advance  to  the  front  rank  of  the 
world's  financiers.  This  he  accomplished  be- 
fore he  was  thirty-seven  years  of  age,  and,  for 
lack  of  better  reasons,  his  disregard  for  con- 
ventionalities and  his  manner  of  indulging  in 
personal  diversions  were  trivially  utilized  in 
an  attempt  to  throw  a  construction  on  his  con- 
duct prejudicial  to  his  business  interests.  His 
speedy  rise  from  obscurity  to  eminence  in  the 
world's  business  affairs  proclaims  him  one  of 
the  striking  characters  that  stand  as  examples 
of  self -development;  and  his  broad  and  lib- 
eral views  of  life  were  combined  with  the 
charm  of  a  most  genial  disposition.  Mr. 
Gates  married  on  25  Feb.,  1874,  Dellora  R., 
daughter  of  Edward  and  Martha  Baker,  of 
St.  Charles,  111.,  and  they  were  the  parents 
of  one  son,  Charles  Gilbert  Gates. . 

GATES,  Charles  Gilbert,  capitalist,  b.  near 
Turner    Junction    (now    West    Chicago),    111., 
21  May,  1876;  d.  in  Cody,  Wyo.,  28  Oct.,  1913, 
son    of    John    Warne    Gates    and    Dellora    R. 
(Baker)    Gates.     He   was   educated   at   Smith 
Academy,   St.   Louis,  and  later  attended  Har- 
vard   School,    Chicago,   and    Lake   Forest    Col- 
lege, where  he  was  regarded  as  an  apt  scholar. 
At   the   age   of   seventeen,   with   characteristic 
confidence,   he  yielded  to   his  own   inclination 
to  engage  in  business,  and  entered  the  employ 
of  the  Consolidated  Steel  and  Wire  Company, 
remaining  there  four  years.    Here  he  exhibited 
the    inherent    energy    and    enormous    business 
capacity  which  distinguished  his  father,  and, 
in    1897,    became    a    partner    in    the    firm    of 
Baldwin,    Gurney    and    Company    of    Chicago, 
stock    commission    brokers.       In     1902,    with 
John   F.    Harris,   he   organized   the   brokerage 
firm  of  Harris,  Gates  and  Company  with  head- 
quarters  in  New   York   and   branch   offices   in 
the    principal    cities   throughout    the    country. 
This   firm  was  dissolved   in    1904  to   be   reor- 
ganized  as   Charles   G.   Gates   and   Company; 
and    through   his   masterful   management    Mr. 
Gates    made   this    one    of    the    foremost    stock 
brokerage  houses  of  the  country.     As  head  of 
this  enterprise,  the  responsibility  of  affording 
adequate  protection  for  the  vast   interests  of 
his    father    devolved    upon    Charles,    and    the 
unusual  knowledge  of  intricate  stock  exchange 
operations    which    he    displayed    can    be    fully 
appreciated  only  by  those  conversant  wuth  the 
firm's   immense  transactions.     It   is  estimated 
that  about   10  per  cent  of  the  entire  trading 
of  the  New  York  Stock  Exchange  during  the 
period,   1902-07,  originated  from  his  company. 
During    this    time    his    father    acquired    large 
business    interests    in     southeast    Texas    and 
launched  into  the  development  of  Port  Arthur. 
This  afforded  an  opportunity  for  constructive 
achievement   of   a   high   order,    and,   attracted 
by  the  magnitude  of  the  undertaking,  Charles 
disposed  of  his  brokerage  business  in  1907  and 
became  identified  with  the  development  of  that 
project,  which  resulted  in  creating  the  city  of 
Port  Arthur    (John  W.   Gates,  q.v.).     It  was 
not   due   alone   to   the   position   of   his   father, 
who  w^as  one  of  the  world's  leading  financiers, 
that    Charles    G.    Gates   became   prominent    in 
business    affairs;     he    himself    possessed    con- 
spicuous  business    talent,    and    his   rapid   rise 
bore   witness   to    great    individual    ability,    in- 
dustry, and  force  of  character.    His  prodigious 
memory  and  remarkably  keen  perception  and 


62 


^'rto  J-IJ  W  7'r!  .rh^. 


SCHWAB 


SCHWAB 


power  of  observation  were  frequently  remarked 
upon  by  his  associates.  Personally,  too,  there 
was  little  to  distinguish  him  from  his  father; 
for  he  also  disliked  all  sham  and  hypocrisy. 
He  bestowed  the  same  generous  judgment  of 
men  and  affairs;  was  esteemed  for  his  in- 
numerable private  charities,  and  combined  cul- 
ture with  a  charm  of  unconventional  manner 
and  utterances  that  had  a  wholesome  influence 
upon  his  large  circle  of  friends  and  attracted 
popular  appreciation  both  in  this  country  and 
abroad.  His  favorite  diversions  were  yacht- 
ing, traveling,  and  big  game  hunting,  and  it 
was  on  his  return  from  one  of  the  latter  ex- 
peditions in  the  Thoroughfare  Mountains  near 
Yellowstone  National  Park,  in  1913,  that  his 
death  occurred.  It  happened  at  Cody,  Wyo., 
as  the  result  of  a  stroke  of  apoplexy.  Mr. 
Gates'  expedition  had  attracted  considerable 
public  attention  and  the  news  of  his  sudden 
death  came  as  a  shock  to  his  many  friends. 
Although  only  thirty-seven  years  of  age  when 
he  died,  he  may  justly  be  regarded  as  having 
been  one  of  the  leaders  among  the  men  of  his 
generation.  Mr.  Gates  was  a  member  of  the 
principal  stock  exchanges  in  this  country, 
among  them  the  New  York  Stock  Exchange, 
New  York  Cotton  Exchange,  and  Chicago 
Board  of  Trade.  At  the  time  of  his  death  he 
was  president  and  a  director  of  Moose  Moun- 
tain, Ltd.,  another  of  his  business  developments; 
president  and  a  director  of  the  Port  Arthur 
Rice  Milling  Company;  a  member  of  the  execu- 
tive committee  and  a  director  of  the  Texas  Com- 
pany; a  member  of  the  executive  committee 
and  a  director  of  the  United  States  Realty  and 
Improvement  Company,  and  a  director  also 
in  the  following  corporations:  The  Plaza 
Operating  Company,  the  First  National  Bank 
of  Port  Arthur,  Tex.,  the  Port  Arthur  Realty 
Company,  Helsig  and  Norvell,  Inc.,  Griffing 
Brothers  Company,  the  Port  Arthur  Rice 
Milling  Company,  and  East  Texas  Electric 
Company.  Among  the  clubs  of  which  he  was 
a  member  were  the  New  York  Yacht  Club, 
Automobile  Club  of  America,  Atlantic  Yacht, 
Columbia  Yacht,  and  Westchester  Country 
Clubs  of  New  York,  the  Chicago  Athletic  and 
Calumet  Clubs  of  Chicago.  Charles  G.  Gates 
was  twice  married,  first,  in  1898,  to  Mary 
W.  Edgar,  of  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  and  second,  in 
1911,  to  Florence  Hop  wood,  of  Minneapolis, 
Minn. 

SCHWAB,  Charles  M.,  capitalist,  b.  Wil- 
liamsburg, Pa.,  18  April,  1862.  At  the  age 
of  five  he  removed  with  his  parents  to  Loretta, 
Pa.,  where  his  father  kept  one  of  the  village 
stores.  Young  Schwab  was  educated  at  St. 
Francis  College,  acquiring  the  rudiments  of 
engineering.  When  his  studies  were  not  oc- 
cupying his  attention  he  improved  his  time  by 
driving  the  old  stage  between  the  village  and 
Cresson  station,  a  distance  of  five  miles. 
After  his  graduation  at  St.  Francis  College,  in 
1878,  he  went  to  Braddock,  Pa.,  and  became  a 
clerk  in  a  dry  goods  store  at  $5.00  a  week. 
In  1880,  prompted  by  a  slight  increase  in 
salary  rather  than  any  attraction  he  may  have 
felt  for  the  stoel  business,  he  entered  the  serv- 
ice of  the  Edgar  Thomson  Steel  Works  of 
Carnegie  Bros,  and  Company,  in  the  capacity 
of  stake  driver,  at  a  salary  of  $1.00  a  day. 
He  soon  showed  rare  aptitude  for  these  more 
arduous   duties,    and    his    advance    was    rapid. 


In  six  months  he  became  chief  assistant  engi- 
neer; from  1881  till  1887  he  was  chief  of  the 
engineers  department;  in  1887  he  became  super- 
intendent of  the  Homestead  Steel  Works;  in 
1889  Frick  appointed  him  general  superin- 
tendent of  the  Edgar  Thomson  Works,  and  in 
1892,  upon  the  consolidation  of  all  the  Car- 
negie interests  into  the  Carnegie  Steel  Com- 
pany, Frick,  as  chairman,  appointed  him  gen- 
eral superintendent  of  the  Homestead  works 
also.  Schwab's  appointment  to  this  position, 
superseding  Mr.  Potter,  who  was  promoted  to 
the  position  of  consulting  engineer  of  all  the 
Carnegie  works,  was  to  facilitate  matters  per- 
taining to  the  famous  Homestead  strike.  In 
this  position  Schwab,  through  his  ability  as 
a  manager  and  his  popularity  with  the  work- 
men, rendered  most  important  service  to  the 
company;  and  with  fine  tact  and  conciliation 
he  soon  persuaded  the  heads  of  departments 
and  the  foremen  to  return  to  work,  which  soon 
resulted  in  the  general  resumption  of  the 
business.  And  the  remainder  of  his  tenure  of 
general  superintendent  of  both  the  Homestead 
and  Edgar  Thomson  plants  was  free  from  fur- 
ther labor  troubles  and  marked  by  a  continu- 
ance of  his  good  understanding  with  the  work- 
men. He  held  the  position  of  general  super- 
intendent of  both  the  Edgar  Thomson  and  the 
Homestead  works  until  1897.  In  that  year  he 
was  advanced  to  the  presidency  of  the  Board 
of  Managers  of  the  Carnegie  companies,  liav- 
ing  become  a  member  of  the  association  a  year 
before.  This  was  an  institution  that  grew  out 
of  Frick's  plans  of  efficiency  for  the  unifica- 
tion of  the  company.  In  the  same  year  Car- 
negie, in  an  attempt  to  diminish  the  impor- 
tance of  Frick,  made  Schwab  president  of  the 
Carnegie  Steel  Company,  although  Frick,  as 
chairman  of  the  board,  remained  at  the  head 
of  affairs.  Schwab  retained  the  presidency  of 
the  Carnegie  company  until  its  absorption  by 
the  United  States  Steel  Corporation  in  1901. 
He  was  then  made  president  of  the  new  cor- 
poration. His  three-years'  tenure  of  this  office, 
however,  was  not  marked  by  any  notable  tri- 
umph. In  fact,  in  1903  the  United  States 
Steel  Corporation  reached  a  precarious  con- 
dition, due  probably  to  the  adjustment  of  this 
mastodonic  organization  to  its  normal  level. 
In  1904  Mr.  Schwab  resigned  this  position  and 
was  succeeded  by  William  E.  Corey.  He  then 
engaged  unsuccessfully  in  extensive  ship- 
building operations,  after  which  he  secured  an 
option  on  the  Bethlehem  plant.  After  much 
difficulty  he,  succeeded  in  interesting  John  D. 
Ryan,  E.  H.  Harriman,  Jacob  Schiff,  and 
other  equally  sagacious  financiers,  and  in  1908 
effected  the  organization  of  the  Bethlehem 
Steel  Corporation  and  the  Bethlehem  Steel 
Company.  This  was  considered  a  doubtful 
undertaking,  for  the  Betlilehem  works  were  re- 
garded as  mainly  a  military  plant.  But  ]\Ir. 
Schwab  was  influenced  by  the  fact  that  he 
controlled  the  exclusive  rights  in  this  country 
of  patents  which  simplified  tlie  process  of 
making  steel  structural-shapes.  The  company 
achieved  a  measure  of  suc('(>ss  until  the  out- 
break of  the  European  War  in  l!)14,  when  it 
attained  prosperity  hitherto  uiitliought  of  by 
its  founders.  It  soon  hociimc  the  largest  con- 
tributor of  weapons,  ships,  stoel,  and  arms  to 
tlie  Allied  governments,  and  its  success  was 
meteoric.      Mr.    Schwab's   rise   to   eminence    in 


63 


SCHWAB 


WILLYS 


the  busineas  world  was  marked  by  more  than 
one  notable  achievement.  He  is  supposed  to 
have  devised  the  scheme  in  1001  which  enabled 
Carnegie  to  accomplish  his  utmost  desire — the 
sale  of  the  Carnegie  Company.  During  the 
preceding  twelve  years  Carnegie  had  made  sev- 
eral unsuccessful  attempts  to  sell  out,  and  it 
now  had  become  a  passion  with  him;  so 
Prick's  plan  of  operating  a  tube  works  at 
Conneaut  was  resurrected  and  utilized  by 
Schwab  and  Carnegie  to  compel  the  purchase 
of  the  Carni'gie  company  by  the  millionaires 
interested  in  the  National  Tube  Company,  the 
Standard  Oil  Company,  and  the  Pennsylvania 
Railroad,  all  of  which  it  threatened  with  seri- 
ous competition.  The  scheme  was  gloriously 
effective.  Schwab,  conducting  negotiations  for 
the  steel  company,  persuaded  J.  P.  Morgan  and 
other  equally  astute  financiers  to  purchase  the 
Carnegie  Steel  Company  for  $500,000,000, 
double  the  amount  that  Carnegie  tried  to  sell 
at  three  years  before.  This  is  generally  recog- 
nized as  the  most  monumental  of  Isusiness 
transactions.  Aptitude  and  opportunity  fur- 
nish the  keynote  to  Mr.  Schwab's  success. 
From  1880  to  1889  he  received  his  mechanical 
training  under  Capt.  William  R.  Jones,  and 
from  1880  to  1900  he  was  under  the  guidance 
of  the  greatest  of  all  steel  men,  Henry  C.  Prick. 
Mr.  Schwab  has  gratefully  acknowledged  his 
appreciation  of  Captain  Jones,  who  was  a 
mechanical  genius.  But  to  the  experience  he 
received  under  Prick  during  this  steel  master's 
revolutionizing  of  the  steel  industry,  Schwab 
gratefully  attributes  his  present  enviable  posi- 
tion. "  If  I  have  anything  of  value  in  me," 
he  once  wrote,  Mr.  Prick's  "  method  of  treat- 
ment will  bring  it  out  to  its  full  extent";  and 
he  "  regarded  with  more  satisfaction  than  any- 
thing else  in  life — even  fortune — ^the  con- 
sciousness of  having  won  "  Mr.  Prick's  "  friend- 
ship and  regard."  In  1900,  however,  upon  the 
culmination  of  the  personal  and  business  dif- 
ferences between  Carnegie  and  Prick  in  a  bit- 
ter altercation,  Schwab  was  heartily  reproached 
for  his  activities  in  opposition  to  Prick.  In 
fact,  his  part  as  Carnegie's  agent  in  the  lat- 
ter's  sensational  attempt  to  seize  Prick's  in- 
terest in  the  Carnegie  Steel  Company  fur- 
nished a  sharp  contrast  to  the  many  positive 
achievements  of  Schwab's  career.  7"  is  event 
arrested  nation-wide  attention,  and  contem- 
plated, by  means  that  will  not  bear  the  closest 
scrutiny,  the  expulsion  of  Prick  from  the  Car- 
negie Steel  Company  and  the  confiscation  of 
upward  of  $11,000,000  of  his  interest  therein. 
But  in  extenuation  of  Schwab's  compliance 
with  Carnegie's  demands,  it  may  be  said  that 
he  strove  earnestly,  as  did  Henry  Phipps,  to 
effect  a  reconciliation.  Upon  the  failure  of 
this,  he  wrote:  "I  just  returned  from  New 
York  this  morning.  Mr.  Carnegie  is  en  route 
to  Pittsburgh  today,  and  will  be  at  the  office 
in  the  morning.  Nothing  could  be  done  with 
him  looking  toward  a  reconciliation.  He  seems 
most  determined.  I  did  my  best.  So  did  Mr. 
Phipps.  I  feel  certain  he  will  give  positive  in- 
structions to  the  Board  and  Stockholders  as  to 
his  wishes  in  the  matter.  .  .  .  Under  these 
circumstances,  there  is  nothing  left  for  us  to 
do  but  obey,  although  the  situation  the  board 
is  thus  placed  in  is  most  embarrassing."  So, 
with  a  full  appreciation  of  the  eloquent  power 
of  Carnegie's  holdings  in  the  company,  Schwab 


reluctantly  yielded  to  his  domination  and  se- 
cured the  names  to  the  famous  "  Iron  Clad " 
Agreement.  This  was  a  process  for  eliminating 
debtor  partners,  such  as  Schwab  and  about 
thirty  other  junior  partners — "  young  gen- 
iuses " — but  it  was  not  applicable  to  Prick  or 
Phipps,  who  were  paid-up  partners.  Carnegie, 
though,  by  expunging  minutes  on  the  books  of 
the  company  and  other  acts  of  doubtful 
validity,  hoped  to  adapt  it  to  his  scheme  of 
including  paid-up  partners.  Schwab,  under 
Carnegie's  domination,  assumed  the  functions 
of  Prick's  attorney  in  the  pretended  transfer 
of  Prick's  interest  to  the  company  for  $5,000,- 
000  and  payable  on  terms  that  approximated 
confiscation.  However,  the  attempt  proved 
abortive.  Prick  sought  justice  in  the  courts, 
and  five  days  later  he  received  an  interest 
which  about  a  year  later  brought  him  $28,000,- 
000.  Contrasted  with  the  submission  of  Mr. 
Schwab  and  many  junior  members  of  the  com- 
pany was  the  attitude  of  P.  T.  P.  Lovejoy,  its 
secretary,  who,  with  Henry  M.  Curry,  were 
the  only  two  of  the  thirty-one  junior  partners 
who  withstood  Carnegie's  pressure.  Lovejoy 
not  only  refused  to  sign  the  agreement,  but 
questioned  the  validity  of  his  colleague's  acts 
in  a  separate  answer  which  he  filed  in  the 
Equity  Suit  brought  by  Prick.  Henry  C. 
Phipps  in  self-protection  also  strongly  op- 
posed the  scheme  and  filed  a  separate  answer. 
The  settlement  of  the  dispute  necessitated  re- 
organization of  the  company,  and  in  1900  it 
was  incorporated  as  the  Carnegie  Company. 
Carnegie  rewarded  Schwab  with  the  presidency 
of  the  company,  while  Lovejoy,  who  had  re- 
fused to  comply  with  Carnegie's  demands,  was 
dropped  from  the  directorate.  Among  Mr. 
Schwab's  known  public  benefactions  are  an  j 
industrial  school  at  Homestead,  Pa.;  an  audi- 
torium to  State  College,  Pennsylvania ;  a  school 
at  Weatherly,  Pa.;  a  convent  at  Creston,  Pa.;  ■ 
a  Catholic  church  at  Braddock,  Pa.;  a  $150,-  1 
000  Catholic  cathedral  at  Loretta,  Pa.;  and  a  1 
$1,000,000  home  for  sick  and  crippled  chil-  » 
dren  at  Staten  Island,  N.  Y.  Besides  being  | 
president  and  chairman  of  the  board  of  both  ' 
the  Bethlehem  Steel  Corporation  and  the  Beth-  ? 
lehem  Steel  Company,  Mr.  Schwab  is  director 
in  other  iron,  steel,  coal,  and  coke  corporations, 
including  the  Carnegie  Steel  Company;  H.  C. 
Prick  Coke  Company;  Minnesota  Iron  Com- 
pany; National  Tube  Works  Company;  Pneu- 
matic Tool  Company;  American  Universal 
Mill  Company,  and  the  Pore  River  Shipbuild- 
ing Company.  He  is  president  of  the  Silver 
Company;  trustee  of  the  New  York  Trust 
Company,  and  director  also  in  the  United 
States  Realty  and  Improvement  Company; 
Carnegie  Trust  Company,  Chicago;  Lehigh 
Valley  Transit  Company;  Empire  Trust  Com- 
pany, and  managing  director  of  Chase  National 
Bank,  Washington,  D.  C.  As  his  immense 
Bethlehem  enterprises  require  his  constant  per- 
sonal attention,  Mr.  Schwab  removed  to  Beth- 
lehem, and  foregoes  the  pleasures  of  the  mag- 
nificent $7,000,000  New  York  home  which  he 
built  on  Riverside  Drive.  He  married  Eurania 
Dinkey,  of  Loretta,  Pa.,  1883. 

WILLYS,  John  North,  manufacturer,  b.  in 
Canandaigua,  N.  Y.,  25  Oct.,  1873,  son  of 
David  Smith  and  Lydia  (North)  Willys.  His 
father  owned  a  brick  and  tile  plant  in  his 
native  town,  and  it  was  there  that  the  youthful 


64 


WILLYS 


WILLYS 


John  N.  Willys  did  his  first  manual  labor. 
For  working  in  the  factory  two  hours  a  day 
after  school  his  father  paid  him  twenty-five 
cents  a  week.  Mr.  Willys  has  admitted  since 
that  he  could  still  make  a  fair  article  of  brick 
or  drain  tile  if  it  were  necessary.  It  was  at 
this  period  of  his  youth,  when  he  was  about 
eleven  years  of  age,  that  he  made  his  first  deal 
in  commerce.  He  was  a  boy  of  unusually  quick 
observation,  and  he  had  noticed  that  the  reins 
on  his  father's  horses  had  a  way  of  falling 
to  the  ground  and  entangling  the  animals'  feet. 
Then  he  found  out  that  there  were  certain  little 
clamps  made  to  prevent  this  very  trouble,  so 
he  bought  a.  dozen  of  them  and  sold  them  to 
his  father.  With  the  profits  from  this  dozen 
he  bought  two  dozen  more  and  disposed  of 
them  to  other  horse  owners  in  Canandaigua. 
He  traded  in  other  specialties,  and  in  time 
accumulated  a  neat  little  account  in  a  savings 
bank.  He  gave  up  his  work  in  the  brickyard 
to  sell  a  "  Life  of  Garfield  "  after  school  hours, 
but,  although  he  developed  into  a  successful 
book  agent,  as  such  employment  goes,  the  re- 
turns were  not  large  enough  to  satisfy  him. 
He  felt  that  he  could  earn  more  money  in 
other  ways,  with  less  expenditure  of  time  and 
energy.  Before  he  was  sixteen  he  went  into 
the  laundry  business,  in  company  with  a  chum 
two  years  older  than  himself,  at  Seneca  Falls, 
about  thirty  miles  from  Canandaigua,  after 
his  parents  had  given  their  consent.  His 
partner  had  worked  in  a  laundry,  and  knew 
something  about  the  technique  of  that  occupa- 
tion. At  the  end  of  a  year  they  had  placed 
the  laundry  on  a  paying  basis,  and  they  sold 
out  with  a  net  profit  of  $100.00  apiece.  As  his 
parents  figured  that  a  week  away  from  home 
and  roughing  it  would  be  enough  for  their  son, 
they  were  obliged  to  confess  that  there  was 
more  enterprise  and  application  in  their  young 
son  than  they  credited  to  him.  On  his  return 
home  from  the  laundry  experience,  John  N, 
Willys  decided  to  work  his  way  through  col- 
lege and  become  a  lawyer.  With  characteristic 
energy,  he  was  making  good  headway  with  his 
studies  and  working  in  a  law  office  (one  of  the 
partners  in  which.  Royal  R.  Scott,  afterward 
became  secretary  of  the  Willys-Overland  Com- 
pany), when  his  father  died.  This  compelled 
John  to  give  up  his  hope  of  being  graduated 
from  college.  He  had  to  take  up  the  stern 
work  of  making  a  living.  At  that  time  bicycles 
were  popular  and  becoming  more  so  every  day. 
John  Willys  decided  that  here  was  his  oppor- 
tunity and  he  invested  the  $100.00  he  had  made 
in  the  Seneca  Falls  laundry  in  a  sample  bicycle, 
called  the  "  New  Mail,"  and  became  agent  for 
the  machine  in  his  own  town.  He  sold  bi- 
cycles to  all  his  friends  and  neighbors,  and 
before  he  was  eighteen  had  organized  a  sales 
company,  opened  a  store,  with  a  repair  shop 
in  the  rear — for  he  could  mend  anything  about 
a  bicycle,  besides  riding  it  expertly — adver- 
tised freely,  but  judiciously,  and  soon  had  to 
take  larger  premises  on  the  main  thorough- 
fare. His  mind  being  naturally  adapted  to 
organization,  as  well  as  mechanics,  he  saw 
the  logical  way  to  succeed  in  the  bicycle  busi- 
ness was  to  handle  the  product  in  large 
quantities,  and  he  established  a  jobbing  trade 
to  reach  a  market  which  he  saw  existed,  but 
which  up  to  that  time  had  been  nothing  more 
than  a  vision  to  the  manufacturers.     It  was 


this  idea  of  his,  of  selling  wholesale,  which 
later  brought  about  his  entrance  into  the  auto- 
mobile business,  first  as  a  creator  of  markets, 
and  later  as  a  manufacturer.  He  sold  a  great 
many  bicycles,  but  had  difficulty  in  collecting 
his  accounts.  So,  in  1896,  when  the  Free  Silver 
movement  disturbed  trade  so  dismally,  he  de- 
cided he  would  close  out  his  bicycle  business 
and  do  something  else  while  he  looked  things 
over.  He  became  a  traveling  salesman  for  the 
Boston  Woven  Hose  and  Rubber  Company,  all 
the  time  keeping  on  the  lookout  for  the  oppor- 
tunity that  he  knew,  even  then,  was  always 
lying  in  wait  for  the  "  live  "  man.  One  of  his 
customers  was  the  Elmira  Arms  Company,  a 
sporting  goods  establishment.  When  the  Klon- 
dike gold  fever  broke  out,  the  proprietor  was 
so  anxious  to  dispose  of  the  business  that  he 
sold  his  stock,  appraised  at  $2,800,  to  John 
N.  Willys,  for  $500.00  cash.  The  latter  in- 
stalled a  manager  and  began  an  advertising 
campaign  for  his  new  venture,  at  the  same 
time  retaining  his  own  position  with  the  Bos- 
ton Woven  Hose  and  Rubber  Company.  Be- 
fore long,  however,  the  Boston  concern  went  to 
the  wall,  and  Mr.  Willys  took  personal  charge 
of  the  Elmira  Arms  Company.  He  made  a 
specialty  of  bicycles,  and  in  eight  months  had 
sold  $2,800  worth  of  them,  of  which  $1,000 
was  profit.  Having  worked  into  the  whole- 
sale distribution  of  bicycles,  he  eventually  took 
the  entire  output  of  a  factory,  and  by  the  time 
he  was  twenty-seven  years  of  age  was  doing 
a  business  of  half  a  million  dollars  a  year. 
It  was  at  this  time  that  he  was  attracted  to  the 
automobile  business.  He  never  saw  an  auto- 
mobile until  one  day  in  1899,  when  he  hap- 
pened to  be  looking  out  of  a  window  of  a  high 
building  in  Cleveland,  he  noticed  a  thing  on 
four  wheels  creeping  along  the  street  without 
any  horse  attached.  He  found  out  afterward 
that  the  "  thing  "  was  a  Winton  car — like  all 
other  motor  cars  of  that  day,  a  very  different 
article  from  the  high-powered,  easily  controlled 
machines  of  later  years.  Mr.  Willys  was 
agent  for  the  Pierce-Arrow  bicycles,  so  he 
bought  a  motor  car  from  the  company  for 
$900.00,  for  a  demonstrator,  and  set  out  to 
sell  cars.  He  found  everybody  anxious  for  a 
demonstration,  but  at  the  end  of  the  year  he 
had  sold  only  two  automobiles.  The  second 
year  he  disposed  of  four.  Then  he  took  up 
the  Rambler  agency,  as  well  as  the  Pierce,  and 
in  1903  he  sold  twenty  cars.  At  that  time 
automobiles  were  held  in  disfavor  by  most 
people,  but  by  1905  Mr.  Willys  found  that  it 
was  easier  to  get  orders  for  cars  than  to 
supply  them,  and  he  decided  that  there  would 
be  more  profit  in  manufacturing  cars  than  in 
selling  them.  Therefore,  in  1906  he  formed 
the  American  Motor  Car  Sales  Company,  with 
headquarters  at  Elmira,  and  undertook  the 
sale  of  the  whole  output  of  the  American  and 
Overland  companies,  both  in  Indianapolis.  The 
Overland  had  been  in  business  for  six  years, 
and  its  largest  output  for  a  year  was  in  1006, 
when  it  made  forty-seven  cars.  In  a  short 
time  Mr.  Willys  had  made  contracts  with  deal- 
ers to  supply  them  with  500  Overland  cars, 
and  deposited  with  the  Overland  Company  as 
a  part  guarantee  for  the  delivery  of  the  cars, 
the  money  paid  him  by  the  dealers.  Then, 
though  he  had  been  under  the  impression  that 
the  concern  was  absolutely  sound,  he  discovered 


65 


WILLYS 

that  the  Overland  Company  was  in  serious 
financial  straits.  The  panic  of  1907,  which 
liopan  in  Octobt-r,  had  aflocted  it  severely.  In 
I)eceinl>cr  of  that  year  Mr.  Willys  went  to 
Indianapolis  to  visit  the  plant  and  see  for 
himself  how  matters  stood.  He  found  the 
Overland  in  difficulties  that  threatened  not 
only  the  company's  bwn  existence,  but  that  of 
his  own  enterprise,  the  American  Motor  Car 
Sales  Company,  also.  The  danger  of  seeing  his 
all  go  down  in  the  wreck  aroused  him  to  a  real 
display  of  his  lighting  ability.  His  inspection 
of  the  plant  ended  on  a  Saturday,  and  he 
calle<l  a  conference  of  the  officials  of  the  Over- 
land Company  for  the  next  afternoon  in  an 
Indianapolis  hotel.  At  this  conference  he  for- 
mally demanded  to  know  why  the  firm  had 
failed  to  deliver  the  cars  on  which  he  had 
made  deposits.  The  demand  was  only  a  for- 
mality, however,  for  he  knew  what  was  the 
matter  with  the  Overland  as  well  as  did  its 
oflicials.     He  was  told  that  the  company  would 

fo  into  the  hands  of  a  receiver  the  next  day. 
t  had  been  able  only  partly  to  meet  its  pay- 
roll for  the  week.  Mr.  Willys  asked  how  much 
cash  was  required  to  tide  the  company  over 
the  morrow,  and  the  hopeless  answer  was, 
"  Three  hundred  and  fifty  dollars."  Then  it 
was  that  John  N.  Willys  gave  proof  of  his 
resourcefulness  and  determination.  He  went 
down  to  see  the  hotel  manager  and  wrote  a 
check  for  $500.00  on  a  little  bank  in  Wells- 
boro.  Pa.,  and  told  the  hotel  man  he  must 
cash  it.  The  manager  was  satisfied  that  the 
check  was  good,  but  he  had  no  cash.  Willys 
was  equal  to  this  difficulty,  too.  With  the 
co-operation  of  the  hotel  proprietor,  all  the 
available  assets  of  the  hotel  were  comman- 
deered, and  some  of  his  friends  and  acquain- 
tances came  to  his  aid,  with  the  result  that 
the  check  was  cashed,  and  the  Overland  saved 
— temporarily,  at  least.  In  consideration  of 
this  aid,  the  control  of  the  Overland  plant  was 
turned  over  to  Mr.  Willys,  and  he  immediately 
put  it  through  a  complete  reorganization.  On 
9  Jan.,  1908,  John  North  Willys  became  presi- 
dent of  the  Overland  Company,  and  with  his 
master  hand  at  the  wheel,  the  firm's  business 
picked  up  in  marked  fashion.  During  the 
year  401  cars  were  manufactured,  and,  with 
cash  on  hand,  a  steadily  growing  demand  for 
its  product,  the  company  found  itself  with 
clear  sailing  ahead.  The  business  took  a  great 
jump  in  1900,  for  4,000  cars  were  manu- 
factured, and  the  factory  was  so  inadequate 
for  the  amount  of  work  to  be  done  that  Mr. 
Willys  purchased  two  large  circus  tents,  and 
the  making  of  Overland  cars  was  carried  on 
under  canvas.  This  was  only  a  temporary  ex- 
pedient, however.  It  would  be  entirely  incon- 
sistent with  the  dignity  of  a  rapidly  growing 
industry,  whose  bounds  seemed  to  be  illimi- 
table, for  the  factory  to  be  what  circus  men 
call  "  big  tops."  President  Willys  took  an 
option  on  thirty  acres  of  land  in  Indianapolis 
and  planned  a  building  on  a  large  scale  and 
modern  lines.  But  an  unexpected  opportunity 
prevented  his  building  this  particular  manu- 
factory. At  his  home,  in  Indianapolis,  he  was 
preparing  for  a  business  trip  to  New  York, 
when  his  Toledo  representative  called  him  up 
on  the  long-distance  telephone  to  advise  him 
that  the  Pope-Toledo  Manufacturing  Company 
was  in  financial  difficulties  and  desired  to  sell 


66 


WILLYS 


f 


its  plant.  The  next  morning,  instead  of  going 
to  New  York,  where  he  had  intended  to  meet 
capitalists  in  connection  with  his  Indianapolis 
building  project,  he  was  in  Toledo,  inspecting 
the  old  Pope  plant.  In  the  evening  he  was  on 
his  way  East,  and  the  next  day  he  closed  with 
Albert  A.  Pope,  president  of  the  Pope-Toledo 
Manufacturing  Company,  for  the  plant,  ma- 
chinery, stock,  and  good  will  of  that  concern. 
A  deposit  of  $25,000  bound  the  bargain,  and 
less  than  forty-eight  hours  after  he  first  heard 
of  the  factory,  John  N,  Willys  was  owner  of 
the  Pope  property.  At  that  time  it  consisted 
of  seven  acres  of  land,  a  few  buildings  in  a  more 
or  less  indiflferent  state  of  repair,  an  equipment, 
and  a  meager  supply  of  Pope  parts  and  used 
cars.  Prosperity  came  in  at  the  door  and 
through  the  windows  of  the  new  Overland 
establishment.  The  first  year  in  Toledo  saw  H 
12,000  cars  manufactured.  Each  year  saw  a  w 
larger  number  produced,  until,  in  1917,  the 
factory  was  turning  out  a  thousand  cars  a 
day,  with  the  prospect  of  manufacturing  not 
less  than  300,000  Overland  and  Willys-Knight 
automobiles  in  the  twelve  months,  with  every 
car  contracted  for  in  advance.  In  eight  years 
from  the  time  Mr.  Willys  took  control  of  the  » 
Toledo  plant  the  Overland  evolved  from  a  little 
two-cylinder,  chain-driven  buggy  into  several 
models,  ranging  from  the  four-cylinder,  ca- 
pable of  developing  31.&  horsepower,  to  the  big, 
aristocratic  and  popular  four  and  eight  Willys- 
Knight,  which  can  develop  forty-five  horse- 
power. The  plant  has  grown,  since  1908,  from 
a  few  dilapidated  buildings,  scattered  over 
seven  acres  of  ground,  to  one  of  the  largest 
single  automobile  factories  in  the  world.  It 
occupies  more  than  four  and  a  half  million 
square  feet  of  floor  space.  Somewhat  over 
20,000  persons  are  employed  in  the  Overland 
establishment  in  Toledo,  and  some  5,000  more 
find  occupation  in  other  factories  controlled  by 
Mr.  Willys.  With  the  single  exception  of 
Henry  Ford,  Mr.  Willys  is  the  largest  auto- 
mobile manufacturer  in  the  world.  Besides 
the  Toledo  property,  Mr.  Willys  owns  all  or  a 
controlling  interest  in  a  number  of  the  big 
concerns  in  various  parts  of  the  United  States. 
He  is  interested  in  the  Electric  Auto  Lite  Com- 
pany, Toledo,  Ohio,  where  2,200  hands  are  em- 
ployed; the  Flint  Varnish  and  Color  Works, 
Flint,  Mich.;  the  Fisk  Rubber  Company,  Chico- 
pee  Falls,  Mass.,  4,000  men;  the  Federal  Motor  ; 
Works,  Indianapolis,  and  the  Willys-Morrow 
Company,  Elmira,  N.  Y.  At  the  last  named 
plant  there  are  4,200  employees.  As  an  ex- 
ample of  the  financiering  ability  of  John  North 
Willys,  it  is  told  of  him  that  when  he  found 
himself  in  possession  of  the  Overland  Com- 
pany, after  saving  it  from  annihilation  by 
raising  $350.00,  to  pay  off  the  employees,  all 
he  had  in  the  way  of  a  plant  was  a  sheet  iron 
shed  300  feet  long  by  80  feet  wide,  with  a 
shopworn  outfit  of  machinery  and  not  enough 
material  on  hand  to  put  out  a  single  complete 
car.  By  superhuman  efforts,  he  procured  enough 
material  to  enable  the  company  to  finish  a  few 
cars,  enough  to  keep  the  working  force  to-  ; 
gether.  But  the  company  owed  $80,000,  and  ". 
had  not  so  much  as  $80.00  to  its  credit.  I 
Willys  was  confident  he  could  put  the  con-  * 
cern  on  its  feet  with  only  a  small  amount  of  y 
money,  but  it  seemed  as  if  he  could  not  get  - 
anything.    By  the  exercise  of  persuasive  powers 


I 


»i,-  W  7:I^af^,e-T-  .V  : 


1 


WILLYS 


DEERE 


belonging  to  his  old  calling  as  a  salesman,  he 
induced  an  acquaintance,  an  old  lumber  man, 
to  lend  him  $15,000  in  cash.  It  wasn't  much 
to  pay  debts  of  $80,000,  buy  raw  material,  and 
pay  wages  and  salaries.  But  Willys  was  not 
dismayed.  He  believed  he  could  see  his  way 
through,  and  he  had  a  well-defined  plan. 
Under  his  direction,  the  company's  lawyer  drew 
up  a  proposed  form  of  settlement  with  credi- 
tors. By  its  provisions,  the  company  was  to 
pay  ten  cents  on  the  dollar  at  once,  and  other 
installments  later  to  those  who  insisted  on  part 
cash,  with  preferred  stock  for  the  remainder. 
At  this  juncture  the  lumber  man  changed  his 
mind  about  lending  the  $15,000,  and  decided 
that  he  would  not  do  it.  He  was  induced 
finally  to  advance  $7,500.  But  as  Mr.  Willys 
had  agreed  in  writing  to  pay  insistent  creditors 
$15,000,  he  was  still  in  a  quandary.  Then  a 
happy  thought  came  to  him,  and  he  amended 
the  sentence  in  the  agreement  to  read  that  he 
would,  if  called  upon,  pay  creditors  *'  not  to 
exceed  $15,000."  At  a  meeting  of  the  prin- 
cipal creditors  with  him,  his  eloquence,  sin- 
cerity, and  faith  in  the  future  of  the  auto- 
mobile industry  won  over  all  the  important 
creditors,  and  a  majority  of  them  elected  to 
accept  preferred  stock  for  their  entire  claims, 
without  demanding  any  cash  at  all.  As  a 
matter  of  fact,  it  took  only  $3,500  cash  to 
arrange  the  Overland's  $80,000  debts,  and 
launch  the  reorganized  company  without  any 
financial  burdens  whatever.  Then  Mr.  Willys 
got  in  touch  with  the  four  largest  firms  that 
supplied  the  Overland  with  parts,  and  after 
painting  in  glowing  terms  the  future  of  the 
company  as  it  would  be  if  he  were  allowed 
to  go  on,  he  said  he  wanted  them  to  assist  in 
re-establishing  the  company's  credit,  and  asked 
them  to  accept  three  months'  notes  for  addi- 
tional supplies  as  they  might  be  required.  He 
finished  with  the  naive  remark :  "  Then  I  will 
let  other  people  know  how  you  have  shown 
faith  in  the  company.  Anybody  who  hesi- 
tates to  give  us  credit  will  be  told  to  com- 
municate with  you,  and  it  will  be  up  to 
you  to  convince  them  that  we  are  right." 
Mr.  Willys  is  a  hard  worker.  He  likes  it, 
and  it  agrees  with  him.  Every  day  he  goes 
all  over  his  plant,  notwithstanding  that  it 
covers  several  acres,  and  he  is  on  speaking 
terms  with  most  of  the  individuals  in  his 
great  army  of  employees,  from  whom  he  gets 
ideas,  in  exchange  for  his  own.  It  is  his  de- 
light to  work  side  by  side  with  his  draftsmen 
and  designers,  and  if  the  day  happens  to  be 
warm,  his  coat  will  be  ojT,  and  he  will  drive 
into  the  work  with  sleeves  rolled  up,  like  all 
the  others.  He  is  always  at  his  desk  in  the 
morning  before  any  of  his  assistants,  and  he 
can  be  found  about  the  plant  all  day  long. 
The  affable  manner  native  to  him,  and  which 
was  polished  more  and  more  during  his  career 
as  a  salesman,  is  with  him  yet.  The  curt 
speech  and  demeanor  of  many  men  of  affairs 
and  big  business  is  not  found  in  him.  Yet  he 
is  a  man  of  lightning  decision,  and  rarely  does 
he  have  to  change  a  course  of  action  once  he 
has  laid  it  out.  He  is  fond  of  golf,  yachting, 
automobiling,  and  all  outdoor  sports.  He  is 
a  member  of  many  clubs.  Among  them  are  the 
Union  League  and  Bankers,  of  New  York,  the 
Toledo  Country  Club,  the  Toledo  Club,  of 
which  he  is  president,  the  Inverness  Club,  the 


Midwick  Country  Club,  the  Crags  Country 
Club,  the  California  Club  of  Los  Angeles,  the 
Indian  Harbor  Yacht  Club,  the  Greenwich 
Country  Club  of  Greenwich,  Conn.,  and  the 
Eastern  Yacht  Club,  Marblehead,  Mass.  Mr. 
Willys  is  a  modest  man,  and  will  not  talk 
about  his  achievements,  wonderful  as  they  are. 
His  intimate  friends  declare  that  the  keystone 
of  his  success  is  the  finding  out  what  people 
want  and  need,  telling  them  in  generous  and 
judicious  advertising  that  he  has  it,  and  then 
giving  it  to  them  a  little  better  than  others 
and  at  as  low  a  price  as  the  market  can  stand. 
But,  if  anybody  asks  Mr.  Willys  if  that  is  his 
secret,  he  only  smiles.  Perhaps  in  that  smile 
lies  a  large  part  of  the  secret.  John  North 
Willys  married  1  Dec,  1897,  Isabella  Irene 
Van  Wie,  of  Canandaigua,  N.  Y.,  and  they 
have  one  daughter,  Virginia  Clayton.  Mr. 
Willys  has  always  been  a  great  lover  of  art, 
and  in  his  home  in  Toledo  he  has  a  collection 
of  oil  paintings,  by  distinguished  American 
and  European  artists,  such  as  is  seldom  seen 
in  a  private  gallery. 

DEERE,  John,  manufacturer,  b.  in  Rutland, 
Vt.,  7  Feb.,  1804;  d.  in  Moline,  111.,  17  May, 
1886,  son  of  William  Rinold  and  Sarah 
(Yates)  Deere.  His  father,  a  native  of  Eng- 
land, came  to  America  early  in  the  nineteenth 
century.  His  mother,  born  in  Connecticut, 
was  the  daughter  of  a  captain  in  the  British 
army,  who,  after  serving  his  King  throughout 
the  Revolutionary  War,  became  an  American 
citizen.  In  1805  the  father  located  in  Middle- 
bury,  Vt.,  where  for  nearly  seven  years  he 
conducted  a  merchant  tailoring  business.  He 
then  left  to  return  to  England  on  a  visit,  but 
was  never  again  heard  from.  The  mother  con- 
ducted the  business  until  her  death  in  1826,  at 
the  age  of  forty-six  years.  In  Middlebury, 
among  the  rugged  scenes  of  his  humble  New 
England  home,  John  Deere  entered  upon  a 
life  of  toil  and  close  economy  characteristic 
of  the  people  of  his  native  State.  He  re- 
ceived a  good  common  school  education  and 
in  his  early  youth,  before  he  was  sixteen  years 
old,  his  industry  and  ambition  were  keenly 
exhibited.  He  ground  bark  for  a  tanner,  re- 
ceiving a  pair  of  shoes  and  a  suit  of  clothes 
as  his  pay.  In  the  year  1821,  when  seven- 
teen years  old,  he  was  sent  to  Middlebury 
College,  but  left  and  apprenticed  himself  to 
Capt.  Benjamin  Lawrence,  of  Middlebury,  to 
learn  the  blacksmith  trade  and  particularly 
to  assist  his  mother.  In  four  years  he  fully 
mastered  this  trade,  receiving  in  the  meantime 
for  his  services  $30.00,  $35.00,  $40.00,  and 
$45.00  each  year,  respectively.  When  his  time 
was  out  in  1825  he  took  a  situation  with 
William  Wills  and  Ira  Allen,  ironing  wagons, 
buggies,  and  coaches,  at  $15.00  a  month.  In 
1826  he  went  to  Burlington,  Vt.,  and  alone 
did  the  wrought  iron  work  on  a  sawmill,  also 
all  of  the  iron  work  on  a  flax  mill  at  Col- 
chester. He  thus  acquired  a  great  local  repu- 
tation as  an  efficient  mechanic.  In  182!)  he 
moved  to  Leicester,  where  in  his  own  shop 
he  manufactured  shovels  and  pitchforks,  ac- 
quiring a  reputation  for  superiority  of  goods 
that  he  maintained  in  other  branches  during 
his  entire  business  career.  While  in  Vermont 
in  the  early  eighties,  Mr.  Deere  found  some 
of  his  shovels  and  pitchforks  that  had  been 
used    almost    half    a    century    and    were    still 


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doing  good  service.  In  1837  he  sold  his  shop 
and  determined  to  try  his  fortune  in  the  great 
Central  West,  which  at  that  time  was  just 
beginning  to  open  up  with  its  vast  opportuni- 
ties. Traveling  by  canal  and  the  Great  Lakes, 
he  landed  at  the*  village  of  Chicago,  a  place 
that  then  looked  to  him  unpromising  enough 
indeed,  and  he  at  once  transferred  all  his 
eflfects  to  wagons  and  journeyed  on  to  Grand 
Detour,  Ogle  County,  111.  An  inventory  of  his 
material  wealth  at  that  time  showed  him  to 
be  the  possessor  of  $73.73  in  cash,  a  good  set 
of  blacksmith's  tools,  and  a  limited  comple- 
ment of  household  goods.  Upon  arrival  he 
immediately  resumed  his  occupation  of  horse- 
shoeing and  general  blacksmithing.  An  early 
biographer  stated,  "  A  good  mechanic  is  al- 
ways an  important  accession  to  a  new  country 
and  his  arrival  was  particularly  opportune 
for  this  little  settlement,  and  his  mechanical 
ability  was  immediately  brought  into  requisi- 
tion to  put  into  repair  a  sawmill,  which  was 
standing  idle  from  the  breaking  of  a  pitman 
shaft.  There  was  no  forge  in  readiness,  but 
he  at  once  set  to  work  and  with  stone  from 
a  neighboring  hill,  constructed  a  rude  forge 
and  chimney  by  digging  a  hole  in  clay  soil 
and  making  mortar  of  the  clay  and  within  two 
days  after  his  arrival  the  mill  was  running, 
thus  saving  the  owners  and  customers  many 
days  that  otherwise  would  have  been  occupied 
in  procuring  the  work  from  distant  shops. 
Mr.  Deere  was  an  excellent  mechanic  and  the 
few  people  residing  in  his  vicinity  soon  found 
it  out.  They  piled  upon  the  floor  of  his  shop 
their  broken  trace  chains  and  clevises,  their 
worn-out  '  bull  tongues '  and  worse  worn 
shares;  and  while  the  young  blacksmith  ham- 
mered out  lap  rings  for  their  chains,  welded 
their  clevises,  '  drew  out '  their  '  bull  tongues  ' 
and  laid  their  shares,  his  mind  dwelt  upon 
the  improvement  of  the  plow,  the  imple- 
ment of  greatest  importance  to  the  pio- 
neer." The  Middle  West,  at  the  time  of  the 
coming  of  John  Deere,  was  beginning  to  de- 
velop into  a  great  agricultural  area.  There 
was  dire  need  of  agricultural  implements, 
especially  the  plow\  To  meet  this  demand, 
Mr.  Deere  added  the  building  of  plows  to  his 
general  work.  The  sharpening  and  edging  of 
breaker-shares  soon  led  to  the  building  of 
breaking-plows.  Iron,  proving  unsatisfactory, 
John  Deere  utilized  old  mill  saws  and  any- 
thing in  the  line  of  steel  that  he  could-  find 
to  make  the  shares  for  these  breakers.  In 
1838  he  began  sending  to  Chicago  for  new 
mill  saws,  one  saw  blade  being  sufficient  for 
two  shares  for  a  twenty-four-inch  plow.  The 
farmers  were  constantly  complaining  that  the 
iron  plow  with  the  wooden  moldboard,  then 
used,  would  not  work  satisfactorily.  The 
fault  of  the  implements  furnished  was  that 
they  were  rough,  entered  the  ground  with 
difficulty,  and  did  not  clean  easily,  the  soil 
sticking  to  the  face,  causing  them  to  clog  up, 
which  would  throw  them  out  of  the  furrow. 
The  one  great  object  was  to  find  a  plow  that 
would  obviate  this  difficulty.  Mr.  Deere  be- 
came interested  in  this  matter  and  set  himself 
to  supply  the  needs  of  the  farmers.  After 
much  patient  experimenting  he  developed  a 
plow  that  seemed  to  meet  all  requirements; 
it  cleaned  readily  and  at  once  became  very 
popular   with  the   farmers.     It   w^as   a   crude 


affair,  considering  the  perfected  plow  of  today, 
but  he  did  not  then  have  the  machinery  to  do 
the  work  well.  The  first  plow  of  the  scouring 
type  was  made  with  a  "  wrought  iron  land- 
side  and  standard,  steel  share  and  moldboard 
cut  from  a  sawmill  saw  and  bent  on  a  log 
shaped  for  the  purpose,  with  beam  and  handles 
of  white  oak  rails."  After  making  these  first 
plows  he  had  a  great  deal  of  trouble  in  get- 
ting a  plow  to  scour  satisfactorily  in  ground 
that  had  been  plowed  four  or  five  times — in 
black,  sticky  soil.  He  went  to  different  farms 
to  try  his  plow,  in  Ogle.  Lee,  Whiteside,  and 
other  counties,  where  farmers  had  never  been 
able  to  make  plows  scour.  It  was  in  the 
shaping  of  the  moldboard  that  Mr.  Deere's 
ingenuity  more  particularly  manifested  itself. 
He  was  unquestionably  the  first  man  to  con- 
ceive and  put  in  operation  the  idea  that  the 
successful  self-scouring  of  a  steel  moldboard 
depended  pre-eminently  upon  its  shape.  This 
idea  was  his  and  he  worked  upon  it  until  its 
correctness  was  fully  demonstrated.  Thus  he 
laid  the  foundation  of  the  great  plow  indus- 
tries of  today — by  giving  to  the  world  the 
proper  plow.  In  1838  three  of  these  plows 
were  made.  In  1839  ten  plows  were  built  and 
the  entire  iron  works  of  a  new  saw  and  flour- 
ing-mill  were  constructed  with  no  help  ex- 
cept that  of  an  inexperienced  man  as  a  blower 
and  striker.  In  1840  a  second  anvil  was 
placed  in  the  shop,  a  journeyman  employed, 
and  in  1842  one  hundred  plows  were  made 
and  sold.  Steadily  and  rapidly  the  business 
grew  until  in  1846  the  output  of  the  little 
shop  was  1,000  plows.  At  this  period  it  was 
difficult  to  deliver  plows.  Either  the  pur- 
chaser had  to  come  and  get  his  implement  or 
it  was  sent  to  him  by  wagon.  It  was  not 
unusual  for  a  man  to  load  up  a  wagon  with 
implements  and  drive  out  across  country  with 
the  purpose  of  selling  them  to  any  possible 
buyer.  During  the  year  1838  not  only  did 
Mr.  Deere  ply  his  plow  and  blacksmith  trade, 
but  he  also  found  time  to  build  himself  a 
dwelling-house  eighteen  by  twenty-four  feet 
and  to  this  unpretentious  though  comfortable 
abode  he  brought  his  wife  and  five  children 
from  the  East.  The  family  journeyed  from 
Hancock,  Vt.,  in  wagons  to  Buffalo,  from  there 
by  lake  steamer  to  Detroit  and  from  there 
continued  the  journey  by  carriage  and  wagons. 
The  family  was  accompanied  by  two  brothers 
of  Mrs.  Deere  with  their  families.  John 
Deere's  fame  as  a  plowmaker  rapidly  ex- 
tended and  the  tide  which  was  then  set  clearly 
in  his  favor  afterward  bore  him  steadily  on 
to  fortune.  In  1843  he  took  Major  Lemuel 
Andrus  into  partnership  and  enlarged  his 
factory  by  erecting  a  brick  shop  two  stories 
high,  added  horsepower  for  the  grindstone, 
and  established  a  small  foundry.  As  time  ad- 
vanced, improvements  were  made,  but  the 
difficulty  of  obtaining  steel  of  proper  dimen- 
sions and  quality  was  found  to  be  a  great 
obstacle  to  the  complete  success  of  the  busi- 
ness. Mr.  Deere  accordingly  wrote  to  Nailor 
and  Company,  importers.  New  York  City,  and 
explained  the  demand  of  the  growing  agri- 
cultural States  of  the  West  for  a  steel  plow^ 
He  stated  in  his  communication  the  size, 
thickness,  and  quality  of  the  steel  plates  that 
were  needed.  The  reply  was  that  no  such 
steel   could   be   had   in  America,   but   that   it 


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could  be  procured  from  England  after  rollers 
had  been  made  for  the  purpose  of  producing 
these  special  sizes  of  steel.  An  order  was 
accordingly  sent  and  the  steel  made  and 
shipped  to  Illinois — the  first  imported  ship- 
ment of  plow  steel  to  this  country.  During 
this  same  year,  with  the  view  of  developing 
a  market  nearer  home,  where  he  could  obtain 
material  for  his  plows,  Mr.  Deere  opened 
negotiations  in  Pittsburgh  for  the  manufac- 
ture of  plow  steel,  as  is  shown  by  the  follow- 
ing extract  from  Mr.  James  Swank's  book, 
*'  Iron  in  All  Ages,"  from  which  volume,  page 
297,  is  quoted :  "  The  first  slab  of  cast  plow 
steel  ever  rolled  in  the  United  States  was 
rolled  by  William  Woods  at  the  Steel  Works 
w  of  Jones  and  Quiggs  in  1847  and  shipped  to 
John  Deere,  Moline,  111.,  under  whose  direc- 
tion it  was  made."  Mr.  Deere's  practical  fore- 
sight enabled  him  to  see  that  his  location  in 
Grand  Detour  was  not  advantageous  for  a 
growing  business.  Coal,  iron,  and  steel  must 
be  hauled  from  La  Salle,  a  distance  of  forty 
miles,  and  his  plows  taken  a  long  distance  to 
market  in  the  same  slow  and  expensive  man- 
ner. He,  therefore,  sold  his  interest  in  the 
business  to  his  partner.  Major  Andrus,  and 
moved  to  Moline,  111.,  in  1847.  Here  was  good 
water  power,  coal  was  near  in  abundance, 
and  there  was  cheap  river  transportation.  A 
partnership  was  formed  between  Mr.  Deere, 
R.  N.  Tate,  and  John  M.  Gould,  a  shop  thirty 
by  sixty  feet  was  constructed,  and  seven  hun- 
dred   plows    were    made    the    first    year.      In 

1852  Messrs.  Tate  and  Gould  retired  from  the 
firm,    Mr.    Deere    buying   their    interests.      In 

1853  the  shops  were  enlarged,  new  machinery 
added,  and  the  sales  greatly  increased.  Mr. 
Deere  continued  alone  through  1857, 'in  which 
year  his  factory  made  10,000  plows.  In 
1858  he  took  his  son,  Charles  H.,  into  the 
business  as  a  partner  and  the  firm  continued 
under  the  name  of  Deere  and  Company,  until 
1868  when  it  had  assumed  such  proportions 
that  a  company  was  incorporated  under  the 
general  laws  of  the  State  of  Illinois,  with 
John  Deere  as  president,  a  position  which  he 
held  until  his  death,  Charles  H.  Deere,  vice- 
president  and  manager,  and  Stephen  H.  Velie, 
one  of  his  sons-in-law,  secretary.  It  is  con- 
ceded that  John  Deere  gave  to  the  world 
the  steel  plow.  When  he  manufactured  his 
first  plows  there  were  no  steel  plows  in 
America,  nor  was  steel  manufactured  for  the 
express  purpose  of  making  plows.  The  in- 
fluence of  this  improvement  in  the  manu- 
facture of  plows  cannot  be  estimated.  John 
Deere  was  a  pioneer  in  the  strictest  sense  of 
the  word  and  his  work  was  the  practical  ad- 
vancement of  civilization.  For  over  three- 
score years  a  life  of  sterling  usefulness,  of 
progress,  and  of  generosity  made  him  a  lead- 
ing figure  in  the  history  of  the  best  interests 
of  his  country.  To  every  farmer  in  this  coun- 
try and  to  thousands  of  others  in  far-oflf  lands, 
his  name  has  always  been  associated  with  the 
development  and  improvement  of  the  steel 
plow.  In  this  field  he  was  not  an  imitator, 
but  in  truth  an  inventor.  He  was  not  content 
to  follow  his  calling  without  contributing 
something  to  the  industry.  Mr.  Deere  was 
not  only  active  in  his  own  business  but  de- 
voted a  great  amount  of  time  and  energy 
toward  the  betterment  of   the  community   in 


which  he  lived.  Though  he  had  neither  the 
desire  nor  time  for  the  many  offices  for  which 
his  services  were  sought,  he  was  always  in 
sympathy  with  public  interests  and  gave  lib- 
erally of  his  means  to  advance  them.  He  was 
a  Republican  in  politics  from  the  organiza- 
tion of  that  party  and  an  active  member  of 
the  Congregational  Church.  He  was  elected 
mayor  of  the  city  of  Moline  and  served  two 
years.  He  was  president  of  its  first  National 
bank.  In  personal  appearance  Mr.  Deere  was 
about  six  feet  in  height,  well  proportioned, 
and  very  strongly  built.  He  was  blessed  with 
an  iron  constitution  which  gave  him  almost 
unlimited  endurance.  "  In  his  young  man- 
hood he  could  stand  at  his  anvil  from  five 
o'clock  in  the  morning  until  nine  at  night, 
building  plows,  shoeing  horses,  and  construct- 
ing machinery  for  mills."  His  features  were 
strong,  indicating  great  will  power  and  de- 
cision of  character.  His  face  was  frank  and 
open  and  his  address  generally  evidenced  a 
genial  social  nature  and  noble  soul.  He  was 
very  tender-hearted  and  an  appeal  for  any 
worthy  individual  or  cause  found  a  quick  re- 
sponse from  him.  He  was  possessed  of  abun- 
dant energy,  life,  and  vigor.  He  was  a  capable 
mechanic,  a  man  of  keen  foresight  and  excel- 
lent business  judgment.  A  generous  hospitality 
was  shown  at  his  comfortable  home,  and  few 
men  were  more  entertaining  in  the  social  cir- 
cle or  had  a  more  happy  faculty  of  making 
everyone  feel  at  ease.  He  once  made  the 
statement  that  through  his  whole  life  it  had 
been  a  great  source  of  consolation  to  him  to 
know  that  he  had  never  willfully  wronged  any 
man  and  never  put  on  the  market  a  poorly 
made  article.  Mr.  Deere  was  married  28  Jan., 
1827,  to  Demarius  Lamb,  of  Granville,  Vt. 
She  died  in  1865.  Two  years  later  Mr.  Deere 
married  her  sister,  Lucinda  Lamb.  Of  his 
nine  children,  five  survived  him:  one  son, 
Charles  H.  Deere,  and  four  married  daughters. 
SPENCER,  Samuel,  railway  president  and 
financier,  b.  in  Columbus,  Ga.,  2  March,  1847; 
d.  at  Lawyer's  Station,  Va.,  29  Nov.,  1906, 
only  child  of  Lambert  and  Vernona  (Mitchell) 
Spencer,  and  a  descendant  of  James  Spencer, 
who  came  from  England  in  1670  and  settled  in 
Talbot  County,  Maryland.  Samuel  Spencer 
was  educated  in  the  common  schools  of  his 
native  city  until  his  fifteenth  year,  when  he 
entered  the  Georgia  Military  Institute  at 
Marietta.  In  the  following  year  (1863), 
however,  he  enlisted  in  the  Confederate  serv- 
ice as  a  private  in  Nelson's  rangers,  a 
cavalry  company  that  attained  distinction 
before  the  close  of  the  Civil  War.  He 
saw  his  first  active  service  before  Vicksburg, 
where  he  was  detailed  on  scout  outpost  duty. 
Later  he  served  with  the  army  of  Gen.  N.  B. 
Forrest;  with  the  army  of  General  Hood  in 
the  Atlanta  and  Nashville  operations,  and, 
finally,  with  the  army  of  General  Johnston, 
until  the  surrender  in  April,  1805.  After  the 
close  of  the  war  he  entered  the  ITnivorsity  of 
Georgia  with  the  junior  class,  and  was  grad- 
uated with  honors  in  1867.  During  the  fol- 
lowing two  years  he  studiod  civil  enginooring 
in  the  University  of  Virginia  and  was  grad- 
uated with  the  degree  of  C.E.  at  the  head  of 
his  class  in  1860.  He  began  his  active  ])rofeR- 
sional  career  in  the  same  year  in  the  servics 
of  the  Savannah  and  Memphis  Railroad,  with 


69 


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which  he  continued  during  the  next  four 
years,  rising,  meanwhile,  through  all  interme- 
diate grades  to  the  oflice  of  resident  engineer. 
In  July,  1872,  he  accepted  the  position  of 
assistant  to  the  superintendent  of  the  New 
Jersey  Southern  Railroad  at  Long  Branch,  but 
resigned  it  in  that  winter  to  become  a  divi- 
sion manager  in  the  transportation  depart- 
ment of  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio.  He  held  the 
latter  position  until  1877,  then  served  as 
superintendent  of  the  Virginia  Midland  for 
several  months,  and  finally  in  January,  1878, 
became  general  superintendent  of  the  Long 
Island  Railroad.  In  1879  he  returned  to  the 
service  of  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio,  this  time 
as  assistant  to  the  president,  but  was  regu- 
larly advanced  in  office,  becoming  third  vice- 
president  in  1881,  second  vice-president  in 
1882;  first  vice-president  in  1884,  and  presi- 
dent in  1887.  Mr.  Spencer's  one  year's  serv- 
ice as  president  of  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio 
Railroad  covered  the  period  of  the  company's 
greatest  embarrassment,  but  owing  to  his 
careful  management  all  difficulties  were  over- 
come, and  the  system  was  placed  upon  a  pros- 
perous and  paying  basis.  This  achievement 
led  to  the  invitation  from  the  banking-house 
of  Drexel,  Morgan  and  Company  (later  J.  P. 
Morgan  and  Company),  to  become  their  ex- 
pert and  representative  in  the  vast  railroad 
transactions  on  which  they  were  entering  at 
this  time.  His  connection  with  this  firm  con- 
tinued for  many  years,  during  which  he  was 
actively  engaged  in  all  of  its  numerous  rail- 
road operations,  but  in  July,  1893,  he  be- 
came receiver  for  the  Richmond  and  Danville 
and  the  East  Tennessee,  Virginia  and  Georgia 
Railroad  Companies.  Within  a  year  the 
Southern  Railway  Company  was  organized  to 
take  over  the  properties  of  these  defunct  cor- 
porations, and  Mr.  Spencer  was  elected  presi- 
dent. In  this  position  he  had  ample  oppor- 
tunity to  display  his  organizing  and  executive 
abilities,  which  had  already  distinguished  him 
in  all  his  previous  connections.  Under  his  ad- 
ministration of  its  affairs,  the  mileage  of  the 
railroad  system  controlled  and  operated  by 
the  Southern  Railroad  was  more  than  doubled, 
having  been  increased  from  4,391  miles,  in 
1893,  to  9,553  in  1906,  of  which  7,515  miles 
were  represented  by  the  lines  owned  by  the 
company,  the  remainder,  by  lines  leased  and 
controlled.  During  these  thirteen  years  also 
the  assets  and  properties  of  the  railroad  were 
correspondingly  increased.  Thus,  in  1893,  it 
operated  with  623  locomotives  and  19,694  cars 
which  hauled  a  grand  total  of  3,427,858  pas- 
sengers and  6,675,750  tons  of  freight,  while 
in  1906  it  operated  1,429  locomotives  and 
50,119  cars,  which  hauled  11,663.550  passen- 
gers and  27.339,377  tons  of  freight.  In  the 
meantime  also  the  earnings  were  increased 
from  $17,114,791  in  the  first  year  to  $53,641,- 
438  in  the  last,  although  the  number  of  em- 
ployees had  been  doubled  from  16.700  in 
1904  to  37,000  in  1906,  and  the  salary  ex- 
penditure more  than  trebled,  or  increased 
from  $6,712,796  to  $21,198,020.  In  fact,  be- 
ginning with  a  new  company  formed  to  take 
over  the  properties  of  two  railroads  which 
had  been  operated  at  a  loss,  the  Southern 
Railroad,  by  virtue  of  the  management  on  the 
part  of  Mr.  Spencer,  was  transformed  into  one 
of    the    great    continental    systems    of    North 

vo 


America,  and  the  most  important  railroad  in 
the  whole  section  in  which  it  operates.  There 
was  throughout  the  Southern  States,  of  course, 
a  pre-eminent  opportunity  to .  enlarge  travel- 
ing facilities  and  build  up  the  country,  every- 
thing was  in  favor  of  the  very  enterprise 
which  Mr.  Spencer  conducted  to  euch  success, 
but  the  accomplishment  of  the  work  demanded 
the  leadership  of  a  man  possessed  of  the  abili- 
ties of  the  true  commander.  Mr.  Spencer  pos- 
sessed to  an  unusual  degree  the  power  to 
obtain  and  hold  the  faithful  allegiance  of  the 
men  under  him.  He  was  at  all  times  in- 
terested in  their  welfare.  He  was  the  first, 
at  all  times,  to  move  for  the  adjustment  of 
all  matters  resulting  in  discontent  and  dis- 
pute among  his  men,  and  opposed  movements 
leading  to  strikes  by  trying  to  eliminate  the 
grounds  for  such  unfortunate  consequences  of 
poor  management.  It  is  a  noble  and  stirring 
tribute  to  his  generalship  and  consistent  hu- 
manity that  four  years  after  his  death  a 
bronze  statue,  paid  for  by  subscription  among 
his  40,000  employees,  was  erected  to  his  mem- 
ory at  the  terminal  station  of  the  Southern 
Railway  in  Atlanta,  Ga.  In  addition  to  the 
office  of  president  of  this  railroad,  Mr. 
Spencer  was  also  president  of  the  Mobile  and 
Ohio,  the  Alabama  Great  Southern,  the  Cin- 
cinnati, New  Orleans  and  Texas  Pacific,  the 
Georgia  Southern  and  Florida,  and  the  North- 
ern Alabama  Railroad  Companies,  most  of 
which  were  operated  by,  or  in  connection  with, 
the  Southern.  He  was  also  a  director  of  sev- 
eral of  these  companies,  as  well  as  of  the 
Central  Georgia,  of  the  Chicago,  Milwaukee  ^ 
and  St.  Paul  and  the  Erie  Railroad  Com-  i 
panics,  the  Old  Dominion  Steamship  Com-  3 
pany,  the*  Western  Union  Telegraph  Company,  j. 
the  Hanover  National  Bank  of  New  York 
City,  the  Standard  Trust  Company,  and  the 
Trust  Company  of  America.  He  was  also  a 
member  of  the  New  York  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce, the  American  Academy  of  Political  a 
Science,  the  American  Forestry  Association,  | 
the  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art,  the  Ameri-  j 
can  Museum  of  Natural  History,  the  New  * 
York  Zoological  Society,  and  the  Association 
for  the  Preservation  of  the  Adirondacks,  all 
of  New  York  City,  also  of  the  Union,  Tuxedo, 
Metropolitan  and  Jekyl  Island  Clubs  of  New 
York;  the  Capital  City  Club  of  Atlanta,  the 
Queen  City  Club  of  Cincinnati,  and  the  Chi- 
cago Club"^  of  Chicago.  He  was  actively  in- 
terested in  the  great  public  questions  of  the 
day,  and  wrote  and  spoke  on  them  with 
marked  ability.  Socially  he  was  noted  for 
his  kindly  and  approachable  manner,  and  his 
consistent  ability  to  choose  and  keep  a  multi- 
tude of  friends.  Moreover,  he  possessed  the 
faculty,  all  too  rare  among  men  of  the  pres- 
ent day,  of  meeting  all  men,  high  or  low,  great 
or  small,  upon  the  ground  of  a  common  hu- 
manity, which  was  capable  of  translating  the 
loyalty  of  the  employee  into  terms  of  the 
affection  of  the  friend.  On  the  occasion  of 
the  dedication  of  the  statue  of  Mr.  Spencer, 
W.  W.  Finley,  his  successor  as  president 
of  the  Southern  Railway,  spoke  as  follows: 
"  Mr.  Spencer  was  essentially  an  organizer 
and  a  builder.  His  highest  ambition  was  the 
development  of  the  Southern  Railway  into  a 
more  efficient  transportation  system,  and  thus 
making  it  a  still  more  important  factor  in  the 


XS^^^L 


I 


SPENCER 


SPERRY 


upbuilding  and  prosperity  of  the  South.  It 
was  to  this  problem  that  Mr.  Spencer  was  con- 
stantly devoting  the  best  energies  of  his  con- 
structive mind,  and,  as  we,  his  successors, 
carry  forward  the  great  work  which  he  had 
planned,  I  believe  that  the  people  of  the 
South  will  recognize,  even  more  fully  than 
they  do  today,  the  inestimable  value  to  our 
entire  section  of  the  crowning  work  of  his  life. 
Standing  before  this  terminal  station,  this 
monument  will  be  seen  daily  by  thousands  of 
the  citizens  of  Georgia  and  the  other  South- 
ern States.  It  will  stand  as  a  perpetual  in- 
spiration to  the  youth  of  Georgia  and  of  the 
South — ^portraying  a  Georgian,  who  by  pa- 
triotism, strict  integrity,  a  high  Christian 
character,  and  untiring  industry  won  honor 
and  success  in  life  and  a  reputation  that  en- 
dures after  death."  With  similar  high  ap- 
preciation of  Mr.  Spencer's  character  and 
abilities,  Hon.  Robert  F.  Maddox,  mayor  of 
Atlanta,  spoke  as  follows:  "One  of  Mr. 
Spencer's  most  striking  traits  was  his  kind- 
ness of  heart,  and  no  higher  tribute  to  his 
make-up  can  be  made  here  today  than  the 
following  excerpt  from  a  letter  of  J.  W.  Con- 
nelly, of  date  1  Jan.,  1907,  which  Mr.  Connelly, 
as  chairman  of  the  committee  which  built  this 
monument,  addressed  to  the  employees  of  the 
Southern  Railway,  in  which  he  said :  '  Mr. 
Spencer's  kindness  of  heart  ever  led  him  to 
treat  with  the  same  consideration  his  hum- 
blest employee  and  his  highest  officer.  Mr. 
Spencer  was  one  of  the  most  accurate  of  men. 
In  the  study  of  any  subject  which  interested 
him,  whether  historical,  esthetic,  or  business, 
he  went  to  the  bottom,  and  when  he  spoke,  it 
was  ex  cathedra.  He  was  distinguished  for 
a  justness  of  mental  vision  and  decision 
rarely  possessed  by  men  concerned  with  such 
a  diversity  of  large  questions.  He  was  one  of 
those  men  who  sought  to  find  the  just  path, 
and  having  found  it,  he  walked  straight  for- 
ward. There  were  times  when  he  lamented  to 
his  nearest  friends  about  the  bitter  attacks 
against  some  of  his  railroad  policies,  but  he 
always  said  that  the  time  would  come  when 
the  Southern  people  would  understand  him.' " 
At  a  meeting  of  the  trustees  of  the  Southern 
Railway,  held  2  Dec,  1906,  resolutions  were 
adopted,  lauding  the  work  of  Mr.  Spencer  as 
president  of  the  company.  Here  the  following 
sentences  occur:  "The  personal  qualities  of 
Mr.  Spencer,  his  integrity  in  heart  and  mind, 
his  affectionate  and  genial  disposition,  his 
loyal  and  courageous  spirit,  his  untiring  de- 
votion to  duty,  his  persistent  achievement  of 
worthy  ends  and  his  comradeship  on  the  fields 
of  battle,  of  affairs,  and  of  manly  sport,  com- 
bined to  establish  him  in  the  loving  regard 
of  hosts  of  friends  in  every  section  of  the 
country  and  nowhere  more  securely  than  in 
the  affection  of  his  fellow  workers  in  the  serv- 
ice of  the  Southern  Railway  Company.  The 
importance  of  his  service  to  this  company  is 
matter  of  common  knowledge  throughout  the 
railroad  world,  but  the  character,  the  extent, 
and  the  consequence  of  that  service  are  and 
can  be  appreciated  at  their  full  worth  only  by 
his  associates  .  .  .  the  mighty  fabric  which 
for  twelve  years  he  has  been  molding  must 
continue  under  others  to  develop,  and  to  im- 
prove in  the  service  that  it  shall  render  to  the 
public,  but  never  can  it  cease  to  bear  the  im- 


press, or  to  reveal  the  continuing  impulse  of 
the  master  mind  of  its  first  president.  In 
the  height  of  his  usefulness  and  his  powers  he 
has  been  called  away,  but  the  inspiration  of 
his  shining  example  and  his  lofty  standards 
must  ever  animate  his  successors."  Mr. 
Spencer  married  on  6  Feb.,  1872,  Louisa 
Vivian,  daughter  of  Henry  L.  Benning,  judge 
of  the  Georgia  Supreme  Court,  and  a  briga- 
dier-general in  the  Confederate  army.  They 
had  two  sons:  Henry  Benning  and  Vivian 
Spencer,  and  one  daughter,  Vernona  Mitchell 
Spencer. 

SPERRY,  Elmer  Ambrose,  inventor,  b.  at 
Cortland,  N.  Y.,  12  Oct.,  1860,  son  of  Stephen 
Decatur  and  Mary  (Borst)  Sperry.  His 
original  American  ancestor  was  Richard 
Sperry,  a  native  of  England,  who,  in  1634, 
while  still  a  young  man,  emigrated  from  Eng- 
land, and  became  one  of  the  early  settlers  of 
the  New  Haven  colony  in  Connecticut.  As 
recorded  in  Stiles'  History,  he  resided  in  the 
second  house  between  Mills  Creek  and  Hud- 
son's River.  He  is  particularly  deserving  of 
a  place  in  history  from  the  fact  that  it  was 
he  who  afi'orded  protection  for  a  considerable 
period  to  the  "  regicide  judges,"  Goffe,  Whal- 
ley,  and  Dixwell.  Although  on  the  restoration 
of  the  Stuarts  to  the  throne,  1660,  a  general 
amnesty  was  proclaimed  by  Charles  II,  the 
members  of  the  court  who  had  condemned  his 
father,  Charles  I,  were  not  included.  Of  the 
fifty-nine  men  who  signed  the  death  warrant 
of  the  King,  twenty-four  were  dead  in  1660; 
twenty-seven  were  at  once  ^irrested,  and  nine 
of  them  beheaded,  while  the  others  fled  from 
England  and  went  into  hiding.  Of  these, 
three,  Maj.-Gen.  Edward  Whalley,  Ma j  .-Gen. 
William  Goffe,  and  Col.  John  Dixwell,  fled 
to  New  Haven  colony,  and  were  taken  in 
charge  by  Richard  Sperry,  who  secreted  them 
in  a  cave  on  his  farm  at  West  Rock,  known 
now  as  the  Judges'  Cave.  His  children  car- 
ried food  and  left  it  at  a  designated  place  in 
the  forest,  and  at  night  the  hunted  men  would 
secure  it.  They  were  safely  kept  until  the 
pursuit  died  away,  although  large  rewards 
were  offered  for  their  capture.  Sperry's  house 
was  searched  twice  by  the  "  red  coats "  in 
this  interest.  Capture  meant  death  to  Whal- 
ley and  Goffe  as  they  were  special  objects  of 
the  King's  vengeance,  because  of  their  promi- 
nence in  the  affairs  of  the  "  Protectorate." 
They  were  not  safe  until  1688,  when  the 
Stuarts  were  succeeded  by  the  Hovise  of 
Orange.  A  full  account  may  be  found  in  the 
history  of  three  of  the  Judges  of  Charles  I, 
by  Rev.  Ezra  Stiles,  president  of  Yale  Col- 
lege, published  in  1794.  Only  one  copy  is 
now  available  and  that  is  in  the  Congressional 
Library,  Washington,  D.  C.  Richard  Sperry's 
son,  Richard  (2d),  built  upon  the  Sperry 
farm  near  New  Haven  a  stone  house  wliich 
still  stands  and  is  occupied  by  dosccndanta  of 
the  builder,  having  never  been  out  of  the 
family.  From  Richard  Sj)erry,  the  colonist, 
the  line  of  descent  runs  llirougli  his  son, 
Richard,  and  his  wife,  Martha  Mansfield; 
through  their  son,  Jonathan,  and  his  wife,  Mc- 
hitable  Collins;  through  their  son.  Kichard, 
and  his  wife,  Abigail  Northrop;  tlirough  their 
son,  Mcdad,  and  his  wife,  Eli/abelh  Tline; 
through  their  son,  Ambro.so,  and  his  wife, 
Mary   B.   Corwin,   grandparents  of   the    inven- 


71 


SPERRY 


SPERRY 


tor.  Deriving  descent  from  a  long  line  of 
representative  people,  who  were  alike  strong 
in  mind  and  strong  in  body,  also  representa- 
tives of  all  that  goes  to  make  the  good  citi- 
zen and  consistent  Christian,  Elmer  A.  Sperry 
began  life  with  a  splendid  heritage.  He  was 
educated  in  the  State  Normal  School  of  his 
native  town  and  during  a  single  year  (1879- 
80)  attended  Cornell  University.  Like  most 
pioneers,  however,  his  training  in  the  lines  of 
special  efforts  in  after  life  came  through  his 
own  labors  and  interest.  Already  in  1879, 
when  not  yet  twenty  years  of  age,  he  had  be- 
come the  inventor  of  a  successful  and  revolu- 
tionary device,  then  perfecting  one  of  the  first 
electric  arc  lights  in  America,  and  securing 
its  practical  adoption.  In  the  following  year, 
although  not  yet  of  age,  he  had  founded  his 
own  company,  the  Sperry  Electric  Company, 
of  Chicago,  and  had  entered  upon  the  manu- 
facture of  arc  lamps,  dynamos,  motors,  and 
other  electric  appliances.  This  corporation, 
however,  was  only  the  first  of  a  goodly  series 
of  enterprises  launched  to  produce  and  market 
the  products  of  his  inventive  genius.  Indeed, 
his  activities  have  been  as  various  as  they 
have  been  numerous,  spreading  out,  in  fact, 
into  nearly  every  branch  of  electrical  activity, 
and  always  with  brilliant  and  conspicuous 
success.  In  1883  he  erected  on  Lake  Michigan 
the  highest  electric  beacon  in  the  world,  about 
350  feet  in  height,  and  equipped  it  with 
40,000  candle-power  of  arc  lights.  In  1888  he 
entered  a  competition  and  won  the  distinction 
of  having  been  the  first  to  produce  electrical 
mining  machinery.  His  inventions  in  this 
field  cover  a  wide  range  of  appliances,  from 
reciprocating  mining  machinery  to  rotary  and 
chain-cutting  equipment,  electric  locomotives 
for  mines,  etc.  Since  the  date  of  their  first 
appearance,  the  Sperry  mining  appliances  have 
ranked  among  the  best  known  and  most  widely 
used  of  their  class,  and  have  represented  a 
profitable  field  of  business.  Shortly  after  his 
first  conspicuous  successes  in  mining  machin- 
ery, Mr.  Sperry  appeared  also  as  a  practical 
designer  of  electrical  street  railway  cars,  then 
achieving  the  first  signs  of  the  success  and 
popularity  that  they  have  since  attained.  He 
founded  the  Sperry  Electric  Railway  Com- 
pany, of  Cleveland,  Ohio,  to  manufacture  his 
cars,  and  continued  with  success  and  profit 
until  1894,  when  the  stock  and  patents  were 
purchased  by  the  General  Electric  Company 
of  New  York,  which  still  controls  them. 
From  the  electric  street  railway  car  to  the 
electric  motor  vehicle,  the  transition  was  easy 
and  natural.  At  a  time  when  the  earliest 
pioneers  of  the  American  gasoline  automo- 
bile were  still  conducting  their  experiments, 
Mr.  Sperry  appeared  as  an  early  designer  of 
a  successful  electric  carriage,  which  he  manu- 
factured for  several  years  to  fill  such  demand 
as  was  then  available.  He  also  drove  the  first 
American  built  automobile  in  the  streets  of 
Paris  in  1896  and  1897,  where  a  large  num- 
ber of  these  automobiles  were  sold  and  de- 
livered. The  field  of  electro-chemistry  is  also 
indebted  to  Mr.  Sperry;  an  important  com- 
mercial process  for  producing  caustic  soda 
and  bleach,  now  used  by  the  Hooker  Electro- 
Chemical  Company  of  Niagara  Falls,  N.  Y., 
is  due  to  his  activity.  To  other  work  in  this 
field   is   due   the  National  Battery   Company, 


which  was  organized  and  operates  under  Mr. 
Sperry's  patents.  Among  other  minor  inven- 
tions may  be  mentioned  his  detinning  process, 
now  used  by  extensive  detinning  interests,  and 
also  his  machinery  for  producing  fuse  wires, 
on  which  was  based  the  Chicago  Fuse  Wire 
Company,  doing  an  extensive  business  through- 
out the  country.  He  was  instrumental,  also, 
in  designing  several  varieties  of  machinery 
for  the  General  Electric  Company,  the  Good- 
man Manufacturing  Company,  and  others. 
Previous  to  1910  there  were  already  six  in- 
dustrial corporations  founded  to  manufacture 
Mr.  Sperry's  inventions,  doing  in  the  aggre- 
gate an  annual  business  of  upward  of  $5,000,- 
000.  With  these  companies  Mr.  Sperry  has 
been  actively  connected  in  engineering  and  ex- 
ecutive capacities.  About  1890  he  first  turned 
his  attention  seriously  to  the  possibilities  of 
the  gyroscope,  which,  since  its  first  demon- 
stration by  the  French  scientist  Foucault  in 
1851,  had  been  little  more  than  a  scientific 
curiosity  or  mathematician's  toy,  though  of 
large  possibilities,  and  embodying  obscure  and 
intricate  physical  principles.  Within  the  dec- 
ade beginning  about  1898,  however,  the  phe- 
nomena of  the  gyroscope  strongly  suggested  to 
a  number  of  inventors  profound  possibilities 
in  the  direction  of  stabilizing  ships  at  sea, 
and  even  rendering  possible  single  rail  tram 
cars.  As  in  other  connections,  however,  there 
is  a  wide  gap  between  the  recognition  of  the 
availability  of  a  given  contrivance  for  a  spe- 
cial purpose  and  the  devising  of  the  means 
for  applying  it  to  the  practical  accomplish- 
ment of  that  purpose.  Several  inventors,  both 
in  America  and  Europe,  worked  on  various 
applications  of  the  gyro  for  steering  torpe- 
does and  for  monorail  railroads.  In  this  field 
Mr  Sperry  has  made  a  remarkable  contribu- 
tion to  practical  mechanics  through  the  use 
of  the  gyroscope.  This  is  in  the  perfection  of 
the  gyroscopic  compass.  The  principle  in- 
volved has  been  recognized  from  the  earliest 
days  of  gyroscopic  experiment.  Indeed  Fou- 
cault enunciated  the  principle  in  the  following 
laws:  "first,  that  the  inertia  of  a  rapidly  ro- 
tating wheel,  suspended  with  freedom  to  move 
upon  all  axes,  is  relative  to  space,  and  conse- 
quently that  a  gyroscope  suspended  in  that 
manner  will  maintain  its  plane  of  rotation  in 
space;  second,  that  a  gyroscope  suspended 
with  its  axis  of  rotation  horizontal,  and  with 
freedom  about  the  horizontal  axis  partly  or 
wholly  suppressed,  will  tend  to  precess,  or  turn, 
about  the  vertical  axis  in  an  effort  to  place  its 
plane  of  rotation  coincident  with  that  of  the 
earth."  As  may  be  seen,  then,  the  action  of 
a  given  gyroscope  is  precisely  that  of  a  me- 
chanical magnet,  in  which  the  immensely 
rapid  rotation  of  the  axis  is  analogous  to 
the  interatomic  "  circulation  "  of  the  magnetic 
forces  in  a  bar  of  magnetized  steel.  It  shows 
also  the  effect  of  "polarity,"  since  the  direc- 
tion of  rotation,  "clockwise"  or  "  counter- 
clockwise," determines  precisely  which  end  of 
the  rotating  axis  shall  point  to  the  north. 
Turning  away  from  the  unsatisfactory  meth- 
ods of  using  mercury  floats  to  sustain  the  ro- 
tating wheel,  Mr.  Sperry  produced  what  he 
calls  "  reducing  the  whole  gyroscope  proposi- 
tion to  a  strictly  mechanical  basis  easily 
within  the  comprehension  of  all  and  contain- 
ing no  unknown  quantities,"  such  as  are  liable 


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TOWNE 


to  be  incurred  with  the  use  of  mercury,  etc. 
Mr.  Sperry  also  employs  an  excellent  method 
of  driving  his  gyroscope,  using  the  wheel  rim 
as  the  rotor  of  a  three-phase  electric  motor, 
reducing  the  gyroscopic  compass  to  a  per- 
fectly practical  basis,  immensely  superior  to 
the  magnetic  compass.  It  involves  the  further 
advantage  that  the  master  compass  may  be 
placed  at  any  convenient  safe  place,  and  that 
the  record  at  all  times  may  be  read  on  "  re- 
peating instruments "  at  other  parts  of  the 
ship,  being  transferred  electrically.  It  re- 
mained for  Elmer  A.  Sperry  to  produce  en- 
tirely practical  apparatus  for  the  stabilization 
of  ships.  Proceeding  upon  thoroughly  scien- 
tific principles,  and  as  the  result  of  lengthy 
experiments,  he  set  himself  deliberately  to  the 
problems  relating  to  the  placing,  mounting, 
and  driving  of  the  apparatus  so  as  to  secure 
the  maximum  of  effect  under  all  conditions. 
In  the  solutions  of  these  problems  lie  the  suc- 
cessful issue  of  Mr.  Sperry's  experiments. 
Previous  to  his  successful  solutions,  several 
noted  engineers  had  attacked  the  problem  of 
stabilizing  ships,  notably  by  the  use  of  mov- 
ing weights  on  vertical  axes,  or  by  the  in- 
stallation of  large  tanks  of  water.  In  both 
cases  the  apparatus  depended  for  effect  upon 
a  certain  periodicity  in  the  movement  of  the 
vessel,  and  was  of  little  use  under  other  con- 
ditions. With  the  use  of  the  gyroscope,  how- 
ever, as  explained  in  the  words  of  Mr.  Sperry 
himself,  there  is  no  need  to  depend  upon 
"  any  particular  period  of  the  boat ;  it  simply 
responds  to  whatever  motion  the  ship  has, 
synchronous  or  non-synchronous.  Barring  the 
matter  of  list  produced  by  the  changes  of 
center  of  gravity  of  the  ship  by  the  moving 
weight,  the  reason  is  perfectly  apparent  when 
you  recall  the  magnitude  of  the  stresses  ob- 
tainable from  a  small  machine.  Every  pound 
in  the  rotating  mass  of  the  gyroscope  can 
easily  be  made  to  do  the  work  of  from  150 
to  200  pounds,  and  directed  in  any  desired 
line  or  plane,  whereas,  when  we  use  water 
or  any  other  form  of  moving  weight,  each 
pound  represents  a  pound  only,  and  can  do 
the  work  of  only  a  pound,  and  only  in  a 
vertical  direction."  By  the  use  of  the  gyro 
stabilizer  all  rolling  of  the  ship  is  entirely 
prevented,  i.e.,  the  ship  never  begins  to  roll — 
rolling  being  prevented  in  its  incipiency  by 
neutralizing  each  wave  impulse  as  it  arrives 
from  either  direction,  be  it  large  or  small, 
inasmuch  as  rolling  of  ships  is  always  caused 
by  an  accumulation  of  individual  wave  im- 
pulses; a  ship  so  stabilized  possesses  many 
technical  advantages  over  a  rolling  ship  out- 
side of  those  that  are  apparent,  such  as  level 
gun  platform,  comfort  to  passengers  and  crew, 
preserving  live  stock  in  transit,  preserving  the 
Bhip's  structure  from  excessive  wrenching  and 
stress,  etc.,  etc.  His  gyroscopic  stabilizer  for 
ships  has  been  already  successfully  applied  to 
a  warship  of  the  United  States.  With  the 
advent  of  the  aeroplane,  also,  the  problem  im- 
mediately emerged  as  to  how  the  new  device 
was  to  be  prevented  from  losing  its  balance 
in  the  air  and  being  precipitated  to  the  earth, 
an  accident  which  occurred  only  too  often  in 
the  earliest  days.  To  this  question  several 
inventors  proposed  mechanical  solutions,  such 
as  warping  tips,  auxiliary  wing  tips,  ailerons, 
etc.,  but  the  idea  specially  dawned  upon  the 


most  advanced  engineers  that  only  some  kind 
of  kinetic  stabilizer  operated  at  a  high  speed 
could  appropriately  imitate  the  self-balancing 
action  of  the  living  flying-machine,  viz.,  the 
bird  or  insect;  and  the  thoughts  of  designers 
inevitably  turned  to  the  gyroscope  as  the  most 
promising  solution.  Mr.  Sperry's  apparatus 
for  aeroplanes  seems  to  be  the  only  really 
efficient  device  of  its  kind  as  yet  invented.  In 
recognition  of  his  contribution  to  the  science 
of  aviation,  he  was  in  December,  1914,  awarded 
the  Collier  trophy  offered  for  the  most  val- 
uable contribution  to  aeroplane  construction 
and  operation  during  the  current  year.  Mr. 
Sperry's  various  inventions  are  protected  by 
over  250  patents  in  the  United  States  and 
foreign  countries.  His  achievements  have 
been  recognized  by  various  learned  bodies,  and 
by  the  first  prize  of  the  Aero  Club  of  France, 
the  medal  of  the  Franklin  Institute  of  Phila- 
delphia, the  first  in  recognition  of  his  gyro- 
scopic aeroplane  stabilizer,  the  latter  of  his 
gyro  compass  for  ships.  Mr.  Sperry  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  American  Institute  of  Electrical 
Engineers,  of  which  he  was  a  founder;  as  he 
is  also  of  the  American  Electro-Chemical  So- 
ciety; of  the  American  Society  of  Mechanical 
Engineers;  the  American  Chemical  Society, 
the  Society  of  Naval  Architects  and  Marine 
Engineers,  the  Aero  Club  of  America,  the 
Engineers'  Club  of  New  York  City,  and  sev- 
eral social  organizations.  He  married,  in 
1887,  Zula  Augusta,  a  daughter  of  Edward 
Goodman,  proprietor  of  the  "  Standard "  of 
Chicago,  and  a  prominent  man  of  affairs. 
They  have  three  sons  and  one  daughter:  Ed- 
ward Goodman,  Lawrence  Borst,  Elmer  Am- 
brose, Jr.,  and  Helen  Marguerite  Sperry. 

TOWNE,  Henry  Robinson,  engineer  and 
manufacturer,  b.  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  28  Aug., 
1844,  son  of  John  Henry  and  Maria  R.  (Tevis) 
Towne.  He  traces  his  descent  from  William 
Towne,  of  Yarmouth,  England,  who  emigrated 
to  America  in  1640  and  settled  near  Salem, 
Mass.  John  Henry  Towne,  father  of  Henry 
Robinson,  was  long  identified  with  the  engineer- 
ing industries  of  Philadelphia,  and  was  actively 
interested  in  scientific  pursuits  of  all  kinds, 
particularly  in  those  connected  with  his  pro- 
fession. During  his  later  years  much  of  his 
time  was  given  to  the  advancement  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania,  of  which  he  was  one 
of  the  trustees,  and  to  which  he  bequeathed 
nearly  $1,000,000  to  organize  the  scientific  de- 
partment, now  known  as  the  Towne  Scientific 
School.  Henry  Robinson  Towne  was  educated 
at  private  schools  and  entered  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania  in  the  class  of  1865,  but  left 
without  graduating  to  enter  upon  his  profes- 
sional career.  In  1866  he  went  abroad  to  study 
engineering  establishments  in  England.  Bel- 
gium, and  France,  and  during  a  six  months' 
stay  in  Paris  attended  lectures  at  the  Sor- 
bonne.  In  1887  the  honorary  degree  of  M.A. 
was  conferred  upon  him  by  his  alma  mater. 
His  first  employment  was  as  a  nioohanical 
draftsman  in  the  Port  Richmond  Iron 
Works,  Philadelphia,  where  he  received  his 
early  training  in  mechanics  and  engineering. 
Besides  general  engineering  work,  ho  was  en- 
gaged on  the  construction  of  heavy  machinery 
in  the  monitors  "  Monadnook  "  and  "  Aga- 
menticus,"  at  the  Charlestown  (Mass.)  and 
Kittery   (Me.)   navy  yards.     In  October,  1868, 


73 


TOWNE 


TOWNE 


he  formed  a  partnership  with  Linus  Yale,  Jr. 
(q.v.),  the  inventor  of  the  Yale  cylinder  lock, 
and  went  to  Stamford,  Conn.,  where  the  Yale 
Lock  Manufacturing  Company  was  organized 
and  a  small  factory  building,  employing  at  the 
start  thirty  hands,  was  erected.  Mr.  Yale  died 
suddenly  within  two  months,  leaving  the  young 
enterprise  in  the  hands  of  Mr.  Towne  and  John 
B.  Yale,  the  former's  son.  Mr.  Towne  succeeded 
to  the  presidency  in  1869  and  has  remained  in 
practical  control  ever  since.  During  all  the 
years  of  experiment,  expansion,  and  continuous 
progress,  ^Ir.  Towne  stood  at  the  head  of  the 
concern  and  shouldered  the  weight  of  responsi- 
bility. As  time  went  on  and  the  business  in- 
creased, he  was  required  to  devote  more  and 
more  attention  to  the  larger  questions  of  policy 
and  trade  relations,  and  in  the  late  nineties  he 
began  a  search  for  a  capable  assistant  to  take 
charge  of  the  works.  The  choice  fell  to  Fred- 
erick Tallmadge  Towne  (q.v.),  his  son,  who 
retained  the  position  until  the  time  of  his 
death  in  February,  1906.  Mr.  Towne  was  presi- 
dent of  the  American  Society  of  Mechanical 
Engineers  in  1888-89,  and  in  1889  was"  chosen 
chairman  of  a  party  of  over  three  hundred 
American  engineers  which  visited  England  and 
France  as  the  guests  of  the  engineers  of  those 
countries.  He  has  written  considerably  on  en- 
gineering and  mechanical  subjects.  He  is  the 
author  of  "Towne  on  Cranes"  (1883)  and 
"  Locks  and  Builders'  Hardware  "  ( 1904 ) .  Mr. 
Towne  has  also  attained  success  as  a  writer  on 
practical  subjects;  he  presented  a  paper  at  the 
annual  meeting  of  the  Society  of  Mechanical 
Engineers  in  1906,  entitled  "  Our  Present 
Weights  and  Measures  and  the  Metric  Sys- 
tem," in  which  the  history  and  technical  as- 
pects of  the  metric  system  are  ably  and  inter- 
estingly discussed.  In  1907  he  was  honored 
with  election  to  the  presidency  of  the  Mer- 
chants' Association,  New  York,  and  was  re- 
elected annually  until  he  resigned  in  1913.  He 
has  been  active  in  the  work  of  the  association 
since  1900,  when  he  became  a  member  of  its 
committee  which  investigated  the  Ramapo 
water  project,  and  rendered  valuable  services 
in  that  connection.  He  then  became,  and  still 
remains,  chairman  of  the  association's  commit- 
tee on  water  supply,  and  particularly  the  un- 
dertaking of  the  Catskill  project.  From  1903 
to  1914  he  was  a  member  of  the  executive  com- 
mittee of  the  association  and  took  a  prominent 
part  in  the  important  work  which,  as 
president  of  the  association,  he  long  personally 
directed.  He  was  the  mediator  who,  with 
Mayor  Gaynor,  brought  about  the  settlement 
of  the  big  express  strike  in  New  York  in  1911, 
and  later  he  has  directed  the  movement  which 
resulted  in  an  investigation  of  the  express 
companies  by  the  Interstate  Commerce  Com- 
mission, and  a  reorganization  of  the  express 
business,  accompanied  by  a  material  reduction 
in  the  entire  schedule  of  rates.  In  April,  1912, 
he  prepared  a  memorial  to  Congress  on  the 
Sherman  Anti-Trust  Law,  in  which  he  con- 
vincingly argued  that  the  Sherman  Anti-Trust 
Law,  as  now  construed,  adversely  influences  the 
industry  and  commerce  of  the  country.  He 
then  reviewed  the  Combines  Investigation  Act 
of  Canada,  and  argued  for  similar  legislation 
here.  As  president  of  the  Merchants'  Associa- 
tion, he  helped  to  establish  its  bureau  of  pub- 
licity, which  aims  to  make  known  the  mass  of 


hitherto  hidden  facts  advantageous  to  New 
York ;  its  industrial  bureau,  which  gathers  and 
distributes  information  relative  to  New  York's 
industrial  and  commercial  advantages;  its  for- 
eign trade  bureau,  intended  to  stimulate  for- 
eign trade;  and  its  traffic  bureau,  devoted  to 
protecting  the  interests  of  New  York  in  all 
readjustments  of  freight  rates.  He  is  a  stanch 
advocate  of  organized  business.  Mr.  Towne 
was  one  of  the  organizers  of  the  National 
Tariff  Commission  Association  in  1909,  and  has 
been  its  treasurer  and  a  chief  promoter  of  its 
aims  ever  since.  These  aims  may  be  briefly 
summarized  as  the  creation  of  a  permanent, 
non-partisan  tariff"  commission  for  the  scientific 
ascertainment  of  facts  as  a  basis  for  legislation 
by  Congress.  In  an  address  before  the  National 
Convention  at  Indianapolis  in  1909,  since  pub- 
lished and  widely  circulated  under  the  title  of 
"  The  Neutral  Line,"  Mr.  Towne  presented,  in 
clear,  concise,  and  striking  form,  the  main  argu- 
ments for  the  scientific  study  of  tariff  prob- 
lems, at  home  and  abroad.  In  June,  1911,  he 
prepared,  as  chairman  of  a  special  committee 
of  the  Tariff  Commission  Association,  a  "  Re- 
port of  an  Investigation  of  the  Tariff  Board," 
which  is  a  careful  study  of  the  technical  work 
of  the  tariff  board,  and  the  findings  of  the 
committee  were  presented  to  Congress  by  Presi- 
dent Taft.  Mr.  Towne  also  took  a  prominent 
part  in  the  hearings  before  the  Interstate  Com- 
merce Commission  in  1911  in  relation  to  the 
proposed  general  increase  by  the  railroads  in 
freight  rates.  In  1914  he  was  elected,  by  the 
banks  of  New  York  City,  a  director  of  the  new 
Federal  Reserve  Bank  of  New  York,  and  took 
an  active  part  in  its  organization.  Mr.  Towne 
is  a  member  of  the  University,  Century,  Union 
League,  Hardware,  Engineers',  and  St.  Anthony 
Clubs.  Since  1892  he  has  made  his  home  in 
New  York.  He  was  married  in  1868  to  Cora  E., 
daughter  of  John  P.  White,  of  Philadelphia, 
Pa.,  by  whom  he  had  two  sons:  John  H.  and 
the  late  Frederick  Tallmadge  Towne.  Al- 
though one  of  the  youngest  of  the  commer- 
cial organizations  of  New  York  City,  the  Mer- 
chants' Association,  of  which  Mr.  Towne  was 
president,  is  the  largest  and,  in  many  respects, 
the  most  influential.  It  includes  in  its  mem- 
bership all  the  leading  business  men  of  the 
city,  covering  every  field  of  business  activity. 
Many  of  the  leading  professional  men  are  also 
members.  The  association  was  organized  in 
1897,  being  incorporated  under  the  Member- 
ship Corporation  Law  of  the  State.  Soon 
after  its  incorporation,  in  1898,  the  city  of 
New  York  found  its  water  supply  inadequate 
and  there  was  fear  of  a  water  famine.  The 
Ramapo  Water  Company,  aided  by  a  group  of 
city  officials,  attempted  to  impose  upon  the  city 
a  contract  which  would  have  cost  the  city 
$100,000,000,  leaving  it  without  any  water 
supply  system  at  the  end  of  the  contract.  The 
Merchants'  Association  led  the  fight  against 
this  contract  in  a  campaign  which  involved  an 
expenditure  of  $40,000  and  extended  through- 
out the  State.  Largely  through  its  efforts, 
the  scheme  was  defeated  and  the  charter  which 
had  been  obtained  from  the  legislature  to 
enable  the  company  to  hold  the  city  at  its 
mercy  was  finally  repealed.  The  association 
has  always  taken  great  interest  in  the  adequacy 
and  purity  of  the  city's  water  supply,  recog- 
nizing the  fact  that  this  supply  is  of  the  ut- 


74 


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TOWNE 


TOWNE 


most  importance  to  the  city.  It  has  also  been 
vigilant  in  preventing  the  unnecessary  con- 
tamination of  the  waters  about  the  city  with 
sewage.  Much  of  the  work  of  the  association 
is  conducted  through  its  standing  bureaus  and 
committees.  The  committees  are  made  up  from 
the  membership,  the  members  being  appointed 
by  the  president  of  the  association,  William 
Fellowes  Morgan.  They  consider  subjects 
brought  forward  for  the  consideration  of  the 
association,  and  report  to  the  governing  body, 
the  board  of  directors.  The  bureaus  include 
the  Research  Bureau,  which  makes  investiga- 
tions and  prepares  material  for  the  use  of  the 
association  and  its  committees  in  the  consid- 
eration of  various  subjects  and  projects  of 
importance  to  the  city.  It  also  prepares  argu- 
ments for  presentation  before  Congressional  or 
Legislative  Committees  or  public  officials. 
Through  a  subdivision,  it  examines  and  pre- 
pares abstracts  of  all  bills  of  importance  in- 
troduced into  the  legislature.  The  Traffic 
Bureau  renders  service  of  a  twofold  character. 
First,  the  protection  of  New  York  in  its  rela- 
tion to  other  cities  and  manufacturing  sec- 
tions of  the  country  under  the  readjustment  of 
the  freight  rate  structure  of  the  country, 
which  is  now  taking  place  as  a  result  of  new 
conditions.  This  work  is  of  fundamental  im- 
portance because  to  a  material  extent  the 
future  of  the  city  in  manufacturing  and  as  a 
trade  distributive  center  will  be  largely  deter- 
mined by  its  competitive  relation  with  other 
cities  in  freight  rates.  Second,  service  to 
members  in  connection  with  the  daily  problems 
and  difficulties  arising  from  the  physical  ship- 
ment and  receipt  of  goods.  This  service  com- 
prises information  concerning  rates,  route, 
classifications,  methods  of  packing,  validity  of 
claims,  form  in  which  claims  should  be  pre- 
sented, rules  and  regulations  relative  to  termi- 
nal regulations  and  charges,  etc.  Tariff  and 
classification  files  are  maintained  for  the  use 
of  members.  This  service  is  being  used  to  a 
great  advantage  by  an  increasing  proportion 
of  the  members  of  the  association.  The  In- 
dustrial Bureau  has  recently  been  organized 
and  is  now  continuing  the  work  of  surveying 
various  lines  of  industry  in  the  community  in 
order  thus  to  ascertain  the  exact  conditions 
and  to  gather  information  concerning  the 
various  factors  which  enter  into  the  advan- 
tageous or  disadvantageous  position  of  New 
York  City  for  those  particular  industries.  The 
Industrial  Bureau  is  working  in  full  harmony 
with  those  interests  engaged  in  upbuilding  the 
various  sections  of  the  city,  and  is  locating 
here  new  industries  whenever  it  can  be  shown, 
as  a  result  of  the  survey,  that  the  conditions 
in  New  York  are  favorable  for  the  successful 
operation  of  such  industries.  The  Foreign 
Trade  Bureau  has  been  supplying  information 
in  connection  with  an  average  of  125  com- 
modities a  week,  giving  information  concern- 
ing actual  trade  opportunities  to  an  average 
of  about  750  business  houses  each  week.  Much 
assistance  has  been  rendered  in  connection  with 
the  importation  of  goods  purchased  in  Ger- 
many, Australia,  and  Belgium;  the  delivery 
of  American  manufactured  goods  intended  for 
the  various  countries  directly  affected  by  the 
war;  and  the  regulation  of  exchange  with 
Holland.  The  work  of  the  Foreign  Trade 
Bureau  is  rapidly  developing  in  scope  and  in 


value  and  in  the  future  it  must  be  of  prime 
importance  to  members  of  the  association  in 
particular  and  the  community  in  general.  The 
Convention  Bureau  has  made  New  York  the 
leading  convention  city  of  the  country. 
Largely  as  a  result  of  its  efforts,  663  con- 
ventions were  held  in  New  York  in  1916,  a 
larger  number  than  has  been  recorded  by  any 
other  city  excepting  San  Francisco,  which  had 
about  700  conventions  during  the  Panama- 
Pacific  Exposition  year.  The  Publicity  Bureau 
obtains  free  advertising  for  New  York  City 
and  its  "business  interests  and  attractions.  It 
also  assists  in  obtaining  public  support  for 
projects  championed  by  the  association  which 
are  of  value  to  the  city.  The  advertising  which 
it  obtains  without  charge  would  cost  upward 
of  a  quarter  of  a  million  dollars  a  year  if  paid 
for  at  the  usual  rates.  The  association  has 
also  a  Membership  Bureau,  whose  duty  it  is  to 
keep  in  touch  with  the  membership  of  the  asso- 
ciation, to  answer  complaints  and  to  main- 
tain the  level  of  membership  necessary  to  effi- 
cient work.  The  association  has  been  success- 
ful in  bringing  about  the  readjustment  of 
telephone  rates  for  the  proportionate  benefit 
of  the  various  classes  of  telephone  subscribers. 
As  far  back  as  1907  the  association  secured 
reductions  in  telephone  charges  in  this  city 
amounting  to  $1,500,000  a  year.  Again,  in 
1913,  the  association  moved  for  a  general  re- 
vision of  telephone  rates  and  a  new  scale  of 
charges  based  upon  an  appraisal  of  the  tele- 
phone company's  property,  the  value  of  the 
property  used  by  each  class  of  subscribers  and 
the  extent  of  use  by  each  class.  The  Public 
Service  Commission  took  the  matter  under 
consideration  and  finally  agreeing  with  the 
association,  made  a  ruling  which  saves  to  the 
telephone  subscribers  in  this  city  a  total 
amount  of  $2,250,000  a  year.  Through  the 
active  efforts  of  the  association,  the  State  of 
New  York  and  the  United  States  government 
joined  in  a  suit  to  restrain  the  State  of  New 
Jersey  from  discharging  the  entire  sewage  of 
the  Passaic  Valley  into  the  upper  bay.  This 
resulted  in  a  modification  of  the  plan,  which 
substantially  prevents  pollution  from  this 
source.  The  association  induced  the  United 
States  government  to  compel  Westchester 
County  to  install  a  sewage  purification  plant 
at  the  Hudson  River  outlet  of  the  Bronx  Val- 
ley sewer  and  it  is  now  moving  to  enforce  the 
fulfillment  of  this  agreement.  It  started  the 
fight  which  the  city  is  now  waging  for  the 
removal  of  the  Mohansic  State  Hospital  and 
the  New  York  Training  School  for  Boys  from 
the  Croton  Watershed  and  their  location  else- 
where. If  these  institutions  should  be  built 
in  the  watershed,  their  sewage  would  con- 
taminate the  Croton  water  supply  with  grave 
danger  to  the  city's  health.  Largely  upon  the 
strength  of  an  investigation  and  report  made 
by  the  association,  the  city  has  given  its  ap- 
proval to  the  immediate  extension  of  the  Cats- 
kill  water  supply  system  to  include  the  Scho- 
harie Basin.  The  associaiton  was  a  chief  agent 
in  securing  a  constitutional  anieiulniont  ex- 
empting water  bonds  in  computing  the  city's 
debt  limit.  The  association  i)rev(Mi<ed  the  con- 
struction of  the  useless  Patcrson  Kesorvoir  in 
the  Bronx,  at  a  cost  of  $3,.^)()().()()(),  by  ])r()cur- 
ing  an  injunction  against  tlie  Aqueduct  Com- 
mission  which   was   followed   by   the  abolition 


75 


TOWNE 


INGRAM 


of  that  body.  The  Committee  on  Foreign  Trade 
after  an  exhaustive  study  has  recommended  to 
the  association  the  approval  of  the  general 
proposition  to  establish  a  free  zone  in  this 
port  somewhat  similar  in  type  to  the  Free 
Port  at  Hamburg.  The  committee's  recom- 
mendation has  been  accepted  and  the  associa- 
tion is  now  advocating  the  establishment  of 
Buch  a  free  zone.  Upon  the  initiative  of  the 
association,  a  Joint  Committee,  representing 
the  various  commercial  interests  and  the  trunk 
line  railroads,  has  been  created,  and  a  Board  of 
Engineers  provided  for,  to  fully  study  the 
entire  terminal  situation  and  recommend  plans 
for  a  complete  reorganization  of  the  city's 
terminal  facilities.  This  is  one  of  the  most 
important  movements  ever  undertaken  for  the 
protection  of  New  York's  prosperity.  The  asso- 
ciation first  suggested  the  Brooklyn  water- 
front terminal  railroad  and  actively  sup- 
ported the  legislation  which  has  made  this 
important  improvement  possible.  It  has  been 
active  in  the  movement  for  readjustment  of 
the  New  York  Central  Railroad  Lines  along 
the  Hudson  River  in  such  manner  as  greatly 
to  improve  rail  shipping  facilities  and  to  re- 
lease the  Hudson  River  waterfront  for  the 
more  complete  use  of  water-borne  commerce. 
The  association  opposed  the  adoption  of  the 
so-called  "  Ship  Purchase  Bill  "  upon  the  basis 
that  the  bill  was  wrong  and  harmful  in  prin- 
ciple, and  would  fail,  if  adopted,  to  accom- 
plish the  results  intended.  The  association 
has  been  active  in  connection  with  matters  re- 
lating to  national  defense,  advocating  greater 
co-operation  on  the  part  of  employers,  includ- 
ing the  city  of  New  York,  in  favoring  enlist- 
ment in  the  National  Guard  and  Naval  Militia 
on  the  part  of  their  employees  and  in  giving 
them  the  time  necessary  for  military  duty 
without  a  deduction  from  salary  or  vacation 
period.  The  association  is  oflfieially  advocating 
the  adoption  by  the  federal  government  of 
proper  provisions  for  national  defense,  in- 
volving the  speedy  increase  of  the  navy  until 
it  is  restored  to  its  former  position  of  second 
naval  power  on  the  Atlantic  and  until  it  is 
in  the  position  of  first  naval  power  on  the 
Pacific.  The  association  was  mainly  instru- 
mental in  the  creation  by  law  of  an  effective 
Bureau  of  Fire  Prevention  and  the  adoption 
of  systematic  inspection  as  a  means  of  reduc- 
ing fire  hazards,  and  lessening  the  insurance 
burden.  The  association  first  suggested  and 
effectively  urged  the  construction  of  the  exist- 
ing high-pressure  water  service  for  fire  pre- 
vention, which  was  followed  by  a  substantial 
reduction  of  insurance  rates.  The  association, 
during  several  years,  in  co-operation  with  the 
fire  insurance  authorities,  urged  upon  the  city 
the  construction  of  the  new  fire  alarm  service. 
The  association  has  systematically  and  suc- 
cessfully promoted  the  enforcement  of  ordi- 
nances relating  to  placing  rubbish  in  the 
streets,  exposure  of  ashes  and  garbage,  regu- 
lation of  traffic,  use  of  sidewalks,  etc.  It  pre- 
pared and  published  a  summary  of  ordinances 
relating  to  these  and  similar  subjects  which 
has  become  a  standard  manual  for  police  use. 
More  than  40,000  copies  have  been  distributed. 
The  association  has  offices  on  the  ninth  floor 
of  the  Woolw^orth  Building,  occupying  most  of 
the  floor.  These  headquarters  contain  an 
assembly-room  for  the  use  of  the  members  and 


for  hearings  which  bring  together  a  consider- 
able number  of  the  members,  and  a  directors* 
room  in  which  the  meetings  of  the  Board  of 
Directors  and  Executive  Committee  are  held, 
and  the  offices  of  the  bureaus  which  the  associa- 
tion conducts.  In  the  headquarters  also  is  a 
library  containing  publications  of  current  or 
permanent  value  relating  to  the  work  of  the 
association. 

INGRAM,  Orrin  Henry,  lumberman  and 
banker,  b.  at  Southwick,  Mass.,  12  May,  1830, 
son  of  David  Asel  and  Fannie  (Granger)  In- 
gram. The  family  is  of  English  origin,  the 
first  representative  in  this  country  having 
been  David  Ingram,  grandfather  of  0.  H.  In- 
gram, who  emigrated  from  Leeds  early  in  the 
nineteenth  century,  and  located  at  Southwick. 
The  father  was  a  farmer,  first  at  Southwick, 
later  at  Saratoga,  N.  Y.,  where  he  died  in 
1841,  leaving  his  widow  and  eight  children. 
At  this  time  young  Ingram  was  taken  into  the 
home  of  a  farmer  named  Palmer,  who  re- 
sided seven  miles  from  Glens  Falls,  N.  Y., 
and  remained  with  him  for  two  years.  At  the 
end  of  this  period,  he  took  up  his  home  with 
a  family  named  Boyd  at  Bolton,  N.  Y.,  where 
his  mother,  now  remarried,  was  then  residing. 
In  the  intervals  of  doing  "  chores "  for  his 
board  and  lodging,  he  attended  the  neighbor- 
hood school,  laying  the  foundations  of  a  rudi- 
mentary education.  Later  he  resided  for  a 
time  with  Nathan  Goodman,  a  farmer  of 
Goodman's  Corners,  where  he  did  chores  and 
attended  school,  until,  having  found  this  life 
too  "  monotonous,"  he  persuaded  Mr.  Good- 
man to  allow  him  to  return  to  his  birthplace 
in  Massachusetts,  and  try  to  find  a  favorable 
"  opening  "  there.  Having  made  the  journey 
over  the  newly-finished  Boston  and  Albany 
Railroad,  he  came  to  the  house  of  his  moth- 
er's brother,  Asahel  Granger,  who  took  a  large 
interest  in  the  lad,  and  did  his  best  to  have 
him  apprenticed  to  some  good  trade,  first  at 
the  government  arsenal  at  Springfield,  later 
at  a  locomotive  works,  then  recently  opened 
in  the  same  neighborhood.  Openings  in  these 
establishments  seemed  few  and  difficult  to 
obtain,  and  young  Ingram  was  regretfully 
obliged  to  accept  such  employments  as  were 
available.  He  served  for  about  six  weeks  as 
clerk  and  general  hand  in  a  small  hotel  at 
Southwick,  also  earning  a  small  additional 
income  by  ringing  the  bell  of  the  village  Con- 
gregational Church,  three  times  daily,  to  in- 
dicate stated  hours.  This  occupation,  how- 
ever, proved  unsatisfactory  to  the  young  man, 
who  evidently  seemed  to  feel  himself  capable 
of  greater  things,  and  was  anxious  to  obtain 
a  suitable  start.  He  returned,  therefore,  to 
New  York  State,  and  accepted  the  offer  from 
Harris  and  Bronson,  to  work  in  their  sawmill 
at  Lake  Pharaoh.  This  was  the  beginning  of 
Mr.  Ingram's  real  active  career,  and  his  intro- 
duction into  the  lumber  business,  in  which  he 
has  made  so  conspicuous  a  success.  He  be- 
gan his  work  here  operating  an  edging  ma- 
chine, which,  according  to  the  process  then 
followed,  worked  by  cutting  off  one  edge  of  a 
plank,  and  having  brought  it  back  to  the 
starting  point,  the  other  also.  This  \yas  a 
crude  method,  as  viewed  from  the  practice  of 
the  present  day,  and  involved  nearly  twice  as 
much  work  for  the  operator,  but^  the  satis- 
faction   of    actually   earning  his   living   at   a 


76 


STn^i^  WTBarAe 


U^M~~J-yx/yy^Ceyt/»^ 


\ 


, 


INGRAM 


INGRAM 


trade  with  real  prospects,  greatly  appealed  to 
the  young  man,  who  missed  no  opportunity  to 
acquaint  himself  thoroughly  with  all  the  de- 
tails of  the  business.    His  industry  and  char- 
acter so  appealed  to  his  employers  that  they 
did  not  hesitate  to  leave  him  in  full  charge 
of  the  mill  at  the  end  of  two  years'  employ- 
ment.    About  this  same  time  Mr.  Ingram  re- 
ceived   an    offer    of    the    managership,    at    a 
salary  of  $1,000  per  year,  from  the  Fox  and 
Angling  Company,  who  were  interested  in  the 
building  of  a  new  sawmill  about  eight  miles 
from  Kingston,  Canada.     He  gladly  accepted 
this   position,    and    soon   afterward   proceeded 
to  Canada.     The  mill  was  located  on  the  line 
of  the  Rideau  Canal,  was  operated  by  water 
power,   equipped   with   the   latest   patterns   of 
gang   saws,    and   had   a   working   capacity   of 
about  150,000  feet  per  day.     Mr.  Ingram  ar- 
rived  in   time   to   superintend   the   completion 
of    the   building,  and   the    installation   of    the 
machinery,  and,  thereafter,  for  several  months 
conducted  the  business  with  marked  efficiency. 
The    neighborhood    was    unhealthy,    however, 
and  he  suffered  considerably  from  chills  and 
fever,  as  did  also  a  number  of  the  men  em- 
ployed   about    the    mill.      After    staying    one 
year,  he  accepted  an  offer  to  superintend  the 
building  and  starting  of  a  steam  mill  at  Belle- 
ville, on  the  Bay  of  Quinte,  some  fifty  miles 
from  Kingston.     He  completed  this  mill  and 
two  others  within  the  next  eighteen  months, 
superintended   the   operation   of   the   first   one 
completed    during    the    summer    months,    and 
then    erected    another    on    the    Moirah    River 
about   nine  miles  distant.     In   the  meantime, 
lured  perhaps  by  Mr.  Ingram's  accounts  of  the 
great  development  of  the  lumber  business  in 
Canada,  his  old  employers,  Harris  and  Bron- 
son,    purchased    a    millsite    at    Bytown    (now 
Ottawa)    and   started  the  erection  of  a  first- 
class  power  mill.     Mr.   Bronson  was  anxious 
to  secure  the  services  of  Mr.  Ingram,  who  had, 
in  the  meantime,  married  his  wife's  sister,  and 
made   him   a   sufficiently   satisfactory  offer  to 
draw  him  from  his  Belleville  connections.     On 
the  completion  of  the  mill,  Mr.  Ingram  under- 
took its  management,  taking  his  pay  accord- 
ing to  the  amount  of  lumber  actually  sawed, 
the  agreed  rate  being  75  cents  per  thousand. 
On   this   basis   he    was    able    to    earn    on    the 
average  $10.00  per  day.     Although,  in  order 
to  achieve  this  result,  he  had,  as  he  states, 
done  the  work  of  three  men,  having  only  two 
assistants,   sawing   150,000   feet  per   day  and 
paying  their  wages  out  of  his  own  gross  re- 
ceipts,  Mr.   Harris   suggested   a   reduction   of 
the   scale,   giving  him   50  cents  per  thousand 
instead  of  75  cents.     This  was  too  much  for 
the  ambitious  young  man,  who  was  only  too 
willing  to  work  hard  for  his  money,  and  had 
actually   saved  his   employers   more   than   the 
difference   between  their   low   figure   and   that 
for    which    the    average    superintendent    could 
be  expected  to  do  the  work.     Consequently  he 
resigned  his  position,  and  immediately  entered 
the  employ  of  Gilmore  and  Company,  then  the 
largest  lumber  concern  in  the  British  posses- 
sions or  United   States,  as  superintendent  of 
all    their    mills    in    Canada    and    the    eastern 
provinces,    at    a    salary    of    $4,000    per    year. 
This  company,  which  had  several  large  mills 
at  various  points,  notably  at  Trenton,   Gati- 


neau,    Ottawa,   and   Quebec,   exported   an   im- 
mense amount   of   sawed   lumber   and   square 
timber    to    the    United    Kingdom,    and    other 
parts  of  Europe,  owning,  as  stated,  as  many 
as  600  vessels  on  the  Atlantic.    They  operated 
under   the  name   of   Gilmore   and   Rankin   in 
New  Brunswick,   as  John   Gilmore   and   Com- 
pany, in  Quebec,  as  James  Gilmore  and  Com- 
pany,   in    Montreal,    as    Allan    Gilmore    and 
Company,  in  Ottawa,  and  as  Pollock  and  Gil- 
more   in    London,    Liverpool,    and    Glasgow. 
Mr.  Ingram  quickly  demonstrated  his  ability, 
not  only  as  a  competent  manager,  but  also  as 
a  thoroughly  practical  millwright  by  suggest- 
ing  and   installing   several   novel   features    in 
the  machinery  and  equipment  of  the  mills  and 
his  salary  was  increased  to  $6,000  per  year. 
Several   of  these  new  machine  features  were 
of   his   own    invention,   thus   demonstrating   a 
marked  mechanical  genius  in  the  young  man- 
ager.     At    the    time    of    his    incumbency    the 
mills  were  turning  out,  on  the  average,  500,000 
feet  of   sawed   lumber  daily  at  the   Gatineau 
mills,  and  a  less  amount  per  day  at  the  other 
mills.      About    1853    the    Gilmores    purchased 
a  tract  of  land  in  Troy,  N.  Y.,  and  laid  out 
a    lumber    yard    at    the   junction    of    the    Mo- 
hawk River  and  North  River.     To  this  point 
the  lumber  was  brought  down  in  canal  boats. 
Mr.  Ingram  began  operations  here  by  design- 
ing a  special  arrangement  of  railroad  tracks 
to  convey  the   lumber  from  the  boats  to  the 
yard.     The  result  was  still  further  advanced 
by  the  use  of  cars  specially  designed  by  him- 
self,   each    one    having    a    turntable,    turning 
on    a   centered    kingbolt    so    that    the    lumber 
could    be    conveniently    transferred    from    one 
car  to  another,  when  the  tracks  were  at  right 
angles,     thus     avoiding     switches    or     curves. 
This    mechanical     improvement    has    done    a 
great  deal  to  make  the  business  of  lumbering 
easier    and    profitable.      While    with   the    Gil- 
mores    Mr.    Ingram    made    extensive    journeys 
through  the  lumber  country  near  Quebec,  the 
company    owning   mills    at    Wolf    and    Indian 
coves,  also  into  Michigan,  in  order  to  investi- 
gate   the    opportunities    there,    since,    even    in 
the   possession   of  a   business   connection  that 
netted   him   a   handsome   income,   he   felt   am- 
bitious to  make  a  trial  on  his  own  account. 
About   this   time,   he   invented   the   first   gang 
edger    ever    used    in    the    lumber    business    in 
America,    had    several    machines    built    to    his 
designs   in   Ottawa,   and   installed   in   the   Gil- 
more mills.     Not  being  a  citizen  of   Canada, 
he  was  unable,  at  that  period,  to  secure  patent 
rights.     This  was  a  misfortune,  since,  on  this 
machine    alone,    he    could    undoubtedly    have 
realized  profits  to  the  amount  of  many  mil- 
lions of  dollars.     Mr.  Ingram's  negloot  in  this 
particular,  however,  did  not  deter  others,  who 
had  seen  his  machines  working  in   his  mills, 
from     applying    for     and     obtaining    i)atonts. 
One   of   these   men   offered   him   a   royalty   on 
all    machines   sold   in    Wisconsin   but    this   ar- 
rangement   was    not    to    Mr.    Ingram's    liking, 
and    his    refusal    eventually    oompollod    those 
who  sought  to  profit  by  his  efforts  and  gcMiiTis 
to    relinquish    their   efforts   to   maintain    their 
rights  by  legal  proeoodinga  against  alleged  in- 
fringers.     In    18r)7    INlr.    Ingram    finally   broke 
away  from  the  Gilmores.  on  account   of  over- 
work, after  securing  a  man   in  liis  place,  and 
began  in  the  lumber  business  on  his  own  ac- 


77 


INGRAM 


INGRAM 


count,  in  association  with  a  millwright  and 
engineer,  named  Donald  Kennedy,  who  was 
an  old  employee  of  the  Gilmore  Company,  at 
Eau  Claire,  Wis.  During  the  next  forty  or 
forty-five  years  they  cut  and  floated  down  the 
Chippewa  River  to  their  mill  many  millions 
of  feet  of  logs.  In  order  to  handle  properly 
this  immense  output,  various  devices  were  at- 
tempted, and  successfully  operated,  although 
there  was  considerable  opposition  on  the  part 
of  some  of  their  competitors.  The  constantly 
growing  difficulty  of  arranging  for  the  sorting 
of  logs  belonging  to  the  various  mills  operat- 
ing along  the  Chippewa  and  Mississippi 
eventually  led  to  the  incorporation  of  the 
pool,  known  as  the  Chippewa  Logging  Com- 
pany. This  concern  later  purchased  the  plant 
and  lands  of  the  Union  Lumber  and  Boom 
Company  for  $1,275,000,  issuing  bonds  at  5 
per  cent  for  $1,000,000  and  paid  cash  $275,- 
000.  Mr.  Ingram  was  active  in  the  manage- 
ment of  the  combination  from  the  time  of  its 
incorporation,  and  later  became  vice-president, 
an  office  which  he  still  holds  (1914).  The 
company,  also  after  an  extended  fight  against 
organized  opposition,  finally  succeeded  in  ob- 
taining a  franchise  from  the  Wisconsin  legis- 
lature to  build  a  dam  below  Chippewa  Falls, 
for  water  power  to  operate  the  sawmills  and 
for  sorting  logs.  The  construction  of  this 
dam,  with  the  necessary  accessory  works,  was 
undertaken  by  the  Dells  Improvement  Com- 
pany, of  which  Mr.  Ingram  was  the  first 
president.  The  building  of  the  dam  was  pro- 
vided for  by  the  subscriptions  to  the  capital 
stock  of  the  company,  which  amounted  to 
$100,000.  The  city  of  Eau  Claire  also  issued 
bonds  to  the  amount  of  $100,000  although 
only  $00,000  was  necessary,  the  interest  to 
be  paid  on  the  booming  charges.  The  instal- 
lation of  all  necessary  improvements,  includ- 
ing a  large  area  of  water  to  hold  the  logs 
that  were  to  be  stopped  for  sorting,  also  sep- 
arate flumes  and  sluiceways  into  Half  Moon 
Lake.  All  these  operations  called  for  the  ex- 
penditure of  ready  money,  and  the  directors 
of  the  company  were  often  at  a  loss  to  sup- 
ply the  demands.  In  the  course  of  his  man- 
agement of  the  business  of  the  company,  Mr. 
Ingram  was  draw-n  into  the  banking  business 
also,  in  partnership  with  DeWitt  Clark,  treas- 
urer of  the  Dells  Improvement  Company. 
He  purchased  the  interest  of  C.  E.  Spafford, 
whose  health  had  failed,  in  the  banking-house 
of  Spafford  and  Clark,  which  thereafter  be- 
came Clark  and  Ingram.  Because  of  the 
high  reputation  for  integrity  and  business 
capacity  enjoyed  by  both  partners,  the  firm 
immediately  won,  and  always  maintained,  a 
standing  throughout  the  country.  After 
vainly  trying,  through  several  agents,  to  ar- 
range for  selling  the  city  bonds  in  New  York 
and  Philadelphia,  Mr.  Ingram  himself  under- 
took the  matter,  and  consummated  it  satis- 
factorily in  the  one-day  visit  to  the  metrop- 
olis, armed  with  a  strong  letter  of  recom- 
mendation from  his  banker  in  Chicago,  W.  F. 
Coolbaugh,  president  of  the  Union  National 
Bank.  The  letter  from  Mr.  Coolbaugh  was 
to  Austin  Corbin  referring  to  Mr.  Ingram 
in  most  complimentary  terms  and  it  influ- 
enced the  house  of  Ballou  and  Company  to 
purchase  the  bonds.  The  money  was  paid  in 
on  very  favorable  terms,   and  the  success  of 


the  dam  project  was  fully  assured.  Even 
after  its  erection,  according  to  the  specifica- 
tions of  the  best  engineers  available  to  the 
projectors,  it  was  found  that  even  greater 
strengthening  was  required,  in  order  to  re- 
sist the  great  head  water  liable  to  follow  on 
the  spring  floods.  Among  the  other  enter- 
prises which  took  advantage  of  the  power 
facilities  afforded  by  the  building  of  the  dam 
was  a  small  paper  mill  company,  which  in 
1879  erected  a  mill,  and  began  the  manu- 
facture of  paper  from  rags.  The  stock  of 
the  company  was  largely  subscribed  by  small 
investors,  many  of  whom  were  persons  of 
limited  means.  Consequently,  the  failure  of 
the  project  threatened  many  of  them  with 
the  loss  of  all  their  savings.  This  was  the 
very  sort  of  contingency  which  appealed  to 
the  interest  of  Mr.  Ingram,  who,  although  a 
man  who  had  made  a  large  success  through 
his  own  efforts  and  industry,  retained,  never- 
theless, a  vivid  sense  of  the  meaning  of  priva- 
tion. Accordingly,  with  the  intention  of  pur- 
chasing the  plant  and  property  with  no  other 
desire  than  to  protect  the  small  shareholders, 
he  attended  the  sale,'  and  although  others 
were  determined  to  obtain  the  plant,  raised 
the  bidding  to  $48,500,  only  $1,500  less  than 
the  actual  capitalization  of  the  company.  His 
kindheartedness,  however,  had  thus  saddled 
him  with  a  plant,  and  the  necessity  of  con- 
ducting a  business  of  which  he  knew  nothing. 
He  succeeded,  however,  in  obtaining  capable 
paper  men  to  take  over  a  part  of  the  prop- 
erty, and  operate  the  mill  and  eventually  dis- 
posed of  his  entire  interest,  only  receiving 
back  his  original  investment — ^no  more.  The 
mill  was  later  rebuilt  and  equipped  wath  ma- 
chinery for  manufacturing  paper  from  wood 
pulp,  a  logical  development  in  that  region, 
and  has  since  been  increasingly  prosperous. 
On  several  other  occasions  Mr.  Ingram  has 
been  persuaded  to  take  over  the  property  of 
the  Chippewa  Valley  Light  and  Power  Com- 
pany, in  which  he  had  already  invested 
$25,000  to  assist  the  originator  in  his  difficul- 
ties. He  has  also  invested  considerably  in 
Southern  lumber  lands,  particularly  in  Loui- 
siana and  Mississippi,  being  interested  in  the 
Louisiana  Long  Leaf  Lumber  Company,  the 
Louisiana  Central  Lumber  Company,  the 
Gulf  Lumber  Company,  the  Ingram-Day 
Lumber  Company  of  Mississippi,  and  others. 
He  has  also  invested  on  the  Pacific  Coast  in 
the  Weyerhaeuser  Timber  Company  of  Wash- 
ington. In  the  meantime,  Mr.  Ingram's  Wis- 
consin enterprises  prospered  greatly.  On  the 
withdrawal  of  his  partner,  Mr.  Kennedy,  in 
1882,  he  reorganized  the  business  of  his  firm 
and  incorporated  it  as  the  Empire  Lumber 
Company,  capitalized  at  $800,000,  with  him- 
self as  president.  He  continued  in  active 
management  of  the  business  until  1907,  since 
which  time  he  has  been  largely  engaged  in 
the  closing  out  of  its  affairs.  Mr.  Ingram 
organized,  in  1882,  the  Eau  Claire  National 
Bank,  as  successors  to  the  banking-house  of 
Clark  and  Ingram,  becoming  its  president  and 
later  he  was  elected  president  of  the  Union 
National  Bank.  His  benevolent  activities 
have  been  many  and  constant.  He  contributed 
$20,000  toward  the  building  of  the  Y.  M.  C.  A. 
of  Eau  Claire,  Wis.,  donating  a  commodious 
building,  Ingram  Hall,  to  Ripon  College,  and 


78 


G 


^s^ 


' ^ 


{ 


RANDALL 


RANDALL 


has  been  a  cheerful  assistant  in  numerous 
movements  for  the  public  good  and  the  edu- 
cation of  youth  throughout  the  Middle  West, 
He  has  always  been  an  active  and  devoted 
member  of  the  Congregational  Church,  and 
since  coming  to  Eau  Claire  has  been  in  the 
front  rank  of  those  who  have  sought  to  ex- 
tend the  activities  of  this  denomination  in 
Wisconsin  and  elsewhere.  He  has  also  earned 
a  wide  reputation  as  a  builder  of  handsome 
edifices  in  various  parts  of  the  country.  In 
1911  and  1912  he  built  the  Ingram  Memorial 
Congregational  Church  of  Washington,  D.  C, 
in  memory  of  his  son,  Charles  H.  Ingram. 
The  cornerstone  was  laid  by  President  Taft 
with  much  ceremony  in  1911.  He  also  built 
the  Fanny  Ingram  Memorial  Chapel  at  Boise, 
Idaho.  Mr.  Ingram  has  presented  to  the  city 
of  Eau  Claire  a  handsome  bronze  statue  of 
Adin  Randall,  a  tribute  of  high  regard  from 
a  successful  man  to  a  truly  remarkable  one. 
Mr.  Randall  had  influenced  Mr.  Ingram  to 
locate  in  Wisconsin,  pointing  out  to  him  the 
advantage  and  opportunity  afi'orded  by  the 
vast  forests  of  pine.  Mr.  Ingram  has  been  a 
member  for  many  years  of  the  American 
Board  of  Foreign  Missions  and  at  the  meeting 
held  in  Hartford,  Conn.,  in  1906,  he  was  in- 
strumental in  bringing  about  the  release  of 
Ellen  Stone  and  her  companion,  the  Ameri- 
can missionary  who  was  in  the  hands  of  the 
brigands  in  Bulgaria.  Mr.  Ingram  offered 
to  be  one  of  ten  men  to  contribute  $80,000 
for  her  release.  Afterward  the  government 
authorities  at  Washington  paid  the  necessary 
money  to  release  her.  In  1905  he  was  ap- 
pointed, by  Governor  LaFollette,  a  member  of 
the  Wisconsin  Capitol  Commission,  on  which 
he  still  serves.  He  was  elected  president  of 
the  body  on  its  first  meeting,  and  still  holds 
the  office.  Nor  can  we  doubt  that  the  work  of 
building  this,  the  most  beautiful  of  our  State 
capitols,  if  not  one  of  the  most  beautiful 
buildings  in  the  world,  has  been  in  a  very 
real  sense  another  monument  to  the  extraordi- 
nary talent  and  taste  of  these  captains  of  in- 
dustry. Mr.  Ingram  has  insisted  in  render- 
ing all  services  to  this  commission  free  of 
salary  or  charges  of  any  kind.  He  has  been 
a  member  of  the  Iroquois  Club  of  Chicago,  of 
the  Milwaukee  Club  of  Milwaukee,  and  is  now 
of  the  Eau  Claire  Club  of  Eau  Claire,  Wis., 
also  of  several  of  the  leading  boards  and  asso- 
ciations of  the  Congregationalist  denomina- 
tion. He  was  married  11  Dec,  1851,  to  Cor- 
nelia, daughter  of  Capt.  Pliny  Pierce,  of  Fed- 
eral Hill,  N,  Y.  They  have  had  six  children, 
of  whom  two  are  living,  Miriam,  wife  of  Dr. 
E.  S.  Hayes,  of  Eau  Claire,  and  Erskine  B 
Ingram,  who  is  associated  with  his  father  in 
the  management  of  his  numerous  and  great 
enterprises.  Another  son,  Charles  Ingram, 
died  in  1907,  Fanny,  wife  of  W.  J.  Shellman, 
of  Chicago,  in  1896,  and  two  daughters  in  in- 
fancy. 

EANDALL,  Adin,  lumberman  and  pio- 
neer, b.  Clarksville,  Madison  County,  New 
York,  2  Oct.,  1829;  d.  Reed's  Landing,  Minn., 
April,  1868.  School  facilities  were  meager 
in  those  days  and  he  had  no  great  opportunity 
to  take  advantage  of  even  the  little  education 
obtainable.  In  his  youth  he  learned  the  trade 
of  carpenter  and  worked  at  it  until  he  was 
twenty-five  years  of  age.     In   1854  he  moved 


west  and  settled  in  Madison,  Wis.  There  he 
became  a  building  contractor,  making  a  little 
money  he  built  a  small  portable  sawmill  in 
Eau  Claire  in  the  fall  of  1855.  He  located 
there  in  the  same  year,  and  seeing  the  advan- 
tage of  the  location,  sold  his  interest  in  the 
sawmill.  He  became  associated  with  Gage  and 
Reed,  but  soon  sold  out  and  purchased  the 
land  which  is  now  the  west  side  of  the  city  of 
Eau  Claire  south  of  Bridge  Street  and  be- 
tween Half  Moon  Lake  and  the  Chippewa 
River,  and  was  known  as  Randall  Town,  To 
the  northward  it  was  a  wilderness,  but  he 
realized  the  future  of  Eau  Claire.  He  built 
a  small  planing  mill,  and  secured  the  right  to 
operate  a  ferry  on  the  Chippewa  River.    Hav- 


ing great  faith  in  the  future  of  Eau  Claire, 
which  is  now  realized,  he  donated  the  land  for 
Randall  Park  to  the  corporation,  also  the 
site  for  the  West  Side  Cemetery,  also  the  land 
to  the  First  Congregational  Church  and  had 
planned  to  build  his  own  residence  upon  the 
site  now  occupied  by  the  courthouse.  Owing 
to  depressed  financial  conditions  from  1857 
to  1860,  Mr.  Randall  sold  his  planing  mill, 
and  the  property  he  owned  was  sold  to  meet 
the  claims  of  mortgagees.  He  then  moved  to 
Chippewa  Falls,  remaining  there  but  a  sliort 
time,  and  then  built  a  sawmill  at  Jim  Falls, 
Later  he  purchased  a  grist  mill  at  Rood's 
Landing  and  made  it  over  into  a  sawmill, 
which  he  operated  until  his  death,  at  the  age 
of  thirty-nine  years.  In  1856  ho  was  eh>ctod 
the  first  County  Treasurer.  :Mr.  Randall  in- 
vented the  sheer  boom,  which  rovolutionizod 
the  methods  of  handling  logs  in  running 
waters,  lie  worked  out  the  plan,  and  credit 
is  due  him  alone  for  this  invention,     it  was 


79 


AGASSIZ 


AGASSIZ 


adopted  by  the  lumbermen  of  the  United  States. 
A  handsome  bronze  statue  commemorates  Mr. 
Randall  in  the  park  he  gave  to  Kau  Claire, 
being  a  gift  to  the  city  from  O.  H.  Ingram 
(see  illustration).  The  sculptor  is  Miss  Helen 
Farnsworth  Mears,  of  New  York.  Mr.  Randall 
was  mainly  responsible  for  Mr.  Ingram's  re- 
maining in  Eau  Claire  in  1857,  when  he  was 
disposed  to  return  to  his  interests  in  Canada. 
Mr.  Randall  talked  with  Mr.  Ingram  of  the 
great  advantages  of  the  location  and  showed 
him  the  vast  forests  of  pine.  Mr.  Randall  was 
a  man  of  cheerful  disposition  and  of  great 
courage,  whom  disaster  could  no  crush.  He 
married  Clamenzia  Babcock  in  1852  and  had 
one  son,  Edgar  H.,  now  living  in  Eau  Claire. 
AGASSIZ,  Alexander,  naturalist,  b.  in  Neu- 
chatel,  Switzerland,  17  Dec,  1835;  d.  at  sea 
27  March,  1910,  the  only  son  of  Louis  Agassiz, 
the  famous  naturalist,  by  his  first  wife,  Cecile 
Braun.  He  was  educated  in  the  schools  of  his 
native  town  and  at  Freiburg,  Baden,  Germany, 
where  his  maternal  uncle  was  a  professor  in 
the  university,  and  where  his  mother  then 
resided.  The  latter  was  an  artist,  and  her 
temperament,  quite  different  from  that  of  his 
father,  was  in  a  measure  inherited  by  the  son. 
Alexander  followed  his  father  to  the  United 
States  in  1849,  and  after  his  arrival  in  this 
country  he  prepared  for  Harvard  College, 
where  he  was  graduated  in  1855.  He  then 
studied  engineering  at  the  Lawrence  Scientific 
School,  and  in  1857  received  the  degree  of 
B.S.,  after  which  he  took  a  further  course  In 
the  chemical  department.  During  1856-59  he 
taught  in  his  father's  school  for  young  ladies, 
where  he  met,  as  a  pupil,  his  future  wife. 
In  1859  he  went  to  California  as  an  assistant 
on  the  U.  S.  Coast  Survey,  and  was  engaged 
on  the  northwest  boundary.  He  also  collected 
specimens  for  the  museum  at  Cambridge.  In 
1860  he  returned  to  Cambridge  and  became 
assistant  in  zoology  at  the  Museum  of  Com- 
parative Zoology,  founded  by  his  father,  tak- 
ing charge  of  it  in  1865  during  the  latter's 
absence  in  Brazil.  His  connection  with  this 
institution  lasted  until  his  death,  fifty  years 
later.  He  succeeded  his  father  as  curator  in 
1874;  after  his  resignation  in  1898,  serving 
on  the  museum  faculty  as  secretary,  and  after 
1902,  as  director  of  the  University  Museum. 
Some  time  in  the  early  sixties  Agassiz  became 
interested  in  coal-mining  in  Pennsylvania, 
and  soon  after  in  the  copper  mines  of  Lake 
Superior,  where  he  was  engaged  in  1867-68 
as  superintendent  of  the  Calumet  and  Hecla 
mines.  He  developed  these  deposits  until  they 
became  the  most  successful  copper  mines  in 
the  world,  and  from  the  wealth  they  brought 
to  him  he  made  gifts  to  Harvard  amounting 
to  over  $1,500,000  From  the  effects  of  over- 
work, anxiety,  and  exposure  at  Calumet,  he 
suffered  a  severe  illness  in  1869,  from  which 
he  is  said  never  to  have  fully  recovered 
Primarily  for  the  purpose  of  recuperation  he 
visited  Europe  in  the  fall  of  that  year,  and 
took  the  opportunity  to  examine  the  museums 
and  collections  of  England,  France,  Germany, 
Italy,  and  Scandinavia,  particularly  with  re- 
gard to  Echini,  in  which  he  had  become  in- 
tensely interested,  having  published  no  less 
than  twenty  papers,  largely  on  marine  organ- 
isms, before  the  age  of  thirty.  Conjointly 
with  his  stepmother,  Mrs.  E.  C.  Agassiz,  he  had 


80 


published  a  popular  book  on  marine  life  en- 
titled *'  Seaside  Studies  in  Natural  History," 
and  he  had  taken  a  keen  interest  in  the  va- 
rious deep  sea  explorations  which  were  grad- 
ually disclosing  the  wonders  of  ocean  life.  He 
now  visited  Wyville  Thomson  in  Belfast,  with 
whom  he  had  been  in  correspondence  about  the 
distribution  and  development  of  Echinoderma, 
and  who  had  just  published  a  statement  of 
results  of  the  "  Lightning  "  and  "  Porcupine  " 
expeditions.  Upon  his  return  in  December, 
1870,  his  "  Revision  of  the  Echini "  began  to 
appear,  and  the  three  years  succeeding  his 
trip  were  the  most  active  and  fruitful  of  his 
whole  life.  The  contents  of  the  museum  in 
Cambridge  still  bear  testimony  of  his  generous 
and  untiring  labors.  During  the  summer  of 
1873  he  acted  as  director  of  the  Anderson 
School  of  Natural  History  on  Pekinese  Island, 
and  in  1875  he  visited  the  western  coast  of 
South  America,  examining  the  copper  mines 
of  Peru  and  Chile,  and  making  an  extended 
survey  of  Lake  Titicaca  and  collecting  for  the 
Peabody  Museum  a  great  number  of  Peruvian 
antiquities.  He  afterward  went  to  Scotland 
to  assist  Sir  Wyville  Thomson  in  arranging 
the  collections  made  during  the  68,900-mile 
exploring  expedition  of  the  "  Challenger,"  part 
of  which  he  brought  to  this  country.  He 
wrote  one  of  the  final  reports  on  the  zoology 
of  the  expedition,  that  on  Echini.  From  1876 
to  1881  his  winters  were  spent  in  deep  sea 
dredging  expeditions  in  connection  with  the 
coast  survey,  the  U.  S.  steamer  '*  Blake  "  hav- 
ing been  placed  at  his  disposal  for  this  pur- 
pose With  it  he  made  three  separate  expedi- 
tions in  the  Atlantic,  and  subsequently  three 
in  the  Pacific  in  the  U.  S.  ship  "  Albatross," 
visiting  the  Panamic  regions  and  Galpapagoa, 
the  Central  Pacific,  and  Eastern  Pacific  re- 
spectively. These  expeditions  dealt  especially 
with  the  deep  sea  and  yielded  an  immense 
number  of  new  organisms  and  new  observa- 
tions concerning  the  physical,  chemical,  bio- 
logical, and  geological  conditions  of  the  great 
ocean  basins.  Being  a  practical  engineer,  he 
was  able  to  suggest  many  improvements  in 
deep  sea  instruments  and  methods,  among 
which  were  the  wire  rope  for  dredging  and 
modified  trawl  for  deep  sea  work.  According 
to  Sir  John  Murray,  the  present  state  of  our 
knowledge  in  this  field  is  due  more  to  the 
work  and  inspiration  of  Alexander  Agassiz  1 
than  to  any  other  single  man.  During  the  | 
last  thirty-five  years  of  his  life,  Agassiz's  ac- 
tivities and  interests  were  many  and  varied. 
The  control  and  direction  of  the  Calumet  and 
Hecla  mines  demanded  frequent  visits  to  the 
West,  and  there  he  conducted  valuable  ex- 
periments in  the  distribution  of  underground 
temperatures  in  the  great  depths  of  the  mine. 
He  also  produced  carbonic  acid  gas  to  put  out 
a  disastrous  fire  in  the  mines,  which  is  said 
to  be  the  first  time  this  method  was  thus 
employed  on  a  large  scale.  The  first  Ameri- 
can attempt  to  found  a  zoological  station  at 
Pekinese  having  failed,  he  established  a  zo- 
ological laboratory  at  Newport  to  take  its 
place.  This  institution  was  carried  on  for 
twenty-five  years,  till  it  was  superseded  by  the 
establishment  of  the  Woods  HoU  Marine 
Biological  Station.  In  latter  years  his  atten- 
tion was  greatly  occupied  with  coral-reef 
problems  and  he  organized  many  extended  ex- 


ir     \ 


i 


WINANS 


YULE 


peditions,  almost  entirely  at  his  own  expense, 
for  their  study,  notably  to  the  Sandwich 
Islands,  the  West  Indies,  the  Fiji  Islands,  and 
the  great  barrier  reef  of  Australia.  Indeed  he 
explored  and  described  with  much  detail  every 
important  coral-reef  region  of  the  world  in 
the  Atlantic,  Pacific,  and  Indian  Oceans.  In 
1898  he  presented  to  the  Cambridge  Museum 
his  valuable  West  Indian,  Central  and  South 
American,  and  Pacific  zoological  collections. 
Mr.  Agassiz  was  a  fellow  of  Harvard  College 
from  1878  to  1884  and  1886  to  1890,  and  also 
served  as  an  overseer.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  National  Academy  of  Sciences,  and  was 
its  president  for  many  years;  a  member  of  the 
American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of 
Science,  being  its  vice-president  during  the 
Boston  meeting  of  1880;  of  the  American 
Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  of  which  he 
was  president  in  1898.  He  was  foreign  mem- 
ber of  the  academies  of  science  at  Paris,  Lon- 
don, Vienna,  Munich,  Rome,  Stockholm,  and 
Copenhagen,  and  received  high  honors  abroad 
for  his  contributions  to  science,  being  deco- 
rated with  the  order  of  merit  by  Emperor 
William  of  Germany  in  1902,  and  made  an 
oflScer  of  the  Legion  of  Honor  of  France  in 
1906.  His  publications,  in  the  form  of 
pamphlets,  reports,  and  contributions  to  scien- 
tific periodicals  and  the  proceedings  of  so- 
cieties, covering  a  period  of  over  fifty  years, 
are  very  numerous.  They  include  "  Explora- 
tions of  Lake  Titicaca  " ;  "  Three  Cruises  of 
the  Blake";  "Revision  of  the  Echini"; 
"  Coral  Reefs  of  Florida,  Bahamas,  Bermudas, 
West  Indies,  of  the  Pacific,  of  the  Maldives  " ; 
Panamic  Deep  Sea  Echini " ;  "  Hawaiian 
Echini  " ;  "  Embryological  Memoirs  of  Fishes, 
Worms,  Echinoderms,"  and  many  others.  Be- 
sides the  "  Seaside  Studies  in  Natural  His- 
tory"  (Boston,  1865)  he  also  published  "Ma- 
rine Animals  of  Massachusetts  Bay"  (1871), 
and  the  fifth  volume  of  "  Contributions  to  the 
Natural  History  of  the  United  States,"  left 
incomplete  by  his  father.  In  surveying  the 
life  work  of  Alexander  Agassiz,  one  is  struck 
at  once  by  its  amount,  variety,  and  quality. 
All  his  efforts  were  devoted  to  the  one  pur- 
pose of  adding  to  the  sum  total  of  human 
knowledge,  and  while  he  achieved  a  notable 
record  in  many  fields,  his  name  stands  first 
among  the  authorities  on  certain  forms  of 
marine  life.  Not  only  his  knowledge,  but  his 
fortune  acquired  only  after  long  years  of 
struggle,  was  consecrated  to  the  cause  of 
science  and  the  Museum  of  Cambridge  stands 
as  a  monument  to  his  generosity.  He  mar- 
ried at  Brookline,  Mass  ,  13  Nov.,  1860,  Anna, 
daughter  of  George  Russell,  whose  death  in 
1873  deeply  affected  the  remainder  of  his  life. 
He  had  three  children. 

WINANS,  William  Parkhurst,  banker,  b.  at 
Elizabethtown,  N.  J.,  28  Jan.,  1836,  son  of 
Jonas  Wood  and  Sarah  (Stiles)  Winans.  He 
is  a  descendant  of  John  Winans  who  came 
from  Holland  in  1640,  and  settled  at  Elizabeth- 
town  on  land  purchased  from  the  Indians.  The 
descent  is  traced  from  John  Winans  through 
his  son,  Isaac,  his  grandson,  Isaac,  his  great- 
grandson,  Moses,  who  was,  in  turn,  father  of 
Jonas  Wood  Winans.  Isaac  (2d)  and  Moses 
Winans  both  served  in  the  Revolution.  Wil- 
liam P.  Winans  was  educated  in  the  public 
schools,  and  began  his  career  as  clerk  in  a 


^.^/^- 


'iCn/x.at^/ud. 


local  store.  Later  he  engaged  in  business  in 
Pittsfield,  111.,  and  in  April,  1859,  he  crossed 
the  plains  to  Oregon.  For  over  a  year  he  re- 
sided in  Umatilla  County,  engaged  in  farming 
and  teaching.  He  served  also  as  clerk  in  the 
first  State  election  in  1860,  which  resulted  in 
the  election  of  Abraham  Lincoln  as  President. 
In  July,  1861,  he  went  to  Fort  Colville,  where, 
on  the  organization  of  Spokane  County,  he  was 
appointed  deputy 
county  auditor.  In 
1862  he  was  elected 
auditor,  and  served 
two  terms.  Later  he 
was  clerk  of  the  U. 
S.  district  court  for 
Spokane  and  Mis- 
soula counties.  Af- 
ter about  one  year's 
absence  in  the  East, 
he  returned  again 
to  Colville,  and  en- 
gaged in  mercantile 
business.  In  June, 
1866,  he  was  elected 
county  school  superintendent,  and,  as  such, 
built  the  first  schoolhouse  north  of  Snake 
River,  in  a  district  200  by  400  miles  in  area. 
He  was  elected  to  the  State  legislature  in 
1867  and  again  in  1871;  was  treasurer  of 
Stevens  County  in  1872,  and  was  appointed 
special  Indian  agent  in  1870-72.  In  1873  he 
removed  to  Walla  Walla,  where,  during  the 
next  fifteen  years,  he  was  engaged  in  mercan- 
tile business  under  the  firm  name  of  Rees  and 
Winans.  He  organized  the  Farmers  Savings 
Bank  in  1889,  with  a  paid-up  capital  of 
$60,000,  and  has  since  been  its  president.  The 
capital  and  surplus  of  this  bank  are  now 
$300,000.  Mr.  Winans  has  been  twice  mar- 
ried,, and  has  four  sons  and  one  daughter. 

YTTLE,  George,  manufacturer,  b.  in  Rathen, 
near  Fraserburgh,  Aberdeenshire,  Scotland,  31 
Aug.,  1824,  son  of  Alexander  and  Margaret 
(Leeds)  Yule.  His  father  (1796-1871)  came 
to  America  in  1840,  and  settled  on  a  farm  in 
Somers,  Kenosha  County,  Wis.  George  Yule 
was  reared  on  his  father's  farm,  with  but  few 
opportunities  to  acquire  an  education ;  however, 
these  he  improved  to  such  an  extent  that  he 
had  a  fair  education.  At  the  age  of  eighteen 
he  began  what  was  to  be  his  life  work  as  a 
wagon-maker  in  Southport  (now  Kenosha) 
with  the  firm  of  Mitchell  and  Quarles.  The 
junior  member  of  this  firm  was  the  father  of 
the  late  Hon.  J.  V.  Quarles,  U.  S.  district 
judge  for  the  Eastern  District  of  Wisconsin. 
In  1852  the  late  Edward  Bain  purchased  the 
business,  and  began  to  make  the  Bain  wagon. 
Under  his  capable  management,  unfaltering 
self-reliance,  and  foresighted  sagacity,  the 
business  prospered  in  all  its  branches.  The 
Bain  factory  soon  became  the  leading  industry 
of  the  town,  and  its  product  earned  for  itself 
the  reputation  which  it  still  maintains.  When 
the  Bain  Wagon  Company  was  incorporated  in 
1882  Mr.  Yule  was  o'lectod  vico-i)rcai(lent, 
which  office  he  held  until  after  the  death  of 
Edward  Bain  when  he  was  choaon  to  the 
presidency.  Seldom,  indeed,  is  it  that  a  man 
as  active  and  successful  in  buainoas  as  Mr. 
Yule  takes  the  keen  and  holpfnl  interest  in 
civic  affairs  which  he  manifests.  His  name 
has  been  associated  with  various  projects  of 


SI 


YULE 


JOHNSON 


the  utmost  municipal  concern.  He  is  vice- 
president  of  the  First  National  Bank,  and  also 
holds  the  same  olhee  in  the  Northwestern  Loan 
and  Trust  Company,  both  of  Kenosha,  Wis. 
In  1896,  as  one  of  the  organizers  of  the 
Kenosha  Library  Association,  Mr.  Yule  took 
great  interest  in  its  success  and  was  the  first 
to  make  a  liberal  donation  for  the  support 
and  was  a  frequent  contributor  until  it  was 
succeeded  by  the  Gilbert  M.  Simmons  Library 
in  1900.  In  that 
year  Hon.  James 
Gorman,  then  may- 
or of  the  city, 
named  Mr.  Yule 
one  of  the  board  of 
directors  of  the 
new  library,  and 
at  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  board, 
Mr.  Yule  was 
chosen  vice-presi- 
dent, which  of- 
fice he  now  holds 
(1916).  The  per- 
sonality of  Mr. 
Yule  is  that  of  a 
man  of  deep  con- 
victions, extraordi- 
nary force,  and  an 
unusual  degree  of  magnetism.  Those  who 
are  familiar  with  his  fine  personal  ap- 
pearance cannot  fail  to  observe  how  well 
it  illustrates  his  character.  His  strong 
face,  accentuated  by  a  small  snow-white 
beard,  is  lighted  by  a  pair  of  keen,  search- 
ing eyes  and  on  every  feature  energy,  de- 
termination, and  fidelity  are  deeply  written. 
At  the  same  time  his  countenance  is  indicative 
of  the  genial  nature  and  kindly  disposition 
which  have  surrounded  him  with  friends  and 
his  whole  bearing  shows  him  to  be  what  he  is 
— a  keen,  aggressive  man,  and  a  polished 
gentleman.  While  Mr.  Yule  does  not  play 
golf,  he  enjoys  being  part  of  a  gallery  when 
two  good  players  are  on.  Every  golf  player 
in  Winconsin  knows  the  "  Yule  Cup,"  a  val- 
uable trophy  which  is  contested  for  at  the 
annual  tournament  of  the  Wisconsin  Golf 
Association  by  five-men  teams  representing  the 
constituent  clubs  of  the  association,  and  many 
players  have  received  beautiful  gold  medals 
which  are  the  gifts  of  Mr.  Yule.  One  of  his 
grandsons,  William  H.  Yule,  has  been  State 
champion  of  Wisconsin,  and  another,  George 
Yule,  holds  (1916)  the  title  of  champion  of 
Yale  Although  Mr.  Yule  is  the  owner  of  an 
automobile,  he  prefers  his  horse  and  buggy, 
and  nearly  every  day  he  may  be  seen  driving 
his  horse  through  the  streets  of  Kenosha.  In 
politics  Mr.  Yule  is  a  Republican  and  was  one 
of  the  members  of  the  first  Fremont  and  Day- 
ton Club  when  the  Republican  party  first  came 
into  existence.  He  is  a  Baptist  in  his  re- 
ligious connections  and  has  always  been  a 
liberal  contributor  to  the  First  Baptist  Church 
of  Kenosha,  and  to  the  activities  of  the  church 
in  general.  He  married  1  Jan.,  1848,  Kath- 
erine,  daughter  of  William  Mitchell.  They 
have  five  children:  Maria  (died  in  childhood), 
Louise,  wife  of  William  Hall  (both  deceased), 
George  A.,  general  manager  of  the  Bain  Wagon 
Company,  Kenosha,  Wis.,  William  L.  (died  in 
1914),  and  Harvey    (died  in  childhood). 


JOHNSON,  Rossiter,  author  and  editor,  b. 
in  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  27  Jan.,  1840.  His  father, 
Reuben  Johnson,  a  native  of  Norwich,  Conn., 
was  a  member  of  the  small  force  that  beat 
ofT  the  barges  and  defeated  the  fleet  of  the 
British  commodore.  Hardy,  when  Stonington 
was  bombarded,  9  Aug.,  1814.  His  mother 
was  Almira  Alexander,  a  native  of  Stonington. 
Reuben  Johnson  studied  at  Williams  College, 
emigrated  to  western  New  York,  and  became 
a  teacher.  His  two  most  noted  pupils  were 
Lewis  Swift,  the  astronomer,  who  received 
special  honors  for  his  discovery  of  comets,  and 
Col.  Patrick  H.  O'Rorke,  who  led  his  class  at 
West  Point  and  fell  at  the  head  of  his  regiment 
in  occupying  Little  Round  Top,  Gettysburg. 
Rossiter  Johnson  received  his  early  education 
in  the  common  schools  and  was  graduated  at 
tho  University  of  Rochester  in  1863.  He  read 
the  poem  on  class  day,  and  in  later  years  was 
three  times  called  to  deliver  the  poem  before 
the  University  in  commencement  week.  He 
received  the  degree  of  Ph.D.  in  1888,  and  that 
of  LL.D.  in  1893.  In  1864-68  he  was  on  the 
editorial  staff  of  the  Rochester  "  Democrat," 
associated  with  Robert  Carter,  author  of  "  A 
Summer  Cruise  on  the  Coast  of  New  England,"  I 
who  had  been  Lowell's  partner  in  editing  "  The  f 
Pioneer,"  a  short-lived  but  famous  magazine. 
Dr.  Johnson  attributes  largely  to  the  wise  and 
kindly  tutelage  of  Mr.  Carter  whatever  edi- 
torial skill  he  has  developed.  In  1869-72  he 
was  editor  of  the  Concord,  N.  H.  "  Statesman." 
He  removed  to  New  York  City  in  1873,  and 
from  that  date  till  1877  was  an  associate 
editor  with  George  Ripley  and  Charles  A.  Dana 
in  the  revision  of  the  "  American  Cyclopaedia." 
That  work  being  completed,  he  made  a  tour 
in  Europe  with  his  wife,  going  as  far  north  as 
Scotland,  and  as  far  south  as  Pompeii.  In 
1878  he  was  associated  with  Clarence  King  in 
editing  the  "  Report  of  King's  Survey  of  the 
Fortieth  Parallel";  in  1879  he  edited  "  Loy- 
all  Farragut's  Biography  of  the  Admiral." 
Then  he  removed  to  Staten  Island,  to  assist 
Sydney  Howard  Gay  in  the  preparation  of 
Volumes  III  and  IV  of  the  Bryant  and  Gay 
"  History  of  the  United  States."  The  year 
1881,  when  he  removed  to  New  York,  was  spent 
upon  a  new  revision  of  the  "  American  Cyclo- 
paedia," which  had  to  be  discontinued  because 
the  census  of  1880  had  been  so  overloaded  that 
its  statistics  were  not  promptly  available.  In 
1883  William  J.  Tenney,  editor  of  "  Appletons' 
Annual  Cyclopaedia,"  died  and  Dr.  Johnson  suc- 
ceeded him,  continuing  that  editorship  till 
1902.  In  May,  1886,  he  was  engaged  as  man- 
aging editor  of  "  Appletons'  Cyclopaedia  of 
American  Biography  "  ( 6  vols. ) .  He  collected 
the  necessary  library,  chose  the  staff  of  writers, 
laid  out  and  systematized  the  work,  and  super- 
vised it  constantly  till  the  book  was  completed, 
early  in  1889.  He  sometimes  speaks  proudly 
of  the  fact  that  in  the  process  of  producing 
those  six  volumes  the  waste  was  only  two  per 
cent.,  whereas  a  waste  of  forty  to  fifty  per 
cent,  is  not  uncommon  in  such  work.  In  1889, 
with  his  wife  and  daughter,  he  made  an  ex- 
tensive tour  across  the  continent  and  on  the 
Pacific  slope,  from  the  Yosemite  to  the  Cana- 
dian Rockies.  Meantime,  while  attending  to 
those  heavier  tasks,  he  edited  some  works  of 
lighter  literature.  These  include  "  Little 
Classics,"    which    he    revised    and    edited    (18 


82 


JOHNSON 


JONES 


vols.,  1875-76);  "Lives  and  Works  of  the 
British  Poets,  from  Chaucer  to  Morris "  ( 3 
vols.,  1876);  "Play-Day  Poems"  (1878); 
"  Famous  Single  and  Fugitive  Poems  "  (1880)  ; 
and  "  Fifty  Perfect  Poems,"  with  Charles  A. 
Dana  (1882).  He  contributed  several  notable 
short  stories  to  "  Oliver  Optic's  Magazine  "  and 
to  "  St.  Nicholas,"  and  his  first  long  story, 
"  Phaeton  Rogers,"  ran  as  a  serial  through 
the  latter  in  1881  and  then  appeared  in  book 
form.  To  the  series  entitled,  "  Minor  Wars  of 
the  United  States "  he  contributed  two  vol- 
umes— "  A  History  of  the  French  War  Ending 
in  the  Conquest  of  Canada "  and  "  A  History 
of  the  War  of  1812-15  Between  the  United 
States  and  Great  Britain  "  (both  inl882) .  His 
other  original  works  include :  "  Idler  and 
Poet,"  poems  (1883)  ;  "A  History  of  the  War 
of  Secession"  (1888;  fifth  edition,  enlarged, 
1910;  quarto  edition,  with  1,000  illustrations, 
1894)  ;  "The  End  of  a  Rainbow"  (1892)  ;  "A 
Short  History  of  the  War  Between  the  tlnited 
States  and  Spain "  ( 1899 )  ;  "  The  Hero  of 
Manila"  (1899);  "Morning  Lights  and  Even- 
ing Shadows,"  poems  (1902);  "The  Alphabet 
of  Rhetoric"  (1903)  ;  "The  Story  of  the  Con- 
stitution of  the  United  States"  (1906)  ;  "The 
Clash  of  Nations"  (1914);  "Captain  John 
Smith"  (1915)  ;  "A  Simple  Record  of  a  Noble 
Life"  (1916);  and  "The  Fight  for  the  Re- 
public" (1917).  He  devised  the  book  of  the 
Authors'  Club,  entitled  "  Liber  Scriptorum," 
and  chose  John  D.  Champlin  and  George  Cary 
Eggleston  as  his  associates  in  editing  it.  A 
committee  of  the  board  of  managers  of  the 
Columbian  Exposition,  held  in  Chicago  in 
1893,  invited  bids  from  publishers  for  the 
authorized  history  of  that  enterprise,  stipu- 
lating that,  by  whatever  house  published,  the 
work  must  be  edited  by  Rossiter  Johnson.  It 
was  finished  in  1897  in  four  sumptuous  vol- 
umes beautifully  illustrated  (D.  Appleton  & 
Co.),  For  a  year  and  a  half  Dr.  Johnson  con- 
tributed to  the  "Overland  Monthly,"  a  serial 
entitled  "  The  Whispering-Gallery,"  and  he 
was  an  associate  editor  of  the  "  Standard  Dic- 
tionary." He  edited  "  The  World's  Great 
Books"  (40  vols.,  1898-1901);  Fortier's  "His- 
tory of  Louisiana"  (4  vols.,  1904);  "The 
Great  Events,  by  Famous  Historians"  (20 
vols.,  1905);  "The  Literature  of  Italy,"  with 
Dora  Knowlton  Ranous  (16  vols.,  1906-07); 
and  "Author's  Digest:  the  World's  Great 
Stories  in  Brief,"  with  Dora  Knowlton  Ranous 
(20  vols.,  1908).  He  edited  and  largely  wrote, 
the  historical  volume  in  the  "  Foundation 
Library  for  Young  People"  (1911).  He  has 
lectured  extensively  on  American  historical  sub- 
jects, and  has  contributed  frequently  to 
periodicals.  Though  he  has  edited  political 
newspapers  and  has  made  popular  addresses 
in  political  campaigns,  he  never  has  aspired 
to  any  political  office.  In  the  Authors'  Club 
he  has  been  successively  secretary,  chairman, 
and  treasurer;  and  he  has  held  the  office  of 
president  in  the  Quill  Club,  the  Delta  Upsilon 
Fraternity,  the  Association  of  Lecturers,  the 
Rochester  Associated  Alumni,  and  the  New 
York  Association  of  Phi  Beta  Kappa.  In  1898, 
with  J,  Eugene  Whitney,  ho  founded  in  New 
York  "The  People's  University  Extension  So- 
ciety," of  which,  from  that  date  to  the  present, 
he  has  been  president.  His  wife,  Helen  Ken- 
drick  Johnson  (b.  in  Hamilton,  N.  Y.,  4  Jan., 


1844;  d.  in  New  York  City,  3  Jan.,  1917),  was 
a  daughter  of  Prof.  Asahel  C.  Kendrick,  the 
noted  Greek  scholar  and  author.  She  married 
Mr,  Johnson  20  May,  1869,  and  began  life 
with  him  in  Concord.  She  was  author  of 
"The  Roddy  Books"  (3  vols.,  1847-76); 
"  Raleigh  Westgate,"  a  novel  (1889)  ;  "  Woman 
and  the  Republic"  (1897,  third  edition,  en- 
larged, 1913);  and  "Woman's  Peace  in 
Nature,"  which  was  completed  in  manuscript 
shortly  before  her  death.  She  edited  "  Our 
Familiar  Songs,  and  Those  Who  Made  Them  " 
(1881);  "Poems  and  Songs  for  Young  Peo- 
ple" (1884);  "The  Nutshell  Series"  (6  small 
vols.,  1884);  and  "The  American  Woman's 
Journal,"  a  monthly  magazine  (1893-94).  She 
founded,  in  1886,  The  Meridian,  a  club  of 
women,  which  meets  monthly  at  noonday.  Mrs. 
Johnson  was  a  notable  opponent  of  woman 
suffrage,  wrote  and  spoke  much  on  the  subject, 
and  addressed  legislative  committees  in  x\l- 
bany  and  Washington. 

ARBTJCKLE,  John,  merchant  and  philan- 
thropist, b.  in  Scotland  in  1839;  d.  in  Brook- 
lyn, N.  Y.,  27  March,  1912.  He  was  brought 
to  this  country  at  an  early  age  and  received 
his  education  in  the  public  schools  of  Al- 
legheny and  Pittsburgh.  With  his  brother, 
Charles,  he  engaged  in  the  coffee  business  in 
Pittsburgh,  and  in  1871  they  established  the 
house  of  Arbuckle  Brothers,  in  New  York. 
They  were  the  first  to  put  up  coffee  in 
packages,  and  their  business  grew  to  enor- 
mous proportions.  With  the  aid  of  a  drafts- 
man and  machinist,  John  Arbuckle  invented 
a  machine  which  filled,  weighed,  sealed,  and 
labeled  coffee  in  paper  packages  as  fast  as  it 
came  from  the  hopper.  This  machine,  which 
would  do  the  work  of  500  girls,  gave  the  Ar- 
buckles  full  control  of  the  package  coffee 
trade  of  the  world.  John  Arbuckle  became 
known  in  the  trade  as  the  "  Coffee  King." 
After  his  brother's  death,  about  twenty  years 
ago,  he  built  a  large  sugar  refinery  compet- 
ing with  the  "  sugar  trust,"  and  thereby 
forcing  down  the  price  of  sugar.  In  conjunc- 
tion with  his  wife  he  became  interested  in 
various  philanthropies,  which  included  a 
free  home  for  the  necessitous  on  the  shores 
of  the  Hudson  and  a  "  fioating  boarding- 
house  "  for  tired  wage-earners.  His  charities 
included  boat  trips  for  children,  boat-raising, 
and  life-saving  schemes.  Mr.  Arbuckle  was 
a  director  of  the  Importers  and  Traders 
Bank,  Lawyers  Title  Insurance  and  Trust 
Company,  Mortgage  Bond  Company  of  New 
York,  a  trustee  of  the  Kings  County  Trust 
Company,  president  of  the  Royal  Horse  As- 
sociation, and  owned  vast  ranches  in  the 
Western  States.  In  1868  he  was  married  to 
Mary  Kerr,  of  Pittsburgh,  who  died  in 
1906. 

JONES.  Frank  Smith,  merchant,  capitalist, 
and  philanthropist,  b.  in  Stamford,  Conn.,  19 
Aug,  1847,  son  of  Isaac  Smith  and  Frances 
(Weed)  Jones.  Through  his  father  he  was 
descended  from  William  Jones,  governor  of 
Connecticut  colony,  who  landed  in  America  in 
1660  with  the  regicides,  Goffe  and  Whalley, 
whom  he  helped  hide  in  the  new  world.  His 
mother  came  of  the  well-known  \\'eed  family 
of  Stamford.  Mr.  Jones  was  educnted  in  the 
schools  of  Stamford,  and  at  the  Eastman  Busi- 
ness  College,    Poughkeepsie,    N.    Y.,    where   he 


83 


JONES 


FUNK 


completed  his  etudies  in  1862.  He  began  his 
active  career  as  messenger  in  the  employ  of 
A.  J.  Johnson,  publisher  of  Johnson's  Uni- 
versal Cyclopedia.  During  the  next  seven 
years  he  gave  ample  proof  of  his  business 
capacity,  rising  by  frequent  promotions  to  the 
position  of  general  manager  under  Mr.  John- 
son. Although  not  a  contributor  to  the  pages 
of  this  monumental  work,  Mr.  Jones  proved 
himself  second  to  none  in  securing  its  ulti- 
mate success,  and  earned  the  well -deserved 
tribute  in  the  preface  of  the  cyclopedia  for 
"  most  valuable  aid  in  furthering  this  colossal 
undertaking."  The  year  1872  was  a  memo- 
rable one  in  Mr.  Jones'  career,  at  Scranton, 
Pa.,  when  in  partnership  with  his  brothers, 
Charles  Fisher  and  Cyrus  Daniel  Jones,  he 
made  the  small  beginnings  in  the  tea  and 
coffee  business  which,  under  the  name  of  the 
Grand  Union  Tea  Company,  has  since  grown 
to  one  of  our  country's  greatest  enterprises. 
The  brothers  gave  ample  evidence  of  their 
industry  and  endurance,  scouring  the  country 
for  miles  around  in  all  directions,  drumming 
up  custom,  and  ever  seeing  in  the  gravest 
obstacles  only  new  opportunities  to  out-dis- 
tance timid  competitors.  As  a  result,  the 
gross  income  for  the  first  year  was  $12,000, 
which,  although  representing  only  moderate 
profits  above  expenditures,  indicated  a  bulk 
of  business  possible  only  with  the  greatest 
energy  and  enterprise.  The  progress  of  the 
firm  of  Jones  Bros.,  from  the  modest  begin- 
nings in  Scranton,  Pa.,  to  the  vast  activities 
now  represented  in  the  daily  routine  of  the 
Grand  Union  Tea  Company,  is  a  story  of  hard 
work  and  indefatigable  energy.  Solely  be- 
cause they  possessed  the  true  American  will- 
ingness to  work,  and  work  untiringly,  for  a 
desired  end,  has  their  success  been  so  con- 
spicuous. In  the  spring  of  1876  their  first 
branch  was  established  at  Saginaw,  Mich., 
with  Frank  S.  Jones  in  charge.  Here  again 
the  plan  was  put  into  operation,  with  the 
same  result,  success,  surely  even  though 
slowly  achieved.  Other  branches  were  estab- 
lished in  time,  each  with  its  squadron  of 
wagons  scouring  the  country  around  and  bring- 
ing the  firm's  wares  to  every  door.  At  the 
present  time  over  5,000  wagons  are  in  con- 
stant use  in  200  cities,  and  the  work  of  ex- 
pansion is  still  in  progress.  In  1886  Mr. 
Jones  located  in  Brooklyn  in  charge  of  the 
headquarters  of  the  Grand  Union  Tea  Com- 
pany's business.  But,  even  with  the  vast  pro- 
portions already  attained,  the  enterprise  was 
no  more  than  really  begun.  The  brick  and 
steel  warehouses  and  factories  of  the  com- 
pany now  cover  an  entire  city  block  in  Brook- 
lyn and  contain  more  than  260,000  square  feet 
of  floor  space.  To  the  55.000  tons  of  tea  and 
coffee  annually  received  and  distributed  by 
their  respective  departments,  the  bulk  of  the 
business  is  further  increased  by  similarly  huge 
outputs  of  baking-powder,  spices,  flavoring  ex- 
tracts, and  soap.  The  company  makes  its  own 
soap  in  a  factory  having  a  daily  output  ca- 
pacity of  1.500  boxes  of  eighty  pounds  each 
In  another  factory  are  made  the  tin  cans  for 
the  baking-pow^der  and  spices,  50,000  daily. 
A  private  printing-plant  prints  the  labels. 
250,000  every  day,  as  well  as  all  stationery 
requirements  and  the  printing-matter  used  at 
branch   stores.     In  a  vast  bottling-plant   750 

84 


Quarts  of  flavoring  extracts  are  bottled  each 
day.  Such  immense  figures  might  seem  suffi- 
ciently large  to  satisfy  the  active  ambition  of 
most  men,  but  Mr.  Jones  has  still  found  time 
for  other  enterprises.  With  his  brother, 
Cyrus  D.,  he  established  and  conducts  the 
Anchor  Pottery,  of  Trenton,  N.  J.,  and  is 
largely  interested  in  coal,  lumber,  and  other 
extensive  undertakings  in  rarious  parts  of  the 
country.  Mr.  Jones  is  an  enthusiastic  par- 
ticipator in  the  activities  of  numerous  or- 
ganizations devoted  to  the  public  good.  He  is 
a  trustee  of  Wesleyan  University,  Middletown, 
Conn.,  of  the  Brooklyn  Institute  of  Arts  and 
Sciences,  and  of  the  Central  Congregational 
Church.  He  was  also  for  several  years  a  trus- 
tee of  the  Brooklyn  Society  for  the  Prevention 
of  Cruelty  to  Children;  and  he  is  a  member 
of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce,  and  the  Manu- 
facturers' Association,  both  of  New  York. 
Among  his  numerous  benefactions  was  a  gift 
of  $40,000,  which,  at  a  time  when  it  was  sorely 
needed,  was  largely  instrumental  in  assisting 
the  Bedford  Branch  of  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.  to  its 
present  beneficent  efficiency.  The  Brooklyn  In- 
stitute of  Arts  and  Sciences  has  also  been 
benefited  by  him  not  only  in  priceless  addi- 
tions to  its  museums,  but  also  in  numerous 
contributions  of  money.  Among  these  must  be 
mentioned  the  gift  of  1898  of  the  Gebbard  Col- 
lection of  Minerals  and  the  Neumogen  Entomo- 
logical Cabinet,  the  latter  containing  many 
specimens  unduplicated  elsewhere  in  the  world. 
Mr.  Jones  holds  that  the  scientific  principles, 
essential  to  the  conduct  of  a  successful  com- 
mercial enterprise,  apply  with  equal  consist- 
ency to  deriving  the  fullest  enjoyment  from 
life.  He  finds  the  highest  satisfaction  in  giv- 
ing happiness  to  others.  No  more  affecting 
example  of  this  quality  could  be  mentioned 
than  the  fact  that  the  choice  products  of  his 
well-appointed  farm  near  Sayville,  L.  I.,  are 
reserved  exclusively  as  gifts  to  friends  and  to 
the  needy.  This  estate,  "  Beechwold,"  is  a 
masterpiece  of  landscape  gardening,  with  pic- 
turesque alternations  of  broad  lawns,  cool 
dales,  winding  walks,  and  pleasant  waterways. 
Mr.  Jones  is  a  member  of  the  National  Arts 
Club  of  New  York  and  of  the  Brooklyn 
League,  Union  League,  Crescent  Athletic,  Rid- 
ing and  Driving,  Rembrandt,  and  Congrega- 
tional Clubs,  all  of  Brooklyn,  and  has  held 
office  in  most  of  them.  He  was  the  donor  in 
1907  of  the  "Beechwold  Plate"  presented  as 
a  competitive  trophy  to  the  Bayshore  Horse 
Show  Association,  for  the  best  trained  saddle 
horse.  Mr.  Jones  married  4  June,  1879,  Mary 
Louisa,  daughter  of  Henry  A.  T.  Granbery,  a 
native  of  Virginia.  They  have  two  daughters, 
Henrietta  Louise,  wife  of  William  R.  Simons, 
and  Maude  Virginia,  wife  of  Clarence  F. 
Wostin 

FUNK,  Isaac  Kauffman,  clergyman,  author, 
editor,  lexicographer,  publisher,  b.  in  Clifton, 
Ohio,  10  Sept.,  1839;  d.  in  Montclair,  N.  J., 
4  April,  1912,  son  of  John  and  Martha  (Kauff- 
man) Funk.  He  was  descended  from  Dutch 
and  Swiss  ancestors  who  came  to  this  country 
early  in  the  Colonial  period  and  settled  in 
Pennsylvania.  His  mother  wes  deeply  religious 
and  a  member  of  the  Lutheran  denomination. 
It  was  largely  due  to  the  influence  that  she  ex- 
ercised over  her  son  that  already  in  his  boy- 
hood days  he  had  decided  to  dedicate  his  career 


i 


FUNK 


FUNK 


to  the  service  of  the  Church.  After  concluding 
his  common  school  courses  he  entered  Witten- 
berg College,  in  Springfield,  Ohio,  from  which 
he  graduated  in  1860,  being  awarded  the  de- 
gree of  D.D.  a  few  years  later  and  the  degree 
of  LL.D.  in  1896.  Early  in  the  following  year 
he  began  active  work  in  the  Lutheran  ministry 
near  Moreshill,  Ind.,  but  soon  after  assumed 
charge  of  the  Lutheran  church  at  Carey,  Ohio. 
Four  years  later,  in  1865,  he  became  pastor  of 
St.  Matthew's  English  Lutheran  Church  in 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y.  Here  he  remained  in  active 
charge  until  1872,  when  he  resigned  to  make 
an  extended  tour  of  Europe,  Egypt,  and  Pales- 
tine. On  his  return  he  became  associate 
editor  of  the  "  Christian  Radical,"  which  was 
then  published  in  Pittsburgh,  but  was  sub- 
sequently removed  to  New  York  City.  In 
1876  Dr.  Funk  founded  and  continued  publish- 
ing the  "  Metropolitan  Pulpit,"  in  New  York 
City.  Of  this  publication,  now  the  "  Homiletic 
Review,"  he  was  for  a  long  time  editor-in- 
chief.  At  about  this  time  the  Rev.  Adam  W. 
Wagnalls,  of  Atchison,  Kan.,  who  had  been 
a  classmate  of  Dr.  Funk  in  college,  entered 
the  service  of  the  latter's  publishing  busi- 
ness as  clerk.  In  1877  Mr.  Wagnalls  be- 
came a  partner  and  the  firm  became  known  as 
Funk  and  Wagnalls  and,  later,  as  the  Funk 
and  Wagnalls  Company,  under  which  name  it 
has  since  acquired  a  nation-wide  reputation. 
In  1881  Dr.  Funk,  convinced  that  the  public 
was  ready  for  clean  and  wholesome  literature, 
especially  if  it  were  issued  in  cheaper  form, 
determined  to  publish  books  of  this  class.  He 
began  this  experiment  by  launching  the 
Standard  Series,  a  large  quarto,  which  in- 
cluded many  such  works  as  Macaulay's 
"Essays,"  Blackie's  "Self  Culture,"  and  Car- 
lyle's  "  Essays."  The  venture  proved  a  com- 
plete success  and  was  followed  by  the  Standard 
Library,  in  small  octavo  size,  which  included 
such  works  as  Ruskin's  "Letters  of  Work- 
men," Tennyson's  "  Idylls  of  the  King,"  Gold- 
smith's "  Citizens  of'  the  World,"  Carlyle's 
*'  Sartor  Resartus,"  Delitzsch's  "  Jewish  Ar- 
tizan  Life,''  and  Proctor's  "  Nature  Studies," 
altogether  comprising  more  than  two  hundred 
works  of  high  character,  the  pick  of  the  world's 
standard  literature.  Other  important  works 
published  by  the  firm  at  this  time  included  the 
Homiletic  Commentary,  Butler's  "  Bible  Work," 
"  Historical  Side  Lights,"  Hoyte's  "  Cyclo- 
pedia of  Quotations,"  "  The  Cyclopedia  of 
Classified  Dates,"  the  "Jewish  Encyclopedia," 
and  a  "  Standard  Bible  Dictionary."  In  1884 
the  firm  republished  Charles  h!  Spurgeon's 
"  Treasury  of  David,"  which  proved  quite  as 
popular  in  this  country  as  in  Great  Britain. 
Next  came  Dr.  Joseph  Parker's  •"  People^s 
Bible,"  in  twenty-seven  volumes,  which  was 
followed  by  the  "  SchaflF-Herzog  Encyclopedia 
of  Religious  Knowledge."  This  latter  work 
met  with  remarkable  success  and  has  recently 
(1908-12)  been  entirely  rewritten  and  pub- 
lished in  twelve  volumes.  It  was  also  in  1884 
that  "  The  Voice "  was  launched,  a  paper  in 
the  interests  of  Prohibition,  which  soon  had  a 
circulation  of  130,000.  During  the  Presidential 
campaign  of  1888,  over  700,000  copies  were 
issued  weekly  for  a  number  of  weeks.  In 
1888  the  "  Missionary  Review "  was  founded, 
followed  by  the  "  Literary  Digest,"  both  of 
which  are  still  popular  publications.     A  great 


number  of  important  reference  works  have  been 
issued  by  the  firm.  Pre-eminent  among  these 
is  the  "  Standard  Dictionary  of  the  English 
Language"  (1894),  of  which  Dr.  Funk  was 
editor-in-chief.  In  1913  this  work  was  enlarged 
and  revised.  More  than  three  hundred  editors 
and  specialists  and  five  hundred  readers,  for 
quotations,  besides  a  large  staff  of  writers, 
were  engaged  on  its  preparation  and  its  origi- 
nal cost  of  production  was  close  to  one  million 
dollars.  In  1901  Dr.  Funk  edited  and  an- 
notated a  new  edition  of  Dr.  Croly's  "  Sala- 
thiel,"  issued  under  the  title  of  "  Tarry  Thou 
Till  I  Come."  In  1902  was  published  his  book, 
"  The  Next  Step  in  Evolution."  To  a  large 
portion  of  the  public  Dr.  Funk  was  more  gen- 
erally known  on  account  of  his  interest  in 
psychical  research  and  his  connection  with  the 
American  Society  for  Psychical  Research.  As 
a  result  of  his  personal  investigations  into 
this  little  explored  field  of  human  knowledge 
he  wrote  and  published  "  The  Widow's  Mite, 
and  Other  Psychical  Phenomena"  (1904)  and 
"The  Psychic  Riddle"  (1907).  Psychical  re- 
search is  often,  and  erroneously,  associated  in 
the  popular  mind  with  spiritualism,  but  the 
difference  between  the  two  is  wide.  The  spirit- 
ualist, without  demanding  more  evidence  than 
his  own  feelings,  believes  in  the  survival  of 
the  individual  after  death  and  the  ability  of 
the  spirit  to  communicate  with  mortals 
through  human  mediums.  The  psychical  re- 
searcher approaches  the  subject  believing  noth- 
ing which  cannot  be  demonstrated  by  scientific 
evidence.  He  investigates  such  psychical  phe- 
nomena as  are  supposed  to  occur  at  a  spiritual 
seance,  but  by  no  means  is  he  prepared  to 
accept  them  at  their  face  value.  He  endeavors 
to  test  and  weigh  them :  many  reputed  mediums 
have  been  exposed  by  the  psychical  researchers. 
Yet  so  much  evidence  has  been  discovered  in 
favor  of  the  survival  of  the  individual  after 
death  that  a  great  many  psychical  researchers 
believe  in  it.  Among  such  are  or  were  such 
eminent  scientists  as  Sir  Oliver  Lodge,  Prof. 
Hyslop,  Lombroso,  Alfred  Russel  Wallace  and 
others  almost  as  eminent.  Of  this  type  of  in- 
vestigators was  Dr.  Funk.  "  Spiritualism," 
said  Dr.  Funk,  "  has  not  been  scientifically 
demonstrated  and,  to  be  frank,  I  think  we  are 
many  miles  from  such  a  demonstration.  But 
I  do  say  this ;  that  I  believe  such  a  demon- 
stration is  far  more  likely  than  are  the  prob- 
abilities that  spiritualism  is  not  true.  That 
is,  the  proofs  in  favor  of  it  are  much  stronger 
than  those  against  it."  In  Dr.  Funk's  "The 
Psychic  Riddle  "  the  alleged  spirit  of  Dr.  Rich- 
ard Hodgson,  one  of  the  foremost  psychical 
researchers  during  his  lifetime,  speaking 
through  Mrs.  Piper,  the  famous  medium,  thus 
describes  death:  "  It  is  delightful  to  go  tlirough 
the  cool  ethereal  atmosphere,  cool — cool — cool 
into  this  life,  and  shake  off  the  mortal  body." 
James  L.  Kellogg,  of  the  Metropolitan  Psychi- 
cal Society,  in  1908,  sent  Dr.  Funk  a  oliock 
for  a  hundred  dollars  as  a  reward  for  any 
spiritualist  who  could,  through  spirit  guidance, 
tell  the  ntimber  of  oranges  in  a  given  pil<\  In 
returning  the  check  Dr.  Funk  annonnccd  that 
he  was  "  out  of  the  spiritualist  li(>l(l."  Dr. 
Funk  was  essentially  a  scholar,  with  Uio  tem- 
perament of  the  true  sciontist,  iiiterestod  in 
the  search  for  truth  for  the  sake  of  truth 
itself,    regardless    of    whether    the    results    of 


85 


METZ 


METZ 


his  investigations  or  studies  corroborated  the 
theori«'8  he  may  have  formulated  or  not.  He 
had  a  sane,  evenly  Imlanced  mind  which  was 
litth*  influenced  in  forming  its  judgments  by 
emotion  or  by  prejudices.  Yet,  as  so  many 
Bcholars  are  not,  he  was  also  a  business  man 
of  a  high  order  of  ability,  possessed  of  a  calm, 
dispassionate  judgment  in  business  afrairs.  In 
him  brilliant  intellect  and  strong  character 
went  hand  in  hand.  He  was  the  sturdy  cham- 
pion of  Prohibition  when  its  principles  and 
party  were  the  objects  of  popular  aversion, 
and  when  anti-Semitism  was  rife  he  gave  un- 
Btinttxl  support  to  the  Jewish  cause.  He  was 
a  persistent  supporter  of  simplified  spelling 
and  looked  forward  with  a  firm  faith  to  that 
future  which  shall  make  the  English  language 
the  most  perfect  medium  to  express  human 
thought,  in  186.]  Dr.  Funk  married  Eliza  E. 
Thompson,  daughter  of  James  Thompson,  of 
Carey,  Ohio.  His  wife  died  in  1868  and  in 
1809  he  married  her  sister,  Helen  G.  Thomp- 
son, From  his  first  marriage  one  daughter  sur- 
vives: Mrs.  Lida  M.  Scott.  From  his  second 
marriage  a  son  survives:  Wilfred  J.  Funk. 

METZ,  Herman  A.,  man  of  affairs  and 
publicist,  b.  in  New  York  City,  19  Oct.,  1867, 
son  of  Edward  J.  and  Frances  Metz,  both 
natives  of  Germany  who  came  to  the  United 
States  in  1848.  He  was  born  on  the  lower 
East  Side  whence  so  many  self-made  men  have 
sprung,  and  his  earliest  years  were  marked  by 
toil  and  self-sacrifice.  It  has  always  been  his 
proud  boast  that  after  he  had  attained  his 
twelfth  year,  he  never  cost  his  parents  a 
penny.  While  attending  the  public  schools  he 
earned  enough  money  selling  newspapers  to 
cover  his  living  expenses.  Shortly  after  he 
had  graduated  from  public  school  No.  13,  on 
East  Houston  Street,  the  family  removed  to 
Newark,  N.  J.,  where  he  attended  the  high 
school  for  one  year.  This  was  the  extent  of 
his  educational  opportunities,  which  it  is  quite 
likely  the  already  keen  instinct  of  the  lad  for 
affairs,  curtailed  of  his  own  volition,  for  at 
the  age  fourteen,  in  1881,  he  entered  as  office- 
boy  a  house  of  which  but  a  few  years  later  he 
emerged  as  the  head,  a  position  which  he  has 
held  for  the  past  seventeen  years.  This  was 
the  office  of  P.  Schulze-Berge,  the  founder  of 
the  business  which  later  became  the  corpora- 
tion of  Victor  Koechl  &  Co.,  and  later  still, 
the  Farbwerke-Hoechst  Company.  His  father 
dying  two  years  later  the  whole  burden  of 
the  support  of  the  family,  a  mother  and  three 
younger  brothers  at  school,  was  thrown  upon 
the  lad.  And  now  he  began  at  once  to  show  those 
qualities  which  have  ever  lain  at  the  founda- 
tion of  true  greatness  in  the  American  man  of 
affairs.  Utter  self-reliance,  unswervingness, 
and  high  devotion,  to  principle.  Ever  looking 
forward  to  a  full  career  he  at  once  took  up 
the  study  of  the  science  of  chemistry  evenings 
at  Cooper  Union,  the  trade  branch  being  what 
occupied  his  daytime  hours.  This  determina- 
tion to  master  his  subject  whatever  it  might 
be,  has  been  his  distinguishing  characteristic 
through  life.  His  career  on  this  his  first  job 
was  as  has  been  intimated  one  of  progressive 
success.  As  office-boy,  laboratory  assistant, 
clerk,  he  advanced  in  the  practical  branches 
to  city  salesman,  traveling  salesman,  and  as 
a  real  factor  in  expansion  opened  and  managed 
a  branch  house  in  Boston  and  later  in  Chicago 


In  1903,  he  divided  the  business,  of  which  he^ 
had  been  in  full  control  for  several  years,  ii 
corporating  the  firm  of  H.  A.  Metz  and  Com'^ 
pany  to  handle  the  chemicals  and  dye-stuffs, 
becoming  president  and  sole  owner  of  both  cor- 
porations. In  the  business  of  importing  dye- 
stuffs  and  medicinal  products  from  European 
countries  he  became  the  leading  power  in  the 
trade  before  he  was  thirty-five  years  old.  The 
house  of  H.  A.  Metz  and  Company,  and  Farb- 
werke-Hoechst Company,  with  main  offices  in 
New  York  City  have  branches  in  Boston,  Provi- 
dence, Philadelphia,  Chicago,  Atlanta,  San 
Francisco,  Charlotte,  N.  C,  Montreal,  Toronto, 
and  Hamburg.  A  purely  American  enterprise 
in  the  same  field  which  he  has  brought  to  great 
success  is  the  Consolidated  Color  and  Chemical 
Company,  with  factories  at  Newark,  N.  J.  He 
has  also  lately  established  in  Brooklyn  the  H. 
A.  Metz  Laboratories  where  certain  important 
and  essential  drugs,  hitherto  made  only  in 
Germany,  are  successfully  manufactured.  One 
of  the  many  interests  outside  of  that  business 
in  which  he  laid  the  foundations  of  his  great 
fortune  is  the  plant  called  the  Ettrick  Mills  at 
Auburn,  Mass.,  devoted  to  the  manufacture  of 
carpets  and  rugs.  The  town  of  Auburn  in- 
cludes the  village  of  Stoneville  nearly  all  of 
whose  land,  buildings,  water-rights,  etc.,  be- 
long to  the  Stoneville  Company,  of  which  he  is 
the  president.  In  his  various  business  enter- 
prises he  employs  over  2,000  people.  From  an 
early  day  made  his  home  in  Brooklyn  and 
for  more  than  a  quarter  of  a  century  he  took 
an  active  interest  in  local  politics.  This  finally 
culminated  in  his  election  to  Congress  by  a 
very  large  popular  vote  in  1912.  Meantime 
his  career  in  public  affairs  was  full  and  very 
notable.  Always  a  stanch  Democrat  he  was 
the  founder  and  first  president  of  the  Kings 
County  Democratic  Club  of  Brooklyn.  After- 
ward he  was  president  of  the  National  Civic 
Club,  the  Democratic  Club  of  Brooklyn,  and  a 
governor  of  the  National  Democratic  and  Re- 
form Clubs  of  New  York.  In  public  affairs 
as  in  business  his  methods  were  broad-minded 
and  expansive  as  soon  became  evident.  From 
Mayor  Van  Wyck  he  received  in  1898  an  ap- 
pointment on  the  Brooklyn  School  Board,  and 
was  appointed  a  delegate  to  the  Board  of  Edu- 
cation of  Greater  New  York.  Mayor  McClel- 
lan,  in  1910,  appointed  him  to  the  same  office 
for  five  years.  His  great  executive  ability  and 
great  willingness  to  serve  brought  him  various 
appointments  to  the  public  service.  By  Gov- 
ernor Dix,  he  was  made  a  commissioner  of 
the  State  Board  of  Charities  for  the  term  of 
eight  years.  From  Governor  Hughes  came  the 
appointment  as  a  member  of  the  Charter  Re- 
vision Commission  of  New  York,  and  Presi- 
dent Taft  made  him  an  honorary  commissioner 
to  the  American  Exposition  in  Berlin  to  be 
held  in  1910.  The  crown  of  his  services  to  the 
municipality  was  his  triumphant  election  to 
the  comptrollership  of  Greater  New  York  in 
1906.  His  administration  for  the  next  four 
years  was  memorable.  It  was  that  of  a 
highly-trained  and  thoroughly  capable  man  of 
aflairs  whom  the  office  had  sought  out  and  who 
liked  his  job.  He  was  now  so  fully  in  the 
public  eye  that  his  nomination  for  Congress 
in  the  campaign  of  1912  came  unsought,  and 
his  election  as  a  Democrat  in  a  Republican 
district,  of  which  he  was  not  even  a  resident, 


86 


METZ 


METZ 


followed  as  a  matter  of  course.  His  strong 
personality  and  splendid  record  as  a  man  of 
affairs  and  as  a  politician  immediately  brought 
him  into  notice,  and  he  was  constantly  sought 
out  for  counsel  on  measures  affecting  the  busi- 
ness of  the  country  after  the  outbreak  of  the 
war.  He  was  known  in  the  House  of  Represen- 
tatives as  a  forcible  speaker  whose  brief,  clear, 
pointed  speeches  always  held  attention.  Per- 
sonally he  was  very  popular  among  his  col- 
leagues. He  served  with  distinction  on  the 
Committee  on  Claims,  and  the  Committee  on 
Patents.  Declining  to  run  again  for  Congress 
although  practically  sure  of  re-election,  he  a 
little  later  declined  the  nomination  of  his 
party  for  United  States  Senator.  On  the  out- 
break of  the  war,  Mr.  Metz,  although  naturally 
of  strongly  German  affiliations,  both  in  busi- 
ness and  social  affairs,  hastened  to  prove  his 
fervent  patriotism  to  the  land  of  his  birth. 
In  every  way  by  word  and  deed  he  stands  by 
his  country.  He  is  a  large  contributor  to  every 
patriotic  cause,  including  the  Red  Cross.  He 
is  one  of  the  founders  and  the  president  of  the 
National  School  Camp  Association,  which  has 
given  rudimentary  training  to  2,000  school  and 
working  boys  in  New  York.  He  is  a  reserve 
officer,  having  served  ten  years  in  the  National 
Guard,  and  in  the  prime  of  his  manhood  stands 
ready  at  any  time  to  respond  to  his  country's 
call.  The  purely  philanthropic  side  of  Mr. 
Metz's  nature  is  a  very  large  part  of  the  man. 
He  has  the  genuine  instinct  of  the  true  phi- 
lanthropist, combining  a  deep  interest  in  all 
movements  for  the  betterment  of  his  fellows, 
with  large  benefactions  to  them  all,  irrespective 
of  race  or  creed.  As  the  common  saying  about 
him  goes :  "  Everybody  knows  him,  everybody 
relies  on  him,  and  his  shoulders  only  seem  to 
grow  stronger  under  the  burden."  A  large 
part  of  his  time,  too  limited  for  even  his 
personal  affairs,  is  devoted  to  hearing  and  help- 
ing the  innumerable  many  who  keep  calling 
on  him  for  aid  and  comfort.  Still  in  his  active 
and  youthful  prime,  he  is  now  devoting  his 
attention  to  his  large  business  affairs.  First 
and  foremost,  of  course,  come  the  great  dye- 
stuff,  drug,  and  chemical  enterprises  which 
were  the  foundation  of  his  business  career. 
But  his  activities  are  so  varied  that  they  can- 
not be  described  in  detail,  and  can  only  be  in- 
dicated by  recording  the  various  organizations 
of  which  he  is  an  active  part.  As  the  Brook- 
lyn "  Daily  Eagle  "  once  said  of  him :  "  He  is 
an  excellent  financier,  an  excellent  executive, 
an  excellent  judge  of  the  capacity  and  char- 
acter of  others,  and  an  organizer  and  manager 
of  personal  forces,  and  of  business  purposes 
probably  without  a  superior  among  men  of 
his  age  in  this  great  city."  He  is  a  member  of 
the  Aldine  Club,  the  Academy  of  Political 
Sciences,  the  Army  and  Navy  Club,  the  Aero 
Club  of  America,  the  Brooklyn  Club,  the 
Banker's  Club  of  America,  the  Bibliophile  So- 
ciety, the  Crescent  Club,  the  City  Club  of  New 
York,  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  of  the  United 
States,  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  of  the  State 
of  New  York,  the  Chemists'  Club,  the  Drug 
and  Chemical  Club,  the  Engineers'  Club,  of 
Boston,  the  Franklin  Institute,  the  Hanover 
Club,  the  Hardware  Club,  the  Insurance  So- 
ciety of  New  York,  the  Japan  Society,  the 
League  to  Enforce  Peace,  the  Municipal  Art 
Society,  the  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art,  the 


Manhattan  Club,  the  Montauk  Club,  the  Na- 
tional Association  of  Manufacturers,  the  Na- 
tional Geographic  Society,  the  National  Asso- 
ciation of  Cotton  Manufacturers,  the  National 
Democratic  Club,  the  National  Woolen  Manu- 
facturers' Association,  the  National  Arts  Club, 
the  Rotary  Club  of  New  York,  the  Silk  Asso- 
ciation of  America,  the  Society  of  Chemical 
Industry  of  London,  Swiss  Benevolent  Society, 
Textile  Club,  Worcester  Club,  and  very  many 
other  social  commercial,  political,  scientific,  and 
philanthropic  organizations.  He  is  a  director 
of  the  Germania  Savings  Bank,  and  of  the 
First  National  Bank,  both  of  Brooklyn.  His 
business  affiliations  included  the  presidency  of 
tlie  Manufacturers'  Association  of  New  York, 
director  of  the  Merchants'  Association  of  New 
York,  chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Inland 
Waterways,  and  a  member  of  the  committee 
on  Tariff  and  Revenue  Laws,  so  important  to 
New  York  merchants  in  connection  with  for- 
eign duties.  A  member  of  the  Chamber  of 
Commerce  in  the  State  of  New  York,  member 
of  the  New  York  Board  of  Trade  and  Trans- 
portation, member  of  the  American  Chamber 
of  Commerce  in  Berlin,  and  American  Cham- 
ber of  Commerce  in  Paris.  He  was  chairman 
of  the  Finance  Committee  and  director  of  the 
North  American  Civic  League  for  Immigrants 
and  vice-president  (for  New  York  State)  of 
the  National  Rivers  and  Harbors  Commission. 
There  is  scarcely  any  branch  of  human  ac- 
tivity into  which  his  strong  hand  does  not 
reach.  From  Union  College  he  received  the 
degree  of  Doctor  of  Sciences  in  1911,  and  from 
Manhattan  College,  the  degree  of  Doctor  of 
Laws  in  1914.  Mr.  Metz  is  a  thirty-second 
degree  Mason,  a  member  of  Palestine  Com- 
mandery,  and  Mecca  Temple  of  the  Mystic 
Shrine,  and  president  of  the  Board  of  Trus- 
tees of  the  Masonic  Hall  and  Asylum  Fund. 
He  is  a  member  of  Gilbert  Council,  Royal  Ar- 
canum, and  Brooklyn  Lodge  No.  22,  B.  P.  0.  E, 
He  is  particularly  proud  of  his  military  connec- 
tions, being  an  associate  member  of  U.  S.  Grant 
Post,  and  the  Old  Guard,  and  having  served 
as  captain  and  commissary  of  the  Fourteenth 
Regiment  of  the  National  Guard  of  New  York 
State.  He  was  one  of  the  militia  officers  de- 
tailed to  the  United  States  army  during  the 
manoeuvers  in  Texas  a  few  years  ago.  His 
personal  and  private  character  can  scarcely 
better  be  described  than  in  the  words  of  the 
great  journal  already  quoted  which  at  the 
time  of  his  candidacy  for  Comptroller  of 
Greater  New  York  said  of  him :  "  American 
by  birth,  German  by  descent,  he  is  a  scholarly, 
broajd-minded,  enterprising  and  honorable  busi- 
ness man.  He  is  a  friend  of  education,  a 
friend  of  broad  ethical  and  humane  movements, 
and  his  work  for  schools,  for  parks,  for  play- 
grounds, for  the  uplift  of  the  poor  and  of  the 
distraught  has  been  notable.  He  has  done 
none  of  the  fine  things  to  his  credit  for  any 
other  reason  than  the  good  which  has  thereby 
come  to  others,  by  the  addition  of  health,  of 
opportunity,  and  of  leisure  to  their  lives.  He 
has  done  all  this  without  ostentation  or  dem- 
agogy, or  any  lowering  considerations  what- 
ever, and  wherever  the  results  of  this  election 
may  be,  he  will  keep  on  the  benign  tenor  of 
his  life  without  haste  and  without  rest.  Suc- 
cess found  him  simple  and  sincere  and  has  left 
him  so.     The  friendships  of  his  youth  and  of 


87 


SEED 


SEED 


his  manhood  have  been  retained,  augmented, 
and  vindicattKl  by  him;  his  loyalty  to  the 
obligations  of  principle,  of  friendship,  and  of 
partisansiiip  has  been  unquestionable."  As 
to  hia  temporamental  characteristics  he  has 
been  aptly  called  a  human  dynamo.  "  Rest- 
less, unri'sisting,  irresistible  energy  is  his,  from 
the  earliest  hour  till  late  at  night.  There  is  a 
tradition  about  New  York  that  four  hours  is 
a  long  sleep  for  this  high-strung,  keen,  nerv- 
ously active  man.  His  day  of  work  is  literally 
that  of  three  stalwart  men  at  constant  pres- 
sure. The  working  hours  of  Metz  are  the  ex- 
traordinary incident  in  business  or  political 
life  today."  In  manner  he  is  frank,  demo- 
cratic, and  easy  a  man  who  at  once  proclaims 
himself  a  master  of  men  by  his  utter  simplicity 
and  readiness  to  meet  any  man  on  his  own 
ground,  and  having  once  met  him  you  are 
thereafter  his  friend.  Besides  the  business 
enterprises  mentioned  he  is  president  and  di- 
rector of  the  Texti  leather  Company,  of  New- 
ark, N.  J.,  manufacturers  t of  leather  substi- 
tutes, vice-president  of  the  International  Alco- 
hol Corporation  of  Louisiana,  manufacturing 
ethyl-alcohol  from  wood-waste;  president  of  the 
Grain-Chemical  Company,  and  largely  inter- 
ested in  the  management  of  the  Central  Dye- 
stutf  and  Chemical  Company,  of  Newark,  N.  J. ; 
the  General  Drug  Company,  of  New  York,  and 
a  director  of  the  Pathe  Freres  Phonograph 
Company,  and  president  of  the  Ettrick  Realty 
Company. 

SEED,  Miles  Ainscoe,  manufacturer  and  in- 
ventor, b.  in  Preston,  Lancashire,  England,  24 
Feb.,  1843;  d.  at  Pelham,  N.  Y.,  4  Dec,  1913, 
son  of  Richard  and  Anne  Elinor  (Ainscoe) 
Seed.  He  was  a  direct  descendant  of  the  old 
house  of  the  Red  Cross  Knights,  and  came  to 
America  in  1867.  In  1874  he  entered  the 
photographic  studio  of  John  A.  Scholten  in 
St.  Louis,  Mo.  During  his  spare  time  he  ex- 
pierimented  at  his  home  with  a  view  to  simpli- 
fying the  process  of  producing  photographic 
negatives.  After  some  years  of  experiment  he 
perfected  and  brought  into  practical  use  the 
photographic  dry  plate,  which  became  known 
as  the  "  Seed  Dry  Plate,"  and  was  used  over 
the  entire  world.  With  this  production  the 
photographer  was  enabled  to  carry  with  him 
on  his  travels  a  sensitively  prepared  dry  plate 
by  which  an  exposure  could  be  made,  and  later 
develop  it  at  his  own  leisure.  Previously 
only  the  "  wet  "  plate  was  used,  therefore,  this 
was  a  revolution  which  opened  up  photog- 
raphy to  the  entire  world  and  widened  greatly 
the  field  of  application.  The  introduction  of 
the  dry  plate  condensed  the  use  of  the  ch'emi- 
cals,  changed  the  apparatus,  and  compelled  the 
opticians  who  manufactured  lenses  to  improve 
and  enlarge  the  field  of  their  productions.  It 
expanded  the  whole  world  of  photography, 
and  it  was  the  beginning  of  the  creation  of 
the  great  business  that  is  represented  to- 
day by  the  manufacture  of  photographic 
materials.  Photography  has  reached  and 
attached  itself  to  every  branch  of  industry, 
but  the  dry  plate  was  one  of  the  great  starters 
of  this  revolution.  Mr.  Seed,  with  untiring 
energy,  worked  against  innumerable  obstacles 
and  probed  hundreds  of  failures  to  reach  the 
cause.  As  he  himself  once  concisely  stated: 
"  I  never  cared  what  the  trouble  was,  if  I 
could   only   reach   the   cause   of   the   trouble," 


and  it  was  always  a  source  of  worry  to  him 
when  he  got  into  trouble  and  got  out  of  it 
without  knowing  the  cause.  The  Seed  dry 
plate  was  launched  on  the  market  in  1879  and 
even  then  it  was  only  in  its  embryonic  stage 
for  it  entailed  upon  him  canvassing  and  trav- 
eling over  the  United  States  to  demonstrate 
the  products  in  the  large  cities,  and  instruct 
photographers  in  the  working  of  them.  He 
was  compelled  at  the  same  time  to  introduce 
the  new  product  and  overcome  the  prejudice 
of  the  photographers,  who,  feeling  that  they 
were  well  equipped  in  their  line,  viewed  the 
new  introduction  with  considerable  bias.  His 
patience  and  perseverance  were  eventually 
crowned  with  success,  and  he  was  finally 
obliged  by  the  growth  of  his  business  to 
abandon  traveling  and  demonstrating  and  to 
devote  himself  to  superintending  the  produc- 
tion of  the  goods.  In  1882  his  factory  was 
destroyed  by  fire,  but  with  renewed  pluck  and 
energy,  he  at  once  set  about  rebuilding  it,  and 
in  less  than  four  months,  the  '*  Seed  Dry 
Plates"  were  again  in  the  hands  of  the  con- 
sumer. He  then  arranged  for  a  demonstra- 
tion to  be  made  in  the  various  sections  of  the 
United  States  and  with  carefully  selected 
practical  photographers,  who  were  chosen  not 
only  for  their  ability,  but  for  their  good,  up- 
right character,  an  organization  was  started 
by  which  the  entire  United  States  was  care- 
fully covered  and  visited  and  the  Seed  Dry 
Plate  demonstrated  to  every  consumer  who 
handled  photographic  materials.  With  Mr, 
Seed  at  the  factory,  carefully  inspecting  the 
product,  and  having  all  the  new  automatic 
appliances,  he  was  enabled  to  supervise  per- 
sonally the  shipping  of  the  goods  and  their 
condition  when  shipped.  Soon  it  became  a 
regular  trade  word  that  the  "  Seed  Dry  Plate  " 
was  reliable  and  uniform,  and,  through  its 
high  merit  and  the  careful  manner  in  wjiich 
it  was  made,  it  was  generally  accepted  as  the 
leading  dry  plate  of  the  world.  Mr.  Seed's 
great  aim  in  all  his  business  career  was  not 
only  to  push  his  goods,  but  also  to  help  and 
instruct  photographers  in  the  use  of  them, 
so  in  order  that  they  might  be  able  to  obtain 
a  higher  grade  of  work.  This  was  recognized 
throughout  the  trade  and  at  every  national 
convention  of  photographers  of  the  United 
States  Mr.  Seed  was  called  upon  to  make  an 
address  on  matters  connected  with  the  photo- 
graphic art.  The  M.  A.  Seed  Dry  Plate  Com- 
pany, which  had  been  incorporated  in  July, 
1883,  was  purchased  by  the  Eastman  Kodak 
Company  in  1902,  and  a  few  years  later  Mr. 
Seed  retired  from  business.  Thereafter,  until 
his  death,  he '  spent  much  of  his  time  in  re- 
ligious work,  to  which  he  was  ardently  de- 
voted, and  he  was  prominently  afl[iliated  with 
the  Y.  M.  C.  A.  in  both  civil  and  military 
circles.  Weekly  he  taught  a  Bible  class  at 
Fort  Slocum,  N.  Y.,  and  eternity  alone  will 
reveal  the  results  of  that  faithful  sowing  of 
the  truth  in  the  hearts  of  soldiers  there,  who 
later  were  sent  out  over  the  United  States. 
His  zealous  efforts  for  mankind  through  per- 
sonal conversation  with  individuals  were  con- 
stant, and  he  found  opportunities  which  many 
of  us  would  fail  to  observe  or  utilize.  Since 
the  death  of  Mr.  Seed  many  letters  have  been 
received  from  men  prominent  in  the  financial 


88 


^  a  <2^ 


iZ-^e-cP^ 


JENKS 


JENKS 


and  professional  world,  recounting  with  deep 
gratitude  their  indebtedness  to  him,  not  only 
for  a  successful  business  career,  but  also  for 
the  power  of  his  Christian  example  and  in- 
fluence. His  life  in  the  church  was  inspiring 
and  helpful,  an  appreciative  listener,  a  liberal 
giver,  and  a  wise  counselor.  It  was  a  treat 
and  illumination  to  hear  him  expound  the 
deep,  wonderful  truths  of  the  great  book — the 
Bible — ^and  in  his  dying  Mr.  Seed  was  the 
same  calm,  confident,  triumphant  believer  in 
Christ  as  in  his  living.  There  were  no  fears, 
no  shrinking  in  the  last  hours.  He  whispered 
to  his  great  friend,  the  pastor,  "The  Master 
is  more  precious  than  ever,"  and  again,  "  I'll 
soon  be  Home."  This  is  fulfilling  the  state- 
ment of  old,  "  the  path  of  the  just  is  as  a 
shining  light  that  shineth  more  and  more  to 
the  perfect  day."  To  quote  from  "  Snap 
Shots,"  "  He  was  a  practical  and  earnest 
Christian,  a  good  father  and  sincere  friend, 
peculiarly  devoted,  thoughtful  and  self-sacri- 
ficing, and  his  loss  will  be  deeply  regretted, 
not  only  in  the  photographic  fraternity,  but 
to  men  all  over  this  entire  world.  His  life 
was  a  success  and  a  great  pillar  of  light,  and 
while  his  loss  will  be  felt  deeply,  a  good  man 
and  strong  has  passed  from  us,  yet  his  work 
done  leaves  behind  him  a  monument  represent- 
ing everything  honorable  in  business,  and 
everything  high  in  Christian  life."  Mr.  Seed 
is  survived  by  his  wife,  Lydia  Seed,  three 
sons:  Frederick  Ainscoe,  Miles  Richard,  and 
Robert  William;  and  four  daughters:  Eleanor, 
Edythe  A.,  Lucile  L  ,  and  Avis  Rosilla. 

JENKS,  George  Charles,  author,  b  in  Lon- 
don, England,  13  April,  1850,  son  of  George 
Stillwell  and  Eliza  (Miller)  Jenks.  It  often 
has  been  observed  that  the  inclinations  of 
early  youth  point  the  way  to  the  career  sought 
in  maturity.  Certainly  it  was  so  in  the  case 
of  George  C.  Jenks,  for,  many  years  before  he 
ventured  to  try  his  hand  at  writing  fiction  for 
print,  he  had  gained  schoolboy  fame  as  a  story- 
teller of  merit.  Like  most  British  boys,  he  was 
sent  to  a  boarding-school  in  the  country  when 
he  had  passed  the  rudimentary  stage  of  edu- 
cation. They  believe,  or  used  to  believe  in 
England,  in  sending  boys  to  bed  early.  At 
school  the  retiring  hour  for  youth  was  eight 
o'clock.  Naturally  it  was  impossible  for  active- 
minded  lads  to  go  to  sleep  at  that  hour,  espe- 
cially in  the  summer,  in  broad  daylight,  so  it 
had  long  been  the  custom  to  while  away  the 
time  till  slumber  stole  over  them,  for  each 
boy,  in  turn,  to  tell  a  story  for  the  entertain- 
ment of  the  others.  With  twenty  boys  in  a 
dormitory,  this  was  not  very  exacting  on  any 
one.  Some  weird  narratives  were  related,  and 
some  were  liked  better  than  others.  The  yarns 
spun  by  George  Jenks — which  he  confesses  were 
largely  a  rehash,  with  original  interpolations 
of  "  Robinson  Crusoe,"  "  The  Swiss  Family 
Robinson,"  "  Grimm's  Fairy  Tales,"  "  The 
Arabian  Nights,"  "  ^sop's  Fables,"  and  mis- 
cellaneous juvenile  talcs  that  had  happened  to 
come  his  way — made  a  pronounced  hit,  and 
often  he  paid  the  penalty  of  his  popularity  by 
being  required  to  act  as  bedroom  entertainer 
out  of  his  turn.  On  leaving  school,  and  hav- 
ing the  choice  of  several  callings,  he  selected 
that  of  Benjamin  Franklin  and  Horace  Greeley, 
and  in  time  became  a  good  printer.  It  was 
when  he  was  a  full-fledged  compositor,  after 


his  apprenticeship,  in  1872,  that  he  came  to 
the  United  States  by  way  of  Canada,  and 
finally  took  up  his  residence  in  Pitts- 
burgh, Pa.  Here  he  found  it  a  short  and 
easy  step  from  the  type  case  to  the  editorial 
room.  His  first  reportorial  work  was  done  on 
Pittsburgh  papers.  In  the  fifteen  years  he 
resided  in  that  city  he  did  newspaper  work  of 
all  kinds.  For  seven  years  he  was  an  editorial 
writer  on  the  Pittsburgh  "Press,"  and  also 
wrote  editorial  comment  for  the  "  Post "  and 
"Times"  of  that  city.  For  thirty  years  he 
was  a  dramatic  critic — first  in  Pittsburgh  and 
afterward  in  New  York,  and  early  established 
a  reputation  for  discernment  and  strict  fair- 
ness as  a  theatrical  reviewer — a  reputation 
which  led  to  his  being  offered  the  position  of 
dramatic  editor  on  the  New  York  "  Commer- 
cial Advertiser"  (later  the  "Globe"),  where 
he  remained  some  years.  Mr.  Jenks  has  been 
connected  with  various  New  York  magazines 
in  the  same  capacity,  and  always  has  retained 
his  interest  in  theatrical  affairs.  In  1891  he 
produced  "As  You  Like  It"  on  the  lawn  of  a 
suburban  hotel  in  Pittsburgh,  with  Rose  Cogh- 
lan  for  his  Rosalind,  the  late  Joseph  Haworth 
as  Orlando,  and  William  Muldoon — once  a 
champion  wrestler,  and  now  owner  of  a  sani- 
tarium known  the  world  over — as  Charles  the 
Wrestler.  This  was  the  first  time  a  Shake- 
spearean play  had  ever  been  produced  out  of 
doors  at  night,  although  it  has  been  done 
many  times  since.  From  the  beginning,  in 
what  leisure  he  could  steal  from  his  news- 
paper and  theatrical  work,  Mr.  Jenks  has  writ- 
ten popular  fiction,  both  in  the  magazines  and 
between  book-covers.  Readers  have  liked  his 
writing,  and  he  has  a  large  following,  which 
always  insures  a  profitable  sale  for  his  books 
and  causes  him  to  be  welcomed  by  magazine 
editors.  He  has  written  other  books  besides 
novels,  however.  One  of  his  most  important 
productions  is  "  The  Official  History  of  the 
Johnstown  Flood,"  (1890)  which  was  written 
from  personal  olDservation  of  the  awful  de- 
vastation of  Johnstown  a  few  days  after  the 
waters  broke  loose  from  South  Fork  dam, 
and  in  an  hour  made  a  charnal  heap  of  what 
had  been  a  prosperous,  cheerful  city.  For 
twelve  months  Mr.  Jenks  was  New  York  cor- 
respondent of  the  Pittsburgh  "  Dispatch,"  and 
for  five  years  longer  acted  in  that  capacity  for 
the  "  Gazette-Times "  of  that  noted  manu- 
facturing center.  During  that  period  he  was 
frequently  brought  into  personal  contact  with 
Henry  C.  Frick,  Andrew  Carnegie,  Charles  M. 
Schwab,  and  other  famous  captains  of  industry. 
One  of  the  few  intimate  sketches  of  the  first- 
named  personages  that  have  appeared  in  print 
was  written  by  Mr.  Jenks  for  a  large  New  York 
newspaper.  Mr.  Jenks  writes  book  reviews 
for  the  New  York  "  Times,"  and  has  con- 
tributed to  the  "  Bookman  "  and  otlior  literary 
publications  in  New  York  and  London.  But 
his  main  vocation  is  producing  fiction,  and 
this  he  does  so  industriously  that  liis  name 
is  well  known  to  readers  of  popular  novels 
all  over  the  country.  He  is  tht;  author  of 
several  plays  that  have  been  produced  success- 
fully, and  he  turns  out  a  photo-play  to  order 
now  and  then.  George  C.  Jenks  was  married 
in  1878,  in  Detroit,  to  Sarah  Jane  Lambert, 
who  died  in  1895;  to  Elizabeth  Jowcphine 
Aylward,  in  New  York,   1897,  who  died  three 


89 


ELY 


CASE 


months  later,  and  in  1899,  in  New  York,  to 
Katherine  Baird,  of  Latrobe,  Pa.  He  has  two 
sons:  Frank  llewson  Jenks,  in  business  in 
Detroit,  Mich.,  and  Charles  John,  who  is  in 
the  business  ollice  of  the  New  York  "Times," 
also  one  daughter,  Mrs.  Guy  H.  (Beatrice) 
W inters teene,  of  Auburn,  N.  Y.  George  C. 
Jenks  resides  with  Mrs.  Jenks,  at  Owasco, 
N.  Y.  in  summer,  and  in  New  York  in  winter. 
ELY,  Horace  Selden,  real  estate  operator, 
b.  at  Franklinville,  Cattaraugus  County,  N.  Y., 
18  Feb.,  1832,  son  of  Seth  and  Laura  (Mead) 
Ely;  d.  in  New  York 
City,  27  April,  1904. 
On  both  sides  he  was 
descended  from  old 
and  well-known  fam- 
ilies of  the  State  of 
Connecticut.  He  re- 
ceived his  education 
in  the  local  academy 
and  in  private 
schools  at  Euclid,  a 
suburb  of  Cleveland, 
Ohio,  In  1854  he 
removed  to  New 
York  City,  and 
there  began  his  busi- 
ness career  in  the 
employ  of  his  uncle, 
'^  Abner  L.  Ely,  who 
was  engaged  in  the  real  estate  business.  At 
the  same  time  he  continued  his  studies  by  at- 
tending evening  schools.  Being  both  gifted 
and  industrious,  he  soon  mastered  every  de- 
tail of  the  business,  and  upon  the  death  of  his 
uncle,  in  1871,  he  became  head  of  the  firm. 
Mr.  Ely  devoted  all  his  energies  and  abilities 
to  the  interests  of  his  clients,  and  gradually 
established  an  influence  and  prominence  in  his 
own  line  second  to  none.  The  high  degree  of 
confidence  which  was  reposed  in  him  both  by 
his  clients  and  the  public  brought  him  many 
positions  of  trust  and  responsibility.  He  was 
appointed  executor  of  numerous  important  es- 
tates, and  was  frequently  called  upon  to  act 
as  commissioner  in  appraising  property.  As 
the  agent  for  some  of  the  largest  office  build- 
ings in  New  York  City,  his  became  one  of  the 
best  known  business  names  in  the  metropolis. 
He  was  also  a  member  of  the  New  York  Cham- 
ber of  Commerce,  and  was  president  of  the 
Real  Estate  Exchange  »Mr.  Ely  was  a  trustee 
of  the  Fifth  Avenue  Presbyterian  Church  and 
a  member  of  the  Union  League,  City,  Repub- 
lican, and  Lawyers'  Clubs.  He  married  16 
Sept.,  1875,  Fanny  Rogers,  daughter  of  Mat- 
thew Griswold,  and  granddaughter  of  Gov-  Ed- 
gar Griswold,  of  Connecticut.  The  Griswold 
family  is  connected  by  marriage  to  the  famous 
Wolcott  family  of  Connecticut  and  Mrs.  Ely 
is  thus  descended  from  no  less  than  five  gov- 
ernors of  the  State  of  Connecticut.  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Ely  had  two  sons,  Horace  Griswold  and 
Matthew  Griswold,  and  two  daughters,  Fanny 
Griswold  and  Marion  Griswold  Ely. 

CASE,  Jerome  I.,  manufacturer  and  inven- 
tor, b.  in  Williamston,  N,  Y.,  11  Dec,  1819; 
d.  in  Racine,  Wis.,  22  Dec,  1891,  son  of 
Caleb  and  Devorah  (Jackson)  Case.  His 
earliest  American  paternal  ancestor  was  of 
English  birth,  and  came  to  this  country  early 
in  the  Colonial  period.  Through  his  mother, 
he  was  of  Irish  stock  and  was  a  close  kinsman 


of  Gen.  Andrew  Jackson,  the  first  American 
representative  of  the  family  coming  from  Car- 
rickfergus,  on  the  north  coast  of  Ireland.  Dur- 
ing the  early  years  of  the  century  his  parents 
moved  from  Rensselaer  County,  N.  Y.,  to  Wil- 
liamston, N.  Y.,  in  the  midst  of  what  was  then 
an  unbroken  wilderness  and  where,  with  the 
pioneer  spirit,  the  elder  Case,  proceeded  to 
carve  out  a  home  for  himself  and  his  family. 
In  this  rugged  environment,  Jerome  grew  up, 
laboring  with  his  father  on  the  farm  during 
the  summers  and  attending  the  log-cabin  dis- 
trict school  during  the  winters.  When  he  was 
about  sixteen,  his  father  bought  a  one-horse 
tread-power  threshing-machine,  with  which  »he 
not  only  threshed  his  own  crops,  but  took 
over  contracts  for  threshing  those  of  his  less 
progressive  neighbors  as  well.  This  mechanism 
he  placed  under  the  charge  of  his  son,  Jerome, 
who  manipulated  it  during  working  hours  and 
kept  it  in  working  order.  From  this  ap- 
parently insignificant  incident  large  results 
were  to  follow,  not  only  in  the  life  of  the  boy 
himself,  but  in  the  development  of  American 
agricultural  industry.  On  attaining  his  ma- 
jority, in  1840,  young  Case  continued  thresh- 
ing for  the  farmers  on  his  own  account.  The 
care  of  the  machine  had  developed  in  him  a 
a  natural  fondness  for  mechanics  and  perhaps 
inspired  in  him  a  desire  to  acquire  a  broader 
knowledge  of  the  science.  After  a  season's 
work  he  had  saved  up  enough  money  to  satisfy 
his  ambition  to  continue  his  studies  in  a  more 
advanced  school  and,  accordingly,  in  the  fall  of 
1840,  he  entered  an  academy  in  Mexicoville, 
N.  Y.  Though  he  proved  exceptionally  apt  at 
his  books,  he  soon  began  to  realize  instinctively, 
that  it  was  not  in  the  direction  of  academic 
study  that  his  proclivities  lay.  When  his 
mind  should  have  been  busy  with  Latin  and 
Greek  verbs,  he  found  the  levers  and  ratchets 
of  his  threshing-machine  intruding  and  evolv- 
ing themselves  into  wonderful  new  mechanisms. 
It  gradually  came  to  him  that  his  education 
must  be  acquired  through  his  own  initiative 
and  not  by  means  of  conventional  school 
courses.  At  the  end  of  the  first  term  he  left 
the  academy  and  set  himself  at  once  to  the 
work  which  he  felt  he  had  to  do.  He  was  now 
twenty-two  and  with  no  capital,  aside  from  the 
enthusiasm  of  youth,  he  turned  once  more  to 
his  threshing  machinery.  Obtaining  six  ma- 
chines on  credit,  he  went  West,  to  what  was 
then  Wisconsin  territory,  and  located  at  Ra- 
cine, then  a  mere  village.  Here  he  sold  five  of 
his  machines  to  good  advantage;  the  sixth  he 
retained  that  he  might  earn  his  living  thresh- 
ing the  farmer's  grain  and  continue  his  ex- 
periments. During  the  days  he  worked  the 
machine,  and  the  evening  and  night  he  spent 
devising  improvements.  With  such  tools  and 
implements  as  he  could  obtain,  he  gradually 
rebuilt  the  mechanism  of  his  thresher  until  he 
had  eff'ected  a  very  decided  improvement  on  the 
original  machine.  Previously  the  machine  was 
what  was  called  an  open  thresher;  the  grain, 
chaff,  and  straw  being  delivered  together  from 
it.  Afterward  the  winnowing  had  still  to  be 
done,  to  separate  the  chaff  from  the  grain.  It 
was  in  the  winter  of  1843-44  that  Mr.  Case 
succeeded  in  including  in  his  mechanism  the 
functions  of  a  separator,  following  out  an 
idea  which  had  long  occupied  his  mind.  With 
the  enthusiasm  inspired  by  this  first  success  he 


90 


jbfy  l-l'' y"x>U(r.-tffJ-  A 


CCxOJl,, 


CASE 


CASE 


determined  to  do  the  impossible,  and  without 
capital,  except  the  little  money  he  had  saved 
from  his  earnings,  he  rented  a  small  machine 
shop  in  Racine  and  began  to  manufacture  his 
machines.  His  first  attempt  contemplated  only 
six,  but  when  he  confided  his  plans  to  one  of 
the  best  agricultural  experts  of  the  state,  the 
latter  remarked  that  if  they  worked  satis- 
factorily they  would  still  be  more  than  were 
needed  in  the  state.  Nevertheless,  the  ma- 
chines were  not  only  made,  but  they  were  sold. 
The  agriculture  of  the  country  was  developing 
fast  and  the  broad  prairies  were  not  only 
proving  exceedingly,  fertile,  but  they  were  also 
especially  adapted  to  the  use  of  agricultural 
labor-saving  machinery,  and  the  farmers  were 
intelligent  enough  to  realize  it.  For  the  fol- 
lowing three  years  Mr.  Case  continued  experi- 
menting, demonstrating,  improving,  and  manu- 
facturing new  machines.  His  steady  persever- 
ance and  patience  brought  their  logical  results ; 
he  sold  the  products  of  his  workshop  and  grad- 
ually acquired  a  working  capital.  In  1847  he 
was  able  to  erect  his  first  machine  shop,  not  far 
from  the  site  of  the  present  extensive  works 
which  he  lived  to  hand  down  to  posterity.  It 
was  only  thirty  feet  wide  and  eighty  feet  long, 
but  at  the  time  it  seemed  far  too  large  for  the 
plant  he  had  hopes  of  establishing.  By  this 
time  he  had  developed  a  serviceable  machine, 
and  the  demand  increased  as  fast  as  his  grow- 
ing plant  could  turn  it  out.  By  1855,  only 
thirteen  years  after  he  had  begun  in  his  small 
rented  shop,  he  was  in  a  position  to  realize 
that  he  had  been  successful,  in  the  fullest 
sense  of  the  word.  His  plant  covered  several 
acres,  including  a  dock  at  which  vessels  could 
load,  a  belt  factory,  paint  shops,  furnace  and 
molding  rooms  and  vast  workshops  filled  with 
costly  and  complicated  machinery.  During  the 
first  year  he  had  felt  elated  over  turning  out 
eleven  machines;  during  the  second  he  had 
reached  the  number  of  one  hundred.  Within 
ten  years  he  had  made  and  sold  1,600  machines. 
So  the  enterprise  continued  to  expand  until  at 
the  time  of  his  death  the  plant  had  become  the 
largest  ©f  its  kind  in  the  world,  covering  an 
area  of  forty  acres  with  an  annual  capacity  of 
2,500  machines,  and  his  name  became  familiar 
throughout  all  the  civilized  countries  of  the 
world.  It  was  of  such  pioneers  of  American 
agriculture  that  William  H.  Seward  said: 
"  Owing  to  the  inventions  of  these  men  the 
line  of  civilization  moves  westward  thirty  miles 
a  year."  Seward  had  good  reason  to  appre- 
ciate what  these  inventors  did  for  the  Union 
cause  during  the  Civil  War,  for  it  was  by  the 
utilization  of  their  machines  that  the  wheat 
fields  of  the  West  could  be  harvested  after  the 
men  had  gone  to  the  front,  while  the  South 
was  obliged  to  endure  hunger.  By  displacing 
hand  labor,  men  could  be  spared  for  the  armies. 
In  1863  Mr.  Case  organized  the  firm  of  J.  I. 
Case  and  Company,  and  in  1880  the  business 
was  incorporated  under  the  name  of  the  J.  I. 
Case  Threshing  Machine  Company.  Having 
achieved  success  in  the  development  of  his 
thresher,  Mr.  Case  turned  his  energy  into 
other  directions.  In  1876  the  plow  business 
which  today  bears  his  name  was  established 
and  has  grown  to  immense  proportions  with 
branches  in  all  the  important  agricultural 
implement  sections  of  the  country  and  to  this 
business  he  gave  much  of  his  personal  time  and 


attention,  and  had  the  utmost  confidence  in  its 
ultimate  growth  and  development.  He  said  of 
it,  "  It  is  the  most  fundamental  business  I 
know,  for  though  crops  may  fail  the  land 
must  be  plowed  and  plowed  again,  and  the 
first  essential  to  the  raising  of  crops  is  the 
plow."  He  established  and  developed  the  J.  I. 
Case  Plow  Works,  which  has  also  grown  to 
large  proportions.  With  other  capitalists,  he 
was  interested  in  the  Northwestern  Life  In- 
surance Company,  of  Milwaukee,  being  a  mem- 
ber of  its  board  of  trustees  for  many  years. 
In  1871  he  assisted  in  founding  the  Manu- 
facturers' National  Bank  of  Racine,  and  dur- 
ing the  same  year  established  the  First  Na- 
tional Bank  of  Burlington,  Wis.,  of  both  he 
remained  president  until  his  death.  Later  he 
was  connected,  as  a  large  stockholder,  with  the 
First  National  Bank  of  Crookston,  Minn.,  the 
First  National  Bank  of  Fargo,  N.  D,,  the 
Pasadena  Nation^  Bank  of  Pasadena,  Cal., 
and  the  Granite  Bank  of  Monrovia,  Cal.  He 
also  owned  extensive  tracts  of  land  in  Call* 
fornia,  where  he  established  a  winter  home. 
Outside  of  Racine,  he  acquired  a  large  area  of 
land  which  he  developed  into  what  has  since 
become  known  as  Hickory  Grove  Farm.  Asso- 
ciated with  others,  he  purchased  and  improved 
the  Glenwood  Stock  Farm,  near  Louisville, 
Ky.,  which  was  afterward  conveyed  to  a  stock 
company.  From  his  association  with  this  lat- 
ter enterprise  he  acquired  a  keen  interest  in 
the  breeding  of  fine  horses,  and  in  this  pastime 
activity  he  was  as  eminently  successful  as  in 
his  more  serious  aff'airs.  Among  the  famous 
race  horses  bred  and  owned  by  him  were  Jay- 
Eye-See,  whose  name  was  familiar  to  every 
child  of  that  period.  Later,  when  his  life 
work  had  been  well  established,  he  interested 
himself  in  local  civic  affairs  and  was  twice 
elected  mayor  of  Racine  and  he  served  his 
term  as  state  senator.  In  1876  he  was  ap- 
pointed by  the  governor  as  one  of  the  commis- 
sioners to  represent  the  state  at  the  Centennial 
Exposition  in  Philadelphia.  He  helped  to 
found  the  Wisconsin  Academy  of  Science,  Arts, 
and  Letters.  Though  he  had  acquired  a  large 
fortune  before  his  death,  to  the  last  he  re- 
mained the  plain  citizen  that  his  father  was 
before  him;  he  was  essentially  a  democrat  at 
heart.  He  was  born  in  and  belonged  to  that 
period  of  hardy  American  pioneers  who  were 
masterful  in  the  things  they  accomplished  and 
he  stood  out  as  a  master  among  men.  His  was 
a  powerful  personality,  dominated  by  an  ele- 
mental force  which  found  its  vent  in  the  doing 
of  big  things  and  which  influenced  not  only  its 
own  times,  but  which  is  still  felt  by  those 
who  were  associated  with  him  in  active  busi- 
ness. He  was  essentially  a  self-reliant  man, 
with  absolute  confidence  in  his  own  judgment 
of  men  and  things  and  with  a  superlative 
courage  when  it  came  to  carrying  out  smything 
which  he  had  once  undertaken.  "  I  have  yet 
to  come  in  contact  with  a  man  of  such  <iuii'k 
and  decisive  judgment,"  said  11.  M.  Wallis. 
president  of  the  J.  1.  Case  Plow  Works.  It 
was  a  day  of  big  men,  that  period  in  which 
J.  I.  Case  lived,  when  the  "(heat  West"  was 
in  process  of  building,  but  his  name  must  stand 
out  prominently  in  the  history  of  that  epoch, 
together  with  McCormick,  who  created  the 
harvester,  James  J.  Hill,  who  built  railroads, 
and  other  pioneers  of  that  section.     In    1840 


91 


O'BEIRNE 


O'BEIRNE 


Mr.  Case  married  Lydia  A.  Bull,  daughter  of 
De  Grove  Bull,  of  Yorkville,  Wis.  They  had 
four  children:  Jackson  I.  Case,  Mrs.  Percival 
S.  Fuller,  Mrs.  H.  M.  Wallis,  and  Mrs.  J.  J. 
Crooks,  of  San  Francisco. 

O'BEIRNE,  James  Rowan,  soldier,  journalist, 
b.  in  Roscommon  County,  Ireland,  25  Sept., 
1840;  d.  in  New  York  City,  N.  Y.,  17  Feb., 
1917,  son  of  Michael  Horan  and  Eliza  (Rowan) 
O'Beirne.  His  father  was  descended  from  an 
ancient  Irish  family,  but  early  in  life  became 
affiliated  with  the  young  Ireland  party  which 

opposed  it- 
self strenu- 
ously against 
English  rule. 
He  was  close- 
ly associated 
with  such 
prom  i  n  e  n  t 
leaders  as 
Michael  Doh- 
erty,  Thomas 
Fra  n  c  i  s 
Meagher, 
^\  Smith  O'Bri- 
,  ^  en,  and  oth- 
ers. When 
the  younger 
O'Beirne  was 
only  a  child 
of  nine 
months  his 
parents  emi- 
grated to 
this  coun- 
try in  a  sailing  ship  and  settled  in  New 
York  City,  where  the  elder  O'Beirne  became  a 
member  of  the  firm  of  Roche  Brothers.  Here 
in  New  York  City,  Mr.  O'Beirne  spent  his  boy- 
hood and  attended  the  St.  Francis  Xavier  and 
the  St.  John's  colleges.  From  the  latter  in- 
stitution he  graduated  at  the  age  of  nineteen 
with  the  degree  of  A.M.,  being  later  also 
awarded  the  degree  of  LL.D.  Having  con- 
cluded his  education,  he  entered  the  firm  of 
Roche,  O'Beirne  and  Company,  of  which  his 
father  was  a  partner,  but  not  long  after  he 
severed  his  connection  with  this  firm  and  went 
into  business  for  himself.  But  he  was  not 
long  to  remain  in  business,  for  soon  afterward 
the  Civil  War  broke  out  and  Mr.  O'Beirne  was 
one  of  the  first  to  respond  to  the  President's 
call  for  volunteers.  He  immediately  enlisted 
as  a  private  in  the  Seventh  Regiment,  N.  G. 
S.  N.  Y.  His  term  of  service  expired  before 
he  could  see  active  service  at  the  front,  where- 
upon he  immediately  joined  the  Thirty- Seventh 
New  York  Irish  Rifles  Volunteers,  also  known 
as  the  Irish  Rifles,  with  the  rank  of  second 
lieutenant.  He  served  with  distinction  at  the 
Battle  of  Fair  Oaks,  he  and  his  command 
maintaining  their  position  on  the  firing-line 
under  a  heavy  fire  until  ordered  to  fall  back. 
For  this  achievement  he  was  awarded  a  medal 
of  honor  by  Congress.  At  the  Battle  of  Chan- 
cellorsville,  3  May,  1863,  in  which  he  partici- 
pated as  captain  of  his  company,  the  Color 
Company,  he  was  severely  wounded,  a  ball 
passing  through  his  chest  and  piercing  one 
lung.  His  rise  in  rank  was  now  rapid  and 
when  he  w^as  finally  mustered  out  of  service, 
at  the  close  of  the  war  and  having  refused  a 
commission    in   the    regular    army,    he    was    a 


Brigadier-General  of  the  Veteran  Reserve 
Corps  of  the  U.  S.  A.  So  serious  had  been  his 
wound  at  the  Battle  of  Chancellorsville  that 
he  was  found  unfit  for  further  service  in  the 
field,  whereupon  he  was  assigned  to  duty  in 
the  Provost  Marshal  General's  Bureau,  in  the 
War  Department,  in  Washington.  Toward  the 
close  of  the  war  he  was  appointed  military 
provost  marshal  of  the  District  of  Columbia. 
During  July,  1864,  when  the  Confederate 
general,  Jubal  Early,  invested  the  national 
capital.  General  O'Beirne  was  appointed  acting 
provost  marshal  general  of  the  defenses  north 
of  the  Potomac  by  Secretary  of  War  Edward 
M.  Stanton.  General  O'Deirne  was  on  duty  in 
the  national  capital  at  the  time  of  President 
Lincoln's  assassination  by  Wilkes  Booth,  and 
in  the  scenes  immediately  succeeding  the  mur- 
der he  took  a  very  prominent  part,  for  it  was 
directly  through  his  efforts  that  the  assassin 
was  overtaken  and  killed.  From  the  moment 
that  Lincoln  was  laid  on  his  deathbed,  until 
he  breathed  his  last,  O'Beirne,  as  provost 
marshal  of  the  District  of  Coliunbia,  was  in 
constant  attendance,  under  the  direct  orders 
of  Secretary  of  War  Stanton.  By  the  latter 
he  was  sent  to  summon  Vice-President  Johnson 
from  the  Kirkwood  House  and  it  was  he  who 
escorted  the  Vice-President  through  the  dense 
crowds  in  the  streets  to  the  bedside  of  the 
dying  President.  He  was  present  next  morn- 
ing when  Johnson  was  quietly  sworn  into  office 
as  President  of  the  United  States,  less  than  a 
dozen  persons  being  there.  Under  written  or- 
ders from  Secretary  Stanton  he  then  began 
his  successful  pursuit  of  the  assassin.  Already 
he  had  made  an  investigation.  When  he  had 
informed  Vice-President  Johnson  that  the 
President  had  been  shot,  the  latter  immediately 
told  him  that  his  suspicions  had  been  aroused 
that  night  at  the  Kirkwood  House.  For 
hours  Johnson  and  his  negro  servant  had  heard 
footsteps  in  the  room  above.  In  this  room 
General  O'Beirne,  after  an  investigation,  found 
a  blank  book  belonging  to  Wilkes  Booth,  a 
large  Bowie  knife,  a  Colt's  navy  revolver.  The 
room  had  been  let  to  George  Atzerodt,  one  of 
the  accomplices.  He  also  established  the  fact 
that  Payne,  the  assailant  of  Secretary  Seward, 
had  also  frequented  the  room.  After  present- 
ing this  and  other  evidence  to  Secretary  Stan- 
ton, the  later  immediately  ordered  him  to 
begin  the  pursuit,  authorizing  him  to  call  on 
all  army  and  navy  forces  for  aid.  In  twenty- 
four  hours  he  had  detectives  at  the  lower  gate- 
way of  Maryland  and  others  scattered  over  the 
country  through  which  the  fugitive  was  sup- 
posed to  be  fleeing.  Then  he,  with  six  de- 
tectives and  twenty-five  privates  and  non-com- 
missioned officers,  dashed  down  the  Potomac  on 
the  flagship  "  Martin  "  to  Port  Tobacco,  where 
Booth  and  his  accomplices  were  known  to  have 
played  poker  and  hatched  their  plot.  Going 
ashore,  they  scoured  the  swamps  in  that  vi- 
cinity, a  noisome,  pestilential,  oozing  morass. 
After  some  hours  in  this  sea  of  slime  General 
O'Beirne  stopped  in  a  comparatively  dry  spot 
to  light  his  pipe  In  throwing  down  the 
lighted  match  he  set  fire  to  some  dry  leaves. 
As  he  was  stamping  out  the  small  blaze  his 
eye  caught  sight  of  a  peculiar  three-cornered 
hole  in  the  ground.  It  was  the  print  of  a 
crutch  and  Booth  was  known  to  have  a  crutch. 
The  crutch  prints  were  followed  to  the  river, 


! 


92 


O'BEIRNE 


CHENEY 


which  was  crossed,  and  the  trail  was  taken  up 
again  on  the  opposite  bank.  For  miles  and 
miles  they  followed  this  peculiar  trail,  until 
the  men  could  go  no  further  from  sheer  ex- 
haustion. Secretary  Stanton  was  then  in- 
formed by  telegraph  that  Booth  had  been 
tracked  to  the  vicinity  of  Port  Royal,  and 
there  he  was  captured  and  killed  the  next  day. 
After  the  war  General  O'Beirne  was  appointed 
register  of  wills  in  the  District  of  Columbia. 
Later  he  entered  the  field  of  journalism  as  the 
Washington  correspondent  of  the  New  York 
"  Herald,"  after  which  he  became  editor  and 
proprietor  of  the  Washington  "  Gazette."  Then 
followed  various  appointments  under  the  Fed- 
eral government;  for  a  while  he  was  special 
agent  for  the  Office  of  Indian  Affairs  in  the 
Department  of  the  Interior,  which  position  he 
resigned  in  order  to  participate  in  the  political 
campaign  of  Ira  Davenport,  candidate  for 
governor  of  New  York.  Later  he  was  for  a 
while  commissioner  of  immigration  for  the  port 
of  New  York,  and'  under  Mayor  Strong,  of 
New  York,  he  served  as  commissioner  of  chari- 
ties. At  the  time  of  his  death  General  O'Beirne 
was  clerk  of  the  supreme  court  of  the  State  of 
New  York.  In  character  General  O'Beirne  was 
a  man  of  intense  convictions.  When  he  offered 
his  services  to  his  adopted  country  to  serve 
as  a  soldier  against  the  Southern  States,  he 
was  impelled  by  more  than  a  sense  of  duty  as 
a  patriot.  To  him  the  idea  of  human  liberty 
was  an  intense  reality,  and  quite  aside  from 
patriotism,  his  sympathies  must  have  been 
strongly  against  the  cause  which  could  uphold 
the  institution  of  chattel  slavery.  Thus  the 
enthusiasm  which  impelled  him  to  fight  for 
the  Union  cause  was  of  double  origin;  from  a 
sense  of  patriotic  duty  and  from  love  of  human 
liberty.  His  devotion  to  this  latter  ideal  Gen- 
eral O'Beirne  probably  inherited  from  his 
father,  for  throughout  his  whole  life  he  was 
a  strong  supporter  of  the  Irish  movement  for 
freedom  in  America.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  Irish  Parliamentary  Fund  Association  and 
a  close  friend  of  the  Irish  patriot,  Parnell, 
whom  he  persuaded  to  visit  and  to  speak  in 
this  country.  It  was  through  General 
O'Bierne's  efforts  that  Parnell  was  accorded 
the  privilege  of  speaking  in  the  House  of  Rep- 
resentatives. Human  liberty,  however,  was  to 
him  by  no  means  the  prerogative  of  any  one 
people.  He  was  intensely  interested  in  all  the 
struggles  for  liberty  going  on  throughout  the 
world,  whether  in  the  Balkans,  in  Russia,  or 
in  South  Africa.  During  the  Boer  War  he 
was  appointed  by  President  Kruger,  commis- 
sioner extraordinary  to  represent  the  Trans- 
vaal in  the  United  States.  General  O'Beirne 
was  very  active  as  a  member  of  the  Grand  Army 
of  the  Republic.  He  was  president  of  the  United 
States  Army  and  Navy  Congressional  Medal 
of  Honor  Legion  of  the  United  States  and 
associate  organizer,  treasurer,  and  president  of 
the  American  Boy  Scouts.  During  the  Co- 
lumbian celebration,  in  1893,  he  was  marshal 
of  the  Catholic  schools  and  colleges.  General 
O'Beirne  was  decorated  by  the  government  of 
Venezuela  with  the  "  Bust  of  the  Liberator " 
for  his  work  in  the  removal  of  the  body  of 
General  Paz  from  New  York  to  Venezuela.  At 
the  time,  a  parade  was  held  in  honor  of  Gen- 
eral O'Beirne.  He  was  also  in  charge  of  Presi- 
dent Johnson's  "  swing   round  the  circle,"  at 


the  time  the  latter  was  under  trial  for  im- 
peachment. General  O'Beirne  was  awarded  a 
medal  from  the  organized  labor  organizations 
in  this  country  for  his  activities  as  chairman 
of  a  committee  which  called  on  General  Grant 
in  the  interest  of  the  eight-hour  law,  being  one 
of  the  first  to  agitate  this  reform.  General 
O'Beirne  was  for  many  years  president  of  the 
Washington  Savings  Bank  and  president  of  the 
Yonkers  Electric  Light  Company.  On  26  Oct., 
1862,  he  married  Martha,  daughter  of  Patrick 
Brennan,  of  New  York  City,  and  they  were  the 
parents  of  one  daughter,  Gertrude  M.  O'Beirne. 
The  marriage  was  solemnized  in  the  home  of 
Patrick  Brennan,  at  Eighty-fourth  Street  and 
Old  Bloomingdale  Road,  now  Broadway,  New 
York  City.  Patrick  Brennan  was  a  man  of 
unusual  literary  talent  and  the  author  of  "  The 
Battle   of   Chancellorsville." 

CHENEY,  Benjamin  Pierce,  transportation 
pioneer,  b.  in  Hillsboro,  N.  H.,  12  Aug.,  1815; 
d.  in  Wellesley,  Mass.,  23  July,  1895,  son  of 
Jesse  and  Alice  (Steele)  Cheney.  He  traces 
his  descent  from  the  best  New  England  fami- 
lies, many  members  of  which  figured  in  the 
early  history  of  the  colonies.  One  of  his  an- 
cestors, John  Cheney,  was  a  prominent  free- 
man of  Newbury,  and  served  several  terms  as 
selectman.  From  him  the  line  of  descent  fol- 
lows through  six  generations  to  Peter  and 
Hannah  (Noyes)  Cheney  (1639-95);  John 
and  Mary  (Chute)  Cheney  (1666-1750);  John 
and  Elizabeth  (Dakin)  Cheney  (1705-53); 
Tristram  and  Margaret  (Joyner)  Cheney 
(1726-1816);  Elias  and  Lucy  (Blanchard) 
Cheney  (1760-1816),  and  his  parents.  His 
grandfather,  Elias  Cheney,  enlisted  in  the 
Revolutionary  War  at  the  age  of  seventeen  and 
was  wounded  in  the  battle  of  Fort  Ticonder- 
oga.  Benjamin  P.  Cheney  was  named  for 
Benjamin  Pierce,  a  governor  of  New  Hamp- 
shire, at  the  governor's  request.  He  was  edu- 
cated in  the  common  schools  of  his  native 
town,  and  at  the  age  of  ten  was  employed  in 
his  father's  blacksmith  shop.  At  twelve  he 
found  work  in  the  country  tavern  and  store 
at  Francestown,  and  at  the  age  of  sixteen 
drove  a  stage  coach  between  Nashua  and 
Keene,  an  occupation  which  continued  for 
nea,rly  five  years.  In  those  days  railroads 
were  few,  did  not  compete  seriously  with  the 
stage  coach,  and  Mr.  Cheney  was  frequently 
called  upon  to  pick  up  passengers  from  a  dis- 
abled train  and  carry  them  to  their  destina- 
tion. He  made  the  acquaintance  of  many 
noted  men,  among  them  Daniel  Webster,  whose 
friendship  he  enjoyed  throughout  his  lifetime. 
The  carrying  of  express  matter  was  an  im- 
portant source  of  revenue  in  the  stage  coach 
business,  and  in  1842,  Mr.  Cheney  with 
Nathaniel  White,  of  Nashua,  N.  IL,  and  Wil- 
liam Walker,  of  Concord,  N.  IL,  formed  the 
United  States  and  Canada  Express  Company, 
combining  several  stage  linos  into  one  or- 
ganization. In  1852  he  purchased  the  Fish 
and  Rice  Express,  and  operated  a  lino  be- 
tween Boston  and  Burlington.  Vt,,  later  merg- 
ing this  thriving  luisinoas  with  other  com- 
panies. Mr.  Cheney  built  a  large  and  pros- 
perous industry  from  nniall  hcgi linings,  and 
in  1879  consoiidatod  Ills  IiuhIiiohs  with  the 
American  E.\pr(>HH  ('oiiipany.  of  whidi  ho  be- 
came the  largoHf  .stockliohior  and  was  treas- 
urer and  a  moinbor  of   Kh  hoard  of  directors 


93 


BAKER 


MILLER 


Through  his  remarkable  knowledge  of  transit 
systems    and    his   ability    to    judge    men,    Mr. 
Cheney  laid  the  foundation  of  one  of  the  main 
transportation    corporations    of    the    country. 
His    transit     interests     brought    him     promi- 
nently into  the  foreground,  and  in  succeeding 
years  he  was  enabled  to  develop  other  impor- 
tant enterprises.     He  became  connected   with 
the  overland  mail  to  San  Francisco;   was  an 
organizer    of    the    Wells-Fargo    Express    Com- 
pany and  the  Vermont  Central  Railroad;  and 
was  a  pioneer  in  the  construction  of  leading 
Western  railroads.    Among  these  may  be  men- 
tioned the  Northern  Paciiic  Kailroad,  and  the 
Atchison,  Topeka  and  Santa  Fe  Railroad.    His 
loyalty  to  the  enterprises  to  which  he  lent  his 
name  was  well   illustrated  at  the  time  of  the 
Atchison    railroad    failure,    when   he   declined 
to   take  advantage  of   inside   information  and 
follow^    the    other    directors    in    unloading   his 
holdings   of   the   stock   of   the   company.     Mr. 
Cheney    amassed    a    fortune    through    honest 
business  efiort,  and  was  regarded  in  the  com- 
mercial world  as  a  man  of  tenacious  purpose 
and  intense  convictions.     He  was  quick  to  see 
opportunities  offered  by  the  expansion  of  the 
country,  and  early  demonstrated  that  he  was 
not    unworthy    of    the    responsibilities    placed 
upon  him.     He  was  a  tireless  worker,  with  a 
thorough    knowledge   of   business   affairs,   and 
kept  himself  well  informed  concerning  indus- 
trial developments.     A  man  of  high  personal 
honor,  he  took  pride  in  his  reputation  as  an 
express    and    transit    pioneer.      Mr.     Cheney 
found  time  to  devote  to  the  study  of  history, 
and  was  an  active  member  of  the  New  England 
Historical  and  Genealogical  Society.     He  con- 
tributed liberally  to  worthy  charities,  and  en- 
couraged  every  movement  for  the  welfare   of 
the  community.     Among  his  donations  may  be 
mentioned  $50,000  to  Dartmouth  College;  also 
a  large  sum  toward  the  founding  of  an  academy 
named  in  his  honor  in  Washington  Territory.    In 
1886  he  presented  to  the  State  of  New  Hamp- 
shire a  statue  of  Daniel  Webster,  which  was 
erected  in  Concord.     Early  in  his  career,  Mr. 
Cheney  was  deprived  of  the  use  of  his  right 
hand    by    a    railway    accident,    but    this   mis- 
fortune   did    not    interfere    with    his    business 
activities.     In  June,  1865,  he  was  married  to 
Elizabeth  Clapp,  of  Dorchester,  and  they  had 
five   children:    Alice    Steele,    Mary,    Elizabeth, 
and  Benjamin  Pierce  Cheney,  Jr. 

BAKER,  John  Sherman,  banker,  b.  in  Cleve- 
land, Ohio,  21  Nov.,  1861,  son  of  Asabel  Morse 
Baker  and  Martha  Patience  Sprague  Baker. 
He  is  a  descendant  from  Edward  Baker,  who 
emigrated  to  this  country  from  London  in 
June,  1860,  settling  in  Boston.  At  the  age  of 
twenty,  John  S.  Baker  engaged  in  business  on 
his  own  account,  operating  a  general  store  at 
Carbonado,  Wash.,  and  in  the  following  year 
migrated  to  Tacoma.  In  1880,  in  company 
with  others,  he  organized  the  Fidelity  Trust 
Company,  in  the  state  of  W^ashington,  of 
w^hich  he  is  now  president.  Mr.  Baker  is 
prominently  connected  wuth  many  enterprises 
in  Tacoma,  building  and  owning  many  of  the 
larger  office  and  Ijusiness  structures  of  the 
city.  He  is  interested  in  many  financial  and 
manufacturing  corporations,  including  flour 
and  lumber  mills,  and  steamship  lines.  In 
1889  the  citizens  of  Tacoma  elected  him  to  the 
state  senate,  where  he  served  four  years.     For 


more  than  twenty  years  Mr.  Baker  has  been 
the  largest  individual  taxpayer  in  Tacoma. 
He  is  a  member  of  many  social  and  fraternal 
organiz  a  t  i  o  n  s  , 
and  is  the  or- 
ganizer and  pres- 
ident of  the  first 
professional  base- 
ball club  started 
in  Tacoma.  Mr. 
Baker  was  mar- 
ried on  12  May, 
1887,  to  Laura, 
daughter  of  Capt. 
John  C.  Ains- 
worth,  president 
of  the  Oregon 
Steam  Naviga- 
tion Company, 
and  a  pioneer  set- 
tler    in     Oregon. 

They     have     one  ^^"i/C^^^^-^^X^  ^ 
child,         BerniceC/ 
Ainsworth  Baker. 

MILLER,  Alfred  Jamieson,  merchant,  b.  in 
Monmouth  County,  N.  J.,  15  Feb.,  1846;  d.  in 
Camden,  Me.,  2  July,  1904,  son  of  James  Har- 
vey and  Sarah  (Jamieson)  Miller.  His  ear- 
liest American  paternal  ancestor  was  Henry 
Miller,  who  came  to  this  country  from  Hol- 
land early  in  1680  and  settled  in  New  York. 
His  grandfather.  Captain  Miller,  commanded 
a  company  in  the  Continental  army;  an  uncle, 
on  his  father's  side,  built  one  division  of  the 
Erie  Railroad.  His  father  was  in  the  busi- 
ness of  tanning  in  New  York  City  in  1829, 
but  during  a  cholera  epidemic  removed  to 
New  Jersey,  where  he  became  connected  with 
the  Camden  and  Amboy  Railroad.  At  one 
time  he  was  a  member  of  the  notable  fire  bri- 
gade of  citizens  of  New  York.  In  1858,  when 
only  twelve  years  of  age,  Alfred  J.  Miller  went 
with  an  older  sister  to  visit  the  family  of 
William  Whitehead,  at  that  time  a  resident 
of  Middlesex  County,  N.  J.  Having  no  sons 
of  their  own,  and  being  strongly  attracted  by 
the  engaging  personality  of  the  boy,  the 
Whiteheads  persuaded  his  parents  to  allow 
him  to  remain  with  them  on  an  indefinite 
visit.  Thus  was  begun  a  friendship  which 
was  later  to  be  cemented  with  closer  bonds, 
and  was  also  to  merge  into  a  life  business  re- 
lationship. In  1861  Mr.  Miller  visited  an 
aunt,  Mrs.  Winibish,  the  wife  of  an  editor  of 
a  leading  newspaper  in  Montgomery,  Ala., 
who  had  been  obliged  to  leave  the  South  on 
account  of  their  Northern  sympathies.  They 
had  just  arrived  in  St.  Paul,  Minn.,  when 
Mr.  Miller  came  to  them  on  his  visit  and  it  was 
there  and  then  that  he  met  the  late  James  J. 
Hill,  who  was  attracted  by  the  latent  abilities 
which  the  lad  seemed  to  possess,  and  offered 
him  a  position  in  his  employ.  In  the  mean- 
time, however,  Mr.  Whitehead,  whose  infant 
son  had  just  died,  Avrote,  asking  him  to  return 
and  make  his  home  with  him,  which  he  de- 
cided to  do  in  preference  to  accepting  Mr. 
Hill's  offer.  In  1866  Mr.  Miller,  when  twenty 
years  of  age,  entered  the  firm  of  which  Mr. 
Whitehead  was  the  head,  in  the  foundry  sup- 
ply business.  It  was  then  known  as  C.  W. 
and  J.  Whitehead,  but  was  finally  incorpo- 
rated under  the  name  of  Whitehead  Bros. 
Company,     Here    he    rapidly    rose    from    one 


94 


37^  iy  W7:-^c.Tht^T~  jvy 


HARPER 


GROSVENOR 


position  of  trust  to  another,  until  finally  he 
became  vice-president.  For  many  years  he 
was  also  the  New  England  agent  of  the  firm. 
From  1869  to  1872  he  was  also  a  shipbroker, 
with  an  office  on  South  Street,  New  York  City. 
In  spite  of  his  busy  life,  Mr.  Miller  still  found 
time  to  travel  extensively,  even  extending  his 
tours  into  the  Orient,  which  was  then  not 
within  the  beaten  line  of  American  travel. 
While  abroad  he  met  many  notable  people, 
notably  the  late  King  Edward  of  England, 
then  Prince  of  Wales,  and  Earl  Spenser,  who 
talked  with  him,  and  who  valued  his  opinions 
on  questions  of  the  day  concerning  the  United 
States.  Mr.  Miller  was  a  keen  votary  of  out- 
door sports,  such  as  sailing,  golf,  driving,  and 
motoring.  In  earlier  years  he  had  been  a 
member  of  an  amateur  theatrical  society,  and 
all  through  his  life  he  was  a  constant  reader 
and  a  devoted  admirer  of  Shakespeare.  In 
politics  his  sympathies  were  wuth  the  Repub- 
lican party,  especially  in  the  earlier  days, 
when  its  platform  strongly  enunciated  the 
principles  of  anti-slavery  and  a  consolidated 
Union.  On  10  Dec,  1873,  Mr.  Miller  married 
Charlotte,  daughter  of  his  old-time  friend  and 
business  associate,  William  Whitehead.  They 
had  two  children,  one  son,  Alfred  Jamieson 
Miller,  and  one  daughter,  Isabel  Miller. 

HARPER,  Francis  Alexander,  attorney  and 
banker,  b.  at  Ora,  Ontario,  Canada,  28  March, 
1874,  son  of  Marmaduke  and  Margaret  (Thomp- 
son )  Harper, 
His  father  (1829- 
1909)  was  a 
farmer.  His  edu- 
cation was  re- 
ceived in  district 
schools,  and  in 
the  high  school 
at  Champion, 
Mich.  He  then 
entered  the  law 
department  of 
the  University  of 
Michigan,  and 
was  graduated 
LL.B.  in  1896; 
being  admitted  to 
practice  in  both 
Michigan  and  Il- 
linois in  the  same 
year.  Since  then 
he  has  been  in 
active  practice  in  Chicago,  and  has  confined  his 
attention  almost  entirely  to  corporation  and 
real  estate  matters.  Throughout  his  career 
of  nearly  twenty  years,  he  has  practiced  as  an 
individual,  having  been  connected  with  no 
firm,  and  his  name  has  appeared  in  connection 
with  many  important  cases  in  litigation  in 
Cook  County  courts.  He  resides  at  Tinley 
Park,  where  he  is  president  of  the  village, 
also  vice-president  of  the  Bremen  State  Bank 
of  the  same  place,  and  one  of  the  recognized 
leaders  of  local  affairs.  For  seven  years  Mr. 
Harper  was  a  member  of  the  faculty  of  the 
Chicago  Law  School,  holding  the  chair  of 
evidence  and  torts.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Chicago  and  Illinois  Bar  Associations;  is 
affiliated  with  the  Knights  of  Columbus,  and 
belongs  to  the  Hamilton  Club,  Woodlawn  Park 
Club,  the  Irish  Fellowship  Club,  and  the  Mich- 
igan   Society.      Mr.    Harper    was    married    12 


Oct.,  1898,  to  Mary  Angela  Kennedy,  of  Ish- 
peming,  Mich.  Their  children  are:  Francis  A., 
Jr.,  Ellen,  and  Mary  Angela. 

GROSVENOR,  William,  physician  and  man- 
ufacturer, b.  in  Killingly,  Conn.,  30  April, 
1810;  d.  in  Maplewood,  N.  H.,  12  Aug.,  1888, 
son  of  Dr.  Robert  and  Mary  (Beggs)  Gros- 
venor.  He  was  descended,  in  the  fifth  genera- 
tion, from  John  Grosvenor,  who,  with  his  wife 
Esther  and  four  sons,  William,  John  Leicester, 
and  Joseph,  came  to  this  country  from 
Cheshire,  England,  in  1680,  and  settled  at 
Roxbury,  Mass.  Three  children,  Susanna, 
Ebenezer,  and  Thomas,  were  born  at  Roxbury, 
In  1686  he  was  associated  with  Samuel  Bug- 
gies, John  Chandler,  Benjamin  Sabin,  Samuel 
Ruggles,  Jr.,  and  Joseph  Griffin,  who,  for 
thirty  pounds,  purchased  15,100  acres  of  wil- 
derness land  in  the  Wabbaquasett  country, 
from  Maj.  James  Fitch,  of  Norwich.  The 
region  thus  purchased  w^as  called  Mosamoquet. 
This  tract  included  the  territory  afterward 
occupied  by  the  towns  of  Pomfret,  Killingly, 
Woodstock,  and  Thompson,  Conn,  and  was 
given  by  Uncas,  sachem  of  the  Mohegans,  to 
his  son,  Aweneco,  who  sold  it  to  Major  Fitch. 
The  purchasers  of  Mosamoquet,  mostly  resi- 
dents of  Roxbury,  Mass.,  did  not  at  first  form 
a  settlement,  and  John  Grosvenor  died  at  Rox- 
bury, 26  Sept.,  1691.  His  widow,  with  her 
children,  except  the  eldest  son,  moved  with 
the  party  of  settlers  to  Mosamoquet  in  1692. 
William  Grosvenor,  the  eldest  son,  was  then 
a  student  at  Harvard  College,  where  he  was 
graduated  in  1693.  He  afterward  resided  at 
Charlestown,  Mass  ,  and  was  the  ancestor  of 
the  Grosvenors  of  Eastern  Massachusetts.  Mrs. 
Grosvenor  had  set  off  to  her  540  acres  near  the 
center  of  the  new  settlement.  Among  her  de- 
scendants have  been  men  who  have  distin- 
guished themselves  in  the  colony  and  State; 
one  of  whom  was  the  Colonel  Grosvenor  who 
commanded  a  portion  of  the  Connecticut 
troops  at  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill.  The 
youngest  son  of  John  and  Esther  Grosvenor 
was  Col.  Thomas  Grosvenor  (b.  in  Roxbury, 
Mass.,  in  1685).  His  name  frequently  appears 
in  the  annals  of  the  time.  He  had  four  sons, 
of  whom  the  youngest  was  Joshua.  The 
last-named  also  had  four  sons,  of  whom 
the  youngest  was  Robert,  who  attained 
a  wide  reputation  as  a  skillful  physician. 
Robert's  son,  William,  subject  of  this  article, 
was  educated  to  the  same  profession;  and 
having  completed  his  studies  in  the  office 
of  Dr.  George  McClellan  and  in  the  wards  of 
the  Pennsylvania  Hospital,  entered  Jefferson 
Medical  College,  where  he  was  graduated 
M.D.  in  1830  at  the  head  of  the  class.  He 
then  returned  to  his  native  place,  where  he 
practiced  medicine  for  some  years  in  partner- 
ship with  his  father,  who  had  an  extensive 
practice.  Following  his  marriage,  in  1837,  he 
removed  to  Providence,  B  I ,  and  began  busi- 
ness in  that  city  as  a  wholesale  merchant  in 
drugs  and  dyestuffs  For  five  years  he  was 
the  senior  partner  in  the  firm  of  Grosvenor 
and  Chace,  wholesale  druggists,  but  having 
made  himself  familiar  with  the  business  of 
stocking  the  printers  of  calico  with  cloth  he 
embarked  in  that  business,  in  which  he  con- 
tinued until  1852.  The  death  of  Amasa 
Mason,  a  relative  on  his  wife's  side,  prepared 
the  way  for  him  to  engage  in  the  manufactur?* 


95 


GROSVENOR 


BOLDT 


of  cotton  fabrics,  and  the  result  was  the  fac- 
tories of  the  Grosvenor-Daie  Company,  situated 
in  the  valley  of  Grosvenor  Dale,  Conn.  The 
first  purchase  of  less  than  8,000  spindles  has 
been,  by  wise  administration,  increased  to 
95,696  spindles,  the  largest  establishment  for 
the  manufacture  of  cotton  textile  fabrics  in 
Connecticut,  and  one  of  the  largest  in  the 
country  The  business  capacity  and  integrity 
of  Dr.  Grosvenor  won  for  him  a  high  place 
among  the  business  men  of  New  England.  Out- 
side of  the  industrial  world  Dr  Grosvenor 
made  his  influence  felt  in  many  ways.  At  the 
commencement  of  the  Civil  War  and  as  chair- 
man of  the  committee  on  finance  of  the  State 
senate,  he  occupied  a  responsible  position,  and 
among  other  matters  which  were  brought  to 
the  attention  of  the  committee  was  a  petition 
to  which  were  affixed  the  names  of  a  large 
number  of  highly  respected  citizens  of  South 
Kingston,  asking  for  appropriations  for  the 
erection  of  a  monument  to  the  memory  of  Gen. 
Isaac  P.  Rodman.  It  was  at  a  time  when  the 
State  was  issuing  her  bonds  by  millions  for 
the  defense  of  the  government,  and  many  gal- 
lant and  distinguished  sons  of  Rhode  Island 
had  lost  their  lives  in  the  service  of  their 
country.  The  committee  recommended  "  that 
a  monument  becoming  the  affluence  of  the 
State  and  the  memory  of  her  illustrious  heroes 
in  this  war  with  the  rebels,  be  speedily 
erected."  Subsequently,  at  the  session  of  1866, 
Dr.  Grosvenor  introduced  a  resolution  for  the 
appointment  of  a  committee  to  select  a  site 
and  obtain  designs  for  the  proposed  monu- 
ment, the  result  of  which  action  was  the 
memorial  in  granite  and  bronze  which  stands 
in  front  of  the  city  hall  in  Providence.  Dr. 
Grosvenor  married  on  22  Aug.,  1837,  Rosa 
Anne,  daughter  of  Hon.  James  Brown  and 
Alice  (Brown)  Mason.  They  had  seven  chil- 
dren: William,  Jr  ,  who  became  treasurer  and 
manager  of  the  business  at  the  home  office  in 
Providence,  upon  the  death  of  his  father; 
James  B.  M.,  who  was  founder  of  the  house  of 
Grosvenor  and  Company  in  New  York,  selling 
agent  in  that  city;  Amasa  M,  who  died  in 
infancy;  Alice  M.,  wife  of  Dr  John  J.  Mason, 
of  New  York;  Robert,  a  graduate  of  Norwich 
University,  who  was  associated  with  his 
brother  in  the  Providence  office  until  his 
death,  19  July,  1879;  Eliza  Howe,  who  died 
in  infancy,  and  Rosa  Anne  Grosvenor. 

GROSVENOR,  William,  Jr.,  financier  and 
manufacturer,  b.  in  Providence,  R  I.,  4  Aug , 
1838;  d.  in  Providence,  R  I,  20  June, 
1906,  son  of  Dr.  William  (1810-88)  and  Rosa 
Anne  (Mason)  Grosvenor  He  received  his 
education  at  Brown  University,  from  which  he 
was  graduated  in  the  class  of  1860  with  the 
degree  of  MA.  Soon  after  graduation  he 
entered  the  office  of  the  Grosvenor-Dale  Com- 
pany, of  which  his  father  was  the  head,  and 
it  was  in  connection  with  cotton  manufactur- 
ing that  he  was  most  prominently  known 
through  his  long  connection  with  the  company 
of  which  he  became  treasurer  and  manager 
upon  the  death  of  his  father  in  1888.  This 
great  cotton  manufacturing  enterprise  was 
brought  to  its  high  standard  of  development 
by  his  father,  who  secured  the  original  plant 
in  1852.  By  a  liberal  outlay,  and  as  the 
result  of  a  thorough  and  wise  organization, 
the   first  purchase  of   8,000   spindles  was   in- 


creased until  it  ultimately  became  considera- 
bly the  largest  establishment  for  the  manu- 
facture of  cotton  textile  fabrics  in  the  State 
of  Connecticut,  and  one  of  the  largest  of  its 
class  in  the  country.  Of  a  very  retiring  dis- 
position, Mr.  Grosvenor  devoted  his  whole 
energy  and  attention  to  the  company  and  was 
very  successful.  He  was  a  charter  member  of 
the  Hope  Club  of  Providence,  and  a  member 
of  the  Agawam  Hunt  and  Newport  Golf  Clubs. 
He  married  on  4  Oct.,  1882,  Rose  D.,  daughter 
of  Theodore  W.  Phinney,  of  Newport,  R.I,, 
and  they  had  seven  children:  Alice  (Mrs. 
Dudley  Davis),  Caroline  (Mrs.  G.  Maurice 
Congdon),  William,  Rose  (Mrs.  George  Pea- 
body  Gardner,  Jr. ) ,  Robert,  Anita,  and  Theo- 
dore Phinney  Grosvenor. 

ABBETT,  Leon,  governor  of  New  Jersey,  b. 
in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  8  Oct.,  1836;  d.  in  Jersey 
City,  N,  J.,  4  Dec,  1894.  His  great-grand- 
father, an  English  Quaker,  came  to  America  in 
1750,  and  located  in  Montgomery  County,  Pa. 
Mr.  Abbett  completed  his  studies  at  the  Cen- 
tral high  school  of  Philadelphia,  with  the  class 
of  1853,  of  which  he  was  valedictorian.  He 
then  entered  the  law  office  of  John  W.  Ash- 
mead  of  Philadelphia,  and  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1858.  .In  1859  he  removed  to  Ho- 
boken,  and  passed  the  examinations  for  admis- 
sion to  the  bars  of  New  York  and  New  Jersey. 
He  quickly  acquired  a  reputation  for  learning 
and  eloquence,  his  services  being  especially 
sought  in  cases  that  required  familiarity  with 
constitutional  and  municipal  law.  In  1863  he 
was  appointed  corporation  counsel  of  Hoboken, 
and  in  1869,  president  of  the  board  of  educa- 
tion of  New  Jersey.  In  1864  he  was  elected 
to  the  New  Jersey  legislature,  and  in  1874,  al- 
though absent  in  Europe,  was  nominated  for 
the  State  senate.  His  election  followed,  and 
he  was  chosen  president  of  the  senate  in  1877. 
In  1883  he  was  elected  governor  on  the  Demo- 
cratic ticket,  and  re-elected  on  the  same  ticket 
in  1889.  It  was  due  to  Governor  Abbett  that 
the  railroads  of  New  Jersey  were  obliged  to 
pay  the  taxes  they  had  long  evaded.  In  his 
first  inaugural  address.  Governor  Abbett 
called  attention  to  this  evasion,  and  it  was  due 
to  his  influence  that  the  legislature  passed 
laws  to  remedy  the  evil.  The  Morris  and  Es- 
sex Railroad  Company  tried  to  escape  the  new 
laws  under  an  alleged  contract  with  the  State 
whose  terms  exempted  the  road  from  taxation, 
but  Governor  Abbett  used  every  means  in  his 
power  to  compel  the  surrender  of  the  contract 
and  finally  forced  the  road  to  pay  into  the 
State  treasury  $235,000  as  arrears  of  taxes. 
Governor  Abbett  also  remedied  many  evils  in 
the  labor  laws  of  New  Jersey.  He  was  one  of 
the  most  popular  governors  the  State  has  ever 
had;  thoroughly  democratic  in  manner,  and 
an  active  worker  in  many  good  causes.  He 
was  fond  of  sports,  especially  yachting,  and 
for  a  long  time  was  commodore  of  the  New 
Rochelle  Yacht  Club.  In  1887,  and  again  in 
1892,  he  unsuccessfully  competed  for  the  office 
of  U.  S.  Senator  from  New  Jersey.  In  1893 
he  was  appointed  an  associate  justice  of  the 
Supreme  Court  of  New  Jersey.  Governor  Ab- 
bett was  married  in  1862  to  Mary  Briggs  of 
Philadelphia,  who  died  in  1879. 

BOLDT,  Hermann  Johannes,  physician  and 
surgeon,  b.  in  Neuentempel,  Germany,  24 
June,    1856,    son    of    Hermann    and    Amalie 


96 


GRISCOM 


LYNCH 


(Kruger)  Boldt.  His  parents  came  to  America 
when  he  was  nine  years  of  age,  locating  at 
Milwaukee,  Wis.,  where  he  received  his  early 
education  in  the  public  schools,  and  later  en- 
tered a  school  of  pharmacy.  He  was  engaged 
in  the  drug  business  for  several  years,  and  in 
1876  entered  the  medical  department  of  the 
New  York  University,  where  he  was  graduated 
in  1879.  In  that  year  he  was  appointed  as- 
sistant professor  of  gynecology  under  Dr,  M. 
A.  Fallen,  with  whom  he  served  three  years. 
When  the  Post-Graduate  Medical  School  was 
formed,  in  1881,  Dr.  Boldt  became  instructor 
in  female  diseases  and  midwifery,  but  resigned 
after  a  few  months  to  enter  private  practice. 
He  was  appointed  professor  of  female  diseases 
at  the  Post-Graduate  Hospital  in  1890,  hold- 
ing this  chair,  in  addition  to  his  large  private 
practice,  and  his  duties  at  the  German 
Poliklinik,  which  he  helped  to  found.  Since 
1893  he  has  devoted  his  attention  to  gynecology. 
He  is  a  consulting  physician  of  Beth  Israel, 
St.  Vincent's,  St.  Mark's,  and  other  hospitals. 
Each  year  it  has  been  his  custom  to  spend 
several  months  in  foreign  hospitals,  for  the 
purpose  of  acquainting  himself  with  the  latest 
discoveries  of  European  surgeons.  Dr.  Boldt 
was  the  first  investigator  in  America  to  deter- 
mine the  psychological  action  of  cocaine,  and 
is  considered  an  authority  on  the  subject.  He 
was  an  early  advocate  of  the  original  method 
of  operation' in  certain  cases  of  pelvic  surgery, 
and  was  one  of  the  first  surgeons  to  undertake 
the  bodily  removal  of  the  fibromyomatous 
inter i.  He  has  invented  a  number  of  instru- 
ments and  contrivances  for  the  use  of  sur- 
geons, among  them  various  kinds  of  operating 
and  examination  tables,  which  have  been 
widely  used  and  commended.  He  is  a  member 
of  the  American,  International,  and  British 
Gynecological  Societies  and  the  Gynecological 
Society  of  Germany;  he  is  an  ex-president  of 
the  German  Medical  Society  of  New  York,  and 
a  member  of  several  American  obstetrical  and 
pathological  societies.  In  1891  he  married 
Hedwig  Kruger,  of  Berlin.  They  have  one 
son,  Hermann  J.  Boldt,  Jr. 

6EISC0M,  Lloyd  Carpenter,  diplomat,  b.  at 
Riverton,  N.  J.,  4  Nov.,  1872,  son  of  Clement 
A.  and  Frances  Canby  (Biddle)  Griscom.  He 
received  his  early  education  in  Geneva  and 
Paris,  and  took  the  course  of  the  Wharton 
School  of  Finance  and  Economy  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania,  where  he  was  grad- 
uated Ph  B.  in  1891  Subsequently  he  studied 
law  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  Law 
School,  and  in  1892  was  appointed  attache 
to  the  U  S  embassy  in  London,  there  becom- 
ing private  secretary  to  the  ambassador,  Mr 
Bayard.  In  1895  he  made  a  journey  through 
Central  and  South  America  in  company  with 
Henry  Somers  Somerset  and  Richard  Harding 
Davis,  the  events  of  which  were  chronicled  in 
the  latter's  **  Three  Gringoes  in  Central 
America."  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  of 
New  York  in  1896  and,  in  the  following  year, 
was  appointed  deputy  assistant  district  at- 
torney of  New  York  City.  He  resigned  that 
office  after  a  few  months,  owing  to  failing 
health,  and  purchased  a  ranch  in  Arizona.  On 
the  outbreak  of  the  Spanish-American  War  he 
received  a  staff  appointment  from  President 
McKinley,  and  was  commissioned  captain  and 
quartermaster.     He   served  for   three   months 


on  the  staff  of  Maj.-Gen.  James  F.  Wade,  at 
Chickamauga  and  subsequently  accompanied 
General  Gage  to  Cuba  as  personal  aide-de- 
camp. In  1899  he  was  appointed  first  secretary 
of  the  U.  S.  legation  at  Constantinople,  and 
he  held  that  office  for  nearly  two  years,  acting 
during  fifteen  years  of  the  time  as  charg6 
d'affaires.  In  the  latter  capacity  he  success- 
fully settled  the  question  of  the  Armenian  in- 
demnity claims,  and  as  a  result  of  his  success 
he  was  appointed  envoy  extraordinary  and 
minister  plenipotentiary  to  Persia  in  1901. 
His  chief  service  as  minister  to  Persia  was  the 
opening  up  of  a  new  trade  route  for  American 
commerce  in  that  country.  He  was  appointed 
envoy  extraordinary  and  minister  plenipoten- 
tiary to  Japan  by  President  Roosevelt  in 
1902  and  held  that  office  during  the  difficult 
period  of  the  Russo-Japanese  War.  In  1906 
he  was  appointed  ambassador  extraordinary 
and  plenipotentiary  to  Brazil,  and  in  1907 
was  chosen  to  represent  the  United  States  in 
Italy.  He  resigned  the  latter  office  in  1909 
and  since  1911  has  been  a  member  of  the  law 
firm  of  Philbin,  Beekman,  Menker  and  Gris- 
com, New  York.  Mr.  Griscom  received  the 
Order  of  Bolivar  from  the  government  of 
Venezuela  in  1895,  and  the  grand  cordon  of 
the  Lion  and  the  Sun  from  the  shah  of  Persia 
in  1902.  He  was  president  of  the  Republican 
County  Committee,  New  York  County,  in 
1910-11,  and  is  a  member  of  the  inner  com- 
mittee of  the  Charity  Organization  Society, 
the  Society  of  International  Law,  the  Geo- 
graphical Society,  the  American  Red  Cross 
Society,  the  Japan  Society,  and  the  Pennsyl- 
vania Society  of  New  York.  He  was  married 
2  Nov.,  1901,  to  Elizabeth  Duer,  daughter  of 
Frederic  Bronson,  of  New  York. 

LYNCH,  Frederick  Becknell,  real  estate  and 
lumber  dealer,  b.  in  Cottage  Grove,  Wis,  4 
May,  1896,  son  of  John  Wesley  and  Helen 
(De  Camp)  Lynch.  He  is  of  Irish  ancestry, 
his  great-grandfather,  James  Lynch,  having 
come  to  this  country  from  County  Galway, 
Ireland,  in  1809,  and  located  at  Hackensack, 
N.  J,  He  was  a  widower  and  brought  with 
him  from  Ireland  his  young  son,  James. 
John  W.  Lynch  (1831-1906)  lived  first  in 
Wisconsin  and  then  went  to  South  Dakota, 
where  he  reared  his  family.  He  was  a  pros- 
perous farmer  and  miller,  and  at  the  outbreak 
of  the  Civil  War  volunteered  for  service,  and 
served  until  its  close.  His  son  was  educated 
in  the  public  schools  of  Yankton,  S.  D.,  and 
later  attended  Yankton  College.  He  took  up 
engineering  as  a  profession  and  followed  that 
calling  for  some  time,  beginning  his  work  as 
chainman  on  the  U.  S  survey  in  Dakota,  in 
1882,  with  E.  H.  Van  Antwerp,  U.  S.  deputy 
surveyor.  From  1892  to  1896  he  was  deputy 
U.  S  surveyor,  thereby  gaining  the  exjiorionce 
in  land  values  which  he  afterward  turned  to 
good  account  in  his  business  career.  In  1897 
Mr.  Lynch  removed  to  St.  Paul.  Minn.,  and 
engaged  in  real  estate  and  lumbering  enter- 
prises, dealing  extensively  in  coal  lands  In 
fifteen  years  he  became  one  of  the  largest 
dealers  of  land  in  the  country,  with  interests 
extending  from  Canada  to  Florida,  and  in- 
cluding lumber,  coal,  iron,  and  other  proper- 
ties. In  1907,  ten  years  after  his  arrival  in 
St.  Paul,  he  was  secretary  of  the  Northwest 
Colonization    Company,    vice-president    of    the 


07 


HART 


LEWIS 


Canada  Land  and  Colonization  Company,  the 
Alberta  and  Saskatchewan  Land  Company,  the 
Madison  Land  Company,  Minnesota  Invest- 
ment Company,  Williams  Iron  Company,  and 
a  director  of  the  Western  Canada  Coal  and 
Coke  Company.  He  is  now  president  of  the 
Southern  Colonization  Company,  Minnesota  In- 
vestment Company,  Osage  Coal  Company,  and 
Western  Canada  Land  Company.  Mr.  Lynch 
is  active  in  politics,  both  local  and  national, 
and  his  influence  has  always  been  directed 
toward  the  uplift  and  betterment  of  political 
principles  and  the  public  welfare.  He  has 
become  a  national  figure  in  the  political  arena, 
and  is  recognized  as  one  of  the  most  represen- 
tative exponents  of  progressive  Democracy  of 
the  present  time.  His  personal  following  is 
large  and  it  is  said  that  he  probably  has 
more  friends  than  any  other  one  man  in  Min- 
nesota. He  was  a  member  of  the  Democratic 
National  Committee,  representing  the  State 
of  Minnesota  in  1904-08,  and  it  was  largely 
through  his  influence  that  Woodrow  Wilson 
secured  the  Minnesota  delegation  at  the  con- 
vention held  in  Baltimore  in  1912.  He  was 
one  of  the  chief  factors  among  the  Wilson 
forces  in  securing  the  nomination  of  Mr.  Wil- 
son for  the  presidency.  In  1912  he  was  again 
chosen  upon  the  Democratic  National  Commit- 
tee and  still  holds  that  position.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  council  of  the  city  of  St.  Paul 
from  1904  to  1908.  Mr.  Lynch  is  a  man  of 
fine  physical  proportions,  being  over  six  feet 
two  inches  in  height  and  as  well  endowed 
mentally  as  physically.  He  has  a  pleasing 
personality  w^hich  has  doubtless  been  one  vital 
reason  for  his  large  business  success.  He  is 
a  member  of  the  Minnesota  and  University 
Clubs  of  St.  Paul,  and  the  Seminole  Club  of 
Jacksonville,  Fla.,  and  a  trustee  of  St.  Paul 
Institute.  Mr.  Lynch  married  15  Dec,  1887, 
Isabella,  daughter  of  James  Purdon,  of  Wah- 
peton,  N.  D.  They  have  three  daughters: 
Jeanette  Gaynor,  Elinore  W.,  and  Rachel  D., 
and  one  son,  Lawrence  S.  Lynch. 

HART,  Albert  Bushnell,  educator,  b.  at 
Clarkesville,  Mercer  County,  Pa.,  1  July,  1854, 
son  of  Albert  Gaillard  and  Mary  Crosby  (Hor- 
nell)  Hart.  His  first  American  ancestor  was 
Stephen  Hart,  who  came  from  England  about 
1630,  locating  first  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  and 
later  in  Connecticut.  He  received  his  early 
education  at  Humiston's  Cleveland  Institute 
and  the  West  high  school  of  Cleveland  and 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  College  in  1880. 
From  1871  to  1875  he  was  engaged  in  busi- 
ness in  Cleveland.  After  his  graduation  he 
attended  the  Ecole  des  Sciences  Politiques, 
Paris,  and  the  LTniversities  of  Berlin  and 
Freiburg.  He  received  the  degree  of  Ph.D. 
from  the  University  of  Freiburg  in  1883,  and 
in  the  same  year  was  appointed  instructor  in 
history  at  Harvard  University.  In  1884  he 
was  appointed  assistant  professor  and  in  1897 
full  professor.  Since  1894  he  has  been  joint 
editor  of  the  "  Harvard  Graduates  Magazine," 
and  since  1895  of  the  "  American  History  Re- 
view." His  writings  include,  "  Introduction 
to  the  Study  of  Federal  Government"  (1890)  ; 
"Epoch  Maps"  (1891);  "Formation  of  the 
Union"  (1892)  ;  "Practical  Essays  on  Ameri- 
can Government"  (1893)  ;  "Studies  in  Ameri- 
can Education"  (1895)  ;  "Guide  to  the  Study 
of    American    History"    with    Edward    Chan- 


ning  (1897);  "Salmon  Portland  Chase'* 
(1899);  "Foundation  of  American  Foreign 
Policy  "  ( 1901 )  ;  "  Actual  Government  " 
(1903);  "Essentials  of  American  History" 
(1905);  "Slavery  and  Abolition"  (1906); 
"  National  Ideals  Historically  Traced  ** 
(1907);  "Manual  of  American  History, 
Diplomacy,  and  Government"  (1908).  Pro- 
fessor Hart  was  joint  editor  of  "  American  His- 
tory Leaflets"  (1895-1902),  and  editor  of 
"Epochs  of  American  History"  (3  vols.,  1891- 
96 )  ;  "  American  History  Told  by  Contempo- 
raries "  (4  vols.,  1898-1901);  "American  Citi- 
zen Series"  (since  1890);  "Source-Book  of 
American  History"  (1899);  "Source  Readers 
in  American  History"  (4  vols.,  1901-03); 
"The  American  Nation"  (1903-08).  He  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  LL.D.  from  Richmond  in 
1902,  Tufts  in  1905,  and  Western  Reserve  in 
1907,  and  that  of  Litt.D.  from  Geneva,  Switz- 
erland, in  1909.  He  was  married  11  July, 
1889,  to  Mary  Hurd  Putnam,  of  Manchester, 
N.  H. 

LEWIS,  Isaac  Newton,  soldier  and  inventor, 
b.  at  New  Salem,  Pa.,  12  Oct.,  1848,  son  of 
James  H.  and  Anne  (Kendall)  Lewis.  His 
paternal  ancestors  early  settled  in  western 
Pennsylvania.  His  maternal  grandfather  was 
a  commissioned  officer  in  Washington's  army. 
In  June,  1880,  he  entered  the  United  States 
Military  Academy  at  West  Point,  N.  Y.,  as  a 
cadet  from  Kansas,  and  was  graduated  in  June, 
1884.  His  first  assignment  to  duty  was  as  a 
second  lieutenant  of  artillery.  He  served  con- 
tinuously in  this  arm  of  the  service  until  his 
retirement  as  colonel  in  1913.  Throughout  his 
army  life  he  was  particularly  interested  in 
inventive  work,  designed  to  improve  the  effi- 
ciency of  the  service  and  was  almost  continu- 
ously occupied  with  experiments  in  this  direc- 
tion. While  stationed  at  Fort  Leavenworth, 
Kan.,  in  1888-89,  he  invented  and  developed 
the  first  successful  artillery  range  and  posi- 
tion finder,  which  instrument  became  the  basis 
of  the  elaborate  system  of  artillery  fire  control 
afterward  officially  adopted  for  all  harbor  forti- 
fications in  the  United  States.  Seventeen  years 
later.  Colonel  Lewis  at  his  own  expense  de- 
veloped and  presented  to  the  government  an 
improved  model  of  his  position  finder,  which 
after  exhaustive  official  trials  was  adopted  to 
the  exclusion  of  all  others  and  is  now  in  use 
in  all  coast  defense  works.  Colonel  Lewis  is 
the  inventor  of  numerous  other  military  in- 
struments, devices,  and  mechanisms  now  in 
general  use,  among  which  may  be  mentioned: 
the  first  successful  replotting  and  relocating 
system  for  coast  batteries;  the  time-interval 
clock  and  bell  system  of  signals;  the  quick- 
reading  mechanical  verniers  used  in  the  ar- 
tillery defenses;  a  quick-firing  field  gun  and 
mount.  It  was  an  official  report  from  Colonel 
Lewis  on  the  inadequacy  and  inefficiency  of  the 
obsolete  ordnance  equipment  supplied  artillery 
troops  in  the  Philippines  during  the  war  with 
Spain  that  first  drew  the  attention  of  Secre- 
tary of  War  Elihu  Root  to  the  needs  of  that 
branch  of  the  service.  W'hen  Secretary  Root 
decided  a  few  months  later  to  bring  the  matter 
to  the  attention  of  Congress,  he  instructed 
Colonel  Lewis  to  prepare  a  plan  for  a  modern 
corps  organization  for  the  artillery.  That 
plan,  with  but  few  minor  modifications,  was 
accepted  by  the  Military  Committees  of  both 


98 


.-,//  ^v y.'B^/Jhs^''-  .vy: 


LEWIS 


LEWIS 


houses  of  Congress  and  became  a  law.  Colonel 
Lewis  served  as  a  member  of  the  Board  on  the 
Regulation  of  Sea-Coast  Artillery  Fire  in  New 
York  Harbor,  from  1894  to  1898,  and  as 
recorder  of  the  board  of  Ordnance  and  Fortifi- 
cation in  Washington,  from  1898  to  1902. 
From  1904  to  1911  he  served  as  instructor  and 
director  of  the  Coast  Artixiery  School  at  Fort 
Monroe,  Va.  In  the  summer  of  1900,  Colonel 
Lewis  was  selected  by  Secretary  Root,  upon  the 
recommendation  of  Gen.  Nelson  A.  Miles,  to 
proceed  to  Europe  for  the  purpose  of  studying 
and  making  a  confidential  report  upon  the 
methods  of  manufacture  and  supply  of  ord- 
nance materials  in  the  various  European 
armies.  The  immediate  result  of  Colonel 
Lewis'  confidential  report  to  the  Secretary 
upon  his  return  to  Washington  was  a  complete 
re-armament  of  the  field  artillery  of  the  United 
States  with  modern  quick-firing  guns  on  mod- 
ern long-recoil  carriages.  As  an  electrical  and 
mechanical  engineer,  Colonel  Lewis  had  done 
original  and  successful  work  while  yet  a  young 
man.  He  was  the  first  to  develop  and  put  into 
use  the  well-known  differentially-wound,  self- 
regulating  dynamo,  which  is  practically  con- 
stant in  voltage  under  widely  varying  speeds 
when  operating  upon  a  low  resistance  circuit. 
This  dynamo,  with  its  automatic  electric 
switches  and  pole-changing  devices  of  his  in- 
vention, formed  the  basis  of  the  Lewis  Electric 
Car  Lighting  and  Windmill  Electric  Lighting 
systems.  He  also  took  out  a  number  of  patents 
on  internal  combustion  engines.  For  three 
years  prior  to  his  retirement  from  active  mili- 
tary service.  Colonel  Lewis  devoted  his  entire 
leisure  time  to  the  practical  development  of 
the  automatic  machine  gun  which  bears  his 
name  and  which  has  been  accomplishing  such 
wonderful  work  for  the  Allies  since  the  very 
beginning  of  the  present  war  in  Europe.  His 
conception  of  the  gun  was  the  result  of  his 
observation  that  a  gun  was  needed  that  would 
bridge  the  gap  between  the  soldier's  rifle  and 
the  heavy  machine  gun.  The  former  being 
comparatively  slow  because  of  the  laborious 
hand  operation  necessary,  and  the  latter  too 
ponderous  to  move  about  with  rapidity  and  ease. 
The  outcome  of  his  ingenuity,  a  light  weight 
machine  gun,  bridged  the  gap  so  successfully 
that  it  has  become  the  most  effective  weapon 
in  present  warfare.  It  has  been  officially 
adopted  by  the  British  as  their  first  line 
machine  gun;  it  can  be  fired  from  the  shoulder 
like  a  rifle;  its  light  weight — it  weighs  but 
25  V^  pounds — enables  its  being  carried  in  the 
vanguard  of  an  attack;  it  is  used  exclusively 
on  aircraft  and  by  the  motor-cycle  corps  of 
the  Allied  armies,  and  this  versatile  little  spit- 
fire is  equally  efficient  in  "  tank  "  and  marine 
warfare.  It  was  successfully  fired  with  ac- 
curacy from  an  aeroplane  by  Captain  Chandler 
of  the  U.  S.  Signal  Service,  in  June,  1912, 
a  feat  which  had  never  ])efore  been  attempted. 
This  accomplishment  attracted  the  attention 
of  the  whole  military  world,  and,  according 
to  the  "  Army  and  Navy  Register,"  marked  a 
new  era  in  warfare  It  also  has  the  distinc- 
tion of  having  been  the  first  weapon  to  bring 
down  a  Zeppelin.  In  September,  1916,  the 
well-directed  fire  of  one  of  the  guns  from  an 
aeroplane,  brought  a  giant  Zeppelin  crashing 
down  near  London;  and  Lewis  guns  have 
accounted  in  all  for  eight  of  the  nine  Zeppe- 


lins that  have  so  far  been  shot  down.  Lord 
Hugh  Cecil,  speaking  in  the  House  of  Com- 
mons, referred  to  the  Lewis  gun  as  "  the 
weapon  that  is  the  envy  of  all  Europe";  Lord 
Northcliffe  described  it  as  "  the  favorite 
weapon  with  Haig's  armies,"  and  it  has  also 
been  championed  strongly  by  the  U.  S.  Army 
officers,  Gen.  Leonard  Wood  and  General 
Funston,  the  former  declaring  it  to  be  "  easily 
the  best  machine  gun  I  have  ever  seen."  The 
gun  is  air-cooled,  having  an  aluminum  jacket 
with  longitudinal  fins  radially  disposed  and 
contained  in  a  steel  casing  which  is  extended 
beyond  the  barrel,  so  that  each  time  the  gun 
is  fired  a  vacuum  is  created  which  sucks  in 
air  through  the  sector-shaped  passage  outside 
the  barrel.  The  gun  is  gas  operated,  that  is 
to  say,  by  trapping  a  portion  of  the  powder 
gases  formed  by  the  explosion  a  plunger  is 
driven  back  which  operates  the  automatic 
mechanism  for  firing  the  gun  and  ejecting  the 
shells.  The  cartridges  are  contained  in  cir- 
cular rotating  steel  magazines  holding  forty- 
seven  rounds  each,  It  is  but  the  work  of  a 
moment  to  change  the  magazines,  simply  re- 
moving the  old  one  and  snapping  a  new  one 
into  place.  For  the  acquisition  of  this  won- 
derful weapon,  the  British  may  be  thankful 
to  the  persistence  of  Colonel  Lewis.  Reports 
are  unanimous  concerning  the  discouragement 
he  received  through  the  repeated  rejections  of 
his  offer  by  the  Ordnance  Bureau  of  the  U.  S. 
Army.  Without  encouragement  or  assistance 
from  that  bureau — in  fact,  despite  its  active 
opposition — he  perfected  the  weapon  and  dem- 
onstrated its  military  advantages  before  vari- 
ous officials  of  the  War  Department  in  1912. 
Consistent  with  the  manner  in  which  he  had 
offered  all  his  previous  inventions  to  the  U.  S. 
Government,  he  also  offered  the  Lewis  gun  to 
the  War  Department  without  thought  of  per- 
sonal compensation  in  any  form,  but  he  failed 
to  secure  acceptance  of  his  offer  and  only  re- 
cently has  he  received  any  recognition  from 
his  own  government.  Confident  of  the  merit 
of  his  invention,  Colonel  Lewis  immediately 
upon  his  retirement  from  active  duty  pro- 
ceeded to  Europe  in  19L3,  where  he  personally 
undertook  its  introduction  and  manufacture. 
A  Belgian  company  was  formed  to  purchase 
the  European  rights,  an  exclusive  manufactur- 
ing alliance  was  made  with  the  well-known 
Birmingham  Small  Arms  Company  of  Birming- 
ham, England,  and  eighteen  months  after  his 
arrival  in  Antwerp,  the  Lewis  gun  had  been 
successfully  tested  by  all  the  Great  Powers  of 
Europe.  It  proved  a  most  opportune  acquisi- 
tion for  Great  Britain,  for  it  has  consistently 
ranked  as  the  most  effective  weapon  in  use  in 
the  European  War.  More  than  50,000  of  them 
are  in  use  on  the  firing  line  at  tlie  present 
moment;  and  besides  the  United  States  plant, 
which  is  working  to  full  capacity,  the  fac- 
tories in  England  and  France  engaged  in  its 
manufacture  are  working  day  and  night.  Mnoh 
public  comment  has  bei^n  provoked  by  the  con- 
sistently hostile  attitude  of  the  Ordnance 
Bureau  of  the  U.  S.  Army  toward  tlie  gun, 
even  after  it  had  gained  a  brilliant  inter- 
national reputation.  As  Germany's  loss  of 
supremacy  in  the  air  was  so  obviously  duo  to 
this  ordnance  wonder,  it  had  fully  justified 
itself  in  the  estimation  of  the  public,  and 
popular  interest  became   keenly  manifested  in 


00 


BILLINGS 


WHITE 


the  controversy.  Since  the  entry  of  this  coun- 
try into  the  European  conflict,  the  U.  S.  gov- 
ernment has  contracted  for  many  thousands 
of  Lewis  guns  for  the  use  of  the  Army,  Navy, 
and  .Marine  Corps,  and  for  the  Aviation  Serv- 
ice. Colonel  Lewis  is  a  member  of  the  New 
York  I'ress  Club  and  the  Lawyers'  Club  of 
New  York  City;  the  Army  and  Navy  Club, 
Washington,  D.  C;  the  Montclair  Club,  and 
the  Montclair  Athletic  Club  of  Montclair,  N.  J. 
He  was  married  on  21  Oct.,  LS8C,  to  Miss  Mary 
Wheatlev,  daughter  cf  the  late  Rev.  Richard 
Wheatley,  D.D.  They  have  four  children: 
Richard  W.  Lewis,  graduate  of  the  Massachu- 
setts Institute  of  Technology  (1910);  Lieut. 
George  F.  Lewis,  U.  S.  Corps  Engineers  (U.  S. 
M.  A.  Class,  1915);  Miss  Laura  Lewis,  and 
Miss  Margaret  Lewis. 

BILLINGS,  Albert  Merritt,  capitalist  and 
pioneer  in  elevated  railroads,  b.  at  Royalton, 
Windsor  County,  Vt.,  21  April,  1814;  d.  in 
New  York  City,  7  Feb.,  1897,  son  of  John  and 
Hannah  (Brown)  Billings.  On  his  father's 
side  he  was  descended  from  the  earliest  col- 
onists of  Plymouth  County,  Mass.,  some  of 
his  ancestors  having  been  among  the  settlers 
arriving  there  shortly  after  the  landing  of 
the  "Mayflower,"  in  1620.  Many  of  them 
were  prominently  identified  with  every  move- 
ment in  the  interest  of  the  State.  A  later 
representative,  John  Billings,  a  deacon  of  the 
church,  and  also  a  man  of  arms,  served  in 
the  Connecticut  Militia,  and  was  in  action 
under  both  Washington  and  General  Stark. 
Judge  Jonathan  Brown,  of  Pittstown,  N.  Y.,  a 
maternal  ancestor  of  Mr.  Billings,  also  served 
through  the  Revolutionary  War.  Mr.  Billings' 
father,  a  farmer  by  occupation,  was  engaged 
in  the  service  of  his  country  during  the  War 
of  1812:  his  mother  was  a  daughter  of  Judge 
Jonathan  Brown,  also  a  soldier  in  the  same 
war.  Albert  M.  Billings  began  life  as  an 
apprentice  in  the  harness-  and  trunk-making 
trade  at  Royalton,  but  in  1833  removed  to 
New  Hampshire,  and  joined  his  brother,  Ed- 
win A.  Billings,  in  the  manufacture  of  looms 
at  Claremont.  His  great  business  acumen  and 
high  character  secured  for  him  the  respect  and 
appreciation  of  his  fellow  townsmen,  and  in 
1835  he  was  elected  sheriff;  being  annually  re- 
elected for  eleven  successive  years.  He  re- 
mained in  Claremont  for  twenty  years  and 
acquired  much  real  estate,  as  well  as  interest- 
ing himself  largely  in  the  advancement  of  the 
town  and  the  development  of  several  valuable 
patents  which  he  had  secured.  He  moved  to 
Groton,  Mass ,  in  1854,  entered  into  business 
as  a  manufacturer  of  yeast,  and,  then,  after 
one  year  in  business  at  Saratoga  Springs, 
N.  Y.,  removed  to  Chicago  in  1860.  His 
genius  for  acquiring  meritorious  patents  led 
him  to  secure  one  for  making  gas,  and,  hav- 
ing ascertained  that  the  West  Side  Gas  Com- 
pany was  harassed  financially,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  Cornelius  K  Garrison,  of  New  York, 
he  succeeded  in  acquiring  their  franchise.  En- 
couraged by  this  success  they  then  secured  a 
franchise  for  an  elevated  railroad,  and  the 
road  erected  by  Billings  and  Garrison  was  the 
first  to  be  operated  in  New  York  City.  They 
subsequently  built  the  St.  Louis,  Kansas  City 
and  Colorado  Railroad,  which  afterward  was 
merged  in  the  Atchison,  Topeka  and  Santa  Fe 
System.      Always    alert    for    business    oppor- 


tunities, Mr.  Billings  came  to  the  rescue  of 
the  Home  National  Bank  of  Chicago,  in  1873, 
when  it  was  badly  embarrassed  and  succeeded 
in  putting  it,  and  the  Home  Savings  Bank,  in 
a  solid  commercial  condition.  Again,  in 
1890,  the  Citizens  Street  Railroad  of  Memphis, 
Tenn.,  having  failed  to  furnish  satisfactory 
collateral  security  for  a  large  loan,  Mr.  Bill- 
ings acquired  the  majority  interest  in  the 
stock,  and,  at  an  expenditure  of  over  $2,000,- 
000,  electrified  the  road,  and  established  a 
model  city  railroad  system,  with  resultant 
profits  to  the  stockholders.  Mr.  Billings  took 
an  active  part  in  evangelistic  work  and  pur- 
chased a  building  in  Chicago  which  became 
known  as  the  "  Green  Street  Church,"  where 
he  frequently  conducted  missionary  work  him- 
self and  gave  talks  on  the  Bible  and  its  les- 
sons to  the  congregation.  The  Jerry  McAuley 
Mission  in  New  York  also  received  much  as- 
sistance from  him  and  kindred  institutions  in 
other  cities  throughout  the  States  found  in 
him  a  ready  supporter.  He  was  twice  mar- 
ried, first,  in  1837,  to  Lucinda  A.  Corbin,  of 
Claremont,  N.  H.,  by  whom  he  had  two  chil- 
dren: a  son,  Henry  A.,  and  a  daughter,  who 
died  at  an  early  age.  On  1  June,  1859,  he 
married  Mrs.  S.  Augusta  S.  Farnsworth  Allen, 
of  Woodstock,  Windsor  County,  Vt.  They  had 
two  daughters,  since  deceased,  and  one  son, 
Cornelius  Kingsland  Garrison  Billings,  a 
prominent  New  York  financier. 

WHITE,  Carleton,  business  man,  b.  in  Cin- 
cinnati, Ohio,  24  Sept.,  1860,  son  of  Carleton 
and  Elizabeth  H.  White.  He  went  with  his 
parents  to  Chi- 
cago at  the  early 
age  of  eight 
years,  and  since 
that  time  has 
been  identified 
with  that  city. 
He  received  a 
public  school  edu- 
cation in  Cin- 
cinnati and  Chi- 
cago. His  first 
employment  was 
with  the  Water-  -^ 
bury  Needle  Com-  ^ 
pany,  with  whom 
he  remained  un- 
til the  company 
gave  up  its  Chi- 
cago  office.        In 

1874  he  entered  the  employ  of  J.  L.  Wayne 
and  Sons,  dealers  in  cabinet  hardware  and  up- 
holstery goods,  and,  after  four  years  spent 
with  them,  during  which  time  he  gained  a 
complete  knowledge  of  the  hardware  and  furni- 
ture industry,  and  its  relations  to  trade,  he 
became  connected  with  the  well-known  furni- 
ture house  of  W.  D.  Gibson,  wholesale  dealer 
in  furniture,  carpets,  and  household  goods. 
This  firm,  which  was  one  of  the  most  impor- 
tant in  its  line  in  the  Middle  West,  afforded 
Mr.  Wliite  an  opportunity  for  advancement 
in  this  line  of  trade  which  few  other  houses 
could  have  afforded  at  the  time.  Some  years 
later  this  firm  was  succeeded  by  that  of  Gib- 
son, Parish  and  Company,  and  they,  in  turn, 
were  superseded,  in  1889,  by  Lussky,  Payn 
and  Company,  a  partnership  consisting  of 
E.  G.  H.  Lussky,  R.  E.  Payn,  Carleton  White, 


100 


k 


c^(U 


^  n 


^On-^ 


HERRICK 


MOORE 


and  F.  W.  Coolidge,  of  Detroit,  all  business 
men  of  acknowledged  ability  and  enterprise. 
On  the  death  of  Mr.  Payn,  several  years  later, 
the  surviving  partners  acquired  the  business, 
and,  on  1  Jan.,  1903,  the  firm  became  that  of 
Lussky,  White  and  Coolidge.  It  is  now  one 
of  the  leading  concerns  in  its  department  in 
the  West.  In  politics  Mr.  White  is  a  Republi- 
can, and,  while  taking  an  interest  in  polities, 
has  never  held  public  office,  preferring  to  de- 
vote his  time  and  energies  to  his  business  af- 
fairs. He  takes  much  interest  in  athletic 
sports  of  all  kinds,  and  is  a  member  of  the 
Chicago  Athletic  Club.  He  is  also  enrolled 
with  the  Calumet,  Golf,  and  Hamilton  Clubs, 
of  Chicago.  Mr.  White  married  17  Oct.,  1887, 
Alice  Luther,  of  Belding,  Mich.,  by  whom  he 
had  one  son,  Gale  Carleton  Luther.  On  21 
April,  1896,  he  married  Louise  A.  White,  of 
Chicago,  111. 

HERRICZ,  Myron  T.,  U.  S.  ambassador  to 
France  (1912 — ),  b.  at  Huntington,  Ohio,  9 
Oct.,  1854,  son  of  Timothy  R.  and  Mary  L. 
Herrick.  Both  his  paternal  and  maternal 
great-grandfathers  served  in  the  Revolution, 
and  his  grandfather,  Timothy  Herrick,  fought 
with  distinction  in  the  War  of  1812,  receiving 
for  his  services  a  land-claim  in  Lorain  County, 
Ohio.  Myron  T.  Merrick  was  educated  at 
Oberlin  College  and  the  Ohio  Wesleyan  Uni- 
versity. Subsequently  he  taught  school  for 
a  time  and  traveled  extensively  in  the  West, 
writing  descriptive  articles  for  Eastern  news- 
papers. He  settled  at  Cleveland,  Ohio,  in 
1875,  and  read  law  in  the  office  of  J.  F.  and 
Z.  E.  Herrick.  Three  years  later  he  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  and  began  the  practice  of 
law  in  Cleveland.  In  1886  he  organized  the 
Euclid  Avenue  National  Bank,  and  for  a  time 
was  one  of  its  directors.  He  resigned  to  be- 
come secretary  and  treasurer  of  the  Society 
for  Savings,  of  which  he  was  elected  president 
in  1894.  In  addition  to  his  banking  interests 
he  has  been  concerned  in  the  erection  of  some 
of  the  largest  business  buildings  in  Cleveland, 
among  them  the  Cleveland  Arcade,  Cuyahoga 
and  Mohawk  buildings.  For  many  years  he 
has  been  a  member  of  the  Republican  Na- 
tional Committee  and  of  its  advisory  commit- 
tee. He  was  a  delegate  to  the  Republican  Na- 
tional Conventions  of  1888  and  1892,  and  a 
delegate-at-large  in  1896  and  1900.  During 
the  administration  of  William  McKinley  as 
governor  of  Ohio,  he  served  on  the  governor's 
staff,  with  the  rank  of  colonel.  In  1892  he 
was  a  presidential  elector-at-large  for  the 
State  of  Ohio,  and  he  was  a  delegate  to  the 
sound-money  convention  at  Indianapolis.  He 
was  elected  governor  of  Ohio  in  1903  by  the 
largest  majority  ever  given  to  a  guberna- 
torial candidate  in  that  State.  He  was  ap- 
pointed U.  S.  ambassador  to  France  in  1912, 
Mr.  Herrick  was  president  of  the  American 
Bankers'  Association  in  1901.  He  is  chairman 
of  the  board  of  directors  of  the  Wheeling  and 
Lake  Erie  Railroad,  and  is  an  officer  or  di- 
rector in  a  number  of  other  railroad  and  finan- 
cial enterprises.  He  is  also  trustee  and  treas- 
urer of  the  McKinley  National  Memorial  Asso- 
ciation. The  honorary  degree  of  AM.  was 
conferred  upon  him  by  Ohio  Wesleyan  Uni- 
versity in  1899.  He  was  married  30  July, 
1880,  to  Caroline  M.,  daughter  of  M.  B. 
Parmely,  of  Ashland,  Ohio,  and  has  one  son. 


'C/e/i^     ^^tn/^i^ 


HORTON,  Dexter,  banker,  b.  in  Catherine, 
Schuyler  County,  N.  Y.,  15  Nov.  1825;  d.  in 
Seattle,  Wash.,  28  July,  1904,  son  of  Darius 
and  Hannah  (Olmstead)  Horton.  Until  his 
fifteenth  year  he  resided  on  the  farm  in  his 
native  county,  attending  the  district  schools, 
and  then  removed  to  De  Kalb  County,  111., 
where  his  father  had  taken  up  a  "claim "  of 
government  land.  In  1852  he  crossed  the 
plains  with  a  train  of  pioneers,  who  pushed  on 
to  the  Pacific 
Coast.  He  set- 
tled first  in  Ore- 
gon, but  in  the 
spring  of  1853 
removed  to  Se- 
attle, Wash., 
thus  gaining  the 
distinction  of 
being  one  of 
that  city's  ear- 
liest citizens.  The 
climate  was  in- 
vigorating, other 
settlers  came  in 
rapidly,  and  Mr. 
Horton  met  with 
success  from  the 
start.  Soon  af- 
ter his  arrival  in 
Seattle  he  start- 
ed a  general  mer- 
chandise store, 
which  proved  a  highly  successful  enterprise. 
By  1870  it  had  developed  into  one  of  the 
most  important  mercantile  houses  in  the 
State  of  Washington.  About  that  time  Mr. 
Horton  decided  to  engage  in  the  banking  bus- 
iness and,  selling  out  his  store,  established 
the  Dexter  Horton  and  Company  Bank.  This 
was  the  first  bank  established  in  the  State  of 
Washington  and  since  the  death  of  its  founder 
has  become  the  Dexter  Horton  National  Bank. 
Mr.  Horton's  most  salient  characteristics  were 
his  forcefulness  of  character  and  his  uncon- 
querable spirit.  His  name  was  a  synonym 
throughout  his  part  of  the  country  for  re- 
liability and  steadfast  integrity.  He  was  gen- 
ial and  helpful,  faithful  to  his  friends,  but 
resented  any  attempt  at  unfairness  or  double- 
dealing;  altogether  a  fitting  type  of  the  men 
who  conquered  the  great  Northwest  territory. 
In  1864  Mr.  Horton  married  Hannah  Shondy, 
daughter  of  Israel  Shondy.  She  died  30  Dec, 
1871.  On  30  Sept ,  1873,  he  married  Caroline 
E.  Parsons  (d.  24  March,  1878);  and  on  14 
Sept.,  1882,  he  married  Arabella  C.  Agard, 
daughter  of  Eaton  Agard.  He  was  the  father 
of  two  children:  Nebbie  Horton  Jones  and 
Caroline  E.  Horton. 

ILOORE,  George  Gordon,  financier,  b.  in 
Lambton  County,  Ont.,  Canada,  2  Oct.,  1876. 
He  passed  his  early  years  in  Canada,  obtain- 
ing his  education  in  the  public  and  high  schools 
of  his  county,  and  then  studied  law  in  Port 
Huron,  with  O'Brien  J.  Atkinson,  one  of  the 
foremost  corporation  lawyers  in  the  middle 
western  states.  Immediately  upon  his  admis- 
sion to  the  bar  in  1897,  he  formed  a  partner- 
ship with  Mr.  Atkinson,  which  continued  until 
the  latter's  death,  the  firm  having  an  extensive 
clientele  among  th<'  large  corporations. 
Equipped  with  the  experience,  both  legal  and 
practical,  obtained  in  this  way  Mr.  Moore  en- 


101 


LATHROP 


PARIS 


gaged  in  business  on  his  account  in  1901  and 
became  heavily  interested  in  the  interurban 
railway  developments  of  Michigan,  and  within 
a  few  years,  under  the  name  of  the  Michigan 
United  Railways,  built  and  acquired  one  of 
the  most  extensive  street  railway  operations  in 
the  country,  lie  extended  his  activities  along 
these  lines  and  financed  electric  railway  and 
other  public  utility  corporations  in  the  states 
of  Georgia,  Nebraska,  Vermont,  and  other 
states,  and  later  extended  his  business  activi- 
ties in  many  other  directions.  Since  1908,  he 
has  spent  much  of  his  time  in  England,  and 
some  years  before  the  War  formed  a  close 
friendship  with  Sir  John  French,  now  Vis- 
count French,  so  close  that  they  made  their 
home  together  in  London  and  now  have  a 
house  together  at  94  Lancaster  Gate,  London. 
On  the  outbreak  of  the  War,  Mr.  Moore  joined 
Lord  French  at  his  headquarters  in  France  and 
in  the  stress  of  the  difficulties  of  the  early 
campaign  in  France  Lord  French,  on  account 
of  his  knowledge  of  Mr.  Moore's  remarkable 
record  as  a  practical  director  of  large  under- 
takings, appointed  him  to  the  work  of  dealing 
with  certain  "  novel,  grave,  and  difficult 
problems  involving  scientific  knowledge  and 
the  organization  of  scientific  work  and  labor." 
The  assistance  rendered  by  Mr.  Moore  in  this 
connection  was  publicly  stated  by  the  great 
commander  as  "  invaluable "  and  of  such  a 
character  as  could  have  been  rendered  by  no 
other  man  then  available  to  him.  Mr.  Moore 
has  been  a  strong  advocate  of  the  Allied  cause 
from  the  beginning  of  the  War,  and  has 
strongly  urged  preparedness  upon  his  own 
countrymen,  not  only  against  alien  enemies, 
but  also  against  disloyalty  and  sedition  in  our 
midst.  Aside  from  his  many  and  great  activi- 
ties, Mr.  Moore  is  a  keen  sportsman  and  an 
enthusiastic  exponent  of  out-of-door  life.  He 
owns  an  extensive  estate  at  St.  Clair,  Mich  ,  in 
connection  with  which  he  maintains  a  well- 
equipped  stock  farm.  Here  was  foaled  and 
bred  the  famous  trotting  stallion,  "  Justice 
Brooke,"  which  won  the  world's  championship 
for  two-year-olds  in  1911.  Mr.  Moore  is  also 
a  discriminating  dog-fancier,  and  breeds  sev- 
eral varieties  of  blooded  dogs,  notably  wolf 
hounds  and  Irish  terriers.  He  owns  a  large 
game  preserve  in  North  Carolina,  which  is  well 
stocked  with  wild  boar,  deer,  elk,  and  buffalo. 
LATHROP,  Gardiner,  lawyer,  b.  at  Wau- 
kesha, Wis.,  16  Feb  ,  1850.  He  spent  the  first 
nine  years  of  his  life  in  Wisconsin,  and  grew 
to  manhood  at  Columbia,  Mo,  and  there  he 
lost  his  father  when  but  sixteen  years  of  age 
He  was  graduated  A  B.  at  the  University  of 
Missouri  in  1867,  and  took  his  master's  de- 
gree in  1870.  In  1869,  just  fifty  years  after 
his  father's  graduation,  he  received  the  degree 
of  A  B.  from  Yale  University,  and  also  like 
his  father  was  the  salutatorian  of  his  class. 
The  same  university  gave  him  his  master  of 
arts  degree  in  1872,  and  in  1873  he  graduated 
LLB  from  the  Harvard  Law  School.  In  1907 
the  University  of  Missouri  and  Washington 
University  at  St,  Louis  conferred  upon  Gardi- 
ner Lathrop  the  honorary  degree  of  LL  D.  Ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1873,  Mr.  Lathrop  en- 
gaged in  practice  at  Kansas  City,  Mo.,  and 
from  1885  was  senior  member  of  the  firm  of 
Lathrop,  Morrow,  Fox  and  Moore.  In  1905 
he    was    appointed    general    solicitor    for    the 


Atchison,  Topeka  and  Santa  Fe  Railway  Sys- 
tem, with  headquarters  in  the  Railway  Ex- 
change Building,  Chicago.  He  has  taken  much 
interest  in  the  affairs  of  his  alma  mater,  the 
University  of  Missouri,  and  was  at  one  time 
president  of  its  board  of  curators.  For  eight- 
een years  he  was  a  member  of  the  Kansas  City 
School  Board,  and  its  vice-president  several 
years.  Mr.  Lathrop  is  a  member  of  the  Uni- 
versity Club  of  Chicago,  the  Chicago  Club,  the 
Kansas  City 
Club,  the  Uni- 
versity Club 
of  Kansas 
City,  has 

membership  in 
the  Sons  of 
the  American 
Revo  1  u  t  i  o  n, 
and  belongs  to 
the  Wisconsin 
Society  of  Chi- 
cago. He  was 
at  one  time 
president  of  ^ 
the  Kansas  J' 
City  Bar  Asso-^V 
elation,  has^k" 
membership  in  / 
the  Missouri  State  Bar  Association,  and  the 
American  Bar  Association.  In  politics  he  is 
a  Republican.  At  Kansas  City  16  Jan.,  1879, 
Mr.  Lathrop  married  Eva  Grant,  a  native  of 
Missouri.  They  have  had  four  daughters  and 
one  son,  Frances  E.,  Jessie,  John  H.,  Louise, 
and  Lothrop. 

PARIS,  John  Waldorf,  real  estate  operator, 
b  in  Rensselaer,  Ind  ,  9  March,  1860,  son  of 
Berry  and  Sarah  (Dwiggins)  Paris,  and  de- 
scendant of  Samuel  Paris,  who  came  from 
England  and  settled  on  Long  Island  in  1655. 
He  was  educated  in  the  public  and  high 
schools  of  Rensselaer,  and  completed  his 
studies  at  Purdue  University,  where  he  at- 
tended one  year.  Ambitious  to  acquire  a  thor- 
ough education,  he  taught  school  while  at  col- 
lege and  saved  sufficient  of  his  earnings  to  pay 
the  expenses  of  tuition.  After  leaving  col- 
lege he  traveled  extensively  throughout  the 
United  States  and  Canada,  and  the  knowledge 
gained  on  this  journey  equipped  him  for  a 
successful  business  career.  His  first  employ- 
ment w^as  as  a  clerk  in  the  Commercial  Bank 
of  Oxford.  He  was  quick  to  grasp  all  the 
details  of  his  duties  and  won  rapid  promotion. 
In  1883  he  became  cashier  of  the  Citizens' 
National  Bank  of  Attica,  Ind.  He  removed  to 
Indianapolis,  Ind  ,  in  1889,  and  there  engaged 
in  the  investment  banking  business  in  associa- 
tion with  Hon.  J.  Shannon  Nave,  under  the 
firm  name  of  Paris  and  Nave.  This  firm  at- 
tained an  eminent  position  in  Western  bank- 
ing circles.  In  1896  his  attention  was  at- 
tracted by  the  enormous  fortunes  made  in 
New  York  real  estate,  and  he  decided  to  de- 
vote his  energies  to  the  development  of  metro- 
politan property.  His  earliest  operations  were 
in  Brooklyn,  but,  when  the  building  of  the 
Pennsylvania  tunnels,  the  Belmont  tunnels, 
and  the  Queensborough  Bridge  were  assured, 
he  turned  his  attention  toward  Long  Island 
real  estate  and  the  prospects  it  held  forth. 
His  foresight  w^as  rewarded  in  the  succeeding 
years,  and  the  initiative  displayed  aroused  the 


102 


y.-v'i  H';"3^/A^.-,V>' 


■pimud 


(Mmm 


STONE 


OLIVER 


admiration  of  his  competitors.  As  one  of  the 
most  successful  developers  of  real  estate  in 
that  section  of  the  city,  he  was  honored  with 
the  office  of  president  of  the  Real  Estate  Ex- 
change of  Long  Island.  The  result  of  his 
efforts  has  fostered  one  of  the  most  sensible 
movements  of  recent  years,  the  drift  from  city 
to  suburbs,  and  the  tendency  to  suburban 
home-making.  Among  other  responsible  offices, 
he  is  president  of  the  real  estate  firm  of  John 
W.  Paris  and  Sons,  Inc.;  president  and  di- 
rector in  the  Paris-Hencken  Company;  presi- 
dent and  director  in  the  Mutual  Profit  Realty 
Company;  secretary,  treasurer,  and  director  in 
the  Woodside  Heights  Land  Corporation  and 
the  Park  Terrace  Company;  secretary  and  di- 
rector in  the  Kissena  Park  Corporation  and 
the  Flushing  Inlet  Realty  Company;  and  a 
stockholder  in  the  Interborough  Realty  Com- 
pany, Flushing  Business  Men's  Realty  Com- 
pany, Bayside  Yacht  Club  Holding  Company, 
and  the  Republican  Realty  Company  of  the 
Third  Ward.  Mr.  Paris  is  a  Mason,  and  a 
member  of  the  Flushing  Men's  Club,  the  Bay- 
side  Yacht  Club,  the  Flushing  Country  Club, 
the  City  Club  of  New  York,  and  the  Business 
Men's  Association.  He  married  30  Sept., 
1883,  Frances,  daughter  of  J.  D.  Johnston,  of 
Oxford,  Ind.  They  had  three  daughters  and 
one  son. 

STONE,  John  Timothy,  clergyman,  b.  in 
Stowe,  Mass.,  7  Sept.,  1868,  son  of  Rev. 
Timothy  Dwight  Porter  and  Susan  Margaret 
(Dickinson)  Stone.  He  comes  of  distinguished 
ancestry  on  both  sides  of  the  family,  his  fore- 
fathers on  both  sides  having  been  prominent 
in  the  religious,  civic,  and  military  life  of  the 
New  England  colonies.  The  first  of  the  line 
in  America  was  the  Rev.  Samuel  Stone,  a 
Presbyterian  minister,  and  son  of  a  minister 
in  Hertford,  England,  who  came  to  this  coun- 
try with  Rev.  Samuel  Hooker,  and  settled  in 
Hartford,  Conn.,  in  1630.  The  two  ministers 
associated  together  as  pastors  of  the  church 
in  Hartford,  until  the  death  of  Mr.  Hooker, 
when  Mr.  Stone  became  sole  pastor  in  charge, 
continuing  until  1663,  when  he  also  died.  He 
was  an  able,  scholarly  man,  who  exerted  great 
influence  on  the  religious  and  secular  life  of 
the  colonies.  His  brother  was  the  Rev.  John 
Stone,  of  Cambridge.  From  the  Rev.  Samuel 
Stone  the  line  is  traced  as  follows:  Nathaniel 
Stone  (1648-1708)  and  his  wife  Mary  Bartlett; 
Col.  Timothy  Stone  (1696-1765)  and  his  wife 
Rachel  Morton;  Rev.  Timothy  Stone  (1742-98) 
and  his  wife  Eunice  Williams,  whose  brother, 
William,  was  one  of  the  signers  of  the  Declara- 
tion of  Independence;  Rev.  Timothy  Stone 
(1774-1852)  and  his  wife  Mary  Merwin;  Rev. 
Timothy  Dwight  Porter  Stone  (1811-87)  and 
his  wife  Susan  Margaret  Dickenson  (1827- 
1910).  The  Rev.  Timothy  Dickenson,  grand- 
father of  Susan  Margaret  Dickenson,  joined 
the  patriot  army  at  Ticonderoga  and  served 
for  fifteen  months.  Her  father  was  Dr.  Ed- 
wards Dickenson.  John  T.  Stone  was  reared 
in  Albany,  N.  Y.,  where  his  father  held  a 
pastorate.  He  attended  Albany  Academy  and 
the  Albany  high  school,  and  was  graduated  at 
Amherst  College  in  1891,  being  the  class 
orator.  He  then  took  up  the  study  of  theology 
in  the  University  of  Maryland,  and  was  or- 
dained to  the  ministry  18  June,  1894,  by  the 
Presbytery  of  New  York  State.    His  first  pas- 


torate was  over  the  Olivet  Presbyterian 
Church,  Utica,  N.  Y.,  where  he  spent  three 
years.  In  1897  he  accepted  a  call  to  the  Pres- 
byterian Church  at  Cortland,  N.  Y.,  where  he 
remained  until  1900,  going  thence  to  Balti- 
more, Md.,  to  become  pastor  of  Brown 
Memorial  Presbyterian  Church,  one  of  the  old- 
est and  most  important  parishes  in  the  city. 
Here  he  built  up  and  broadened  the  work  of 
the  church  to  such  an  extent  that  his  reputa- 
tion as  an  aggressive,  forceful,  and  brilliant 
minister  brought  him,  in  1900,  a  call  to  the 
Fourth  Presbyterian  Church  of  Chicago,  111., 
in  which  capacity  he  still  serves  (1917).  This 
church  had  its  typical  "  city  problem " — the 
change  from  an  "  exclusive  "  to  a  floating  and 
shifting  residence  district;  the  invasion  of  the 
"  picture-show "  and  the  dance  halls,  which 
claimed  the  time  of  the  young  people  of  the 
neighborhood.  Dr.  Stone  possesses  a  gift  for 
organization  and  for  this  found  ample  oppor- 
tunity. He  undertook  to  make  every  one  of 
the  young  men  and  women  in  the  lodging  and 
boarding-houses  of  the  district,  of  which  there 
were  many,  into  valuable  workers  in  the  up- 
building of  the  church.  Today  the  men's  club 
has  nearly  1,000  members  and  the  young  wom- 
en's club  several  hundred;  there  is  a  flourish- 
ing company  of  Boy  Scouts,  and  the  little 
girls  have  been  organized  in  various  classes 
and  as  neighborhood  visitors.  After  five  years 
spent  in  pursuing  the  neighborly  ideal,  the 
Fourth  Presbyterian  Church  of  Chicago  is 
noted  for  its  fine  pulpit,  large  active  relation 
to  city  and  community  service;  and  its  many 
effective  agencies  for  civic  work,  service 
branches,  and  mission  churches  among  the 
foreign  element  of  the  city.  As  a  body  the 
church  is  also  noted  for  its  activity  in  foreign 
and  home  missions.  It  now  occupies  a  handsome 
new  building,  one  of  the  most  beautiful  and 
perfectly  equipped  church  properties  in  Amer- 
ica, the  cost  of  which,  including  the  site,  was 
$600,000.  Dr.  Stone  has  written  several  in- 
spiring books,  among  them  ''  Recruiting  for 
Christ"  (1911);  "Footsteps  in  a  Parish" 
(1908)  ;  "The  Invitation  Committee"  (1913)  ; 
also  many  articles,  booklets,  and  monologues 
on  varied  religious  and  biographical  subjects. 
During  the  years  1913-14  he  acted  as  moderator 
of  the  Presbyterian  General  Assembly  of  the 
United  States.  He  is  chaplain,  with  the  rank 
of  captain,  of  the  First  Illinois  Cavalry;  was 
chaplain  of  the  Illinois  Sons  of  American  Revo- 
lution in  1911-12-13;  and  has  been  chaplain  of 
the  Illinois  Society  Founders  and  Patriots, 
and  chaplain-general  of  the  Founders  and 
Patriots  Society  of  the  United  States.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  City  Committee  of  Fifteen, 
City  Club,  University  Club  of  Chicago,  and  a 
trustee  of  Amherst  College  Dr.  Stone  mar- 
ried 28  Nov.,  1895,  Bessie,  daughter  of  Rev. 
Henry  Martyn  Parsons,  D.D ,  of  Toronto, 
Canada.  They  have  three  daughters:  Eliza- 
beth, Margaret  Dickenson,  and  Katlierinc  Dud- 
ley Parsons. 

OLIVER,  James,  inventor,  manufacturer,  b. 
in  Roxburgh,  Scotland,  28  Aug.,  1823;  d.  in 
South  Bend,  Ind.,  2  March.  1908.  son  of  Ceorgc 
and  Elizabeth  (Irving)  Oliver.  Ili^^  father  was 
a  simple  shophord  on  a  largo  o.stato  and  earned 
just  enough  to  keep  his  largo  family  from 
suffering  from  the  kooner  odge.s  of  poverty. 
The  boy  Oliver  was  the  youngest  of  eight  cliil- 


103 


OLIVER 


OLIVER 


dren;  there  were  six  boys  and  two  girls.  In 
1830  the  eldest  boy,  John,  acting  on  an  initia- 
tive which  the  children  seemed  to  have  in- 
herited from  the  mother,  emigrated  to  this 
country  and  found  remunerative  employment 
near  Geneva,  N.  Y.  His  letters  wore  so  en- 
couraging that  shortly  afterward  another 
brother  and  one  of  the  sisters  followed  and  es- 
tablished themselves  successfully.  In  April, 
1835,  when  Oliver  was  twelve  years  of  age,  and 
had  still  not  been  to  school,  the  entire  family 
left  Scotland  and  embarked  on  a  sailing  ship, 
to  join  the  three  children  in  America.  The 
voyage  was  made  without  incident  and  the 
family  was  reunited.  Young  Oliver  imme- 
diately took  up  his  first  remunerative  employ- 
ment, which  was  as  a  chore  boy  on  a  farm,  for 
fifty  cents  a  week  and  his  board.  In  the  follow- 
ing year  a  number  of  Scotch  families  in  the 
community  decided  to  migrate  westward, 
toward  the  great  plains  region  which  were  re- 
ported to  be  so  fertile  and  where  land  was  to 
be  had  from  the  government  for  the  asking. 
The  Olivers  joined  this  band  and  with  it  ar- 
rived in  Lagrange  County,  Ind.,  later  moving 
to  Mishawaka,  in  St.  Joseph  County,  where 
Andrew  Oliver  had  previously  gone  and  taken 
up  an  abode.  In  this  frontier  town,  as  it 
then  was,  there  was  a  log  schoolhouse,  and 
here  young  Oliver  studied  for  one  winter. 
Then  the  father  died,  and  the  boy's  academic 
training  was  permanently  ended,  for  he  Avas 
needed  to  assist  in  supporting  the  family  with 
his  earnings.  He  was,  however,  gifted  with 
the  capacity  for  studying  on  his  own  initia- 
tive and  his  lack  of  schooling  was  a  deficiency 
which  in  no  way  hampered  him  in  later  life. 
Leaving  school,  young  Oliver  hired  himself  out 
to  a  farmer  for  $6.00  a  month,  yet  was  able 
to  take  home  to  his  mother  $5.00  every  pay 
day.  Though  only  fourteen,  he  was  large  and 
strong  for  his  age  and  could  do  a  man's  work. 
Always  acting  on  the  strong  initiative  which 
was  one  of  his  dominating  characteristics,  Mr. 
Oliver  did  not  remain  long  on  the  farm  as  a 
boy,  but  became,  first  a  raftsman  on  the  river, 
then  a  helper  in  a  grist  mill  and  still  house. 
Determined  to  acquire  skill  in  some  trade,  he 
here  had  the  opportunity  to  become  an  expert 
cooper.  At  this  trade  he  accumulated  a  small 
surplus  capital.  After  working  for  a  time 
at  the  coopers'  trade,  Mr.  Oliver  felt  that  his 
scope  would  be  very  limited  in  that  line  and 
decided  to  learn  the  trade  of  an  iron  molder. 
This  he  did  with  his  usual  energy  and  soon 
became  an  expert  workman  in  the  foundry  of 
the  St.  Joseph  Iron  Company  at  Mishawaka. 
Here  he  remained  for  several  years  and  then 
came  the  step  that  influenced  his  whole  after 
life.  It  was  during  this  period  of  his  life 
that  he  became  acquainted  with  the  Doty 
family,  people  of  somewhat  superior  culture 
and  education,  and  through  this  contact,  Mr. 
Oliver  acquired  his  first  taste  for  reading  good 
books.  In  1855  he  went  to  South  Bend,  Ind., 
only  a  few  miles  down  the  river  from  Misha- 
waka, and  there  he  accidentally  met  a  man 
who  wanted  to  sell  a  one-fourth  interest  in  a 
foundry,  at  inventory  cost.  The  price  was  less 
than  a  hundred  dollars,  and  Mr.  Oliver  was 
able  to  take  advantage  of  what  seemed  to  him, 
and  eventually  proved  to  be,  an  extremely  good 
bargain.  The  small  foundry  business  was  en- 
gaged in  the  manufacture  of  plows,  and  so,  at 


the  age  of  thirty-two,  Mr.  Oliver  entered 
modestly  into  the  industry  which  was  to  make 
his  name  known  all  over  the  world  where  mod- 
ern husbandry  is  practiced.  Though  he  had 
worked  as  a  cooper,  Mr.  Oliver  knew  plows, 
for  he  had  also  farmed  as  a  side  line. 
As  a  farmer  he  knew  plows,  and  he  knew 
that  there  was  a  good  plow  in  the  world. 
And  after  he  had  acquired  his  small 
interest  in  the  small  plow  business  there 
gradually  developed  in  his  mind  an  image  of 
the  ideal  plow;  the  plow  that  would  cut 
through  the  soil  like  a  knife  and  slice  a 
clean  furrow.  He  began  formulating  a  theory 
of  a  plow  which  should  be  as  light  in  weight 
as  was  consistent  with  endurance  and  good 
work,  that  a  moldboard  should  scour  so  as 
to  turn  the  soil  with  a  singing  sound,  that  the 
share,  or  cutting  edge,  must  be  made  separate 
from  the  moldboard  so  that  it  could  be  easily 
and  cheaply  replaced  when  worn  out.  This 
ideal  grew  and  developed  in  his  mind  and  in- 
spired him  to  undertake  a  long  series  of  ex- 
periments. It  was  twelve  years  before  this 
ideal  materialized,  but  it  finally  did^n  the 
Oliver  chilled  plow.  Meanwhile,  however,  he 
had  been  moderately  successful  in  the  manu- 
facture of  the  ordinary  plows  which  were 
turned  out  by  his  foundry.  It  was  not  long 
before  his  fourth  interest  expanded  and  he 
acquired  full  ownership  of  the  small  business. 
There  were  innumerable  difficulties  to  over- 
come; first,  his  capital  was  hopelessly  inade- 
quate at  first.  Then  his  furnace  was  flooded 
by  the  breaking  of  a  dam  and  twice  the  fac- 
tory was  destroyed  by  fire.  At  first,  he  per- 
formed all  the  functions  of  foundry  man,  book- 
keeper, office  boy  and  salesman.  For  some 
weeks  he  would  devote  himself  entirely  to  cast- 
ing and  putting  together  a  stock  of  plows. 
Then  he  would  load  them  about  among  the 
farmers  in  the  vicinity.  When  they  were  sold 
he  would  return  to  his  furnace  and  begin 
again,  casting  plows.  Then  gradually,  he  found 
it  possible  to  hire  help  and  the  business  slowly 
expanded.  It  was  while  contending  with 
these  early  difficulties  that  he  carried  out  his 
experiments.  It  was  in  1868  that  the  United 
States  Patent  Office  issued  to  James  Oliver  a 
patent  for  "  an  improvement  in  moldboards 
for  plows,"  which  embraced  the  distinguished 
features  of  the  chilling  process,  the  first  pat- 
ent which  was  ever  issued  for  the  manufacture 
of  chilled  plows.  Quoting  from  this  document, 
the  invention  is  described  as  a  "  new  and  use- 
ful process  in  the  manufacture  of  moldboards 
for  plows  whereby  the  same  are  greatly  im- 
proved as  regards  their  durability  as  well  as 
their  usefulness;  and  the  invention  consists  in 
hardening  the  wearing  surface  or  face  of  the 
moldboard  by  chilling  it  while  in  the  sand 
mold  and  in  treating  it  afterward  so  as  to 
prevent  damage  from  the  unequal  shrinkage  of 
the  chilled  and  hardened  surface  and  the  softer 
back  side  of  the  moldboard  and  in  tempering, 
or  carbonizing  it  to  a  certain  degree  and 
thereby  improving  the  iron."  This  very  proc- 
ess had  previously  been  attempted  by  others, 
but  the  results  of  these  experiments  had  always 
been  failures  because  of  the  cavities  or  •  blow- 
holes," which  were  made  in  the  metal  by  the 
escaping  gas.  Mr.  Oliver's  conclusions  were 
that  these  blowholes  were  the  result  of  mois- 
ture in  the  molding  sand  as  well  as  of  gases. 


104 


J?r,n  J^L,^  U'TIJa/Zie-r  ^i/X 


OLIVER 


OLIVER 


and  working  on  that  theory  he  invented  a  chill 
which  obviated  both  these  obstacles  and  gave 
him  a  moldboard  perfectly  and  evenly  chilled 
over  its  entire  wearing  surface.  His  special 
process  may  be  briefly  described.  The  upper, 
or  wearing  surface  of  the  moldboard  is  formed 
by  the  molten  metal  coming  in  direct  contact 
with  the  bottom  of  a  hollow,  oblong  piece  of 
iron,  conforming  in  shape  to  the  moldboard 
which  is  to  be  cast.  This  portion  of  the  mold, 
known  as  the  "  chill  "  is  carefully  shaped  by 
filing,  smoothening,  and  planing  the  surface. 
Into  this  finished  surface  creases,  or  grooves, 
are  sawn,  the  grooves  crossing  each  other  at 
right  angles  and  giving  the  surface  a  checkered 
appearance.  It  is  through  these  grooves  that 
the  gases  escape  and  the  molten  metal  comes 
pat  against  the  surface  of  the  chill,  the  result 
being  a  perfect  and  evenly  tempered  casting 
To  insure  an  even  flow  metal  in  the  chilling 
process  the  chills  must  be  warmed,  otherwise 
contact  with  the  cold  iron  would  disturb  the 
flow  and  spoil  the  cast.  The  iron  chill  is 
hollow  and  is  filled  shortly  before  the  cast  with 
hot  water.  The  castings  are  taken  from  the 
molds  as  soon  after  pouring  as  possible  and 
excluded  from  the  air  by  being  deposited  in 
sand  pits,  covered  with  sand  and  allowed  to 
remain  for  thirtv-six  to  forty-eight  hours 
undergoing  the  cooling  process.  This  not  only 
cools  them  gradually  and  evenly,  but  anneals 
them  to  a  certain  extent,  thus  adding  to  their 
strength,  yet  retaining  all  the  advantages 
gained  by  chilling.  As  soon  as  the  new  chilled 
plow  was  put  on  the  market  it  proved  an 
immediate  success,  for  not  only  was  it  far 
superior,  but  it  was  much  cheaper  than  the 
ordinary  plow.  Oliver's  early  dreams  of  a 
perfect  plow  were  entirely  realized,  for  from 
that  day  to  this  there  has  been  hardly  any  im- 
provement in  his  invention.  In  showing  the 
value  of  Mr,  Oliver's  invention  to  the  agri- 
cultural interests  of  the  United  States,  Mr. 
Coffin,  in  testifying  before  the  House  Com- 
mittee on  Patents,  after  a  very  extensive  in- 
vestigation in  1877,  estimated  that  the  saving 
in  the  cultivation  of  farm  lands  would  have 
been  $45,000,000  had  the  Oliver  chilled  plow 
been  universally  used  (Senate  Reports,  2nd 
Session  of  the  Forty-fifth  Congress,  p.  276). 
With  the  advent  of  the  new  plow  the  little 
factory  on  the  St.  Joseph  River  rapidly  ex- 
panded. New  buildings  were  added,  steam 
power  was  substituted  for  water  power.  To- 
day the  works  cover  an  area  approaching  a 
hundred  acres,  employing  in  the  neighborhood 
of  3,000  men.  The  enterprise  is  now  without 
a  serious  rival  in  the  field  and  before  the  War 
shipped  its  plows  to  all  jarts  of  the  world. 
Incidentally  Mr.  Oliver  acquired  a  very  ex- 
tensive fortune;  incidentally  it  must  be  said, 
for  it  was  fundamentally  characteristic  of  him 
that  he  emphasized  the  actual  value  of  a  product 
rather  than  its  commercial  value.  To  produce 
the  best  plow  in  the  world  had  gradually  become 
an  obsession  with  him.  Having  succeeded  in 
his  object,  he  left  its  commercialization  to 
others.  "  Without  detracting  from  the  meed 
of  praise  that  is  due  James  Oliver,"  said  El- 
bert Hubbard,  in  one  of  his  "  Little  Journeys 
to  the  Homes  of  Great  Business  Men,"  '*  The 
truth  should  be  stated  that  alone  he  could 
never  have  built  up  or  extended  his  business 
to  its  present  colossal  proportions.     The  fact 


that  an  invention  is  useful  and  much  needed 
does  not  insure  its  success  .  .  .  and  let  this 
be  said,  James  Oliver  was  big  enough  to  leave 
all  questions  of  salesmanship  and  finance  to 
his  son.  For  over  thirty  years  Joseph  D.  Oliver 
has  been  the  actual  working  manager  of  the 
business."  James  Oliver  was  essentially  the 
inventor;  it  was  his  good  fortune  to  have  a 
son  who  was  a  business  genius.  Yet  there 
were  occasions  on  which  the  elder  man  asserted 
himself  in  the  formation  of  the  business  policy 
of  the  great  institutions  founded  on  his  inven- 
tion. "  The  Olivers,"  said  Elbert  Hubbard, 
"  have  never  been  in  a  trust  or  a  combination. 

.  .  When  James  Oliver  was  approached  on 
this  theme,  after  the  matter  had  been  pushed 
upon  his  attention  several  times  with  various 
and  sundry  tempting  oflTers,  he  replied,  '  I  do 
not  care  for  your  money,  neither  do  I  or  my 
family  care  to  go  out  of  business.  We  are 
not  looking  for  ease  or  rest  or  luxury.  I  love 
this  institution,  and  if  I  go  into  this  combine, 
granting  that  I  will  make  more  money  than 
now,  what  is  to  prevent  your  shutting  down 
these  works  and  throwing  all  these  people 
who  have  worked  for  me  all  these  years  out  of 
employment?  And  how  would  that  affect  this 
city  which  has  been  my  home  and  the  home 
of  those  I  love?  No,  sir,  your  talk  of  more 
money  and  less  responsibility  means  nothing 
to  me.'  Those  were  words  typical  of  the  man. 
Though  of  a  commanding  personality,  he  re- 
mained during  all  his  later  years  of  success 
the  plain,  simple,  unassuming  man  he  had  been 
during  the  days  of  struggle.  It  was  his  pride 
to  class  himself  as  a  farmer  and  the  fellow 
of  farmers,  thoroughly  unconscious  of  the  fact 
that  he  towered  above  his  fellows  like  a  veri- 
table collossus.  James  Oliver  was  not  what  is 
usually  termed  a  religious  man  For  the  quib- 
bles of  theology  he  had  scant  patience.  But 
his  attitude  toward  his  fellow  men  was  such 
as  is  inspired  by  all  the  true  religions  in  the 
world.  During  the  financial  panic  of  the  early 
'nineties,  though  there  was  a  marked  decrease 
in  the  demand  for  agricultural  machinery,  he 
demanded  that  the  works  should  continue  with 
full  forces  at  work.  Not  one  man  was  laid 
off  and  the  surplus  produced  by  the  factories 
was  stored  for  better  times.  "  Man's  first 
business  was  to  till  the  soil,"  said  Mr.  Oliver, 
"  his  last  business  will  be  to  till  the  soil.  I 
help  the  farmers  to  do  their  work,  and  for  my 
product  there  will  always  be  a  demand."  Thus, 
rather  than  to  cause  temporary  suffering 
among  his  many  employees,  he  preferred  to 
invest  a  great  deal  of  capital  in  non-interest 
bearing  products,  being  stored  until  the  de- 
mand should  reassert  itself  again.  On  30 
May,  1844,  Mr.  Oliver  married  Susan  C.  Doty, 
daughter  of  Joseph  Doty,  of  Mishawaka,  Ind. 
She  died  in  1902.  They  had  one  daughter  and 
one  son:  Josephine  (Mrs.  George  Ford,  secre- 
tary of  the  Oliver  Chilled  Plow  Works),  who 
died  in  1914,  and  Joseph  Doty  Oliver,  the  presi- 
dent of  the  great  corporation  which  his  father 
founded. 

OLIVER,  Joseph  Doty,  manufacturer,  b. 
Mishawaka,  Ind.,  2  Aug,  1860,  son  of  James 
Oliver  and  Susan  Catherine  (Doty)  Oliver. 
His  father  was  the  inventor  of  the  chilled 
plow,  which  revolutionized  the  plow  trade  of 
the  world,  and  founder  of  the  Oliver  Chilled 
Plow  Works,  South  Bend,  Ind.,  and  president 


105 


BUCKLEY 


HILL 


of  the  corporation  up  to  the  time  of  his  death 
in  1908.  The  son  Joseph  attended  the  common 
schools  of  South  Bend,  the  University  of 
Notre  Dame  and  De  Paw  University,  Green- 
castle,  Ind.  He  entered  his  father's  factory 
1  July,  1867,  and  by  remarkable  business 
ability  became  treasurer,  general  manager,  and 
finally  president  of  the  immense  concern  which 
his  father  founded.  He  has  entire  charge  of 
the  financial  affairs  of  the  company  and  han- 
dles them  vith  great  success.  Under  his  man- 
agement the  Oliver  Chilled  Plow  Works  has 
grown  from  infancy  to  a  giant's  stature.  Its 
products  to-day  are  known  and  used  through- 
out the  civilized  world.  Mr.  Oliver  has  never 
held  any  political  position  other  than  serving 
as  a  member  of  the  County  Council  of  St. 
Joseph  County,  Indiana,  and  on  several  occa- 
sions as  the  delegate  of  the  Republican  party 
to  state  and  national  conventions.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  Chicago  Club  and  of  the  Hamil- 
ton Club,  Hamilton,  Ontario,  Canada.  He  is 
a  trustee  of  Purdue  University  and  at  present 
(1917)  president  of  the  Board;  a  director  of 
the  National  Park  Bank,  New  York,  of  the 
First  National  Bank,  Chicago,  and  also  a  di- 
rector of  the  P.  C.  C.  &  St.  L.  Railroad  Com- 
pany, and  of  the  South  Bend  Chamber  of 
Commerce.  Mr.  Oliver  was  married  10  Dec, 
1884,  at  Johnstown,  N.  Y.,  to  Miss  Anna  Ger- 
trude Wells,  daughter  of  David  A.  Wells, 
manufacturer  of  gloves.  They  have  two  sons 
and  two  daughters:  James  (2d),  vice-president 
Oliver  Chilled  Plow  Works,  Gertrude  W.,  wife 
of  Charles  Frederick  Cunningham,  Lowell, 
Mass.,  Joseph  D.,  Jr.,  treasurer  of  the  Oliver 
Chilled  Plow  Works,  married  April  30,  1917, 
to  Eleanor  F.  McMillin,  daughter  of  Hon. 
Benton  McMillin,  ex-governor  of  Tennessee, 
and  now  (1917)  United  States  Minister  to 
Peru,  and  Miss  Susan  Catherine  Oliver.  Fol- 
lowing his  father's  example,  Joseph  D.  Oliver 
has  kept  in  touch  with  the  practical  features 
of  the  works  of  which  he  is  the  executive  head. 
He  is  thoroughly  familiar  with  all  improve- 
ments and  changes  and  spares  neither  time  nor 
money  when  necessary.  He  is  easily  approach- 
able and  always  ready  to  listen  patiently  to 
the  good  or  bad  and  give  timely  counsel.  He 
has  always  refused  political  office  and  is  de- 
voted to  his  home  and  family.  The  business 
of  which  he  is  the  head  is  his  great  source  of 
pride  and  he  is  never  happier  than  when  work- 
ing out  its  problems.  Personally,  and  as 
trustee  of  his  father's  estate,  he  had  been  of 
much  help  in  civic  affairs.  His  most  severe 
critic  could  not  say  more  than  to  tind  fault 
with  his  too  strict  devotion  to  business — but  the 
answer  is,  "  It's  in  the  blood  and  was  bred  in 
the  bone  and  he  can't  help  it."  Although  an 
ardent  Republican  and  always  ready  to  re- 
spond to  the  legitimate  calls  of  his  party,  he 
is  not  bigoted  and  enjoys  the  friendship  and 
confidence  of  many  who  are  politically  opposed 
to  him.  He  is  an  active  member  of  the  Pres- 
byterian Church. 

BUCKLEY,  James  Monroe,  clergyman, 
editor,  and  author,  was  born  in  Rahway, 
N.  J.,  16  Dec,  1836,  son  of  Rev.  John  and 
Abbie  L.  (Monroe)  Buckley.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Pennington  Seminary,  and  entered 
Wesleyan  University  in  the  class  of  1860,  but 
left  during  his  freshman  year.  For  some 
time  he  pursued  the  study  of  medicine;  later, 


he  studied  theology  under  private  tutors  at 
Exeter,  N.  H.,  meanwhile  preaching  there  as 
a  supply.  In  1859  he  joined  the  New  Hamp- 
shire Conference  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  and  was  stationed  at  Dover,  in  that 
State.  After  proving  his  efficiency  in  several 
large  and  important  stations,  he  was  trans- 
ferred to  Detroit,  Mich.,  in  1863,  and  to 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  in  1866.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  General  Conference  (the  delegated 
law-making  body  of  Methodism  which  holds 
its  sessions  quadrennially)  in  1872,  1876, 
1880,  1884,  1888,  1892,  1896,  1900,  1904, 
1908,  and  1912.  In  this  great  deliberative  as- 
sembly, representing  a  world-wide  ecclesi- 
asticism,  he  has  been  a  leader  of  acknowl- 
edged power.  Whatever  the  question  at  issue, 
he  has  never  come  to  its  discussion  without 
ample  information  concerning  it;  thus,  a 
tenacious  memory,  adroitness  in  debate,  and 
thorough  skill  as  a  parliamentarian  have  ac- 
corded him  a  dominant  influence  in  Christian 
councils  for  many  years.  He  was  a  delegate 
to  the  Methodist  Ecumenical  Conference  in 
London,  1881,  in  Washington,  1891,  and  in 
Toronto,  1911.  In  1880  he  was  elected  editor 
of  "  The  Christian  Advocate,"  published  in 
New  York,  the  chief  official  organ  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church.  His  editorial 
pre-eminence,  both  as  a  versatile  writer  and 
cogent  thinker,  has  received  wide  recognition, 
not  only  among  the  large  constituency  of 
readers  in  his  own  church,  but  among  those 
of  other  denominations  as  well.  As  a  speaker 
appointed  for  notable  occasions,  he  has 
evinced  an  easy  mastery  of  his  theme,  cou- 
pled with  dignity  and  eloquence.  He  has 
served  as  president  of  the  Board  of  Foreign 
Missions  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church, 
and  of  the  Board  of  Officers  of  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  (Seney)  Hospital  in  Brooklyn, 
N.  Y.  He  received  the  degree  of  D.D.  from 
Wesleyan  University  in  1872,  that  of  LL.B. 
from  Emory  and  Henry  College,  Virginia,  in 
1882,  and  that  of  LH.D.  from  Syracuse  Uni- 
versity in  1890.  He  has  written  "Two 
Weeks  in  the  Yosemite  Valley"  (1873); 
"Supposed  Miracles"  (1875);  "Christians 
and  the  Theatre"  (1877);  "Oats  or  Wild 
Oats"  (1885);  "The  Land  of  the  Czar  and 
the  Nihilists"  (1886);  "Faith  Healing, 
Christian  Science,  and  Kindred  Phenomena'* 
(1892);  "Travels  in  Three  Continents— Eu- 
rope, Asia,  Africa"  (1895);  "History  of 
Methodism  in  the  United  States"  (1897); 
"Extemporaneous  Oratory  for  Professional 
and  Amateur  Speakers"  '(1899);  "The  Fun- 
damentals and  Their  Contrasts"  (1906); 
"  The  Wrong  and  Peril  of  Woman  Suffrage " 
(1909)  ;  "  Theory  and  Practice  of  Foreign  Mis- 
sions "  (1911).  Dr.  Buckley's  home  address 
is  Morristown,  N.  J. 

HILL,  David  Jayne,  diplomat  and  historian, 
b.  at  Plainfield,  N.  J.,  10  June,  1850,  son  of 
Daniel  Trembley  and  Lydia  Ann  (Thompson) 
Hill.  His  first  American  ancestor  was  Abra- 
ham Hill,  a  native  of  England,  who  settled  in 
Massachusetts  in  1636.  He  received  his  early 
education  at  the  common  schools  of  Plainfield, 
at  the  Suffield  Academy,  Connecticut,  and  at 
Cooperstown,  N.  Y.,  and  was  graduated  at  the 
L^niversity  of  Lewisburg  (now  Bucknell  Uni- 
versity ) ,  Pennsylvania,  in  1874.  After  his  grad- 
uation  he   became   instructor   in  ancient  lan- 


106 


WOOLNER 


WOOLNER 


guages;  was  appointed  professor  of  rhetoric 
there  in  1877,  and  in  1879  was  elected  president. 
In  1888  he  accepted  the  presidency  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Rochester  and  held  that  office  until 
his  resignation  in  1896.  Under  his  adminis- 
tration the  curriculum  of  the  university  was 
enlarged  by  the  addition  of  more  than  forty 
new  courses  of  study,  and  the  faculty  was  ma- 
terially increased.  After  his  resignation  he 
spent  nearly  three  years  in  the  study  of  the 
public  law  of  Europe,  and  from  1899  to  1903 
was  professor  of  European  diplomacy  in  the 
school  of  comparative  jurisprudence  and 
diplomacy,  Washington,  D.  C.  In  1888  he  was 
appointed  Assistant  Secretary  of  State  by 
President  McKinley.  He  resigned  that  office 
in  1903  to  accept  the  post  of  envoy  extraordi- 
nary and  minister  plenipotentiary  of  the 
United  States  to  Switzerland,  and  two  years 
later  he  was  sent  in  the  same  capacity  to  the 
Netherlands.  In  1908  he  was  appointed  am- 
bassador extraordinary  and  plenipotentiary  to 
Germany,  and  held  that  post  until  1911.  Dr 
Hill  is  the  author  of  "  Life  of  Washington 
Irving  "  ( 1877 )  ;  "  Life  of  William  Cullen 
Bryant"  (1878);  "Elements  of  Rhetoric" 
(1877)  ;  "Science  of  Rhetoric"  (1878)  ;  "Ele- 
ments of  Psychology"  (1886);  "Social  Influ- 
ence of  Christianity"  (1888);  "Principles 
and  Fallacies  of  Socialism"  (1888)  ;  "Genetic 
Philosophy"  (1893);  "International  Jus- 
tice " ;  "A  Primer  of  Finance ;  " The  Concep- 
tion and  Realization  of  Neutrality"  (1902); 
"The  Life  and  Work  of  Hugo  Grotius " 
( 1902 )  ;  "  The  Contemporary  Development  of 
Diplomacy"  (1904);  "A  History,  of  Diplo- 
macy in  the  International  Development  of 
Europe  " ;  "  The  Struggle  for  Universal  Em- 
pire "  (Vol.  I,  1905);  "The  Establishment  of 
Territorial  Sovereignty"  (Vol.  II,  1906); 
"  World  Organization  as  Affected  by  the  Na- 
ture of  the  Modern  State"  (1911);  "The 
Diplomacy  of  the  Age  of  Absolutism  "  (1914)  ; 
and  "  The  People's  Government  "  (1915).  Dr 
Hill  was  a  delegate  to  the  Second  Peace  Con- 
ference at  The  Hague  in  1907,  and  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Permanent  Administrative  Council 
of  The  Hague  Tribunal.  He  is  vice-grand 
commander  of  the  Society  of  American  Wars; 
a  member  of  the  American  Philosophical  So- 
ciety, the  American  Society  of  International 
Law,  the  American  Historical  Association,  and 
other  learned  societies.  He  married  3  June, 
1886,  Juliet  Lewis,  daughter  of  Judge  Heze- 
kiah  B.  Packer,  of  Williamsport,  Pa. 

WOOLNER,  Samuel,  business  man  and  phi- 
lanthropist, b.  in  Senitz,  Hungary,  11  March, 
1845;  d.  in  Peoria,  111.,  4  Jan.,  1911,  fifth  son 
of  Solomon  and  Sallie  Woolner.  Both  parents 
were  natives  of  Hungary,  and  there  Samuel 
spent  his  early  years,  deriving  a  good  educa- 
tion in  the  common  schools  of  his  native  town. 
When  little  more  than  a  boy  he  learned  the 
distiller's  trade,  and  feeling  that  the  United 
States  offered  better  opportunities  in  business 
than  the  old  country,  came  to  America  at  the 
age  of  eighteen  years.  He  landed  at  Philadel- 
phia practically  empty-handed,  but  made  his 
way  to  Cleveland,  Ohio,  whore  he  sought  any 
kind  of  honest  work.  Finally  he  returned  to 
Philadelphia  and  secured  a  position  in  a  dis- 
tillery. His  equipment  for  his  trade  had  been 
obtained  after  the  thorough,  painstaking,  and 
honest  methods  of  the   Old  World,   and   this 


fact,  together  with  his  native  ability  and  re- 
sourcefulness, won  him  rapid  advancement. 
He  soon  amassed  a  small  capital,  and  with 
his  brothers,  Adolph  and  Ignatius,  established 
a  distillery  at  Louisville,  Ky.,  in  1869.  After 
two  years  the  brothers  sold  out  this  enter- 
prise and  purchased  several  distilleries  in 
Peoria,  111.,  which  they  operated  successfully 
for  many  years,  and  developed  the  extensive 
business  now  carried  on  by  their  descendants. 
When  they  found  themselves  well  established, 
they  sent  back  to  Hungary  for  two  other 
brothers,  Jacob  and  Morris  H.  Woolner,  who 
also  became  partners  in  the  firm,  each  super- 
intending certain  parts  of  the  work.  Thus, 
by  co-operation  and  good  management,  the 
concern  grew  into  one  of  the  most  prosperous 
and  favorably  known  in  the  distilling  business. 
Samuel  Woolner  did  not  confine  his  activities 
to  the  distilling  line  alone,  but  was  instru- 
mental in  building  up  many  other  enterprises 
in  Peoria.  It  was  through  his  agency  that  the 
grape-sugar  industry  was  established  in  that 
city.  He  held  a  large  interest  in  the  Peoria 
Grape  Sugar  Company,  which  he  and  his 
brothers  had  organized.  He  was  a  prominent 
figure  in  banking  circles,  and,  after  serving 
some  time  as  a  director,  was  elected  to  the 
vice-presidency  of  the  German-American  Na- 
tional Bank,  the  leading  financial  institution 
of  Peoria,  and  the  predecessor  of  the  Com- 
mercial German  National  Bank.  He  was  also 
a  large  stockholder  in  several  of  the  leading 
banks)  of  Chicago.  In  1894  Mr.  Woolner  built 
the  Atlas  Distillery,  the  largest  in  Peoria,  and 
in  1890,  with  his  brother,  Adolph,  erected  the 
Woolner  Building,  one  of  the  city's  larg- 
est and  most  complete  business  houses.  Mr. 
Woolner  held  many  positions  of  a  public 
or  semi-public  nature.  He  was  for  many  years 
a  member  of  the  board  of  trade,  also  of  the 
city  council;  and  was  at  one  time  tendered 
the  nomination  for  mayor  of  Peoria,  but  was 
forced  to  decline  the  honor,  on  account  of 
business.  The  influence  of  the  Woolner 
brothers  on  the  growth  and  development  of  the 
city  of  Peoria  was  very  great.  Samuel  Wool- 
ner himself  was  everywhere  respected  for  his 
sterling  qualities  and  his  helpful  humanita- 
rianism.  He  contributed  liberally  to,  or  was 
an  active  worker  in,  almost  every  form  of 
Jewish  and  non-sectarian  charity  A  firm  be- 
liever in  conservative,  reformed  Judaism,  he 
became  well  known  as  one  of  the  foremost 
Jewish  philanthropists  of  America,  giving 
generously  wherever  there  was  need,  and  seek- 
ing always  the  welfare  and  advancement  of 
his  race.  He  was  a  member  of  Schiller  Lodge 
F.  &  A.  M.,  a  thirty-second  degree  Mason, 
Scottish  Rite;  president  of  the  Anshai  Amoth 
congregation  of  Peoria,  also  president  of  the 
order  of  B'nai  B'rith  for  the  Peoria  district. 
He  was  president  of  the  Homo  for  Agod  and 
Infirm  Israelites,  at  Cleveland,  Ohio;  trustee 
of  the  Jewish  Orphan  Asylum  of  that  city; 
and  served  as  president  of  the  Union  Ameri- 
can-Hebrew congregations,  at  Cincinnati.  It 
has  been  well  said  that  "  nature  ondowod  him 
with  indefatigable  will-powor  and  thoroiigh 
business  sagacity,  which,  coupled  with  sterling 
honesty  and  truthful  habit  h,  not  only  gained 
him  the  reputation  of  being  one  of  the  fore- 
most business  men  of  Pooria.  but  also  won 
him  fame  throughout  the  country."    Mr,  Wool- 


107 


MARCH 


MANTON 


j^r^^i^i^^.*^ 


ner  married  20  March,  1869,  Johanna  Levy, 
who  died  in  1872,  leaving  a  daughter,  Hannah, 
now  the  wife  of  William  B.  Woolner.  On  19 
Oct.,  1892,  he  married  Miriam,  daughter  of 
Louis  Sternbach,  of  New  York  City,  by  whom 
he  had  one  son,  Seymour  Woolner,  now  (1917) 
a  student  at  Yale  University. 

MAECH,  Frank  Morrison,  banker,  b.  in  St. 
Paul,  Minn.,  22  Oct.,  18C3,  son  of  Nelson 
Jonathan  and  Mary  Jane  (Morrison)  March. 
His  father  served 
as  deputy  provost 
marshal  during  the 
Civil  War,  and  in 
1874-78  was  sheriflf 
of  Muker  County, 
Minn.  His  earliest 
American  ancestor 
was  Hugh  March, 
who  emigrated  to 
this  country  from 
Newbury,  England, 
in  1638,  settling 
in  Newburyport, 
Mass.  The  two 
sons  of  Hugh 
March,  Col.  John 
and  Capt.  Hugh 
March,  built  and 
operated  the  first 
ferry  across  the  Merrimac  River.  Frank 
M.  March  was  educated  in  the  public  schools 
of  his  native  town,  and  at  an  early  age 
obtained  employment  in  a  mercantile  house. 
In  1884  he  accepted  a  position  with  the 
firm  of  A.  H.  Reed  and  Company,  at  Glen- 
coe,  Minn ,  where  he  found  an  opportunity  to 
study  the  operation  of  an  extensive  business 
enterprise.  He  resigned  his  connection  with 
the  firm  in  1889,  and  went  to  Pierre,  S.  D., 
where  he  engaged  in  the  wholesale  and  retail 
crockery  and  grocery  business  in  partnership 
with  his  brother,  George  K.  March.  He  di- 
rected his  attention  to  the  development  of  the 
business  which  grew  rapidly  and  in  the  spring 
of  1894  he  sold  out  his  interest  in  the  firm 
and  went  with  his  family  to  Zumbrota,  Minn. 
Here  he  organized  the  Security  State  Bank, 
of  which  he  was  made  cashier.  In  1901, 
stories  of  great  fortunes  being  made  in  West- 
ern Canada  led  him  to  Winnipeg,  where  he 
organized  the  Manitoba  Land  and  Investment 
Company,  in  partnership  with  his  brothers, 
N.  U.,  C.  H.,  and  G  K.  March.  He  was  made 
president  of  the  company,  which,  during  the 
next  ten  years,  handled  500,000  acres  of  West- 
ern Canada  land.  In  1903  he  organized  the 
Export  Elevator  Company,  building  a  line  of 
elevators  along  the  Canadian  Northern  and 
the  Canadian  Pacific  Railways  The  poor 
health  of  his  wife,  in  the  summer  of  1909, 
made  it  necessary  for  him  to  go  W^est,  and  he 
went  to  Spokane,  Wash.,  where  he  organized 
the  National  Bank  of  Commerce,  assuming  the 
presidency.  In  every  work  committed  to  his 
hands,  Mr.  March  has  labored  with  diligence, 
perseverance,  and  efficiency,  and  the  wholesome 
practical  results  testify  to  the  value  of  his 
business  ability.  His  quick  intuitive  mind 
has  never  failed  to  meet  an  emergency 
when  it  arises.  Mr.  March  is  a  director  of 
the  Spokane  Fruit  Growers'  Company,  and  an 
officer  in  many  banks  and  corporations  He  is 
a  member  of  the  Grain  Exchange,  Real  Estate 


Exchange;  director  of  the  Industrial;  trustee 
and  treasurer  of  the  Spokane  Chamber  of 
Commerce,  and  at  one  time  served  as  mayor 
of  Zumbrota,  Minn.  In  Spokane  he  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Spokane,  Inland,  and  Athletic 
Clubs.  He  was  married  19  June,  1891,  at 
Glencoe,  Minn.,  to  Emma  F.  Wadsworth,  who 
died  at  Monrovia,  Cal ,  24  Aug.,  1913. 

MANTON,  Frank  Stead,  inventor  and  manu- 
facturer, b.  in  Providence,  R.  I.,  28  Feb.,  1838; 
d.  in  North  Wakefield,  N.  H.,  19  Aug ,  1909, 
son  of  Salma  Manton  and  Anstis  Pearce 
(Dyer)  Manton.  His  father  was  a  cotton 
broker,  who  though  he  died  in  his  thirty- 
eighth  year  did  much  for  the  advancement  of 
his  native  city,  being  noted  always  for  his 
public  spirit  and  progressiveness.  Salma  Man- 
ton  was  born  on  12  Feb.,  1798,  less  than  eight 
years  after  Rhode  Island  had  ratified  the  Con- 
stitution, which,  as  one  of  the  original  thir- 
teen States,  he  had  a  hand  in  framing.  Soon 
after  his  death  his  son,  Frank  Stead  Manton, 
youngest  of  three  brothers,  was  born.  Al- 
though Frank  never  saw  his  father,  he  had 
been  endowed  with  the  same  restless  energy, 
and  even  in  boyhood  was  regarded  as  one  of 
whdm  his  city  might  well  be  proud.  He  was 
educated  first  in  the  public  schools  of  Provi- 
dence, and  afterward  went  through  an  aca- 
demic course  in  a  private  school.  He  did  not 
follow  his  father's  example  in  his  choice  of  a 
calling.  He  might  have  been  also  a  cotton 
broker  had  his  taste  so  inclined  him.  But 
from  some  of  his  ancestors  he  had  inherited 
inventive  talent,  together  with  a  liking  for 
mechanics  and  engineering  science.  So  he  be- 
gan his  business  career  as  a  civil  engineer  and 
surveyor,  for  which  the  records  show  that  lie 
had  a  remarkable  aptitude.  For  several  years 
he  held  important  positions  in  the  Hope  Iron 
Works,  and  then  became  manager  and  presi- 
dent of  the  Ameri(fan  Ship  W'indlass  Company 
of  Providence.  It  was  here  that  he  found  his 
true  vocation.  The  company  was  newly  estab- 
lished in  1857,  when  he  became  its  head.  Un- 
der his  able  direction  and  with  the  aid  of  his 
inventive  genius  in  increasing  in  many  ways 
the  efficiency  of  ships  of  all  kinds,  it  became 
one  of  the  most  noted  marine  manufactories  in 
America.  That  Mr.  Manton's  personal  con- 
tributions to  the  large  sum  total  of  new  ideas 
emanating  from  the  works  of  the  American 
Ship  Windlass  Company  had  much  to  do  with 
its  unprecedented  success  is  beyond  question. 
In  windlasses,  towing  machinery,  and  other 
appliances  on  shipboard,  which  have  a  more 
important  bearing  on  the  management  of  ves- 
sels than  is  easily  comprehended  by  non- 
nautical  persons,  he  introduced  an  incalculable 
number  of  improvements.  His  inventive  genius 
seemed  to  be  inexhaustible.  Marine  men 
throughout  the  world  are  indebted  to  Frank 
Manton  for  a  practical  application  of  me- 
chanics to  the  steering  and  general  manage- 
ment of  ocean  and  lake  vessels  that  save 
labor,  while  adding  to  their  efficiency  and 
safety.  He  invented  the  first  iron  windlass 
ever  used.  Later  he  proved  that  iron  would 
do  the  work  much  better  than  wood,  and  at  M 
the  same  time  disposing  of  the  objection  of  m 
the  old-fashioned  mariner  that  iron  would  be  ^ 
too  heavy  by  proving  that  its  weight  was  little 
if  any  heavier.  When  once  his  iron  windlass 
had   been   accepted,   he   designed   other   wind- 


108 


MANTON 


MANTON 


lasses  and  capstans  and  practically  all  that 
are  in  use  in  the  twentieth  century,  every- 
where on  the  seven  seas,  as  well  as  on  the 
Great  Lakes  of  America,  and  in  other  coun- 
tries, are  of  the  pattern  that  Frank  S.  Man- 
ton  made.  During  the  fifty  years  as  head  of 
the  company  the  number  of  improvements  that 
were  tested  can  hardly  be  estimated.  Mr. 
Manton  made  a  deep  scientific  study  of  the 
windlass.  He  recognized  in  it  one  of  the  most 
important  factors  in  the  management  of  a 
ship,  and  he  knew,  as  does  every  experienced 
navigator,  that  there  are  times  when  the  per- 
fect working  of  the  windlass  may  mean  the 
salvation  of  the  ship.  There  is  no  guesswork 
on  the  windlasses  invented  or  perfected  by  Frank 
S.  Manton.  All  the  steam  windlasses  made  by 
the  American  Ship  Windlass  Company  have  a 
direct  connection  between  the  engine  and  wind- 
lass, without  counter  shafts  or  additional  gear- 
ing. They  also  have  a  counter-balance  for  the 
engines  and  an  automatic  lubricator  for  the 
worm  and  worm-gear,  and  the  engines  are 
placed  together  in  the  most  accessible  posi- 
tion. One  improvement  made  by  Mr.  Manton 
in  his  early  days  with  this  company  was  a 
patent  reversing  motion  that  is  now  taken  as 
a  matter  of  course,  but  which  had  been  over- 
looked until  he  showed  how  it  would  be  used. 
The  American  Ship  Windlass  Company  of 
Providence  had  the  most  extensive  windlass 
plant  in  the  world.  Nine-tenths  of  the  wind- 
lasses and  capstans  used  in  America  were 
built  by  this  company.  Mr.  Manton  was  al- 
ways much  interested  in  yachts,  and  several 
of  his  inventions  came  into  being  with  the 
convenience  and  utility  of  yacht  navigators  ex- 
pressly in  view.  He  personally  superintended 
considerable  work  done  for  the  United  States 
navy.  Among  the  battleships  he  fitted  with 
steam  windlasses,  steel  bibbs,  etc.,  was  the 
U.  S  steel  cruiser  "  Maine,"  which  was  sunk 
in  Havana  harbor,  and  whose  loss  precipitated 
if  it  did  not  actually  cause  the  war  between 
the  United  States  and  Spain.  It  was  not  only 
in  his  own  inventions  that  Mr.  Manton  was 
able  to  do  so  much  for  the  maritime  world. 
He  was  always  on  the  alert  for  any  valuable 
discovery  bv  others.  From  the  beginning  the 
company,  through  its  president,  carefully  in- 
vestigated every  idea  or  suggestion  of  im- 
provement in  windlasses  or  capstans.  If  prac- 
tical it  was  adopted,  and  always  with  gener- 
ous regard  to  the  claims  of  the  inventors.  The 
works  of  the  American  Ship  Windlass  Com- 
pany were  at  the  corner  of  Waterman  and  East 
River  Streets,  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  city, 
on  the  banks  of  the  Seekonk  River,  quite  away 
from  the  general  hum  of  business.  Few  of 
Providence's  manufactories  were  so  widely  and 
favorably  known.  Soon  the  company's  steam 
windlasses,  steam  capstans,  improved  hand 
windlasses,  and  hand  capstans  had  been  put 
upon  thousands  of  vessels,  and  were  carried 
by  them  over  the  oceans  of  the  world  and 
America's  Great  Lakes.  From  a  small  be- 
ginning in  1857  the  business  grew  to  extensive 
dimensions  and  employed  a  large  capital.  The 
company,  with  ample  facilities  in  its  shops 
and  tools,  devoted  itself  exclusively  to  this 
one  work  of  supplying  the  vessels  of  the 
American  navy,  merchant  steamers,  pleasure 
yachts  and  sailing  vessels  with  reliable  ma- 
chinery   for    handing    their    heavy    anchors, 


loading  and  unloading,  warping  ships,  etc. 
Great  excellence  is  usually  attained  wherever 
any  industry  admits  of  sufficient  expansion,  so 
that  all  tools  may  be  especially  adapted  to  one 
purpose,  and  workmen  become  expert  from 
continually  reproducing  duplicate  machines. 
Many  hundreds  of  testimonials — from  the  press, 
as  well  as  from  eminent  navy  officers,  heads  of 
departments,  experienced  commanders  of  ves- 
sels, and  naval  engineers,  give  evidence  that 
to  the  patient,  persistent,  and  well-directed 
efforts  of  Frank  S.  Manton,  the  manager,  was 
due  the  remarkable  efficiency  of  the  ibnerican 
Ship  Windlass  Company's  products.  In  the 
years  now  long  past  there  were  only  small  ves- 
sels, and  ropes  were  used  instead  of  the  chains 
of  to-day  for  anchoring.  An  upright  wooden 
windlass  stood  in  the  bows  of  a  vessel.  Then, 
with  handspikes  of  wood  inserted  in  the  wind- 
lass, many  sailors  walked  around,  and  by 
main  strength  brought  up  the  anchors;  now, 
on  the  leviathans  of  the  deep,  the  seaman 
stands  by  to  see  the  work  better  done  by 
steam.  Nowadays,  two  sailors  can  anchor  a 
three-thousand-ton  ship  with  ease;  to  do  the 
same  work  in  the  old  way  would  demand  the 
services  of  about  twenty-five  men,  and  take 
twenty  times  as  long.  To-day  a  great  battle- 
ship can  have  anchor  up  and  under  headway 
in  five  minutes.  Sailing  ships  supplied  with 
steam  windlasses,  when  anchored  in  deep  seas 
like  the  English  Channel,  can  be  off  and  out 
of  sight  before  a  vessel  rigged  in  the  old  man- 
ner could  get  her  anchor  aboard.  Many  dan- 
gers of  the  seas  are  less  to  be  dreaded  with 
these  ample  provisions  for  anchoring.  When 
on  a  lee  shore,  or  getting  under  way  in  a 
gale  of  wind,  then  the  value  of  a  good  wind- 
lass is  shown.  Indeed,  at  such  times  the  whole 
cost  is  paid  for  in  a  few  moments.  It  is 
beyond  question  that  on  steamships,  next  in 
importance  to  the  engine  comes  the  windlass 
with  its  chain  and  anchors.  To  hold  its  own 
against  the  active  competitors  of  to-day,  the 
modern  vessel,  whether  propelled  by  steam  or 
sail,  must  have  the  most  complete  labor- 
saving  devices,  and  every  mariner  the  world 
over  knows  that  nobody  has  done  more  in 
the  line  than  was  accomplished  by  the  Ameri- 
can Ship  Windlass  Company,  under  the  active 
management  of  Frank  Stead  Manton.  It  is 
estimated  that  seven-eighths  of  all  the  ves- 
sels sailing  from  American  ports,  both  on  the 
salt  seas  and  the  great  fresh-water  lakes,  are 
provided  with  machines  made  by  this  company. 
The  American  Ship  Windlass  Company  was 
favorably  known  in  foreign  lands,  as  well  as 
in  America,  by  a  towing  machine  manufactured 
only  by  this  organization.  ]\lr.  Manton  was 
particularly  proud  of  an  achievement  of  this 
machine  in  Great  Britain,  wlion  on  the  light- 
house steamer  "  Alexandra,"  of  towing  the 
lightship  "  Kittiwake "  from  Kingston  back 
to  her  station  at  Coningbog  Rook,  after  being 
repaired.  The  machine  had  opportunity  fully 
to  demonstrate  its  value,  as  the  "  Alexandra  " 
nearly  all  the  way  fought  against  a  head  wind 
and  sea,  and  the  lightship  "  Kittiwake  "  roared 
and  plunged  in  her  headlong  oourso  astern  at 
a  speed  of  about  olovon  knots  an  hour,  tho  fast- 
est she  ever  had  traveled.  The  task  was  suc- 
cessfully performed,  and  tho  maohino  that  made 
the  diflioult  and  dangerous  undertaking  pos- 
sible and   safe   won  the   warmest  praise  from 

109 


COOK 

those  who  had  the  management  of  it,  and  from 
the  British  press  represented  on  board  the 
"  Alexandra."  Another  demonstration  of  the 
great  elhciency  of  this  apparatus  was  the  tow- 
ing of  a  dry  dock  from  Newport  News,  Va.,  to 
Manila,  P.  I.  Many  leading  marine  experts 
at  the  time  said  this  could  not  be  done.  Since 
Mr.  Manton's  death  the  American  Ship  Wind- 
lass Company  has  been  merged  in  other  com- 
panies, but  for  more  than  half  a  century  it 
was  pre-eminent.  Its  products  were  standard 
and  it  was  the  genius  of  Frank  Stead  Manton 
that  gave  them  the  quality  which  made  them 
so.  Mr.  Manton  was  held  in  high  esteem  by 
all  who  knew  him,  particularly  by  his  em- 
ployees. He  was  confined  to  his  home  by  seri- 
ous illness  at  one  time,  and,  upon  his  return 
to  the  plant,  all  the  employees  showed  their 
respect  and  appreciation  of  him  by  abandoning 
their  work  to  shake  his  hand.  Frank  Stead 
Manton  was  of  English  descent,  although  for 
centuries  his  ancestors  had  lived  in  America. 
Edward  Manton  it  was  who  came  over  from 
England  in  the  train  of  that  valiant  fighter  for 
liberty  and  founder  of  the  city  of  Providence, 
R.  I.,  Roger  Williams,  in  the  early  years  of 
the  seventeenth  century.  He  settled  at  Provi- 
dence Plantations,  in  Narragansett  Bay,  where, 
later,  the  town  of  Manton  was  named  for  him. 
Naturally  Edward  Manton  was  its  most  im- 
portant citizen,  and  the  Mantons  are  still 
prominent  in  the  community  which  bears  that 
name.  Shadrach  JVIanton,  son  of  the  founder 
of  the  family  in  the  United  States,  was  the 
first  town  clerk  of  Providence.  Frank  Stead 
Manton  married  in  June,  1863,  Miss  A.  Frances 
Manton,  daughter  of  Dr.  Shadrach  Manton,  of 
Providence,  R.  I.  Some  years  after  her  death 
he  married  Miss  Jennie  Sage,  of  New  York. 
He  had  four  children:  Amey,  Edith,  Salma, 
and  Fanny.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Home 
Market  Club,  Mechanical  Engineers'  Society, 
Athletic  Association,  Board  of  Trade,  Cham- 
ber of  Commerce,  and  Naval  Engineers.  His 
portrait  is  in  Howell's  Album  of  Marine 
Celebrities. 

COOK,  John  Williston,  educator,  b  in 
Oneida,  N.  Y.,  20  April,  1844,  son  of  Harry 
De  Witt  and  Joanna  (Hall)  Cook.  When 
he  was  seven  years  of  age,  the  family  re- 
moved to  Illinois,  where  his  father  became  a 
prominent  figure  in  railway  activities  He 
w^as  educated  in  the  public  schools  of  Illinois, 
and  at  the  Illinois  State  Normal  University, 
where  he  was  graduated  in  1865.  He  then  be- 
gan his  career  as  a  teacher  in  the  public 
schools  of  Brimfield,  111.,  and  soon  after  was 
appointed  principal.  His  tact  and  versatility 
won  for  him  many  friends,  and  in  September, 
1866,  he  was  chosen  principal  of  the  grammar 
school  department  of  the  model  school  in  the 
Illinois  State  Normal  University.  Two  years 
later  he  became  professor  of  geography  and 
history  in  the  same  institution  during  the 
absence  of  the  head  of  that  department  In 
September,  1869,  he  became  professor  of  read- 
ing and  elocution,  in  which  capacity  he  con- 
tinued until  June,  1876,  when  he  was  elected 
professor  of  mathematics  and  physics.  He 
showed  great  aptitude  for  administrative 
affairs,  and  in  June,  1890,  was  elected  presi- 
dent of  the  Illinois  State  Normal  University, 
which  position  he  resigned  in  1899  to  be- 
come president  of  the  Northern  Illinois  State 


110 


BARRETT 


Normal  School  at  DeKalb,  111.  Professor  Cook 
possesses  the  faculty  to  a  wonderful  degree 
of  arranging  his  subject  logically  by  outline, 
and  being  able  to  explain  matters  intelligently 
to  others.  He  is  a  thorough,  positive,  prac- 
tical educator,  who  is  always  enthusiastic  and 
knows  how  to  instill  that  enthusiasm  into  his 
students.  Professor  Cook  is  the  author  of  a 
series  of  text-books  in  arithmetic  in  collabora- 
tion with  Miss  M.  Cropsey  (1892),  and  of  the 
"Educational  History  of  Illinois"  (1912). 
He  was  editor  and  publisher  of  the  "  Illinois 
School  Master,"  in  September,  1874;  editor 
and  publisher  of  the  "  Illinois  School  Journal,'* 
in  1883-86.  Besides  his  educational  and  literary 
activities.  Professor  Cook  has  appeared  on  the 
public  lecture  platform  since  1869,  since  which 
time  he  has  delivered  more  than  2,000  lectures. 
He  was  secretary  of  the  Illinois  State  Teachers* 
Association,  in  1873;  president  in  1880;  presi- 
dent of  the  normal  department  of  the  National 
Education  Association,  in  1896;  president  in 
1904,  and  is  now  a  member  of  the  University 
Club  of  Chicago,  and  the  Quadrangle  Club, 
University  of  Chicago.  On  26  Aug.,  1867,  he 
married  Lydia  Farnham  Spofford,  of  North 
Andover,  Mass  ,  and  they  have  two  children. 

BAKRETT,  John,  journalist  and  diplomat,  b. 
in  Grafton,  Vt.,  28  Nov ,  1866,  son  of  Charles 
and  Caroline  (Sanford)  Barrett.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Vermont  Academy,  continued  at  Wor- 
cester Academy,  and  after  teaching  for  one  year 
he  entered  Dartmouth  College  in  1885.  The 
expenses  of  his  college  course  were  defrayed, 
largely  through  his  own  efforts,  as  a  teacher, 
hotel  clerk,  and  newspaper  correspondent.  He 
graduated  in  1889  and  took  charge  of  the  Eng- 
lish department  of  Hopkins  Academy,  Oakland, 
Cal.  He  next  devoted  his  time  to  the  publica- 
tion of  the  "Annual  Statistician  and  Econo- 
mist "  in  San  Francisco,  and  later  was  on  the 
staffs  of  newspapers  in  Seattle,  Tacoma,  San 
Francisco  and  Portland.  In  1894,  after  acquir- 
ing prominence  in  editorial  work  and  as  an  au- 
thority on  political  and  economic  questions,  he 
was  appointed  U.  S.  minister  to  Siam,  although 
but  twenty-seven  years  of  age  and  the  youngest 
person  ever  appointed  to  a  similar  position. 
He  successfully  negotiated  a  difficult  question 
with  the  Siamese  government,  securing  an  in- 
demnity of  $250,000  for  an  American  claimant, 
and  made  clear  the  extra-territorial  treaty 
rights  of  Americans  in  Asia.  On  resigning 
this  position  in  1898,  he  went  to  Manila,  where 
he  was  war  correspondent  during  the  Spanish- 
American  War  and  a  part  of  the  Filipino  insur- 
rection, returning  to  America  in  June,  1899. 
Mr.  Barrett  was  the  American  representative 
to  the  International  Confederation  of  American 
Republics  in  Mexico,  1901;  minister  to  Argen- 
tina in  1903;  minister  of  Panama  in  1904-05; 
and  to  Colombia  in  1905-06.  Since  19  Dec, 
1906,  he  has  been  director-general  of  the  Pan- 
American  Union.  Mr  Barrett  is  the  author 
of  "Admiral  Dewey"  (1889);  "The  Far  East 
and  Siam— A  Wonderland  of  Asia  "  ( 1903 )  ; 
"  Pan-American  Union — Peace,  Friendship, 
Commerce"  (1911);  "The  Panama  Canal: 
What  It  Is,  What  It  Means"  (1913),  and  a 
contributor  to  the  magazines  and  reviews  on 
Latin-American  and  Asiatic  subjects  He  was 
elected  an  honorary  member  of  the  American 
Asiatic  Association  for  his  services  in  the  de- 
velopment of  American  commercial  interests  in 


ABRAHAM 


PARSONS 


Asia,  and  received  a  special  diploma  at  the 
University  of  Bogota,  Colombia,  for  his  services 
as  a  diplomat.  In  1910  he  was  decorated  with 
the  order  of  Bolivar,  Venezuela,  in  recognition 
of  his  efforts  in  the  interest  of  the  South 
American  republics.  In  1916  he  was  secretary 
of  the  General  Pan-American  Scientific  Con- 
gress in  Washington.  Mr.  Barrett  is  a  mem- 
ber of  several  leading  clubs. 

ABRAHAM,  Abraham,  merchant,  b,  in  New 
York,    9    March,    1843;    d.    in    the   Thousand 
Islands,  N,  Y.,  28  June,  1911.     He  was  a  son 
of  Judah  Abraham,  a  Bavarian  merchant  who 
emigrated  to  this  country  a  few  years  before 
the  birth  of  his  son.     Young  Abraham's  par- 
ents desired  him  to  become  a  lawyer,  but  he 
was   determined   on   a    mercantile    career,   and 
at  the  age  of  fourteen  obtained  employment  in 
a  dry  goods  store  in  Newark,  N.  J.     His  in- 
domitable zeal  won  for  him  rapid  promotion, 
and  at  the  age  of  twenty-two  he  engaged  in 
the    dry    goods    business    at    297    Fulton   near 
Johnson   Street,   Brooklyn,   N.  Y,   in  partner- 
ship with  Joseph  Wechsler,  under  the  style  of 
Wechsler  and  Abraham.     The  business  enjoyed 
a  steady  growth,  and  in  1883  it  was  moved  to 
the  present  location  on  Fulton  Street.    In  1885 
Mr.  Abraham  startled  his  friends  and  business 
associates    when    he    purchased   a    building    in 
Fulton    Street    known    as    "  Wheeler's    Folly." 
This  building  was  the  first  one  built  of  steel  in 
the  borough,  and  was  located  a  good  distance 
from  the  business  center.   The  store  was  vacant 
many  months  of  the  year,  and  at  other  times 
was    occupied    by    cheap    store    and    auction 
rooms.    Mr.  Abraham  opened  the  store  and  his 
success     was     instantaneous.       In     1893     Mr. 
Wechsler    retired    from   the   business    and   the 
firm   of   Abraham   and   Straus   was   organized 
with  Nathan  Straus,  Isidor  Straus,  and  Simon 
F.  Rothschild  as  partners.     Mr.  Abraham  was 
directly  connected  with  one  of  the  most  strik- 
ing developments  in  America,  the  department 
store,  and  the  business  which  he  founded  now 
occupies  a  block  covering  about  fifteen  acres. 
Mr.  Abraham  w».s  conspicuous  for  his  charita- 
ble work.     He  helped  to  found  the  Jewish  hos- 
pital,  and   at  the   time  of  his   death   was   its 
president;  president  of  the  board  of  trustees 
of    the    Brooklyn    Hebrew    Orphan    Asylum; 
president  of  the  Temple  Israel;   vice-president 
of  the  Society  for  the  Prevention  of  Cruelty  to 
Children;   director  of  the  Brooklyn  Bureau  of 
Charities;   trustee  of  the  American  branch  of 
the  Baron   de  Hirsch   fund;    and   incorporator 
and  trustee  of  the  Brooklyn  Institute  of  Arts 
and  Sciences.    Mr.  Abraham  was  a  trustee  and 
director  in  a  number  of  financial   and   indus- 
trial   institutions    and    a    member    of    several 
prominent  clubs.     Mr.  Abraham  labored  hard 
and  unselfishly  for  his  fellow  man.     His  kind- 
ness,  toleration,   and   humanity  won   him   the 
title    of    •'  leading   citizen    of    Brooklyn."      On 
several   occasions   he  declined  public  office   of- 
fered to  him  by  State  and  city  officials,  prefer- 
ing  to  work  in  the  ranks.     Once  he  consented 
to   serve   on   an   important  condemnation   pro- 
ceeding, for  which  he  received  a  check  for  sev- 
eral  thousand  dollars.     This  he   promptly   re- 
turned to  the  city.     On  another  occasion,  when 
he  was  injured  in  a  trolley  accident,  the  rail- 
way  company    sent    him    $10,000    as   a    settle- 
ment for  a   suit  he  might  bring.     He  turned 
over  this   check   to   charity.     In   his   will   Mr. 


Abraham  set  aside  $50,000  for  the  Jewish 
hospital  of  Brooklyn,  $25,000  to  the  Brook- 
lyn Federation  of  Jewish  Charities;  $10,000 
to  the  Brooklyn  Institute  of  Arts  and  Sci- 
ences; and  several  large  sums  to  other  public 
institutions.  Mr.  Abraham  was  survived  by 
his  wife  Rosa,  and  four  children — Mrs.  Lillian 
Rothschild,  Mrs,  Florence  Blum,  Mrs.  Edith 
Straus,   and  Lawrence  Abraham 

TALCOTT,  John  Butler,  manufacturer,  b.  at 
Enfield,  Conn.,  14  Sept.,  1824;  d  at  Thompson- 
ville,   Conn,    19   Feb,    1906,   son   of   Seth   and 
Charlotte  Stout    (Butler)    Talcott.     He  was  a 
direct  descendant  of  John  Talcott,  who  came 
from  England  to  Hartford  in  1636,  where  he 
was    a    prominent    member    of    the    Hartford 
Colony.    Mr.  Talcott's  family  removed  to  West 
Hartford  in  1828.     His  early  life  was  spent  in 
the  country,  where  he  assisted  in  the  work  of 
his  father's  farm  and  mill.     He  was  prepared 
for  college   in  the   Hartford  grammar   school, 
and  was  graduated  at  Yale  College  in  1846,  as 
salutatorian  of  his  class.     The  years  immedi- 
ately following  he  devoted  to  teaching  and  the 
study  of   law.     He  was  clerk  of  the  probate 
court  in  Hartford  and  taught  in  the  Hartford 
Female    Seminary.     Upon   recommendation   of 
the  Yale  faculty  he  was  appointed  instructor 
in  Middlebury  College,  and  later  at  Yale,  where 
he  remained  for  three  years  as  tutor  in  Greek. 
On  his  return  to  Hartford  he  was  admitted  to 
the  bar,  intending  to  make  the  law  his  pro- 
fession;  but  being  urged  by  the  late  Seth  J, 
North  to  take  charge  of  the  knit  goods  depart- 
ment of  the  firm  of  North  and  Stanley  at  New 
Britain,  he  accepted  the  position.    This  interest 
was  later  consolidated  with  the  New  Britain 
Knitting  Company,  of  which  Mr   Talcott  acted 
as   manager  for   fourteen  years      In    1868   he 
organized  the  American  Hosiery  Company,  the 
success  and  recognized  position  of  which  are 
due  largely  to  his  skillful  and  sagacious  man- 
agement-    At  first  secretary  and  treasurer  of 
the  company,  he  afterward  became  its  presi- 
dent.    Mr.   Talcott   gave  valuable    service   in 
other  enterprises,  being  a  director  of  the  P. 
and  F.  Corbin  Company,  Corbin  Cabinet  Lock 
Company,  the  New  Britain  Savings  Bank,  the 
Connecticut  General  Life  Insurance   Company 
of  Hartford,  and  the  Mechanics  National  Bank 
of  New  Britain,  of  which  he  became  president 
in  1894.    He  was  a  member  of  the  city  council 
of   Hartford   from    1876   to    1880,   and  mayor 
from  1880  to  1882     He  was  at  the  time  of  his 
death  president  of  the  New  Britain  Institute, 
to  which  he  gave  $20,000  to  establish  an  art 
fund  in  1903.     Mr,  Talcott  was  a  member  of 
the  South  Congregational   Church   from   1853, 
and   a  deacon   in    1884.     In    1848   he  married 
Jane  Croswell  Goodwin,  of  West  Hartford,  by 
whom   he   had  one   daughter   and   three   sons. 
She  died  in  1878,  and  in  1880  Mr.  Talcott  mar- 
ried Fannie  Hall  Hazen,  who,  with  two  daugh- 
ters, survives  him.     Mr    Talcott's  success  was 
largely    due   to    his    tireless    industry,    to    his 
remarkable  personal  attention  to  details,  and 
to  a  probity  and  courage  tempered  with  cau- 
tion.    He  was  a  business  man  of  the  highest 
integrity  and  signal  ability,  rich  in  experience, 
large-hearted,  and  faithful  in  all  his  relations. 
PARSONS,    John,    clergyman,    b.    at   Alfred, 
Me.,  25  Sept,  1820;  d.  at  Brookline,  Mass.,  31 
March,  1910,  son  of  William  and  Mary   (Par- 
sons)   Parsons.      He   was  a    lineal   descendant 


HI 


WEBER 


MITCHELL 


through  both  parents  of  Cornet  Joseph  Par- 
sons, a  native  of  England,  who  settled  in 
Springfield,  Mass ,  in  1635.  He  was  educated 
in  the  public  schools  and  the  academy  in  his 
native  place,  and  when  he  was  seventeen  years 
of  age  taught  in  the  district  school  in  Lyman, 
an  adjoining  town.  In  February,  1839,  he 
entered  Brown  University,  where  he  was  grad- 
uated in  1842.  He  studied  for  the  ministry  at 
Yale  and  subsequently  at  Andover,  being  grad- 
uated at  the  latter  institution  in  1848.  Later 
he  did  postgraduate  work  at  the  theological 
seminaries  in  Andover  and  Bangor.  His  pas- 
toral activities  extended  over  a  period  of  about 
twenty-live  years,  during  which  time  he  served 
in  Limington,  Kennebunkport,  York,  and 
Lebanon  Centre,  Me.  In  1873  he  retired  from 
the  pulpit  and  devoted  himself  mainly  to  lit- 
erary labor.  While  his  studies  took  wide 
range,  the  results  of  his  researches  are  em- 
bodied in  his  book,  "  Each  for  All  and  All  for 
Each — the  Individual  in  His  Relation  to  the 
Social  System"  (1910).  His  keen  analysis 
and  love  of  exact  classification  appear  through- 
out the  work.  Defining  the  social  system,  he 
traces  the  variaus  methods  by  which  the  mu- 
tual influences  of  the  individual  and  of  society 
are  exercised.  In  his  chapter  on  "  Harm  in 
the  System,"  he  makes  everything  contingent 
on  "  structural  harm."  His  theories  all  re- 
flect the  thoroughgoing  optimist.  Mr.  Par- 
sons married  22  April,  1856,  Sarah  Ayer, 
daughter  of  Samuel  and  Sally  Adams  (Gile) 
Chase,  of  Haverhill,  Mass.  Two  sons  survived 
him:  Charles  Chase  and  William  Edwin  Par- 
sons. 

WEBER,  Jessie  (Palmer),  librarian  and 
editor,  b.  in  Carlinville,  111.,  1  Aug.,  1863, 
daughter  of  John  McAuley  and  Malinda  Ann 
(Neely)  Palmer.  Her  earliest  American  an- 
cestor came  to  this  country  from  England  in 
1624  and  settled  in  Virginia.  Her  grandfather, 
Louis  D.  Palmer,  a  Kentucky  planter,  being 
one  of  those  Southerners  who  detested  the  in- 
stitution of  slavery,  came  to  Illinois  that  his 
children  might  be  brought  up  on  free  soil. 
Her  father,  John  McAuley  Palmer,  was  a  law- 
yer, who  rose  to  the  rank  of  major-general 
during  the  Civil  War  in  the  federal  service, 
and  was  later  governor  of  the  State  of  Illinois 
and  U  S.  Senator.  Mrs  Weber  was  educated 
in  the  public  schools  of  Springfield  and  by 
private  tutors,  after  which  she  studied  at  the 
Stuart  Institute,  in  Springfield.  She  then  be- 
came assistant  to  Judge  H.  W.  Beckwith,  the 
noted  historian,  thus  beginning  her  studies  of 
Illinois  State  history.  From  1891  to  1897 
she  was  secretary  to  her  father,  during  his 
term  of  service  in  the  U.  S  Senate,  assisting 
him  especially  in  the  matter  of  procuring  pen- 
sions for  Civil  War  veterans.  In  1898  Mrs. 
Weber  became  librarian  of  the  Illinois  State 
Historical  Library  and  since  1904  has  also 
been  secretary  of  the  Illinois  State  Historical 
Society,  as  well  as  one  of  its  directors.  In 
that  same  year  she  also  became  a  trustee  and 
secretary  of  the  Fort  Massac  State  Park. 
Since  1908  she  has  been  editor-in-chief  of  the 
"  Journal  of  the  Illinois  State  Historical  So- 
ciety "  and  since  1913  she  has  been  a  commis- 
sioner and  secretary  of  the  Illinois  State  Cen- 
tennial Commission.  To  her  charge  was  given 
the  task  of  preparing  and  installing  the  his- 
torical   exhibits    in    the    Illinois   buildings   at 


the  expositions  at  St.  Louis;  Portland,  Ore.; 
and  Jamestown,  Va.;  and  a  notable  Lincoln 
exhibit  at  the  Panama-Pacific  Exposition  at  , 
San  Francisco.  Mrs.  Weber  is  a  member  of  ; 
the  National  Society  of  the  Daughters  of  the  ' 
American  Revolution;  the  United  States 
Daughters  of  1812;  the  American  Historical 
Association;  the  American  Library  Associa- 
tion; the  Mississippi  Valley  Historical  Asso- 
ciation, and  the  Illinois  State  Library  Associa- 
tion. On  8  June,  1881,  she  married  Norval 
Wilson  Weber,  a  journalist,  son  of  George  R. 
Weber,  a  pioneer  newspaper  editor  of  Illinois. 
They  have  had  one  daughter,  Malinda  Ellen, 
wife  of  Dr.  J.  W,  Irion,  a  prominent  physician, 
of  Fort  Worth,  Tex. 

MITCHELL,  John  Raymond,  banker,  b.  in 
Franklin,  Pa.,  9  Jan.,  1869,  son  of  John  Lamb 
and  Harriet  (Raymond)  Mitchell,  of  Scotch- 
Irish  descent.  He  traces  his  American  an- 
cestry to  the  Rev.  David  Mitchell,  a  native  of 
Ireland  and  a  Methodist  minister,  who  came 
to  America  late  in  the  eighteenth  century. 
His  father  (1826-68)  was  born  in  Center 
County,  Pa.,  and  was  one  of  the  pioneer  oil 
men  of  that  region.  Later  in  life  he  engaged 
in  the  banking  business  and  was  well  known 
throughout  his  part  of  the  State  as  a  success- 
ful business  man  and  representative  citizen. 
Mr.  Mitchell  spent  his  early  years  in  Franklin 
and  attended  the  schools  of  that  place.  After 
the  usual  preparatory  course  he  entered  Yale 
University,  where  he  was  graduated  with  the 
degree  of  Ph.B.,  in  1889.  He  was  thoroughly 
equipped  for  either  a  business  or  professional 
career,  and  for  a  time  centered  his  activities 
upon  civil  engineering,  but  soon  gave  up  that 
calling  for  the  more  congenial  occupation  of 
banking.  In  1897  he  removed  from  Pennsyl- 
vania to  Minnesota,  locating  at  Winona,  where 
he  became  identified  with  the  Winona  Deposit 
Bank,  and  from  the  beginning  of  his  residence 
there  occupied  a  position  of  exceptional  im- 
portance in  the  financial  and  social  life  of  the 
community.  In  1906  he  broadened  his  banking 
operations  by  purchasing  the  Capital  Bank  of 
St.  Paul,  Minn.,  and  removing  to  that  city 
with  his  family,  made  it  his  permanent  home. 
The  same  year  in  which  Mr.  Mitchell  assumed 
control  of  the  Capital  Bank,  that  institution 
was  nationalized  and  a  consolidation  was  ef- 
fected with  the  St  Paul  National  Bank,  -under 
the  name  of  the  Capital  National  Bank,  and 
Mr-  Mitchell  was  made  president  of  the  joint 
enterprise.  During  the  ten  years  of  his  man- 
agement this  bank  has  grown  to  be  one  of  the 
foremost  banking  concerns  of  the  Northwest. 
He  still  retains  the  presidency  of  the  Winona 
Deposit  Bank,  and  is  also  the  chief  executive  of 
the  Duluth  Savings  Bank,  at  Duluth,  Minn.  In 
addition  to  his  banking  interests  he  has  also 
during  his  business  career  become  largely  in- 
terested in  oil  development  and  iron-mining, 
and  is  everywhere  recognized  as  a  shrewd  and 
able  financier.  His  capabilities  in  the  banking 
business  have  been  recognized  by  his  election 
to  the  position  of  president  of  the  Minnesota 
Bankers'  Association.  He  has  also  been  chosen 
as  president  of  the  St.  Paul  Clearing  House 
Association,  and  is  a  member  of  the  executive 
council  of  the  American  Bankers'  Association. 
Mr.  Mitchell  is  a  member  of  the  Minnesota 
Club,  University  Club,  Town  and  Country 
Club,  all  of  St.  Paul ;  and  of  the  University 


112 


BIGELOW 


KEECH 


Club,  Chicago,  111.  He  married  29  Jan  ,  1896, 
Mary  Eleanor  (now  deceased),  daughter  of  the 
late  Hon.  Henry  W.  Lamberton,  of  Winona, 
Wis.  Their  three  children  are:  John  Lamber- 
ton, Mary  Eleanor,  and  Raymond  Otis  Mitchell. 

BIGELOW,  PoTiltney,  author,  b  in  New 
York,  10  Sept.,  1855,  the  son  of  John  and 
Jane  Tunis  (Poultney)  Bigelow.  He  is  a 
descendant  in  the  eighth  generation  from 
John  Bigelow,  who  settled  in  Watertown, 
Mass.,  in  1632.  At  the  age  of  six  years 
Poultney  Bigelow  was  taken  to  Paris  by  his 
parents,  where  he  received  his  early  educa- 
tion. In  1870  he  visited  Germany,  and  three 
years  later  entered  Yale  University.  He  be- 
came editor  of  the  "Yale  Courant,"  and  after 
graduating  in  1879  entered  the  Columbia  Law 
School.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1882, 
and  for  a  number  of  years  practiced  in  New 
York.  In  1892  he  visited  Russia  in  company 
with  Frederic  Remington,  the  artist.  At  the 
outbreak  of  the  Spanish -American  War  he 
went  to  Cuba  as  correspondent  for  the  New 
York  "Herald"  and  the  London  "Times." 
Mr.  Bigelow  has  traveled  extensively,  and  in 
1891  descended  the  Danube  in  a  canoe.  He 
has  visited  China,  Japan,  Borneo,  Java,  New 
Guinea,  Australia,  and  the  countries  of  Europe 
and  Africa.  He  is  the  author  of  a  number 
of  books,  of  which  the  following  are  the  best 
known,  "  The  German  Emperor  and  His  East- 
ern Neighbors"  (1891);  "Paddles  and  Poli- 
tics Down  the  Danube"  (1892);  "The  Bor- 
derland of  Czar  and  Kaiser"  (1893);  "His- 
tory of  the  German  Struggle  for  Liberty " 
(1895);  "White  Man's  Africa"  (1896); 
"  Children  of  the  Nations,"  and  "  Prussian 
Memories."  Several  of  his  books  have  been 
translated  into  German,  French  and  other 
languages.  Mr.  Bigelow  is  an  honorary 
member  of  the  Royal  Artillery  Institution, 
Royal  United  Service  Institution,  and  the 
Ethological  Society,  London;  life  member  of 
the  American  Geographical  Society,  Royal  Geo- 
graphical Society,  American  Political  Science 
Association,  the  New  York  Historical  Society, 
and  a  member  of  several  clubs.  He  married  in 
1911,  Lillian  Pritchard,  of  Worcester,  England. 

PAGE,  J.  Seaver,  manufacturer,  b.  in  New 
York  City,  30  Nov.,  1844,  son  of  Thomas  and 
Harriett  (Mikels)  Page.  His  father,  the  son 
of  Thomas  Page,  an  English  army  officer,  came 
to  this  country  from  Wootandundridge,  in 
1812,  settling  in  Boston,  Mass.  Here  Thomas 
Page  became  one  of  Boston's  most  eminent  and 
honored  merchants  and  manufacturers  J 
Seaver  Page  was  educated  in  the  public  schools 
of  New  York  City  and  after  graduation  at  the 
College  of  the  City  of  New  York,  in  1862,  be- 
gan teaching  in  the  German-American  School 
in  Twenty-second  Street,"  New  York  City. 
While  occupying  this  position,  he  participated 
in  a  competition  for  the  professorship  of  Eng- 
lish in  the  German-American  Institute,  in 
Hoboken,  N.  J.,  then  the  largest  German  col- 
lege in  America.  His  papers  failed  to  arrive 
until  after  the  competing  papers  had  all  been 
considered,  but  his  work  was  so  superior  that 
he  was  chosen  for  the  office.  Six  months  later, 
he  resigned  his  professorship  and  the  salary 
of  $2,000  a  year,  and  entered  the  firm  of  F. 
W.  Devoe  and  Company,  now  F.  W.  Devoe 
8  nd  C.  T,  Raynolds  Company,  as  a  dork,  where 
le  received   $12.00   a   week.      Intelligence,    in- 


dustry, and  careful  methods  on  his  part  speed- 
ily won  recognition  from  his  employers  and 
successive  promotion.  In  1869  he  was  ad- 
mitted to  partnership  in  the  business.  His 
entire  career  was  destined  to  be  identified 
with  this  enterprise,  which  he  saw  developed 
from  a  comparatively  small  business  only  a 
few  years  old,  into  what  is  now  a  gigantic  in- 
dustry with  a  world-wide  reputation.  In  this 
period,  also,  he  has  influenced  many  important 
changes  in  the 
production  of 

paints,  colors, 

brushes,  and  var- 
nishes. In  1895 
Mr,  Page  was 
elected  vice-presi- 
dent of  the  com- 
pany, when  the 
firm  was  reorgan- 
ized and  assumed 
its  present  name. 
Mr.  Page  has  been 
connected  with  the 
enterprise  more 
than  fifty  years. 
He  is  esteemed  no 
less  for  his  char- 
acteristics of  cour- 
tesy and  affability 
than     he     is     re-  /I  ^  . 

spected      for      his        C^    gci^jcu^r<^\^ /^-^jt^ 
business       ability,     /j  ^ 

sturdy      integrity,    ^ 

and  unflinching  devotion  to  his  responsi- 
bilities. Though  of  simple  tastes  and  quiet 
demeanor,  his  strong  personality  impresses 
itself  upon  all  with  whom  he  comes  in 
contact.  He  is  a  man  of  deep  culture,  and  has 
been  long  identified  with  the  College  of  the 
City  of  New  York.  He  is  also  a  member  of 
the  New  York  Athletic  Club,  Union  League 
Club  (secretary  in  1891-92),  St  Nicholas  So- 
ciety, Westminster  Kennel  Club,  and  of  St. 
Bartholomew's  Church  He  was  appointed  a 
trustee  of  the  Brooklyn  Bridge  by  Mayor 
Strong,  and  served  until  the  consolidation  of 
Greater  New  York.  Mr.  Page  is  an  ardent  Re- 
publican in  politics  and  for  many  years  has 
labored  earnestly  for  the  interests  of  the 
party.  On  15  Dec ,  1869,  he  married  Lizzie, 
daughter  of  Henry  B  Deventer,  of  Bound 
Brook,  N.  J.  They  have  one  daughter,  Helen, 
wife  of  Arthur  W  Francis,  of  New  York  City. 
KEECH,  Frank  Browne,  banker  and  broker, 
b.  in  Wicomico,  Md  ,  son  of 

James  Alexander  and  Emily  (Bean)  Keech 
His  earliest  paternal  American  ancestor,  James 
Keech,  came  to  this  country  from  England  in 
1670,  settling  in  St  Mary's  County,  Md.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  first  legislative  assembly 
of  Maryland,  and  captain  of  a  company  formed 
for  the  protection  of  the  colony  Frank  B. 
Keech  was  educated  in  the  Charlotte  Hall 
School,  and  entered  the  National  :Military 
Academy  at  West  Point  He  relinquished  the 
intention  of  serving  in  the  army,  however,  and 
entered  upon  a  business  career  in  a  brokerage 
office  in  New  York  City  in  189:^  Ho  early 
developed  marked  business  lahMits  and  un- 
tiring energy,  his  well-bjilancod  forces  being 
manifest  in  sound  judgment  and  a  roii<ly  and 
rapid  understanding  of  any  ijroblcin  (hat  might 
be  presented  for  solution      The  number  of  Mr. 


113 


MOHLER 


HABERKORN 


Keech's  interests  throughout  his  business 
career  would  seem  nothing  short  of  marvelous 
to  one  unacquainted  with  his  extraordinary 
mental  powers  and  rare  executive  ability.  In- 
tensely public-spirted,  he  takes  an  active 
part  in  every  movement  which  in  his  judgment 
tends  to  promote  the  best  interests  of  his  city 
and  State  Mr.  Keech  is  a  stanch  believer 
in  preparedness  and  declares  that  "  every 
American  citizen  should  be  prepared  in  time 
of  need  to  protect  the  flag  and  that  all  young 
men  should  obtain  a  military  education  "  The 
liberal  views  and  genial  personality  of  Mr 
Keech  have  drawn  around  him  a  circle  of 
friends  and  he  is  one  of  the  city's  most  prom- 
inent club  men,  being  governor  in  the  Tuxedo 
Club,  and  a  member  of  the  Union,  Metro- 
politan, Riding,  and  Racquet  Clubs.  Mr. 
Keech's  personal  appearance  is  an  index  to 
his  character,  giving  the  impression  of  intense 
vitality  and  alertness,  while  the  keen  yet 
kindly  eyes  idicate  penetrating  observation  and 
withal  a  lovable  and  magnetic  nature — a  fact 
which  goes  far  to  account  for  the  uniform 
success  of  his  undertakings.  In  1893  he  mar- 
ried Clara  Joy,  daughter  of  George  G  Wil- 
liams, president  of  the  Chemical  National 
Bank  of  New  York  City.  They  have  one  son, 
Gilbert  Keech. 

MOHLER,  Adam  I.,  railway  official,  b.  in 
Reamstown,  Pa  ,  6  May,  1849,  son  of  George 
and  Elmira  (Ruth)  Mohler.  Through  his 
father  he  is  of  Swiss  extraction,  the  first  of 
the  name  to  come  to  this  country,  having  emi- 
grated from  Switzerland  in  1730  and  settled  in 
Ephrata,  Pa.  He  spent  his  boyhood  days  in 
healthy  activity  on  his  father's  farm,  laying 
up  a  store  of  energy  and  health  for  future 
years.  His  educational  advantages  were 
meager,  being  confined  to  those  aflforded  by  the 
common  schools  of  Sterling,  111.,  whence  his 
father  had  removed  in  the  hope  of  bettering 
his  fortune  in  the  West.  In  1867  he  entered 
the  railroad  service,  in  which  he  was  destined 
to  have  such  a  remarkable  career,  becoming, 
in  1868,  assistant  to  the  station  agent  of  the 
Chicago  and  Northwestern  Railway,  at  the 
small  town  of  Gait,  111.  From  the  beginning 
his  rise  was  steady  and  uninterrupted  until 
he  became  the  chief  executive  of  one  of  the 
most  important  railroad  systems  of  the  coun- 
try. He  was  soon  promoted  to  the  position  of 
station  agent  at  Gait,  and  remained  there 
several  years,  his  varied  duties  as  a  country 
station-master  giving  him  an  intelligent  grasp 
of  many  phases  of  railroad  management  The 
year  1882  saw  the  real  beginning  of  Mr  Moh- 
ler's  rise  to  prominence  in  railroading,  when 
he  was  made  general  freight  agent  of  the  St 
Paul,  Minneapolis  and  Manitoba  Railway 
After  several  intermediate  promotions  he  be- 
came assistant  general  manager  of  the  Great 
Northern  Railway,  and  in  1888  was  made  gen- 
eral manager  of  that  road,  an  office  which  he 
retained  for  two  years.  During  1880-93  he 
served  as  general  manager  of  the  Montana 
Central  Railway,  resigning  this  position  to  be- 
come general  manager  of  the  Minneapolis  and 
St.  Louis  Railway.  In  1897  he  entered  a  new 
field  of  activity  as  president  and  general  man- 
ager of  the  Oregon  Railway  and  Navigation 
Company,  a  position  which  he  filled  from  1 
July,  1897,  to"  1  April,  1904.  He  was  also 
president  of  the  Portland  and  Asiatic  Steam- 


ship Company,  and  of  the  Ilwaco  Railway  and 
Navigation  Company.  He  became  vice-presi- 
dent and  general  manager  of  the  Union  Pacific 
Railroad  in  1904,  serving  in  that  capacity  for 
four  years.  On  13  Oct.,  1911,  he  became 
president  and  general  manager  of  the  Union 
Pacific  System,  comprising  the  Union  Pacific 
and  Oregon  Short  Line  Railways.  Mr.  Moh- 
ler is  a  member  of  the  Omaha  Club,  the  Tech- 
nical Club,  and  the  Bear  River  Club  of  Utah. 
He  married,  in  Cedar  Rapids,  la ,  7  Feb.,  1877, 
Jennie,  daughter  of  Capt  W.  W.  Smith,  of 
Cedar  Rapids,  la.  Of  their  two  children,  one, 
Anna  Marie  Mohler,   survives. 

ADE,  George,  author  and  humorist,  b.  in 
Kentland,  Ind.,  9  Feb.,  1866,  son  of  John  and 
Adaline  (Bush)  Ade.  He  was  graduated  at 
Purdue  University  in  1887  with  the  degree  of 
B  S.  While  in  college  he  displayed  his  ready 
wit  in  the  college  paper  and  shortly  after 
graduation  became  reporter  and  telegraph 
editor  on  the  Lafayette  (Ind.)  '*  Evening  Call." 
In  1891  he  joined  the  Chicago  "Daily  News" 
(now  the  "Record")  as  reporter  and  special 
writer.'  His  brisk,  humorous  style  immedi- 
ately attracted  attention,  and  he  began  to 
write  semi-philosophical  and  wittily  slangy 
sketches.  In  his  original  way  he  clearly  ex- 
pressed what  he  meant  to  say,  and  his  pic- 
turesque writings  enjoyed  a  heavy  demand. 
His  "Fables  in  Slang,"  which  appeared  first 
in  the  New  York  "Herald,"  helped  to  make 
him  famous  throughout  the  United  States. 
In  1900  he  resigned  his  position  on  the  Chi- 
cago "Record."  His  published  works  include 
"Artie"  (1896);  "Pink  Marsh"  (1897); 
"Doe  Home"  (1898);  "Fables  in  Slang" 
(1899);  and  "More  Fables"  (1900);  "The 
Girl  Proposition"  (1902);  "People  You 
Knew"  (1903);  "Breaking  into  Society" 
(1903);  "True  Bills"  (1904);  "In  Pastures 
New"  (1906);  "The  Slim  Princess"  (1907); 
"Knocking  the  Neighbors"  (1912);  "  Ade's 
Fables"  (1914).  From  these  sketches  and 
stories  he  "graduated"  into  the  rank  of  the 
comedy  dramatist  and  comic  opera  librettist, 
his  dialogue  retaining  the  snap  and  humor  of 
his  earlier  work.  His  operas  and  plays  in- 
clude "The  Sultan  of  Sulu "  (1902);  "The 
County  Chairman"  (1903);  "Peggy  from 
Paris"  (1903);  "  Sho-Gun "  (1904);  "College 
Widow"  (1904);  "The  Bad  Samaritan" 
(1905);  "Just  out  of  College"  (1905); 
"Marse  Covington"  (1906);  "Mrs.  Peck- 
ham's  Carouse"  (1906);  "Father  and  the 
Boys"  (1907);  "The  Fair  Co-Ed "  (in  which 
Elsie  Janis  starred  in  1908)  ;  "  The  Old  Town  " 
(1909);  and  "Nettie"  (1914).  Mr.  Ade 
is  an  active  and  respected  citizen  of  Indiana, 
where  his  reputation  is  second  only  to  that  of 
the  late  James  Whitcomb  Riley.  He  was  a 
delegate  to  the  Republican  National  Conven- 
tion in  1908;  has  been  a  trustee  of  Purdue 
University  since  1909,  was  one  of  the  grand 
council  of  the  Sigma  Phi  Fraternity  in  1909, 
and  is  a  member  of  the  National  Institute  of 
Arts  and  Letters.     He  is  unmarried. 

HABERKORN,  Christian  Henry,  manufac- 
turer, b,  in  Detroit,  Mich,  27  July,  1856; 
d  in  Detroit  2  June,  1915,  son  of  Henry  and 
Margaret  (Kolby)  Haberkorn.  He  was  of 
German  ancestry,  the  descendant  of  an  old 
Bavarian  family  which  moved  to  Hesse 
Darmstadt    early    in    the    fifteenth    century. 


114 


WILSON 


WALKER 


His  father  (1831-1908),  born  in  Altenburg, 
Hesse  Darmstadt,  the  youngest  son  of  the 
mayor  of  that  city,  came  to  America  in  1851, 
and  settled  in  Detroit,  Mich.,  where  he  be- 
came a  prominent  builder.  His  mother  was 
also  a  native  of  Germany.  Henry  Haberkorn 
was  educated  in  the  public  schools  of  Detroit, 
and  in  his  young  manhood  followed  his 
father's  trade.  Early  in  the  seventies  he  went 
to  California  and  engaged  in  the  construction 
of  several  of  the  first  pretentious  buildings 
erected  in  San  Francisco.  Then  returning  to 
Detroit,  he  began  the  manufacture  of  furni- 
ture, and  in  1878,  started  his  first  indepen- 
dent business  venture  by  establishing  the  firm 
of  C.  H.  Haberkorn  and  Company.  The  busi- 
ness was  incorporated  in  1904  with  Mr.  Haber- 
korn as  its  president,  a  position  which  he  re- 
tained until  his  death.  From  the  time  of  its 
inception  he  had  been  the  leading  spirit  and 
guiding  genius  of  the  enterprise,  which  under 
his  management  grew  to  be  one  of  the  largest 
concerns  of  its  kind  in  the  United  States, 
Mr.  Haberkorn  held  a  prominent  place  among 
the  business  men  of  the  country,  and  al- 
though his  energy  was  mainly  devoted  to  the 
building  up  of  C.  H.  Haberkorn  and  Com- 
pany, he  was  identified  with  a  number  of  other 
interests  in  Detroit.  He  early  saw  the  possi- 
bilities of  real  estate  investment  in  and  about 
Detroit,  and  owned  considerable  property 
which  he  improved  and  developed.  He  also  in- 
vested largely  in  various  manufacturing  and 
banking  activities  throughout  the  country. 
He  was  vice-president  of  the  Pressed  Steel 
Manufacturing  Company  in  1908-11;  presi- 
dent of  the  Universal  Motor  Truck  Company 
in  1910-11;  treasurer  of  Grosse  Pointe  Park 
Corporation  in  1913-15;  and  president  of  the 
Haberkorn  Investment  Company  in  1914-15. 
He  was  never  interested  in  politics  to  any 
great  degree,  and  never  held  or  desired  pub- 
lic office.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Detroit 
Club,  the  Detroit  Country  Club,  Detroit  Golf 
Club,  the  Old  Club,  Wayne  Club,  the  Detroit 
Board  of  Commerce,  and  the  Geographical  So- 
ciety of  America.  He  married,  in  1884, 
Frances  Harriet  Ruehle,  daughter  of  Fred- 
erick Ruehle,  a  prominent  figure  in  the  early 
city  government  of  Detroit,  who  had  been 
president  of  the  board  of  public  works  and 
one  of  the  four  founders  of  the  old  "  Michigan 
Democrat."  She  died  in  1910,  and  Mr. 
Haberkorn  married,  in  1913,  Helen  Hortense 
Harvey,  daughter  of  Fred  C.  Harvey,  an  at- 
torney of  Detroit,  who  died  the  following  year. 
He  was  the  father  of  two  children  by  his  first 
marriage:  Christian  Henry  Haberkorn,  Jr., 
and  Adelaide  Dorothea  Haberkorn.  By  his 
second  marriage  there  was  one  child,  Henry 
Harvey  Haberkorn. 

WILSON,  William  Lyne,  statesman  and  first 
president  of  Washington  and  Lee  University, 
b,  in  JefTerson  County,  Va  ,  3  May,  1843;  d 
in  1900,  son  of  Benjamin  and  Mary  (Lyne) 
Wilson  He  studied  at  Charlestown  Academy 
and  Columbian  University  (D.  C),  and  in 
1860,  after  graduation  at  the  latter  institu- 
tion, entered  the  University  of  Virginia. 
There  he  remained  until  the  outbreak  of  the 
Civil  War,  when  he  enlisted  in  the  Confed- 
erate ranks  At  the  close  of  the  war,  Mr  Wil- 
son was  made  professor  of  Latin  in  Columbian 
University,    but    after    a    few    years    resigned 


to  practice  law  in  Charlestown,  Va.,  continu- 
ing in  this  occupation  for  more  than  eleven 
years.  He  was  a  delegate  to  the  Democratic 
National  Convention  of  1880,  and  two  years 
later  he  was  made  president  of  West  Virginia 
University,  but  resigned  shortly  afterward, 
being  elected  to  the  Forty-eighth  Congress. 
He  served  by  re-election  six  successive  terms, 
or  until  the  Fifty-fourth  Congress,  when  he 
was  defeated.  In  1890  Mr.  Wilson  declined 
the  offer  of  the  presidency  of  Missouri  Uni- 
versity, preferring  to  remain  in  Congress.  He 
was  made  permanent  chairman  of  the  Demo- 
cratic National  Convention  in  1892.  During 
his  last  term  in  Congress  Professor  Wilson 
was  chairman  of  the  Committee  of  Ways  and 
Means,  and  it  was  largely  due  to  his  efforts 
that  the  purchasing  clause  of  the  Sherman 
Silver  Act  was  repealed.  Professor  Wilson 
was  also  the  author  of  the  much-discussed 
tariff  bill,  which  bears  his  name,  and  upon 
its  passage  in  the  House  he  was  lifted  to  the 
shoulders  of  his  admirers  and  borne  trium- 
phantly from  the  hall.  The  Wilson  tariff  act 
contained  a  provision  for  an  income  tax,  a 
feature  which  was  declared  unconstitutional 
by  the  Supreme  Court.  Thus  the  bill  was 
stripped  of  one  of  its  principal  sources  of 
revenue,  and  the  national  treasury  was  speed- 
ily emptied,  bringing  upon  the  author  of  the 
bill  much  unmerited  abuse.  In  1895  Mr. 
Wilson  was  appointed  to  the  Cabinet  of  Presi- 
dent Cleveland  as  Postmaster-General,  and 
served  until  the  close  of  his  term,  when  he 
accepted  the  presidency  of  Washington  and 
Lee  University.  Professor  Wilson  served  six 
years  as  a  regent  in  the  Smithsonian  Insti- 
tution. The  degree  of  LL.D.  was  conferred 
upon  him  by  the  University  of  Mississippi, 
West  Virginia  University,  Tulane  University, 
Hampden-Sidney  College,  Va  ,  Columbian  Uni- 
versity, and  the  Central  College  (Mo.).  Mr. 
Wilson  married  6  Aug.,  1868,  Nannie,  daugh- 
ter of  Rev.  Dr.  A.  J.  Huntington,  dean  of 
Columbian  University  (now  George  Washing- 
ton University),  Washington,  D.  C. 

WALKER,  Thomas  Barlow,  lumberman,  b. 
in  Xenia,  Ohio,  1  Feb.,  1840,  son  of  Piatt  and 
Anstis  Keziah  (Barlow)  Walker.  He  traces 
his  descent  from  New  England  and  Puritan 
stock.  Early  thrown  upon  his  own  resources, 
he  steadfastly  adhered  to  the  ambition  to  se- 
cure a  thorough  education.  He  attended  Bald- 
win University,  at  Berea,  Ohio,  for  a  limited 
period,  and  by  close  application  and  improv- 
ing every  extra  hour,  he  was  able  to  complete 
a  thorough  course  of  study,  mostly  outside  of 
the  university.  He  taught  school  for  a  time, 
and  later  was  a  traveling  salesman.  In  1862 
he  went  to  Minneapolis,  and  for  about  twelve 
years  was  engaged  on  surveys  for  the  govern- 
ment and  for  the  St.  Paul  and  Duluth  Rail- 
road. He  has  been  the  largest  operator  in 
Minnesota  timber  lands,  and  lumbering  in  the 
pine  timber,  in  that  State.  He  also  has  ex- 
tensive interests  in  California  white  and  sugar 
pine.  He  was  projector  and  builder  of  St. 
Louis  Park,  on  the  outskirts  of  Minneapolis, 
and  of  the  trolley  line  loading  to  it,  Mr. 
Walker  has  extensive  property  in  Minneapolis. 
He  built  there  the  central  city  market,  and 
the  wholesale  commission  district,  by  which 
Minneapolis  has  boon  placed  in  the  front  rank 
as    a    wholesale    and    retail    market.      It    ia 


Hi 


WALKER 


AGNEW 


aflBrmed  that  this  central  market  is  beyond 
doubt  the  best  adapted  for  doing  produce  busi- 
ness of  any  in  the  United  States.  Mr.  Walker 
was  primarily  responsible  for  the  development 
of  the  library  system  of  Minneapolis.  For  a 
long  period  he  labored  to  enlarge  "the  old 
Athenseum  Library  Association  into  a  more 
public  and  generally  useful  institution,  ex- 
tending its  benefits  to  the  whole  city.  He 
then  became  instrumental  in  establishing  the 
present  public  library,  and  was  one  of  the 
most  generous  contributors  to  the  fund  re- 
quired by  the  city  from  private  sources  be- 
fore entering  upon  public  appropriations  to 
build  and  maintain  it.  In  establishing  this, 
he  was  particularly  interested  in  providing  for 
the  Public  Art  Gallery,  the  Museum,  and  the 
Minneapolis  Art  School.  He  has  been  an- 
nually elected  as  a  director  and  as  president 
of  the  board  ever  since  it  was  organized 
twenty-five  years  ago.  He  donated  a  large 
and  magnificent  collection  of  paintings  for  the 
library,  which  for  many  years  was  in  its  origi- 
nal art  room.  Within  the  past  decade  he  has 
paid  the  expense  of  finishing  the  new  gallery 
and  the  museum  room.  More  than  four-fifths 
of  the  pictures  in  the  main  art  room  were 
donated  by  him.  He  has  also  been  deeply  in- 
terested in  building  up  the  Academy  of 
Science,  to  which  he  has  contributed  many 
cases  of  valuable  specimens,  He  is  president 
of  the  association,  and  is  continually  adding 
to  the  already  considerable  collection  of  rare 
and  beautiful  objects  of  art  and  nature.  Mr 
Walker's  collection  of  old-world  and  American 
masterpieces  has  contributed  greatly  to  the 
pleasure  and  education  of  all  lovers  of  art  who 
have  had  opportunity  to  visit  the  gallery  in 
the  wing  of  the  Walker  residence,  which  is 
open  to  visitors  six  days  of  the  week  with  no 
admission  fee.  Containing  examples  of  the 
highest  art,  it  is  accounted  the  finest  and  most 
attractive  collection,  either  public  or  private, 
in  the  world.  The  entire  collection  in  the  gal- 
leries at  Mr.  Walker's  home,  together  with 
those  in  the  public  library,  number  more  than 
five  hundred,  all  selected  on  the  basis  of  the 
most  careful  judgment.  In  addition  to  the 
collection  of  paintings,  there  is  an  equally 
unexcelled  collection  of  porcelains,  bronzes, 
jades,  ancient  and  modern  high-grade  glass, 
carved  crystals  of  pink  and  white,  including 
white  and  rose  quartz,  amethyst,  lapis  lazuli, 
ancient  Chinese  snuff-bottles,  and  ivory  carv- 
ings Mr.  Walker  is  deeply  interested  in  the 
conservation  of  our  forests,  having  prepared 
an  important  review  of  the  forestry  question 
in  the  "  National  Magazine,"  besides  furnish- 
ing various  papers  for  the  Conservation  Com- 
mission, the  U.  S.  Forestry  Department,  the 
Interior  Department,  and  the  Ways  and 
Means  Committee  of  the  House,  for  considera- 
tion in  the  tariff  on  lumber.  He  has  also  de- 
livered an  address  on  conservation  before  the 
Minnesota  Academy  of  Science.  Mr.  Walker 
has  given  much  time  and  attention,  and  has 
contributed  liberally,  to  the  work  of  the  local, 
State,  and  national  Young  Men's  Christian 
Association.  He  is  chairman  of  the  board  of 
trustees  of  the  local  institution  in  Minne- 
apolis, and  is  a  member  of  the  International 
Committee  of  New  York  City;  also  a  member 
of  the  American  Economical  Association,  Na- 
tional   Geographical    Society,    American    For- 


estry Association,  American  Academy  of  Po- 
litical and  Social  Science,  Minnesota  State 
Horticultural  Society,  Minneapolis  Chapter  of 
the  American  Institute  of  Banking,  Forestry 
Society  of  California,  State  Forestry  Associa- 
tion of  Minneapolis,  Commonwealth  Club  of 
California,  and  the  Commercial  Club  of 
Minneapolis.  He  is  especially  a  practical 
business  man,  and  seeks  by  careful  study  and 
the  results  of  his  own  experience  and  that  of 
others,  to  view  public  questions  from  the 
standpoint  of  business  affairs  His  character 
is  above  reproach,  and  no  dishonest  dollar 
has  ever  come  into  his  possession.  He  mar- 
ried 19  Nov.,  1863,  Harriet  Granger,  daughter 
of  Fletcher  Hulet,  of  Berea,  Ohio.  For  many 
years  Mrs.  Walker  has  been  widely  known  for 
her  philanthropic  work.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Walker 
have  eight  children. 

AGNEW,  Daniel,  jurist,  b.  in  Trenton.  N.  J., 
5  Jan.,  1809;  d.  in  Beaver,  Pa.,  9  March, 
1902,  His  grandfather  was  a  native  of  Ireland 
and  a  soldier  in  the  Revolution,  his  father 
was  a  noted  physician  of  Pittsburgh,  and  his 
mother,  a  daughter  of  Maj.  Richard  Howell 
of  Revolutionary  fame.  He  was  graduated  at  the 
Western  University,  Pittsburgh,  and  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  at  the  age  of  twenty,  engag- 
ing in  the  practice  of  law  first  in  Pittsburgh 
and  then  in  Beaver.  From  the  beginning  of 
his  career  he  was  active  in  politics,  first  as  a 
Whig,  later  as  a  Republican.  He  composed 
the  so-called  "  Dickey  Amendment,"  which 
was  proposed  in  the  Pennsylvania  legislature 
by  his  colleague,  John  Dickey,  under  which 
the  appointment  and  length  of  office  of  the 
judiciary  were  regulated  until  1850.  A  nomi- 
nation for  the  U.  S.  Senate  was  offered 
to  him,  but  he  declined,  stumping  the  State, 
however,  for  President  Harrison  in  1840,  for 
Henry  Clay  in  1844,  and  for  Taylor  and  Fill- 
more in  1848.  In  1851  Mr.  Agnew  was  ap- 
pointed president  judge  of  the  Seventeenth 
.Judicial  District,  and  in  1861  was  unanimously 
elected,  serving  until  his  nomination  as 
judge,  Supreme  Court  of  Pennsylvania,  on  the 
ticket  with  Governor  Curtin.  Among  Judge 
Agnew's  most  famous  decisions  was  that  in 
the  case  of  John  Welsh,  who  was  made  pris- 
oner on  board  the  Confederate  vessel  "  Jeff 
Davis";  the  decision  in  the  matter  of  Con- 
gress' right  to  issue  treasury  notes  as  legal 
tender;  the  decision  against  a  deserter's  right 
to  vote;  a  decision  in  1867  against  race  dis- 
crimination, previous  to  the  passage  of  the 
fourteenth  amendment;  and  the  decision  ren- 
dered in  1872,  modifying  the  rule  to  exclude 
jurors,  who  had  formed  a  previous  opinion, 
from  serving  in  a  capital  case.  This  last  de- 
cision, which  largely  modified  previous  prac- 
tice, was  followed  notably  in  the  trial  of 
Guiteau,  the  assassin  of  President  Garfield. 
In  1873  he  was  made  chief  justice,  from  which 
office  he  retired  in  1879,  devoting  the  re- 
mainder of  *his  life  to  wielding  his  weighty 
influence  for  the  public  good.  He  appeared  as 
counsel  for  Allegheny  County  in  the  prosecu- 
tions following  the  riots  of  1877,  as  also  in 
the  case  of  Kelly  vs.  City  of  Pittsburgh.  The 
degree  of  LL.D.  was  conferred  on  him  by  both 
Washington  and  Dickinson  Colleges.  He  was 
married  to  Elizabeth  Moore,  daughter  of  Gen. 
Robert  Moore,  and  was  survived  by  six  chil- 
dren. 


116 


MANNING 


BARBER 


MANNING,  Daniel,  Secretary  of  the  Treas- 
ury, b.  in  Albany,  N.  Y.,  16  Aug.,  1831;  d. 
there  24  Dec,  1887.  Leaving  school  when 
but  twelve  years  old,  he  obtained  a  position 
in  the  office  of  a  local  newspaper,  the  "  Atlas," 
which  shortly  afterward  became  the  "Argus." 
With  this  paper  he  was  identified  all  his  life. 
During  1865,  when  he  became  its  associate  ed- 
itor, he  assumed  full  charge.  About  this 
time  Mr.  Manning  gave  considerable  atten- 
tion to  politics  and  the  able  editorials  from 
his  pen  proved  telling  blows  in  the  subsequent 
war  on  the  Tweed  "  ring,"  when  he  was  the 
acknowledged  leader  of  his  country  among 
those  of  the  Democratic  party  who  were  com- 
bating the  influence  of  the  Tammany  "boss." 
Mr.  Manning's  energetic  work  finally  resulted 
in  breaking  the  power  of  the  "ring"  in  the 
legislature.  In  1873  he  became  proprietor  of 
the  "Argus,"  and,  changing  somewhat  the 
policy  of  the  paper,  soon  brought  it  to  a  point 
where  it  attained  a  powerful  political  in- 
fluence, not  only  in  the  county,  but  through- 
out the  State.  In  1874  he  was  a  delegate  to 
the  Democratic  State  Convention  at  Syra- 
cuse, and  upon  the  subsequent  election  of 
Samuel  J.  Tilden  to  the  governorship,  Mr. 
Manning  devised  several  measures  for  reform 
in  the  management  of  prisons  and  canals, 
which  were  later  adopted  and  proved  very 
successful.  In  1876  he  was  a  member  of  the 
Democratic  State  Committee;  became  its  sec- 
retary in  1879,  and  chairman  in  1881,  con- 
tinuing in  the  latter  office  until  1883.  In 
the  Democratic  National  Conventions  of  1876, 
1880,  and  1884,  he  controlled  the  delegations 
from  his  State.  Throughout  the  presidential 
campaign  of  1884  Mr.  Manning  worked  ard- 
uously for  the  election  of  Grover  Cleveland, 
for  whom  he  had  always  entertained  a  high 
regard.  When,  in  March,  1885,  President 
Cleveland  was  forming  his  Cabinet,  he  ap- 
pointed Mr.  Manning  Secretary  of  the  Treas- 
ury, considering  him  well  fitted  for  this  office 
by  his  long  service  as  a  director  of  the  Albany 
and  Susquehanna  Railroad  and  of  the  Nation- 
al Savings  Bank  of  Albany.  Mr.  Manning 
had  also  been  a  director  of  the  National  Com- 
mercial Bank  of  Albany  since  1873;  becoming 
its  vice-president  in  1881,  and  its  president  in 
the  following  year.  At  the  time  of  his  ap- 
pointment to  the  Cabinet  of  Clevelend  he  was 
also  a  director  of  the  Electric  Light  Company 
of  Albany.  As  Secretary  of  the  Treasury, 
he  evinced  many  sterling  qualities,  but  in 
April,  1887,  after  two  years'  service,  he  was 
forced  to  resign  because  of  ill  health.  Upon 
taking  several  months  of  complete  rest,  he  re- 
cuperated, and  in  October  of  the  same  year 
accepted  the  presidency  of  the  Western  Na- 
tional Bank  of  New  York.  The  change  in  his 
condition,  however,  was  only  temporary,  and 
his  death  occurred  two  montlxs  later.  Mr. 
Manning  was  married  in  1853  to  Mary  Lee, 
and  had  four  children. 

HADLEY,  Herbert  Spencer,  governor  of  Mis- 
souri, b.  at  Olathe,  Kan.,  20  Feb.,  1872,  son  of 
John  Milton  and  Harriet  (Beach)  Hadley.  He 
is  a  descendant  of  Simon  Hadley,  a  native  of 
Ireland,  who  located  in  Pennsylvania  in  1712. 
His  father  served  in  the  Civil  War,  attaining 
the  rank  of  major,  and.  held  sundry  civil 
offices,  including  that  of  State  senator.  Her- 
bert S.  Hadley  was  graduated  at  the  Kansas 


State  University  in  1892,  and  the  Northwestern 
Law  School  in  1894.  Admitted  to  the  bar 
in  the  same  year  he  began  practice  in  Kansas 
City,  Mo.  He  was  first  assistant  city  coun- 
selor from  1898  to  1901  and  prosecuting  at- 
torney of  Jackson  County,  Mo.,  for  the  two 
years  following.  In  1904  he  was  elected  attor- 
ney-general of  Missouri,  and  became  identified 
with  the  reform  movement,  which,  initiated 
by  the  wide  publicity  given  to  various  trust 
scandals,  had  become  country-wide.  The  pros- 
ecution of  the  Standard  Oil  Company  in  Mis- 
souri was  conducted  by  him.  Securing  the  tes- 
timony of  Messrs.  Archbold,  Rogers,  and  other 
magnates,  he  proved  his  charges  and  gave  the 
basis  for  prosecutions  in  other  States.  Rail- 
road, fire  insurance,  and  lumber  companies,  the 
harvester  trust  and  the  race-track  gamblers 
were  also  successfully  prosecuted  by  him,  and 
in  case  of  the  first  mentioned  his  efforts  re- 
sulted in  fixing  the  passenger  rate  at  two 
cents  per  mile  in  the  State.  His  fame  as  a 
champion  of  the  people's  rights  had  become 
national  and  his  popularity  in  Missouri  re- 
sulted in  his  election  on  the  Republican  ticket 
in  1908,  as  governor  of  the  State  by  a  majority 
of  15,879.  Radical  reform  measures  were 
enacted  during  his  administration,  including 
the  initiative  and  referendum  (Constitutional 
amendment)  ;  the  establishment  of  a  third  court 
of  appeals  and  juvenile  courts  for  counties  of 
50,000  population  and  over.  Governor  Hadley 
became  a  power  in  the  councils  of  the  Re- 
publican party,  siding  with  the  younger,  rad- 
ical element  in  the  party,  represented  in  Con- 
gress by  the  so-called  insurgents.  In  1912 
he  was  prominently  mentioned  for  the  vice- 
presidency,  and  even  the  presidency.  He 
was,  however,  too  much  out  of  sym- 
pathy with  Mr.  Taft's  policies  to  accept  a 
place  on  the  ticket  with  him;  yet  he  refused 
to  leave  the  ranks  of  the  party  to  join  the 
Progressives,  as  many  others  did.  Mr.  Hadley 
received  the  degree  of  LL.D.  from  North- 
western University  in  1909,  and  from  Mis- 
souri State  University  in  1910.  He  was  one 
of  the  organizers  of  the  young  Republican 
Association  of  Missouri,  the  National  Associa- 
tion of  Attorneys-General  and  the  Knife  and 
Fork  Club  of  Kansas  City,  Mo.  He  married 
8  Oct.,  1901,  Agnes,  daughter  of  Charles  S, 
Lee,   and  had  three  children. 

BAEBEE,  Ohio  Columbus,  manufacturer, 
man  of  afi'airs,  b.  at  Middlebury,  now  a  part 
of  Akron,  Ohio,  20  April,  1841,  son  of  George 
and  Eliza  (Smith)  Bafber.  He  was  named 
after  his  native  state  and  its  capital  and  few 
of  her  sons  have  contributed  more  to  her 
manufacturing  fame,  "^'he  family  is  of  English 
origin  and  was  founded  in  America  in  the 
seventeenth  century  by  five  brothers.  A  well- 
authenticated  tradition,  which  is  commonly 
accepted  as  a  genealogical  fact,  is  that  one  of 
his  forbears,  Anna  Bacon,  was  a  full  cousin 
to  Francis  Bacon,  the  groat  English  statesman 
and  philosopher.  His  mother  was  of  Holland 
stock.  Her  mother  was  born  in  America  when 
Washington  was  President,  and  lived  within 
the  lifetime  of  every  President  down  to  Presi- 
dent Wilson.  At  the  time  of  her  death,  she 
was  within  eighteen  months  of  the  ripe  age 
of  100  years.  His  father,  George  Barl)er,  was 
a  native  of  Hartford,  Conn.,  who  was  brought 
by    his    parents    to    Onondaga    County,    New 


117 


BARBER 


BARBER 


York,  as  a  child.  Here  he  grew  to  manhood, 
learning  the  trade  of  a  cooper.  Moving  west- 
ward to  Ohio,  he  established  himself  as  a 
cooper  at  Middlebury  and  so  continuing  un- 
til 1847,  when  he  developed  an  initiative  which 
culminated  in  a  great  industry,  by  embarking 
on  a  small  scale  in  the  making  of  matches. 
The  "  Lucifer,"  or  sulphur  match,  was  then 
almost  unknown  in  the  West,  and  a  scarce  arti- 
cle outside  of  the  larger  cities  everywhere. 
This  enterprise  proved  to  be  far-seeing  and 
successful,  finally  developing  into  the  largest 
manufactory  of  its  kind  in  the  world.  He 
died  12  April,  1879,  in  his  seventy-seventh 
year.  Ohio  C.  Barber,  his  son,  destined  to  be- 
come the  head  of  this  great  industry,  received 
a  common-school  education  and  began  work  for 
his  father  when  he  was  fifteen  years  old.  He 
developed  in  his  youth  an  aptitude  for  affairs 
of  which  the  chronicle  is  little  short  of  mar- 
velous. At  the  age  of  twenty  he  became  a 
partner  in  the  match  manufacturing  business, 
and  at  the  age  of  twenty-one,  its  general  man- 
ager. The  growth  of  the  business  was  rapid, 
and  in  1868  it  was  incorporated  as  the  Barber 
Match  Company  with  his  father,  George  Bar- 
ber, as  president,  himself  as  secretary,  treas- 
urer and  general  manager.  Shortly  before  his 
father's  death,  in  1879,  he  became  the  presi- 
dent of  the  company.  Two  years  later  (1881), 
with  that  far-seeing  genius  for  organization 
which  has  distinguished  all  the  great  captains 
of  industry,  he  began  the  consolidation  which 
resulted  in  the  formation  of  the  Diamond 
Match  Company,  which  has  become  one  of  the 
largest  industries  in  the  world.  Originally, 
Mr.  Barber  was  vice-president  of  the  company 
but  became  president  in  1888,  and  continued 
for  twenty-five  years.  His  influence  and  meth- 
ods dominated  the  manufacture  of  matches 
to  a  great  degree  throughout  the  world  for 
a  quarter  of  a  century.  The  system  worked 
out  in  the  research  department  of  the  Diamond 
Match  Company,  has  been  extended  to  every 
quarter  of  the  globe.  Machinery  for  making 
matches — manufactured  at  Barberton,  a  city 
of  20,000  population,  founded  by  and  named 
after  Mr.  Barber,  the  headquarters  of  this 
American  industry — can  be  found  all  over 
Europe,  Asia,  Africa,  Australia,  New  Zealand, 
and  South  America.  The  sun  never  sets  on 
factories  in  active  operation  making  matches 
by  the  method  and  machinery  developed  by  the 
genius  and  initiative,  and  the  unflagging  enter- 
prise of  Ohio  C.  Barber.  Not  long  after  its 
inception,  a  branch  of  the  Diamond  Match 
Company  was  established  in  London,  in  asso- 
ciation with  the  well-known  firm  of  Bryant 
and  May,  under  which  name  the  business  was 
conducted.  The  factory  for  this  enterprise  was 
built  in  Liverpool  and  was  the  largest  plant 
devoted  to  the  making  of  matches  in  all  the 
Eastern  Hemisphere.  From  this  plant  matches 
were  exported  to  all  parts  of  the  world.  It 
was  the  greatest  stimulus  the  business  had 
known  abroad  since  the  first  match  was  made, 
three-quarters  of  a  century  before.  Later, 
plants  were  established  in  Germany  and  Switz- 
erland; still  later,  the  May  Company  was  or- 
ganized to  consolidate  the  business  of  South 
Africa,  where  the  manual  process  was  per- 
formed by  native  Africans.  Another  develop- 
ment of  world-embracing  value  of  the  research 
department   of  the  Diamond  Match   Company 


was  the  manufacture  of  potash  for  commercial 
uses.  It  is  said  that  no  other  concern  has  ever 
made  a  commercial  success  in  the  extraction 
of  potash  from  kelp.  The  chemical  process 
was  discovered  and  worked  out  to  perfection  by 
VV.  A.  Fairburn,  a  chemist  long  connected  with 
the  Barber  interests,  and  is  one  of  the  notable 
practical  achievements  in  the  science  of  chem- 
istry of  the  past  century.  Owing  to  this  dis- 
covery the  price  of  matches  has  not  been 
raised  since  the  European  War  shut  ofT  the 
old  sources  of  potash  supply.  Mr.  Fairburn 
is  now  president  of  the  Diamond  Match  Com- 
pany. Naturally,  as  the  president  of  a  great 
corporation,  Mr.  Fairburn  originates  and  de- 
velops numerous  impro  ements  in  methods  of 
manufacture  and  for  the  extension  of  the  com- 
pany's business,  but  he  is  also  big  enough  to 
accept  and  put  into  active  operation  the  sug- 
gestions of  the  man  who  first  created  and 
developed  this  great  industry.  While  relieved 
of  the  burden  of  responsibility,  Mr.  Barber, 
as  a  sort  of  president  emeritus,  co-operates 
with  the  active  president  in  solving  the  vari- 
ous perplexing  problems  which  are  encountered 
in  the  constant  expansion  of  the  company's 
business.  Thus  Mr.  Barber  and  Mr.  Fairburn 
perfected  the  modern  process  of  match-making 
in  which  the  "occupational  disease,"  due  to 
poisoning  with  phosphorus,  was  finally  elimi- 
nated. This  discovery  was  made  public,  in  the 
interest  of  humanity,  thus  removing  an  aggra- 
vated cause  of  suflFering  among  workers.  Also, 
Mr.  Fairburn  has  worked  out  and  applied  the 
altruistic  views  of  Mr.  Barber  in  the  treat- 
ment of  employees  and  the  promotion  of  their 
welfare.  In  the  words  of  Mr.  Fairburn :  "  The 
rule  in  handling  the  workers  in  all  the  Bar- 
ber concerns  is  that  of  co-operation,  good- 
fellowship,  and  the  development  of  an  esprit 
de  corps,  rather  than  the  method  of  '  scientific 
welfare  work,'  in  which  employees  are  treated 
rather  as  automatons  and  machines  than  as 
intelligent  entities.  The  watchword  is,  there- 
fore, '  good-fellowship,'  which  is  realized  when 
there  is  an  opportunity  for  unfettered  develop- 
ment, and  it  is  often  expressed  in  a  positive, 
reasoning,  and  harmonious  co-operation  with 
others,  If  the  creed  of  the  good-fellowship 
worker  cauld  find  expression,  I  think  it  might 
run  something  like  this :  '  I  believe  in  myself, 
my  work  and  my  fellows.  I  am  a  part  of  the 
company,  and  the  company  is  mine.  I  am  in 
part  responsible  for  its  progress  and  its  stand- 
ing; it  is  worthy  of  my  best  thought  and 
loyalty.  My  work  is  my  channel  of  develop- 
ment, therefore  the  better  service  rendered 
the  company,  the  greater  my  growth.  It  is 
interesting  to  note,  in  this  connection,  that, 
while  the  company  heads  have  encouraged 
organization  among  its  workers,  there  has 
never  been  a  strike  among  them,  and  that, 
even  when  excellent  off'ers  have  been  made  to 
many  of  them  by  large  manufacturers  of 
munitions,  etc.,  there  have  been  no  cases  of 
defection.  The  leading  feature  in  this  en- 
lightened policy  is  ready  recognition  and  re- 
ward of  exceptional  effort,  ability,  and  fidelity. 
Thus,  each  worker  is  encouraged  to  do  his  or 
her  best,  and  to  gain  other  advantages  than 
a  mere  money  bonus  in  the  development  of 
innate  powers  and  abilities.  With  the  suc- 
cessful development  of  the  manufacture  of 
matches    on    a    scale    hitherto    unknown,    Mr. 


118 


BARBER 


BARBER 


Barber  turned  his  attention  to  other 
lines  of  industry.  Like  so  many  other 
great  men  of  affairs,  he  seemed  to  find  his 
recreation  in  the  pursuit  of  new  enterprises. 
Thus,  in  1889,  he  founded  and  organized  the 
American  Straw  Board  Company,  of  which  he 
is  still  president.  He  is  recognized  as  the 
potent  spirit  of  this  industry  the  world  over. 
He  was  one  of  the  early  manufacturers  of  rub- 
ber products,  which,  as  an  industry,  has  devel- 
oped to  such  mammoth  proportions.  Mr.  Barber 
organized  ahd  managed  the  Diamond  Rubber 
Company  up  to  the  time  of  its  acquirement  by 
the  B.  F.  Goodrich  Company.  The  sewer-pipe 
and  steel-tube  industry  next  engaged  his  at- 
tention, and  he  became  a  western  pioneer  in 
this  line  of  endeavor.  He  founded  the  Sterling 
Company  which  was  merged  a  few  years  ago 
with  the  Babcock  and  Wilcox  Boiler  Manu- 
facturing Company  of  Barberton  and  Bayonne, 
N.  J.,  the  concern  thus  becoming  the  largest 
manufacturer  of  steel  boilers  in  the  world, 
working  as  they  did  under  the  most  improved 
patents.  For  a  number  of  years  they  con- 
structed four-fifths  of  the  product  used  by  the 
United  States  navy.  One  of  the  biggest 
achievements  of  Mr.  Barber's  career,  particu- 
larly from  the  humanitarian  and  economical 
standpoints,  was  the  establishment,  with  Fred- 
erick Grinnell  and  others,  of  the  General  Fire 
Extinguisher  Company.  No  other  of  the  sev- 
eral concerns  in  this  field  of  industry  has 
equaled  the  results  of  this  one.  Mr.  Barber 
is  the  founder  and  sole  owner  of  the  O.  C. 
Barber  Concrete  Company,  whose  plant  at 
Barberton  is  said  to  be  the  largest  of  its  kind 
in  the  world.  It  also  makes  art  works  in 
concrete.  Another  large  enterprise  originated 
by  himself  is  the  0.  C.  Barber  Fertilizer  Com- 
pany, of  Barber,  Va.  He  has  also  undertaken 
the  development  of  large  tracts  of  land  in  and 
about  the  city  of  Canton,  Ohio,  in  connection 
with  which  he  has  organized  and  is  operating 
a  large  plant  under  the  name  of  the  0.  C.  Bar- 
ber Allied  Industries  Company.  Some  of  these 
lands  contain  valuable  coal,  lime,  and  clay 
properties.  He  is  the  original  genius  and 
guiding  spirit  of  the  great  centralization  trans- 
portation system,  known  as  the  Barber  Sub- 
ways, at  Cleveland.  This  is  a  plan  which  calls 
for  the  building  of  an  underground  system  of 
subways  connecting  every  railroad  entering 
Cleveland,  at  the  Lake  Front,  thus  facilitating 
the  handling  of  freight,  and  the  establishment 
of  the  great  warehouse  system  on  the  Lake 
Shore,  where  he  owns  large  frontages.  He  has 
been  the  leading  spirit  in  aff'airs  in  his  own 
home  town,  Akron,  for  many  years.  He  was, 
for  many  years,  president  of  the  First  National 
Bank  of  Akron,  and  when  it  was  consolidated 
with  the  Second  National  Bank  under  the  name 
of  the  First-Second  National  Bank  he  was 
unanimously  elected  to  the  presidency  of  the 
combined  institutions.  He  built  the  City  Hos- 
pital of  Akron  at  a  cost  of  a  quarter  of  a 
million  dollars  and  presented  it  to  the  cor- 
poration. He  has  contributed  generously  to 
other  important  movements  for  the  welfare  of 
the  community.  In  1891  he  founded  and  be- 
gan the  development  of  the  city  of  Barberton, 
Ohio,  which,  under  his  guiding  hand,  has 
grown  into  an  important  industrial  center  with 
a  population  of  over  20,000.  Of  all  Mr.  Bar- 
ber's numerous  enterprises  none  has  come  quite 


so  near  to  his  heart  as  the  ideal  country  estate 
known  as  the  "Anna  Dean  Farm,"  not  far 
from  Barberton,  which  he  has  developed  not 
only  into  what  is  undoubtedly  the  model  farm 
of  the  United  States,  but  also,  with  his  usual 
genius  for  the  practical,  into  what  promises 
to  be  a  great  utilitarian  industry.  This  farm 
contains  3,500  acres,  or  nearly  six  square  miles, 
in  one  of  the  most  charming  locations  in  the 
state.  One  of  the  natural  features  is  a  chain 
of  beautiful  lakes.  Its  topographical  features 
are  ideal,  both  for  practical  and  recreative 
purposes.  On  the  improvement  of  this  beauti- 
ful tract,  Mr.  Barber  has  spent  millions  of 
dollars,  constantly  adding  to  it  year  by  year, 
and  all  this  wealth  of  natural  and  developed 
usefulness  and  beauty  is  to  be  left  for  the 
benefit  of  the  general  public  at  the  owner's 
death.  It  is  unquestionably  the  largest  and 
most  ideal  venture  in  progressive  agriculture 
and  horticulture  in  the  world  to-day.  It  is 
Mr.  Barber's  purpose  that  it  become  a  head 
center  of  special  instruction  of  the  highest 
type  in  these  arts.  Several  colleges  are  now 
collaborating  with  Mr.  Barber  to  combine  and 
found  on  this  beautiful  estate  a  training-school 
in  all  the  branches  of  the  allied  arts  of  agri- 
culture and  horticulture,  recognizing  that  op- 
portunities are  here  offered  for  instruction  and 
practical  experimentation  which  can  be  found 
nowhere  else.  The  school  will  be  a  residential 
institution,  governed  by  the  broadest  policy  of 
improvement  and  opportunity  for  making  good, 
and  will  be  open  to  both  sexes.  Nearly  1,000 
head  of  cattle,  horses,  and  other  livestock  are 
maintained  constantly  on  the  farm,  in  a  series  of 
model  barns  and  pastures.  Every  modern  method 
for  the  improvement  of  breeds  and  rearing  of 
stock  is  in  operation,  on  a  scale  scarcely  ever 
attempted  before,  and  with  results  that  in- 
terest even  experts.  There  is  also  an  exten- 
sive poultry  farm,  squabbery,  dairy,  cannery, 
a  slaughtering  house  and  packing  department, 
a  mill  for  the  grinding  of  meals,  feeds,  and 
flour,  extensive  silos,  and  all  other  equipment 
of  the  most  up-to-date  establishments.  Every 
by-product  is  also  utilized  in  a  most  intelli- 
gent and  systematic  manner.  For  example, 
animal  by-products  are  utilized  as  fertilizer, 
which,  together  with  large  acreage  of  green 
vegetable  manuring  crops,  are  annually  plowed 
under,  making  a  combination  of  elements  that 
cannot  be  equaled  in  any  other  way,  and  which 
is  producing  results  that  are  attracting  the 
attention  of  experts  throughout  the  world. 
The  great  advantage  of  the  system  thus  in 
operation  is,  that  it  is  equally  adaptable  to 
the  limited  means  of  the  ordinary  farmer. 
Several  of  the  cows  on  the  farm  have  held,  or 
now  hold,  the  world's  record  for  milk  produc- 
tion, and,  as  is  claimed  with  evident  truth, 
no  herd  in  the  world  to-day  can  equal  that  of 
the  Anna  Dean  Farm  in  production,  individ- 
uality, show  animals,  prominence  of  breeding, 
and  general  values.  Among  the  large  herd  of 
horses,  most  of  which  are  bred  for  heavy 
drafting,  is  the  great  Belgian  sire  ".lupitcr 
Chief,"  now  (1917)  about  six  years  old,  who, 
like  many  of  his  colta,  has  won  niniu'rous  jui/es 
and  medals  throughout  the  Tnited  States.  A 
force  of  300  men  is  kept  constantly  at  work  in 
all  departments  of  tlu;  Anna  Dean  Farm.  As 
a  man  of  large  affairs,  all  his  life,  Mr.  Barber 
has   of   late   years    become   a   thinker    for   the 


119 


COCHRANE 

people  at  large,  and  his  recent  pamphlets  on 
various  public  questions  have  attracted 
national  attention.  Always  fearless  in  his 
convictions,  he  has  not  hesitated  to  use  strong 
words  in  his  criticisms  of  public  men  and 
measures,  and  yet  always  there  biats  the  sound 
heart  of  a  true  patriot  and  broad-minded  friend 
of  humanity.  Shortly  after  the  outbreak  of 
the  European  War,  he  issued  a  carefully  pre- 
pared personal  document  entitled,  '*  Rational 
Preparedness,"  which  exhibited  wide  and  ac- 
curate knowledge  of  national  aflairs,  and  while 
sounding  a  true  note  of  warning,  took  up,  one 
by  one,  the  problems  of  defense  involved  by 
land  and  sea,  and  pointed  their  solution  with 
rare  sagacity  and  knowledge.  With  a  record 
of  achievements  which  can  modestly  be  called 
great,  Mr.  Barber,  now  in  his  seventy-seventh 
year,  is  still  a  man  of  large  affairs — an  or- 
ganizer, builder,  and  doer  of  large  things.  His 
physical  strength  is  equal  to  his  courage,  and 
both  to  his  ambition,  and  it  is  the  beautiful 
wish  of  a  very  large  and  united  community 
that  his  long,  useful,  and  unselfish  life  may 
be  prolonged  to  see  the  fullest  realization  of 
his  splendid  vision.  Mr.  Barber  has  married 
twice;  first  in  1866,  Laura  L.  Brown,  of 
Akron  (deceased),  by  whom  he  had  one  daugh- 
ter, who  is  Mrs.  Arthur  Dean  Bevan,  of  Chi- 
cago, and  second  Mary  Orr,  daughter  of  R. 
W.  Orr,  of  Akron. 

COCHRANE,  Alexander,  manufacturer  and 
capitalist,  b.  in  Bar  Head,  Scotland,  12  May, 
1840,  son  of  Alexander  and  Margaret  (Rae) 
Cochrane,  and  a  descendant  of  Archibald 
Douglas,  fifth  Earl  of  Angus,  known  in 
Scotch  history  as  "  Bell  the  Cat."  He  also 
traces  his  descent  from  King  Robert  Bruce, 
a  leading  figure  in  the  history  of  Scotland. 
Mr.  Cochrane's  father,  Alexander  Cochrane, 
emigrated  to  this  country  in  1847,  settling  at 
first  in  Lodi,  N.  J.  Later  he  removed  to 
Billerica,  Mass.,  where  he  engaged  in  the 
manufacture  of  chemicals.  Alexander  Coch- 
rane, Jr.,  was  educated  in  the  public  and  pri- 
vate schools  of  Billerica  and  Lowell,  and  at 
the  age  of  eighteen  was  employed  in  his  fa- 
ther's factory.  He  soon  acquired  a  practical 
understanding  of  the  business  and,  in  1859, 
when  his  father  erected  a  chemical  factory  of 
his  own  in  Maiden,  Mass.,  his  sons,  Alex- 
ander, Jr.,  and  Hugh  Cochrane,  were  admitted 
as  partners  in  the  firm.  The  business  was 
successful  from  the  start,  and  in  1883  it  was 
incorporated  as  the  Cochrane  Chemical  Com- 
pany, with  a  capitalization  of  $350,000,  and 
Alexander  Cochrane  as  its  president.  A 
few  years  later  the  increase  of  the  company's 
business  made  necessary  its  removal  to 
Everett,  Mass.  Mr.  Cochrane  is  a  capable  and 
efficient  executive  officer,  and  to  his  intelli- 
gence and  good  judgment  may  be  attributed 
the  prominent  position  held  by  the  company 
-.  in  the  chemical  trade.  His  compelling  en- 
thusiasm and  indomitable  energy,  combined 
with  his  originality  of  conception,  secure  the 
unflagging  devotion  of  those  about  him.  He 
has  extensive  commercial  and  industrial  inter- 
ests, and  is  a  director  in  the  American  Bell 
Telephone  Company,  American  Telephone  and 
Telegraph  Company,  New  York,  New  Haven 
and  Hartford  Railroad  Company,  the  Boston 
and  Maine  Railroad  Company,  New  England 
Navigation  Company,  Maine  Central  Railroad 


120 


GREENE 


1 


Company,  director  and  vice-president  New 
England  Trust  Company,  trustee  of  the 
Massachusetts  Electric  Companies  and  presi- 
dent of  the  board  of  trustees  of  the  Peter 
Bent  Brigham  Hospital.  He  was  formerly  a 
director  in  the  Boston  and  Lowell  Railroad 
Company  and  the  Chicago,  Burlington  and 
Northern  Railroad  Company.  Mr.  Cochrane 
is  a  member  of  the  Country  Club,  Brookline; 
the  Somerset,  Thursday  Evening,  and  Union 
Clubs  of  Boston;  the  Restigouche  Salmon  and 
Long  Point  Shooting  Clubs  of  Canada;  and 
the  Canaveral  Club  of  Florida.  In  March, 
1869,  he  married  Mary  Lynde  Sullivan,  of 
Maiden,  Mass.,  and  they  have  seven  children: 
Alexander  L.,  Charlotte  B.,  Hester  S.,  F. 
Douglas,  Marjorie  C,  James  S.,  and  Ethel 
Cochrane. 

OREENE,  Charles  Lyman,  physician,  b.  in 
Gray,  Me.,  21  Sept.,  1862,  son  of  William 
Warren  and  Elizabeth  (Lawrence)  Greene. 
His  father,  a  native  of  North  Waterford,  Me., 
was  a  surgeon  of  wide  reputation,  and  pro- 
fessor in  surgery  at  the  University  of  Michi- 
gan, the  Berkshire  Medical  College,  Long 
Island  Hospital  College,  and  Bowdoin  Col- 
lege. He  was  remarkable  for  his  surgical 
daring  and  resource,  and  for  his  unusual 
dexterity  and  rapidity  in  operating,  hav- 
ing been  the  first  to  operate  successfully 
for  goiter,  then  better  known  as  "  broncho- 
cele.'*  Charles  L.  Greene  was  educated  in  the 
public  schools  of  Portland,  Me.,  and  for  two 
years  in  a  private  academy.  He  entered  the 
University  of  Michigan  in  1881,  but  was  un- 
able to  complete  the  first  year  laecause  of  his 
father's  unexpected  death  at  the  comparatively 
early  age  of  fifty  years,  and  the  financial 
stress  which  followed  Later,  however,  he 
entered  upon  the  study  of  medicine  at  the 
University  of  Minnesota,  where  he  was  grad- 
uated M.D.  in  1890.  He  then  pursued  a 
course  of  graduate  study  abroad  and  in 
1890-91  was  externe  at  Great  Ormund  Street 
Hospital,  London;  served  in  the  same  capacity 
at  Johns  Hopkins  University  in  1893;  and 
at  Harvard  University  during  the  years  1894, 
1895,  and  1897.  The  year  1902  he  spent  in 
London  and  Paris,  and  in  1906  was  in  Heidel- 
berg, Germany.  In  1889-90,  while  attending 
the  University  of  Minnesota,  he  was  appointed 
house  physician  of  the  City  and  County  Hos- 
pital at  St.  Paul;  was  first  assistant  city  and 
county  physician  in  1891-92;  became  instruc- 
tor in  applied  anatomy  at  the  University  of 
Minnesota  in  1891,  and  was  appointed  clinical 
professor   of   physical   diagnosis   in    1897-     In 

1903  he  was  made  professor  of  theory  of  prac- 
tice of  medicine  and  chief  of  the  department, 
a  position  which  he  filled  with  honor  until 
his  resignation  in  June,  1915.     From  1892  to 

1904  he  was  also  medical  director  of  the  Min- 
nesota Life  Insurance  Company.  Dr.  Greene 
is  widely  known  as  a  learned  and  successful 
physician  and  surgeon,  and  is  prominent  in 
all  movements  for  promoting  the  public  health. 
He  is  the  author  of  several  authoritative 
books,  including  his  "  Medical  Diagnosis,"  of 
which  the  fourth  edition  has  been  issued;  of 
"Medical  Examinations  for  Life  Insurance 
and  Its  Associated  Clinical  Methods,"  a  val- 
uable treatise,  now  in  its  second  edition,  which 
is  the  result  of  many  years'  experience  as 
medical  examiner  for  life  insurance  companies. 


POND 


McMURTRY 


and  of  numerous  monographs  and  contribu- 
tions to  medical  journals.  He  is  a  member 
of  the  Minnesota  State  Board  of  Health,  Asso- 
ciation of  American  Physicians,  American  Medi- 
cal Association,  American  Association  for  the 
Advancement  of  Science,  American  Geographi- 
cal Society,  Minnesota  Academy,  and  other 
medical  and  scientific  societies;  also  of  the 
Town  and  Country  Club,  Minnesota  Club,  White 
Bear  Yacht  Club;  Country  Life,  Golf,  Auto, 
and  Minneapolis  Clubs;  is  also  of  the  Authors' 
Club,  the  American  Universities  Club,  and  the 
Royal  Universities  Club  of  London.  He  mar- 
ried 6  Oct.,  1886,  Jessie  Rice,  daughter  of  the 
late  Justus  B.  Rice,  of  St.  Paul,  Minn.  Their 
children  are:  Jessie  Rice  Greene,  who  married 
Frederick  Ritzinger,  and  Dorothy  Lawrence 
Greene. 

POND,  Irving  Kane,  architect,  b.  in  Ann 
Arbor,  Mich.,  1  May,  1857,  son  of  Elihu  Bart- 
lit  and  Mary  Barlow  (Allen)  Pond.  His 
earliest  American  ancestor,  Samuel  Pond, 
came  from  England  and  settled  in  Connecticut, 
at  a  date  not  definitely  known,  though  there 
is  a  record  of  his  marriage  in  the  year  1642. 
His  father  was  a  pioneer  newspaper  editor 
and  publisher  in  Michigan,  being  first  presi- 
dent of  the  Michigan  Press  Association  and 
for  twenty-five  years  editor  and  publisher  of 
the  Michigan  (afterward  the  Ann  Arbor) 
"Argus."  He  was  also  a  member  of  the 
Michigan  senate  and  for  two  years  warden 
of  the  State  prison.  Irving  K.  Pond  was  edu- 
cated in  the  public  schools  of  Ann  Arbor  and 
in  the  University  of  Michigan,  where  he  was 
graduated  in  1879  with  the  degree  of  C.E 
In  the  same  year  he  went  to  Chicago,  where 
he  spent  a  few  years  in  the  office  of  a  promi- 
nent architect.  After  this  he  traveled  abroad, 
to  finish  his  architectural  studies  by  means  of 
actual  observation.  In  1886  he  entered  into 
partnership  with  his  brother,  Allen  Bartlit 
Pond.  Together  they  have  designed  numerous 
buildings,  private,  institutional,  and  public, 
among  the  latter  being  the  Federal  Building 
at  Kankakee,  111.  They  also  built  Hull  House, 
in  Chicago,  for  Miss  Jane  Addams;  the  Chi- 
cago Commons,  for  Dr.  Graham  Taylor,  and 
numerous  other  settlement  houses,  being  them- 
selves interested  in  social  and  political  better- 
ment movements.  They  are  also  the  archi- 
tects for  the  new  Michigan  Union,  the  college 
home  of  the  students  and  alumni  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Michigan.  Mr.  Pond  has  met  the 
problems  of  his  social  and  professional  life 
with  a  force  and  determination  of  character 
which  have  not  alone  enabled  him  to  win  his 
way  to  success,  but  have  earned  for  him  the 
commendation  of  his  fellow  citizens  and  prac- 
titioners. He  has  served  on  the  board  of  di- 
rectors of  the  American  Institute  of  Archi- 
tects, six  years;  was  its  vice-president  one 
year,  and  president  for  two  years.  He  rep- 
resented the  U.  S.  government  and  the  Ameri- 
can Institute  of  Architects  at  the  Interna- 
tional Congress  of  Architects  at  Rome  and 
Venice,  in  1911,  delivering  addresses  before 
the  congress  in  both  cities.  In  November  of 
the  same  year  he  also  appeared  before  the 
Royal  Institute  of  British  Architects.  The 
honorary  degree  of  A.M.  was  conferred  on  him 
by  the  University  of  Michigan  in  1911.  Mr. 
Pond  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Chicago 
Architectural   Club,   of   which  he   is   now   an 


^^^^^^^.K^tfU^ 


honorary  member.  He  is  an  honorary  mem- 
ber of  the  San  Francisco,  Los  Angeles  and  the 
South  Bend  Architectural  Clubs;  of  the  Na- 
tional Institute  of  Arts  and  Letters;  of  the 
Little  Room  (a  founder)  ;  of  the  Cliff  Dwell- 
ers (a  founder)  ;  of  the  Chicago  Literary  Club, 
and  of  the  City  and  University  Clubs  of  Chi- 
cago. He  was  president  of  the  Illinois  Society 
of  Architects,  In  recent  years  he  has  con- 
tributed liberally  to  the  architectural  journals 
and  has  reviewed  many  books  dealing  with 
the  subject  for  the  Chicago  "  Dial "  and  other 
literary  papers. 

JENKINS,  John  James,  jurist,  b.  in  Wey- 
mouth, England,  20  Aug.  1843;  d.  at  Chip- 
pewa Falls,  Wis.,  10  June,  1911,  son  of,  Fran- 
cis K.  and  Mary 
Ann  (Atkins)  Jen- 
kins. When  he 
was  an  infant  his 
parents  emigrated 
to  this  country. 
He  was  educated 
in  the  public 
schools  of  Sauk 
County,  Wis.,  and 
although  an  ele- 
mentary school 
training  was  all 
that  he  was  able  V 
to  acquire  in  \ 
youth,  his  keen  V 
mind  and  habits 
of  study  and  ob- 
servation enabled 
him  to  acquire  a 
broad  culture.  At  the  outbreak  of  the 
Civil  War,  he  enlisted  in  the  Federal  army, 
and  was  mustered  out  after  four  years  of 
service.  He  then  entered  upon  the  study 
of  law,  and  a  few  years  later  began  his 
professional  career  in  Sauk  County,  Wis., 
where  he  rapidly  built  up  an  extensive  prac- 
tice. In  1867  he  was  appointed  clerk  of  the 
circuit  court  of  Sauk  County,  and  after  serv- 
ing three  years,  resigned  his  position  to  go 
to  Chippewa  Falls,  Wis.,  where  he  was  as- 
semblyman and  county  judge.  He  was  also 
city  attorney  during  five  terms;  U.  S.  district 
attorney  for  Wyoming  one  year,  and  a  mem- 
ber of  Congress  for  fourteen  years,  from  1887 
to  1910.  During  this  period  he  served  with 
credit  as  a  member  of  several  important  com- 
mittees. In  1910  he  was  made  justice  of  the 
Supreme  Court  of  Porto  Rico,  but  his  career 
was  terminated  by  his  death  after  one  year 
of  service.  Judge  Jenkins  was  a  man  of  lofty 
ideals,  high  principles  and  accurate  judgment, 
which  commanded  confidence  and  respect.  He 
was  a  thirty-second  degree  Mason  and  a  mem- 
ber of  several  fraternal  and  social  organizations. 
On  15  Nov.,  1868,  he  married  Esther  M. 
Thompson,   of   Oconomowoe.    Wis. 

McMURTRY,  George  Gibson,  manufacturer, 
b.  near  Belfast,  Ireland,  28  May,  18;?8:  d.  in 
Atlantic  City,  N.  J.,  5  Aug.,  1015,  son  of 
Thomas  and  Agnes  (Gibson)  MoMurtry.  He 
belonged  to  a  distinguished  Ulster  family  of 
Scottish  origin,  whose  ancestors  had  ooine  oxer 
to  Ireland  during  the  reign  of  .Tames  I.,  when 
the  British  government  songht  to  leaven  the 
spirit  of  Irish  rebellion  by  establishing  the 
"Ulster  Plantation,"  a  colony  of  loyal  Scott. 
Mr.  McMurtry's  father,  Thomas  McMurtry,  was 


121 


McMURTRY 


McMURTRY 


a  prominent  merchant  of  Belfast,  who  married 
the  daughter  of  a  manufacturer  in  the  linen 
industry,  on  which  is  based  the  industrial  im- 
portance of  the  city.  Both  his  parents  died 
while  Mr.  McMurtry  was  still  a  mere  child  and 
he  came  under  the  care  of  an  uncle,  who 
farmt'd  an  estate  near  the  city.  Here  he  ac- 
quired his  early  education,  but  the  boy's  super- 
abundant energy,  combined  with  a  boyish  thirst 
for  adventure,  created  in  him  a  restless  desire 
to  obtain  a  broader  view  of  the  world  than 
could  be  attained  from  a  small  Irish  village. 
Recognizing  a  quality  in  the  boy  which  needed 
intelligent  guidance  rather  than  suppression, 
his  uncle  finally  consented  to  his  departure 
for  America,  whither  an  elder  brother  had 
already  gone  some  years  previously.  Being 
provided  with  the  means  to  travel,  young  Mc- 
Murtry finally  sailed  and  eventually  reached 
Detroit,  Mich.,  where  he  joined  his  brother. 
Then  began  a  somewhat  varied  business  career. 
As  with  all  ambitious  young  men  he  resisted 
the  temptation  to  settle  in  the  first  groove  in 
which  he  established  himself  and  constantly 
sought  new  opportunities.  This  tendency 
brought  him  to  Chicago,  where  he  found  em- 
ployment in  the  office  of  Jones  and  Laughlin. 
Another  change  brought  him  to  Pittsburgh, 
where  he  was  in  the  service  of  James  Wood 
and  Company  for  a  while.  Then,  for  a  while, 
he  was  in  independent  business  with  a  partner, 
William  Charles,  under  the  firm  name  of 
Charles  and  McMurtry,  manufacturing  nuts 
and  bolts.  Again  he  entered  the  service  of 
Jones  and  Laughlin,  now  known  in  the  steel 
industry  as  the  Jones  and  Laughlin  Steel  Com- 
pany. Then  came  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil 
War,  and  abandoning  his  business  connections, 
Mr.  McMurtry  responded  to  the  call  of  the 
President  for  volunteers  by  enlisting  in  Knapp's 
Pennsylvania  Battery,  in  which  he  served 
throughout  the  four  years'  duration  of  hos- 
tilities. After  being  mustered  out  of  service 
he  returned  to  Pittsburgh  and  resumed  his 
business  career.  He  became  connected  with 
the  Volta  Iron  Company,  Ltd.,  in  Apollo,  Pa,, 
from  which  emerged,  at  a  later  date,  the  Volta 
Galvanizing  Works  and  which  bought  black 
sheets  from  the  parent  organization  and  gal- 
vanized them.  In  1885  Mr.  McMurtry  began 
his  first  independent  business  operations  by 
organizing  the  Apollo  Iron  and  Steel  Com- 
pany, which  acquired  the  puddling  mill  and 
sheet  plant  of  the  Volta  Iron  Works,  in 
Apollo,  and  also  built  two  fifteen-ton  open- 
hearth  furnaces,  for  the  purpose  of  manufac- 
turing black  sheet  steel.  From  the  beginning 
the  enterprise  developed  with  almost  phe- 
nomenal success,  until  to-day  it  is  the  largest 
single  sheet  mill  in  the  country  and  the  model 
plant  of  its  kind  under  the  control  of  the 
United  States  Steel  Corporation.  On  this  busi- 
ness success  alone  Mr.  McMurtry's  name  looms 
up  big  not  only  in  the  steel  industry,  but  in  the 
industrial  development  of  the  whole  country. 
He  was,  during  his  active  career,  reckoned  as 
one  of  the  big  figures  of  that  small  group  of 
men  which  established  the  industrial  inde- 
pendence of  the  United  States  from  the 
European  nations  of  cheap  labor.  In  the  eco- 
nomic history  of  our  country,  which  has  yet 
to  be  written,  Mr.  McMurtry's  name  must 
necessarily  run  through  more  than  one  chap- 
ter.    But  aside  from  this  his  personality  is 


closely  associated  with  a  more  human  phase  of 
the  steel  industry  than  the  mere  development 
of  giant  manufacturing  plants.  While  he  may 
not  have  solved,  at  least  he  did  clearly  point 
to  a  solution  of,  the  eternal  problem  of  the 
relationship  between  capital  and  labor.  His- 
tory must  write  him  down  as  one  who  strug- 
gled with  this  problem;  as  one  who  refused  to 
ignore  the  human  element  in  the  development 
of  a  nation's  industries.  During  the  early 
years  of  his  management  of  the  Apollo  Iron 
and  Steel  Company,  Mr.  McMurtry  came  into 
very  close  contact  with  the  labor  problem. 
Regarding  intemperance  as  the  cause  of  much 
misery  among  the  working  people,  as  well  as 
of  inefficiency  in  the  work  performed,  he  en- 
deavored to  eliminate  this  evil.  In  this  en- 
deavor he  found  the  whole  forces  of  the  labor 
unions  arrayed  against  him.  Strikes  and  other 
forms  of  friction  followed  and  caused  endless 
trouble.  Mr.  McMurtry  saw  no  immediate  so- 
lution. He  then  made  an  extended  tour  of  the 
great  European  industrial  centers,  that  he 
might  study  the  labor  problem  in  various 
fields,  under  varying  conditions.  The  Krupp 
Works  in  Germany  probably  suggested  to  him 
the  idea  of  a  separate  community;  at  any  rate, 
he  determined  to  experiment  in  this  idea,  apply- 
ing certain  improvements  of  his  own  concep- 
tion. He  therefore  reorganized  the  Apollo 
Iron  and  Steel  Company  and  built  a  new  plant 
a  few  miles  below  Apollo,  on  the  Kiskiminetas 
River,  on  a  tract  of  farm  land  comprising 
some  640  acres.  About  this  new  plant  he 
caused  to  be  built,  in  the  middle  nineties,  a 
small  city  of  model  homes,  entirely  given  up 
to  the  employees  of  the  mills,  naming  the  com- 
munity Vandergrift,  after  his  partner  and 
great  friend,  Capt.  J.  J.  Vandergrift.  A  de- 
tailed description  of  the  new  community  was 
published  in  the  "Iron  Age"  (21  Nov.,  1901), 
just  six  years  after  it  was  founded.  It  con- 
stitutes one  of  the  most  remarkable  and  origi- 
nal experiments  in  the  adjustment  of  the  in- 
terests of  labor  with  those  of  capital  ever  at- 
tempted in  this  country.  For  years  the  suc- 
cess of  this  experiment  was  of  even  importance 
to  him  with  the  interests  of  the  business  side 
of  the  Apollo  Company  itself.  Eventually  he 
proved  conclusively  that  these  two  interests, 
those  of  the  workers  and  those  of  the  stock- 
holders of  the  company,  were  mutual.  Sup- 
ported by  the  community  spirit  which  he  grad- 
ually developed  among  the  employee-inhabitants 
of  the  city,  he  devoted  his  energy  to  making 
of  it  a  model  community.  School  buildings, 
libraries,  churches,  water  supply,  sewer  system, 
lighting  plant,  sanitation,  well-paved  streets; 
these  were  all  instituted  on  a  model  basis.  The 
liquor  traffic  was  completely  eliminated,  and 
the  people  found  that  that  was  good.  Poverty 
disappeared  before  prosperity;  content  took 
the  place  of  misery,  and  families  who  had 
known  the  bitterness  of  want  found  themselves 
gradually  possessed  of  the  luxuries  of  life.  The 
keen  pleasure  which  he  found  in  this  creative 
work  finally  culminated  in  an  incident  which 
gave  him  the  full  realization  that  his  effort 
had  been  successful.  When  the  American 
Sheet  Steel  Company  was  formed,  in  1900, 
with  Mr.  McMurtry  as  president,  then  later 
merged  into  the  American  Sheet  and  Tin  Plate 
Company,  a  subsidiary  of  the  United  States 
Steel  Corporation,  Mr.  McMurtry  felt  justified 


122 


I 


Tn  Q  (5^4A^^<^ 


McMURTRY 


OWENS 


in  retiring  and  taking  up  his  residence  in  New 
York  City.  Shortly  after  this  event  he  paid 
a  casual  visit  to  the  city  of  his  making, 
Vandergrift.  Through  a  friendly  ruse  on  the 
part  of  a  committee  hastily  elected  by  the  in- 
habitants, his  stay  was  prolonged  for  a  day, 
and  then  he  suddenly  found  himself  faced  by 
a  popular  demonstration  on  the  part  of  the 
entire  population,  including  in  its  program  the 
presentation  to  him  by  the  people  of  a  mag- 
nificent punch  bowl,  or  loving  cup,  as  some 
of  the  newspaper  reports  of  the  proceedings 
more  elegantly  described  it.  In  words  stum- 
bling over  genuine  emotion,  the  spokesman  of 
the  committee  making  the  presentation  speech, 
a  roller  in  one  of  the  mills,  reviewed  the  his- 
tory of  the  community,  then,  after  describing 
the  ideal  conditions  existing,  added :  "  The  con- 
ditions in  Vandergrift  to-day  are  due  largely 
to  keeping  the  hearts  of  the  working  people 
above  the  bags  of  gold.  When  this  policy  be- 
comes more  universal  much  will  have  been 
done  to  solve  the  problems  of  the  industrial 
world  .  .  .  there  is  no  mortal  man  dearer 
to  the  hearts  of  these  sturdy  steel  workers 
than  is  their  friend,  president,  and  benefactor, 
George  G.  McMurtry."  To  this  expression  of 
sentiment  the  assembled  inhabitants  responded 
with  an  almost  turbulent  demonstration  of 
enthusiasm.  Deeply  moved  by  the  scene,  Mr. 
McMurtry  responded  by  immediately  making 
every  church  in  the  community  a  present  of 
a  pipe  organ.  The  punch  bowl  itself,  a  work 
of  art  from  the  studios  of  the  famous  Tiffany 
company  in  New  York,  was  described  as  "  a 
massive  piece  of  fine  repousse  and  modeled 
work,  about  sixteen  inches  in  height,  eighteen 
in  diameter,  and  with  a  capacity  of  twenty 
quarts.  The  outside  of  the  bowl  is  richly  orna- 
mented with  medallions,  on  which  are  engraved 
various  progressive  scenes  from  the  history 
of  the  community  and  a  portrait  of  Mr.  Mc- 
Murtry." From  his  works  may  be  judged  the 
character  of  a  man;  Mr.  McMurtry  was  pos- 
sessed of  that  broader  vision  which  enables 
men  to  see  into  future  epochs  of  a  country's 
history.  Of  these  there  are  the  theoretical 
idealists,  who  reproduce  their  visions  in  the 
pages  of  printed  books,  and  the  practical  men 
who  adapt  themselves  to  the  laws  of  evolu- 
tion and  work  together  with  them,  creating 
and  developing  the  material  evidences  of  the 
new  age.  Of  the  latter  was  George  G.  Mc- 
Murtry. He  builded,  and  he  builded  so  well 
that  what  he  created  stands  to-day  as  one  of 
the  permanent  institutions  of  the  civilization 
which  he  so  clearly  foresaw  a  generation  ago. 
Many  of  his  contemporaries  possessed  these 
qualities  also,  but  not  all  of  them  were  pos- 
sessed of  that  human  sympathy  which  caused 
him  to  attempt  to  alleviate  that  suffering  which 
is  naturally  involved  in  the  series  of  changes 
constituting  progress.  Mr.  McMurtry  also  de- 
voted his  energies  to  other  enterprises  outside 
of  steel  and  iron;  he  was  a  director  of  the 
Chicago,  Rock  Island  and  Pacific  Railway,  the 
American  Can  Company,  the  Rock  Island  Trust 
Company,  and  the  Pittsburgh  Trust  Company. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  American  Iron  and 
Steel  Institute,  the  British  Iron  and  Steel  In- 
stitute, and  of  many  loading  clubs,  among  them 
the  Metropolitan  Club  of  New  York  City.  On 
7  June,  1870,  Mr.  McMurtry  married  Clara 
Lothrop,  daughter  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Sylvanus 


Lothrop,  of  Pittsburgh,  Pa.  They  had  four 
children:  Charles  Wood  (d.  25  Nov.,  1914); 
George  G.,  Jr.;  Alden  L.;  and  Edward  P. 
McMurtry. 

BALATKA,  Hans,  musician,  b.  in  Hoffnungs- 
thal,  Moravia,  Austria,  5  March,  1836;  d.  in 
Chicago,  111.,  17  April,  1899.  His  parents  were 
noted  musicians.  He  studied  law  at  Olmiitz, 
and  after  finishing  the  course  was  engaged  as 
tutor  by  a  wealthy  family  in  Vienna.  While 
there  he  perfected  his  knowledge  of  harmony 
and  composition  under  Proch  and  Sechter.  He 
began  his  musical  career  as  conductor  for  sing- 
ing societies.  In  1849  he  started  for  America, 
settling  in  Milwaukee,  Wis.,  where  he  founded 
the  famous  Musical  Verein  of  Milwaukee,  in 
1851.  He  produced  several  oratorios  and 
operas,  and  conducted  musical  festivals  in 
Cleveland,  Cincinnati,  Detroit,  Chicago,  and 
Pittsburgh.  In  1860  he  became  leader  of  the 
newly  founded  Philharmonic  Society  of  Chicago, 
in  1867  director  of  the  Germania  Mannerchor, 
and  in  the  same  year  conducted  a  musical 
festival  in  Indianapolis.  In  1868  he  directed 
a  musical  festival  at  Chicago,  which  was  pro- 
nounced the  greatest  that  had  been  held  in  this 
country  up  to  that  time.  He  organized  the 
Liederkranz  Society  in  1873,  and  later  the 
Mozart  Club  and  the  Chicago  Musical  Verein. 
He  was  also  director  to  the  Arion  des  Western 
Musical  Society  and  in  1879  he  founded  the  Ba- 
latka  Academy  of  Musical  Art,  in  which  his  son 
Christian  and  his  daughter  Annie  were  teach- 
ers. He  conducted  the  great  Saengerfest  in 
Chicago,  with  a  chorus  of  2,200,  a  mixed 
chorus  of  1,200,  and  an  orchestra  of  150.  Ba- 
latka's  compositions,  though  few  in  number, 
reveal  fine  artistic  taste  and  technical  skill. 
Besides  his  addition  of  a  suitable  climax  to 
Chopin's  "  Funeral  March,"  in  place  of  its 
abrupt  ending,  he  composed  a  grand  aria  for  so- 
pranoi  with  accompaniment,  a  piano  quartette, 
a  sonata,  and  several  songs.  He  was  the  author 
of  "A  Condensed  History  of  Music"  (1888); 
"A  History  of  Orchestra  Music  in  Chicago," 
and  contributed  musical  articles  regularly  to 
the  Chicago  "  Daheim." 

OWENS,  Michael  Joseph,  inventor  and  manu- 
facturer, b.  in  Mason  County  Va.  (now  West 
Virginia),  1  Jan.,  1859,  son  of  John  and  Mary 
(Chapman)  Owens.  His  parents  were  natives 
of  County  Wexford,  Ireland,  and  came  to  this 
country  in  the  early  forties  of  the  last  century. 
While  a  mere  boy,  Mr.  Owens  secured  employ- 
ment in  the  glass  factory  of  the  Hobbs, 
Brockuenier  Company,  of  Wheeling,  W.  Va. 
Being  quick  of  perception  he  soon  became  one 
of  the  most  proficient  glass  workers  employed 
at  the  factory.  In  1882,  due  to  his  progreasive- 
ness,  he  assisted  in  the  organization  of  the 
Union  Flint  Glass  Company,  at  Martins  Forry, 
Ohio.  Six  years  later  he  was  offered  an  ad- 
vanced position  with  the  Libbey  Glass  Com- 
pany, in  Toledo,  Ohio.  Here  he  enjoyed  a 
wider  scope  to  display  his  abilities  and  his 
capacity  was  promptly  recognized  by  the  com- 
pany, and  within  three  months'  time  ho  was 
promoted  to  the  position  of  managing  the  glass- 
working  department.  The  oonHdonco  of  the 
company  in  his  ability  may  be  judged  from  tlio 
fact  that  when  it  bocamo  an  exhibitor  at  the 
World's  Columbian  Exposition  in  Chicago  in 
1893,  and  established  there  a  model  glass  fac- 
tory, Mr.  Owens  was  placed  in  charge  of  the 

123 


OWENS 


ABLER 


works.  In  1895  Mr.  Owens  with  Edward  D. 
Libbey  organized  the  Toledo  Glass  Company, 
for  the  purpose  of  manufacturing  glass  tum- 
blers, gas  globes,  lamp  chimneys,  etc.,  by  means 
of  a  special  machine  which  he  had  invented 
and  patented.  The  United  States  rights  were 
sold  to  the  Macbeth-Evans  Glass  Company  of 
Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  and  the  Canadian  rights  sold 
to  the  Dominion  Glass  Company,  of  Montreal, 
Quebec.  The  greatest  achievement  of  Mr. 
Owens'  was  his  invention  of  the  Automatic 
Bottle  Machine,  which  bears  his  name.     This 


mechanical  marvel  has  revolutionized  the 
bottle-making  industry.  The  importance  of 
this  wonderful  machine  is  shown  by  the  re- 
sults: in  1908  there  were  produced  in  the 
United  States  by  the  Owens  machine  a  total 
of  105,000,000  bottles,  while  in  1916,  with  the 
use  of  the  Owens  Automatic  Bottle  Machine, 
1,565,000,000  bottles  were  produced  in  the  same 
territory.  Mr.  Owens  is  not  only  responsible  for 
the  improvements  in  the  machines,  but  is  also 
effective  in  the  management  and  development 
of  this  important  industry.  He  is  vice-presi- 
dent and  general  manager  of  the  Owens  Bottle 
Machine  Company,  and  the  Libbey-Owens  Sheet 
Glass  Company  of  Toledo,  Ohio.  He  super- 
intended the  erection  of  the  bottle  factory  at 
Traflford  Park,  near  Manchester,  England,  and 
demonstrated  its  success  abroad,  and  later 
conducted  negotiations  with  Continental  Euro- 
pean Syndicate  for  the  right  to  introduce  and 
operate  the  machine  in  foreign  countries,  and 
he  sold  the  Trafford  Park  factory  and  the  for- 
eign rights  to  a  Continental  European  syndi- 
cate for  12,000,000  marks,  and  the  machines 
are  now  operated  in  Germany,  England,  Scot- 
land, Ireland,  Mexico,  and  Cuba,  under  syndi- 
cate management,  and  they  have  arranged  to 
place  the  machine  in  operation  in  South  Amer- 
ica and  Japan.  The  inventive  genius  of  Mr. 
Owens  has  also  greatly  expanded  the  cut  glass- 
ware industry,  by  which  means  cut  glassware 
has  been  placed  within  the  reach  of  the  great 
middle  class,  or  families  of  modest  incomes. 
It  is  no  longer  confined  to  the  means  of  the 
wealthy.  Previous  to  1902  all  glass  blanks 
produced  for  rich  cut  glassware  were  made 
by  hand.  It  was  in  that  year  that  Mr.  Owens 
perfected  his  mechanism  for  the  manufacture 
of  cut  glass.  By  this  method  the  pattern  is 
molded  instead  of  Being  cut  by  hand,  thus 
saving  the  enormous  expense  as  well  as  time 
consumed  in  production  by  the  old  method, 
and,  at  the  same  time,  retaining  its  artistic 
beauty.  Mr.  Owens  interested  H.  C.  Fry  in 
this  modern  process,  resulting  in  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  H.  C.  Fry  Glass  Company,  Roches- 
ter, Pa.,  now  a  very  prominent  concern  in  the 
glass  business.  Mr.  Owens  served  as  a  di- 
rector in  this  company  for  several  years. 
Early  in  the  year  of   1915,  The  Franklin  In- 


stitute of  the  State  of  Pennsylvania  for  the 
promotion  of  mechanic  arts,  without  solici- 
tation, instituted  an  investigation  into  the 
merits  of  the  Owens  Automatic  Bottle  Ma- 
chine. In  its  report.  No.  2633,  dated  at  Phila- 
delphia, Pa.,  5  May,  1915,  after  a  detailed 
description  of  the  machine,  including  its  con- 
struction and  operation,  the  committee  con- 
cludes its  report  as  follows :  "  Besides  his 
patents  on  bottle-making  machines,  Mr.  Owens 
holds  patents  on  a  glass  tank  and  also  on  a  leer, 
which  latter  he  has  made  in  a  continuous  tank 
form  to  correspond  with  the  continuous  opera- 
tion of  the  bottle  machine  and  to  be  con- 
nected to  it,  the  whole  forming  a  continuous 
bottle-making  and  annealing  means.  The  in- 
ventor appears  to  be  solely  responsible  for  the 
development  of  the  entirely  automatic  bottle- 
making  machine.  All  others  on  the  market  are 
semi-automatic  machines,  based  on  the  prin- 
ciple of  the  Arbogast  invention.  As  indicated, 
these  semi-automatic  machines  require  the 
glass  to  be  gathered  by  hand.  One  fifteen  unit 
Owens  machine,  making  250  gross  of  bottles 
per  twelve  hours,  can  be  operated  by  one  un- 
skilled man,  but  to  produce  the  same  amount 
of  ware  with  the  semi-automatic  machine  re- 
quires at  least  eight  machines  and  forty  men, 
eight  of  whom  must  be  skilled  workmen. 
These  semi-automatic  machines  would,  how- 
ever, produce  this  quantity  of  ware  in  nine 
hours,  which  is  the  usual  shift  on  such  ma- 
chines. In  1914  annual  report  of  the  Owens 
Bottle  Machine  Company,  it  is  stated  that 
the  aggregate  yearly  capacity  of  the  Owens 
machines  at  that  time  operating  in  the  United 
States  was  approximately  9,000,000  gross  of 
bottles,  while  in  the  previous  report  the  ca- 
pacity of  all  the  machines  in  operation  was 
given  as  one-third  of  the  estimated  production 
of  bottles  in  this  country.  It  is  claimed  that, 
since  its  commercial  introduction  in  1908,  the 
Owens  machine  has  brought  about  a  reduction 
in  price  of  the  ware  it  makes  of  16  per  cent. 
The  inventor  has  devoted  many  years  of  effort 
to  the  development  of  the  bottle-making  ma- 
chine. He  has  succeeded  in  producing  an 
entirely  automatic  machine,  which  effects  a 
great  saving  in  labor  which,  moreover,  does  not 
require  any  skilled  labor  to  operate  it,  thereby 
lessening  the  cost  of  its  product.  In  considera- 
tion of  its  novelty  and  utility,  the  institute 
awards  the  Elliott  Cresson  Medal  to  Michael 
J.  Owens,  of  Toledo,  Ohio,  for  his  Automatic 
Bottle  Machine."  [Facsimile  of  the  obverse 
and  reverse  sides  of  the  medal  are  shown 
herein.]  Unlike  most  men  of  inventive  genius, 
Mr.  Owens  is  by  no  means  a  dreamer;  he  is 
possessed  of  keen  business  judgment,  a  fiery 
energy  which  knows  no  fatigue  until  the  end 
of  a  certain  task  has  been  accomplished,  and 
the  will  power  to  carry  out  his  purposes.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  Toledo  Club,  the  Inverness 
Club,  of  Toledo,  Ohio,  and  devotes  a  great 
deal  of  his  leisure  to  playing  golf.  In  1889 
Mr.  Owens  married  Mary  E.  McKelvey,  of 
Bellaire,  Ohio.  They  have  two  children:  Mrs. 
A.  R.  Bcesch  and  John  Raymond  Owens. 

ABLER,  Cyrus,  educator,  b.  in  Van  Buren, 
Ark.,  13  Sept.,  1863,  son  of  Samuel  and 
Sarah  (Sulzberger)  Adler.  He  was  graduated 
at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1883  and 
then  entered  Johns  Hopkins,  where  he  was 
successively  a  fellow,  instructor,  and  associate 


124 


I 


GILLIE 


LINCOLN 


in  Semitic  languages,  receiving  in  1878  the 
degree  of  Ph.D.  in  course.  In  1888  he  be- 
came honorary  assistant  curator  of  oriental 
antiquities  in  the  National  museum  and  ar- 
ranged the  collections  there.  As  special  com- 
missioner for  the  World's  Columbian  Exposi- 
tion, Chicago,  in  1890-92,  he  visited  Egypt, 
Turkey,  and  Morocco.  He  was  made  librarian 
of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  in  the  latter 
year,  and  in  1905  became  assistant  secretary, 
serving  until  1908.  He  was  curator  of  historic 
archeology  and  historic  religions  at  the  U.  S. 
National  museum  from  1889  to  1908,  and  since 
September  of  that  y-ear  has  been  president  of 
Dropsie  College  for  Hebrew  and  cognate  learn- 
ing, Philadelphia.  Dr.  Adler  has  contributed 
many  papers  to  the  journals  of  learned  so- 
cieties, among  these  being  "  Progress  of  Ori- 
ental Science  in  America  During  1888";  "The 
Shofar:  Its  Use  and  Origin";  and  with  Allen 
Ramsay  wrote  "  Told  in  the  Coffee  House — a 
Book  of  Turkish  Tales"  (1898).  He  is  one 
of  the  editors  of  the  "  Jewish  Encyclopedia," 
the  "  American  Jewish  Year  Book,"  and  the 
"  Jefferson  Bible."  Dr.  Adler  is  president  of 
the  American  Jewish  Historical  Society; 
member  of  the  American  Oriental  Society, 
American  Philosophical  Society,  Washington 
Academy  of  Sciences;  and  was  president  of 
the  board  of  directors  of  the  Jewish  Theo- 
logical Seminary  of  America  (1902-05).  He 
was  married  in  September,  1905,  to  Racie 
Friedenwald,  of  Philadelphia.  They  have  no 
children. 

GILLIE,  John,  mining  engineer,  b.  in  Ottawa, 
Canada,  25  Sept.,  1858,  son  of  James  M.  and 
Mary  Jane  (Shannon)  Gillie.  His  grand- 
father, Robert  Gil- 
lie, came  to  Can- 
ada from  Scotland 
in  1844,  settling  in 
Grenville,  Canada. 
He  was  educated 
in  the  public 
schools  of  Ottawa, 
and  entered  the 
University  of  Ot- 
tawa where  he  was 
graduated  with  the 
degree  of  civil  and 
mining  engineer  in 
1878.  In  the  fol- 
^^  lowing  year  he  was 
engaged  on  con- 
struction work 
along  the  De- 
troit, Lansing  and 
Northern  Railroad, 
west  of  Big  Rapids,  Mich.  In  order  to  gain 
a  more  thorough  and  practical  knowledge  of 
mining  he  went  to  Montana  in  April,  1880, 
where  he  was  employed  in  the  quartz 
mines  and  mills  until  August,  1881.  Finding 
this  practice  so  advantageous,  he  moved  to 
Philipsburg,  Mont.,  and  later  to  Butte,  Mont., 
where  he  was  employed  as  assistant  engineer 
in  the  office  of  Ringeling  and  Kellogg.  He 
continued  with  this  firm  until  1884,  when  he 
opened  an  office  for  the  general  practice  of 
civil  and  mining  engineering.  In  1900  he  was 
appointed  manager  of  the  Butte  and  Boston 
Consolidated  Manufacturing  Company,  and  in 
the  following  year  was  chosen  general  super- 
intendent of  mines  for  the  Amalgamated  Cop- 


per Company.  The  position  and  influence 
which  he  now  enjoys  were  obtained  by  his  own 
exertions,  as  was  also  the  competency  he  now 
possesses.  Mr.  Gillie  is  a  member  of  the 
American  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers,  Mon- 
tana Society  of  Engineers,  Silver  Bow  Club, 
Country  Club,  and  other  scientific  and  social 
organizations.  On  19  Jan.,  1887,  he  married 
Nettie  Emerson,  of  Butte,  Mont.,  and  they 
have  two  children. 

LINCOLN,  Rufus  Pratt,  soldier  and  surgeon, 
b.  in  Belchertown,  Mass.,  27  April,  1841;  d. 
in  New  York  City,  27  Nov.,  1900,  son  of  Rufus 
S.  and  Lydia  (Baggs)  Lincoln.  He  was  di- 
rectly descended  from  Thomas  Lincoln,  who 
came  to  this  country  from  England  in  1635 
and  settled  in  Hingham,  Mass.,  later  removing 
to  Taunton,  Mass.  Dr.  Lincoln's  early  educa- 
tion was  acquired  at  Williston  Seminary,  in 
Easthampton,  Mass.,  and  at  the  Phillips 
Academy,  in  Exeter.  He  then  entered  Am- 
herst College,  from  which  he  graduated  in 
July,  1862.  It  was  his  intention  to  study 
for  the  medical  profession,  but  the  War  of  the 
Rebellion  was  then  at  its  height  and  the  Union 
sadly  in  need  of  men.  Young  Lincoln  decided 
to  enlist  in  the  cause  of  the  country  and  was 
immediately  given  a  commission  as  second 
lieutenant  in  the  Thirty-seventh  Regiment  of 
Massachusetts  Volunteers.  In  less  than  two 
months  he  had  risen  to  the  command  of  his 
company  as  captain.  In  December  he  had 
arrived  at  the  front  and  saw  his  first  fighting 
at  the  battle  of  Fredericksburg.  From  then 
on  until  the  end  of  the  war  he  experienced  a 
great  deal  of  active  service.  He  fought  in 
the  Mud  campaign,  at  the  battles  of  Salem 
Heights,  Gettysburg,  Funkstown,  Rappahan- 
nock Station,  Mine  Run,  the  Wilderness, 
Spottsylvania,  Opequan,  Fisher's  Hill,  Cedar 
Creek,  Hatcher's  Run,  Dabney's  Mills,  Forts 
Steadman  and  Wadsworth,  and  the  assault  on 
Petersburg.  In  July,  1864,  he  had  been  raised 
to  the  rank  of  major  and  on  19  Oct.,  1864,  he 
was  brevetted  lieutenant-colonel  for  "dis- 
tinguished gallantry  during  the  present  cam- 
paign before  Richmond  and  for  meritorious 
services  at  the  battle  of  Cedar  Creek,  Virginia." 
In  June,  1865,  he  was  transferred  as  lieutenant- 
colonel  to  the  Twentieth  Massachusetts  Volun- 
teers, which  regiment  was  expected  to  be  or- 
dered to  Mexico  as  part  of  the  army  which  was 
to  be  employed  in  expelling  Maximilian  from 
the  American  continent.  He  served  as  assist- 
ant inspector-general  of  the  First  Division  of 
the  Sixth  Army  Corps,  on  the  staff  of  Gen. 
David  A.  Russell,  and  Gen.  Frank  Wheaton 
from  August,  1864,  until  the  end  of  the  war. 
He  was  slightly  wounded  in  the  battle  of  the 
Wilderness  and  very  severely  wounded  twelve 
days  later,  12  May,  1864,  at  "the  Anglo." 
After  being  mustered  out,  at  the  conclusion  of 
the  war,  Mr.  Lincoln  resumed  his  studies, 
spending  one  year  in  the  College  of  riiysioiuns 
and  Surgeons' in  New  York  and  two  years  in 
the  Harvard  Medical  School,  in  Boston,  from 
which  he  received  his  JNf.D.  degree  in  ISlJS. 
Then  followed  a  term  of  general  praetioo,  later 
becoming  associated  with  Dr.  Wiilard  Parker. 
Gradually  he  began  to  specialize  in  diseases  of 
the  throat,  lungs,  and  nose  and  as  such  made 
his  way  to  the  front  rank  of  the  medical  pro- 
fession, not  only  in  this  country,  but  inter- 
nationally.    When  Emperor  Frederick,  of  Ger- 


125 


LINCOLN 


BORDEN 


many  became  aflBicted  with  cancer  of  the 
throat  Dr.  Lincoln  was  requested  to  attend  a 
consultation  over  the  imperial  patient.  He 
was  one  of  the  most  progressive  members  of 
the  profession,  ever  looking  forward  to  taking 
advantage  of  every  discovery  that  science  had 
to  offer  for  the  relief  of  physical  suffering.  Dr. 
Lincoln  was  one  of  the  first  to  apply  electric 
cautery  to  operations  on  the  throat;  it  was 
by  this  method  that  he  removed  a  large  tumor 
from  the  throat  of  Gen.  Judson  Kilpatrick.  In 
his  operations  he  sliowed  himself  possessed  of 
remarkable  manual  dexterity,  working  with  a 
dispatch  and  decision  that  excited  the  ad- 
miration even  of  his  senior  colleagues.  His 
great  success,  however,  was  due  to  his  scien- 
tific attitude  of  mind,  his  ability  to  grapple 
with  and  overcome  the  complex  problems  of 
modern  surgery.  While  many  young  surgeons 
allow  themselves  to  crystallize  on  having  at- 
tained a  certain  degree  of  efficiency  and  knowl- 
edge, Dr.  Lincoln  was  never  content  to  pause  at 
any  point,  but  continued  ever  onward  in  the 
pursuit  of  further  knowledge  and  experience. 
So  high  was  his  professional  ideal  that  he 
never  attained  it,  as,  indeed,  no  man  can  who 
seeks  perfection.  As  an  independent  investi- 
gator in  medical  science  he  was  able  to  add  a 
great  deal  to  the  scientific  knowledge  of  the 
profession,  the  results  of  his  researches  form- 
ing the  subject  matter  of  a  great  many  works 
which  he  wrote  and  had  published,  some  of 
which  are  still  regarded  as  authoritative  in  a 
field  of  knowledge  which  has  perhaps  progressed 
more  rapidly  than  any  other  department  of 
science.  How  Dr.  Lincoln  was  regarded  as  a 
soldier  and  a  man  is  perhaps  best  shown 
through  the  following  resolutions,  passed  by 
the  New  York  Commandery  of  the  Military 
Order  of  the  Loyal  Legion  of  the  United  States, 
on  the  occasion  of  his  death:  "Resolved,  that 
in  the  death  of  our  companion,  the  late  Brevet- 
Colonel  Rufus  P.  Lincoln,  this  Commandery 
has  lost  from  its  membership  a  gentleman  of 
rare  gifts  and  great  accomplishments.  He  was 
ever  a  chivalrous  gentleman;  and  during  the 
War  of  the  Rebellion  a  brave  soldier,  and  upon 
the  return  of  peace  by  his  talents  and  in- 
dustry succeeded  in  reaching  the  front  rank 
of  the  profession  of  medicine  and  surgery  in 
the  metropolitan  city  of  New  York.  No  phy- 
sician ever  fought  harder  battles  against  dis- 
ease than  he  has  done,  when  struggling  with 
pneumonia  or  consumption  in  behalf  of  those 
who  have  been  his  patients.  Few  men  have 
met  with  so  large  a  measure  of  success  in  such 
encounters.  Through  the  guidance  of  a  merci- 
ful Providence  he  was  the  means  of  prolonging 
many  lives  and  relieved  much  suffering.  By 
his  death  the  state  loses  a  patriotic  citizen; 
science  mourns  for  a  gifted  son  and  the  circle 
of  his  acquaintances  misses  a  valued  friend  and 
a  wise  counselor."  Dr.  Lincoln  was  the  author 
of  the  following  works :  "  Laryngeal  Phthisis  " 
(1875);  "Selected  Cases  of  Disease  in  the 
Nasal  and  Post-Nasal  Regions.  Treated  with 
the  Galvano  Cautery"  (1876);  "Naso- 
pharyngeal Polypi"  (1879);  "On  the  Treat- 
ment of  Naso  Pharyngeal  Fibromata"  (1883)  ; 
"  A  Case  of  Melano-Sarcoma  of  the  Nose " 
(1885);  "The  Surgical  Use  of  Electricity  in 
the  Upper  Air  Passages"  (1886);  "Recurrent 
Naso-Pharyngeal  Tumor,  Cured  hj  Electroly- 
sis"    (1887);    "Report  of  the   Evulsion   of  a 


Laryngeal  Tumor  Which  Has  Returned  Twenty- 
Two  Years  After  Its  Removal  by  Laryngot- 
omy  (1890);  "The  Use  of  Pyoctanin  and 
Antiseptic  in  Diseases  of  the  Upper  Air  Pas- 
sages "  (1891);  "The  Exanthemata  in  the 
Upper  Air  Passages"  (1897);  and  "Oro- 
pharyngeal Mycosis"  (1898).  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  many  scientific  societies,  among  them 
being  the  Massachusetts  Medical  Society,  the 
New  York  County  Medical  Society,  the  New 
York  Academy  of  Medicine,  the  New  York 
Pathological  Society,  the  American  Medical 
Association,  the  American  Academy  of  Medi- 
cine, the  American  Laryngeological  Associa- 
tion, the  American  Climatological  Association, 
the  Harvard  Medical  Society,  and  various 
others.  He  was  also  a  member  of  the  Loyal 
Legion,  the  University  Club,  the  Arts  Club  of 
New  York,  and  the  New  England  Society. 
After  the  death  of  Dr.  Lincoln  his  widow 
made  a  gift  of  $100,000  for  the  foundation  of  a 
professorship  in  science  at  Amherst  University, 
the  letter  from  Mrs.  Lincoln  suggesting  "  that 
the  professorship  receiving  said  salary  shall 
be  known  and  designated  in  the  proper  records 
and  publications  of  the  college  as  the  Rufus 
Tyler  Lincoln  Professorship,  the  gift  of  his 
father  and  mother  to  the  memory  of  Rufus 
Tyler  Lincoln,  a  brilliant  student,  a  loved 
companion  and  always  an  affectionate  son. 
Died  July  15,  1890,  aged  sixteen  years."  This 
gift  was  accepted  by  the  board  of  trustees  of 
the  college.  On  20  Aug.,  1869,  Dr.  Lincoln 
married  Caroline  Carpenter,  daughter  of  WMl- 
ington  H.  Tyler,  of  New  York  City.  They  had 
three  children:  Rufus  Tyler,  in  whose  memory 
the  gift  to  Amherst  College  was  made,  and 
Carrie  Anna  and  Helen  Lincoln. 

BORDEN,  Gail,  inventor  and  manufacturer, 
was  b.  in  Norwich,  N.  Y.,  6  Nov.,  1801;  d.  at 
Borden,  Texas,  11  Jan.,  1874,  son  of  Gail 
(1777-1863)  and  Philadelphia  (Wheeler)  Bor- 
den. His  first  American  ancestor,  Richard 
Borden,  emigrated  from  Wales,  England,  in 
1636,  settling  in  Boston.  He  shortly  after- 
ward removed  to  Portsmouth,  and  then  to 
Rhode  Island,  where  he  lived  during  the  re- 
mainder of  his  life,  achieving  prominence  and 
frequently  filling  important  public  positions. 
The  Bordens  are  of  Norman-French  origin,  and 
their  ancestors  of  the  early  centuries  were  con- 
spicuous in  the  history  of  England.  The  lead- 
ing authority  in  England,  Hasted's  Notices  of 
the  Churches  of  Kent,"  says :  "  When  Julius 
Caesar  invaded  England  he  cut  a  road  through 
the  woodlands  of  Kent  from  the  place  where  he 
landed  on  the  English  Channel  to  a  camp  which 
he  established  at  or  near  the  place  where 
London  now  stands.  This  road  passed  through 
the  parish  of  Borden  and  the  village  of  Bor- 
den [thirty-nine  miles  from  London]  was  built 
beside  it."  In  December,  1814,  Gail  Borden's 
parents  removed  their  family,  which  included 
his  brothers  Thomas  H.,  Paschal  P.,  and  John 
P.  and  his  sister,  Esther,  from  New  York  to 
the  vicinity  of  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  where  they 
remained  about  a  year.  While  there  young 
Gail  assisted  in  laying  out  Covington,  Ky.,  at 
that  time  a  farm  upon  which  were  only  two 
houses  and  a  barn,  and  cultivated  corn  on  the 
site  now  occupied  by  the  City  Hall  of  Coving- 
ton. In  1816  the  family  removed  to  Jefferson 
County,  Indiana,  which  was  still  a  territory, 
and  just  beginning  to  be  settled.     Gail  Borden 


126 


^  ^  o^r^r^ /^J^/^^/f^lt 


BORDEN 


BORDEN 


attended  such  schools  as  the  primitive  settle- 
ment afforded,  although  for  no  more  than  two 
or  three  months  in  a  year;  his  entire  educa- 
tional experience  being  less  than  a  year  and  a 
half.  He  was  uncommonly  fond  of  hunting, 
and  became  very  proficient  in  the  use  of  the 
rifle.  Owing  to  his  possessing  a  decidedly  mili- 
tary turn  of  mind,  he  was  elected  captain  of 
the  Hoosier  Company  of  100  men  (before  he 
was  twenty-one ) .  Soon  after  leaving  school, 
as  a  pupil,  he  taught  for  two  years.  Then,  at 
the  age  of  twenty-two,  his  health  having  be- 
come very  much  impaired,  by  the  advice  of 
his  physician,  he  determined  to  try  a  southern 
climate.  In  accordance  with  this  plan  he 
traveled  as  supercargo  of  a  flat-bottomed  boat 
to  New  Orleans,  and  after  disposing  of  the 
cargo  went  to  Amite  County,  Miss.  Here  he 
had  charge  of  a  school  for  six  years,  and 
served  as  county  surveyor  and  deputy  U.  S. 
surveyor.  In  February,  1828,  he  married,  and 
in  the  following  year  removed  to  Texas,  where 
his  father  and  father-in-law  with  their  fam- 
ilies had  preceded  him.  All  of  them  settled 
Austin's  Colony,  and  engaged  in  such  agri- 
cultural and  business  pursuits  as  were  suited 
to  the  conditions  of  the  country.  These  sturdy 
pioneers  were  destined  for  important  parts  in 
the  political  and  business  history  of  Texas. 
Gail,  Jr.'s  first  employment  there  was  farm- 
ing and  stock-growing.  He  was  elected  a  dele- 
gate from  the  La  Vaca  district  to  the  con- 
vention held  in  1833,  at  San  Felipe,  to  define 
the  position  of  the  colonies,  and  to  petition  the 
Mexican  government  for  separation  from  the 
state  of  Coahuila.  Appointed  by  Gen.  Austin 
to  superintend  the  official  surveys,  he  compiled 
the  first  topographical  map  of  the  colonies,  and 
up  to  the  time  of  the  Mexican  invasion  had 
charge  of  the  land  office  at  San  Felipe,  under 
direction  of  Samuel  M.  Williams,  then  colonial 
secretary.  During  his  seven  years'  sojourn  in 
the  piney  woods  of  Mississippi,  nearly  all  of 
which  he  spent  in  teaching,  Mr,  Borden  had 
supplemented  his  neglected  early  schooling  by 
extensive  reading,  and  in  the  turbulent  period 
preceding  the  revolution  of  Mexico,  he  launched 
into  the  turmoil  and  warmly  espoused  the 
cause  of  the  settlers.  With  his  brother, 
Thomas,  he  procured  a  press  and  printing  ma- 
terials and  conducted  the  only  newspaper, 
"  Telegraph  and  Texas  Land  Register,"  pub- 
lished in  Texas  during  the  conflict— 1835  to 
1837.  Its  policy  vigorously  advocated  the 
separation  of  Texas  from  Mexico;  in  fact,  he 
so  agitated  conditions  that  General  Santa  Ana, 
in  April,  1836,  a  few  days  before  the  battle 
of  San  Jacinto,  destroyed  the  press  and  all 
the  materials.  Mr.  Borden,  not  to  be  thus 
daunted,  re-established  the  plant  four  months 
later,  and  continued  without  further  interrup- 
tion during  the  war.  The  paper  was  then  sold 
and  removed  to  Houston,  where  it  was  pub- 
lished until  about  1898.  While  Gail,  Jr.,  was 
creating  sentiment  for  the  revolution,  his 
father  and  brothers  were  rendering  gallant 
service  in  General  Houston's  army.  At  the 
conclusion  of  hostilities,  and  Texas  had  been 
declared  a  republic,  President  Houston  ap- 
pointed Gail,  Jr.,  first  collector  of  the  port  of 
Galveston.  This  city  had  not  previously  been 
laid  out,  and,  prior  to  taking  charge  of  the 
customs,  he  made  its  first  surveys.  It  was 
the    origin    of    Galveston's    development,    and 


Mr.  Borden's  first  dwelling  there  was  a  rough 
structure,  on  the  bay  shore,  erected  by  two 
carpenters  in  half  a  day,  his  office  being  in 
what  had  been  the  Mexican  custom  house. 
From  1839  till  1851  he  was  agent  of  the  Gal- 
veston City  Company,  a  corporation  holding 
several  thousand  acres  on  which  the  city  is 
built.  Mr.  Borden  possessed  keen  power  of 
observation,  and  about  1849  his  attention  was 
drawn  to  the  urgent  need  of  more  suitable  food 
supplies  for  the  emigrants  and  travelers  across 
the  plains,  the  want  of  which  involved  great 
suff'ering  and  even  loss  of  life.  His  experi- 
ments, prompted  more  by  humanitarian  con- 
siderations than  by  hope  of  profit,  yielded  the 
"  pemmican "  that  Dr.  Kane  carried  with  him 
on  his  Arctic  expedition,  and  also  in  producing 
a  "  meat  biscuit,"  a  most  simple,  economical, 
and  efficient  form  of  portable  concentrated  food. 
The  merits  of  the  latter  were  so  fully  recog- 
nized that  he  felt  warranted  in  embarking  all 
his  means  in  its  extensive  manufacture.  It 
was  exhibited  under  his  personal  supervision 
at  the  World's  Exhibition,  London,  1851,  and 
gained  for  him  the  highest  award,  the  "  great 
council  medal,"  and  in  further  recognition  he 
was  elected  an  honorary  member  of  the  London 
Society  of  Arts,  in  1852.  But,  notwithstand- 
ing the  evident  merit  of  the  meat  biscuit,  in- 
sidious opposition  of  the  army  contractors 
compelled  Mr.  Borden  to  abandon  its  produc- 
tion in  1853,  with  the  loss  of  his  entire  for- 
tune. During  his  voyage  to  Europe,  in  1851, 
to  attend  the  World's  Exhibition,  above  re- 
ferred to,  an  incident  occurred  that  molded 
his  future  activities.  The  severe  weather  en- 
countered by  the  sailing  vessel  on  which  he  had 
taken  passage  resulted  in  the  death  of  all  the 
cows  aboard,  leaving  the  passengers  without 
milk  the  remainder  of  the  long  journey.  Mr. 
Borden  grieved  over  the  babies  aboard.  The 
condition  seemed  to  him  both  unnatural  and 
preventable,  and  he  remarked  to  the  captain  of 
the  vessel  that  "  there  undoubtedly  will  come  a 
time  when  milk  will  be  so  prepared  as  to  en- 
able its  being  kept  to  meet  such  emergencies." 
Thus  was  evolved  the  first  idea  of  condensed 
milk,  which  has  become  a  monument  to  his 
sympathy,  ingenuity,  and  perception.  The  con- 
ditions attending  the  collapse  of  his  meat- 
biscuit  venture  only  spurred  Mr.  Borden  to 
renewed  effort,  and  he  removed  to  the  North 
and  devoted  his  attention  to  the  preservation 
of  milk.  The  result  of  his  investigation  and 
labors  was  the  now  famous  Borden's  condensed 
milk  that  has  perpetuated  his  name  among 
the  world's  benefactors.  In  the  experiments 
with  milk  he  profited  by  the  lessons  taught  him 
by  the  results  of  his  various  tentative  manipu- 
lations in  connection  with  the  meat  biscuit. 
Foremost  among  these  was  his  wholesome 
dread  of  incipient  decomposition;  conscHiuently 
he  sought  security  against  possible  detriment 
from  the  time  when  the  milk  was  drawn  from 
the  cow.  He  gave  the  question  much  study 
and  at  length  removed  about  75  per  cent,  of 
the  water,  and  with  the  milk  added  a  sullieient 
quantity  of  sugar  to  preserve  it.  Hut  the 
principal  feature  of  his  discovery,  as  con- 
tained in  his  first  application  for  a  patent, 
May,  1H53,  was  deelared  to  be  <'vai)()ra<i<)n  in 
vacuo,  which  he  einplialieally  asserted  pre- 
vented incipient  decomposition  by  i)roteoting 
the  milk  from  atmospheric  action.     This  point 


127 


BORDEN 


BORDEN 


met  the  opposition  of  the  patent  officials,  how- 
ever, who  refused  the  application,  chiefly  be- 
cause the  process  lacked  the  essential  requisites 
of  novelty  and  usefulness.  He  encountered 
many  discouragements ;  in  fact,  the  controversy 
with  the  patent  officials  lasted  three  years  and 
was  replete  with  rejections.  But  Mr.  Borden 
possessed  a  redoubtable  nature  and  seemed 
literally  to  thrive  on  disappointment.  His 
patent  attorney,  after  exhaustive  search  of  the 
records,  had  disponed  of  the  "  lack-of-novelty  " 
reason  in  1853.  But  it  was  not  until  1856 
that  the  patent  was  issued,  and  then  only 
after  several  leading  scientists,  having  experi- 
mented by  condensing  milk  by  all  the  processes 
commonly  in  use,  unhesitatingly  testified  that 
no  other  method  equaled  that  in  vacuo — out 
of  contact  with  the  air.  Having  conquered  that 
phase  of  the  struggle,  he  now  launched  into 
the  development  of  the  invention  for  commer- 
cial results,  and  here  too  he  met  with  very 
trying  experiences.  For  aid  rendered  him  dur- 
ing his  long  siege  at  the  patent  office,  Mr. 
Borden  had  parted  with  three-eighths  of  his 
interest  in  the  patent;  and  after  dispensing  of 
two-eighths  more  to  obtain  means  to  erect  a 
moderate  plant,  he  retained  about  one- third 
interest  in  the  business.  His  first  attempt  to 
establish  works  was  at  Wolcottville,  Conn.,  in 
1856,  and  resulted  in  disappointment.  In 
1857  the  owners  of  the  patent  began  its  manu- 
facture at  Burrville,  where  a  small  quantity 
of  milk  was  condensed.  The  excellence  of  the 
product  was  admitted;  yet  there  was  not  im- 
mediate public  response,  and  the  panic  of  that 
year  caused  the  company  to  suspend  opera- 
tions. However,  early  in  1858  Mr.  Borden 
secured  the  first  adequate  capital  to  develop 
his  invention.  This  was  furnished  by  Jeremiah 
Milbank,  and  in  1800,  under  the  title  of  the 
New  York  Condensed  Milk  Company,  the  com- 
pany built  an  extensive  plant  at  Wassaic, 
N.  Y.  Fortune  had  at  last  favored  Mr.  Bor- 
den. Not  only  was  a  strong  popular  demand 
soon  created  for  condensed  milk,  but  it  came 
to  be  extensively  used  in  the  army  and  navy 
during  the  Civil  War.  Enlargement  of  the 
plant  soon  became  necessary;  in  fact,  repeated 
enlargements  followed,  and  other  factories 
erected.  In  1863  a  factory  was  opened  at 
Brewsters,  N.  Y.,  and  in  1865  one  at  Elgin, 
111.  The  rapid  increase  in  the  business  neces- 
sitated the  opening  of  other  factories  and  con- 
denseries  in  New  York — at  Wallkill,  Miller- 
ton,  Deposit,  and  New  Berlin;  in  1882  one 
was  started  at  Carpentersville,  111.,  and  an- 
other at  Algonquin  in  1892.  The  Elgin  plant, 
besides  manufacturing  the  famous  "  Eagle 
Brand "  of  condensed  milk,  deals  in  every 
variety  of  dairy  products,  and  is  the  largest 
of  the  Borden  establishments.  As  with  many 
other  important  discoveries,  false  claimants 
arose  to  contest  the  credit  for  the  invention, 
causing  Mr.  Borden  considerable  trouble  and 
expense  for  several  years.  The  United  States 
granted  Mr,  Borden  patents  on  the  following 
dates:  18  Aug,,  1856;  13  May,  1862;  10  Feb., 
1863;  14  Nov,,  1865,  and  17  April,  1866,  but 
complete  foreign  patents  were  unfortunately 
not  taken  out,  and  parties  abroad  early  at- 
tempted to  appropriate  his  invention.  How- 
ever, in  the  controversy  on  the  subject  that 
existed  about  1871,  it  became  established  as 
an  indisputable  fact  that  Gail  Borden  was  en- 


titled to  all  the  credit  attached  to  the  inven- 
tion of  condensing  milk  in  vacuo.  These  mat- 
ters, however,  concerned  Mr.  Borden  but  little 
from  a  pecuniary  standpoint.  He  possessed  a 
truly  beneficient  nature,  and  long  before  he 
reaped  any  material  benefits  from  his  in- 
vention, he  had  applied  his  ingenuity  to  per- 
fecting other  concentrated  food  products.  The 
next  experiment  to  engage  his  attention  was 
the  condensing  of  meat  juices.  That  his 
meat-juice  experiments  coincided  with  those 
of  Baron  Justus  von  Liebig  was  a  striking 
phase  of  this  invention.  Nevertheless,  while 
the  latter  was  engaged  in  the  researches  into 
the  nature  of  flesh  and  animal  juices  in  his 
well-appointed  laboratory  at  Giessen,  Germany, 
which  resulted  years  later  in  the  production 
of  "  Extractima  Carnis,"  Gail  Borden,  in  his 
crude  workshop  in  the  wilds  of  Texas,  was 
independently  investigating  the  same  problem, 
for  which  his  reward  was  the  great  council 
medal  before  mentioned.  At  first  the  Borden 
beef  extract  was  made  at  Elgin,  but  later  an 
establishment  was  erected  especially  for  the 
purpose  at  Borden,  Texas,  which  enabled  com- 
bining a  superior  quality  of  beef  with  very 
moderate  cost.  Subsequently  he  produced  ex- 
cellent preparations  of  condensed  tea,  coff'ee, 
and  cocoa.  He  had  become  an  expert  at  pre- 
paring perishable  foodstufl's,  and  in  1862  he 
patented  a  process  by  which  the  juices  of 
fruits  could  be  reduced  to  one-seventh  their 
original  bulk.  Reminiscent  of  this  is  one  of 
the  many  anecdotes  with  which  his  life  was 
enriched:  At  the  conclusion  of  services  one 
Sunday  in  a  church  at  Winchester  Centre, 
Conn.,  during  the  Civil  War,  Mr.  Borden 
raised  his  hand  to  the  clergyman  to  stay  the 
congregation  from  departing.  He  then  ad- 
dressed them,  saying:  "Dress  appropriately 
and  devote  your  afternoon  to  picking  black- 
berries, and  I  will  prepare  and  forward  them 
to  the  soldiers."  So  industriously  did  the 
members  respond  that  their  labors  yielded 
nearly  300  bushels.  On  receipt  of  these  General 
Sherman  sent  Mr.  Borden  a  most  appreciative 
letter  of  thanks.  A  just  estimate  of  Mr.  Bor- 
den may  be  formed  in  the  characterization  of 
him  written  shortly  before  his  death  by  an 
intimate  acquaintance.  Prof.  S.  L.  Goodale, 
then  secretary  of  the  Maine  Board  of  Agri- 
culture :  "  In  person,  Mr.  Borden  is  tall  and 
spare.  The  portrait  gives  a  fair  representa- 
tion of  his  face — but  as  it  is  rarely  seen — 
when  at  rest;  for  his  temperament  being  nerv- 
ous and  his  enthusiasm  unbounded,  the  coun- 
tenance in  conversation  immediately  lightens 
up  with  animation  and  varied  expression  be- 
yond the  skill  of  the  artist  to  fix.  His  mental 
powers  are  unimpaired,  his  thoughts  actively 
pervading  his  chosen  field  of  labor.  His  pow- 
ers of  observation  are  keen,  critical,  and  ap- 
preciative; his  faculty  for  devising  and  adapt- 
ing means  to  ends  remarkable;  his  habits 
active  beyond  those  of  most  persons  in  the 
noontide  of  life.  The  snows  of  seventy  winters 
have  silvered  and  thinned  his  locks,  forming 
a  '  crown  of  glory,'  according  to  Solomon, 
being  '  found  in  the  way  of  righteousness ' ;  but 
their  weight  rests  not  heavily  upon  his  shoul- 
ders." After  his  death  his  youngest  son,  John 
Gail  Borden  (q.v.),  succeeded  to  the  presi- 
dency of  the  company,  which  he  retained 
until    1885.      He    possessed    the    energy    and 


128 


c$  Brc-  //y^ 


BORDEN 


STACKPCLE 


ability  which  characterized  his  father,  and 
under  his  management  the  company  became 
the  foremost  in  the  milk  industry  of  the 
world.  His  eldest  brother,  Henry  Lee  Borden, 
then  became  president  and  continued  the  work 
of  increasing  the  company's  activities.  Mr. 
Borden  was  thrice  married:  first,  28  Feb., 
1828,  to  Penelope  Mercer,  of  Amite  County, 
Miss.  She  died  September,  1844;  second  to 
Mrs.  A.  F.  Stevens;  third  to  Mrs.  Emmeline 
Eunice  (Eno)  Church.  His  first  wife  was  the 
mother  of  all  his  children:  Mary  (1829-33), 
Henry  Lee,  Morton  Q.,  Philadelphia  Wheeler, 
Stephen  F.,  Mary  Jane,  who  married  Mills  S. 
Munsill  in  1859,  and  John  Gail.  The  two 
sons  of  his  third  wife,  Alfred  B.  and  Samuel 
M.  Church,  became  associated  with  him  in 
business,  the  first  managing  the  factory  at 
Elgin  for  about  seven  years.  On  22  Feb., 
1894,  a  handsome  library  inscribed  with  the 
inventor's  name  was  dedicated  as  a  memorial 
to  him  by  the  city  of  Elgin.  The  county  of 
Borden,  Texas,  and  its  county  seat,  Gail,  also 
were  named  in  his  honor. 

BORDEN,  John  Gail,  b.  4  Jan.,  1844,  at  Gal- 
veston, Texas;  d.  20  Oct.,  1891,  at  Ormond, 
Fla.,  son  of  Gail  and  Penelope  (Mercer)  Bor- 
den. At  the  age  of  thirteen  his  father  re- 
moved to  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  and  commenced  his 
experiments  in  the  concentration  of  milk. 
Young  Borden  attended  Brooklyn  schools  for 
a  year  or  two,  and  then  went  to  Winchester 
Academy,  at  Winchester  Centre,  Conn.  Pres- 
ently he  entered  Eastman's  College  at  Pough- 
keepsie,  N.  Y.,  to  prepare  for  an  academic 
education,  but  while  there  he  enlisted  in  the 
150th  New  York  Volunteers,  a  Dutchess  County 
regiment.  This  proved  highly  pleasing  to  his 
father,  for  young  Borden,  who  was  born  and 
reared  during  his  youth  in  the  South,  had 
shown  decided  sympathy  for  the  Southern  side 
of  the  controversy.  But  the  tolerance  and 
nice  sensibility  which  he  had  inherited  from 
his  father  enabled  him  to  disregard  the  senti- 
ments influenced  by  the  memory  of  boyhood 
associations,  and  at  the  beginning  of  the  war 
he  attended  a  mass  meeting  at  which  Governor 
Dix's  appeal  for  the  preservation  of  the  Union 
dissipated  his  rebel  tendencies.  At  the  age  of 
nineteen  he  entered  the  army,  and  after  serving 
two  years  and  a  half  with  much  distinction, 
for  which  he  was  made  second  lieutenant,  rank- 
ing as  captain,  he  was  compelled  to  retire  be- 
cause of  sickness,  the  result  of  exposure  and 
service.  His  retirement  was  only  temporary, 
however,  and  after  a  sea  voyage,  taken  to  re- 
cover his  health,  he  was  transferred  to  the 
Forty-seventh  New  York  Regiment,  and  again 
plunged  into  the  conflict,  serving  until  the 
close  of  the  war.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Baptist  Church,  and  on  the  10  Jan.,  1864, 
during  his  furlough,  he  was  baptized  in  the 
uniform  of  lieutenant.  On  his  return  from  the 
war,  he  assisted  his  father  in  the  management 
of  the  condensery,  and  he  soon  displayed  un- 
common ability  and  ingenuity  in  business  af- 
fairs. On  the  death  of  his  father  in  1874,  he 
succeeded  to  the  presidency  of  the  New  York 
Condensed  Milk  Cqmpany,  and  prodigious 
energy  and  capacity  marked  the  tenure  of  his 
administration.  Thoroughness  was  his  busi- 
ness tenet.  He  was  a  genius  for  detail,  and 
brought  to  perfection  the  process  of  preserving 
milk  by  condensation  which  his  father  origi- 


nated. Under  his  management  the  business 
showed  rapid  development,  and  he  soon  found 
it  necessary  to  build  a  condensery  at  Wallkill. 
He  also  rebuilt  the  Brewsters  factory  and 
planned  and  virtually  built  the  one  at  Elgin. 
Since  the  war  he  had  not  been  robust,  and  the 
enthusiasm  with  which  he  entered  into  his 
labors  told  upon  his  health.  As  early  as  1879 
his  condition  made  it  advisable  for  him  to  so- 
journ in  Florida  for  a  time;  but  on  his  return 
he  again  yielded  too  vigorously  to  the  demands 
of  business,  and  in  1885  permanent  retirement 
became  imperative,  and  he  relinquished  the 
presidency  of  the  company  to  his  brother, 
Henry  Lee  Borden.  He  then  returned  to 
Florida,  but  for  one  of  his  indefatigable  nature 
it  was  difficult  to  remain  inactive.  He  invested 
heavily  in  property  in  and  near  Green  Cove 
Springs,  where,  during  his  nine  years'  resi- 
dence, he  effected  many  public  improvements.  In 
Wallkill,  where  he  built  a  model  factory  in 
1881,  he  developed  an  extensive  estate  of  1,500 
acres,  upon  which  he  spared  neither  attention 
nor  money.  This  he  named  Home  Farm.  It  is 
an  historic  location,  the  manor  house  having 
been  built  in  1771.  It  is  situated  on  a  command- 
ing elevation  and  affords  one  of  the  most  pic- 
turesque views  anywhere  to  be  seen.  Directly 
opposite,  in  the  distance,  is  the  Shawangunk 
range  blending  up  from  the  intervening 
valley  and  rolling  uplands.  The  valley,  through 
which  flows  the  Wallkill  River,  is  a  gentle  undu- 
lation of  forest  and  field,  dotted  here  and  there 
with  the  homes  of  the  natives,  cottages  of  the 
workmen,  barns,  outbuildings,  and  herds  of  cat- 
tle— ^a  scene  of  perfect  rest  and  quiet.  He  was 
buried  on  Home  Farm,  as  he  had  desired,  in 
a  spot  he  had  selected.  He  was  held  in  high 
esteem  by  the  people  of  that  section,  who 
shared  liberally  of  his  bounty.  His  chief 
pleasure  was  the  blissful  domesticity  afforded 
by  his  homestead,  but  he  was  also  a  patron  of 
the  arts — painting,  sculpture,  engraving  and 
etching.  He  was  a  Mason,  and  was  raised 
to  the  sublime  degree  of  Master  Mason  in 
Brewsters,  N.  Y.,  exalted  to  the  sublime  de- 
gree of  Royal  Arch,  knighted  a  Templar,  Sir 
Knighte'  in  the  Red  Cross  and  made  Knight  of 
Malta  at  White  Plains,  N.  Y.,  Crusader  Com- 
mandery  No.  56,  and  later  in  Florida  he  was 
made  a  Knight  of  the  Palm  and  Shell.  John  G. 
Borden  was  married  14  Dec,  1865,  to  Miss 
Ellen  L.  Graves,  daughter  of  Dr.  Lewis  Graves 
and  Adaline  (Janes)  Graves,  of  Albany,  and 
they  were  the  parents  of  five  children:  Penel- 
ope A.,  Gail,  Bessie,  Lewis  M.,  and  Marion. 

STACKPOLE,  Joseph  Lewis,  soldier,  lawyer, 
author,  b.  in  Boston,  20  March,  1838;  d.  in 
Boston,  2  Jan.,  1904,  son  of  Joseph  Lewis  and 
Susan  Margaret  (Benjamin)  Stackpole.  The 
founder  of  the  family  in  England  is  traced  to 
Guillaume  de  Montvalct,  who  came  over  with 
William  the  Conqueror  and  was  given  an 
estate  at  Hoosham,  Sussex,  near  the  battle- 
field of  Hastings.  Mr.  Stackpolo's  earliest 
American  ancestor  was  James  Stackpole,  who, 
some  time  before  1680,  settled  at  Dover,  N.  H. 
Joseph  L.  Stackpole  was  graduated  at  Har- 
vard College  in  1857,  taking  special  rank  as 
a  Latin  scholar.  In  18.')0  he  was  graduated 
at  the  Harvard  Law  School,  and  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  of  Suflolk  County,  Mass.,  in 
the  following  year.  At  the  outbreak  of  the 
Civil    War    he    was    commissioned    captain    in 


120 


HUNT 


COOLBRITH 


the  Twenty -fourth  Massachusetts  Regiment, 
and  served  with  a  distinction  until  the  end  of 
the  struggle,  becoming  a  major  and  judge- 
advocate-general  in  1863,  and  being  brevetted 
lieutenant-colonel  in  1865.  Writing  of  Major 
Stackpole's  services  as  judge-advocate-general 
of  the  department  of  Virginia  and  North 
Carolina,  Gen.  Benjamin  F.  Butler  referred  to 
him  as  "  one  of  the  most  competent  officers 
that  I  have  ever  seen  filling  that  position." 
He  resigned  in  April,  1865,  and  resumed  the 
practice  of  law  in  Boston.  Even  before  the 
war  he  had  given  evidences  of  conspicuous 
talent  as  a  lawyer.  In  1870  he  was  appointed 
first  assistant  solicitor  in  the  law  department 
of  the  city  of  Boston.  During  his  term  of 
office  he  had  charge  of  all  the  accident  cases 
against  the  city  and  acquired  a  high  reputa- 
tion as  a  jury  lawyer.  He  tried  many  cases 
in  the  superior  court  and  was  counselor  for 
the  city  in  many  cases  which  were  carried  to 
the  Supreme  Court.  In  the  trial  or  adjust- 
ment of  the  numerous  petitions  brought  to 
recover  damages  incident  to  the  great  Boston 
fire  of  1872,  Mr.  Stackpole  represented  the 
city  with  skill  and  success  against  some  of 
the  most  eminent  jury  lawyers  of  the  day. 
He  resigned  his  office  in  1876.  In  1890  he 
was  appointed  by  President  Harrison  one  of 
the  U.  S.  general  appraisers  under  the  new 
customs  administration  bill — but  he  found  the 
duties  of  the  office  uncongenial  and  resigned 
after  a  few  months.  Mr.  Stackpole  was  an 
able  and  entertaining  writer  on  legal  topics 
and  contributed  a  number  of  articles  to  the 
"  American  Law  Review "  and  the  "  North 
American  Review."  Among  these  were: 
"  Military  Law,"  "  Rogers  vs.  Attorney-Gen- 
eral," "  Law  and  Romance,"  "  Book  About 
Lawyers,"  "Lord  Plunkett,"  "Campbell's 
Lives  of  Lyndhurst  and  Brougham,"  "  How- 
land  Will  Case,"  and  "  Early  Days  of  Charles 
the  military  order  of  the  Loyal  Legion  of 
the  United  States,  and  the  Military  Histori- 
cal Society  of  Massachusetts.  He  was  mar- 
ried at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  3  March,  1863,  to 
Sumner."  Mr.  Stackpole  was  a  member  of 
sons  and  granddaughter  of  Chief  Justice  Par- 
Martha  Watson,  daughter  of  William  Par- 
sons, and  had  four  children:  Elizabeth  Vir- 
ginia, who  married  George  Howland,  Alice, 
Joseph  Lewis  (d.  1873),  and  Joseph  Lewis 
(b.    1874). 

HUNT,  Ebenezer  Kingsbury,  physician,  son 
of  Eleazer  and  Sybil  (Pomeroy)  Hunt,  b  in 
Coventry,  Conn.,  26  Aug.,  1810;  d.  in  Hart- 
ford, Conn.,  2  May,  1889.  He  traces  his  de- 
scent from  Jonathan  Hunt  who  was  among  the 
early  settlers  of  North  Hampton,  Mass.,  and 
who  married  Clemance  Hosmer.  Ebenezer 
Kingsbury  Hunt  was  educated  in  the  schools 
of  Middleto\vn,  Conn.,  and  Amherst,  Mass.,  and 
was  graduated  at  Yale  College  in  1833.  After 
teaching  for  a  year  in  Munson  Academy,  Mas- 
sachusetts, he  went  as  a  private  tutor  to  Nat- 
chez, Miss.,  and,  during  a  residence  there  of  two 
years,  studied  medicine,  and  then  taught  in 
the  medical  schools.  In  1836  he  attended  a 
course  of  lectures  at  Jefferson  Medical  Col- 
lege in  Philadelphia,  and  after  a  summer  spent 
at  Hudson,  N.  Y.,  in  the  office  of  Dr.  Samuel 
White,  a  celebrated  practitioner  and  head  of  a 
private  asylum  for  the  insane,  he  returned  to 
Philadelphia  and  was  graduated  at  Jefferson 


Medical  College  in  1837.  In  April  of  that 
year  he  began  the  practice  of  his  profession 
in  Ellenville,  N.  Y.,  but  later  removed  to 
Hartford.  He  was  asked,  in  1840,  to  take 
charge  of  the  Hartford  Retreat  for  the  Insane, 
and  on  three  occasions  was  chosen  acting  su- 
perintendent. He  continued  to  take  an  active 
interest  in  the  institution  and  for  thirty  years 
was  one  of  the  directors,  while  for  over  forty 
years  he  was  one  of  its  medical  visitors.  For 
several  years  he  was  one  of  the  commission 
appointed  to  make  provision  for  insane  crimi- 
nals at  the  State  prison,  and  was  also  ap- 
pointed on  a  commission  for  the  erection  of 
new  buildings  for  the  State  prison  at  Wathers- 
field.  In  1866  Dr.  Hunt  was  chosen  chair- 
man of  the  Sanitary  Commission  appointed  by 
the  city  authorities,  and  at  once  advocated  the 
adoption  of  the  most  stringent  sanitary 
measures.  He  was  much  interested  in  the 
subject  of  education,  and  as  a  committeeman 
to  the  High  and  Brown  schools,  gave  much 
time  to  the  affairs  of  both.  For  twenty-five 
years  he  was  physician  to  the  American 
Asylum  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb,  and  so  in- 
terested was  he  in  the  children  that  even  after 
tendering  his  resignation  he  continued  to  visit 
the  institution.  Dr.  Hunt  co-operated  in 
establishing  the  Hartford  Hospital,  and  was 
for  many  years  on  the  staff  of  consulting 
physicians.  He  was  also  active  in  establishing 
the  Hartford  Medical  Society;  a  member,  and 
chosen  fellow  of  the  County  Medical  Society, 
and  twice  elected  president  of  the  State  Medi- 
cal Society.  His  work  as  the  author  of  many 
scholarly  papers  and  biographical  sketches 
was  much  appreciated,  and  his  translation 
from  the  French  in  1848  of  the  valuable 
treatise  by  Esquirol  on  insanity,  to  which  were 
added  notes  of  his  own,  long  remained  a  stand- 
ard and  is  still  frequently  consulted.  Dr. 
Hunt  was  a  medical  examiner  for  the  Hart- 
ford Life  Insurance  Company;  medical  ex- 
aminer for  the  Connecticut  Mutual  Life  Insur- 
ance Company,  for  many  years;  a  trustee  of 
the  Industrial  School  for  Girls  at  Middletown; 
president  of  the  Young  Men's  Institute;  trus- 
tee of  the  Watkinson  library,  and  of  the  Se- 
curity Company,  and  a  director  of  the  ^tna 
National  Bank.  As  a  practitioner  he  was 
earnest  in  everything  that  tended  to  its  ad- 
vancement. He  had  a  natural  contempt  for 
quackery  wherever  found.  In  disposition  he 
Avas  frank,  positive,  and  outspoken,  but  always 
tolerant  of  the  opinion  of  others.  The  Hunt 
Memorial  Building  was  built  by  members  of  the 
Hartford  Medical  Society.  A  charter  was  ob- 
tained in  1889,  and  a  fund  started  for  a  build- 
ing. His  widow  made  these  wishes  possible  in 
her  will  that  was  probated  in  November,  1893. 
The  building  was  erected  on  Prospect  Street 
near  the  home  of  Dr  Hunt,  and  plans  prepared 
by  McKim,  Mead  and  White.  Dispensary 
rooms  have  been  arranged  and  the  library  of 
medical  and  scientific  books  is  available  to 
the  public.  The  building  also  contains  labora- 
tories for  research  work,  and  a  large  assembly 
room  convenient  for  the  county  and  State  so- 
cieties and  for  lectures.  '  Dr.  Hunt  was  mar- 
ried in  June,  1848,  to  Mary  Crosby,  and  they 
had  four  children. 

COOLBRITH,  Ina  Donna,  author,  b.  in  Illi- 
nois about  1845,  of  New  England  parentage. 
Her  father  died  while  she  was  in  her  infancy, 


130 


i 


^^^/y/^^. 


NEWPORT 


SORG 


and  her  mother  married  William  Pickett,  a 
lawyer  of  St.  Louis,  Mo.  In  1852  he  jour- 
neyed with  his  wife  and  stepdaughter  across 
the  great  overland  trail  to  California,  finally 
locating  in  Los  Angeles,  where  the  subject  of 
this  sketch  was  educated  in  the  public  schools. 
At  an  early  age  she  began  writing  for  the 
press,  and  became  associated  with  Bret  Harte, 
then  editor  of  the  "  Overland  Monthly,"  by 
whose  friendship  and  interest  she  greatly 
profited.  She  also  had  a  close  friendship  with 
Joaquin  Miller  and  Charles  Warren  Stoddard. 
She  was  librarian  of  the  Oakland  (Cal.)  pub- 
lic library  from  1874  to  1893,  of  the  Mercan- 
tile Library,  San  Francisco,  from  1897  to 
1899,  and  of  the  Bohemian  Club,  San  Fran- 
cisco, from  1899  to  1906.  For  many  years 
she  has  been  a  contributor  to  the  "  Overland," 
"  Californian,"  "  Century,"  "  Scribner's  "  "  Har- 
per's Weekly,"  and  other  magazines.  She  has 
taught  in  the  public  schools  of  San  Francisco 
and  has  written  editorials  and  reviews  for 
various  newspapers  of  that  city.  She  is  an 
honorary  member  of  the  Athenian,  California 
Writers',  and  Ebell  Clubs,  Oakland;  the  Bo- 
hemian, Browning,  Century,  Floral,  and 
Sequoia  Clubs,  and  of  the  Pacific  Coast 
Women's  Press  Association,  San  Francisco; 
the  Arts  and  Crafts  Club,  Carmel-by-the-Sea, 
Cal.;  the  Pacific  Short  Story  Club,  San  Jos6, 
Cal.  She  is  a  member  of  the  Society  of  Women 
Journalists,  London,  and  of  the  Poetry  So- 
ciety of  America.  Her  published  writings  in- 
clude, "Perfect  Day,  and  Other  Poems" 
(1884);  "The  Singer  of  the  Sea"  (1891); 
and  "Songs  of  the  Golden  Gate"    (1895). 

NEWPORT,  Reece  Marshall,  real  estate 
merchant,  b.  in  Sharpsburg,  Pa.,  27  May,  1833, 
d.  in  Greenwich,  Conn.,  1  Nov.,  1912,  son  of 
Reece  Cadwaler  and  Mary  Ann  (Cole)  New- 
port. In  his  early  childhood  his  parents  moved 
to  a  farm  near  Newport,  Ohio,  and  there  he 
later  engaged  in  farm  work.  He  was  grad- 
uated at  Marietta  College  in  1860,  and  later 
edited  a  Republican  newspaper  during  the  Lin- 
coln campaign.  In  1862  he  participated  in 
Fremont's  campaign  against  Stonewall  Jack- 
son, and  was  for  a  short  time  with  the  Army 
of  the  Potomac.  On  24  Jan.,  1863,  he  was  ap- 
pointed captain  and  assistant  quartermaster 
of  volunteers,  assigned  to  duty  at  Washington 
City  and  finally  at  Baltimore.  He  was  made 
colonel  in  1864,  and  then  chief  quarter- 
master at  Baltimore.  Under  his  direction 
a  large  amount  of  supplies  for  the  army 
of  General  Sheridan,  operating  in  the  Val- 
ley of  Virginia,  and  for  General  Grant's 
army,  was  delivered.  His  money  disburse- 
ments during  the  last  year  of  the  war 
amounted  to  more  than  $13,000,000.  One 
check  issued  by  him  was  for  $850,000.  For 
faithful  and  meritorious  services,  he  was 
brevetted  brigadier-general  and  mustered  out 
of  the  service  in  March,  1866.  Six  years  later 
he  went  to  Minnesota,  where  he  became  local 
treasurer  of  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad 
Company,  in  which  capacity  and  as  auditor 
he  served  for  ten  years.  He  then  assumed  the 
management  of  the  land  department  of  the 
Western  Railroad  Company,  of  Minnesota,  a 
subsidiary  of  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad 
Company.  In  this  capacity  he  aided  immigra- 
tion into  the  Northwest  and  the  founding  of 
many    flourishing    communities.      In    1882    he 


engaged  in  the  loan  and  real  estate  business 
on  his  own  account  and  established  a  profit- 
able clientele.  He  retired  to  private  life  in 
1910  because  of  poor  health.  Mr.  Newport  was 
for  many  years  director  in  the  Duluth  Ter- 
minal, West  Duluth  Land  Company,  numerous 
grain  elevator  companies,  and  was  for  many 
years  the  financial  correspondent  for  the  Con- 
necticut Mutual  Life  Insurance  Company,  in 
St.  Paul,  Minneapolis,  and  Duluth.  He  was 
recognized  as  an  accomplished  and  public- 
spirited  citizen  and  a  man  of  dignified  yet 
kindly  manners.  In  1863  he  married  Miss 
Eliza  Edgerton,  of  Marietta,  Ohio,  and  they 
had  three  children,  Luther  E.,  Mary  M.,  and 
Reece  Marshall  Newport. 

SORG,  Paul  John,  b.  in  Wheeling,  W.  Va., 
23  Sept.,  1840;  d.  in  Middletown,  Ohio,  28 
May,  1902.  He  came  of  that  sturdy  and  enter- 
prising German  stock  which  has  left  so  many 
landmarks  in  the  history  of  the  state,  particu- 
larly in  Cincinnati,  at  one  time  the  metropolis 
of  the  West.  He  attended  the  common  schools 
until  the  age  of  twelve,  when  the  family  joined 
the  swelling  tide  of  immigration  westward 
settling  in  Cincinnati.  Following  the  thrifty 
custom  of  the  average  western  settler  in  those 
days,  he  was  as  soon  as  he  grew  strong  enough 
put  to  making  his  own  living  and  lightening 
the  burdens  of  the  family.  He  began  at  the 
trade  of  a  molder  in  the  large  shops  of  Adams, 
Peckover  and  Company.  Here  he  at  once  be- 
gan to  discover  that  remarkable  intelligence 
and  executive  force  which  afterward  made  him 
one  of  the  most  influential  men  of  his  section, 
and  was  advanced  rapidly  till  he  finally  reached 
the  post  of  superintendent  of  the  foundry. 
But  his  mind  was  already  working  in  other 
directions  and  foreseeing  the  enormous  de- 
mand in  the  great  and  growing  West  for  to- 
bacco, and  being  next  door  to  what  he  fore- 
saw was  to  become  the  largest  tobacco-growing 
district  in  the  world,  he  formed  at  the  early 
age  of  twenty-four  a  partnership  with  John 
Aver  for  the  manufacture  of  plug  tobacco. 
His  aim  was  to  produce  in  immense  quantities 
at  the  lowest  possible  price  the  cheaper  grades 
of  home-grown  tobacco.  The  enterprise  finally 
grew  to  be  the  largest  in  Ohio,  and  exceeded 
only  in  size  by  one  other  in  the  United  States. 
Thus  by  keen  foresight  and  judgment,  combined 
with  marvelous  executive  capacity,  were  the 
foundation  of  his  great  fortune  laid  in  his  early 
twenties.  An  important  change  in  the  busi- 
ness entailing  the  addition  of  needed  capital 
was  admission  of  Robert  Wilson  to  the  firm  in 
1872,  the  style  becoming  Wilson,  Sorg  and 
Company.  The  works  were  removed  to  ]\Iid- 
dletown  where  expenses  were  less,  and  the 
chances  of  expansion  just  as  good.  The  con- 
cern is  called  to-day,  from  its  founder,  the 
Paul  J.  Sorg  Tobacco  Company,  and,  is  a 
branch  of  the  great  Continental  Tobacco  Com- 
pany. The  size  to  which  the  business  had 
grown  during  his  lifetime  may  be  estimated 
from  the  fact  that  its  international  revenue 
payments  for  thirty-five  years  were  stated  in 
terms  of  millions  of  dollars.  Aside  from  his 
business,  Paul  J.  Sorg  grew  to  be  the  loading 
spirit  of  Middletown  in  every  branch  of 
local  enterprise,  and  the  town  as  it  stands 
to-day  is  a  living  monumont  to  his 
memory.  He  not  only  built  up  the  community 
directly   by   the   erection    of    public    buildings, 

131 


BLUM 


WALDRON 


but  he  was  always  on  the  lookout  to  offer 
prompt  and  powerful  inducements  to  manu- 
facturing coneernH  to  settle  in  Middletown. 
The  Sherry  Drill  Works  moved  thither  through 
his  efforts  and  developed  from  a  small  begin- 
ning to  ft  nation-wide  trade.  His  keen  eye 
saw  the  future  of  the  bicycle  industry  in  its 
earliest  beginnings,  and  he  may  have  even 
foreseen  the  great  war  of  the  nations  which 
was  to  come  only  a  few  years  after  his  death, 
for  his  development  of  the  Miami  Cycle  Com- 
pany included,  first,  the  introduction  of  its 
wheeled  productions  into  every  market,  and 
second,  the  manufacture  of  shells  and  shrapnel 
which  were  immediately  in  demand  by  the 
United  States  government.  Fully  realizing 
the  vital  necessity  of  railroads  to  the  growth 
of  a  western  community,  he  was  the  chief  in- 
strument in  securing  for  Middletown  a  branch 
of  the  great  Panhandle  System,  known  as  the 
M.  and  C.  Railroad.  He  was  the  good  genius 
of  the  town  at  critical  periods.  When  the 
Merchants'  National  Bank  stood  on  the  verge 
of  failure,  he  purchased  a  controlling  interest 
in  its  stocks  and  set  the  wheels  in  motion 
again,  saving  many  depositors  among  his  fel- 
low townsmen  from  serious  loss.  He  financed 
the  Middletown  Paper  Company,  in  a  period 
of  nation-wide  depression  that  had  forced  it 
to  close  down,  and  its  employees  returned  to 
work.  He  took  charge  of  the  affairs  of  the 
Middletown  Gas  Company  at  a  critical  period 
due  to  poor  management,  and  brought  it  back 
to  prosperity.  In  the  Middletown  Opera  House, 
he  gave  the  town  a  splendid  theater,  and  in  the 
United  States  Hotel,  a  hestelry  equal  to  the 
best  in  the  state  outside  of  the  great  cities. 
All  his  life  long  he  was  an  active  Democrat, 
although  he  never  sought  political  honors — 
as  a  result  of  his  prominence  in  public  affairs 
the  honors  sought  him,  and  in  1894  he  was 
elected  to  Congress  to  fill  the  unexpired  term 
of  George  W.  Houk,  being  re-elected  the  en- 
suing November  for  the  full  term  of  three 
years.  His  Congressional  record,  like  his  life 
at  home,  was  marked  by  a  special  desire  for 
helpfulness,  and  he  will  be  remembered  in 
that  body,  as  well  as  by  hundreds  of  the  men 
of  the  Grand  Army,  for  his  success  in  promot- 
ing measures  of  assistance  to  the  old  soldiers. 
He  died  in  Middletown,  28  May,  1902.  He 
was  married  in  1876,  to  Jannie  Gruver,  of 
Middletown,  Butler  County,  Ohio,  who  sur- 
vived him.  Two  children,  Paul  Arthur  and 
Ada  Gruver  Sorg,  are  the  fruits  of  this  union. 
His  son,  Paul  A.  Sorg,  w^as  elected  president 
of  the  Merchants'  National  Bank,  on  obtaining 
his  majority,  being  at  that  time  the  youngest 
national  bank  president  in  the  United  States. 
BLUM,  Robert  Frederic,  artist,  b.  in  Cin- 
cinnati, Ohio,  9  July,  1857;  d.  in  New  York 
City,  8  June,  1903.  He  received  his  education 
in  the  schools  of  his  native  city,  and  in  early 
manhood  established  himself  in  New  York, 
where  he  won  a  wide  reputation  as  an  etcher 
and  an  illustrator  of  books.  One  of  the  first 
to  be  attracted  by  young  Blum's  boyish  inde- 
pendence of  spirit  was  Alexander  W.  Drake, 
at  that  time  art-editor  of  "  Scribner's  Maga- 
zine," who  recognized  the  excellence  of  his 
technique  and  original  creative  enthusiasm. 
In  one  of  his  printed  articles,  Mr.  Blum  has 
told  how  his  earliest  artistic  awakening  seemed 
to  come  from  Japanese  fans  that  he  purchased 


in  1872,  during  a  music  festival  in  Cincinnati. 
In,  1890  he  journeyed  to  Japan  to  illustrate  a 
series  of  articles  by  Sir  Edwin  Anold  for 
'*  Scribner's  Magazine."  These  drawings,  up  to 
that  time,  were  the  best  that  Blum  had  done, 
and  gave  impetus  to  his  talent  as  a  decorative 
painter.  He  cared  little  for  the  praise  of  his 
brother  artists,  and  exhibited  only  occasion- 
ally. His  temperament  wae  such  that  he  must 
have  been  practically  self-taught,  although  he 
had  studied  and  painted  in  Italy  and  Spain. 
He  had  a  poet's  dreaminess,  a  tunefulness  of 
spirit,  and  a  delicate  play  of  imagination, 
which  expended  itself  on  subjects  permitting 
of  feeling  and  expression.  He  was  frail  of 
health,  and  shrank  from  contact  with  the 
world,  even  from  the  fellowship  of  those  who 
would  have  been  his  friends,  keeping  himself  to 
the  close  companionship  of  a  few  intimates. 
Yet  he  struck  the  note  of  gladsomeness ;  a 
sparkling  vivacity,  a  freshness  and  spontaneity 
— his  work  displays  them  all.  He  was  only 
forty-seven  years  old  when  he  died,  and  at  the 
time  of  his  death  was  at  work  on  a  large 
decoration  for  a  new  theater  in  New  York.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  National  Academy  of 
Design,  the  American  Artists'  Society,  the 
Water-Color  Society,  and  was  president  of  the 
Painters  in  Pastel.  He  received  a  gold  medal 
at  the  Paris  Exposition  for  his  painting,  "  The 
Lace-Makers."  Among  his  well-known  works 
may  be  named,  "  Toledo  Water-Carriers," 
"Going  and  Coming"  (1881),  "A  Bright 
Day"  (1882),  "Moods  of  Music,"  "The  Vil- 
lage Festival,"  and  "The  Feast  of  Bacchus." 
He  first  exhibited  in  New  York  in  1879. 

WALDRON,  Edward  Mathew,  master 
builder,  b.  in  Ireland,  1  Nov.,  1864,  son  of 
William  Joseph  and  Helen  Waldron.  His 
education  was  acquired  in  the  private  and 
public  schools  of  his  native  district,  but  in 
his  sixteenth  year  he  came  to  the  United 
States.  In  August,  1888,  he  began  his  busi- 
ness career  in  Newark,  N.  J.,  by  organizing 
the  building  firm  of  Waldron  and  Borg,  which 
was  successively  changed  to  Moran  and  W^al- 
dron,  and  E.  M.  W^aldron  and  Company.  Of 
this  concern  he  was  the  head  until  1912,  when 
he  retired  from  business.  Finding  a  life  of 
comparative  idleness  uncongenial,  he  again 
went  into  business,  this  time  under  the  firm 
name  of  Edward  M  Waldron,  Inc.,  a  corpora- 
tion including  several  of  his  old  employees. 
Mr.  Waldron  has  had  under  his  personal 
supervision  the  erection  of  some  of  the  most 
important  public  buildings  in  Newark,  in- 
cluding the  City  Hall,  costing  nearly  $2,000,- 
000.  At  the  present  time  he  is  engaged  in 
superintending  the  building  of  the  Cathedral 
of  the  Sacred  Heart,  which  will  cost  about 
$3,000,000.  As  an  employer  he  has  been  very 
popular  with  his  workingmen  and  is  able  to 
point  to  the  fact  that  during  his  long  busi- 
ness career  he  has  never  experienced  a  strike 
of  his  own  employees.  Being  keenly  interested 
in  politics,  Mr.  Waldron  has  occasionally  been 
connected  with  the  activities  of  the  Demo- 
cratic party.  In  1896  he  was  elected  a  mem- 
ber of  the  common  council  of  Newark,  where 
he  served  for  three  years,  being  president  of 
the  council  during  the  last  year  of  his  term. 
In  September,  1912,  he  was  appointed  by 
Woodrow  Wilson,  then  governor  of  New 
Jersey,   a  delegate   to   the   Deep   Water   Way 


132 


i-ngravsc.  riy  tJ.xI.  Cade,>reWi&T}c. 


■i 


FOGG 


SPOONER 


Convention,  held  in  New  London,  Conn.  It 
was  in  that  same  year  that  he  also  served  as  a 
presidential  elector.  For  many  years  he  has 
been  a  member  of  the  Newark  Board  of  Trade; 
he  has  also  been  a  director  of  the  New  York 
Life  Insurance  Company,  and  of  the  Washing- 
ton Trust  Company.  He  is  president  of  the 
Waldron  Bros.  Realty  Company  and  of  the 
Municipal  Realty  Company.  In  1892  Mr. 
Waldron  married  Margaret,  daughter  of  James 
Moran,  also  a  prominent  builder  of  Newark. 
Their  eight  children  are:  Helen  R.,  Mary  G., 
William  J.,  Edward  M.,  James  R.,  Austin  A., 
Robert  Emmett,  and  Margaret  E.  Waldron. 

FOGG,  Charles  Sumner,  lawyer,  b.  in  Stet- 
son, Mo.,  1  Oct.,  1851,  son  of  Simon  and  Han- 
nah (Witherel)  Fogg,  both  natives  of  Maine. 
His  earliest  Ameri- 
can ancestor  was 
Samuel  Fogg,  who 
came  to  this  coun- 
try from  England 
in  1638,  settling  in 
Hampton,  N.  H.  He 
was  educated  in  the 
public  schools  of  his 
native  town,  and 
when  he  was  sixteen 
his  parents  removed 
to  Panora,  Iowa. 
Here  he  attended 
the  Iowa  State 
University,  taught 
school  during  two 
terms,  and  then  re- 
turned to  Maine, 
where  he  entered 
the  East  Maine 
Conference  Seminary.  In  1870  he  came  back 
to  Iowa,  and  began  the  study  of  law  in  the 
office  of  his  brother,  Edward  R.  Fogg,  after 
which  he  pursued  his  studies  in  the  law  school 
of  the  Iowa  State  University.  On  28  Nov., 
1871,  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  in  the 
following  year  engaged  in  practice  in  Panora, 
la.  In  1873  he  formed  a  partnership  with 
his  brother,  who  had  removed  in  the  mean- 
time to  Stuart,  la.  This  association  continued 
one  year.  In  1881  he  formed  the  firm  of 
Fogg  and  Neal,  which  through  his  energy  and 
through  familiarity  with  details  enabled 
them  to  establish  a  highly  profitable  clientele. 
He  abandoned  this  practice  in  Nov.,  1889,  in 
the  hope  of  finding  health  and  revived  strength 
in  a  milder  climate,  settling  in  Tacoma,  Wash. 
His  intention  was  to  engage  in  the  legal  pro- 
fession there  after  being  assured  that  his  health 
was  permanently  restored.  In  the  same  year 
he  formed  a  partnership  with  W.  H  Doolittle, 
under  the  style  of  Doolittle  and  Fogg,  and 
at  the  time  of  his  retirement  in  1903,  his 
practice  was  regarded  as  the  most  profitable 
in  Tacoma.  His  brother  George  entered  the 
firm  upon  his  retirement,  and  later  his  son 
Fred  S.,  a  graduate  of  the  Harvard  Law 
School,  assumed  a  share  of  the  office  duties. 
Mr.  Fogg  is  a  man  who  combines  with  ability 
and  fearlessness,  justice  and  conservatism. 
These  qualities  as  well  as  his  extensive  benevo- 
lence and  public  spirit  have  made  him  not 
only  a  successful  lawyer,  but  a  promoter  of 
the  development  and  prosperity  of  Tacoma. 
Mr.  Fogg  was  mayor  of  Stuart,  la.,  one  term; 
vice-president  of  the  First  National  Bank,  and 


*l^C-wv-«£w  jc/i^^^ 


is  president  of  the  State  Bar  Association.  He 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  of  Nebraska  in  1889; 
to  the  bar  of  Washington  in  1892;  and  to  the 
Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States,  24  Dec, 
1899.  He  married  in  Iowa  City,  la.,  20  Oct., 
1873,  Delia  Iowa  Seydel,  and  they  have  four 
children. 

SPOONER,  John  Colt,  U.  S.  Senator  and 
lawyer,  b.  in  Lawrenceburg,  Ind.,  6  Jan., 
1843,  son  of  Philip  Loring  and  Lydia  (Coit) 
Spooner.  His  first  American  ancestor  was 
William  Spooner,  who  came  from  England  in 
1637,  and  settled  at  Dartmouth,  in  the  colony 
of  Massachusetts.  His  wife  was  Mercy  De- 
lano. Their  son  Nathaniel  married  Hannah 
Blackwell,  and  their  son  Philip  was  John  Coit 
Spooner's  great  grandfather.  Philip  Spooner 
was  an  officer  in  the  Revolutionary  War,  as 
was  Samuel  Coit,  Senator  Spooner's  great- 
grandfather on  his  maternal  side.  One  of  his 
uncles,  Benjamin  Spooner,  served  in  the  Mexi- 
can War,  and  raised  the  first  regiment  from 
Indiana  in  1861  for  the  Civil  War.  For  three 
centuries  the  Spooner  family  has  been  active 
in  public  affairs,  and  most  of  them  have  been 
lawyers  and  soldiers.  Philip  L.  Spooner, 
father  of  John  Coit  Spooner,  was  a  judge  in 
Indiana  and  Wisconsin  courts.  He  moved 
from  Lawrenceburg,  Ind.,  to  Madison,  Wis., 
1  June,  1859.  John,  his  son,  attended  the 
Madison  public  schools  and  in  1860  entered 
the  University  of  Wisconsin.  He  was  graduated 
in  1864,  just  about  the  time  that  President 
Lincoln  was  sending  out  his  call  for  men  to 
defend  the  Union.  The  young  man  recruited 
a  company  from  the  university  student  body. 
He  had  no  money,  and  was  compelled  to  bor- 
row $300.00  to  meet  the  expenses  involved  in 
mobilizing  his  men.  He  felt  that  he  had  a 
patriotic  duty  to  perform,  and  money  mat- 
ters were  of  no  importance  except  in  their 
bearing  on  which  he  had  to  do  for  his  country. 
His  services  entitled  him  to  a  commission  in 
the  army,  but  he  preferred  to  fight  elbow  to 
elbow  with  his  fellow  students  who,  with  a 
number  of  professors  almost  entirely  composed 
Company  C,  Fourth  Wisconsin  Infantry.  In 
this  company  he  served  through  the  100  days 
term,  and  re-enlisted  as  captain  of  Company 
A,  Fiftieth  Infantry.  Indians  in  the  Sioux 
country  were  troublesome  about  this  time,  and 
it  fell  to  the  Fiftieth  to  quell  them.  Having 
done  this,  the  regiment  took  its  place  with  the 
rest  of  the  army  in  fighting  in  the  South  for 
the  preservation  of  the  Union,  At  the  close 
of  the  war,  1865,  he  was  brevetted  major  and 
mustered  out  of  military  service.  He  studied 
law  in  his  father's  office,  and  with  such  assidu- 
ity that  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  two 
years  later,  in  1867.  In  the  interim  ho  had 
been  the  private  and  military  secretary  of 
Governor  Lucius  Fairchild,  of  Wisconsin,  rank- 
ing as  colonel  by  virtue  of  his  secretaryship. 
During  1868  he  was  quartermaster-genoral  of 
Wisconsin,  and  assistant  attornt'y-gonoral 
1869-70.  In  1870  he  removed  to  Hudson,  Wis., 
where  he  formed  a  law  partiicrsliip  with  Harry 
E.  Baker.  Mr.  Spooner  had  already  acijuirod 
a  high  reputation  as  an  able  lawyer,  and  the 
new  firm  quickly  hecanK'  kiiown  as  one  of  the 
most  dependable  in  the  West.  The  result  was 
a  large  and  lucrative  practice.  It  happened 
that  the  new  railroad  companies  were  looking 
for  a  bright  man  to  whom   it  might  be   safe 


133 


SPOONER 


ALTMAN 


to  intrust  their  legal  business.  Their  eyes 
fell  upon  young  Spooner.  With  a  natural 
legal  ability  which  had  brought  him  steadily 
forward,  he  showed  such  aptitude  for  railroad 
litigation  and  such  a  grasp  of  its  numberless 
intricacies,  that  he  was  appointed  general 
counsel  of  the  two  roads.  Later  when  they 
were  merged  into  the  Chicago,  St.  Paul,  Min- 
neapolis and  Omaha  Railroad,  he  continued  to 
be  at  tho  head  of  the  new  company's  legal  de- 
partment. Among  important  actions  conducted 
for  Mr.  Spooner  while  in  Hudson  was  that  of 
Schulenburg  vs.  llarriman.  The  case  involved 
the  principle  that  the  failure  of  any  railroad 
corporation  to  comply  with  conditions  subse- 
quent of  a  land  grant  which  ,it  may  be  at- 
tempting to  earn,  does  not  operate  as  a  re- 
version or  forfeiture  of  the  grant,  but  that 
such  a  forfeiture  can  come  only  through  a 
specific  act  of  Congress.  Mr.  Spooner  won 
his  case  before  the  United  States  Circuit  Court, 
and  on  appeal  the  United  States  Supreme  Court 
sustained  him.  Thus  was  settled  for  all  time 
a  question  of  very  great  importance  to  the 
Northwest.  It  added  greatly  to  his  already 
enviable  fame  as  a  lawyer  of  deep  learning  and 
remarkable  astuteness.  In  1872  he  was  elected 
a  member  of  the  State  legislature  from  St. 
Croix  County.  He  was  placed  on  the  com- 
mittee on  education  and  railroads  and  at 
once  plunged  into  the  questions  of  the  day 
that  came  before  the  assembly.  He  worked  as 
hard  against  what  he  considered  bad  or  un- 
necessary bills  as  he  did  for  those  whose  pas- 
sage he  believed  would  be  beneficial  to  the 
community.  Bold  and  outspoken,  his  col- 
leagues knew  immediately  which  side  he  joined. 
Among  the  conspicuous  services  he  rendered  to 
education  from  time  to  time  none  was  greater 
than  his  procuring  the  passage  of  a  bill  to  levy 
a  general  State  tax  to  be  added  annually  for- 
ever to  the  income  of  his  alma  mater,  the  Uni- 
versity of  Wisconsin.  It  was  the  foundation 
and  beginning  of  the  university's  splendid 
career  of  prosperity,  growth,  and  usefulness. 
In  1884,  when  the  Vanderbilt  interests  obtained 
control  of  the  Chicago,  St.  Paul,  Minneapolis 
and  Omaha  Railroad,  Mr.  Spooner  resigned  the 
position  as  general  counsel.  In  1885  he  was 
elected  United  States  Senator,  to  succeed  Angus 
Cameron,  and  took  his  seat  on  4  March,  1885. 
The  opposing  candidates  were  William  T. 
Price,  Gen.  Lucius  Fairchild,  and  Senator 
Edward  S.  Bragg.  The  reputation  of  the 
young  man  from  Wisconsin  as  an  orator  and  a 
lawyer  of  broad  culture  lifted  him  to  a  seat 
in  the  United  States  Senate.  He  was  placed 
on  important  committees,  including  those  on 
Privileges  and  Elections,  District  of  Columbia, 
Public  Buildings  and  Ground,  Epidemic  Dis- 
eases, and  Claims.  It  is  said  that,  as  chair- 
man of  the  last-named  committee,  he  was  in- 
strumental in  saving  the  government  more 
than  $30,000,000.  He  served  in  the  United 
States  Senate  until  1891,  when  he  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Wm.  F.  Vilas,  Democrat.  In  1892 
Mr.  Spooner  was  the  unanimous  choice  of  the 
Republican  Convention  as  candidate  for  Gov- 
ernor of  Wisconsin,  but  was  defeated  by  Mr. 
Peck  by  comparatively  a  few  votes.  He  moved 
from  Madison  to  Hudson  in  1893  and  was 
actively  engaged  as  a  lawyer  until  1897,  when 
he  was  again  elected  United  States  Senator, 
succeeding  William   F.   Vilas.     In   December, 


1898,  President  McKinley  tendered  him  the 
position  in  his  Cabinet  as  Secretary  of  the 
Interior,  but  Senator  Spooner  declined  the 
ofter,  as  he  did  that  of  membership  in  the 
United  States  and  British  Joint  High  Com- 
mission which  the  President  tendered  him. 
On  3  Jan.,  1901,  President  McKinley  asked 
him  to  become  Attorney  General  under  his  sec- 
ond administration,  which  would  begin  4 
March,  1901,  but  this  honor  too  was  declined. 
These  repeated  refusals  of  a  seat  in  the  Presi- 
dential Cabinet  were  in  accordance  with  his 
formal  announcement  on  6  July,  1900,  in  a 
communication  to  the  Republicans  of  Wiscon- 
sin, that  he  would  not  be  a  candidate  for  re- 
election in  the  Senate.  He  had  never  been  an 
active  candidate  for  any  office,  and  he  ear- 
nestly desired  now  to  retire  to  private  life. 
On  27  March,  1903,  in  spite  of  his  renunciation 
he  was  elected  for  another  term  in  the  United 
States  Senate,  to  take  his  seat  on  4  March. 
He  was  obliged  to  yield  to  the  voice  of  the 
people  of  the  State,  and  he  served  three  more 
years,  working  as  vigorously  for  their  in- 
terests as  if  he  had  desired  the  office.  In 
1907,  however,  he  resigned  his  seat,  and  took 
up  the  practice  of  law  again,  but  this  time 
in  New  York  City.  During  the  ten  years  of 
his  second  service  in  the  United  States  Senate 
he  made  speeches  or  participated  in  debates 
upon  not  less  than  450  different  questions, 
many  of  them  of  vital  importance  to  the  coun- 
try at  large.  His  most  important  law-making 
achievement  was  his  Panama  Canal  bill,  gen- 
erally known  as  the  "  Spooner  Bill " — which 
provided  first,  for  acquiring  the  Panama  route 
and  canal  should  the  price  conform  to  the 
ancillary  agreement,  and  a  good  title  be  pro- 
cured, and,  second,  that,  if  there  should  be 
failure  at  Panama,  the  President  should  have 
authority  to  negotiate  for  and  purchase  the 
Nicaragua  route.  Mr.  Spooner  was  a  member 
of  the  Board  of  Regents  of  Wisconsin  Uni- 
versity. In  1869,  the  University  conferred 
upon  him  the  degree  of  A.M.  and  Ph.D.,  and 
in  1894  that  of  LL.D.  Yale  and  Columbia 
Universities  likewise  have  recognized  his 
scholarship  and  eminence  as  a  representative 
American  statesman  by  each  giving  him  the 
degrees  of  Bachelor  of  Philosophy  and  LL.D. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  Century  Club,  Lawyers' 
Club,  Association  of  the  Bar  in  New  York 
City,  the  American  Bar  Association,  and  Psi 
Upsilon  Fraternity.  On  10  Sept.,  1860,  he 
married  Annie  E.,  daughter  of  Alfred  Main, 
of  Madison,  Wis.,  and  they  have  three  sons: 
Charles  Philip,  Willet  Main,  and  Philip  Lor- 
ing  Spooner. 

ALTMAN,  Benjamin,  merchant,  art  col- 
lector, b.  in  New  York  City,  12  July,  1840; 
d.  there,  7  Oct.,  1913.  His  father,  at  the 
time  of  his  birth,  was  the  owner  of  a  small 
dry  goods  establishment.  Until  he  was 
twelve  years  of  age  he  attended  the  New 
York  public  schools,  where  he  obtained  the 
rudiments  of  that  learning  which  was  later 
supplemented  by  his  own  private  studies. 
Leaving  school,  he  began  his  business  career 
in  his  father's  store.  Here  he  remained  only 
long  enough  to  obtain  such  practical  business 
training  as  was  needed  to  carry  on  business 
on  his  own  account.  His  father  died  in  1854, 
but  already  by  that  time  Mr.  Altman  and  his 
brother,    Morris,    had    formed    a    partnership 


134 


ALTMAN 


ALTMAN 


and  had  opened  a  small  department  store  on 
Third  Avenue  and  Tenth  Street.  Early  in  the 
eighties  this  establishment  had  developed  to 
such  proportions  that  more  commodious  quar- 
ters were  obtained  at  the  corner  of  Sixth  Ave- 
nue and  Nineteenth  Street.  It  had  always 
been  Mr.  Altman's  ambition  to  establish  his 
business  on  Fifth  Avenue,  which  he  was  con- 
vinced would  some  day  be  the  busiest  artery  of 
trade  in  New  York  City.  He  acquired  parcels 
of  property  on  Thirty-fourth  and  Thirty-fifth 
Streets,  until  the  entire  Fifth  Avenue  frontage 
had  been  acquired.  Then  he  purchased  the 
Madison  Avenue  frontage  of  the  same  block 
and,  when  his  plans  had  fully  matured,  he 
designed  an  imposing  structure  of  granite  in 
1905,  in  accordance  with  plans  which  permit- 
ted additions  from  time  to  time  as  the  leases 
of  adjacent  property  matured.  Today,  the 
building  is  one  of  the  handsomest  and  the 
best  adapted  to  department  store  business  in 
New  York  City.  While  Mr.  Altman's  business 
success  placed  him  among  the  front  rank  of 
the  merchant  princes  of  America,  it  can 
hardly  be  said  that  the  building  up  of  his 
great  mercantile  establishment  was  his  life 
work.  Rather  was  it  the  means  to  an  end, 
for  when  the  net  results  of  his  life  are 
summed  up,  it  will  be  found  that  his  fame  as 
a  collector  and  patron  of  art  far  exceeds  his 
renown  as  a  successful  business  man.  Al- 
ready as  a  boy  of  sixteen  he  was  interested 
in  the  works  of  great  artists,  of  all  times  and 
all  countries,  but  at  that  time  and  for  long 
after  this  craving  had  to  remain  largely  un- 
satisfied. Possibly  it  had  not  a  little  to  do  in 
inspiring  that  energy  which  made  his  busi- 
ness a  success,  that  he  might  have  the  means 
to  gratifying  it.  Mr.  Altman  was  probably 
the  most  discerning  art  collector  that  ever 
lived.  He  was  satisfied  with  nothing  but  the 
very  best  of  its  kind.  His  tastes,  like  those 
of  J.  Pierpont  Morgan,  were  within  the  lim- 
its that  he  set  for  himself.  His  earlier  in- 
terests centered  largely  in  classical  and  ori- 
ental art,  especially  in  Chinese  and  Persian, 
and  in  European  works  from  the  fifteenth  to 
the  seventeenth  century.  In  later  years,  he 
became  more  absorbed  in  his  paintings,  while 
still  retaining  a  great  interest  in  some  of  his 
sculptures,  his  gold  and  silver  works,  such  as 
the  Cellini  Cup,  a  French  triptych  in  trans- 
lucent enamel  of  the  fifteenth  century,  and  his 
collection  of  Chinese  porcelains  which  was 
of  the  highest  quality  and  was  only  rivaled 
by  that  of  Mr.  Morgan,  the  Salting  collection 
in  London  and  the  one  in  the  Louvre.  His 
oriental  rugs,  too,  comprised  the  finest  weav- 
ings  of  Persian  and  Indian  art  of  the  six- 
teenth century,  most  of  them  in  silk  and 
some  of  them  with  gold  and  silver  thread. 
The  masterpiece  of  these,  which  he  called  his 
"Rembrandt  of  Rugs,"  contained  719  knots  to 
the  square  inch.  In  his  collection  of  paint- 
ings, Rembrandt  stood  out  foremost,  for  Rem- 
brandt he  considered  the  greatest  artist  on 
canvas  of  all  time,  though  he  considered 
Velasquez  almost,  if  not  quite,  his  equal.  It 
was  his  opinion  that  no  one  could  properly 
appreciate  Velasquez  who  had  not  viewed  liis 
paintings  in  the  Prado,  in  Madrid.  Although 
Mr.  Altman  frequently  consulted  the  opinions 
of  others  in  matters  of  art,  even  outside  the 
circle  of   professional  experts,   his   final   deci- 


sions invariably  rested  on  his  own  judgment. 
Like  many  American  collectors,  he  began  with 
the  Barbizon  masters  and  with  English  por- 
traits, and  when  he  first  arranged  his  gal- 
lery, these  had  a  prominent  place  on  the 
walls.  Gradually  these  were  made  to  give 
room  to  specimens  of  the  earlier  schools  and 
the  English  portraits  were  relegated  to  less 
conspicuous  places.  It  was  not  his  idea  that 
pictures  were  solely  for  decorative  purposes. 
He  sought  for  works  which  showed  soul  and 
character.  For  this  reason  he  was  not  much 
interested  in  eighteenth  century  French  paint- 
ings, nor  in  the  English  school.  When  he 
turned  toward  paintings  of  the  eighteenth 
century,  Rembrandt  immediately  became  his 
chief  favorite,  the  deep  humanity  of  that 
master's  works  appealing  strongly  to  his  own 
nature.  His  Rembrandt  collection  was  the 
largest  of  any  private  collection;  his  last  ac- 
quisition before  his  death  was  a  work  by  this 
painter.  Next  in  order  followed  Velasquez, 
Van  Dyck,  Ruysdael,  Cuyp,  Vermeer,  all  of 
whom  were  represented  by  exceptionally  fine 
examples.  This  magnificent  collection  Mr. 
Altman  willed  to  the  Metropolitan  Museum  of 
Art  of  New  York  City,  on  condition  that  it 
be  arranged  in  a  gallery  in  the  same  manner 
it  had  been  arranged  in  his  own  private  gal- 
lery and  that  it  continue  under  the  charge 
of  his  secretary,  who  had  assisted  him  in  his 
labors.  In  the  paintings  by  Rembrandt,  the 
most  prominent  are :  "  Portrait  of  Rembrandt's 
Son,  Titus";  "Old  Woman  Paring  Her 
Nails";  "Pilate  Washing  His  Hands"; 
"Portrait  of  Rembrandt";  "The  Man  with 
the  Magnifying  Glass";  and  "The  Toilet  of 
Bathsheba  after  the  Bath."  Of  the  Franz 
Hals  collection  the  following  examples  are 
perhaps  best  known:  "The  Merry  Company 
after  a  Meal";  "Portrait  of  the  Artist"; 
and  "A  Youth  with  a  Mandolin."  Other  no- 
table paintings  of  this  school  are :  "  Young 
Herdsman  with  Cows,"  by  Cuyp;  "Young 
Girl  Peeling  an  Apple,"  by  Nicholas  Maes; 
"  Portrait  of  the  Marehesa  Durrazzo,"  by 
Van  Dyck ;  "  Wheatfields,"  by  Jacob  Ruisdael ; 
and  "  The  Portrait  of  an  Old  Man,"  and  "  The 
Betrothal  of  St.  Catherine,"  by  Hans  Mem- 
ling.  The  masterpieces  of  the  Italian  school 
include:  "The  Crucifixion,"  by  Fra  Angelico; 
"  Christ  and  the  Pilgrims  of  Emmaus,"  by 
Velasquez;  "The  Virgin  and  Child  with 
Angels,"  by  Sebastianno  Mainardi;  "The  Last 
Communion  of  St.  Jerome,"  by  Botticelli;  and 
"  The  Holy  Family,"  by  Mantegna.  Included 
in  the  whole  collection  are  also:  a  marble 
bust,  representing  Louise  Brongniart,  by  Jean 
Antoine  Houdon;  a  marble  statue  representing 
a  bather,  by  Falconet;  a  marble  group  rep- 
resenting Venus  instructing  Cupid,  by  the 
same  artist ;  "  Virtue  Overcoming  Vice,"  a 
statue  by  Giovanni  da  Bologna.  Then  there 
are  bronees,  limoges,  enamels,  tapestries,  rugs, 
Italian  and  Persian  art  objects,  glass,  scarabs, 
furniture,  a  Greek  terra  cotta  vase  and  Greek 
glass.  The  Barbizon  paintings,  of  early  col- 
lection, are:  "The  Ferryman";  "Souvenir  of 
Normandy";  "  Allie  des  Arbres,"  by  Jean 
Baptiste  Camile  Corot;  "  Landscape,"  by 
Theodore  Rousseau;  "  Les  bords  dc  I'Oisc," 
and  "  Landscape  with  Storks,"  by  Cliarles 
Francois  Daubigny;  and  a  "Clearing  in  the 
Forest    of    Fontainebleau,"    by    M.    V.    Diaz. 


135 


READ 


PALMER 


In  the  collection  of  these  masterpieces  it  may 
be  said  that  Mr.  Altman  gave  the  better  part 
of  his  life.  During  the  later  years  of  his  life 
he  left  the  management  of  the  btisiness  to  his 
associates  and  devoted  his  time  to  his  collec- 
tions. By  nature  of  a  very  retiring,  almost  a 
sensitive,  disposition,  he  gave  little  time  to 
social  intercourse  outside  of  his  own  home. 
Though  his  name  was  kno\vn  to  every  inhabi- 
tant of  New  York  City,  there  were  probably 
not  a  hundred  people  who  knew  him  by 
sight.  But  among  that  hundred  were  a  great 
number  of  very  close  personal  friends.  His 
donations  to  charitable  causes  were  given  with 
almost  the  secrecy  of  unlawful  schemes,  so 
much  did  he  fear  publicity.  It  was  only  in 
his  will,  whereby  he  made  munificent  contri- 
butions to  charitable  institutions,  that  he 
could  no  further  conceal  himself  Foremost  in 
his  consideration,  however,  were  the  em- 
ployees who  had  been  partly  the  means 
whereby  he  gained  his  large  fortune.  In  Feb- 
ruary of  the  year  in  which  he  died,  he  ob- 
tained the  adoption  by  the  New  York  State 
legislature  of  a  bill  incorporating  the  Altman 
Foundation.  The  purpose  of  this  foundation, 
as  stated  in  the  bill,  was  to  receive  and  ad- 
minister funds  and  to  promote  the  social, 
physical,  and  economic  welfare  of  the  em- 
ployees of  B  Altman  and  Company.  The 
foundation  plan  includes  a  system  of  profit- 
sharing  and  provides  also  that  the  funds  may 
be  used  for  charitable  and  educational  pur- 
poses.    Mr.   Altman   was  never   married. 

READ,  William  Angustus,  banker,  b.  in 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y,  20  May,  1858;  d.  in  New 
York  City,  7  April,  1916,  son  of  George  W. 
and  Rowland  and  Augusta  (Curtis)  Read. 
He  was  educated  at  the  Brooklyn  Juvenile 
High  School  and  at  Polytechnic  Institute, 
where  he  was  graduated  in  1872,  ready  to 
enter  Yale  at  the  age  of  fourteen.  Instead,  he 
obtained  employment  in  the  banking  house  of 
Vermilye  and  Company,  in  a  subordinate  ca- 
pacity, and  it  was  not  long  before  his  close 
attention  to  business  and  his  marked  ability 
won  him  promotion  to  positions  of  greater  re- 
sponsibility. In  1896  he  vras  admitted  to 
membership  in  the  firm  from  which  he  retired 
in  1905,  to  organize  the  banking  house  of  Wm. 
A.  Read  and  Company,  which  became  one  of 
the  leading  banking  houses  of  the  country 
Mr.  Read  possessed  an  intimate  knowledge  of 
bonds  and  securities,  and  his  advice  on  invest- 
paents  was  frequently  sought  by  many  lead- 
ing business  men  and  corporations.  He  was 
highly  respected  in  banking  circles  and  his 
firm  was  a  member  of  many  syndicates  or- 
ganized to  sell  large  municipal  and  state  bond 
offerings.  At  the  time  of  his  death,  he  Avas 
director  in  the  Interborough  Rapid  Transit 
Company,  and  the  Bank  of  New  York 
(National  Banking  Association),  Central  Trust 
Company  of  New  York,  Twin  City  Rapid 
Transit  Company,  and  the  Alliance  Assurance 
Company  of  London.  Notwithstanding  the 
great  demand  upon  his  time  made  by  these 
business  connections,  he  was  well  known  also 
as  a  collector  of  rare  editions  of  fine  books 
in  rare  bindings,  and  he  possessed  a  library 
of  great  value  and  artistic  beauty.  Mr.  Read 
was  active  in  many  charitable  organizations, 
particularly  those  devoted  to  the  education  of 
the  young.     He  was  one  of  the  trustees  of  the 


East  Side  House,  to  which  he  contributed  lib- 
erally. Among  the  clubs  in  which  he  held 
membership  were  the  Union,  Century,  Metro- 
politan, New  York  Yacht,  Riding,  Downtown, 
Grolier,  Players,  and  Hamilton  Club  of 
Brooklyn,  the  Apawamis  of  Rye,  and  the  Lenox 
Club,  of  Lenox,  Mass.  On  20  Nov.,  1894, 
Mr.  Read  married  Miss  Caroline  Hicks  Sea- 
man, daughter  of  Samuel  Hicks  Seaman,  of 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  by  whom  he  is  survived,  and 
five  sons  and  two  daughters.  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Read  maintained  a  summer  home  at  Purchase, 
N.  Y.,  which  was  one  of  the  finest  residences  in 
Westchester  County. 

BLISS,  Aaron  Thomas,  governor  of  Michi- 
gan (1901-05),  b.  in  Smithfield,  N.  Y.,  22  May, 
1837;  d.  in  Milwaukee,  Wis.,  16  Sept.,  1906, 
son  of  Lyman  and  Anna  (Chaffee)  Bliss.  He 
was  educated  at  the  country  school  and  spent 
his  early  boyhood  on  his  father's  farm.  At 
the  age  of  seventeen  he  found  employment  in 
a  store,  holding  the  position  until  the  out- 
break of  the  Civil  War.  He  enlisted  as  a 
private  in  a  regiment  of  New  York  cavalry, 
and  was  subsequently  raised  to  first  lieutenant 
and  then  to  captain.  In  an  engagement  at 
Ream's  Station,  Va.,  he  was  taken  prisoner, 
and  spent  the  ensuing  six  months  in  the  Con- 
federate prison.  He  escaped  from  the  Colum- 
bia prison  with  some  companions  in  November, 
1864,  and  reached  the  Union  lines  footsore  and 
nearly  starved  after  three  weeks  of  travel 
through  wilderness  At  the  close  of  the  war 
he  removed  to  Saginaw,  Mich.,  where  he  en- 
gaged in  lumbering  and  salt  manufacture.  He 
was  instrumental,  with  others,  in  promoting 
the  growth  of  these  industries  so  that  Sagi- 
naw became  known  as  the  greatest  lumbering 
and  salt  producing  center  of  the  United  States. 
When  America  realized  that  there  was  a 
threatening  shortage  in  the  lumber  supply, 
he  was  among  the  first  to  turn  to  Canada  as 
a  source  of  supply  for  his  lumber  mills.  With 
the  logs  he  obtained  in  Canada,  the  sawTnilla 
in  which  he  was  interested  were  kept  in  opera- 
tion, and  furnished  employment  for  many  peo- 
ple. In  addition  to  his  salt  and  lumber  in- 
terests, he  became  connected  with  various  com- 
mercial and  agricultural  movements.  He 
found  time  to  devote  to  politics,  and  held  the 
positions  of  alderman,  supervisor,  member  of 
the  board  of  educatibn,  and  State  senator.  In 
1885  he  was  appointed  an  aide  on  the  gover- 
nor's staff,  and  in  1888  .he  was  elected  to 
Congress,  serving  two  years.  He  was  elected 
governor  of  the  State  in  1900,  serving  two 
terms,  1901-05.  During  his  administration 
numerous  reforms  were  inaugurated  and  econ- 
omies eflfected. 

PALMER,  Bertha  Honore  (Mrs  Potter  Pal- 
mer), social  leader,  b.  in  Louisville,  Ky., 
daughter  of  the  Hon.  Henry  Hamilton  and 
Eliza  Dorsey  (Carr)  Honors.  She  is  de- 
scended from  an  old  and  aristocratic  family. 
Her  groat-grandfather,  Jean  Antoine  Honors, 
a  French  nobleman,  was  an  intimate  friend  of 
Lafayette,  sharing  his  political  views.  In 
177G,  at  the  age  of  twenty-one,  he  came  to 
America  and  participated  in  the  American 
struggle  for  liberty  under  the  leadership  of 
his  great  compatriot.  In  1781  he  finally  set- 
tled in  Baltimore,  Md.,  where  he  remained  for 
twenty-five  years.  He  then  removed  to  Louis- 
ville,  Ky.,   became  active   in  the   development 


136 


PALMER 


PALMER 


of  that  section  of  the  country,  and  took  a  lead- 
ing part  in  the  business  affairs  of  the  city. 
Jean  Antoine  Honore  was  the  owner  of  the 
first  steamer  plying  between  Louisville  and 
New  Orleans.  His  son,  Francis  (grandfather 
of  Mrs.  Potter  Palmer),  was  a  country  gentle- 
man on  his  plantation  near  Louisville.  He 
married  the  beautiful  and  accomplished 
daughter  of  Capt.  Benjamin  Lockwood,  U.  S.  A. 
Their  son  was  Henry  Hamilton  Honore  (father 
of  Mrs.  Potter  Palmer),  who  engaged  in  the 
hardware  business  in  Louisville.  In  1853  he 
visited  Chicago,  and  upon  his  return  was  so 
enthusiastic  over  the  possibilities  he  saw 
there  that  not  only  he,  but  many  other  promi- 
nent families  of  Louisville,  went  to  Chicago 
and  settled  there.  Here  he  invested  in  real 
estate  located  in  the  business  section  and  be- 
came one  of  the  leading  merchants  of  the  city. 
The  splendid  park  system  was  the  result  of 
his  initiative  and  his  public  spirit.  Mrs.  Pot- 
ter Palmer,  together  with  her  sister  (Mrs. 
Frederick  Dent  Grant),  was  educated  at  the 
famous  Georgetown,  Ky.,  Convent,  a  favorite 
school  among  the  best  Southern  families.  It 
was  not  long  after  her  graduation  and  her 
entree  into  society  that  she  met  Potter  Palmer, 
a  forceful  business  man  and  real  estate  owner 
of  Chicago,  to  whom  she  was  married,  in  1871. 
The  residence  which  they  established  in  the 
Lake  Shore  Drive  soon  became  the  center  of 
the  social  life  of  the  city.  Mrs.  Palmer  was 
the  organizer  and  the  leading  spirit  of  the 
magnificent  balls  given  for  charity  or  in  honor 
of  great  civic  occasions.  To  the  Hon.  William 
M.  Springer,  of  Illinois,  who  was  a  member  of 
the  sub-committee  of  the  Quadro-Centennial 
Committee  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  is 
due  the  honor  of  first  proposing  that  the  man- 
agement of  the  Columbian  Exposition  should 
be  shared  by  a  body  of  women.  The  clause 
written  by  him  for  that  purpose  received  the 
cordial  approval  of  his  associates  on  the  com- 
mittee and  became  a  part  of  the  World's  Fair 
bill;  At  the  rirst  meeting  of  the  Columbian 
Commission,  held  in  June,  1890,  it  was  agreed 
that  the  "  Board  of  Lady  Managers "  should 
be  constituted  after  the  pattern  of  the  com- 
mission itself;  of  two  women  from  each  State 
and  Territory  and  the  District  of  Columbia  and 
also  nine  members  from  the  city  of  Chicago, 
to  be  appointed  by  the  president  of  the  com- 
mission. Thus  was  brought  into  existence  the 
Board  of  Lady  Managers,  with  115  members. 
The  first  meeting  was  called  for  19  Nov.,  1890, 
and  was  called  to  order  by  Thomas  W.  Palmer, 
president  of  the  Commission,  The  next  day 
the  Bo.  rd  of  Lady  Managers  gathered  for  the 
purpose  of  permanent  organization  and  to  con- 
sider whom  to  choose  as  president.  That  the 
choice  fell  to  Mrs.  Potter  Palmer,  who  was 
unanimously  elected,  was  hardly  a  surprise. 
No  one  could  have  been  more  eminently  fitted 
for  the  position.  It  depended  largely  on  its 
president  whether  the  Board  of  Lady  Man- 
agers should  remain  largely  an  honorary  body 
or  whether  it  should  really  participate  in  the 
executive  powers  of  the  general  management. 
This  situation  became  more  obvious  when  the 
Columbian  Commission  decided  that  it  could 
not  legally  delegate,  even  to  one  of  its  own 
committees,  authority  that  had  been  vested  in 
it  by  Congress,  and  much  less  was  it  inclined  to 
assign  any  share  of  its  duties  to  the  Board  of 


Lady  Managers.  When  the  House  of  Rep- 
resentatives passed  the  bill  for  the  expenses 
of  the  Columbian  Commission  for  the  year 
1891-92,  there  was  keen  disappointment  over 
the  limited  amount  of  the  appropriation.  This 
feeling  was  still  further  intensified  when  the 
Senate  reduced  the  appropriation  stilV*  more. 
Mrs.  Potter  Palmer,  as  president  of  the  Board 
of  Lady  Managers,  went  to  Washington  in 
February,  arriving  just  after  this  unfavorable 
action  had  become  known.  Accompanied  by 
several  members  of  the  Board,  she  appeared 
before  the  Appropriation  Committee  of  the 
Senate  and  the  House,  and  made  a  full  ex- 
planation of  the  work  planned,  or  proposed, 
by  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers.  The  result 
of  her  appeal  was  that  the  appropriation  was 
increased  to  $95,000,  of  which  $36,000  was  for 
the  use  of  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers.  The 
gratitude  of  the  Columbian  Commission  toward 
Mrs.  Palmer  for  the  efforts  which  she  had  ex- 
ercised so  effectively  was  expressed  in  a  reso- 
lution of  thanks.  But  what  was  more  im- 
portant, nothing  could  have  been  so  effective 
in  establishing  cordial  relations  between  the 
two  bodies,  nor  could  anything  have  estab- 
lished the  authority  of  the  Board  of  Lady 
Managers  within  its  own  jurisdiction  on  a 
more  solid  basis.  The  important  work  that 
came  up  next  was  to  persuade  the  individual 
states  to  appoint  women's  commissions,  or 
committees,  to  co-operate  with  the  Board  of 
Lady  Managers  in  the  general  work  of  rep- 
resenting women  at  the  Exposition.  The  Co- 
lumbian Commission,  in  appealing  to  the 
States  to  participate  in  the  work,  was  per- 
suaded to  add  a  suggestion  that  women  be 
appointed,  either  as  members  of  their  re- 
spective State  Boards,  or  that  they  have  an  or- 
ganization of  their  own,  in  which  case  a  specific 
sum  should  be  appropriated  for  their  work. 
Mrs.  Palmer  and  other  Illinois  members  of 
the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  next  exerted 
themselves  to  secure  an  appropriation  from  the 
legislature  of  that  State.  Many  of  the  mem- 
bers of  the  legislature  were  then  visiting  Chi- 
cago to  estimate  the  scope  of  the  coming  Ex- 
position. These  were  invited  to  Mrs.  Palmer's 
residence  where  they  were  addressed  by  some 
of  the  most  active  personalities  connected  with 
the  organization  of  the  Exposition.  After- 
ward Mrs.  Palmer  visited  Springfield,  111., 
where  she  laid  before  the  Appropriations  Com- 
mittee of  the  legislature  a  full  explanation  of 
the  purpose  of  her  organization  and  asked 
that  a  State  Board  of  Women  be  organized, 
to  which  should  be  given  one-tenth  of  the  gen- 
eral appropriation  for  the  State's  participa- 
tion in  the  Exposition.  This  was  actually 
done,  the  Illinois  Women's  Board  received 
$80,000  out  of  the  entire  sum  of  $800,000.  By 
the  fall  of  the  year  thirty-one  states  and  terri- 
tories had  followed  this  example;  tlie  work 
of  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  was  now  estab- 
lished on  a  national  basis,  largely  through  the 
energetic  and  diplomatic  efforts  of  Mrs.  Pal- 
mer. The  Board  of  Lady  Managers,  having 
been  so  successful  within  the  limits  of  the 
United  States,  now  turned  to  other  countries, 
encouraged  to  believe  that  they  miglit  give  an 
international  scope  to  their  plans.  Here  the 
task  was  even  more  delicate,  for  there  now  rose 
before  them  the  obstacles  of  different  languages 
and    national    prejudices    and    customs.      The 


137 


PALMER 


PALMER 


interest  of  the  Secretary  of  State  was  enlisted, 
but  the  assistance  he  promised  could  not  be 
brought  into  operation  at  once  on  account  of 
his  illness.  Mrs.  Potter  Palmer  decided  to 
go  abroad  personally  and  secure  the  co-opera- 
tion of  foreign  governments,  on  behalf  of 
womerit  as  she  had  enlisted  the  co-operation 
of  the  State  of  Illinois.  Bj  means  of  personal 
interviews  and  conferences,  she  found  that  the 
sentiment  of  the  higher  officials  was  uniformly 
favorable.  By  the  same  means,  she  also 
aroused  the  interest  of  many  of  the  most  in- 
fluential women  abroad.  The  American  Min- 
ister in  London  arranged  for  Mrs.  Palmer  a 
private  audience  with  her  Royal  Highness,  the 
Princess  Christian.  The  Princess  was  ex- 
tremely conservative  regarding  the  woman 
question  in  general,  believing  that  the  place 
of  every  woman  was  in  the  home,  with  her 
children,  yet  she  was  persuaded  to  give  her 
support.  She  herself  suggested  the  formation 
of  an  English  Women's  Committee  for  the  Co- 
lumbian Exposition  and  consented  to  act  as 
its  patroness.  In  Paris,  the  Corps  Legislatif, 
before  adjournment,  had  responded  to  the  gen- 
eral invitation  to  participate  in  the  Exposition 
by  creating  a  "  Committee  Provisoire,"  and 
Antonin  Proust  had  been  appointed  Director  of 
Fine  Arts.  Mrs.  Palmer  met  socially  several 
members  of  this  committee,  as  well  as  the  Fine 
Arts  Director.  *  Their  response  was  most  cor- 
dial. A  special  conference  was  held  and  the 
active  assistance  of  some  of  the  most  influential 
people  of  the  nation  was  enlisted,  among  them 
being  Senator  Jules  Simon,  who  had  presided 
at  a  Women's  Congress  at  the  Paris  Exposition 
of  1889;  Mme.  de  Morsier,  M.  and  Mme.  Jules 
Siegfried,  the  former  of  whom  was  a  member 
of  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  and  at  that  time 
president  of  the  Provisional  Committee  for  the 
Columbian  Exposition;  and  Mme.  Carnot,  wife 
of  the  President  of  the  French  Republic.  The 
result  of  Mrs.  Palmer's  eff'orts  was  that  at  a 
meeting  of  the  Provisional  Committee  a  reso- 
lution was  adopted  authorizing  the  creation  of 
a  committee  of  French  women  and  appropriat- 
ing a  sum  of  200,000  francs  with  which  to 
finance  their  work.  M.  Berger,  organizer  of 
the  French  Exposition,  immediately  planned  an 
exhibition  of  the  work  of  women  in  the  Palais 
de  rindustrie,  to  be  held  the  following  sum- 
mer, from  which  a  choice  was  later  to  be  made 
of  the  cream  of  the  exhibits  and  sent  to  the 
United  States.  Mrs  Palmer  now  visited  Aus- 
tria, and  here  she  found  a  task  before  her  from 
which  the  most  able  of  diplomats  might  well 
have  shrunk.  Commercial  relations  with  the 
United  States  had  been  recently  broken  be- 
cause of  the  passage  of  a  high  tariff  bill. 
Great  distress  prevailed  in  Vienna  on  account 
of  the  unemployment  of  many  who  had  formerly 
been  occupied  in  industries  exporting  heavily 
to  the  United  States,  and  this  material  evi- 
dence of  the  broken-off  trade  relations  created 
a  very  bitter  sentiment  toward  all  things 
American.  Notwithstanding,  Mrs.  Palmer  was 
able  to  interest  the  Princess  Metternich,  to 
whom  the  idea  of  a  Women's  Commission  made 
a  strong  appeal.  Princess  Windisgratz,  who 
was  at  the  head  of  a  movement  seeking  to  open 
new  lines  of  employment  for  peasant  women 
in  the  handicrafts,  also  agreed  to  co-operate. 
Having  accomplished  so  much,  Mrs.  Palmer 
now    turned    homeward.      She    now    sought   to 


arouse  an  interest  among  the  women  in  those 
countries  she  had  not  visited  through  the 
Secretary  of  State.  In  due  time  responses 
came  announcing  the  formation  of  women's 
commissions  in  Austria,  Belgium,  Brazil, 
France,  Germany,  Great  Britain,  Guatemala, 
Italy,  japan,  Mexico,  the  Netherlands,  Norway, 
Russia,  Siam,  Spain,  and  Sweden.  The  hopes 
that  all  these  promising  indications  aroused 
were  not  to  be  disappointed.  There  now  de- 
veloped a  women's  organization  wider  in  its 
scope  than  had  ever  been  brought  into  existence 
before,  supported  by  the  most  influential  women 
all  over  the  world.  The  British  Committee 
was  under  the  patronage  of  no  less  a  person 
than  the  Queen  herself,  and  its  members  in- 
cluded such  women  as  the  Duchess  of  Aber- 
corn,  the  Marchioness  of  Salisbury,  the  Count- 
ess of  Aberdeen,  Lady  Henry  Somerset,  Lady 
Brassey,  the  Baroness  Burdett-Coutts,  Lady 
Knutsford,  and  many  others.  In  France, 
Madame  Carnot  had  finally  decided  to  under- 
take the  active  presidency  of  the  French  Com- 
mittee. In  Germany,  another  committee  was 
active  under  the  direction  of  the  Princess 
Friedrich  Carl,  Fraulein  Lange,  Frau  Morgen- 
stern,  and  other  noted  members  of  the  highest 
nobility.  Italy,  almost  the  first  to  announce 
its  committee,  was  working  under  the  most 
active  supervision  of  Queen  Margherita.  In 
Belgium,  too,  the  Queen  was  directly  interested. 
Not  least  active  in  her  nation's  share  of  the 
general  work  was  the  Queen  of  Japan.  The 
story  of  the  women's  organizations  and  their 
work,  under  the  leadership  of  Mrs.  Palmer, 
forms  an  integral  part  of  the  history  of  the 
Columbian  Exposition.  The  culmination  of  all 
these  efforts,  the  great  meeting  held  in  Chi- 
cago in  1892,  representing  over  a  million  and  a 
half  of  women  all  the  world  over,  presided  over 
by  Mrs.  Palmer,  was  assuredly  an  epoch- 
marking  event  in  the  participation  of  women 
in  the  ac'ive  affairs  of  the  world.  As  Mrs. 
Palmer  herself  remarked  in  her  opening  ad- 
dress, on  the  occasion,  it  was  "  The  o'pen 
sesame  for  woman's  participation  in  national 
affairs.'  After  the  close  of  the  Exposition  Mrs. 
Palmer  again  resumed  her  social  activities  in 
Chicago,  and  if  there  ever  had  been  any  ques- 
tion of  her  absolute  leadership  in  this  field, 
there  was  none  now.  For  over  twenty  years 
she  continued  in  this  position,  extending  her 
social  influence  into  Europe,  where  she  spent 
a  good  part  of  each  year.  In  Paris  her  salon 
became  a  powerful  center  of  attraction  in 
the  social  life  of  the  Continent.  In  1900  Mrs. 
Palmer  was  appointed  the  only  woman  member 
of  the  United  States  Commission  sent  to  rep- 
resent the  government  at  the  Paris  Exposi- 
tion, the  French  government  expressing  its 
appreciation  of  the  appointment  by  awarding 
her  membership  to  the  Legion  of  Honor.  In 
1910  she  acquired  a  considerable  tract  of  land 
on  Cerasota  Bay,  Fla.,  and  here  she  spends 
her  winters,  interested  in  a  sociological  ex- 
periment which  she  has  initiated:  an  agricul- 
tural colony.  Recently  she  requested  the  rail- 
road company  to  build  a  branch  line  to  her 
colony,  but  no  notice  was  taken  of  it.  Where- 
upon, with  her  accustomed  energy,  she  under- 
took to  organize  a  railroad  company  of  her 
own  and  began  building  a  road.  At  this  point 
the  railroad  company  came  to  terms  and  agreed 
to  build  the  branch. 


138 


\ 


WILLIAM    HENRY    PEARSON 

From,  the-  orn^tna/patnUna 
bt/  StanUf/  Todd 


PEARSON 


PEARSON 


K ARSON,  William  Henry,  mauufa 

-iter,  N.  H.,  31  July,   '^'-' 
im   and   J.ucinda    "* ' 
Ti,^  ^1r.^.;   in   '  ; 


\i*}  screen  to  the  President's  pew,  was  given 

Mrs.  Pearson  in  the  8ucce«iing  year.     He 

ried   on   21    Feb.,    1861,   at   North   White- 

.  M(^..  Nani%    Delia  Benjamin,  daughter  of 

.tJi     (Noyes)     Benjamin, 

t  ,.!   to  many  through  her 

V'.iiiiU:    and    friends,    died    on 

;  a  married  life  of  mor*^,  than 

i  hey  had  thrtiC  children;  Seth 

ir»'on,    who   died   in    1864,    Nella 

r    and    Arthur    Emmons    Pearson 


A?tHnr  Emmonii,   manufacturer, 

^ ,  9  Jan.,   IS69,  second  son 

sTn*   Nancy   Delia    (Bcnja- 

n  Roxbury,  a  »nb- 

■■'•   to  Wi^wt    Npwton 


eing  in  tuc  .'•>i-^:i\  i'ourtL  y-jar   ut  hb 
lip.     In  early  life  he  became  a  mem- 
^'  '        *ts  Charitable  Mechanic 

!i,    the    owners    of    Me- 
,.  iiiintiugton  Avenue,  and 
IS  trustee   for  many  terms, 
their  Charity  Fund,  retiring 
in    ti»e    board    in   the  year    1916.      He   has 
-n  much  interest  in  fraternal  societies  and 
j:s   of  historic   concern.     He   attended 
meeting  of  the  Massachusetts  Society 
ru'  Sons  of  the  American  Revolution  and 
vfd  on  their  first  board  of  managers.     Six 
iiis  ancestors  gave  service  in  the  Continental 
.    oy.      He    is    a    member    of    the    Society    of 
filial  Wars  in  the  Commonwealth  of  Massa- 
Msetts,  being  eligible  to  membership  through 
i'l-  than  twenty  lines  of  descent   from  for- 
irs  who  gave  military  or  civil  service  under 
J-  Colonial  governments;  one  of  whom,  Major 
I'miah  Swayno,  who  was  severely  wounded 
lie  (Treat  Swamp  fight  when  Kinj?  Philip 
•    his  death,  and  who,  later,  was  appointed 
nmander-in-chicf  of  all  the  forces  of  Ma^sa- 
sotts  Bay  Colony,  nt  U)^'h,  And  then  led  an 
edition  against  the  '*  Indian  Enemy,  in  the 
•ction  of  the  Kennebec."     He  h  descendefl 
the  seventh  generation  from  John   PearKon, 
rj.'sident  of  Lynn  and  Heading  in  the  year 
•^7,  one  of  the  seven  founders  and  sometime 
.'on  of  the  First  Church  of  Christ  in  Uead- 
The  second  in  the  line,  Lieut.  John  Pcar- 
,  was  chairman  of  the  committee  appointed 
.  ,   build  the  meeiing-bonse  on  Lynnfield  Com- 
mon,   which    structure    i.^    one    of    tLe    oldest 
Ileuses  of   worship   standing   in   New    England 
(1917  I.     Aa   a  boy  and  young  man    living  at 
the  V,  t'i't  End,  ho  was  nineh  interrsted  ir   the 
ftinateut    i'lnies  of   bar,i'l)all   played   on    0(;Kton 
Common,   'h-  ^fjune  then    just  b<'ginnini^  to  be 
popular,      H/,     »   ■    -r-ipafvd   in   the  organization 
of    the    Bow'ioi;      <'h-«.'     ii»\^    ■  luh    n>    ll:"    yi'jr 


r    bagft.      In 
.'whire  Bay  in 
ashington  Al' 
Th\h   ib 


o"J  Mo'v 
with  li 
used  in 


i.ful  jtnk-tjior;.*!  d»x>r!t  i 
I*,  dioir   room.     Tho  at; 
\he  intorior  h^- 


.  wldch  stone  i>.  also 
Cothie  window  tracery 
facing  on  the  grassed  gartli.  In  the  center  of 
the  floor  of  Knox vi lie  marl.Iv  is  a  massive  seal 
of  the  Province  of  New  Hampshire  er:ecuted 
in  bronze,  while  the  arms  of  the  Sta1*^  of  New 
Hampshire  are  emblazoned  in  colors  iii  the 
center  of  the  oak  paneled  ceiling.  The  in- 
scription is  cut  on  the  interior  structural  r^tone 
of  one  of  the  supporting  piliara  of  tlu  'wh. 
The- motto  was  that  furnished  by  Whit' ii  hi 
and  placed  on  the  banner  of  the  troops  oi  the 
Province  of  New  Hampshire  when  they  UKHed 
with  the  Expedition  to  Louisburg  in  tlie  vterc 
1745. 

IN  TH^-:  NAME  OP  GOD— AMEN 
IN  TRIBUTE  TO  THE  LOYAT.TY  ANO 
THE  SACRIFICE  OF  THE  TROOPS  01' 
THE  PROVINCE  OF  NEW  HAMPSHIUK 
IN  THE  CONTINENTAL  ABMY  Dl  i! 
ING  THE  WINTER  ENC/IMPMENT  O] 
1777-1778 

IN  GRATEFUL  RECOGNITION  OF  T^l■: 
DEVOTION  AND  THE  SERVICE  OF 
THE  SONS  AND  DAU(mTERS  OF  i  .il-, 
PROVINCE  WHO  CONTRIBUTED  T-V 
W(.>RD  OR  ACT  TOWARD  THE  KSTAT^ 
LfSHlVlENT  OF  AMEIUCAN  iNDfJTX!) 
ENCE  ANTD  IN  LOVING  ^IEMC1;Y  OP 
AMOS  PEARSON.  JOHN  P!:N,/A-  ;s- 
ENSIGN  JOSHUA  BARRON    UKI    i  KX- 


1859,  whie.'i  \><i  jf).;  •  ».•']  ?r.riy-.i  -a-i 
Lowell  Base  JJall  C\v.h.  v.im*d  for  ihav 
tain,  John  A.  I.owll.  In  rli*-  y<'ar  !i)10, 
Pearson  prvscntvd  the  Pre^iri*  tit  ^  i^nv  in 
Washington  Nh-nioria!  '  '^ip*'!  at  \'j»lley  F. 
Pa.      The    eornol.-D-.ent    to    thi.>    heiuitifnl 


th. 

Mr 
th. 


g"t> 


ANT  .rONA'JlIAN  DEI:j 
PAGE.  EMMONS  STOCKS 
DAVID  (TREF,.\^LEA!'  -^( 
THE  REVOLT  TTON.vF:  ^ 
BAY  IS  ERECT M J  I'.V  \ 
MGNS  PEAKSOa.  i.:i 
NIL  DFSPUn.Vvn^  >t  '  n 

On  2S   ^]n\■     \-^,  :    a    jm  •---  t  ■ 
in  the   i  'y.    ■.■,  Ji    .    "-     !'•  n  -":> 
!  Vaihy    For:.      •    '  r         :-!: 

,  I'-tter    o<    '.■  1  .  '    ' 

I  ha<l   ir   ^i-^   "'  ,. 

J  beiMi     <.'i vt"i>     r-*     '!!  t. 
!  k'  »'pilif;    i  ■     }•  :■' 


)A\'ll 


US 


PEARSON 


ABBEY 


Dec.,  1775,  while  General  Washington  was  in 
command  of  the  Continental  Army  and  was 
addressed,  *' To  the  Honbie  The  Geni  Court 
of  the  Province  of  Massachusetts  Bay."  Mr. 
Pearson's  guests  from  Massachusetts  included 
his  parents,  sister,  relatives,  and  friends.  The 
Rev.  VV.  Herbert  Burk,  as  curator,  accepted  the 
gift  on  behalf  of  the  Library.  It  was  Mr. 
Pearson's  privilege  to  unveil  the  John  Ben- 
jamin Tablet  in  the  chapel  ( 1908 ) .  John  Ben- 
lamin,  his  maternal  great-grandfather,  served 
in  Col.  Crane's  regiment,  Massachusetts  Ar- 
tillery, Continental  army.  In  his  service  of 
seven  consecutive  years,  he  participated  in  all 
the  principal  engagements  of  the  Continental 
army  and  the  winter  encampment  at  Valley 
Forge.  He  died  2  Dec,  1814,  at  the  home  of  his 
son,  Benaiah,  in  North  Whitefield,  Me.  The 
powder  horn  he  carried  throughout  the  Revolu- 
tionary War  has  been  presented  to  the  Valley 
Forge  Museum  of  American  History  by  Mr. 
Pearson.  Lieut.  Samuel  Benjamin,  his  brother, 
gave  a  long  service.  His  diary  and  his  oath 
of  fidelity  witnessed  at  Valley  Forge  by  Baron 
De  Kalb  are  in  the  possession  of  his  descend- 
ants. The  New  Hampshire  State  Panel  in  the 
chapel  is  the  gift  of  Mr.  Pearson  and  his  sis- 
ter. Miss  Nella  Jane  Pearson.  Mr.  Pearson 
has  compiled  and  edited  a  record  of  about 
four  hundred  progenitors  of  his  father  and 
mother  which  was  published  in  "  Colonial 
Families  of  the  United  States  of  America," 
Vol.  II  (Baltimore,  1911),  and  a  more  detailed 
account  including  several  charts,  all  of  which 
were  published  in  '*  American  Families  of  His- 
toric Lineage  "  ( New  York ) .  Military  and 
civil  services  of  these  families  have  been  given 
in  various  state  «,nd  general  society  publica- 
tions. A  comprehensive  chart,  including  the 
allied  families,  was  published  in  "Colonial 
Wars,"  Vol.  I,  No.  1  (Dec,  1913),  the  pub- 
lication of  the  Society  of  Colonial  Wars  in 
the  Commonwealth  of  Massachusetts,  and  will 
appear  in  their  chart  book  now  in  the  course 
of  preparation.  Hiram  Pearson,  paternal 
great-grandfather  of  Mr.  Pearson,  was  one  of 
the  petitioners  to  the  legislature  of  Vermont 
for  the  incorporation  of  the  lirst  public  library 
in  that  state.  The  emigrant  ancestor  of 
Benaiah  Benjamin,  the  maternal  grandfather 
of  Mr.  Pearson,  was  John  Benjamin,  who  with 
his  family  arrived  in  Boston  Harbor  on  the 
ship  "  Lion,"  16  Sept.,  1632.  In  1642  he  owned 
the  largest  homestall  in  Newtowne,  now  Cam- 
bridge, Mass.  He  had  the  finest  library  in 
;New  England.  In  his  writings  Governor  Win- 
throp  says :  "  Mr.  Benjamin's  house  was  un- 
surpassed in  elegance  and  comfort  by  any  in 
the  vicinity.  It  was  the  mansion  of  intelli- 
gence, religion,  and  hospitality;  visited  by  the 
clergy  of  all  denominations  and  by  the  literati 
at  home  and  abroad."  The  will  of  John  Ben- 
jamin is  in  the  handwriting  of  Governor  Win- 
throp.  John  Benjamin  married  (1G19)  Abi- 
gail Eddy.  She  was  the  daughter  of  Rev. 
William  Eddy,  vicar  of  St.  Dunstan's  Church, 
of  Cranbrook,  County  Kent,  England,  and 
Mary,  daughter  of  John  and  Ellen  (Munn) 
Fosten,  whom  he  married  20  Nov.,  1587. 
Benaiah  Benjamin  d.  28  Dec,  1888,  in  his 
ninety-eighth  year.  He  never  failed  to  vote  in 
the  nineteen  presidential  elections  occurring 
during  his  majority.  Elizabeth  Noyes,  wife 
of    Benaiah    Benjamin,    was    descended    from 


Nicholas  Noyes,  who  arrived  on  the  ship 
"  Mary  and  John,"  from  London  in  the  year 
1633.  This  ancestor  settled  in  Newbury,  Mass., 
and  married  Mary,  daughter  of  Capt.  John  Cut- 
ting, formerly  shipmaster  of  London.  His 
father.  Rev.  William  Noyes,  was  rector  of 
Choulderton  Parish  near  Salisbury,  England, 
and  he  was  succeeded  in  the  parish  by  his  son. 
Rev.  Nathan  Noyes.  Rev.  William  ^oyes  mar- 
ried in  the  year  1595  Anne  Parker,  a  sister 
of  Rev.  Robert  Parker.  Mather  speaks  of  Dr. 
Parker  as  one  of  the  greatest  scholars  of  the 
English  nation.  Elizabeth  (Noyes)  Benjamin, 
the  mother  of  Nancy  Delia  (Benjamin)  Peai-- 
son,  had  a  remarkable  knowledge  of  the  Bible 
and  memorized  the  Book  of  Romans  in  its 
entirety.  She  read  the  New  Testament  in  the 
Greek,  although  she  did  not  acquire  that  lan- 
guage until  after  her  sixtieth  year.  About 
thirty  of  the  New  England  ancestors  of  Benaiah 
and  Elizabeth  (Noyes)  Benjamin,  gave  mili- 
tary and  civil  services  under  the  (Colonial  gov- 
ernment of  the  Province  of  Massachusetts  Bay. 
Mr.  Pearson  is  a  life  member  of  the  Society 
for  the  Preservation  of  New  England  An- 
tiquities, the  Bostonian  Society,  and  the  So- 
ciety of  Colonial  Wars  in  the  Commonwealth 
of  Massachusetts:  he  is  a  member  of  the  Mas- 
sachusetts Society  of  the  Sons  of  the  American 
Revolution  and  the  Society  of  the  War  of  1812 
in  the  Commonwealth  of  Massachusetts. 

ABBEY,  Henry  Eugene,  theatrical  manager, 
b.  in  Akron,  Ohio,  27  June,  1846;  d.  in  New 
York  City,  17  Oct.,  1896.  He  was  educated  in 
the  public  schools,  and  entered  business  as  a 
clerk  in  his  father's  jewelry  store,  which  he 
inherited  in  1871.  From  a  very  early  age, 
however,  he  had  been  interested  in  theatrical 
matters,  always  holding  the  ambition  of  becom- 
ing a  manager.  Accordingly,  in  1876,  he 
formed  a  partnership  with  John  B.  Schoeffel, 
with  whom  he  acquired  proprietorship  in  th« 
Academy  of  Music  in  Buffalo.  At  the  end  of 
a  year  Mr.  Abbey  came  to  New  York,  and  be- 
came manager  of  the  Park  Theater,  located  at 
Twenty-second  Street  and  Broadway.  In  1880 
he  went  to  Europe  and  made  a  contract  with 
Sarah  Bernhardt  for  an  American  tour,  which 
he  managed  with  such  ability  and  success  as  to 
win  for  himself  the  title  "  Napoleon  of  Mana- 
gers." During  1883-84,  in  association  with  Mr. 
SchoeflFel,  he  controlled  the  Metropolitan  Opera 
House  in  New  York  City,  Maurice  Grau  being 
business  manager.  Colonel  Mapleson,  who  was 
then  directing  the  production  of  grand  opera 
at  the  Academy  of  Music,  caused  considerable 
trouble  by  his  opposition,  but  Mr.  Abbey's 
friends  gave  him  a  benefit  in  1884,  which  net- 
ted $36,000,  and  established  him  on  a  firmer 
basis.  In  1889-90  he  managed  the  American 
tours  of  Adelina  Patti  and  the  London  Gaiety 
Company,  both  notably  successful.  The  firm  of 
Abbey,  Schoeffel  and  Grau  again  obtained  con- 
trol of  the  Metropolitan  Opera  House  in  1891, 
and  during  the  following  season  presented 
Italian  opera,  Mr.  Abbey  also  introduced  to 
the  American  public  such  prominent  actors  as 
Lawrence  Barrett,  the  elder  Sothern,  Lotta, 
Irving,  Coquelin,  and  Jane  Hading.  In  1893  i 
his  firm  produced  a  grand  spectacular  piece,  en- 
titled  "America,"  at  the  World's  Columbian 
Exposition,  Chicago,  and  the  same  year  they 
opened  Abbey's  Theater  in  New  York  City. 
Three  years  later  the  firm  was  dissolved.     In 


140 


o- 


I 


POOR 


GLIDDEN 


addition  to  the  theaters  already  mentioned,  Mr. 
Abbey  managed  Booth's,  the  Casino,  the  Grand 
Opera  House,  the  Star,  and  Wallack's  in  New 
York  City;  the  Park  in  Philadelphia;  and 
the  Metropolitan,  Park,  and  Tremont  Theaters 
in  Boston. 

POOR,  James  Harper,  merchant,  b.  in  Boa- 
ton,  Mass.,  17  Dee.,  1862,  son  of  Edward  Erie 
and  Mary  (Lane)  Poor.  He  is  a  descendant 
of  an  old  New  England  family  of  English 
origin,  his  first  American  ancestor  being  John 
Poor,  who  came  from  Wiltshire,  England,  in 
1635,  and  settled  at  Newbury,  Mass.  From 
him  the  line  of  descent  is  traced  through  his 
son,  Henry,  who  married  Abigail  Hale;  their 
son,  Benjamin,  who  married  Elizabeth  Felt; 
their  son,  Jeremiah,  who  married  Joanna  Carr ; 
their  son,  Benjamin,  who  married  Rtfth  Poor; 
and  their  son,  Benjamin,  who  married  Arline 
E.  Peabody,  and  was  the  father  of  Edward 
E,  Poor.  The  wife  of  Benjamin  Poor  belonged 
to  one  of  the  most  notable  of  the  old  Massa- 
chusetts families,  descended  from  Lieut.  Fran- 
cis Peabody,  of  St.  Albans,  Herts,  England, 
who  came  to  America  about  1635,  and  became 
a  large  landowner  in  Massachusetts.  Among 
his  descents  are  George  Peabody,  the  famous 
philanthropist.  James  H.  Poor  received  his 
education  in  private  schools.  His  natural 
bent  was  for  business,  and,  in  1880,  while  still 
a  boy,  he  began  his  career  in  the  dry  goods 
commission  house  of  Jacob  Wendell  and  Com- 
pany. During  the  following  three  years,  he 
evinced  unusual  aptitude  and  gained  sufficient 
experience  to  be  of  value  in  his  father's  firm  of 
Denny,  Poor  and  Company,  which  he  joined  in 
1883.  Here  he  steadily  advanced,  and  was 
intrusted  with  greater  responsibilities  from 
year  to. year.  In  1892  he  was  admitted  as  a 
partner,  and  acted  in  that  capacity  till  1898, 
when  he  established,  together  with  his  brother, 
E.  E.  Poor,  Jr.,  the  dry  goods  commission 
firm  of  Poor  Bros.  He  entered  upon  a  still 
larger  independent  venture  in  1901,  organiz- 
ing the  firm  of  J.  Harper  Poor  and  Company, 
of  which  he  was  the  sole  active  member. 
Under  his  guidance  the  firm  entered  upon  a 
period  of  success,  and  in  1906  it  was  consoli- 
dated with  the  dry  goods  commission  house 
of  Amory,  Browne  and  Company,  in  which,  by 
virtue  of  his  exceptional  knowledge  of  busi- 
ness, his  enterprise  and  executive  ability,  Mr 
Poor  at  once  became  a  chief  factor.  The  firm 
stands  in  the  front  rank  of  the  dry  goods  com- 
mission business,  and  as  in  that  line  the 
Americans  predominate  throughout  the  world, 
that  distinction  carries  with  it  international 
renown.  Mr.  Poor  is  noted  for  his  urbanity, 
and  is  regarded  in  the  trade  as  an  example 
of  success  through  a  keen  sense  of  business 
ethics.  He  is  a  member  of  the  New  York 
Chamber  of  Commerce,  and  the  Metropolitan, 
New  York  Yacht,  Riding,  Automobile,  and 
Merchants'  Clubs  of  New  York;  the  Sleepy 
Hollow  and  Ardsley  Clubs  of  Westchester,  and 
the  Algonquin  Club  of  Boston,  Mass  He  mar- 
ried 20  Jan.,  1885,  Evelyn,  daughter  of  Thomas 
J.  Bolton,  of  New  York  City.  They  have  two 
daughters:  Evelyn  Terry,  wife  of  Philip  Park- 
hurst   Gardiner,  and   Mildred   Harper   Poor 

BRASHEAR,  John  Alfred,  manufacturer 
and  educator,  b.  at  Brownsville,  Pa  ,  24  Nov  , 
1840,  son  of  Basil  B.  and  Julia  (Smith)  Bra- 
shear.     He  was  educated  in  the  public  schools 


of  Pennsylvania  and  learned  the  machinist's 
trade  in  the  works  of  John  Snowden  in  Pitts- 
burgh. From  1860  to  1870  he  engaged  in  me- 
chanical engineering,  and  in  the  latter  year  he 
began  the  construction  of  astronomical  and 
physical  instruments  in  Pittsburgh.  He  has 
been  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  such  in- 
struments since  1880,  and  during  that  time  has 
constructed  the  optical  parts  of  many  large 
telescopes  in  this  country  as  well  as  nearly 
all  the  large  astronomical  spectroscopes  and 
astronomical  cameras  for  American  observa- 
tories. He  has  also  constructed  the  optical 
parts  of  some  large  telescopes  in  foreign  coun- 
tries. In  1886  he  removed  his  workshops  to 
Alleghany,  Pa.,  where  they  are  now  situated. 
Much  of  his  time  has  been  devoted  to  scientific 
research,  and  for  eighteen  years  he  was  asso- 
cited  with  Prof  Henry  A.  Rowland,  of  Johns 
Hopkins  University,  in  the  development  of  his 
diffraction  grating.  He  was  a  director  of  the 
Alleghany  Observatory  in  1898-1900,  acting 
chancellor  of  the  Western  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania in  1900-02  Dr  Brashear  is  also  a 
fellow  of  the  American  Association  for  the 
Advancement  of  Science  (vice-president,  1900) 
and  of  the  Royal  Astronomical  Society  of 
Great  Britain;  past  president  of  the  Western 
Pennsylvania  Engineers  Society  and  the  Pitts- 
burgh Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences;  honor- 
ary member  of  the  Royal  Astronomical  Society 
of  Canada,  honorary  member  of  the  American 
Society  of  Mechanical  Engineers  (president, 
1915)  ;  member  of  the  British  Astronomical  As- 
sociation, the  Societe  Astronomique  de  France, 
the  American  Philosophical  Society,  the  Astro- 
physical  Society,  and  the  Nautical  Geographical 
Society.  The  degree  of  Sc  D.  was  conferred 
upon  him  by  the  Western  University  of 
Pennsylvania  and  Princeton  University  and 
the  degree  of  LL  D  by  the  University  of 
Wooster  and  Washington  and  Jefferson  Col- 
lege. He  was  married  25  Sept.,  1862,  to 
Phoebe,  daughter  of  Thomas  Stewart,  of  Pitts- 
burgh, Pa. 

GLIDDEN,  Joseph  Farwell,  inventor  and 
manufacturer,  b,  in  Charlestown,  Sullivan 
County,  N.  H,  18  Jan,  1813;  d  at  De  Kalb, 
111,  in  1906.  He  was  the  son  of  David  and 
Polly  Hurd  Glidden,  who,  while  Joseph  was 
still  an  infant,  removed  to  Orleans  County, 
NY.  His  boyhood  and  youth  were  spent  at 
farm  work  of  various  kinds,  while  during  the 
winter  months  he  attended  the  district  school. 
For  a  time  he  was  a  student  in  Middlebury 
Academy,  in  Genesee  County,  and  in  the  semi- 
nary at  Lima,  N  Y  After  teaching  school 
a  few  years  he  went  to  Illinois,  in  the  fall  of 
1842  T'hence  he  proceeded  to  Detroit,  Mich., 
with  two  threshing-machines  of  primitive  con- 
struction and  spent  a  month  on  the  wheat 
farms  of  Michigan,  operating  his  threshers 
with  the  assistance  of  his  brother,  William, 
and  two  other  men  Having  acquired  some 
capital,  he  purchased  a  tract  of  land  in  De 
Kalb,  111  ,  which  he  began  to  improve  and  de- 
velop. The  scarcity  of  timber  in  that  part  of  the 
country  making  the  cost  of  fencing  very  high, 
Mr.  Glidden  set  about  devising  some  cheaper 
means  of  inclosing  his  stock  farm  It  was  in 
this  manner  that  ho  invented  the  Imrhod  wire, 
with  which  his  name  is  most  broadly  con- 
nected. In  1873  he  applied  for  a  patent,  which 
was  granted.     He   then  entered   into  partner- 

141 


ALDEN 


PEARSON 


ship  with  I.  L.  Ell  wood,  a  hardware  merchant 
and  business  man  of  De  Kalb,  and  manufactur- 
ing was  begun  under  the  firm  name  of  Glidden 
and  Ellwood.  In  1876  he  sold  his  interest  in 
the  business  to  the  Washburn  and  Moen  Manu- 
facturing Company,  of  Worcester,  Mass.,  but 
continued  to  draw  large  royalties  until  1891. 
Mr.  Glidden  was  also  owner  of  the  De  Kalb 
Roller  Mills,  vice-president  of  the  De  Kalb 
National  Bank  from  its  organization  in  1883 
and  proprietor  of  the  Glidden  House.  He  was 
elected  county  sheriff  in  1852,  being  the  last 
Democratic  official  of  the  county.  Mr.  Glid- 
den was  twice  married.  In  1837  he  married 
Clarissa  Foster,  in  Clarendon,  N.  Y.  Mrs. 
Glidden  and  her  three  children  died.  In  1851 
Mr.  Glidden  married  Lucinda  Warne.  They 
had  one  daughter,  Elva  Frances,  now  Mrs.  W. 
H.  Bush,  of  Chicago. 

ALDEN,  Cynthia  M.  (Westover),  philanthro- 
pist and  author,  b.  in  Afton,  la.,  31  May, 
1862,  daughter  of  Oliver  S.  and  Lucinda 
(Lewis)  Westover.  Her  father  was  a  de- 
scendant of  the  Westovers,  who  emigrated 
from  Holland  in  the  early  part  of  the  seven- 
teenth century,  settling  in  Virginia.  On  her 
maternal  side  she  was  descended  from  Francis 
Lewis,  one  of  the  signers  of  the  Declaration 
of  Independence,  After  her  graduation  at  the 
University  of  Colorado  and  the  Denver  Busi- 
ness College,  she  taught  bookkeeping,  geology, 
and  vocal  music  for  several  years.  In  1882 
she  went  to  New  York,  where  she  studied 
singing,  and  later  became  a  soprano  soloist  in 
church  choirs.  She  received  several  offers  to 
go  on  the  opera  stage,  all  of  which  she  de- 
clined. The  study  of  languages  commanded 
her  attention,  and  she  soon  mastered  several 
foreign  tongues.  She  tested  her  knowledge  in 
the  annual  Civil  Service  examinations,  and  in 
1887  headed  a  list  of  200  for  the  appoint- 
ment of  U.  S.  Customs  Inspectress.  She  ac- 
cepted the  position  and  figured  prominently  in 
several  important  seizures.  She  acted  as  in- 
terpreter on  German,  French,  Italian,  and 
Spanish  steamships  and  won  for  herself  an 
enviable  position  in  the  service.  In  1900  she 
became  secretary  to  Hans  S.  Beattie,  the 
street-cleaning  commissioner  of  New  York, 
and  for  her  interest  in  the  department  work- 
ers she  became  known  as  the  ''  workingman's 
friend."  She  invented  and  patented  a  dump 
cart  with  movable  body,  and  suggested  the 
use  of  the  small  carts  used  by  the  street- 
cleaners  to  collect  the  accumulations  of  dirt 
after  the  day's  cleaning.  In  1893  she  began 
writing  stories  for  the  newspapers  and  maga- 
zines, and  in  1895  edited  the  woman's  page 
of  the  New  York  "  Recorder,"  and  later  was 
connected  with  the  New  York  "  Tribune,"  the 
New  York  "  Herald,"  and  the  "  Ladies'  Home 
Journal,"  with  which  she  was  associated  for 
ten  years.  Mrs.  Alden  is  the  author  of  sev- 
eral books,  among  them  "  Manhattan  Historic 
and  Artistic"  (1892);  "  Bushby,  or  Child 
Life  in  the  Far  West"  (1896);  and  "Wom- 
en's Ways  of  Earning  Money"  (1904).  Mrs. 
Alden  is  best  known  for  her  activity  in  help- 
ing to  found  the  International  Sunshine  So- 
ciety, in  1896,  which  has  now  a  membership 
of  over  100,000.  She  is  president-general  of 
the  Sunshine  Society,  and  in  1904  started  the 
International  Sunshine  Branch  for  the  Blind. 
Mrs,    Alden    has    contributed    many    hundred 


articles  on  philanthropic  and  educational 
work.  On  15  Aug.,  1896,  she  was  married  to 
John  Alden,  an  editor  of  the  Brooklyn  "  Daily 
Eagle,"  and  nephew  of  Henry  Mills  Alden,  of 
"  Harper's  Magazine." 

PEARSON,  William  Edward,  civil  engineer, 
b.  in  New  York  City,  24  Oct.,  1869,  son  of 
Edward  Asher  and  Sophia  Downing  (Owens) 
Pearson,  and  a  descemiant  of  John  Pearson, 
of  Lynn  and  Reading  (1615-79).  From  early 
childhood  his  home  was  in  Orange,  N.  J.,  until 
he  entered  Princeton  College  in  the  class  of 
1892;  he  attended  the  John  C.  Green  School 
of  Science  in  special  course  of  civil  engineering. 
On  the  completion  of  his  studies  he  became 
the  civil  engineer  for  one  of  the  largest  con- 
cessions issued  under  the  World's  Columbian 
Exposition  Commission.  He  then  entered  the 
employ  of  the  Cape  Ann  Granite  Company  and 
from  1896  to  1901  was  superintendent  of  their 
Gloucester  quarries.  In  December,  1901,  he 
sailed  from  Seattle  for  the  Philippine  Islands, 
by  way  of  Japan.  After  being  out  five  days 
the  ship  was  found  to  be  on  fire,  and  the  re- 
turn to  port  was  delayed  for  twenty-four  hours 
owing  to  the  heavy  seas.  After  a  second  em- 
barkation, he  arrived  in  Manila,  P.  I.,  to 
superintend  all  the  stone  work  required  for 
the  building  of  a  breakwater,  the  dredging  of 
the  harbor,  and  the  construction  of  the  new 
docks  at  that  place,  under  the  government  con- 
tract held  by  the  Atlantic  Gulf  and  Pacific 
Company.  The  work  necessitated  the  tun- 
neling and  chambering  of  a  hill  468  feet  high; 
the  blast  was  the  largest  ever  exploded  in  the 
East,  all  of  the  rock  required  then  being  dis- 
lodged. He  later  entered  the  Bureau  of  Engi- 
neering of  the  Civil  Government  of  the  Philip- 
pine Islands,  and  was  appointed  supervisor  of 
Cagayan  Province.  The  trip  to  the  seat  of  the 
local  government  from  Manila  required  two 
weeks.  He  exceeded  the  usual  length  of  serv- 
ice in  this  trying  climate,  returning  through 
Japan  to  the  United  States  in  1905.  He  be- 
came first  assistant  superintendent  of  con- 
struction on  the  Yuma  Dam  on  the  Colorado 
River,  then  in  course  of  building  by  J.  G. 
White  Engineering  Corporation.  This  project 
was  for  the  irrigation  of  a  large  area  of  hith- 
erto useless  land.  The  next  work  on  which  he 
was  engaged  was  the  construction  and  installa- 
tion of  the  dam  and  hydro -electric  plant  on  the 
Yadkin  River  by  the  Rockingham  Power  Com- 
pany. In  1908  he  was  employed  by  the  Con- 
necticut River  Power  Company,  now  a  part  of 
the  New  England  Power  Company,  which  sup- 
plies power  for  public  utilities  and  industrial 
concerns  in  all  of  the  New  England  States 
excepting  the  State  of  Maine.  His  work  at 
first  was  toward  the  construction  of  their  dam 
at  Brattleboro,  Vt.,  the  completion  of  which 
inundated  a  large  portion  of  the  adjacent  river 
basin,  Mr.  Pearson  was  much  employed  in  the 
adjustment  of  incidental  land  takings.  For 
several  years  he  has  superintended  the  pur- 
chasing of  rights  of  way  for  their  high-power 
transmission  lines,  Mr.  Pearson  now  resides 
in  Worcester,  Mass  (1917).  He  is  a  member 
of  the  IMassachusetts  Society  of  the  Sons  of 
the  American  Revolution,  Union  Lodge  No,  11, 
Free  and  Accepted  Masons,  of  Orange,  N.  J., 
and  the  Princeton  Club,  of  New  York  City. 
He  married  at  Gloucester,  Mass.,  23  Dec,  1909, 
Caroline  Frances  Hillier. 


142 


PEARSON 


EDISON 


PEARSON,  Edward  Lowry,  merchant,  b.  at 
Orange,  N.  J.,  16  Nov.,  1880,  son  of  Edward 
Asher  and  Annie  Anderson  (Lowry)  Pear- 
son. He  is  descended  in  the  eighth  gen- 
eration from  John  Pearson  (1615-79),  of 
Lynn  and  Reading,  Mass.,  whose  son,  Lieut. 
John  Pearson,  was  chairman  of  the  committee 
appointed  to  effect  the  establishment  of  Lynn- 
field  and  representative  to  the  General  Court, 
1702-03  and  1710-11.  Capt.  James  Pearson,  the 
third  of  the  line  in  America,  was  a  resident 
of  Lynnfield,  later  removing  to  Haverhill,  Mass. 
Mr.  Pearson's  great-great-grandfather,  Amos 
Pearson,  answered  the  call  at  Lexington,  April 
19,  1775  (see  "Colonial  Families  of  United 
States  of  America,  Vol.  II,  Baltimore,  1911). 
His  maternal  grandfather.  Maxwell  Lowry, 
for  many  years  was  an  importer  and  dealer  in 
linens  in  Boston,  Mass. ;  a  stalwart  personality 
of  kindly  attributes,  and  a  beloved  and  promi- 
nent layman  of  the  Congregational  Church. 
His  ancestry  was  Scotch,  his  forbears  having 
lived  in  Aberdeen.  His  business  necessitated 
frequent  trips  to  Europe.  Mrs.  Lowry  sur- 
vives her  husband  and  is  now  in  her  ninety- 
fourth  year  (1917).  Her  maiden  name  was 
Jane  Stitt;  her  brother,  John  Riddle  Stitt,  was 
first  lieutenant  of  the  Twenty-eighth  Massa- 
chusetts Regiment  of  the  Union  Army.  He  was 
wounded  in  the  second  Battle  of  Bull  Run. 
Mrs,  Lowry  is  descended  from  Sir  Ralphs  Styte 
( Stitt ) ,  who  came  to  England  from  Holland 
with  his  sovereign,  William  III,  of  England, 
Prince  of  Orange.  He  was  given  a  grant  of 
land  in  the  North  of  Ireland.  The  home  of 
Mrs.  Lowry's  father  was  Ballycreely  at  Bally- 
nahinch,  some  few  miles  from  Belfast.  Many 
of  the  men  of  the  fumily  held  commissions  in 
the  British  army.  For  several  years  Mr.  Pear- 
son was  a  successful  traveling  salesman  for  one 
of  the  leading  shoe  manufacturers  of  Brock- 
ton, Mass.  He  is  now  a  wholesale  and  retail 
dealer  in  installed  vacuum-cleaning  plants  and 
electrical  household  utilities.  Mr.  Pearson  is 
a  member  of  the  Brockton  Commercial  Club. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  Episcopalian  Club  of 
Massachusetts  and  as  a  choir  boy  participated 
in  many  of  the  choir  festivals  in  the  cathedral 
and  other  Boston  churches.  He  is  a  vestry- 
man of  St.  Paul's  Protestant  Episcopal  Church 
of  Brockton,  Mass. 

EDISON,  Thomas  Alva,  inventor,  b.  in  Alva, 
Ohio,  11  Feb.,  1847.  His  mother,  who  had 
been  a  teacher,  gave  him  the  little  schooling 
he  received,  and  at  the  age  of  twelve  he 
became  a  newsboy  on  the  Grand  Trunk  line 
running  into  Detroit  While  thus  engaged  he 
acquired  the  habit  of  reading.  He  also  studied 
qualitative  analysis,  and  conducted  chemical 
experiments  on  the  train  till  an  accident 
caused  the  prohibition  of  further  work  of 
the  kind  Afterward  he  obtained  the  exclusive 
right  of  selling  newspapers  on  the  road,  and, 
with  the  aid  of  four  assistants,  he  set  in 
type  and  printed  the  "  Grand  Trunk  Herald," 
which  he  sold  with  his  other  papers.  The 
operations  of  the  telegraph,  which  he  constantly 
witnessed  in  the  stations  along  the  road, 
awakened  his  interest,  and  he  improvised 
rude  means  of  transmitting  messages  be- 
tween his  father's  home  in  Port  Huron  and 
the  house  of  a  neighbor.  Finally  a  station- 
master,  whose  child  he  had  rescued  in  front 
of  a  comilig  train  at  the  risk  of  his  own  life, 


taught  him  telegraph  operating,  and  he  wan- 
dered for  several  years  over  the  United  States 
and  Canada,  acquiring  great  skill  in  this  art, 
but  frequently  neglected  his  practical  duties 
for  studies  and  experiments  in  electric  science. 
At  this  time  he  invented  an  automatic  re- 
peater, by  means  of  which  a  message  could 
be  transferred  from  one  wire  to  another 
without  the  aid  of  an  operator,  and  in  1864 
conceived  the  idea  of  sending  two  messages  at 
once  over  the  same  wire,  which  led  to  his  ex- 
periments in  duplex  telegraphy.  Later  he  was 
called  to  Boston  and  placed  in  charge  of  the 
"  crack  "  New  York  wire.  While  in  that  city 
he  continued  his  experiments,  and  perfected 
his  duplex  telegraph,  but  it  did  not  succeed 
till  1872.  He  came  to  New  York  in  1871, 
and  soon  afterward  became  superintendent  of 
the  Gold  and  Stock  Company,  inventing  the 
printing  telegraph  for  gold  and  stock  quota- 
tions. For  the  manufacture  of  this  appliance 
he  established  a  large  workshop  at  Newark, 
N.  J.,  and  continued  there  till  1876,  when  he 
removed  to  Menlo  Park,  N.  J.,  and  thence- 
forth devoted  his  whole  attention  to  inventing. 
Among  his  principal  inventions  are  his  sys- 
tem of  duplex  telegraphy,  which  he  subse- 
quently developed  into  quadruplex  and  sex- 
tuplex  transmission;  the  carbon  telephone 
transmitter,  now  used  by  nearly  all  telephones 
throughout  the  world,  in  which  the  variation 
in  the  current  is  produced  by  the  variable 
resistance  of  a  solid  conductor  subjected  to 
pressure,  rendering  more  faithfully  than  any 
other  transmitter  the  inflections  and  changes  in 
the  intensity  of  the  vocal  sounds  to  be  trans- 
mitted; the  microtasimeter,  used  for  the  de- 
tection, on  the  same  principle,  of  small  varia- 
tions in  temperature,  and  successfully  em- 
ployed during  the  total  eclipse  of  1878  to 
demonstrate  the  presence  of  heat  in  the  sun's 
corona;  the  aerophone,  which  may  be  used  to 
amplify  sound  without  impairing  the  dis- 
tinctness of  articulation;  and  the  megaphone, 
which,  when  inserted  in  the  ear,  so  magnifies 
sounds  that  faint  whispers  may  be  heard  at  a 
distance  of  1,000  feet.  The  phonograph,  which 
records  sound  in  such  a  manner  that  it  may 
be  reproduced  at  will;  and  the  phonometer,  an 
apparatus  for  measuring  the  force  of  sound- 
waves produced  by  the  human  voice,  are  in- 
ventions of  this  period.  His  attention  then 
became  absorbed  in  the  problem  of  electric 
lighting.  He  believed  that  the  process  of 
lighting  by  the  voltaic  arc,  in  which  great 
results  had  already  been  achieved  by  Charles 
F.  Brush,  would  never  answer  for  general 
illumination,  and  so  devoted  himself  to  the 
perfection  of  the  incandescent  lamp.  After 
entirely  perfecting  a  device  for  a  lamp  with  a 
platinum  burner,  he  adopted  a  filament  of 
carbon  inclosed  in  a  glass  chamber  from  which 
the  air  was  almost  completely  exhausted.  He 
also  solved  the  problem  of  the  commercial  sub- 
division of  the  light  in  a  system  of  general 
distribution  of  electricity,  like  gas,  and  in 
December,  1879,  gave  a  public  exhibition  in 
Menlo  Park  of  a  complete  system  of  electric 
lighting.  This  was  the  first  instance  of  sub- 
division of  the  electric  light,  and  created 
great  interest  throughout  the  world,  especially 
as  scientific  experts  had  testified  before  a 
committee  of  the  English  House  of  Commons 
in  the  previous  year  that  such  a  subdivision 

143 


EDISON 


EDISON 


was  impossible.  His  system  is  now  in  gen- 
eral use,  and  in  1882  Mr.  Edison  went  to 
New  York  for  the  purpose  of  supervising  its 
establishment  in  that  city.  From  1880  to 
1885,  while  still  engaged  in  developing  his 
electric  light  system,  he  found  opportunity  to 
plan  crushing  and  separating  machinery.  On 
this  subject  his  first  patent  was  issued  early 
in  1880.  Mr.  Edison  says:  "I  felt  certain 
that  there  must  be  large  bodies  of  magnetite 
in  the  East  which,  if  crushed  and  concen- 
trated, would  satisfy  the  wants  of  the  East- 
ern furnaces  for  steel-making.  Having  de- 
termined to  investigate  the  mountain  region 
of  New  Jersey,  I  constructed  a  very  sensitive 
magnetic  needle  which  would  dip  toward  the 
earth  if  brought  over  any  considerable  body 
of  magnetic  iron  ore.  ...  I  had  a  number  of 
men  survey  a  strip  reaching  from  Lower 
Canada  to  North  Carolina.  .  .  .  The  amount 
of  ore  disclosed  by  this  survey  was  simply 
fabulous."  Mr.  Edison,  conceiving  the  idea 
of  constructing  enormous  rolls  which  would 
be  capable  of  crushing  rocks  of  greater  size 
than  ever  before  attempted,  reasoned  that  the 
advantages  to  be  obtained  would  be  fourfold, 
viz.:  a  minimum  of  machinery  and  parts;  a 
greater  compactness ;  saving  of  power ;  and 
greater  economy  in  mining.  Through  no  fault 
of  the  inventor  or  the  invention,  the  colossal 
magnetic  ore-milling  enterprise  did  not  prove 
successful.  Hence  he  turned  his  attention 
toward  the  production  of  Portland  cement. 
He  began  to  manufacture  the  Edison  Port- 
land cement  by  new  processes,  some  of  which 
have  been  preserved  as  trade  secrets.  He  then 
set  himself  to  produce  the  "poured  cement 
house,"  which  involved  the  overcoming  of 
many  engineering  and  other  technical  diffi- 
culties, all  of  which  he  attacked  with  vigor 
and  disposed  of  patiently,  one  by  one.  The 
result  of  this  invention,  which  is  practically  a 
gift  to  the  workingman,  not  only  of  America, 
but  of  the  world,  will  be  that,  sooner  or  later, 
all  who  care  to  do  so  will  forsake  the  crowded 
and  insanitary  tenements,  and  be  comfortably 
housed  "  far  from  the  madding  crowd "  at 
a  mere  nominal  monthly  rental.  The  sug- 
gestion of  the  possibility  of  securing  the  re- 
productions of  animate  motion  was  made 
many  years  before  the  instantaneous  photo- 
graph became  possible.  The  kinetoscope  was 
the  earliest  form  of  exhibiting  machines. 
This  was  an  apparatus  by  which  a  positive 
print  was  exhibited  to  the  eyes  through  a 
small  aperture  or  peep-hole.  In  1895  the 
films  were  applied  to  magic  lanterns  in  modi- 
fied forms,  projecting  the  images  upon  a 
screen.  The  industry  has  developed  with 
great  rapidity  since  that  date,  and  all  the 
principal  manufacturers  of  motion  pictures 
are  paying  a  royalty  to  Edison  under  his 
basic  patents.  The  development  of  the  motion 
picture  has  resulted  in  the  creation  of  an  art 
that  must  always  make  a  special  appeal  to 
the  mind  and  emotions  of  mankind.  In  1900 
Mr.  Edison  undertook  to  solve  the  problem 
of  the  storage-battery.  After  completing 
more  than  ten  thousand  preliminary  experi- 
ments, he  began  to  obtain  some  positive  re- 
sults, and  now  has  so  far  perfected  the 
storage-battery  as  to  render  it  entirely  suit- 
able for  truck  and  automobile  work,  and  the 
moving    of     street     and     railroad    cars.       In 


"Popular  Electricity"  for  June,  1910,  Mr, 
Edison  says :  "  For  years  past  I  have  been  try- 
ing to  perfect  a  storage-battery,  and  have  now 
rendered  it  entirely  suitable  to  automobile  and 
other  work.  There  is  absolutely  no  reason 
why  horses  should  be  allowed  within  city 
limits;  for  between  the  gasoline  and  electric 
car,  no  room  is  left  for  them.  They  are  not 
needed.  The  cow  and  pig  have  gone,  and 
the  horse  is  still  more  undesirable  A  higher 
public  ideal  of  health  and  cleanliness  is  work- 
ing toward  such  banishment  very  swiftly;  and 
then  we  shall  have  decent  streets,  instead  of 
stables  made  out  of  strips  of  cobble-stones 
bordered  by  sidewalks."  Mr.  Edison  has  in- 
vented a  system  of  train-telegraphy  between 
stations  and  trains  in  motion,  by  which  mes- 
sages can  be  sent  from  the  moving  train  to 
the  central  office,  the  precursor  of  wireless 
telegraphy.  He  has  also  invented  a  method 
of  separating  placer  gold  by  a  dry  process. 
During  the  Spanish-American  War,  Edison 
suggested  to  the  navy  department  the  adop- 
tion of  a  compound  of  calcium  carbide  and 
calcium  phosphite,  which,  when  fired  in  a 
shell  from  a  gun,  would  explode  and  ignite 
on  striking  the  water,  thereby  producing  a 
blaze  that,  during  several  minutes,  would 
render  visible  the  vessels  of  a  hostile  fleet  for 
miles  around.  A  large  number  of  electrical 
instruments  are  included  in  Mr.  Edison's  in- 
ventions, many  of  them  in  their  original 
forms  being  devised  for  his  systems  of  light 
and  power.  Among  his  numerous  devices  for 
which  he  has  filed  caveats  at  the  patent  office 
in  Washington,  the  following  have  been 
named:  Forty -one  inventions  pertaining  to  the 
phonograph;  eight  forms  of  electric  lamps 
using  infusible  earthy  oxides  and  brought  to 
high  incandescence  in  vacuo  by  high  potential 
current  of  several  thousand  volts;  a  loud- 
speaking  telephone  with  quartz  cylinder  and 
beam  of  ultra-violet  light;  four  forms  of  arc 
light  with  special  carbons;  a  thermostatic 
motor;  a  device  for  mechanically  sealing  to- 
gether the  inside  part  and  bulb  of  an  incan- 
descent lamp;  regulators  for  dynamos  and 
motors;  three  devices  for  utilizing  vibrations 
beyond  the  ultra-violet;  a  great  variety  of 
methods  for  coating  incandescent  lamp  fila- 
ments with  silicon,  titanium,  chromium, 
osmium,  boron,  etc  ;  several  methods  of  mak- 
ing porous  filaments;  a  number  of  methods  of 
producing  squirted  filaments  of  various  ma- 
terials; seventeen  different  methods  and  de- 
vices for  separating  magnetic  ores;  a  con- 
tinuously operative  primary  battery;  a  musi- 
cal instrument  operating  one  of  Helmholtz's 
artificial  larynxes;  a  siren  operated  by  the 
explosion  of  small  quantities  of  oxygen  and 
hydrogen  mixed;  three  other  sirens  giving 
vocal  sounds  or  articulate  speech;  a  device  for 
projecting  sound-waves  to  a  distance  in  a 
straight  line  and  without  spreading,  on  the 
principle  of  smoke-rings;  a  device  for  con- 
tinuously indicating  on  a  galvanometer  the 
varying  depths  of  the  ocean;  a  method  of 
largely  preventing  the  friction  of  water 
against  the  hull  of  a  vessel,  and  incidentally 
preventing  fouling  by  barnacles;  a  telephone 
receiver  by  which  the  vibrations  of  the  dia- 
phragm are  appreciably  amplified;  two 
methods  of  space  telegraphy  at  sea;  an  im-  , 
proved     and     extended     string-telepfione ;     de- 


144 


31 


'^a^/^e^^ 


^rjy^ 


FERGUSON 


FERGUSON 


and  methodB  of  talking   thronkh 
onsiderable  distances:    an    n- 
pprsons;    a    aound-bridtr^'    "■' 
of    tubes    aix' 
,  sound :  «  m*^' 


l3.     Mr 
-  uQthing    th_.  . 

?eu  said  that  his  gues 

starting-point,    and 
dn»I  solution  of  a  ■ 
of   an    experimen 
he.   has   found    ?« 
i>rk.  thus  bringing 

ar«T    bv    «    p;o«-n!-h    o. 
"      In   mrs    Mr    Edi 


!f^d    in    1R73;    his   second   wife    was    Misa 
•  r,  of  Ohio. 

^KGITSON,  Francis  Marion,  contractor,  b. 

■  ,  1863,  at  Corydon,  Wayne  County,  la.; 

Denver,  Colo.,  22  June,  1910     Kis  father, 

'  r  Ferguson,  \\a8  a  pioneer  contractor  in 

\ay  construction,  and  an  important  factor 

e  history  of  several  of  the  foremost  rail- 

s  of  the  United  States.     His  business,  al- 

v  extensive  at  the  time  of  his  death,  was 

"nBt>ly  augmented  by  the  enterprise  of  his 

Francis   M     Ferguaoii   received   his   edu- 

■  n  in  the  public  schools  of  bis  UHfive  Btute, 

at  an  early  agv  entered  the  wider  .school 

tactical  experience,  as  an  employee  of  his 

.r.  who  was  a  firm  wliever  in  the  edru'.a 

..:'!  principle,  "learn  by  doing'      Moroovor. 

i.isisted    that    his    son    learn   the    business 

jl^y    from    the    bot>om       Thus,    hiR    tirsi 

;    ^jnment   was  as   "water   boy"   for   one   of 

:,  i  ither's  construction  gangs,  his  duly  biing 

--■p  the  men  supplied  witb^  drinkirit;  water 

.  as  if  imbued  with  tlie  strenuous  spirit  (»f 

..;:-.  lather,  the  boy  never  faltered,  and  ..>vrn  in 

this  humble  ciipHcity  soon  madi:  a  rtputavion 

for    unflagging    industry  ^'uid    an    umbition    to 

cope    with    every    duty    ag    it    emcr^vd,    whirli 

must   have   wof    promotion    for   any    Ind     »-vpn 

for  one  not  acl'talK    in  tr.'Muirig  for  tlv  lietid- 

:^hip   of  an   i'lrviuly   \A«.i   and    irjcr^visipfi   b\Hi 

ness      In   con«ei[ii»'».c'»'.   i  h'-n-?' tv.   or    lii.,  ^nifh 

fulne'.:iS     and     wiHingneHS     o       -'l  f\\ .     )*'•     '^us 

steadily  proinot('<i   to  more  i\nd  ri.;r<-  r<-)|  oMr^!- 

ble   positrons.   ;is   h'B   uhiliticr,    w  k    ,i'v.d<.p»Ml. 

and   in    LSS'>  ai.  '  lu*  y<HJl.|itul  ugr  of  t;\(.ntT  sj\ 

years,    lie    had    f  rov  d    l.-mwclf    \y'>r*'ny    i<>    nn 

sume  the  du'l'-i.  ..l    {)art'"M    vsiih   !    ..  father   in 

the    firm    of    (divir    F»'r;^»!'^;on    i*u'\    *<on.    tl^n 

organized.      The   h'-vj    finr*    rontinurd    aetivkdy 


»  i.ter  '  in  the  work  of  railway  construction,  and,  as  if 

la    demonstriation   of    the    extraordinary   apti- 

v:d»  and  enterprise  of  the  young  partner,  its 

•  •ions    were    so    rapidly    extended    as    to 

!e  their  former  profits  within  the  next  six 

In  1896,  after  the  death  of  his  father, 

Ferguson    removed    to    New    York    City, 

"  '•'■'^^    the   co-operation    of    his    brother 

aiong  whom   may  be  mentioned 

n,    a    former    treasurer    of    thf 

-    he  organized  the  Ferguson  Con- 

;pany,    with    offue*   at    37    Wall 

:  «•  new  company  Francis  M    Fer-, 

«.4l#»  orsfanizing  and   directing 

'to  bis  executive 

1    men  and  condi- 

■    -n  dia<^overing 

o  \w  encoun- 

V*  !)   contract 

unujue 

rtutly  in 

U  i«  esti- 

tg    his    «*«jm- 

ifjtfjd     more 

.    vvjis   fdenti- 

••  ";,   Ti^T  .  Lhe   Kr*:nSfc*t 

raif-.tMsd  Th  Esst  and 

'■'-'.     C'. -.....»■  •-     ..........;    ..-..!.   waa  th*^  ex- 

n  of  the  Wabash  Kaihvay  into  Pi; is 
^1j(  1;  ;irKu;'.:h  but  twelve  miles  in 
■■\  difficultios.  Several 
u,  notably  that  on  the 
f^n^u'  ..;  ;r«e  Bonongahela  River 
•  i,in  yardfi  in  ItiDgth  and  cost  at  a 
r^ve  ^-.weeding  |4(K),000  ptT  mi^H.  AT:;\ong 
other  notable  contracts  were  tweTity-eiirht 
miles  Of  track  for  the  West  Side  Bt;!t  Raiiro;.!, 
at  Pittsburgh;  twenty  miles  for  the  IMUs 
burgh,  Bessemer  and  Lake  Erie  Hailroad;  fif- 
teen miles  for  the  Erie  and  Jersey  Railroad 
above  Port  Jervis,  where  unusually  l«oa.vy 
grades  were  encountered  and  unusually  large 
cuts  made;  also  the  Coal  and  Coke  Road  in 
West  Virginia,  and  on  the  "  INfarkay  System,'' 
in  Indiana,  ""onsideralde  construction  work 
was  also  done  for  the  Chesapeake  and  Ohio, 
the  Baltimore  and  Ohio,  th'^  Pennsyhanir'  and 
the  Lake  Shore  Railroad.s,  as  well  o.s  for  tl:e 
N'ew  York  Wt?«tohester  and  Boston  Sn'Mir 
ban  lines  Extensive  improvements  v,  v-ro  ai)=^o 
made  in  river  and  canal  C(mdit;ous-.  iiu'lvd 
>ng  a  larjre  contract  on  the  Erie  Cana'  for 
building  rwo  of  the  InrgCi^t  locks  a'  V^'.■1  - 
ford,  N.  Y  In  several  of  llu^  states  bor '.';■•  - 
on  the  Missiiaippi  iind  il«>  tribuf a>'i'*s,  lir.-. 
levees,  which  were  built,  required  tin-  K-io-i'Miv; 
of  over  0,000,000  cubic  yar.!"  of  '-:••.-  -  '^nii 
anotlier  of  the  out  Tprise.-*  of  t\v  i'-'-n-  ';^  '\'<- 
ooiistructj'>n  of  o\'r   100  jnit<"--i    '  li.-V- 

■■\i\y  in  iliG   Si.-ite  of   Indir.i'.;)        '. 
of    the.^0   \ind;  rt;»kin«xs,    v-.b:.;: 
.'ver.    but   a    °,Tn;;U    pur^i.i     (•.      'm      x.i'^    mvMit 
bA    Ibo   i  ..•r::ii"on   {  -oi.'-.     ;•■.-   •  ..:-  ■.;  ::  .  .  •; 

■  o    in»/;(:'*,e   rhe   <^\-    pi  ' 
c^'utivt    bi-aii        l'V.:n.  '  ^ 
')•'    t!ie    yoiao.'.et     ^■'•'v  i ::  >     r 
iY>\cU)r  ,  :\nf)    1/1  ;  ;i"\.   ;    .  •  .sli    • 
I  of    tbr.-o'l-)'    -,<^Jl,:i  .   ;■   ..        f    !  '■ 
j  II -;r    of     s[>t  (•  111    y.i.'i       "-;'• 
(■r*-:isi);'_'  oM'jM'i    '■■.     '     ;'•. 
I  <!eavb.    ..t    ;>    ;-.->!.;.:.'■■.• 
:  t<'2H'd    by   "\;c'i  ■  "    ''•    ' 
I  of    !^>:.vf'       ■'-:>>.  r 


AIKENS 


BOGUE 


on  the  very  day  on  which  he  had  submitted 
his  bid.  Mr.  Ferguson  was  married  1  Oct., 
1905,  to  Bertha  B.  Henshaw,  of  Chicago,  who 
survives  him  with  one  daughter.  His  ac- 
quaintance in  business  circles  was  extensive, 
particularly  among  those  of  railroad  and  con- 
tracting interests.  At  the  time  of  his  death 
he  was  president,  treasurer,  and  director  of 
the  Ferguson  Contracting  Company;  president 
of  the  Cobleskill  Crushed  Stone  Company; 
chairman  of  the  board  of  directors  of  the  Fer- 
guson and  Edmondson  Company;  of  the  Fer- 
guson-Gerow  Company,  Limited,  and  of  the 
Hamilton  Contracting  Company.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  New  York,  Manhattan,  New 
York  Athletic,  Lawyers'  and  Economic  Clubs, 
and  of  the  Business  Railway  Association. 

AIKENS,  Andrew  Jackson,  editor,  b.  at 
Barnard,  Vt.,  31  Oct.,  1830;  d.  in  Milwaukee, 
Wis.,  22  Jan.,  1909.  He  completed  the  high 
school  course  at  Barnard  at  the  age  of  fif- 
teen, and  served  an  apprenticeship  of  four 
years  in  a  printing-office  at  Woodstock,  Vt. 
His  ability  as  a  WTiter  soon  gained  recogni- 
tion and  at  an  early  age  he  became  editor 
of  the  Woodstock  newspaper.  Shortly  after 
he  established  a  weekly  paper  at  Bennington, 
Vt.,  and  later,  one  at  North  Adams,  Mass, 
He  was  engaged  for  a  time  as  reporter  in  the 
State  legislature  for  a  Boston  paper,  leaving 
that  employment  to  act  as  western  corre- 
spondent for  the  New  York  "Evening  Post." 
In  1854  he  visited  Milwaukee  and  secured  the 
editorship  of  the  "  Evening  Wisconsin,"  to 
whose  upbuilding  he  devoted  all  his  energies 
until  it  became  one  of  the  most  prominent  and 
prosperous  newspapers  of  the  West.  Mr. 
Aikens  deserves  particular  notice  as  the  origi- 
nator of  the  so-called  "  patent  inside,"  now 
so  widely  used  by  country  newspapers.  On 
the  plan  of  supplying  to  such  publications 
ready  printed  inside  pages  including  general 
news,  fiction,  and  useful  and  amusing  items, 
together  with  considerable  advertising,  several 
large  establishments  throughout  the  country 
now  conduct  a  thriving  business,  while  greatly 
assisting  small  editors,  who  are  thus  saved  the 
preparation  of  so  much  copy  and  the  cost  of 
additional  printing.  The  country  editor  then 
fills  only  the  outside  pages  with  local  news 
and  advertising.  This  plan  was  originated 
during  the  Civil  War,  when,  owing  to  the  ab- 
sence of  so  many  men  at  the  front,  small  local 
editors  were  often  unable  to  bring  out  edi- 
tions of  their  papers.  One  of  these  appealed 
to  Mr.  Aikens  for  assistance  in  1863,  and  he 
forthwith  devised  the  ready  expedient  of  re- 
printing the  inside  pages  of  the  "  Evening 
Wisconsin"  with  the  front  and  back  pages  of 
the  local  newspaper. 

•  BERWIND,  Edward  J.,  financier,  b  in  Phil- 
adelphia, 17  June,  1848.  He  was  graduated 
in  the  U.  S  Naval  Academy,  Annapolis,  Md  , 
in  1869,  and  appointed  ensign  in  the  navy, 
4  July,  1870.  In  due  course  of  service  he 
became  a  master  24  March,  1872,  but  retired 
on  14  May,  1875,  his  title  being  changed  to 
lieutenant  (junior  grade)  3  March,  1883 
After  his  retirement,  Mr  Berwind  gave  his  at- 
tention to  business  enterprises,  particularly  in 
connection  with  the  production  and  distribu- 
tion of  coal.  He  founded,  and  became  presi- 
dent of,  the  Berwind-White  Coal  Mining 
Company,    which    is    now    one    of    the    largest 


concerns  of  its  kind  in  the  country,  control- 
ling several  extensive  mines.  Mr.  Berwind  is 
also  president  of  the  International  Coal  Com- 
pany, the  Havana  Coal  Company,  the  Wilmore 
Coal  Company,  and  the  Ocean  Coal  Company; 
is  a  trustee  of  the  Morton  Trust  Company; 
is  a  director  of  the  Alexandria  Coal  Company, 
of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  and  Santa  Fe  Railway 
Company,  the  Fifth  Avenue  Trust  Company, 
the  Santa  Fe,  Prescott  and  Phoenix  Railway, 
the  Virginia  Iron,  Coal  and  Coke  Company,  the 
Colorado  and  Southern  Railroad,  the  National 
Bank  of  Commerce,  and  the  Girard  Trust  Com- 
pany of  Philadelphia.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Metropolitan,  Union,  University,  New  York 
Yacht,  Racquet  and  Tennis,  and  Riding  Clubs 
of  New  York  City;  of  the  Philadelphia  Club 
of  Philadelphia,  the  Union  Club  of  Boston, 
and  the  Metropolitan  Club  of  Washington. 
He  is  also  a  member  of  the  U.  S.  Naval  Acad- 
emy Alumni  Association,  and  of  the  Metro- 
politan Museum  of  Art,  Geographical  Society, 
and  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History. 
BOGUE,  Virgil  Gay,  civil  engineer,  b.  in 
Norfolk,  N  Y.,  16  July,  1846;  d.  at  sea,  on 
steamship  "  Esperanza,"  14  Oct.,  1916,  son  of 
George  Charles  and  Mary  W.  (Perry)  Bogue. 
Through  his  father  he  was  directly  descended 
from  John  Bogue,  of  Glasgow,  Scotland,  who 
came  to  this  country  in  1680  and  settled  at 
East  Haddam,  Mass.  His  father,  George  Chase 
Bogue,  was  a  prominent  broker  on  the  Produce 
Exchange,  well  able  to  give  his  son  all  the 
advantages  of  a  thorough  education.  After 
his  preliminary  school  training,  young  Bogue 
was  a  student  at  the  Claverack  School,  a  mili- 
tary academy  on  the  Hudson.  At  the  age  of 
fifteen  he  entered  General  Russell's  School  at 
New  Haven,  Conn.,  also  a  military  institu- 
tion which  prepared  boys  for  admission  to 
West  Point.  From  this  school,  where  he  stood 
highest  in  his  class,  he  entered  Rensselaer 
Poly  technique  Institute,  graduating  in  1868  as 
grand  marshal  of  his  class,  and  with  the  de- 
gree of  C.E.  Before  the  close  of  that  year 
he  received  an  appointment  as  assistant  engi- 
neer of  Prospect  Park,  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 
He  did  not  remain  long  here,  however,  for  soon 
afterward  he  went  to  South  America  and 
assisted  in  the  construction  of  the  Oroya  Rail- 
road, the  famous  trans- Andean  system,  in  Peru,  ; 
an  experience  which  covered  eight  years.  Then, 
for  a  year,  he  was  manager  of  the  Trujillo 
Railroad,  also  in  Peru.  Returning  to  the 
United  States,  Mr.  Bogue  became  assistant 
engineer  of  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad,  his 
experience  in  building  railroads  over  mountain- 
ous country  making  him  especially  valuable, 
some  of  the  work  he  had  performed  on  the 
Oroya  Railroad  being  over  15,000  feet  above 
sea  level.  It  was  during  this  period  of  his 
professional  career  that  Mr.  Bogue  discovered 
the  Stampede  Pass  in  the  Cascade  Mountains 
and  supervised  the  construction  of  that  branch 
of  the  Northern  Pacific  across  Idaho  and 
Washington.  In  1886  he  resigned  his  posi- 
tion to  become  chief  engineer  of  the  Union 
Pacific  Railroad,  a  position  he  filled  for  five 
years,  also  acting  as  chief  engineer  of  the 
Western  Pacific  Railroad  for  a  period.  He 
was  in  charge  of  the  construction  of  the  latter 
railroad  and  its  western  terminus,  on  San 
Francisco  Bay.  In  1891,  Mr.  Bogue  went  tc 
New  York  and  there  opened  an  office  as  a  con- 


146 


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I  I 


J 


PARKER 


STRUVE 


suiting  engineer,  after  which  he  was  at  various 
times  employed  by  a  great  number  of  big  in- 
vestors, corporations,  and  four  governments, 
both  in  this  country  and  abroad.  During  these 
later  years  he  led  a  very  busy  life,  for  by 
this  time  he  had  acquired  an  international 
reputation  as  one  of  the  foremost  civil  engi- 
neers of  the  world.  Among  some  of  the  big 
construction  undertakings  of  which  he  was 
consulted  were  the  railroad  across  South 
Island,  in  New  Zealand,  and  the  terminal  of 
the  Western  Maryland  Railroad,  in  Baltimore, 
the  latter  being  built  according  to  his  plans 
and  under  his  supervision.  He  has  done  con- 
siderable consulting  work  on  the  Canadian 
Pacific  and  the  Grand  Trunk  Pacific,  on  the 
latter  building  the  terminal  at  Prince  Rupert, 
British  Columbia,  also  for  the  Tehuantepec 
Railroad,  Mexico.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
commission  of  experts  appointed  by  President 
Harrison  to  survey  the  Columbia  River  and  to 
devise  means  for  deepening  it  for  navigation. 
He  prepared  the  plan  and  report  for  Greater 
Seattle,  Wash.,  and  for  the  harbor  of  Tacoma 
and  for  Gray's  Harbor,  Wash.  Under  the  ad- 
ministration of  Mayor  Strong  he  acted  as  con- 
sulting engineer  for  the  Department  of  Public 
Works,  of  New  York  City,  trom  1905  to 
1909  he  was  chief  engineer  and  vice-president 
of  the  Western  Pacific  Railroad.  In  the  civil 
engineering  world  of  his  time,  Mr.  Bogue  easily 
stood  forth  as  one  of  its  foremost  figures,  one 
whose  opinion  and  advice  were  sought  and 
given  weighty  consideration  all  over  the  civ- 
ilized globe.  His  peculiar  specialty  was  solving 
the  difficulties  of  railroad  construction  over 
country  so  rough  and  mountainous  as  to  puzzle 
the  skill  of  the  average  engineer,  and  here  his 
superior  knowledge  was  frankly  recognized  by 
his  colleagues  in  the  profession.  As  a  per- 
sonality he  was  no  less  respected  and  ad- 
mired. He  was  a  man  of  remarkable  poise; 
he  had  the  reputation  of  never  having  shown 
anger.  Rugged  as  the  mountains  whose  ridges 
and  spurs  he  overcame,  he  was  direct  in  his 
dealings  with  his  fellow  men,  in  consequence  of 
which  he  numbered  his  friends  among  the  peo- 
ple of  many  lands  and  of  many  tongues.  Mr. 
Bogue  was  a  member  of  the  American  Society 
of  Civil  Engineers  (also  a  director)  and  a 
fellow  of  the  American  Geographic  Society. 
ne  was  also  a  member  of  the  Union  League 
Club,  in  New  York,  the  Merchants'  Associa- 
tion, the  Engineers'  Club,  the  Pacific  Union 
Club,  of  San  Francisco,  and  various  other 
clubs.  On  1  March,  1872,  Mr.  Bogue  married 
Sybil  Estelle  Russell,  the  daughter  of  John 
Russell,  of  Canton,  N.  Y.,  and  a  sister  of  the 
late  Justice  Leslie  W.  Russell.  They  have 
had  four  children,  three  of  whom  survive: 
Samuel  Russell,  and  Virginia  and  Malcolm 
Bogue. 

PARKER,  Robert  Meade,  railroad  president 
and  manufacturer,  b.  in  Newark,  N.  J.,  19 
Sept.,  1864,  son  of  Hon.  Cortlandt  and  Eliza- 
beth (Stites)  Parker.  His  earliest  American 
ancestor  was  Elisha  Parker,  a  native  of  Eng- 
land, who  settled  in  Barnstable,  Mass.,  in  1640, 
and  removed  to  New  Jersey  in  1667.  Mr. 
Parker's  father,  Hon.  Cortlandt  Parker,  was 
a  noted  jurist,  diplomat,  and  orator.  For  two 
years  (1878-80)  he  attended  St.  Paul's  School, 
at  Concord,  N.  H.,  and  after  a  year  at  Philips 
Exeter   Academy,   completed   his   education   at 


Princeton  University,  where  he  graduated 
A.B.,  in  1885.  He  served  for  a  short  time  as 
clerk  in  the  office  of  the  president  of  the  Erie 
Railroad  Company,  becoming  a  division  freight 
agent  in  1890,  and  six  years  later  assistant 
general  freight  agent.  He  was  promoted  to 
general  freight  agent  in  1902,  successfully  fill- 
ing that  office  until  1905,  when  he  became 
traffic  manager  of  the  American  Sugar  Refin- 
ing Company.  He  was  elected  president  of  the 
Brooklyn  Cooperage  Company  in  1906,  which 
position  he  has  held  until  the  present  time. 
He  is  also  president  of  the  Pennsylvania  Stave, 
the  Butler  County  Railroad,  and  the  Great 
Western  Land  Companies,  and  vice-president 
of  the  Oleona  Railroad  Company.  Mr.  Parker 
is  interested  in  military  affairs,  particularly 
in  the  volunteer  service.  He  served  as  a  pri- 
vate in  the  Essex  Troop  of  New  Jersey  for 
eight  years,  and  on  the  outbreak  of  the 
Spanish-American  War  received  a  commission 
in  the  Twelfth  Infantry,  New  York  Volunteers, 
having  charge  of  the  field  equipment  of  the 
regiment.  He  resigned  his  commission  at  the 
close  of  the  war;  later  he  joined  the  Twelfth 
Regiment,  N.  Y.  N.  G.,  and  was  elected  cap- 
tain of  Company  A  in  1900.  He  resigned  1 
Jan.,  1908.  Mr.  Parker  is  a  member  of  the 
University,  Union,  Brook,  New  York  Yacht, 
and  Midday  Clubs,  and  of  Holland  Lodge, 
Free  and  Accepted  Masons,  of  New  York  City. 
He  is  also  a  member  of  the  Essex  Club  of 
Newark,  N.  J. 

STRUVE,  Henry  G.,  lawyer,  b.  in  the  Grand 
Duchy  of  Oldenburg,  Germany,  17  Nov.,  1836, 
son  of  Frederick  W.  and  Marie  Margaret 
(Classen)  Struve.  He  received  an  academic 
education  in  the  German  schools,  but  in  1852 
came  to  this  country.  He  went  to  the  Western 
coast  in  1854  and  settled  in  Amidor  County, 
Cal.,  where  he  pursued  various  occupations 
for  a  number  of  years,  numbering  among  them 
mining,  the  study  of  law,  and  journalism.  In 
1859  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  but  in 
February,  1860,  removed  to  Vancouver  County, 
Wash.,  and  purchased  the  Vancouver  "  Chron- 
icle," which  he  conducted  for  one  year. 
In  the  winter  of  1861  he  resumed  law  practice, 
and  soon  afterward  was  elected  district  at- 
torney of  the  Second  Judicial  District  of  Wash- 
ington, serving  for  nearly  four  terms  by  re- 
election, and  resigning  from  the  office  in  1869. 
In  1865  he  was  elected  to  the  State  legislature, 
in  which  he  was  a  member  and  chairman  of 
the  judiciary  committee,  and  in  1867  he  was 
elected  to  the  legislative  council  ( State  senate ) 
and  served  as  its  president  for  the  first  bi- 
ennial session,  and  also  for  the  session  of 
1869-70.  He  was  also  chairman  of  the  Ways 
and  Means  Committee,  and  in  that  capacity 
introduced  the  common  property  law,  an  im- 
portant measure  regulating  the  rights  in  prop- 
erty interests  of  married  people  and  was 
largely  instrumental  in  securing  its  passage. 
In  1871  Mr.  Struve  once  more  took  up  jour- 
nalistic work  in  Olympia,  Wash  ,  as  managing 
editor  of  the  "  Daily  Courier,"  the  leading 
daily  Republican  newspaper  of  the  territory. 
He  soon  won  a  wide  reputation  liiroughout 
the  State  for  his  fearless  expression  of  his 
views  and  convictions  as  to  public  matters; 
his  clear  vision  and  vigorous  thought,  and  his 
elegant  diction  and  unusual  gifts  of  expres- 
sion.    In  recognition  of  his  signal  services  in 

147 


STRUVE 


HART 


behalf  of  the  Republican  party  in  his  State 
and  his  general  ability,  Mr.  Struve  was  ap- 
pointed by  President  Grant  as  secretary  of 
Washington  Territory,  which  position  he  re- 
tained until  the  end  of  General  Grant's  first 
presidential  term  In  1882  he  was  chosen  as 
a  delegate  to  the  National  Republican  Con- 
vention which  nominated  Grant  for  his  second 
presidential  term  In  1877  he  was  appointed  a 
member  of  the  commission  to  codify  the  laws 
of  Washington  Territory.  After  one  year's 
work,  however,  he  found  his  public  duties  so 
far  interfering  with  his  professional  life  that 
he  was  compelled  to  resign  from  the  commis- 
sion Two  years  later  he  removed  to  Seattle, 
then  fast  becoming  the  metropolis  of  the 
Northwest  coast,  and  formed  a  law  partner- 
ship with  John  Leary  under  the  firm  name 
of  Struve  and  Leary.  In  1880  Col.  J.  C. 
Haines  became  a  partner;  after  four  years  of 
successful  practice  Maurice  McMicken  took 
Mr  Leary's  place,  and  in  1889,  Colonel  Haines 
withdrew.  In  1893  Senator  John  B  Allen  be- 
came associated  with  the  firm  as  a  member,  and 
a  reorganization  took  place  under  the  style  of 
Struve,  Allen,  Hughes  and  McMicken.  Judge 
Struve  had  become  prominently  identified  with 
the  civic  life  of  Seattle  when,  in  1882,  he  was 
elected  mayor.  He  served  for  two  terms,  by 
re-election  His  administration  of  the  affairs 
of  the  city  was  notable  for  the  many  improve- 
ments made,  and  an  increase  in  population 
from  5,000  to  10,000  inhabitants  He  was  also 
interested  in  the  cause  of  higher  education, 
and  in  1879  was  appointed  regent  of  the  Terri- 
torial University,  serving  by  reappointment 
until  the  expiration  of  four  terms,  for  the  most 
of  which  time  he  was  president  of  the  board. 
He  did  much  to  extend  and  perfect  facilities 
for  public  education  in  Seattle,  and  from  1844 
to  1887  was  a  director  on  the  board  of  educa- 
tion of  tliat  city  and  was  responsible  for  many 
improvements  in  the  public  school  system  He 
was  reappointed  advocate-general  in  1886,  and 
was  supervising  court  reporter  in  1887,  having 
under  his  charge  the  preparation  of  the  third 
volume  of  Washington  Territorial  Reports 
He  was  one  of  the  board  of  freeholders,  which, 
in  1890,  drew  up  the  city  charter,  in  accord- 
ance with  which  the  municipal  affairs  of  Seattle 
are  now  conducted,  and  served  on  that  body 
as  chairman  of  the  committee  on  judiciary 
and  title  lands.  Another  innovation  in  the 
municipal  affairs  of  Seattle,  which  Avas  largely 
due  to  Mr  Struve's  initiative  and  executive 
ability,  is  the  cable  system  of  street  railways 
of  that  city  He  was  himself  a  large  stock- 
holder in  the  Madison  Street  line,  and  its 
president  from  the  time  of  its  organization 
to  1899  He  was  also  one  of  the  organizers  of 
the  Home  Insurance  Company  and  an  incor- 
porator of  the  Boston  National  Bank,  having 
served  on  its  board  of  directors  and  as  its 
president  Mr.  Struve  is  a  member  of  the 
Independent  Order  of  Odd  Fellows  and  other 
societies  In  1874  he  was  elected  grand 
master  of  the  Grand  Lodge  of  Odd  Fellows 
in  Oregon,  which  embraced  under  its  jurisdic- 
tion the  States  of  Washington,  Oregon,  and 
Idaho  In  1876  he  was  elected  representative 
sovereign  of  the  Grand  Lodge  of  the  Order 
He  married  in  October,  1863,  Lascelle  Knighton, 
at  Vancouver,  Wash.,  and  is  the  father  of  four 
children. 


WAKEFIELD,  William  J.  C,  lawyer,  b.  in 
Ludlow,  Vt.,  4  Sept.,  1862,  son  of  Luther  F. 
and  Lorinda  L.  (Place)  Wakefield.  He  traces 
his  descent  from  John  Wakefield,  who  emi- 
grated to  this  country  from  Gravesend,  Eng- 
land, in  1647,  settling  in  Martha's  Vineyard, 
Mass.  On  his  maternal  side  he  is  a  descend- 
ant of  old  New  England  stock.  He  was  edu- 
cated in  the  public  schools  of  Ludlow,  and 
was  graduated  at  Dartmouth  College  in  1885. 
Going  West  thereafter  he  taught  school  in 
Austin,  Nev.  He  then  studied  law  in  the 
oflSce  of  Judge  McKenna.  After  spending 
some  time  in  Nevada,  he  removed  to  San  Jos6, 
Cal.,  where  he  completed  his  legal  studies  in 
the  office  of  Archer  and  Bowden.  He  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1889,  and  then  moved 
to  Spokane,  Wash.,  where  he  engaged  in  the 
practice  of  law  with  Judge  L.  B.  Nash,  a 
partnership  which  continued  until  1892,  when 
he  associated  with  George  M.  Forster,  form- 
ing the  firm  of  Forster  and  Wakefield.  Fol- 
lowing the  death  of  Mr  Forster  in  1905,  he 
organized  with  A  W.  Witherspoon  the  firm 
of  Wakefield  and  Witherspoon,  a  connection 
he  still  continues.  Through  their  conscien- 
tious and  aggressive  efforts  in  the  interests 
of  clients,  during  the  past  twenty  years,  they 
have  established  a  large  and  profitable  prac- 
tice. Since  1890  Mr.  Wakefield  has  held  the 
office  of  master  of  chancery  in  the  U.  S  cir- 
cuit court.  He  was  a  member  of  the  national 
guard  of  Nevada  and  Washington  for  many 
years,  retiring  from  the  latter  with  the  rank 
of  lieutenant-colonel  and  chief  signal  officer. 
He  is  an  officer  and  director  in  many  corpora- 
tions that  are  active  in  the  development  of 
the  resources  of  Eastern  Washington,  North- 
ern Idaho,  and  Western  Montana.  Through- 
out his  long  residence  in  Spokane,  Mr.  Wake- 
field has  been  prominently  identified  with  its 
welfare  and  progress,  and  is  an  enthusiastic 
supporter  of  every  movement  to  advance  its 
material  interests.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
American,  W^ashington,  and  Spokane  Bar  As- 
socations  and  of  many  social,  educational,  and 
athletic  clubs  On  10  June,  1896,  he  mar- 
ried Louise,  daughter  of  Arnold  Annmann,  of 
Springfield,   111 ,   and  they  have   six  children. 

HART,  William  Henry,  manufacturer,  b.  in 
New  Britain,  Conn.,  25  July,  1834,  son  of 
George  and  Elizabeth  Frances  (Booth)  Hart. 
He  is  a  direct  descendant  of  Stephen  Hart, 
who  came  to  this  country  from  South  Bain- 
tree,  England,  early  in  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury and  settled  in  Farmington,  Conn.  On 
his  maternal  side,  his  grandparents  were  Cyrus 
and  Nancy  ( North )  Booth,  of  New  Britain  ( the 
latter  a  sister  of  Seth  J.  North).  His  father, 
George  Hart  (1800-90),  was  engaged  in  truck- 
ing, stage  and  express  business,  between  New 
Britain  and  Hartford  Upon  the  opening  of 
the  New  Britain  station  (H.  P.  &  F.  R,  R.) 
1  Jan.,  1850,  he  became  its  first  passenger  and  _ 
freight  agent.  W^illiam  H.  Hart  was  educated  M 
in  the  public  schools  of  his  native  town,  and  |P 
with  his  studies  combined  the  responsibility 
of  assisting  his  father  at  the  railroad  station, 
assuming  the  clerical  work  of  the  passenger 
and  freight  departments.  At  the  age  of  seven- 
teen, his  executive  ability  was  already  notable, 
and  he  was  authorized  by  the  superintendent 
to  make  special  transportation  contracts  for 
the  company,  of  which  he  thus  became  nomi- 


148 


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HART 


nally  the  acting  agent.  This  was  an  unusual 
burden  for  a  lad  of  seventeen,  but  he  never- 
theless kept  up  his  school  work  and  was  grad- 
uated from  the  New  Britain  high  school  at 
the  age  of  nineteen.  Upon  his  graduation  he 
devoted  himself  entirely  to  railroad  work.  He 
rapidly  made  friends  among  the  traveling  pub- 
lic, among  whom  F.  T.  Stanley  and  C.  B. 
Erwin,  president  of  the  Russell  and  Erwin 
Manufacturing  Company,  attracted  by  the 
young  man's  assiduous  attention  to  his  duties, 
prevailed  upon  the  senior  Hart  to  permit  his 
son  to  accept  a  position  with  the  Stanley 
Works,  at  New  Britain,  of  which  Mr.  Stanley 
was  founder  and  president,  and  Mr.  Erwin  a 
director.  The  Stanley  Works  was  incorporated 
in  New  JcJritain  in  August,  1852,  for  the  manu- 
facture of  wrought-iron  door  butts  and  hinges. 
In  March,  1854,  he  entered  the  employ  of  this 
concern  and  two  months  later,  16  May,  1854, 
although  only  nineteen,  was  elected  its  secre- 
tary and  treasurer.  Such  rapid  advancement 
needs  no  commentary.  When  Mr.  Hart  be- 
came connected  with  the  Stanley  Company  its 
capital  was  but  $30,000,  it  employed  but 
twenty-five  hands,  and  the  nature  of  current 
competition  made  its  outlook  rather  dubious. 
Within  six  years  after  his  selection  as  secre- 
tary and  treasurer  he  assumed  general  man- 
agement of  the  business.  The  most  formi- 
dable of  its  competitors  at  this  time  was  the 
West  Troy  Hinge  Company  of  West  Troy, 
N.  Y.,  situated  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Hudson 
River,  opposite  the  Burden  Iron  Works  of 
Troy,  from  whom  hinge  manufacturers  bought 
their  raw  material.  This  advantageous  loca- 
tion, combined  with  the  fact  that  a  branch 
of  the  Erie  Canal  was  within  200  feet  of  its 
shipping-room  door,  enabled  this  competitor  to 
receive  the  raw  material  and  ship  the  finished 
product  at  an  average  of  $5.00  less  per  ton 
than  the  various  transshipments  cost  the 
Stanley  Works.  Furthermore,  its  capital  was 
about  half  a  million  dollars  and  the  company 
manufactured  a  much  larger  line  than  the 
Stanley  Works,  which  enabled  it  to  control 
90  per  cent,  of  the  trade.  Mr.  Hart  essayed 
to  combat  these  apparently  insurmountable 
disadvantages  with  such  superior  efficiency 
that  this  competitor  was  finally  included 
among  the  numerous  concerns  absorbed  by  the 
Stanley  Works.  This  is  entirely  due  to  his 
genius  for  detail,  the  very  cornerstone  of  suc- 
cess in  manufacturing.  He  made  an  exhaus- 
tive study  of  the  various  methods  of  factory 
operation,  and  effected  surprising  economies 
in  the  diff'erent  branches.  He  immediately 
recognized  the  extravagance  of  the  methods  in 
vogue  in  the  manufacture  of  hinges,  and  grad- 
ually reduced  the  number  of  operations  to  less 
than  one-half.  By  substituting  machinery  in 
place  of  hand  power  he  lowered  the  labor  cost 
to  about  one-third  and  saved  17  per  cent,  in 
metal  without  aff'ecting  the  weight  or  quality 
of  the  product  He  invented  the  "  Hart  cor- 
rugated hinge,"  in  which  the  corrugations  were 
extended  from  the  strap,  around  the  pin  at 
the  joint,  greatly  strengthening  the  weakest 
spot  in  u  hinge.  The  value  of  this  achieve- 
ment is  universally  recognized.  He  made  and 
patented  the  first  wrought  barrel  bolt,  in  which 
the  entire  barrel  was  made  of  one  piece  of 
metal,  superseding  the  former  style  of  bolt  of 
four    pieces.      In    all    the    other    departments 


also  he  introduced  important  changes.  In 
1868  the  company  resumed  the  manufacture  of 
wrought-iron  door  butts,  which  it  had  discon- 
tinued in  1857  because  of  insufficient  capital. 
This  resumption  was  due  to  the  demands  of 
the  hardware  dealers  who  preferred  to  pur- 
chase both  wrought-iron  butts  and  hinges 
from  the  same  manufacturer.  Under  Mr. 
Hart's  management  the  company's  business 
then  began  to  attain  remarkable  proportions, 
and  for  years  it  has  controlled  a  large  per- 
centage of  the  entire  wrought  door  butt  busi- 
ness of  the  United  States.  He  originated  a 
large  proportion  of  the  varied  products  added 
during  the  fifty  years,  18o7  to  1907,  which 
compose  the  extensive  line  now  manufactured 
by  the  Stanley  Works,  many  of  which  he  pat- 
ented. He  invented  the  machinery  by  which 
three  butts  instead  of  one  were  made  at  one 
operation,  and  by  further  experimenting  along 
such  lines  he  introduced  a  process  that  revolu- 
tionized the  manufacture  of  builders'  hard- 
ware. It  resulted  in  the  Stanley  Works  being 
the  first  in  this  country  to  bring  iron  hoops 
and  bands  to  uniform  thickness,  thereby  ma- 
terially reducing  the  labor  cost;  the  first  to 
produce  a  fine  surface  by  passing  the  cold 
metal  between  highly  polished  steel  rolls,  and 
the  first  to  make  use  of  steel  sufficiently 
ductile  to  roll  hinge  joints  cold,  without  break- 
ing. The  hand-filed  surface  of  a  hinge  im- 
ported from  Europe  suggested  significant  pos- 
sibilities to  him,  and  he  thereupon  invented 
a  machine  for  polishing  both  sides  of  the  iron 
plates  from  which  are  cut  the  blanks  for  butts 
and  hinges.  It  consisted  of  six  pairs  of  wheels, 
regulated  by  springs  of  varied  pressure  or 
screws,  and  coated  with  emery  of  graduated 
strength,  between  which  the  plates  were 
passed,  and  finished  top  and  bottom  at  the 
same  time.  His  subsequent  development  of 
this  device,  which  included  methods  of  feeding 
strips  to  emery  wheels  or  steel  rolls,  resulted 
in  his  becoming  pioneer  in  the  production  of 
cold-rolled  iron  and  steel  strips  of  which  over 
twenty  million  dollars'  worth  are  used  in  the 
United  States  annually.  In  his  experiments 
in  1870  and  1871  to  substitute  polished  iron 
in  place  of  hot-rolled  iron,  he  imported  soft 
iron  from  Sweden,  which,  while  not  entirely 
suitable,  led  him  on  to  further  effort.  He  next 
experimented  with  crucible  steel,  but  this  was 
too  expensive  and  not  sufficiently  ductile.  A 
further  trial  with  soft  steel  hoops  and  bands 
of  American  manufacture  enabled  him  to  bring 
to  perfection  the  process  of  polishing  by  cold- 
rolling.  By  this  new  method  steel  was  re- 
duced to  a  uniform  thickness,  impossible  by 
the  hot-rolling  process,  and  at  a  great  reduc- 
tion in  cost  of  manufacture,  as  few  workmen 
were  necessary.  The  Stanley  Works  enjoyed 
six  years'  exclusive  knowledge  of  tliis  improve- 
ment, which  was  the  great  factor  that  finally 
gave  the  concern  mastery  of  the  wrouglit  door- 
butt  industry  in  the  western  hemisphere.  Mr. 
Hart's  ingenuity  was  applied  to  every  de- 
partment of  the  industry.  In  the  packing  and 
shipping  departments  he  recognized  the  in- 
convenience of  the  method  then  in  general  use 
— wrapping  in  paper — and  invented  a  ])aper 
box  for  packing  hardware  which  is  not  only 
still  in  use  by  the  company,  but  has  been  uni- 
versally adopted.  As  the  sides  of  the  cover 
were  the  same  depth  as  the   bo.\   its  strength 


149 


HART 


HART 


was  nearly  doubled.  This  convenience  and 
durability,  their  fine  appearance  on  retailers' 
Bhelves,  in  contrast  with  partly  emptied  paper 
packages,  and  the  excellent  system  of  labeling 
them,  caught  the  quick  appreciation  of  dealers 
throughout  the  country.  Lndoubtedly  two 
million  of  these— "  Hart's  Style  "—paper 
boxes  are  used  in  the  United  States  daily. 
Many  discouragements  of  a  financial  nature 
were  experienced  during  the  formative  period 
of  the  original  company  (1855-80).  Besides 
vigorous  competition,  insufficient  capital  con- 
stantly retarded  the  growth  of  the  business  and 
even  imperiled  its  existence.  Insufficient  fac- 
tory space  reduced  the  efficiency  of  manufac- 
ture fully  25  per  cent.,  as  was  afterward  shown 
by  actual  test.  When  Mr.  Hart  became  asso- 
ciated with  the  Stanley  Works  the  company 
owned  a  small  piece  of  land  with  two  small 
buildings.  This  was  the  beginning  of  the  im- 
mense Stanley  Works  of  the  present,  with  its 
numerous  modern  buildings  requiring  twenty 
acres  of  ground  for  its  factories,  storehouses, 
and  factory  yards,  at  New  Britain,  and  a  hot 
rolling-mill  at  Bridgewater,  Mass.,  and  fac- 
tories at  Niles,  Ohio.  During  the  first  six 
years  of  the  concern's  existence,  Mr.  Hart  was 
its  only  bookkeeper;  to-day  it  employs  an  office 
force  of  over  200  men  and  women.  Since  his 
connection  with  the  company,  its  employees 
have  increased  from  twenty-five  to  several 
thousand  and  its  capital  from  $30,000  to  an 
investment  of  about  two  hundred  times  that 
amount.  Its  6,500  separate  products  require 
a  catalogue  of  260  pages,  whereas  fourteen 
pages  were  sufficient  in  1857.  Mr.  Hart  early 
recognized  the  importance  of  using  only  the 
best  machinery  obtainable,  and  all  of  his 
economies  have  been  eff'ected  by  assiduous  ap- 
plication of  this  principle.  In  acquiring  the 
leading  position  in  the  builders'  hardware  in- 
dustry, the  Stanley  Works  naturally  van- 
quished many  competitors;  during  the  first 
forty  years  eighteen  manufacturers  voluntarily 
abandoned  the  business.  Mr.  Hart's  associa- 
tion with  the  Stanley  Works  has  been  one  of 
sustained  activity  for  sixty -three  years  He 
was  elected  its  secretary  and  treasurer  16  May, 
1854;  resigned  as  secretary  in  1872,  eighteen 
years  after;  was  elected  president  in  1885; 
resigned  as  treasurer  in  1904,  after  half  a 
century;  and  continued  in  the  presidency  until 
February,  1915,  a  term  of  thirty  years  in  that 
office.  At  the  age  of  eighty  he  resigned  to 
assume  the  chairmanship  of  the  Board  of 
Directors,  which  position  had  been  created  for 
him  and  in  which  he  retains  the  important  and 
responsible  duties  of  purchasing  practically 
all  the  iron  and  steel,  as  he  has  for  sixty-three 
years;  also  the  duties  of  selecting  and  pur- 
chasing all  real  estate  and  the  general  man- 
agement of  the  shipping  and  transportation 
departments.  As  general  manager  of  the  com- 
pany, he  has  visited  at  various  times  the  hard- 
ware trade  throughout  the  United  States  and 
Europe,  and  by  accurate  observation  gleaned 
information  of  great  value  to  his  company. 
Although  the  company  bears  the  name  of  its 
founder,  Frederick  T.  Stanley,  its  development 
has  been  largely  due  to  the  eff'orts  of  Mr.  Hart. 
His  ability  to  select  proper  men  has  been 
another  important  factor  in  the  efficiency  the 
company  has  attained.  The  responsible  posi- 
tions always  have  been  occupied  by  men  who 


have  served  long  apprenticeship  with  the  com- 
pany. They  include  the  following  members  of 
his  own  family;  George  Peck  Hart,  president 
of  the  Stanley  Works,  who  also  has  been  for 
many  years  general  manager  of  the  sales  de- 
partment; Edward  II.  Hart,  general  manager 
of  the  export  department  who  has  had  twenty- 
five  years'  experience  in  that  line,  five  years  of 
which  was  in  London,  England,  South  Africa, 
and  Australia;  Walter  H.  Hart,  assistant  secre- 
tary and  manager  of  the  hardware  manufactur- 
ing department  and  the  machinery  and  tool  de- 
partment; Howard  S.  Hart,  president  of  the 
Hart  and  Cooley  Company,  the  Fafnir  Bearing 
Company,  and  the  Hart  and  Hutchinson  Com- 
pany, all  of  New  Britain;  Maxwell  S.  Hart, 
formerly  superintendent  of  the  cold-rolled  steel 
department,  and  now  vice-president  and 
general  manager  of  the  Hart  and  Hutchinson 
Company;  and  E.  A.  Moore,  Mr.  Hart's  son- 
in-law,  who  is  vice-president  and  general 
manager  of  the  several  manufacturing  depart- 
ments of  the  Stanley  Works,  and  president  of 
the  Canada  Steel  Goods  Company,  of  Hamilton, 
Ont.  Mr.  Hart  is  recognized  as  the  dean  of 
the  New  Britain  manufacturers.  Since  1857 
he  has  been  an  active  member  and  held  vari- 
ous offices  in  the  South  Congregational  Church, 
having  been  its  treasurer  from  1859  to  1896. 
He  always  has  been  actively  interested  in  the 
Y.  M.  C.  A.  of  New  Britain,  now  an  organiza- 
tion of  1,200  members.  He  was  its  president 
for  seven  years  and  a  director  for  thirty.  He 
was  president  of  the  Board  of  Directors  of  the 
New  Britain  General  Hospital  for  three  years 
and  has  been  a  director  since  its  organization, 
twenty-five  years  ago.  He  has  been  director 
in  the  New  Britain  National  Bank  since  1866, 
over  a  half  century;  in  the  Savings  Bank  of 
New  Britain,  eight  years,  and  in  the  New 
Britain  Institute  since  1855,  fifty-two  years. 
On  21  Nov.,  1916,  he  was  elected  president  of 
the  New  Britain  Institute  to  succeed  the  late 
Prof.  David  N.  Camp.  Mr.  Hart  has  been  a 
member  of  the  National  Association  of  Manu- 
facturers for  forty  years,  and  served  as  its 
vice-president  for  Connecticut.  He  has  also 
been  a  member  of  the  New  Britain  Club  since 
its  organization  thirty  years  ago,  having  served 
as  its  president  for  two  years,  and  a  member 
of  the  Hardware  Club  of  New  York  for  thirty 
years.  Mr.  Hart  has  established  a  beautiful 
summer  colony  known  as  "  Hart  Haven  "  at  ; 
Oak  Bluffs,  Martha's  Vineyard,  Mass.,  where 
he  purchased  about  sixty  acres  of  land,  in- 
cluding two  of  the  large  ponds  for  which  that 
section  is  famous.  He  has  made  of  these  ponds 
a  land-locked  harbor  with  an  opening  through 
the  beach  into  the  sea.  Besides  his  own  home, 
five  of  his  children  have  built  residences  near 
the  shore  of  one  of  the  ponds.  The  extensive 
improvements  he  is  making  include  the  crea- 
tion of  •■  Martha's  Park,"  named  in  honor  of 
the  three  xViarthas  of  the  family,  namely,  his 
wife,  his  daughter  (Mrs.  E.  A.  Moore),  and 
his  granddaughter.  On  19  Sept.,  1855,  Mr.  Hart 
married  Martha,  daughter  of  Elnathan  and 
Mary  (Dewey)  Peck,  of  New  Britain,  and  they 
are  the  parents  of  seven  children:  Charles 
William,  who  died  early  in  life;  one  daughter, 
Martha,  wife  of  E.  A.  Moore,  and  the  five 
surviving  sons  already  mentioned.  His  sons 
and  son-in-law  are  associated  in  his  business 
enterprises. 


150 


^^^^^-0-t^Z^^^^1^^' cy^ 


BILLINGS 


BILLINGS 


nitllNQS,  Frederick,  lavyer  and  flnnnuier, . 

"  -valton,  Vt.,  27  vSepl.,  1823;  <l    :        '      :   ! 

VU,    30    vSef.t.,    ISOO.    wn    ..  '.  i 


of  that  phiw.  Hitf  »>n, 
ni»»rchant  in  RayaUoii; 
k  vas  t\vi*]ve  yparft 
•  VV<>-kd^«>t-k.  ftliore 
71.  Fr^*  rick  was 
n.      At   the   ft^n>   of  i 


'.  Chian<li«r,  an*i   Ib   ihiO  was 

ed,  by  Gov,  Horace  Eaton,  secrttary  of 

id  military  affnira  for  Vermont,  a  place 

'    held  for  two  years.     In   1848  he  was  ad- 

■'ted  to  the  bar  of  VVindw)r  County.     As  he 

')Out   to   enter    upon    his   prote^jRion,   an 

occurred  which  shapeii  his-  ruture  career. 

■■■  aiBoovery  of  poKI  in  California  had  roused 

eouutry  to  fever  heat,  and  Mr.  Billinjrs  re- 

vwl  to  try  his  fortune  in  that  distant   ro- 

n.     Three   years   earlier   his   sister,   Laura, 

'    married    Capt.    Bezer    Simmons,   of    New 

i,  who  had  made  several   whaling  voy- 

-  om  New  Bedford  to  the  Pacific  Coast. 

.iiiicna  and  Billings  decided  to  visit  the  new 

Dorado.     On  1  Feb.,  1849,  they  began  their 

.rney  to  San  Francisco  by  the  Panama  route, 

M.  Simmons  accompanying  them.     Accommo- 

iona  aboard"  boat  and  on  land  \vere  not  all 

■  iX  could  be  de.sired,  and  during  the  delay  in 

■  city  of  Panama,  they  wore  exposed  to  the 

nama  fever  which  Mrs.  Simmons  contracted 

I')  from  which'  she  died  shortly  after  reach- 

.'^  San   Francisco.     Mr.   Billings   opened   the 

st  law  office  in  that  city  and  entered  upon 

The  successful  practice  of  his  protei=>sion.     He 

organized    the    law    firm    of    Halleck,    reachy, 

BiUinga    and    Park,    which    wa.s    dissolved    in 

IHOl,  when  Mr.  Billings  accompanied  General 

Fremont    to    England    ou    business    connected 

with  the  general's  great  ^Mniinosa  estate      Mr. 

NBiilings  rejourned  his  practice  in  S>in  Francisco 

in    ]8fi3,   but   the   following   ye.ir   rehirned   to 

Woodstock  to  make  liia  homr-  there.     During 

his  residence  of  fifteen  yt-ars  in  California  he 

WMv   ju-fiv^   in   the  variouh--  nvivfments  for  the 

•■^^    of    hnv,    order,     inslitutiona    of 

'igi<.>n.  iind  civic  gr^vcrnnient.     ITf 

.     .<.     tn    the   orgnnizntifm    of   the    firHi 

'rif«.>>    t'hr«rc>i    in    San    T"ran<-:.-^  o,    an.l 

•  ••    «.'(    *^.»'   orii  ii)ril   niiTiibirs  ot'   the   Fnn 


\n(\\     t.'ie     1.' 
pff-nernl   r.f   ( 


dui-.ng 


ifty.  Mr.  Billii:-y  ^/.•.,•u- 
'•  pofsifior  ct"  jiHornoy- 
"■.  buf  lull  no  <'Mi(.i-  ji,). 
),\^  uifivji'iu'C  on  ihn  1^; 
'»  Mr-  liiilinL'-t'  p.irdm'^ccl 
■•\',.-..I'  '...-l:      Vt.,    vhlcli    \u- 

^rni.ii'fl.    io  tunf   *u'>  (.Ml 
■  ^.f  thi'  buihlingH  thv-rc  m 


resembled  "one  of  the  baronial  estates  of  the 
old   world."     fie  was   interested  in  trans-con- 
tinental railways,  and  eapecially  in  the  North- 
'•>   Pacific,  which  was  then  in  the  course  of 
.i^tr\iction.    About  500  miles  of  the  road  bad 
'\  «:ouiplet.ed  when  the  panic  of   1873  crip 
builders,  Jay  Cooke  and  Company,  who 
n    upon   a   large   bonded   indebtednccs. 
.v  made  extensive  purchases  of  the 
crjrities  of   the   company   and   be- 
•■   .    spirit.     lie  prej>arcd  the 
r   foreclosure  proceedings. 
'   •  •      '    with    preferred 
•Hided  iridct-'.cd- 
.     ,.         .  -  .;  _,  d    the    idea    ;is 

•■  H  wi!d  Hcr.eoie  to  '  lrofv<3   from  no- 

where  through    no    .:>  ^*    to   u<i    place." 

Mr  Billings  brought  ne%v  .tapiial  info  the 
company,  markeied  the  va-^i  tcacla  ''i"  land 
granted  by  Congresn,  and  ere  iong  the  ]>re- 
f erred  stock  which  ha<i  pold  at  $8.00  ?  share 
rose  to  $8000.  Mr  Billings  a**rve<l  as  chair- 
niiiJi  of  the  executive  committee  of  the  board 
of  directors  from  1875  U>  1871>,  and  as  presi- 
dent of  the  company  from  187'j  ':o  1881.  .Dur- 
ing the  period  of  id^  j-rpgid-ncy  the  work  of 
constructicu  M'as  rapidJy  pushed  forward. 
Tliis  was*  the  crowning  achievement  oi  hi.«,  busi- 
ness career,  though  he  lent  his  life  to  many 
other  corporate  enterprifies.  Following  hi»i  re- 
tirement from  the  presidency  of  the  Nor^hern 
I'a'MfiC  Pailroad  in  1881,  his  strength  became 
gn-atly  impaired.  Hir?  rare  and  overwork  in 
early  life  had  too  seriously  taxed  his  energies 
to  rally  under  the  most  skiiliul  medical  care. 
At  the  time  of  his  death  h«i  wax  a  director  or 
trustee  of  the  American  Exchange  National 
Bank,  the  Farmers'  Loan  and  Trust  CompariV, 
the  Delaware  rnid  Hudson  Canal  Company,  the 
Manhattan  Life  Insurance  Company,  thtr  Man- 
hattan Savinga  Institution,  the  PreabyteriKn 
Hospital,  and  the  Hospital  for  Ruptured  vad 
Cri].pled,  all  of  New  York  City;  also  the  t\,n- 
necticut  Eiver  Kailroad,  the  Vermont  V;ilU >  :.:jd 
•'^ullivan  Cuunty  FVailroads,  the  Connfcticiit  .trj<l 
PassLimpsic,  a»i-l  the  Jutland  Railroad  (tym- 
panies. He  V  ns  president  of  the  '^^'ood8t^'•L 
Rally,  ay  Company  and  the  A^'o-dsloc-lc  Sa 
tionjii  Bank.  Mr.  BHIings  wtia  t(*  11. e  end  of 
his  life  an  impor'^nl.  factor  in  t^o  <•.  lun.. r- 
ciai  and  industrial  progress  of  if'c  r.u-.u'rv. 
He  posfrcsscd  the  abilitif's  of  au  .)rg:^.'.i.''  ■■in6 
an  ex;-cuti\e.  T\vf<  distinct  '>a[>Acit '<'s  \vi)i  •!; 
are  seldom  Lo  be  found  in  or.o  man  H-^  \vi-i 
cfinspicuouy  for  -ntegrity  'n  biirtiof-s-v.  ^>t<s  '. 
man  of  singal.nrJv  gra^;et'ii]  ind  •-;>•'•■'  v-....^. 
uers,  and  was  h -I'l  in  such  lni,.''  .-.-lo.  ■•  .  ■: 
he  vas  once  'iPVrcid  the  p*T.>  •irir,;'  of  i 
vcrsity  of  Cnlifovjua.  Hi^;  U.y,'.  ^nit.- 
bin  aima  mn^'>  [-romjr.e.i  l^it-i  :.>  jo-.'' 
(l;c     I/niversit\     o,'    Yt-r'." -.n     ; -■      '■  ■■ 

^fars!!   I'vibrnry.  rivj-.M-  .,-  .  ;,!!    i  • .  •    ■ 
Ui:'  i:   n\>v  otlwri    n;   t  :.••       '.i;-  ■ 
lifiilding    in     Hu:*^:   ■    •: 
km, 'an     rii^     'h--     •^'.'•'     • 
-■;,,!  i)i\<.   ...     ■  ■■        ..i 
h. 

•^<  fico;     a     ■■• 

bur(  b   ii'. 

1(9.     V.V't       '.■ 
^•^M  I'  ^.' 

t 

f. .,-'    ... 


HAY 


HAY 


pleasure.  In  1889  he  reconstructed  the  old 
white  meeting-house  in  Woodstock,  at  a  cost 
of  $65,000,  for  the  purpose  of  preserving  its 
historic  identity.  Few  men  of  recent  years 
have  done  more  than  Mr.  Billings  for  the  wel- 
fare of  human  society.  He  was  never  a  poli- 
tician, nor  did  he  seek  public  office.  He  was  a 
candidate  for  the  Republican  nomination  for 
governor,  but  this  he  neither  welcomed  nor 
desired.  Many  voices  were  raised  in  eulogy 
at  the  time  of  his  death.  Rev.  Dr.  Matthew 
H.  Buckhiim.  president  of  the  University  of 
Vermont,  said  of  him:  "In  his  intellectual, 
his  emotional,  his  moral,  his  executive  quali- 
ties, he  was  a  gifted  man,  and  his  gifts  were 
of  the  large  and  royal  kind.  He  was  great  also 
in  his  humility.  I  am  disposed  to  say  that  to 
those  who  knew  him  well  he  never  seemed  so 
great  as  in  his  humility.  We  all  know  that 
humility  never  seems  so  charming  as  in  a  man 
of  power,  when,  in  scriptural  phrase,  such  a 
man  is  clothed  with  humility,  when  he  seeks 
to  hide  self  behind  its  unobtrusive  drapery. 
There  is  a  modesty  which  knows  its  worth,  but 
shrinks  from  exposing  it  to  the  common  gaze. 
There  is  a  true  humility,  which  in  its  lofty 
appreciation  of  transcendent  merit,  sets  a  low 
estimate  on  itself  and  all  its  belongings.  This 
deep  humility  was  that  of  Mr.  Billings.  His 
standard  was  of  the  highest.  His  appreciation 
of  excellence  was  so  keen  and  so  discriminat- 
ing, in  literature,  in  art,  in  learning,  in  states- 
manship, above  all  in  character,  that  he  could 
not  do  otherwise  than  set  before  him  the 
mark  of  a  high  calling  and  judge  himself 
thereby."  Dr.  Henry  Van  Dyke  said  of  him: 
"  Few  people  realized  how  large  and  many- 
sided  a  man  he  was.  Providence  directed  his 
life  into  a  certain  practical  channel,  into 
which  he  threw  himself  with  such  intense 
energy  and  marked  ability,  that  the  name  be- 
came identified  with  the  rescue  of  the  North- 
ern Pacific  Railroad  from  ruin,  and  its  suc- 
cessful completion.  In  his  gifts  to  hospitals 
and  colleges,  and  above  all  to  the  church,  he 
was  princely;  not  because  he  gave  largely, 
though  he  did  that;  not  because  he  gave  care- 
lessly, for  that  he  never  did;  but  because  he 
gave  as  one  who  had  the  good  cause  at  heart; 
because  he  made  it  his  own  cause.  There  was 
a  fountain  of  manly  tenderness  in  the  granite 
of  his  nature."  Mr.  Billings  married  31 
March,  1862,  Julia,  daughter  of  Dr.  Eleazer 
Parmly,  of  New  York  City,  by  whom  he  had 
seven  children. 

HAY,  John,  statesman  and  author,  b.  in 
Salem,  Ind.,  8  Oct.,  1838;  d.  in  Newbury, 
N.  H.,  1  July,  1905,  son  of  Dr.  Charles  and 
Helen  (Leonard)  Hay.  He  M-as  a  descendant 
of  John  Hay,  a  member  of  a  Scotch  family, 
resident  in  Germany,  who  settled  in  Virginia 
in  1750.  Early  in  life  he  showed  himself  the 
inheritor  of  brilliant  talents.  He  was  grad- 
uated at  Brown  University  in  1858;  and  after 
reading  law  at  Springfield,  111.,  was  admitted 
to  the  bar.  He  never  practiced  the  profession, 
however,  for  in  1861,  at  the  age  of  twenty- 
three,  he  went  to  Washington,  as  one  of  Presi- 
dent Lincoln's  secretaries,  being  thereby  thrown 
into  the  very  midst  of  one  of  the  greatest 
struggles  of  modern  times.  In  1864  he  served 
in  the  army  under  Generals  Hunter  and  Gil- 
more,  attained  the  rank  of  major,  and  was 
brevetted    colonel   for   honorable   and   efficient 


service.  Recalled  to  the  White  House  as  aide- 
de-camp  to  the  President,  he  remained  on  duty 
in  that  position  until  Mr.  Lincoln's  assassina- 
tion. During  the  years  1865-67  Colonel  Hay 
acted  as  secretary  of  the  legation  at  Paris; 
the  years  1869-70  he  spent  in  the  same  capac- 
ity at  Madrid;  and  for  a  short  time  was 
charge  d'affaires  at  Vienna.  In  1870,  during 
the  absence  of  Whitelaw  Reid  in  Europe, 
he  entered  upon  his  journalistic  career  on  the 
staff  of  the  New  York  "  Tribune,"  taking  full 
charge  during  Mr.  Reid's  absence.  After 
holding  this  position  for  five  years,  he  settled 
in  Cleveland,  Ohio,  in  1875,  and  became  ac- 
tively interested  in  Republican  politics.  In 
1879  he  was  called  to  Washington  by  Presi- 
dent Hayes,  to  accept  the  post  of  Assistant 
Secretary  of  State.  In  1881  he  was  president 
of  the  International  Sanitary  Congress. 
Through  the  administrations  of  Arthur,  Cleve- 
land, and  Harrison,  Colonel  Hay  was  out  of 
public  life,  devoting  his  time  to  writing  his 
"  History  of  Lincoln."  It  was  at  a  sacrifice 
that  he  responded  to  the  urgent  call  of  Presi- 
dent McKinley  to  accept  the  office  of  Ambas- 
sador to  England,  where  he  represented  his 
country  for  the  fourth  time  in  European  capi- 
tals. While  he  was  in  London  the  Spanish- 
American  War  was  in  progress,  and  his  able 
negotiations  proved  his  value,  and  added  much 
to  the  prestige  of  the  American  people.  In 
recognition  of  his  services  President  McKinley 
asked  him  to  return  and  assume  the  portfolio 
of  Secretary  of  State.  Though  not  constitu- 
tionally strong,  and  realizing  the  strain  inci- 
dent to  the  work,  he  accepted  the  call  as  a 
matter  of  duty.  In  his  new  office  he  guided 
the  affairs  of  state  quietly  and  wisely.  His 
first  important  work  was  the  securing  of  a 
modus  Vivendi  with  Great  Britain,  providing 
a  temporary  boundary  line  on  the  Alaskan 
coast  without  surrendering  any  of  the  tide- 
water privileges  for  which  Canada  was  con- 
tending. Subsequently  the  matter  was  per- 
manently settled  in  favor  of  the  United  States. 
In  September,  1899,  he  secured  for  the  United 
States  equal  commercial  consideration  with 
other  great  powers  in  China,  by  securing  a 
formal  declaration  in  favor  of  the  "  open 
door  "  to  world  commerce.  In  the  same  year 
he  effected  a  satisfactory  settlement  of  the 
Samoan  question,  Great  Britain  withdrawing 
its  territorial  claims,  and  leaving  the  island  to 
be  divided  between  the  United  States  and  Ger- 
many. He  also  negotiated  about  this  time 
several  treaties  of  reciprocity.  Early  in  1900 
he  formulated  the  famous  Hay-Pauncefote 
Treaty,  concerning  the  Isthmian  Canal,  which 
in  the  following  December  was  so  amended  by 
the  Senate  as  to  make  it  unacceptable  to  Great 
Britain.  He  also  formulated  the  second  Hay- 
Pauncefote  Treaty,  which  was  ratified  by  the 
Senate  and  the  British  government  and  which 
made  possible  the  building  of  the  canal.  He 
negotiated  altogether  about  fifty  treaties  and 
conventions;  rounded  out  the  system  of  ex- 
tradition treaties;  signed  five  international 
agreements  of  The  Hague  Conference  regarding 
international  arbitration;  secured  a  settle- 
ment of  the  controversy  with  Turkey  over  the 
Armenian  disturbances,  giving  an  indemnity 
of  $95,000,  and  the  rebuilding  of  the  wrecked 
Christian  missions;  negotiated  the  new  peace 
and  friendship  treaty  with  Spain;  and  drafted 


152 


LOW 


LOW 


the  original  Panama  Canal  Treaty  with  Co- 
lombia, providing  for  the  payment  of  $10,000,- 
000  cash  and  $250,000  annually  for  100  years 
after  the  tenth  year,  which  was  rejected  by 
Colombia,  but  afterward  agreed  to  by  the  new 
republic  of  Panama.  The  recognition  of  that 
republic  after  the  outbreak  of  the  revolution 
was  considered  by  some  to  be  too  prompt, 
and,  protested  by  Colombia,  has  been  a  mat- 
ter of  controversy  ever  since.  The  action, 
however,  secured  the  construction  of  the  Pan- 
ama Canal,  after  arrangements  for  the  utiliza- 
tion of  concessions  secured  by  the  French  Pan- 
ama Canal  Company  had  been  made.  Upon 
the  tragic  death  of  President  McKinley  in 
1901,  Mr.  Hay  continued,  upon  the  earnest 
solicitation  of  President  Roosevelt,  to  carry 
out  the  policies  of  the  Administration.  Just 
previous  to  this  Secretary  Hay's  son,  Adelbert, 
was  killed  by  a  fall  from  a  window,  and  soon 
after  followed  a  series  of  misfortunes  in  his 
family.  The  physical  exhaustion  attendant 
upon  the  discharge  of  his  duty  combined  with 
these  griefs  undoubtedly  hastened  his  death. 
John  Hay  was  a  man  who  united  force  of  char- 
acter with  singular  charm  of  manner.  He  was 
sensitive  and  had  a  natural  fastidiousness  of 
mind  that  made  him  shrink  from  all  that  could 
suggest  bad  taste.  Yet  at  the  time  of  his 
death  a  notable  writer  said,  "  Perhaps  the  best 
and  truest  thing  to  be  said  about  John  Hay  is 
that  everybody  who  had  the  good  fortune  to 
get  really  close  to  him  loved  him.  He  had  an 
American  sympathy  for  all  the  oppressed." 
Aside  from  his  services  as  a  statesman  Mr. 
Hay  left  some  permanent  and  valuable  con- 
tributions to  literature.  He  had  a  singular 
felicity  of  expression  that  manifested  itself  in 
even  his  most  informal  notes,  and  which 
stood  him  in  good  stead  in  his  diplomatic 
correspondence  and  negotiation.  He  first  gave 
proof  of  his  skill  in  verse  in  a  class  poem  at 
Brown  University,  and  later  became  the  author 
of  a  number  of  other  poems,  essays,  and,  with 
John  Nicolay,  of  one  of  the  most  important 
biographies  of  Abraham  Lincoln.  In  this 
work,  published  in  ten  volumes,  the  authors 
brought  to  their  task  abundant  information, 
trained  faculties,  literary  skill,  and  a  sym- 
pathetic admiration  for  their  subject  born  of 
close  friendship  and  association.  The  history 
remains  a  work  of  permanent  value.  His 
"Castilian  Days"  (1871)  was  a  brilliant 
study  of  foreign  life,  ranging  from  transitory 
social  phases  to  the  study  of  important  na- 
tional and  political  aspects  of  Spanish  life. 
The  "  Pike  County  Ballads  and  Other  Pieces  " 
(1871),  including  "Jim  Bludso  "  and  "Little 
Breeches,"  have  become  popular  classics.  They 
portray  a  phase  of  the  bygone  West  and  bear 
the  stamp  of  being  written  by  one  personally 
cognizant  of  its  life  and  sympathetic  with  its 
types.  An  enlarged  edition  of  Colonel  Hay's 
serious  and  humorous  verses  appeared  in  1890. 
A  novel,  "  The  Breadwinners,"  dealing  with  the 
labor  question  and  published  anonymously 
(1880)  attracted  great  attention  and  was  gen- 
erally accredited  to  Colonel  Hay,  although  he 
would  never  acknowledge  his  authorship.  On 
4  Feb.,  1874,  Secretary  Hay  was  married  to 
Miss  Clara  L.  Stone,  daughter  of  Amasa  and 
Julia  A.  (Gleason)  Stone,  of  Cleveland,  Ohio. 
LOW,  Seth,  educator,  mayor  of  New  York, 
b.  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,   18  Jan.,  1850;   d.  at 


Bedford  Hills,  N.  Y.,  17  Sept.,  1916,  son  of 
Abiel  Abbott  and  Ellen  (Dow)'  Low.  He  was 
descended  from  the  earliest  settlers  of  Massa- 
chusetts. His  grandfather,  after  his  gradua- 
tion at  Harvard  University,  in  1828,  located 
in  New  York  City.  His  father,  who  was  presi- 
dent of  the  chamber  of  commerce  (1863-66), 
founded  the  well-known  tea  and  silk  importing 
firm  of  A.  A.  Low  and  Bros.,  and  owned  over 
a  dozen  of  those  graceful  clipper  ships  which 
had  made  the  American  merchant  marine 
famous  at  that  time  by  their  swift  passage 
around  Cape  Horn  to  the  Orient.  Seth  Low 
received  his  education  in  the  Brooklyn  Poly- 
technic Institute,  and  was  graduated  at  Co- 
lumbia College  in  1870.  His  career  as  a  stu- 
dent was  a  brilliant  one,  both  in  study  and  in 
athletics.  He  distinguished  himself  in  tennis, 
football,  bowling,  and  billiards,  and  was  often 
pitted  against  the  famous  Hamilton  Fish  on 
the  gridiron.  Dr.  Barnard,  who  was  then 
president  of  Columbia,  was  especially  at- 
tracted toward  him  and  said,  in  a  letter  to  a 
friend:  "I  have  just  had  a  long  talk  with 
young  Low,  the  first  scholar  in  the  college  and 
the  most  manly  young  fellow  we  have  had  here 
in  many  a  year."  Immediately  after  gradua- 
tion Mr.  Low  made  an  extensive  trip  abroad, 
to  complete  his  education  by  means  of  per- 
sonal observation  of  foreign  countries.  Upon 
his  return  he  entered  his  father's  office,  at  first 
as  a  clerk,  but  on  his  father's  retirement  he 
took  his  place  as  head  of  the  firm.  As  a 
resident  of  Brooklyn  Mr.  Low  showed  an  ac- 
tive interest  in  the  afi'airs  of  the  city.  When 
only  twenty-eight  years  of  age,  he  organized 
and  became  the  first  president  of  the  Brooklyn 
Bureau  of  Charities,  the  purpose  of  this  or- 
ganization being  to  establish  the  distribution 
of  the  public  charities  on  an  efficient  basis  in 
Kings  County,  where  for  years  it  had  been 
notoriously  bad.  Together  with  hundreds  of 
other  public-spirited  citizens,  Mr.  Low  gave 
his  time  freely  to  a  close  supervision  of  the 
needs  of  the  poorer  classes  in  the  county  and 
city.  The  bureau  was  the  fourth  organiza- 
tion of  its  kind  in  the  country  and  effected  a 
vast  economy  in  the  distribution  of  charity. 
At  about  the  same  time  Mr.  Low  became  active 
in  municipal  politics  and  organized  the  Young 
Republican  Club,  of  which  he  was  the  first 
president.  This  club  was  essentially  different 
from  the  ordinary  political  clubs,  in  that  its 
members  were  forbidden  to  seek  nomination 
for  public  office,  its  main  object  being  to 
organize  citizens  interested  in  bettering  po- 
litical conditions  in  the  party.  Its  strength 
in  the  municipal  campaign  was  a  tremendous 
surprise  to  the  regular  politicians,  most  of 
whom  could  not  imagine  an  interest  in  ])oli- 
tics  not  actuated  by  a  desire  for  the  spoils  of 
office.  Municipal  affairs  were  then  in  a  de- 
plorable condition  throughout  Now  York 
State,  as  a  result  from  the  waste  and  cor- 
ruption of  the  Tweed  ring  in  New  York  City. 
To  cure  these  evils  Mr.  Low,  backed  by  his 
club,  determined  to  carry  on  nn  active  cam- 
paign against  the  corrupt  influoiiroH  Avhieh, 
so  far  as  municipal  affairs  were  oonrornod, 
should  not  be  along  party  linos.  In  flic  po- 
litical campaign  of  ISSl,  "which  was  flic  first 
under  the  now  city  charter,  Gonoral  Tracy  had 
been  nominated  candidate  for  mayor  by  the 
Republicans  and  Mr.   Ropes  by  the   Indcpond- 


153 


LOW 


FELT 


ents.  Obviously  this  split  would  make  it  im- 
possible to  triumph  over  the  machine.  Gen- 
eral Tracy  suggested,  therefore,  that  both  can- 
didates retire  in  favor  of  Mr.  Low  as  candi- 
date for  both  factions.  The  other  candidate 
agreeing,  Mr.  Low  was  nominated  and  was 
elected  mayor  of  Brooklyn  by  a  large  ma- 
jority. So  pleased  was  the  electorate  with  his 
administration,  that,  two  years  later,  he  was 
re-elected  for  a  second  term.  Mr.  Low's  two 
administrations  brought  him  the  enthusiastic 
praise  of  people  in  all  parts  of  the  country. 
By  injecting  strict  business  principles  into 
the  administrative  afTairs  of  the  city  he  ef- 
fected great  economies  and  remarkable  re- 
forms. Aside  from  that,  he  was  absolutely 
fearless  in  following  the  dictates  of  his  own 
judgment.  On  appointing  the  heads  of  de- 
partments he  made  it  a  condition  with  each 
of  his  appointees  that  he  should  hold  his 
resignation  at  the  instant  disposal  of  the 
mayor,  which  was  an  innovation  in  politics 
that  brought  a  great  deal  of  criticism  from 
the  old-time  politicians.  The  most  outstand- 
ing results  of  his  administration  were  the 
reform  of  the  tax  collection  system,  the  ex- 
tension and  improvement  of  the  schools,  the 
development  of  bridge  facilities,  the  improve- 
ment of  public  works,  and,  above  all,  the  es- 
tablishment of  the  merit  system  in  the  lower 
grades  of  the  civil  service,  another  innovation 
distinctly  distasteful  to  the  professional  poli- 
ticians. After  a  long  period  of  retirement 
Mr.  Low  again  entered  politics,  in  1897,  this 
time  in  New  York  City,  being  then  nominated 
by  the  leaders  of  the  reform  movement  as 
their  candidate  for  mayor.  On  account  of 
the  Republicans  refusing  to  support  the 
Fusion  ticket,  Mr.  Low  was  defeated  by  the 
Tammany  Democracy.  In  1900  he  again  ran 
for  mayor  at  the  head  of  the  reformers,  and 
this  time  he  was  elected  by  a  large  majority. 
His  administration  of  the  affairs  of  New 
York  City  was  no  less  successful  than  his 
administration  in  Brooklyn  had  been.  In  1881 
Mr.  Low  had  been  appointed  a  member  of  the 
board  of  trustees  of  Columbia  College.  In 
1890  he  was  offered  the  presidency  of  that 
institution,  to  succeed  Dr.  Barnard.  With- 
out any  pretensions  to  being  an  educator,  he 
proved  himself  quite  as  able  as  an  administra- 
tor of  an  institution  of  learning  as  of  a 
city.  Through  his  efforts  the  university  was 
removed  from  its  cramped  quarters  on  Madi- 
son Avenue  to  its  present  location  on  Morn- 
ingside  Heights.  Through  his  influence  it  re- 
ceived many  large  gifts,  and  gradually  he 
made  it  one  of  the  leading  centers  of  learning 
in  the  United  States,  with  more  students 
than  any  other  university.  He  himself  gave 
$1,000,000  with  which  to  build  the  present 
magnificent  library  building,  in  memory  of 
his  father.  Aside  from  this,  he  effected  the 
co-ordination  of  the  various  schools,  and 
founded  the  University  Council,  which 
brought  into  the  sphere  of  the  university's 
influence  more  than  5,000  students  and  500 
professors  and  instructors.  It  was  Mr.  Low 
who  first  voiced  the  idea  of  specialization  for 
universities,  which  he  stated  in  the  following 
words :  "  Each  college  has  its  specific  need. 
When  I  was  in  Chicago  I  urged  the  university 
of  that  city  to  become  an  authority  on  rail- 
roads,  since  it  was  situated  in  the  greatest 


railroad  center  of  the  country.  While  at 
Johns  Hopkins  I  said  that  university  should 
give  its  attention  to  the  negro  problem.  I 
believe  also  that  the  University-  of  California 
should  devote  itself  to  the  Asiatic  question. 
As  for  Columbia,  situated  in  this  city,  I  be- 
lieve that  its  attention  should  be  turned  to 
finance,  and  on  the  human  side  it  should  study 
carefully  the  immigration  question.  Each  in- 
stitution should  attempt  to  become  an 
authority  on  that  subject  to  which  its  geo- 
graphical situation  makes  it  best  adapted." 
In  1901  Mr.  Low  resigned  the  presidency  of 
the  university,  but  he  continued  as  one  of 
the  trustees  until  1914,  when  he  completely 
ended  his  connection  with  the  institution, 
after  serving  on  its  board  for  thirty-three 
years.  Mr.  Low  has  held  many  offices  of  a 
semi-public  nature.  In  1899  President  Mc- 
Kinley  appointed  him  one  of  the  delegates 
from  this  country  to  the  Peace  Conference  at 
The  Hague.  He  took  a  prominent  part  in  the 
proceedings  of  this  international  body,  and 
his  services  were  highly  commended  by  the 
President.  After  his  retirement  from  active 
participation  in  politics,  he  still  took  part  in 
the  effort  to  bring  about  reforms  in  the  State 
election  laws.  He  was  also  keenly  interested 
in  all  problems  affected  by  the  relations  be- 
tween capital  and  labor,  notably  as  one  of  the 
most  active  members  of  the  Civic  Federation, 
it  being  his  belief  that  capital  and  labor 
needed  only  to  understand  each  other  better  to 
work  together  in  harmony.  He  was  promi- 
nent as  an  arbitrator  in  labor  disputes;  in 
November,  1914,  he  was  one  of  the  commission 
of  three  appointed  by  President  Wilson  to 
settle  the  coal  strike  in  Colorado.  In  the 
same  year  he  was  elected  president  of  the 
chamber  of  commerce,  in  which  he  was  espe- 
cially active  after  the  outbreak  of  the  Euro- 
pean War.  He  was  also  chairman  of  the 
executive  committee  of  Tuskegee  Institute.  At 
the  recent  State  Constitutional  Convention  in 
New  York  he  was  chairman  of  the  Committee 
on  City  Government.  Within  recent  years  he 
became  interested  in  the  food  supply  problem, 
involving  the  constantly  increasing  cost  of  liv- 
ing and  became  convinced  that  this  difficulty 
could  best  be  solved  by  democratic  co-opera- 
tion among  farmers  and  consumers.  He  was 
president  of  the  Bedford  Farmers'  Co-operative 
Association.  He  was  also  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  Co-operative  Wholesale  Corporation  of 
New  York  City,  an  organization  which  sought 
to  bring  about  a  business  federation  of  all 
the  consumers'  co-operative  store  societies  in 
the  East,  but  not  being  in  sympathy  with  the 
radical  tendency  of  this  phase  of  the  co- 
operative movement,  he  finally  resigned  and 
devoted  himself  entirely  to  the  agricultural 
phase  of  co-operation  Mr.  Low  was  also  a  _ 
trustee  of  the  Carnegie  Institute  of  Washing-  fl 
ton.  On  9  Dec,  1880,  Mr.  Low  married  Annie  ^ 
W'roe   Scollay,   daughter   of  Justice   Benjamin  ^ 

Robins  Curtis,  of  the  U.  S.  Supreme  Court. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Low  had  no  children,  but 
adopted  two  nieces  and  a  nephew. 

FELT,  Dorr  Eugene,  inventor  and  manufac- 
turer, b.  in  Beloit,  Wis.,  18  March,  1863.  He 
was  the  eldest  of  the  twelve  children  of  Eugene 
Kincaid  and  Elizabeth  (Morris)  Felt,  and  is 
a  descendant  in  the  seventh  generation  from 
George  Felt    (1601-93),  a  native  of  England, 


154 


^^ 


FELT 


FELT 


who  came  to  Massachusetts  Bay  Colony  about 
1628,  residing  at  Casco  Bay,  Me.,  for  many 
years,  and  died  at  Maiden,  Mass.  From  George 
Felt  and  his  wife,  Prudence  Wilkinson,  of 
Charlestown,  Mass.,  the  line  of  descent  runs 
through  their  son,  Moses,  and  his  wife,  Lydia; 
through  their  son,  Aaron,  and  his  wife,  Mary 
Wyatt;  through  their  son,  Joseph,  and  his 
wife,  Elizabeth  Spofford,  and  through  their 
son,  Asa  George,  and  his  wife,  Elizabeth 
Spofford;  and  through  their  son,  Asa  George, 
and  his  wife,  Harriet  Foster,  parents  of 
Eugene  K,  Felt,  father  of  the  inventor.  Ac- 
cording to  records,  the  first  three  generations 
of  the  family  were  represented  principally  in 
agricultural  occupations.  Joseph  Felt  (1757- 
1842)  served  for  seven  years  in  the  Revolu- 
tionary army,  being  taken  prisoner  at  Fort 
Washington  in  November,  1776,  and  receiving 
a  wound,  on  account  of  which  he  was  pen- 
sioned in  1818.  Asa  G.  Felt  (1791-1871)  re- 
moved from  Webster,  Mass.,  to  Newark,  Wis., 
in  1846,  and  was  active  in  public  life  during 
the  period  of  upbuilding  of  the  new  country. 
Eugene  K.  Felt  (b.  1838)  has  been  engaged 
principally  in  farming  and  lumbering  through 
most  of  his  life.  He  served  in  Wisconsin  as 
superintendent  of  public  instruction  of  New- 
ark, town  and  county  supervisor,  as  member 
of  the  State  legislature  in  1872-83,  during  the 
latter  year  also  as  chairman  of  its  committee 
on  railroads,  and,  having  removed  to  Kansas 
in  1883,  was  a  delegate  to  the  State  Republican 
Convention  in  1888.  Dorr  E.  Felt  is  a  worthy 
representative  of  a  long-lived  and  active  an- 
cestry. He  was  educated  in  the  schools  of  his 
native  county  until  his  sixteenth  year,  when 
he  left  home  to  make  a  place  in  the  world  for 
himself.  Following  the  natural  bent  of  his 
mind  toward  machinery  and  construction,  he 
was  employed  in  various  machine  shops, 
learned  the  machinist's  trade  in  all  its 
branches,  and  became  a  proficient  mechanical 
draftsman.  As  a  young  man  he  devoted 
most  of  his  time  to  devising  and  constructing 
models  of  new  devices,  one  of  which  was  a 
mechanical  calculator.  Very  many  men  of 
attainment  had  already  attacked  the  problem 
of  an  efficient  mechanical  calculator  of  uni- 
versal utility,  but  Felt's  aim  was  the  pro- 
duction of  a  device  that  should  facilitate 
the  ordinary  calculations  of  commerce,  engi- 
neering, and  science.  Nor  did  the  design  of 
such  a  machine  involve  merely  the  contrivance 
of  a  train  of  parts  to  accomplish  a  series  of 
predetermined  movements,  which  should  ren- 
der possible  the  integration  of  common  mathe- 
matical calculations,  but  also  the  mental  grasp 
of  the  essentials  of  all  arithmetical  calcula- 
tions. During  the  winter  of  1884-85,  when 
not  quite  twenty-three  years  of  age,  Mr.  Felt 
constructed  his  first  working  model  of  a 
comptometer,  by  taking  an  old  macaroni  box 
as  the  containing  case  for  his  mechanism,  and 
by  forming  most  of  the  parts  of  wood.  Even 
this  crude  and  heavy  device  sufficed  to  demon- 
strate his  principles  and  encourage  him  to  con- 
struct a  service  machine  with  metal  parts. 
This  latter  he  completed  in  the  following  year 
(1886),  forming  all  the  component  elements 
by  hand,  and  making  sundry  minor  improve- 
ments of  design.  According  to  good  evidence, 
it  was  the  first  accurate  multiple-column-key- 
operated  adding  and  calculating  machine  ever 


constructed.  Several  of  these  machines  were 
built  within  the  next  year,  all  of  them  being 
used  practically,  some  for  fifteen  years,  or 
more,  with  perfect  satisfaction,  in  banking, 
mercantile,  and  other  business  establishments. 
The  eager  acceptance  of  his  machines  by  pro- 
gressively-minded business  men  encouraged 
Mr.  Felt  to  enlarge  his  manufacturing  facili- 
ties, which  he  did  in  1887  by  forming  a  part- 
nership with  Robert  Tarrant,  of  Chicago,  un- 
der the  firm  style  of  Felt  and  Tarrant.  The 
business  thus  inaugurated  was  incorporated  in 
the  following  year  as  the  Felt  and  Tarrant 
Manufacturing  Company,  which  still  con- 
tinues, with  Mr.  Felt  as  president.  The 
sphere  of  operations  was  further  enlarged  in 


1888-89,  when  the  first  specimens  of  his  per- 
fected comptograph,  undoubtedly  the  earliest 
practical  and  accurate  printing-adding  ma- 
chine, were  produced.  This  machine,  perform- 
ing the  processes  of  integrating  a  mathemati- 
cal process  by  essentially  the  same  process 
used  in  the  comptometer,  which  shows  merely 
the  results  at  the  end  of  a  given  computation, 
also  prints  such  results  on  long  strips  of  paper, 
a  result  which  saves  the  labor  otherwise  neces- 
sary of  transcribing  the  figures.  Such  a  ma- 
chine is  especially  useful  in  making  records  of 
lengthy  columns  of  figures,  as,  for  example, 
listing  and  adding  the  amounts  on  bank  checks, 
in  totaling  a  depositor's  account  at  the  end 
of  a  month,  etc.  It  was  the  pioneer  of  me- 
chanical recording  adders,  and,  furthermore, 
operated  on  the  essential  mechanical  principles 
common  to  all  of  them,  by  printing  the  re- 
sults of  addition  of  several  columns  of  figures, 
and  automatically  filling  in  the  cii)hers.  These 
two  machines,  the  comptometer  and  the 
comptograph,  were  entirely  distinct  from  the 
beginning,  although  involving  the  use  of  dif- 
ferent parts  and  later  made  in  separate  estab- 
lishments. Accordingly,  when  in  1002-03,  Mr. 
Felt  invented  an  entirely  new  mechanism  for 
the  comptometer,  the  business  of  manufactur- 
ing and  selling  the  comptograph  was  sold  to 
the  Comptograph  Company,  then  incor|>oratod 
for  the  purpose  of  developing  its  possibilities. 
The  leading  operative  advantages  involved  in 
the  new  mechanism  of  the  comptometer  were 
provisions  for  reducing  the  i)roasnre  nocossary 
to  operate  the  keys  and  for  making  all  strokes 
entirely   uniform   as   to   length   and   time   re- 


165 


FELT 


BLACK 


?[uired  for  operation,  results  then  accomplished 
or  the  first  time  in  any  key-operated  calculat- 
ing device.  Further  improvements  were  made 
in  1909-10,  when  Mr.  Felt  perfected  the  first 
practical  device  ever  produced  to  compel  a  full 
stroke  at  each  depression  of  a  key.  Previous 
to  this  achievement,  he  had  attempted  to  ob- 
tain this  effect  by  some  method  of  locking  such 
keys  as  were  being  operated,  but  this  device 
proving  useless,  he  hit  upon  the  plan  of  lock- 
ing all  the  other  keys,  in  case  of  a  partial 
stroke  of  any  given  key.  Being  himself  a 
competent  constructor,  as  well  as  an  experi- 
enced designer,  Mr.  Felt  is  able  to  superin- 
tend the  experimental  work  of  every  new  model 
of  his  device  from  the  very  start.  He  had 
been  accustomed  to  construct  all  models  with 
his  own  hands,  and  continues  experimenting 
and  rebuilding,  until  the  desired  lightness  of 
key  touch,  complete  accuracy,  and  sufficient 
durability  of  all  parts  of  the  intricate  mechan- 
ism are  perfectly  attained.  Nor  have  his 
labors  ended  with  the  production  of  an  efficient 
machine.  A  far  greater  task  has  been  that 
involved  in  the  devising  of  methods  for  per- 
forming all  kinds  of  arithmetical  operations 
by  its  help.  Starting  with  the  simple  and 
fundamental  processes,  he  has  been  obliged  to 
devise  methods  for  all  the  various  classes  of 
computations  required  in  commercial  and  en- 
gineering work.  Some  of  these  appear  for- 
midable at  first  sight,  but  closer  study  reveals 
the  fact  that  several  valuable  new  properties 
of  numbers  and  combinations  of  quantities 
have  been  developed  by  the  use  of  this  machine. 
In  addition  to  all  the  other  activities  that 
have  characterized  the  work  of  Mr.  Felt's  life, 
we  find  him  also  in  active  control  of  the  manu- 
facturing and  selling  departments  of  his  great 
business.  He  personally  turned  salesman  at 
the  beginning  of  his  career,  and  actually  sold 
by  his  own  eflforts  the  first  few  hundred  ma- 
chines produced  in  his  works.  At  the  present 
time  his  companies  are  represented  by  selling 
staffs  in  all  parts  of  the  civilized  world,  and 
the  machines  have  earned  a  well-merited  recog- 
nition. As  claimed  by  the  inventor,  the 
comptometer  furnishes  the  swiftest  and  most 
accurate  method  known  for  all  classes  of  com- 
putation. It  is  superior  to  the  listing  adder  in 
the  fact  that  it  is  a  one-motion  machine,  and, 
in  this  respect,  possesses  the  distinct  advan- 
tage of  enabling  the  operator  to  make  much 
greater  speed,  while  keeping  his  attention 
riveted  on  the  figures  with  which  he  is  work- 
ing. As  an  evidence  of  this  claim  the  inven- 
tor states  that,  even  in  the  stress  of  a  com- 
petitive trial  between  different  makes  of 
adding  and  calculating  machines,  the  operators 
on  the  comptometer  averagred  much  higher  in 
accuracy  than  was  possible  with  any  other 
type  of  machine.  As  a  consequence  of  the 
high  efficiency  attainable  by  this  machine,  it 
has  been  repeatedly  barred  from  competition 
in  great  exhibitions  of  contrivances  for  ac- 
complishment of  similar  results.  This  de- 
cision was  made  by  the  governors  of  such  ex- 
hibitions, notably  at  the  first  annual  office 
appliance  and  business  system  show  at  Chicago 
in  March,  1905,  and  at  the  convention  of 
the  Incorporated  Accountants  of  Michigan  at 
Detroit,  in  August,  1907.  Such  a  decision  as 
this,  made  by  a  committee  of  men  familiar 
with   the    requirements   and   performances   of 


selected  office  appliances,  is  to  be  explained 
by  the  fact  that,  whereas  most  manufacturers 
of  adding  machines  claim  a  speed  of  120  nu- 
meral wheel  movements  per  minute,  the  comp- 
tometer, in  the  hands  of  an  expert  operator, 
can  attain  as  high  a  speed  as  400  or  500 
numeral  wheel  movements  per  minute  with 
perfect  accuracy  of  result.  The  comptometer 
has  repeatedly  won  the  highest  awards  at 
trade  and  international  expositions,  and  sev- 
eral medals  have  been  issued  to  the  inventor 
in  recognition  of  his  achievements  in  me- 
chanical science.  Notable  among  these  may 
be  mentioned  the  John  Scott  medal  of  the 
Franklin  Institute,  awarded  by  the  city  of 
Philadelphia  in  1889;  the  gold  medal  of  the 
Columbian  Exposition  in  1893;  a  gold  medal 
by  the  Lewis  and  Clark  Centennial  in  1905; 
and  the  grand  prize  of  the  International  Ex- 
position at  Turin  in  1911.  Although  Mr.  Felt 
has  been  granted  forty-six  patents  in  the 
United  States  and  twenty-five  in  foreign  coun- 
tries, they  refer  principally  to  adding  and 
calculating  machines  and  parts.  He  has  al- 
ways been  an  interested  student  of  live  topics 
of  the  day.  His  opinions  are  sought  and  care- 
fully considered  by  his  fellow  business  men, 
and  he  has  frequently  made  suggestions  of 
value  to  the  President  and  national  lawmakers. 
Notable  occasions  of  public  protests  on  his 
part  were  his  letters  to  President  Wilson  on 
the  provisions  of  the  Clayton  Bill  touching 
patents  and  interlocking  directorates,  provi- 
sions which,  as  he  recognized,  might  embarrass 
some  of  the  greater  corporations  or  "  trusts," 
but  would  certainly  work  considerable  hard- 
ship for  other  classes  of  business  men,  who 
have  no  intention  of  conducting  "  repressive 
monopolies,"  or  of  stifling  just  competition. 
He  also  expressed  himself  strongly  at  a  meet- 
ing of  the  Illinois  Manufacturers'  Association 
on  7  Aug.,  1914,  against  the  proposal  to  allow 
foreign  merchant  ships  to  sail  under  the  Amer- 
ican flag.  Mr.  Felt  has  been  a  wide  traveler 
in  various  parts  of  the  world.  He  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Chicago  Athletic  Association,  and 
of  the  Union  League  and  City  clubs  of  Chi- 
cago, of  the  Wisconsin  Society  of  Chicago,  the 
Sons  of  the  American  Revolution,  and  other 
organizations,  social,  business,  and  learned. 
He  was  married  15  Jan.,  1891,  to  Agnes, 
daughter  of  George  W.  McNulty,  of  Bellevue, 
Ta.  They  have  four  daughters:  Virginia, 
Elizabeth,  Constance,  and  Dorothea. 

BLACK,  Frank  Swett,  governor  of  New 
York,  b.  near  Limington,  York  County,  Me., 
8  March,  1853;  d.  in  Troy,  N.  Y.,  22  March, 
1913,  son  of  Jacob  and  Charlotte  B.  Black.  He 
was  brought  up  on  a  small  farm,  and  from 
early  youth  obliged  to  work  hard  to  assist  his 
father  to  secure  a  competence.  However,  he 
made  the  most  of  his  limited  opportunities  for 
an  education,  and  had  prepared  himself  to 
teach  school  at  the  age  of  seventeen.  He  en- 
tered Dartmouth  College  in  1871  and  was 
graduated  with  honors  in  1875.  Removing 
then  to  Johnstown,  N.  Y.,  he  became  editor  of 
the  Johnstown  "Journal,"  which  he  conducted 
for  some  time.  Finally,  during  a  temporary 
absence  of  the  proprietor,  Mr.  Black,  who  was 
then  an  ardent  admirer  of  James  G  Blaine, 
overturned  the  political  policy  of  the  "  Jour- 
nal "  and  used  it  in  support  of  Blaine.  While 
this  act  caused  his  dismissal,  he  soon  secured 


156 


HANNA 


FRENCH 


I 


a  position  with  the  Troy  "Whig,"  and  subse- 
quently with  the  Troy  "  Times."  He  had  al- 
ways felt,  however,  that  the  law  was  his  des- 
tined calling,  and  he  devoted  his  spare  hours 
to  fitting  himself  for  this  profession.  While  in 
Troy,  Mr.  Black  for  the  first  time  became  inti- 
mately acquainted  with  political  aff^airs. 
Shortly  after  being  admitted  to  the  bar,  his 
efforts  in  behalf  of  the  Republican  party  made 
him  its  virtual  leader  in  the  county.  He  took 
a  prominent  part  in  the  presidential  cam- 
paigns of  1888  and  1892,  and  in  1894  was 
nominated  for  Congress  by  acclamation.  His 
election  was  effected  by  a  large  majority.  Dur- 
ing this  campaign  there  had  been  many  riots 
at  the  Troy  polls,  and  Mr.  Black  was  made 
president  of  a  committee  of  safety  which  waged 
warfare  on  the  political  system  responsible  for 
the  outrages.  In  1896  Louis  Payn  and 
Thomas  C.  Piatt,  the  Republican  bosses,  held 
a  memorable  conference  on  the  question  of 
choosing  the  party  candidate  for  governor,  and 
though  it  had  been  previously  agreed  upon  that 
Benjamin  B.  Odell,  Jr.,  should  be  the  favored 
one,  Payn  insisted  that  Black  was  the  logical 
cahdidate,  and  his  reasoning  finally  prevailed. 
The  slate  was  thus  changed  at  the  very  last 
moment  before  the  various  names  were  sub- 
mitted to  the  convention.  Mr.  Black  was  nom- 
inated and  elected  to  succeed  Levi  P.  Morton. 
One  of  his  first  acts  as  governor  was  to  ap- 
point Payn  state  superintendent  of  insurance, 
which  aroused  an  outcry  of  protest  even  from 
Black's  own  followers.  While  governor,  Mr. 
Black  took  a  prominent  part  in  opposing  the 
agreement  between  Senator  Piatt  and  Richard 
Croker  to  have  a  bill  passed  which  would  pro- 
hibit the  publishing  of  cartoons  in  the  news- 
papers of  the  State.  His  vigorous  opposition 
to  this  bill  brought  about  a  collision  with 
Piatt,  and  in  1898  the  latter  openly  worked 
against  Mr.  Black's  renomination,  planning  to 
have  Theodore  Roosevelt  head  the  Republican 
State  ticket,  and  at  the  same  time  propitiate 
Black  by  offering  to  favor  him  for  the  U.  S. 
Senate  if  he  would  support  Roosevelt.  But 
this  Mr.  Black  refused  to  do,  and  at  the  party 
convention  mustered  his  forces  to  combat  the 
influence  of  Piatt.  The  great  popularity  of 
Theodore  Roosevelt,  however,  defeated  his 
plans.  In  1904,  when  Roosevelt's  foes  were 
working  against  his  nomination  for  the  presi- 
dency, Mr.  Black  was  urged  to  make  the  nom- 
inating speech  in  his  favor.  He  consented, 
though  reluctantly,  for  he  had  never  been  on 
friendly  terms  with  Roosevelt.  Immediately 
following  the  latter's  election  in  1904,  a  move- 
ment was  started  to  send  Mr.  Black  to  the 
U.  S.  Senate,  but  this  plan  was  abandoned 
because  of  the  positive  statement  of  Mr.  Black 
that  he  did  not  wish  to  serve  in  that  capacity. 
Gradually  thereafter  he  withdrew  from  politics, 
until  at  last  he  devoted  his  entire  time  to  his 
law  practice.  Among  the  causes  ceUhres  in 
which  he  appeared  during  his  legal  career  was 
the  murder  trial  of  Roland  B.  Molineux,  whom 
Mr.  Black  defended. 

HANNA,  Louis  Benjamin,  governor  of  North 
Dakota,  b.  in  New  Brighton,  Pa.,  9  Aug.,  1861, 
son  of  Jason  R.  and  Margaret  A.  (Lewis) 
Hanna.  His  father  was  captain  of  a  volunteer 
company  that  fought  in  the  Civil  War.  He  is 
a  descendant  on  his  maternal  side  from  Wil- 
liam Lewis,  who  came  from  England  in  1632, 


settling  in  Hadley,  Mass.  Louis  B,  Hanna  was 
educated  in  the  public  schools  of  Pittsfield, 
Mass.,  New  York  City,  and  Cleveland,  Ohio, 
and  at  the  age  of  twenty-one  engaged  in  the 
lumber  business  on  his  own  account.  He 
gained  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  business, 
being  quick  to  ac- 
quire and  tenacious 
in  retaining  the  in- 
formation given  him 
by  trades-people,  and 
in  the  succeeding 
years  through  his  in- 
dustry and  energy 
built  up  a  large  and 
successful  business. 
He  became  known  for 
the  special  clearness 
of  his  financial 
knowledge  and  his 
ability  to  investigate 
and  dissect  the  most 
complicated  financial 
statement.  At  the 
time  of  his  retire- 
ment from  active  busi- 
ness he  was  president  of  the  Pioneer  Life  In- 
surance Company,  of  Fargo,  N.  D.,  and  presi- 
dent of  the  First  National  Bank  of  Fargo,  of 
which  he  is  now  a  director.  Mr.  Hanna  was  a 
member  of  the  North  Dakota  State  legislature 
in  1895-97;  State  senator  in  1897-1901,  and  in 
1905-09.  After  serving  two  terms  in  Congress, 
he  was  chosen  governor  of  North  Dakota,  serv- 
ing until  1915.  His  long  retention  in  high 
public  offices  evinces  his  worth  and  ability  and 
the  esteem  of  his  fellow  citizens.  He  mar- 
ried on  16  Nov.,  1884,  Lottie  L.  Thatcher,  of 
Minneapolis,  Minn.,  and  they  have  four  chil- 
dren. 

FRENCH,  Alice  (Octave  Thanet),  author, 
b.  in  Andover,  Mass.,  19  March,  1850,  daughter 
of  George  Henry  and  Frances  (Morton) 
French.  Her  ancestors  on  both  sides  were 
among  the  earliest  settlers  of  Massachusetts 
Bay  Colony,  and  through  collateral  lines  she 
is  also  connected  with  several  of  the  oldest 
families  of  Virginia.  Among  her  ancestors 
are  William  French,  one  of  the  original  pro- 
prietors and  first  captain  of  the  town  of 
Billerica,  Mass.;  George  Morton,  a  pil- 
grim; Johnothan  Danforth,  the  Rev.  John 
Lothrop,  and  Pardon  Tillinghast,  all  well 
known  in  the  history  of  New  England.  Her 
father  was  a  prominent  manufacturer,  and 
during  the  Civil  War  was  one  of  the  citizens 
who  raised  and  equipped  Iowa  regiments, 
pledging  their  own  private  fortunes  against 
any  emergency.  Her  mother  was  a  daughter 
of  Gov.  Marcus  Morton,  of  Massachusetts,  and 
through  her  she  is  descended  from  the  Winslow, 
Lothrop,  Mayhew,  Carver,  and  Ilodgoa  fa'm- 
ilies,  and  by  direct  line  from  George  IMorton, 
the  Pilgrim.  In  1868  Alice  French  com- 
pleted the  course  at  Abbott  Acadoniy,  And- 
over, Mass.,  a  famous  old  school  for  girls 
While  visiting  England  she  became  inter- 
ested in  social  hintory  and  also  jjursncd  the 
study  of  English  literal  nro,  and  German 
philosophy.  II(>r  study  of  SchoixMihauer  made 
at  this  time  has  been  ])erpetuale(l  in  lier 
story,  "  Schoj)enhauer  on  Lake  Pepin  "  On 
her  return  to  America  she  continued  lier  in- 
terest   in    social    problems,    and    as    a    nianu- 


157 


FRENCH 


DEWEY 


facturer's  daughter  and  confidante  of  her 
brothers,  Hon.  Nathaniel  French  and  Col. 
George  Watson  French,  who  were  Huccessful 
business  men,  became  more  and  more  en- 
grossed in  industrial  questions.  It  was  said 
of  her  "that  probably  no  living  short-story 
writer  knows  as  much,  at  first  hand,  of  the 
workingman  and  his  employer  as  she."  While 
her  education  and  ancestry  predisposed  Miss 
French  to  the  fascinations  of  economics  and 
philosophy,  the  admonitions  and  warnings  of 
the  editors  to  whom  she  sent  her  earliest  at- 
tempts at  authorship  turned  her  from  the 
ranks  of  the  "  blue-stockings "  to  the  stories 
which  so  well  reflect  her  own  sunny  disposi- 
tion and  keen  insight  into  human  nature. 
Her  first  story  was  sent  to  "  Lippincott's 
Magazine"  in  1878;  and  its  acceptance  and 
the  accompanying  check  marked  the  real  be- 
ginning of  her  literary  career.  This  was  the 
"  Communist's  Wife,"  and  gave  striking  evi- 
dence of  her  talent  in  realistic  portraiture. 
Other  stories  followed  in  quick  succession  and 
she  has  written  indefatigably  ever  since. 
Her  writings  disclose  an  intimate  knowledge 
of  the  human  heart,  and  a  sane  sympathetic 
view  of  human  life.  She  is  in  the  largest  and 
best  sense  an  optimist,  a  fact  which  has  con- 
tributed largely  to  the  eminence  she  has  at- 
tained. Her  style,  which  is  modeled  after  the 
best  French  story  tellers,  is  simple  and  direct, 
touching  the  heart  of  every  reader  with  a 
vital  sense  of  things  that  are  past.  Perhaps 
the  most  flattering  appreciation  of  Miss 
French's  genius  is  embodied  in  an  article 
written  in  1896  by  Madame  Blanc,  the  gifted 
French  authoress,  and  published  in  the 
"  Revue  des  Deux  Mondes."  Madame  Blanc, 
while  visiting  in  Arkansas,  sought  out  Miss 
French,  who  w^as  then  living  in  that  State,  and 
the  two  women  became  fast  friends.  In  her 
article,  which  covers  thirty  pages,  Madame 
Blanc  says:  "It  has  only  been  since  I  have 
myself  visited  the  West  and  the  new  South 
that  I  have  been  able  to  realize  fully  the 
minute  fidelity  in  the  description  of  things 
and  people  which  makes  each  of  the  short 
stories  of  Octave  Thanet  a  little  masterpiece 
of  honest  and  piquant  realism.  But  a  long 
time  previously  in  Paris,  without  knowing 
either  their  setting  or  the  character  which 
had  inspired  them,  I  had  been  conscious  of  the 
true  fineness  of  what  those  stories  gave  us; 
that  warm,  broad,  and  sincere  heartbeat  of 
true  human  life  which  filled  them  ^rom  one 
end  to  the  other."  In  1883  Miss  French  went 
to  Arkansas  and  from  one-third  to  one-half 
of  her  literary  work  w^as  done  in  her  cottage 
on  the  Black  River  plantation  at  Clover  Bend. 
Here  she  wTote,  "  The  Knitters  in  the  Sun," 
"Otto  the  Knight,"  and  "A  Book  of  True 
Lovers,"  all  stories  bristling  with  life  and 
color.  Her  book,  "  Expiation,"  won  deserved 
high  praise  from  book-lovers  and  critics  every- 
where, for  its  wonderful  vitality,  truth  to  life, 
and  vivid  local  coloring.  For  the  most  part, 
the  books  published  by  Miss  French  consist  of 
short  stories,  which  have  appeared  in  the 
magazines.  Four  or  five  of  these  have  been 
translated  into  the  French,  German,  Italian, 
and  Russian  languages.  She  has  also  edited 
the  "  Best  Letters  of  Lady  Wortley  Montagu." 
The  complete  list  of  her  writings  would  be  a 
long  one,  but  the  most  important  are  as  fol- 

158 


lows:  "Knitters  in  the  Sun"  (1887);  "Ex- 
piation" (1890);  "Otto  the  Knight,  and 
Other  Trans-Mississippi  Stories"  (1891); 
"We  All:  a  Book  for  Boys"  (1891);  "An 
Adventure  in  Photography"  (1893);  "Stories 
of  a  Western  Town"  (1893);  "Best  Letters 
of  Lady  Montagu  " ;  "  Book  of  True  Lovers  " 
(1897);  "The  Heart  of  Toil"  (1898);  "The 
Missionary  SheriflF "  (1898);  "The  Slave  to 
Duty,  and  Other  Women"  (1898);  "The 
Captured  Dreani.  and  Other  Stories  "  ( 1899 )  ; 
"The  Man  of  the  Hour"  (1905);  "Stout 
Miss  Hopkins'  Bicycle"  (1906);  "The  Lion's 
Share"  (1907);  "A  Matter  of  Rivalry" 
(1907);  "By  Inheritance"  (1910);  "Stories 
that  End  Well"  (1911);  "A  Step  on  the 
Stair"  (1913);  "Stories  by  American 
Authors."  "  Octave  Thanet's "  personality 
makes  a  strong  appeal  to  enthusiastic  admira- 
tion. She  possesses  a  happy  fusion  of  quali- 
ties more  or  less  rare  in  her  sex — judgment, 
tact,  sympathy,  tolerance,  and  tenderness — 
with  true  feminine  fondness  for  all  things  in 
social  life  which  distinguish  the  gentlewoman. 
As  has  been  well  said  of  her :  "  Her  fair 
complexion,  blue  eyes,  light  brown  hair, 
tender  conscience,  and  love  of  learning  ally 
her  to  New  England;  her  charming  manners, 
splendid  speech  and  magnificent  physique  are 
Southern,  while  her  humorous  mouth  and 
vigorous,  practical  mind  bespeak  her  a 
daughter  of  the  West."  Society  in  the  North, 
East,  and  West  has  always  made  many  de- 
mands upon  her  time  and  her  name  is  enrolled 
with  numerous  clubs  in  various  parts  of  the 
country.  Among  these  are:  the  National  Arts, 
the  Chilton,  and  Mayflower  Clubs  of  Boston; 
the  Mayflower  Descendants;  the  Colonial 
Governors,  of  which  she  is  chairman  for  Iowa; 
Colonial  Dames  of  America,  of  which  she  was 
the  National  Historian  in  1908-12;  and  the 
Iowa  Society  of  Colonial  Dames,  of  which  she 
was  president  in  1898,  1908,  1909,  1912,  1913. 
She  is  also  a  member  of  the  literary  societies 
and  clubs,  notably  of  the  Tuesday  Club  and 
Woman's  Club  of  Davenport,  la.;  the  Woman's 
Club  of  Memphis,  Tenn.;  the  Quid  Nunc 
Club  of  Little  Rock,  Ark.;  the  Illinois  Press 
Club  (Woman's  Association)  ;  and  the  Iowa 
Press  Club. 

DEWEY,  George,  admiral  of  the  U.  S.  navy, 
b.  in  Montpelier,  Vt.,  26  Dec,  1837;  d.  in 
Washington,  D.  C,  16  Jan,  1917,  son  of  Julius 
Yemans  and  Mary  (Perrin)  Dewey.  His 
father  was  a  physician  in  general  practice 
until  1850,  when  he  became  connected  with  the 
medical  department  of  a  life  insurance  com- 
pany in  Vermont.  The  earliest  American  an- 
cestor was  Thomas  Dewey,  a  native  of  Sand- 
wich, Kent,  England,  who  located  at  Dor- 
chester, Mass.,  in  1633,  and  was  admitted  a 
freeman  in  the  following  May.  George  Dewey 
was  the  third  of  four  children.  His  was  the 
usual  boyhood  of  a  healthy,  vigorous  lad  in 
a  New  England  village;  there  was  plenty  of 
outdoor  life,  there  were  as  many  truant  days 
from  school  as  he  could  safely  avail  himself 
of,  and  there  were  the  usual  struggles  that 
form  so  large  a  part  of  the  life  of  a  boy.  His 
friends  of  those  days  tell  how  he  learned  to 
paddle  and  swim  in  the  Onion  (now  Winooski) 
River;  how  in  boyish  emulation  he  stayed  un- 
der w^ater  until  the  spectators  feared  he  was 
drowned;   how  he  pulled  from  the  water  and 


i 


c^ 


C 


/' 


i 


DEWEY 


DEWEY 


saved  from  drowning  one  of  his  weaker  com- 
panions. His  school-teacher,  Maj.  Z.  K. 
Pangborn,  relates  the  experience  of  his  first 
few  days  as  teacher  in  the  Montpelier  school. 
Several  of  his  predecessors  had  been  driven  off 
by  a  close  little  ring  of  the  older  pupils,  of 
which  Dewey  was  the  leader.  Trifling  annoy- 
ance of  young  Pangborn,  then  fresh  from  col- 
lege, on  the  first  day,  gave  place  to  snow- 
balling on  the  second,  and  to  a  well-planned 
attack  upon  him  in  the  schoolroom  itself  on 
the  third.  It  was  only  by  the  aid  of  a  raw- 
hide whip  and  several  hickory  sticks  that  the 
teacher  succeeded  in  bringing  to  terms  young 
Dewey  and  the  other  heads  of  the  rebellion; 
he  then  sent  them  home,  still  smarting  from 
their  stinging  punishment.  This  lesson  was 
well  learned — there  was  no  further  trouble  in 
the  school ;  and  when  Major  Pangborn  went  to 
Johnson,  Vt.,  to  establish  a  private  academy, 
Dewey  went  with  him.  The  boy  was  then 
fourteen  years  old.  One  year  later  he  was 
sent  to  the  Norwich  Military  Academy,  then 
at  Norwich,  but  now  at  Northfield,  Vt.  Here 
a  taste  for  military  affairs  developed  itself; 
West  Point  was  thought  of,  but  the  attrac- 
tions of  the  naval  academy  at  Annapolis 
proved  stronger.  The  father  opposed  this  in- 
clination, but  prudently  yielded  when  he  saw 
it  was  a  serious  desire  in  the  boy's  mind.  He 
was  appointed  alternate  to  the  vacancy  exist- 
ing at  Annapolis  for  Vermont,  but  George 
Spaulding,  his  classmate  at  Norwich,  who  had 
received  the  appointment,  failed  to  qualify, 
and  so  young  Dewey  entered  the  Naval  Acad- 
emy in  1854.  During  his  four  years  at  Annap- 
olis he  kept  a  good  rank  in  his  class,  took 
an  active  interest  in  the  social  amenities  that 
were  afforded,  and  was  a  vigorous  participant 
in  the  political  and  sectional  discussions  rife 
in  the  decade  preceding  the  Civil  War.  It  is 
told  that  on  one  occasion  he  avenged  a  fancied 
insult  on  the  North  by  a  blow  from  his  fist; 
a  challenge  to  a  duel  with  pistols  was  promptly 
sent  by  the  young  Southerner,  and  was  as 
promptly  accepted  by  Dewey;  cooler  heads, 
however,  among  the  cadets,  informed  the  offi- 
cer of  the  day,  and  the  affair  was  stopped. 
The  class  that  entered  in  1854  contained  about 
sixty  members,  but  of  this  number  only  four- 
teen were  graduated  in  1858;  Dewey  was 
fifth  in  rank.  His  first  assignment  to  duty 
was  as  midshipman  on  the  steam-frigate  "  Wa- 
bash," under  command  of  Capt.  Samuel  Bar- 
ron, who  afterward  became  commodore  in  the 
Confederate  navy.  The  "  Wabash  "  was  then 
on  the  Mediterranean  station,  and  attracted 
no  little  attention  at  the  ports  she  visited, 
for  this  was  in  the  early  days  of  steam  as 
applied  to  warships,  and  the  type  of  frigate 
evolved  by  American  builders  was  full  of  in- 
terest to  foreign  naval  officers.  This  cruise 
gave  Dewey  an  opportunity  to  visit  the  Holy 
Land  and  to  send  home  various  mementos  of 
his  visit  to  his  Vermont  friends  and  relatives. 
In  1860  he  was  ordered  back  to  Annapolis  for 
examination  as  passed  midshipman;  he  suc- 
ceeded in  advancing  himself  two  numbers, 
making  his  final  rating  in  the  class  number 
three.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  he  was 
commissioned  lieutenant,  and  ordered  to  the 
steam-sloop  "  Mississippi  "  on  the  Gulf  squad- 
ron. Early  in  1862  Farragut  was  assigned  to 
the   squadron   as   flag-officer,   and   at  once  he 


began  preparations  for  forcing  his  way  up  the 
Mississippi  past  Forts  Jackson  and  St.  Philip 
to  take  New  Orleans,  By  February  the  heavy- 
draught  ships  of  the  squadron  had  been  light- 
ened sufficiently  to  allow  them  to  cross  the  bar 
and  to  ascend  the  river.  On  the  April  day 
on  which  the  forts  were  to  be  passed  Capt. 
Melancton  Smith,  of  the  "  Mississippi,"  or- 
dered Dewey  to  con  the  ship;  and  from  the 
conning-bridge  Dewey  directed  the  vessel  up 
the  unknown,  devious,  shifting  channel, 
through  the  rain  of  shot  and  shell  from  the 
forts,  past  the  Confederate  rams,  into  safe 
water  above  the  forts,  where  the  fleet  held 
New  Orleans  at  its  mercy.  When  Farragut 
pushed  on  in  March,  1863,  to  attack  Port 
Hudson,  the  "  Mississippi "  grounded  under 
the  bluffs,  and  offered  such  a  target  for  the 
Confederate  batteries  that  she  was  abandoned 
and  burned.  The  part  Lieutenant  Dewey  took 
in  the  blowing  up  of  the  "  Mississippi "  was 
described  at  the  time  by  the  correspondent  of 
the  New  York  "Herald"  as  follows:  "Cap- 
tain Smith  and  Lieutenant  Deweyx  were  the 
last  to  leave  the  ship.  She  had  been  fired  both 
forward  and  aft,  and  Lieutenant  Dewey  was 
in  the  boat  at  the  port  gangway  waiting  for 
the  captain,  when  the  latter  expressed  the 
wish  that  the  ward-room  should  be  examined 
once  more,  to  see  if  the  fire  kindled  there  was 
burning  properly.  At  this  instant  a  heavy 
shot,  striking  the  starboard  side  of  the  ship, 
passed  entirely  through  her,  coming  within  a 
foot  of  the  stern  of  the  boat  in  which  Lieu- 
tenant Dewey  was  sitting.  It  was  only  neces- 
sary for  him  to  look  through  the  hole  that  the 
shot  had  made  to  ascertain  that  the  ward- 
room was  in  a  blaze,  and  on  reporting  such  to 
be  the  case  Captain  Smith  was  satisfied,  and 
left  the  good  old  ship  to  her  fate."  Captain 
Smith  and  Lieutenant  Dewey  passed  on  to  the 
"  Richmond,"  Some  of  the  men  had  landed  on 
the  west  bank  of  the  river,  from  which  they 
were  rescued  by  Commander  Caldwell,  of  the 
"  Essex."  Captain  Smith  reported  in  March, 
1863,  that  233  were  saved,  and  sixty-four 
killed  and  missing.  It  was  rumored  at  the 
time  that  a  few  of  the  crew  had  been  captured, 
but  the  common  statement  made  in  the  year 
1899,  that  Dewey  was  taken  prisoner  on 
that  occasion,  is  not  true.  Dewey  was  then 
assigned  to  one  of  the  smaller  gunboats  of  the 
fleet;  he  took  part  in  the  engagements  with 
the  Confederates  below  Donaldsonville,  La., 
in  July,  1863,  and  saw  other  service  on  the 
river  until  the  stream  was  completely  opened 
for  the  Union  forces.  In  1864-65  he  served  on 
the  gunboat  "  Agawam  "  on  the  North  Atlantic 
blockading  squadron.  He  took  part  in  the 
severe  engagements  before  Fort  Fisher  in  De- 
cember, 1864,  and  January,  1865;  and  in 
March,  1865,  received  his  commission  of  lieu- 
tenant-commander. The  war  was  now  over, 
and  Dewey  was  transferred  to  the  "  Kear- 
sarge,"  on  the  European  squadron.  «s  execu- 
tive officer.  For  a  time  he  was  stalionod  at 
the  Kittery  navy  yard,  just  across  the  river 
from  Portsmouth,  N.  IT.";  here  ho  mot  Snsim 
P,  Goodwin,  daughter  of  Tohnbod  Goodwin, 
war  governor  of  Now  TTiimpsliiro.  Tboy  wore 
married  in  Octol)or.  1867.  iind  bad  one  olnld. 
George  Goodwin  Dowoy,  born  2."{  Ooo..  IST'i; 
five  days  after  the  liirth  of  <ho  son  Iho  niotlior 
died.     This  son  was  among  the  first  to  greet 

159 


DEWEY 


DEWEY 


the  great  admiral  on  his  return  from  Manila, 
26  Sept.,  1899.  During  1867  Dewey  served 
on  the  "Colorado,"  flagship  of  the  Euro- 
pean squadron;  in  1868-69  he  was  as- 
signed to  duty  at  the  Naval  Academy.  He 
was  in  command  of  the  "  Narragansett "  on 
special  service  in  1870-71.  A  year  later  he 
received  his  commission  as  commander,  in 
April,  1872.  For  three  years,  1872-75,  he  was 
in  command  of  the  "  Narragansett "  on  the 
Pacific  survey.  It  was  during  this  period  that 
the  "  Virginius "  trouble  occurred  and  war 
with  S))ain  seemed  imminent.  Commander 
Dewey  wrote  to  the  Navy  Department  request- 
ing that,  in  case  war  should  break  out,  he 
might  be  assigned  the  duty  of  capturing 
Manila.  The  controversy  with  Spain  was  set- 
tled by  diplomacy,  however,  and  there  was  no 
need  of  armed  force;  but  it  is  an  interesting 
historical  fact  that  over  a  quarter  of  a  cen- 
tury before  the  opportunity  occurred  the  ad- 
miral had  his  eye  on  Manila.  On  his  return 
from  duty  on  the  Pacific  he  served  as  light- 
house inspector  in  1876-77,  and  as  secretary  of 
the  lighthouse  board  from  1877  to  1882.  He 
was  then  assigned  to  the  command  of  the 
'•Juniata"  on  the  Asiatic  squadron;  his  ex- 
periences on  that  station  in  1882-83  stood  him 
in  good  stead  when  he  was  again  in  command 
on  that  station,  some  sixteen  years  later.  In 
September,  1884,  he  was  appointed  captain. 
He  commanded  the  "  Dolphin "  in  1884  and 
the  "  Pensacola,"  flagship  of  the  European 
station,  in  1885-88.  He  was  then  detailed 
chief  of  the  bureau  of  equipment  and  recruit- 
ing, with  the  rank  of  commodore;  this  posi- 
tion he  held  from  August,  1889,  until  May, 
1803,  when  he  became  a  member  of  the  light- 
house board.  In  1805  he  was  transferred  to 
the  board  of  inspection  and  survey,  serving  as 
president  during  1896  and  1897.  He  had  held 
the  rank  of  commodore  from  the  time  of  his 
service  as  chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Equipment, 
but  his  commission  as  such  was  not  issued 
until  20  Feb.,  1806.  Early  in  1897  he  applied 
for  an  assignment  for  sea-service.  It  is  prob- 
able, too,  that  ]\rr.  Roosevelt,  then  Assistant 
Secretary  of  the  Navy,  foresaw  the  outbreak  of 
hostilities  with  Spain,  recognized  the  impor- 
tance, in  that  event,  of  success  by  the  Asiatic 
squadron,  and  resolved  to  put  in  command  an 
officer  tried  by  varied  experience  on  sea  and 
shore.  On  30  Nov.,  1807,  Dewey  was  assigned 
to  sea-service,  and  was  detailed  to  the  Asiatic 
squadron,  of  which  he  assumed  command  3 
Jan.,  1808.  This  was  the  critical  period  in  the 
relations  between  Spain  and  the  United  States. 
Sagasta  had  recalled  Weyler  from  Cuba,  and 
had  sent  Blanco  to  introduce  a  system  of 
autonomy,  the  failure  of  which  soon  became 
evident.  The  United  States  began  concentrat- 
ing war-vessels  near  Key  West  and  collecting 
naval  supplies;  the  tone  of  the  press  became 
more  serious,  demanding  more  earnestly  the 
end  of  Spanish  rule  in  Cuba.  The  De  Lome 
letter  early  in  February,  and  the  destruction 
of  the  United  States  war-vessel  "  Maine "  in 
the  harbor  of  Havana,  made  it  evident  that 
war  was  imminent.  The  navy  department  at 
Washington  made  every  effort  to  give  the 
Asiatic  squadron  all  the  munitions  of  war 
necessary  The  coal  supply  was,  of  course,  the 
crucial  question ;  Dewey  purchased  two  ships, 
one  laden  with  3,000  tons  of  the  best  Welsh 


coal,  the  other  carrying  six  months'  supplies 
of  stores  and  provisions.  With  careful  fore- 
sight he  made  his  preparations,  and  then^ 
waited.  When  war  should  break  out  there 
would  be  no  port  where  he  might  refit  or  re- 
pair a  ship  nearer  than  San  Francisco,  7,000 
miles  away.  He  must  either  take  a  port  for 
a  base  or  else  sail  home.  Immediately  upon 
the  declaration  of  war  the  British  government 
published  its  proclamation  of  neutrality, 
which  course  forced  Dewey  (under  protest, 
for  he  had  not  yet  received  notification  from 
his  own  government)  from  the  harbor  of 
Hongkong.  He  took  advantage  of  the  delay 
of  China  to  proclaim  neutrality  and  lay  for 
two  days  in  Mirs  Bay,  waiting  for  final  in- 
structions from  the  government,  for  the  ar- 
rival of  Consul  Williams,  and  for  the  com- 
pletion of  the  last  necessary  preparations.  He 
was  not  bound  by  unnecessary  details  in  his 
orders  from  Washington,  dated  24  April, 
which  read  simply :  '*  War  has  commenced  be- 
tween the  United  States  and  Spain,  Proceed 
at  once  to  the  Philippine  Islands.  Commence 
operations  at  once,  particularly  against  the 
Spanish  fleet.  You  must  capture  vessels  or 
destroy.  Use  utmost  endeavors."  On  27 
April  he  sailed  for  the  Philippines  with  a  fleet 
of  nine  vessels — the  flagship  "  Olympia,"  the 
"Baltimore,"  "Boston,"  "Raleigh,"  "Con- 
cord," "  Petrel,"  the  revenue  cutter  "  McCul- 
loch,"  a  collier,  "  Nashan,"  and  a  supply-vessel, 
"  Zafiro " ;  the  officers  and  men  in  the  fleet 
numbered  1,694.  The  Spaniards  were  in- 
formed by  cable  of  the  departure  from  Mirs 
Bay,  and  might  have  calculated  with  a  fair 
degree  of  certainty  the  time  the  fleet  could  be 
expected  at  Manila.  The  vessels  arrived  at 
the  south  channel  leading  into  Manila  Bay  at 
11:30  P.M.  of  30  April.  The  Spaniards  might 
have  expected  a  hostile  fleet,  in  such  a  case, 
to  lie  to  in  the  open  until  daylight  before  at- 
tempting to  enter  an  unknowm  harbor  sup- 
posed to  be  well  protected  by  torpedoes  and 
mines  in  addition  to  the  forts  Dewey  waited 
for  nothing,  however,  but  sailed  boldly  into 
the  harbor,  leading  the  wav  on  the  "  Olvmpia," 
followed  by  the  "Baltimore,"  "Raleigh," 
"Petrel,"  "Concord,"  and  "Boston"  in  the 
order  named.  The  fleet  was  not  discovered  by 
the  lookout  at  Corregidor  until  the  head  of 
the  column  was  nearly  abreast  the  lighthouse; 
then  an  alarm  signal  was  fired,  and  was  an- 
swered by  the  flash  of  a  rocket  on  the  main- 
land, but  that  was  all.  A  life-buoy  fell  over- 
board by  accident  from  one  of  the  leading 
ships,  and  ignited  as  soon  as  it  struck  the 
water;  the  smoke-stack  of  one  of  the  vessels 
caught  fire  three  times  and  flared  up,  giving 
another  excellent  target  for  the  Spanish  gun- 
ners; but  still  not  a  shot  was  fired  by  them. 
At  last  came  the  first  discharge,  from  a  bat- 
tery scarcely  half  a  mile  distant;  a  few 
shots  from  the  American  fleet  replied,  but 
apparently  did  little  damage  to  the  enemy. 
The  vessels  steamed  on  at  a  slow  rate,  cal- 
culated to  put  them  within  striking  distance 
of  the  Spanish  fleet  at  daybreak.  The  ^en 
who  had  been  allowed  to  sleep  beside  their 
guns  were  now  at  quarters;  coffee  was  served 
to  them,  and  the  battle-flags  were  broken  out. 
At  5:15  A.M.  three  batteries  at  Manila,  two 
near  Cavite.  and  the  Spanish  fleet  opened  fire 
upon   the   advancing   Americans;    Dewey's   or- 


160 


DEWEY 


DEWEY 


ders  were  not  to  fire  until  he  had  given  the 
word,  and  the  fleet  steamed  on.  At  last 
Dewey  remarked  to  the  captain  of  the  "  Olym- 
pia " :  "  Gridley,  you  may  fire  when  you  are 
ready,"  and  at  5:41  the  Americans  began  to 
return  the  Spanish  fire.  The  result  of  long 
months  of  target-practice  was  soon  apparent 
in  the  greater  destructiveness  of  the  Ameri- 
can fire.  The  flagship  led  the  way  past  the 
Spanish  fleet  and  forts,  and  then  counter- 
marched in  a  line  approximately  parallel  to 
that  of  the  enemy's  fleet,  anchored  in  a  line 
about  east  and  west  across  the  mouth  of 
Bacoor  Bay.  At  7:00  a.m.  the  "  Reina  Cris- 
tina,"  flagship  of  Admiral  Montojo,  made  a 
desperate  eff'ort  to  leave  the  line  and  to  en- 
gage the  American  fleet;  she  was  met  by  such 
a  galling  fire  from  the  "  Olympia,"  however, 
that  she  was  driven  back,  barely  succeeding 
in  reaching  the  shelter  of  the  point  of  Cavity ; 
American  shells  had  set  her  on  fire,  and  she 
continued  to  burn  until  she  sank.  Dewey 
silenced  the  land  batteries  at  Manila  by  a  mes- 
sage to  the  governor-general  to  the  effect  that 
if  they  did  not  cease  firing  he  would  shell  the 
city.  The  action  had  been  so  fierce  and  the 
expenditure  of  ammunition  so  rapid  that  the 
commodore  began  to  fear  for  the  supply;  ac- 
cordingly, at  7:35  A.M.  he  ceased  firing,  after 
passing  the  Spanish  fleet  for  the  fifth  time, 
and  withdrew  out  of  range  to  take  account  of 
his  ammunition.  He  satisfied  himself  that  the 
supply  was  ample,  gave  his  men  their  break- 
fast, and  returned  to  the  attack  at  11:16 
A.M.;  by  this  time  almost  the  entire  squadron 
of  the  enemy  was  in  flames.  The  engagement 
continued  until  12:30  p.m.,  when  his  orders  to 
"  Capture  vessels  or  destroy "  were  literally 
fulfilled,  for  of  the  Spanish  vessels  the  "  Reina 
Cristina,"  "  Castilla,"  and  "  Don  Antonio  de 
Ulloa "  were  sunk,  the  "  Don  Juan  de  Aus- 
tria," "  Isla  de  Cuba,"  "  Isla  de  Luzon,"  "  Gen- 
eral Lezo,"  "Marques  del  Duero,"  "El  Cor- 
reo,"  "  Velasco,"  and  "  Isla  de  Mindanao " 
were  burned,  and  the  "  Rapido "  and  "  Her- 
cules," as  well  as  several  small  launches,  were 
captured.  The  Spanish  loss,  as  given  in  the 
report  of  Admiral  Montojo,  was,  including 
those  at  the  arsenal,  381  men  killed  and 
wounded.  Against  this  the  Americans  lost  not 
a  single  vessel  nor  man,  only  nine  seamen  in 
the  whole  fleet  being  wounded.  Dewey  offered 
to  permit  the  Spaniards  to  use  the  telegraphic 
cable  from  Manila  to  Hongkong  provided 
they  would  allow  him  to  make  use  of  it  in 
communicating  with  his  own  government;  this 
they  refused  to  do,  and  in  consequence  he  sent 
a  vessel  to  cut  the  cable  just  off  its  landing- 
place.  A  vague  announcement  of  the  battle 
and  intimation  of  the  defeat  of  the  Spaniards 
had  already  been  telegraphed,  but  no  official 
version  was  known  until  Dewey  had  sent  his 
report  to  Hongkong  by  one  of  his  own  vessels. 
Immediately  upon  the  news  of  the  battle  Euro- 
pean governments  with  interests  in  the  Philip- 
pines ordered  their  Asiatic  squadrons  to  the 
scene  for  the  protection  of  their  citizens.  A 
French  vessel  appeared  first,  followed  soon  by 
numerous  German  ships,  by  the  British  squad- 
ron, and  others.  It  soon  became  evident  that 
the  Germans  were  desirous  to  make  trouble  for 
the  Americans,  to  ignore  the  harbor  regulations 
that  Dewey  had  drawn  up,  and  to  establish 
obtrustively  friendly  relations  with  the  Span- 


iards. The  fleet  under  Vice-Admiral  von 
Diederichs  was  larger  and  stronger  than  the 
American,  including  two  battleships,  and  not  a 
little  apprehension  was  felt  that  they  might 
come  to  blows.  At  length  Dewey  intimated  to 
Von  Diederichs  that  he  considered  the  course 
pursued  by  the  Germans  distinctly  unfriendly, 
and  that  it  must  be  persisted  in  no  longer; 
after  this  their  conduct  was  less  objectionable. 
Dewey  held  Manila  at  his  mercy;  he  could 
have  taken  the  city  at  any  time,  but  not  hav- 
ing sufficient  troops  to  garrison  it,  took  no 
active  steps  until  forces  from  San  Francisco 
arrived.  The  time  between  the  battle  of 
Manila  and  the  arrival  of  American  troops 
was  a  trying  one  for  him;  the  question  of  the 
status  of  the  rebels  against  Spanish  rule,  the 
action  of  the  Germans,  the  widely  advertised 
relief  expedition  from  Spain,  under  Admiral 
Camera,  and  many  other  questions,  contrived 
to  put  Dewey  into  a  strain  of  anxious  tension. 
The  news  of  the  destruction  of  the  Spanish 
fleet  at  Santiago,  and  of  the  recall  of  Camera's 
fleet  from  Suez,  received  on  17  July,  served 
to  clear  the  atmosphere,  and  the  arrival  of 
American  troops  gave  increased  confidence. 
The  first  army  expedition  consisted  of  three 
transports  with  2,500  men,  which  sailed  from 
San  Francisco  on  15  May  and  arrived  off  Ma- 
nila 30  June;  as  fast  as  possible  other  expedi- 
tions followed,  until  the  entire  force  in  the 
islands  consisted  of  641  officers  and  15,058  en- 
listed men,  under  command  of  Gen.  Wesley 
Merritt.  It  was  only  reluctance  to  cause 
needless  loss  of  life  and  property  that  pre- 
vented an  immediate  attack  upon  the  city;  it 
was  hoped  Governor-General  Augustin  would 
yield  to  the  inevitable.  During  this  period  of 
inaction  the  insurgents  resumed  the  hostilities 
which  had  been  suspended  by  the  uncompleted 
truce  of  December,  1897.  They  invested  the 
city  on  the  north  and  east,  but  Dewey  and 
Merritt  constrained  them  from  attacking  it. 
On  31  July  the  Spaniards  in  force  attacked  the 
American  lines  that  had  been  established  at 
Manila,  but  were  repulsed  with  a  heavy  loss, 
the  Americans  losing  only  nine  killed  and 
forty-seven  wounded.  On  13  Aug.  the  fleet 
under  Dewey  combined  with  the  troops  under 
Merritt  to  make  a  simultaneous  attack  upon 
the  city.  The  brigades  commanded  by  Generals 
McArthur  and  Greene  carried  the  Spanish 
works,  losing  about  fifty  men;  the  navy  again 
came  off  without  the  loss  of  a  single  life. 
After  about  six  hours  of  fighting  the  city 
surrendered  and  Dewey's  flag-lieutenant, 
Brumby,  raised  the  American  flag.  Secretary 
Long  summed  up  admirably  the  result  of  the 
victory  in  Manila  Bay  when  he  said,  in  his 
annual  report  in  November,  1898:  "Aside  from 
the  mere  fact  of  having  won  without  the  loss 
of  a  single  life  such  a  brilliant  and  electrifying 
victory  at  the  very  outset  of  the  war.  witli 
all  the  confidence  which  it  infused  throughout 
the  country  and  into  the  personnel  of  every 
branch  of  the  service,  it  removed  at  once  all 
apprehension  for  the  Pacific  Coast.  Tlie  in- 
direct pecuniary  advantage  to  the  United 
States  in  the  way  of  saving  an  inoroaao  of  in- 
surance rates  and  in  assuring  tlie  country  of 
freedom  from  attack  on  that  coast  is  incal- 
culable." On  9  May,  1898,  President  McKin- 
ley,  in  a  special  mes.sage  to  Congress,  recom- 
mended that  the  thanks  of  the  nation  be  given 


161 


DEWEY 


SMITH 


to  Dewey  and  to  his  officers  and  men;  joint 
resolutions  to  that  effect  were  agreed  to  at 
once,  and  further  resolutions  ordered  to  be 
prepared  a  sword  of  honor  for  Dewey  and 
medals  for  the  ofiicers  and  men,  $10,000  being 
appropriated  for  the  purpose.  The  first  sub- 
stantial evidence  of  the  gratitude  felt  toward 
him  was  his  appointment  by  President  Mc- 
Kinley,  on  10  May,  1898,  as  rear-admiral;  he 
was  then  the  senior  officer  in  the  navy. 
On  3  March,  1899,  by  act  of  Congress,  Dewey 
was  made  admiral  of  the  navy,  a  higher 
rank  than  that  held  by  any  other  Ameri- 
can naval  officer.  After  the  fall  of  Manila 
and  during  the  peace  negotiations  at  Paris  re- 
lations between  the  Spaniards  and  Americans 
became  quiet,  but  the  insurgents  under  Agui- 
naldo  gave  no  little  trouble;  the  Spanish 
prisoners  in  the  hands  of  the  Filipinos  were 
also  a  fruitful  source  of  friction.  The  insur- 
gents grew  bolder  and  more  restive;  on  7  Jan  , 
1899,  Aguinaldo  issued  a  proclamation  pro- 
testing against  the  intrusion  of  the  Americans 
in  the  Philippines,  alleging  that  they  had 
promised  freedom  for  the  islands  and  had  vio- 
lated their  promises,  denouncing  McKinley's 
orders  to  General  Otis  (who  had  succeeded  to 
the  command  after  Merritt  had  been  called  to 
Paris  to  advise  the  peace  commissioners),  and 
calling  upon  the  Filipinos  not  to  desist  in  their 
struggle  for  liberty.  In  January  President 
McKinley  appointed  a  commission  of  five,  con- 
sisting of  Admiral  Dewey,  General  Otis,  Presi- 
dent Schurman,  of  Cornell,  Col.  Charles  Denby, 
sometime  minister  to  China,  and  Prof.  Dean 
C.  Worcester,  of  the  University  of  Michigan, 
for  the  purpose  of  examining  the  situation  in 
the  Philippines,  and  reporting  to  him  and  ad- 
vising him  on  each  new  step  in  colonial  devel- 
opment. On  4  and  5  Feb.  hostilities  broke  out 
between  the  insurgents  and  Americans;  from 
then  on  they  continued  even  into  the  rainy  sea- 
son. Dewey  supported  the  land  forces  with 
the  navy  in  every  case  possible.  His  time  now 
was  also  occupied  by  his  duties  on  the  Philip- 
pine Commission,  the  civil  members  of  which 
arrived  at  Manila  on  4  March.  On  4  April  the 
commission  issued  a  proclamation  assuring  the 
Filipinos  of  the  perfect  good  faith  of  the 
Americans  and  their '  sincere  desire  to  give 
them  prosperity  and  happiness,  well-being  and 
good  government;  that  a  conflict  against  the 
Americans  must  in  the  end  prove  hopeless; 
and  putting  forth  plainly  and  in  detail  the  in- 
tentions of  the  Americans  with  reference  to 
the  government  and  control  of  the  islands. 
On  22  May  the  commission  submitted  to  peace 
commissioners  appointed  by  the  Filipinos  a 
draft  of  the  proposed  form  of  government; 
this  included  a  governor-general  and  a  cabinet 
to  be  appointed  by  the  President,  and  later  an 
advisory  council  to  be  elected  by  the  Filipinos. 
Dewey's  work  on  the  commission  was  now  at 
an  end.  He  had  asked  to  be  relieved,  Rear- 
Admiral  John  C.  Watson  had  been  assigned 
to  succeed  him  in  command  of  the  Asiatic 
station,  and  accordingly  on  20  May  he  left  Ma- 
nila on  board  his  flagship  "  Olympia,"  bound 
for  New  York  by  way  of  Hongkong,  the  In- 
dian Ocean,  the  Suez  Canal,  and  the  Mediter- 
ranean Sea.  His  progress  homeward  was  one 
continued  ovation  at  every  port  in  -which  he 
stopped,  and  every  attention  and  honor  pos- 
sible were  shown  him.     In  the  United  States 


162 


the  preparations  were  most  elaborate.  A  pop- 
ular subscription  toward  a  fund  to  provide 
him  a  home  was  started;  city  after  city  in- 
vited his  attendance  at  dinners  and  recep- 
tions. In  New  York  the  celebration  in  his 
honor,  29  and  30  Sept.,  1899,  provided  a  most 
remarkable  spectacle,  the  equal  of  which  has 
perhaps  never  been  witnessed  in  this  country. 
The  admiral  was  presented  also  with  a  beauti- 
ful loving-cup  of  gold,  the  gift  of  the  city  of 
New  York,  and  another  equally  beautiful  silver 
cup  was  given  later  by  a  daily  journal  of  the 
city,  which  had  raised  funds  for  the  purpose 
by  popular  subscriptions  of  single  dimes.  Pro- 
ceeding to  Washington,  Dewey  was  received 
by  President  McKinley,  and  was  presented 
with  the  sword  voted  by  Congress,  receiving 
another  ovation  in  the  nation's  capital,  3 
Oct.,  second  only  to  that  of  the  city  of  New 
York.  Admiral  Dewey  became  president  of 
the  General  Board  of  the  Navy  29  March, 
1900.  He  married  his  second  wife,  Mrs.  Mil- 
dred (McLean)  Hazen,  of  Washington,  D.  C, 
on  9  Nov.,  1899. 

SMITH,  Francis  Hopkinson,  engineer, 
author,  and  artist,  b.  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  23 
Oct.,  1838;  d.  in  New  York  City,  7  April, 
1915,  son  of  Francis  Hopkinson  and  Susan 
(Teackle)  Smith.  He  was  a  member  of  an 
old  Virginia  family  which  was  represented 
among  the  signers  of  the  Declaration  of  In- 
dependence by  Francis  Hopkinson.  After  ac- 
quiring his  elementary  education  in  the  Balti- 
more public  schools,  he  entered  a  private  acad- 
emy, where,  according  to  the  plans  made  by 
his  father,  he  was  to  prepare  for  entrance 
into  Princeton  University.  But  business  re- 
verses compelled  his  father  to  take  him  out 
of  this  school,  and,  at  the  age  of  sixteen,  he 
became  a  clerk  in  a  hardware  store  at  a  wage 
of  $50.00  a  month.  Two  years  later  he  be- 
came assistant  superintendent  in  an  iron 
foundry  owned  by  his  brother,  and  there  re- 
mained for  another  two  years.  At  that  time 
the  financial  and  industrial  disorders  incident 
to  the  Civil  War  caused  the  foundry  to  be 
closed,  and  young  Smith  found  himself  with- 
out employment.  He  came  up  to  New  York 
with  his  brother,  and,  after  a  depressing 
period  spent  in  a  search  for  employment, 
finally  found  a  position  with  a  firm  in  the 
iron  business  on  Broad  Street.  It  was  while 
he  was  employed  here  that  he  devoted  all  his 
spare  hours  to  preparing  himself  for  the  pro- 
fession of  his  own  choice — civil  engineering. 
With  persistent  energy  he  studied  at  nights 
and  in  a  remarkably  short  time  had  mas- 
tered the  theory  and  the  fundamental  prin- 
ciples of  the  practice  of  this  science.  He 
then  formed  a  partnership  with  James  Sym- 
ington, who,  like  himself,  had  a  taste  for  art. 
It  was  only  four  years  later  that  he  under- 
took his  first  large  contract,  the  construction 
of  the  stone  ice-breaker  about  the  Bridgeport 
lighthouse.  Then  he  built  the  breakwaters  at 
Block  Island,  and  the  jetties  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Connecticut  River.  He  was  also  awarded 
the  contract  for  the  government  sea  wall 
around  Governors  Island  in  New  York  Bay, 
another  at  Tompkinsville,  on  Staten  Island, 
and  he  built  the  foundation  for  the  Bartholdi 
Statue  on  Liberty  Island.  Later  he  built  a 
great  number  of  bridges.  But,  though  he 
took  much  pride  in  these  works,  the  building 


SMITH 


TALCOTT 


>?4iaRure.  .an^  b^  <^hftnii  of  manner,  also,  became  a  popu- 
iny  I  •  He  frequently  read  from  his  own 


hat   he 


favorit*'   subjects   were   litera- 

1.     As  an  after-dinner 

;'rai   favorite;    he   was 

aig  a  «tory  by  meau» 


as 


on 


paper. 


Mr. 


w  members  of 

in  an  appre- 

of   that   or- 

•s    excep 

■■■ifv  ikutl 
'■  do 

;.d— 

'he 

iiy 

ft 

t,  a 
l%- 


>lor   Society  and   the  Now   York 

Later   in   life   he   made   trips 

r-iOjkd,   armed   with   ft    larg**'    white   umlirella, 

'*i<cch    became    fajnons    from    the    'niame«    to 

.iestine,  and  even  in  Mexico;   for  he  always 

'.i  in  ted  in  the  open  air.    Xor  was  he  by  any 

roans  in  the  amateur  class.    He  also  received 

c  any   awards    for    his   paintings.      The    Pan- 

'  "'"' "  rt  Exposition  gave  him  several  medals; 

iit'ston    Expo.sition   and   the   Philadel- 

- -^  Club  also  awarded  him  medals.     The 

Snltan  of  Turkey  was  so   strongly   impressed 

'y   his   paintings   that    he   awarded    him   the 

rders   of   the    Medjidieh   and    the    Osmanyeh, 

•ith  the  grade  of  officer  in  each      Up  to  the 

•xre    of    forty-five    Mr.    Smith    had    never    at- 

■  mpted  to  write,  but,  in  1886,  when  he  was 

■"  '  '(luctiona  of  his  water  color 

>ok    entitled.    '"^  Well -Worn 

u.iu^.ierft  ra^cTv^ted  to  him  that 

'h  text  to  th«  jjk-ichc*.     Having 

1    to   attempting   authorship,    he 

^^♦r.tinued.      There    followed    soon    alter,    *'  A 

Lite  Umbrella  in  Mexico";  "A  Book  of  the 

'^rt*  Club,"  ttiwi  other  matter  of  a  descriptive 

.^aracter.     It  was  not  till  1801,  hr>vfever,  thxtt 

i     published   his  first  Action,  but  this   work, 

Colonel     Carter    of     Cartersville,'*    at     onco 

^  rt<le  him  famous  as  an  author  of  high  class. 

*r^  a  painter  Mr.  Smith  takes  high  rank,  even 

*■'     he   cannot   be   classed    with   the   great 

His   interpretations  of   the   colorful 

!!<r     Via  sojourn  at  the  Inn  of  Wil- 

'•.   in  the  north  of  Fratice, 

the   bright    scarlet  a  of  the 

•(u)  his  wftiulerings  amidst   tho 

■  nt    CriH>fif    DT'     r'.U    familiar    i(^ 

•r    nrt.      Af»   a    wHNt    hi    pogsessed    a 

^  »nd  charm  and  a  rrta^'c?  talor.t  in 

.i:-  ruction  of  a  plot.     MsirU  cf  his  fvyt 

■^  is  in  the  P^yoi^  story  form,  of  wltjch  ^rv- 

iierature   he    ua^    a   flni^hfd  master.     WW. 

■'■ile  litcrury   \>r.rl:  hop  wh*  n   'lingy  liitle 

down  in   the    •  ft?*  v«  r.  i;>l   f^'d'ion  <>f  Kow 

>:  City,  where,  i/»  «h<'  rttihr.    .'f  ^!  ys'.rrnn  r-^ 

.^mid^t   the   clati'T    of    paasi»''r\^'-   i^rjivt^.    fi. 

his   romances  or    rh«-   (\v<iy^   <>?    Uu-*  pant 

>mith,  ovving  to  hi?*  fetriluav   appeariuic*: 


(18S6);  "Oid  Urn-**  iv.  Sf>^v  BUck  »aJ. 
White  ^  (imin  "The  Book  of  the  Tilt* 
Ciub*'  (in  coUaboffttion  with  Edward 
Str&han,  1888)  ;  "A  \^hite  Umbrella  in  Mex 
ico  "  ( 1881) )  ;  *'  Colonel  Carter  of  Can;^rs- 
ville"  (l8iH>;  "A  Day  at  Laguerrr'o  and 
Other  Days"  (18l)ii;  ''American  IHustra 
tors"  (1892);  •' Venic  of  T.-day "  (1894i; 
"A  Gentleman  Vagaljond,  and  Bom?  others" 
( 1896 )  ;  "  Tom  Grogan  '*  { 1897  )  ;  "  Gondola 
Days"  (1898);  "Caleb  West,  Master  t^iver" 
(1898);  ''The  Other  Fellow"  (1899);  '  Hk. 
Fortunes  of  Oliver  Horn"  (1902);  "The 
Under  Dog"  (1903);  "At  Close  Ranta- " 
(1905);  "The  Wood  Fire  in  No.  3"  (190,v,  . 
"The  Tides  of  Barnegat "  (1906);  '; 'i  ho 
Veiled  Lady"  (1907),  "The  Romance  of  a.. 
Old  Fashioned  Gentleman''  (1907);  "  Colotiii 
Carter's  Christmas"  (190^i;  "Peter' 
( 1908 )  ;     "  Forty     Minutes     Late  "      ( 1909  )  ; 


Kennedy  S'juart- "   (191 


)  ; 


The  Aim  Chair 


{19) -3);   "Charcoals  of  Nevv 


f  1912 


In  Thaokerav 


at  th^ 

OUl  :s-Vf  VorV 
don  "  ( ini.i )  :  "  It>  Dickens'. London  "  (19 14 ) 
Mr.  Smith  married  Josephine  Van  Dovpnt'i 
who  snrviv^es  him.  They  hnd  one  !^«'n.  F 
Berkeley  Smith 

TALCOTT.  James,  l.ank.^^r  and  philant  t!r.)r'ii.f, 
b.  in  West  Hartford,  Conn.,  7  Fk!.-,  :  ^  :/  ,' 
at  Mohawk  Lake,  N".  Y..  21  Awj .  llUr,,  :*  ,t 
Soth  anrl  Charlotte  Stout  :B(irk-  !;^K^'.! 
He  traced  descent  iron  the  T.-^lcr,-*  f, c,  -,  >\ 
Colohest^'r,    .Essex.    Frgland  <..,-. 

motto    • 


hofio 

ral'le 

rac»\ 

th.-^   r 

arms 

is: 

"  V 

ir(o3 

foUTK 

Icr  of 

the 

A'nerir 

w  :•'  s 

.John 

Talc. 

.t(     ..)' 

land. 

M'ho 

cm! 

wrki  '1 

inn?. 

in    Ml 

r    sh 

"P   *   ■! 

Canil 

i'iflofe. 

Mh. 

<'.'''ner;<l  (■< 

rr! 

I  If   - 

'I'm  on 

n-  75- 

'  ..  ^r 

.;  ••(.»•  , 

and 

<nCr]M': 

■,»!» 

'  ■  f    '  • 

H"   V 

\-^    k, 

..■•.vn 

.1- 

TnU'i 

■| ' , ""    ,•' 

,,,■;   ) 

i!!(Il! 

l'.;..      , 

1  :   ' 

•    ■ 

nvrr 

t'.!     ■!• 

•  r  >f'' 

:           .. 

(  Uai 

riii,'' 

f  ■ 

TALCOTT 


BARKER 


traced  through  their  son,  Captain  Samuel,  who 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  College  in  1658,  and 
removed  to  W  etherstield,  Conn.,  where  he  took 
a  prominent  part  in  military  and  State  affairs. 
Among  other  services  he  commanded  the  com- 
pany of  dragoons  sent  to  Deerfield  in  1670 
at  the  outbreak  of  the  Indian  War.  He  mar- 
ried Hannah  Holyoke,  granddaughter  of  Wil- 
liam Tyncljon,  founder  of  Springfield,  Mass., 
and  the  line  is  continued  through  their  son. 
Deacon  Benjamin,  and  his  wife,  Sarah  Hol- 
lister;  their  son.  Captain  Samuel,  and  his 
wife,  Hannah  Moseley;  their  son,  Samuel 
(2d),  and  his  wife,  Mary  Smith,  and  their 
son,  Samuel  (3d),  and  his  wife,  Abigail  Pantry 
Hooker,  who  were  the  parents  of  Seth  Talcott. 
James  Talcott  was  educated  in  the  schools  of 
West  Hartford,  Conn.,  at  Westfield  Academy, 
and  at  Williston  Seminary,  Northampton, 
Mass.  In  1854  lie  began  business  under  his 
own  name  in  New  York  City,  and  so  continued 
until  1  Jan.,  1915,  when  the  corporation  of 
James  Talcott,  Inc.,  was  formed,  to  conduct  the 
large  concern  with  various  annexes  in  New 
York  and  other  cities.  It  sells  and  finances 
the  product  of  a  great  nimiber  of  mills  and 
manufacturers  of  foreign  and  domestic  woolens, 
cottons,  silks,  gloves,  embroideries,  etc.  Mr. 
Talcott  was  a  man  of  strong  personality  and 
keen  judgment,  one  of  the  old  school  of  "  mer- 
chant princes,"  whose  commercial  prestige  was 
the  result  of  infinite  persistence  and  sound 
business  principles.  He  was  public-spirited  and 
philanthropic;  was  a  founder  and  trustee  of 
Northfield  Seminary  at  Northfield,  Mass., 
where  he  erected  a  library  building;  built  a 
dormitory  at  Oberlin  College,  Oberlin,  Ohio; 
and  erected  the  Grace  Talcott  Hospital  at 
Shuntefee,  China.  He  was  a  Presbyterian  in 
his  religious  affiliations  and  active  in  the 
work  of  the  church,  of  which  he  was  an  elder. 
He  founded  a  professorship  for  religious  in- 
struction at  Barnard  College,  New  York  City; 
was  a  trustee  of  the  Young  Women's  Christian 
Association,  New  York  City;  member  of  the 
International  Committee  of  the  Young  Men's 
Christian  Association;  was  one  of  the  found- 
ers of  the  Jerry  McAuley  Water  Street  Mis- 
sion, Cremorne  Mission,  and  Home  for  Intem- 
perate Men.  He  also  erected  an  arboretum  at 
Mount  Holyoke  Seminary,  Mt.  Holyoke,  Mass., 
and  an  addition  to  the  library  building  at 
West  Hartford,  Conn.,  also  a  building  for 
Berea  College,  Berea,  Kentucky.  He  was 
not  interested  in  polities  to  any  extent,  pre- 
ferring J:o  devote  his  time  to  doing  good  to 
his  fellow  men.  His  career  was  that  of  a 
capable,  energetic,  and  honorable  business  man 
and  of  a  generous  and  patriotic  citizen. 
Aside  from  the  house  of  James  Talcott,  Inc., 
Mr.  Talcott  w^as  connected  with  several  other 
corporations;  was  a  director  of  the  Manhattan 
Company,  American  Hosiery  Company,  vice- 
president  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce,  New 
York;  member  of  the  New  York  Board  of 
Trade  and  Transportation,  Merchants'  and 
Manufacturers'  Board  of  Trade,  and  the  Pro- 
tective Tariff  League ;  member  of  the  New  Eng- 
land Society,  American  Museum  of  Natural 
History,  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art,  Botan- 
ical and  Zoological  Gardens,  and  a  life  member 
of  the  American  Geographical  Society.  He 
belonged  to  the  Republican,  Patria,  American 
Yacht,  and  Riding  Clubs.    Mr.  Talcott  married 


31  Oct.,  1860,  Henrietta  E.,  daughter  of  Rev. 
Amzi  Francis,  of  Bridgehampton,  L.  I.  Their 
children  are:  James  Frederick,  Francis  Edgar, 
Arthur  Whiting,  Grace  (Mrs.  Warner  M.  Van 
Norden),  Edith  (Mrs.  H.  Roswell  Bates),  and 
Reginald  Talcott. 

BARKEE,  Wharton,  financier,  economist, 
and  publisher,  b.  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  1  May, 
1846,  son  of  Abraham  and  Sarah  (Wharton) 
Barker.  His  earliest  paternal  American  an- 
cestor came  from  England  and  settled  in 
Massachusetts  in  1628.  His  paternal  grand- 
father, Jacob  Barker,  was  a  cousin  of  Benja- 
min Franklin,  an  ardent  supporter  of  the  war 
party  in  1812,  and  taker  of  the  $10,000,000 
loan  of  1814,  which  enabled  the  United  States 
to  continue  the  war  against  Great  Britain, 
and  to  terminate  it  successfully.  Mr.  Barker 
was  educated  at  Short's  Latin  School  and  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania,  from  which  he  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  A.B.  in  1866  and  the  de- 
gree of  A.M.  in  1869.  Already  before  leaving 
college  he  had  conceived  very  definite  economic 
and  political  theories  of  an  advanced  nature. 
To  give  expression  to  his  views  on  these  ques- 
tions, he  began  to  publish  the  "  Penn  Monthly," 
in  1870.  In  1880  this  became  "The  Ameri- 
can," a  weekly  publication.  He  continued  as 
publisher  and  editor  of  this  periodical  until 
1900.  His  discussions  and  editorials  on  eco- 
nomic, social,  and  political  issues  in  these 
journals  were  unique  and  attracted  a  great 
deal  of  attention.  In  1878  Mr.  Barker  was 
appointed  special  financial  agent  of  the  Im- 
perial Russian  Government  in  this  country  and 
discharged  the  task  intrusted  to  him  in  con- 
nection with  the  building  of  the  cruisers 
"Europe,"  "Asia,"  "Africa,"  and  "  Zabiaca," 
so  much  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  Emperor 
Alexander  II  that  the  latter  conferred  on  him 
the  order  of  St.  Stanislaw.  With  a  staff  of 
engineers  he  conducted  a  survey  of  the  coal 
and  iron  deposits  in  the  Donetz  region  in  Rus- 
sia, after  which  he  proposed  a  large  plan  for 
their  development.  An  expenditure  of  $20,- 
000,000  for  railroads,  mills,  and  smelting 
plants  was  approved  by  the  Czar  only  three 
days  before  his  assassination.  But  his  suc- 
cessor, Alexander  III,  vetoed  the  arrangement 
because  he  desired  that  the  work  should  be 
done  entirely  under  Russian  supervision.  In 
1887  the  Chinese  government,  at  the  sugges- 
tion of  Li  Hung  Chang,  the  great  viceroy,  and 
Cheng  Yen  Hoon,  the  Imperial  Chinese  Min- 
ister to  Washington,  took  under  consideration 
an  enterprise  of  great  magnitude.  Mr.  Bar- 
ker at  once  sent  his  private  agents  to  China, 
and  on  the  termination  of  their  negotiations 
with  the  Chinese  government  the  latter  sent  a 
special  embassy  to  Philadelphia,  consisting  of 
three  high  mandarins,  the  chief  of  which,  His 
Excellency  Ma  Kiet  Chang,  outranked  the 
resident  minister  at  Washington.  The  result 
of  the  ten  weeks  of  negotiations  carried  on  at 
Philadelphia  was  the  great  concession  of  1887, 
granted  to  Mr.  Barker  and  his  associates.  But 
before  any  action  could  be  undertaken  under 
the  agreement,  the  concessions  were  canceled, 
on  account  of  the  jealousies  and  intrigues  of 
certain  English  and  American  bankers,  who 
lirought  pressure  to  bear  through  the  British 
government.  Mr.  Barker  has  always  been 
keenly  interested  in  politics,  though  he  has 
never  been  a  machine  politician.     tJntil  1896 


164 


BARKER 


MAXIM 


he  was  a  Republican  in  national  matters  and 
always  progressive.  He  was  in  favor  of  certain 
very  definite  public  policies  and  of  the  eleva- 
tion of  men  to  high  office  to  carry  them  out. 
He  proposed  the  nomination  of  James  A.  Gar- 
field for  President,  and  brought  about  the 
combinations  that  caused  his  nomination  at 
the  Republican  convention  of  1880  and  the 
defeat  of  General  Grant  and  Mr.  Blaine.  Im- 
mediately after  the  assassination  of  Garfield  he 
took  action  which  resulted  in  the  nomination 
of  Benjamin  Harrison  for  President  in  1888. 
In  the  strong  movement  against  the  Republi- 
can machine  which  took  place  in  Pennsylvania 
from  1882  to  1890  within  the  Republican 
ranks  Mr.  Barker  was  a  prominent  leader, 
action  which  gained  him  the  reputation  of 
being  independent  of  party  where  the  inter- 
ests of  the  community  or  nation  were  at  stake. 
In  1896  Mr.  Barker  gave  his  support  to  the 
Democratic  platform  and  Mr.  Bryan,  because 
they  then,  in  a  measure,  met  his  demands  and 
also  because  the  Republican  platform  was 
most  offensive  to  him.  This  action  was  indeed 
a  sore  trial,  for  he  was  a  warm,  personal  friend 
of  William  McKinley.  But  his  support  of  the 
Democratic  platform  was  very  short-lived; 
when  the  Democratic  party  and  Mr.  Bryan  re- 
fused to  take  advanced  ground  on  the  great 
issues  of  that  campaign,  he  immediately  gave 
his  support  to  the  People's  party.  Four  years 
later  that  party  nominated  him  as  its  candi- 
date for  President,  to  which,  more  than  to 
any  other  factor  of  the  campaign,  has  been 
attributed  the  defeat  of  Mr.  Bryan  and  the 
election  of  McKinley  and  Roosevelt.  "  I  have 
often  asked  myself,"  said  President  McKinley 
to  Mr.  Barker,  some  time  afterward,  "  what 
would  now  be  your  position  in  the  Republican 
party  had  you  not  withdrawn  your  support; 
a  high  place,  I  am  sure.  However,  you  have 
always  had  the  courage  of  your  convictions, 
and,  although  you  have  probably  lost  high  pub- 
lic places,  you  retain  the  sublime  satisfaction  of 
knowing  that  you  have  remained  true  to  your 
ideals.  I  know  another  man  who  also  had 
high  ideals.  He  is  now  enjoying  a  very  high 
office,  bought  by  a  sacrifice  of  his  ideals."  It 
was  at  about  this  same  time  that  Mark  Hanna 
said  to  Mr.  Barker :  "  I  do  not  understand, 
Barker,  how  you  can  be  a  Populist.  Perhaps 
I  do  not  know  what  a  Populist  is."  Upon  Mr. 
Barker's  explaining  to  him  the  fundamental 
principles  of  the  Populist  platform,  Mr 
Hanna  replied:  "Barker,  when  the  American 
people  understand  the  Populist  doctrine  as  you 
state  it,  more  than  three-quarters  of  them  will 
vote  the  Populist  ticket."  In  1879  Mr.  Barker 
proposed  an  American  Commercial  Union  of  all 
the  nations  of  the  two  Americas,  with  a  com- 
mon tariff  against  all  the  European  and 
Asiatic  nations  and  a  fair  distribution  of  the 
revenue  receipts  among  the  nations  of  the 
Union.  He  believes  that  the  natural  tendency 
of  trade  is  to  run  north  and  south,  and  not 
east  and  west.  He  was  also  very  much  op- 
posed to  the  retention  of  the  Philippines  by 
the  United  States  after  the  Spanish-American 
War,  and  has  continuously  advocated  setting 
the  islands  free,  under  a  guarantee  of  the 
Pacific  Powers.  Mr.  Barker  is  a  widely  recog- 
nized authority  on  the  problems  of  transporta- 
tion, the  capitalization  of  public  service  cor- 
porations, taxation,  money,  and  credit,  and  he 


is  now  the  chief  advocate  of  national  money 
and  public  banks.  He  believes  that  the  capi- 
talization of  public  service  corporations  should 
be  limited  to  an  amount  sufficient  to  produce 
or  reproduce  the  properties,  and  the  charge 
for  service  should  be  fixed  at  rates  high  enough 
to  maintain  and  operate  the  property  effi- 
ciently and  to  pay  6  per  cent,  interest  on  the 
cost  of  reproduction,  and  no  higher.  He  is 
especially  opposed  to  the  doctrine  that  the 
charges  should  be  "  all  the  traffic  can  bear." 
Mr.  Barker  is  also  a  strong  advocate  of  the 
nationalization  of  the  railroads,  direct  taxa- 
tion, income  tax,  public  ownership  of  enter- 
prises which  in  their  nature  must  become 
monopolies  and  of  natural  resources.  Mr. 
Barker  has  traveled  extensively,  having  visited 
practically  every  country  on  the  face  of  the 
globe  to  study  local  conditions.  As  has  al- 
ready been  indicated,  he  has  been  very  active 
in  financial  circles;  he  founded  the  Investment 
Company  of  Philadelphia,  with  $4,000,000 
capital,  and  the  Finance  Company  of  Penn- 
sylvania, with  $5,000,000  capital.  He  has  been 
a  trustee  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania 
since  1880.  He  was  the  first  president  of 
the  Penn  Club  of  Philadelphia;  he  is  also  a 
member  of  the  Union  League,  the  Art,  and  the 
Manufacturers  Clubs.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
American  Philosophical  Society,  the  Academy 
of  Natural  Sciences,  the  Historical  Society  of 
Pennsylvania,  and  the  Academy  of  Political 
Science.  On  16  Oct.,  1867,  Mr.  Barker  mar- 
ried Margaret  Corlies  Baker,  of  New  York. 
They  have  had  three  sons:  Samuel  Haydock, 
Rodman,  and  Folger  Barker,  all  graduates  of 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania. 

MAXIM,  Hudson,  inventor,  b.  in  Orneville, 
Piscataquis  County,  Me.,  3  Feb.,  1853,  fourth 
son  of  Isaac  and  Harriet  Bostons  (Stevens) 
Maxim.  His  earliest  ancestor  was  Samuel 
Maxim,  an  Englishman  of  Huguenot  descent, 
who  came  to  this  country  some  time  before 
1700,  and  settled  in  Rochester,  Mass.  He  was 
educated  at  the  Maine  Wesleyan  Seminary  at 
Kent's  Hill.  During  his  schooldays  he  de- 
voted much  of  his  time  to  chemistry,  engi- 
neering, and  the  natural  sciences,  and,  as 
early  as  1875,  he  formulated  the  hypothesis 
of  the  compound  nature  of  atoms,  which  has 
become  a  generally  accepted  theory  within  the 
last  few  years.  From  1883  to  1888  he  was 
engaged  in  the  subscription  book-publishing 
business  in  Pittsfield,  Mass  During  that 
time  he  wrote  a  book  on  Penmanship  and 
Drawing,  of  which  nearly  half  a  million 
copies  were  sold.  He  also  invented  a  process 
for  printing  in  colors  which  was  tried  in  one 
number  of  the  "  Evening  Journal,"  of  Pitts- 
field.  In  1888  he  left  the  subscription  pub- 
lishing business  for  the  occupation  of  experi- 
menting in  ordnance  and  explosives,  and  in 
1890,  built  a  dynamite  and  smokeless  powder 
factory  at  Maxim,  N  J.  He  was  the  first  to 
make  smokeless  powder  in  the  United  States, 
and  the  first  to  submit  samples  to  the  United 
States  government  for  trial.  His  smokeless 
powder  was  afterward  adopted  by  the  govern- 
ment In  1897  he  sold  hia  inventions  to  E.  T. 
DuPont  de  Nemours  and  Company  of  Wil- 
mington, Del.,  and  became  consulting  engineer 
and  expert  in  their  dovolopmcnt  (le|)artmont. 
In  1901  he  sold  to  the  U.  S.  government  the 
formula    of    "  Maximite,"    the    first    high    ex- 


165 


HOWE 


HOWE 


plosive  to  be  fired  through  heavy  armor  plate. 
Later  he  perfected  "  Stabillite,"  a  Bmokelesa 
powder  producing  better  ballistic  results  than 
any  other  now  in  use.  A  feature  of  this  new 
gunpowder  is  that  it  can  be  used  as  soon  as 
produced.  This,  in  view  of  the  fact  that  ordi- 
nary nitro-cellulose  smokeless  powder  requires 
several  months  to  dry,  renders  stabillite  of  the 
greatest  importance  in  war.  He  is  the  inven- 
tor, also,  of  the  United  States  service  detonat- 
ing fuse  for  high  explosive  armor-piercing 
projectiles;  of  "motorite,"  a  new  self-com- 
bustive  material  for  driving  torpedoes;  of  a 
process  and  apparatus  for  manufacturing 
multi-perforated  powder  grains;  of  improve- 
ments in  smokeless  powder  grains,  and  of  a 
torpedo-ram,  having  the  form  of  a  nearly  sub- 
merged torpedo  boat,  so  designed  that  the  ex- 
plosion of  the  warhead  on  ramming  a  warship 
does  not  imperil  the  lives  of  the  torpedo  crew. 
In  1906  Mr.  Maxim  invented  the  process  of 
making  calcium  carbide  continuously  by  the 
electrical  resistance  of  a  molten  carbide  con- 
ductor, removing  the  carbide  as  fast  as  formed, 
and  simultaneously  supplying  fresh  material 
to  the  heating  field,  which  is  now  in  general 
use  in  this  country.  During  his  experiments 
in  the  manufacture  of  calcium  carbide,  he  in- 
vented a  process  for  the  manufacture  of 
microscopic  diamonds  by  electro-deposition. 
Mr.  Maxim  is  the  author  of  "  The  Science  of 
Poetry  and  the  Philosophy  of  Language " 
(1910);  "Defenseless  America"  (1915); 
"  Leading  Opinions  Both  For  and  Against 
National  Defense"  (1916);  "Dynamite 
Stories"  (1917).  The  work  on  language  em- 
braces an  exhaustive  treatise  on  the  nature 
and  use  of  sounds  in  language,  and  contains 
many  important  scientific  discoveries  in  the 
constitution  and  dynamics  of  human  speech. 
Mr.  Maxim  is  an  effective  public  speaker,  and 
is  also  a  frequent  contributor  to  the  leading 
periodicals.  He  is  an  ex-president  of  the 
Aeronautical  Society  of  New  York;  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Society  of  Chemical  Industry, 
Military  Service  Institution,  Navy  League, 
and  Chemists'  Club.  In  1913  the  degree  of 
D.Sc.  was  conferred  upon  him  at  Heidelberg 
University,  Tiffin,  Ohio.  In  1916  he  was  ap- 
pointed a  member  of  the  Naval  Advisory 
Board.  On  26  March,  1896,  he  married  Lilian, 
daughter  of  Rev.  William  Durban,  a  well- 
known  linguist  and  litterateur,  of  London, 
England. 

HOWE,  Julia  Ward,  author  and  social  re- 
former, b.  in  New  York  City,  27  May,  1819; 
d.  in  Middletown,  R.  I.,  18  Oct.,  1910,  daughter 
of  Samuel  and  Julia  (Cutler)  Ward  Her 
father  was  the  grandson  of  Gov.  Samuel 
Ward,  once  governor  of  Rhode  Island  and  a 
member  of  the  first  and  second  Continental 
Congresses  Her  mother  also  came  of  very 
distinguished  stock  and  was  related  to  many 
of  the  most  prominent  people  of  her  own  gen- 
eration. During  all  of  her  childhood  and  girl- 
hood Miss  Ward  led  a  very  secluded  life;  the 
family  was  socially  very  exclusive  and  the 
child  hardly  had  social  intercourse  with  others 
than  her  tutors  and  her  relatives.  At  the  age 
of  five  she  lost  her  mother  and  then  her  se- 
clusion became  even  more  strict.  In  her  own 
words,  "he  (her  father)  dreaded  for  his  chil- 
dren the  dissipations  of  fashionable  society 
and  even  the  risks  of  genel-al  intercourse  with 


the  unsanctified  many."  Until  the  age  of  nine 
she  was  taught  at  home  such  accomplishments 
as  were  thought  very  proper  for  young  ladies 
in  that  period,  such  as  music,  dancing, 
French,  sketching,  etc.  Then  her  father  sent 
her  to  a  very  select  boarding-school,  where 
she  continued  studies  of  very  much  the  same 
nature.  Her  serious  studies  only  began  when 
she  left  school,  at  the  age  of  sixteen.  Realiz- 
ing the  emptiness  of  the  accomplishments 
which  she  had  been  taught,  she  set  to  work, 
at  her  own  volition,  and  devoted  herself  daily 
to  a  fixed  number  of  hours  of  study.  This 
self-imposed  course  of  study  included  French, 
German,  literature,  history,  and  philosophy 
During  this  period,  also,  she  made  her  first 
attempts  at  writing:  dramas,  poetry,  and 
essays.  From  the  point  of  view  of  a  later 
generation,  however,  it  is  obvious  that  Miss 
Ward  had,  save  for  some  facility  for  turning 
a  rhyme,  very  little  literary  talent.  And  at 
least  her  earlier  works  show  plainly  nothing 
more  than  the  thoughts  of  a  slightly  frivolous 
society  girl.  Upon  entering  her  twenties  her 
brother  married  and  gradually  her  father 
relaxed  his  previous  strict  vigilance,  and  after 
his  death  she  was  able  to  mix  in  society  quite 
freely,  for  now  she  lived  with  her  brother  and 
his  family.  Speaking  of  this  period,  she  says: 
"  The  history  of  the  next  two  years  would,  if 
written,  chronicle  a  series  of  balls,  concerts, 
and  dinners."  While  on  a  visit  to  Boston,  in 
1841,  Charles  Sumner,  the  statesman,  an  inti- 
mate friend  of  her  brother,  often  called  upon 
her.  Through  him  it  was  that  she  one  day, 
in  his  company,  paid  a  visit  to  the  Perkins  In- 
stitute for  the  Blind,  which  had  been  founded 
by  Dr.  Samuel  Gridley  Howe,  the  teacher  of 
Laura  Bridgman,  the  blind  deaf  mute  made 
famous  by  Dickens  through  his  "  American 
Notes."  The  acquaintance  with  Dr.  Howe, 
begun  on  this  occasion,  ended  in  the  marriage 
of  the  serious  social  reformer  and  the  hand- 
some and  charming  young  society  belle.  This 
was  the  turning-point  in  the  life  of  the  young 
woman.  After  the  marriage  ceremony  the 
couple  sailed  for  Europe  and  spent  some  time 
in  London,  where  Dr.  Howe  was  already  fa- 
mous and  where  they  were  received  by  many  of 
the  celebrities  of  the  time.  They  had  tea  with 
Carlyle  and  with  Wordsworth,  they  were  the 
guests  of  various  statesmen  and  noblemen,  and 
they  became  very  intimate  with  Charles 
Dickens.  With  the  latter  Dr.  Howe  rambled 
about  the  poorer  quarters  of  London,  viewing 
the  conditions  of  the  lower  classes  Mrs.  Howe 
often  accompanied  them,  and  these  experiences 
had  the  effect  of  turning  her  mind  into  more 
serious  channels.  Gradually  the  desire  to  be 
of  real  use  to  the  world  came  over  her.  Upon 
their  return  to  America  this  influence  was 
many  times  intensified  by  their  associations 
there  They  lived  in  South  Boston,  in  a  dis- 
tinctly unfashionable  quarter  "  I  was  now," 
writes  Mrs.  Howe,  "  to  make  acquaintance 
with  quite  another  city — with  the  Boston  of 
the  teachers,  of  the  reformers,  of  the  cranks, 
and  also — of  the  apostles."  Among  the  almost 
daily  visitors  whom  the  Howes  entertained 
were  Longfellow,  Holmes,  Emerson,  Theodore 
Parker,  Garrison,  the  abolitionist,  and  Wendell 
Phillips.  With  the  example  of  such  men  be- 
fore her,  Mrs.  Howe  ceased  to  find  enjoyment 
in  the  social  functions  of  fashionable  society. 


166 


Snij'a  hy  CmrriphmJI  Bnthwym     jVsu'Vsic/t 


T-TOWE 


GORDON 


him.     This  r- 

ir»  tho  spr-v 


of    ninety  one,    her    reply    waa,    "  Up    to 

)BDOK,  John   Brown,  statesman  and  boI- 

b.  in  Up8<>n  County,  C.a  ,  6  Feb,  1832;  d. 

•^-n^t»,   Fla ,  ft   .ikn.,    1904,   aon   of   Rev. 

'don  .'»iid  M<^lii)da   (Cox/   C^ordon. 

<  atonial  j-.m-estor,  Adam  Gordon, 

Maud,  lu   1630,  and 

V'ft.      Since    that 

.h'.  V4'd    an   impor- 

the    Colonial, 

.  r  th.>  South- 

'■   of 

ma; 

at 


vas   to   make    u^r 

.    at  first  in  private 

ablic  lecture  platform. 

beth  Cady  Stanton  had 

iiiion    of    women    whoso    object 

u    certain    social    privilegrcs    for 


ri     Hi: 

■  e  and 


iejuuice,    but    aa    th*\\ 

8he   gave   them   more 

.iibiderati.onj   then  became  herself  an 

ipporter  of  the  cause.     Thus,  at  the 

^ji   fifty,  , Julia    Ward   Howe   turned    into 

advocate  for  the  rights  of  her  sex.     Her 

L    independent    effort    was    to    organiz»^    an 

•  rnational    protest    on    the    part    of    wonten 

cinst   the   Franco-Prussian   War.     This  WASi 

■ '-mplete  failure.     She  now,  for  some  vejirB, 

t.  .ame  an   energetic  lecturer  for  the  sutfrage 

iBovement,    soraetimea    addressing    large    audi- 

nces  in  crowded  auditoriums  and  often  pre- 

•^j.'  at  national  conventions.     In  1870  Mrs 

htv  >jyn«»  ititerested  in  organizing  women'«j 

.abs;    r-  i  nt  for  this  new  movement, 

Df  whicl  ■  r«»f  ;J'  :vV'">   th**  fo'indr-r,  was 

that    it  .  !     *;-•    oH    of    wv     airrov, 

limit?    (i    liuii     ;■       <    ar.t^    br.Htfl»*tK-d    their 

nnndis    through     muiial     intercourse.      A»    if 

•  dormant  force  had  In^c-n  anakened  at  her 

'  .,  women  all  over  the  country  began  leaving 

their  kitchens  and  organizing  tiiem^fWo«,  into 

'?lubs  for  the  purpose  of  reading,  talki!*e.  and 

discussing   together.      Later    these   olub-^    were 

mspired    to    do    things;     to    take    up     social 

ice   of   varioup   kinds:    they  booanie    intor 

i   in  siJf'n    subjects  as  'hi Id   labor.   ira])'vrc 

'•■ranitary   bousing,  and   odiu-.ttirn.     IV-- 

•  y   ye.irs    had    pnpsed    ihew    orc'anf.-a- 

■'•bd   close  to  a  million   wim-i.^n.  and 

iield  of  new  artivily  d:d!!.i  \N'aTil 

•  i.^    rf-.;>.H(wiblt>    than    uuy    (.lli-  > 

i   an^ikoTH'd    liii'   womi-;- 

•'»^V;;^     that     tb/'V.     tro, 

!n  latrr  venr^. 


sity  he  dJrect«;<i   h;\    aii^',*:ru  ii    *i* 
law,  which  h'*  read  \»j  me  -->tJ\t'e  ff  br 
in-law,    Logan     E.    Bieckity     aftfr*' ,tu:    '''^lUf 
luftture  of  (i*^org~la.     lie   waa  adniitle-l   t«     ik*» 
Sin'  gfid   {iravtiitd   hij?   profession   vvitb   Ju'i!.f»i 
Hbckltv  &*{■  h)i*  u«s>  .'»te  until   I3Gi,  when  on 
iht'  outbreak   oi   Uk-  (    vil  War  he  jr>mfJ   the 
voluntet^rs  a>j  capt»it»  ••'  h  '^ompany  of  moun- 
taineers.    He  Aorved  to  rhj-  clu^^r  of  the  war, 
being  pr<^moted  in  8U('C*.'Be!on  a-'   Hi-  rssu.ii   <A 
gallant   and   conspicuous    serviot-    or;    *•*;»   ti^ld 
of    battle    tu    the   posts   of   major,    iicM*'.  :uint- 
coionel,      colonel,      brigadier  general,      inior- 
general,    and    lieutcDant-general,    and    ai     -he 
close  of  the  WiiT  was  in  oonitnand  of  oi-^  -^tiar 
of  General  Lee's  army.     (Tcneral  Gordon  fi*    •,! 
ev*-ry   ideal   of   an   American   soblier.      It 
96. id  that  he  had  the  "sublime  faith  of  .U"k 
Srvc..     •*he    sound    judgment    of    Jobnsi  ai,     '.h 
aU.:j^  fttness   of    Longstreet   or    Cieburi-.e.    ii 
};«>•. i;  -.    ..f    Forrest,   the   boldness   and    da.^-t     ^ 
StU'-.r?.   tho  intensity   of   Karly  or  Dav^s.   ,- 
was  aft  niiselfjgh  and  pure  in  thought  a.=i      ' 
And  '*  iH  al'^-y  wtid  that  "no  soklior  in  A'=:  »■; 
can  arm's  ewr    yjade  a  record   tliat  nur;  ,'.       i 
in   nudacity   and   ButPi^.^-   the   one  mark'''!        ' 
by    Gord'vn  "      Xt    Antlotam,    in    18G2.    ^)  ■ 
the   engagement    ot    the  battle   of   8b:^r'    "!•::, 
ho  cpcupied  the  most  vital   and  exu  -.■•  ■'.        nd 
on     Lee'.^    ."'.'ntrr,    and    altjiougn     «^-.  *.'■■ 

course  of  th-    day  be  was  .struck  '  • 
be    rousod   his   men   to   t  r.'^n■lelub)•• 
sus1a^)led    them     --,gair..^t    .tvi-v  :,-'•.     ;.         ■-•^ 
unt'!  h»^  was  borne  U!ii'<irs'-i' '.     =      ■'■■     :-.m>    •'!" 
1  be    line.      F«ir    hip    hir^---  '  ■      ..-'•'i. 

'"I'-M.-ral   Crdoii    .v,o.  i\  '   ■     :'i'- 

brir;a('if'r  ;:;(i>era!        \r    ■  ,  '    "!- 

iS()  1.   bf   WHH    oi    i<■^•:)  :  ■  <    ■  •  i   '      i    ' 

(.'va^     i■>ariv'■^    ■{'•'■.■     ,.  •' 

sri/.in^'    U\<'    "  ti-^ 
o!     ^'iriru,;M      :. 
fp!)c!;Iy,   b;';^  '    . 
I  ronn'    n'0">'  ,■. 
brnvrry   •"•• 


■  >  hew      -^h'*     '  'i1>  It'Ci      :; 

»n  respcfi.      fT^.   to   t)i      . 
her   mind    rcmaiut-d   Hi-tivc       W  h> 
a    motto    for    th"    woni»'T>  m    «'!ti^'!^ 


M,.' 


GORDON 


GORDON 


graphed  the  President  and  am  glad  to  give 
you  his  reply,  that  you  have  been  commis- 
sioned a  major-general  to  date  from  the 
twelfth  of  May."  General  Gordon  was  to  be 
found  always  on  the  most  desperate  line  of 
battle,  whether  heading  an  offensive  in  the 
front  or  guarding  the  rear  from  attack  of  the 
enemy.  At  the  battle  of  Petersburg,  he  was 
in  command  of  Jackson's  old  corps.  When 
the  end  was  seen  to  be  near,  General  Lee,  who 
was  able  to  hold  in  check  the  onslaughts  of 
the  enemy  in  front,  but  was  threatened  with 
the  annihilation  of  his  army  from  the  rear, 
Bent  Gordon  to  head  the  last  desperate  offen- 
sive of  the  Army  of  Northern  Virginia.  The 
attempt  failed,  and  Gordon  was  ordered  to 
protect  the  rear.  In  a  brief  biographical 
sketch  written  by  his  daughter  we  find  the 
following:  "He  held  the  last  lines  at  Peters- 
burg and  fought  with  stubborn  valor  for  every 
inch  of  space.  He  guarded  the  retreat  from 
the  ill-fated  city,  and  at  Appomattox  Court- 
house was  put  at  the  head  of  the  4,000  troops 
(half  of  Lee's  army),  who  were  intended  to 
cut  through  Grant's  line,  had  not  Lee  sur- 
rendered." Of  General  Gordon's  part  in  the 
last  scenes  of  the  tragic  drama  of  the  Civil 
War  another  historian  writes:  "On  the  day 
of  the  memorable  retreat  from  Petersburg, 
when  the  time  was  well  nigh  for  the  last  at- 
tempt of  the  army  to  cut  through  encircling 
foes,  Lee  brings  him  (Gordon)  from  the  rear 
to  the  front.  With  the  small  remnant  of  his 
own  men,  and  parts  of  Hill  and  Anderson's 
corps  and  a  body  of  cavalry  under  Gen- 
eral Fitzhugh  Lee,  Gordon,  as  the  sun 
rose  on  that  fateful  morning  to  look  on 
a  nation  dying  there,  dashed  furiously 
against  superior  forces  of  artillery  and  cav- 
alry, driving  them  back  in  confusion  on  the 
solid  masses  of  Ord's  infantry,  and  then  stood 
ready  to  die,  until  Lee  ordered  a  cessation  of 
battle."  Measured  by  all  tests  General  Gor- 
don fulfilled  every  requirement  of  military 
greatness.  Major  Stiles,  in  his  book,  "  Four 
Years  Under  Marse  Robert,"  says  of  Gordon 
in  charge,  "  Gordon  was  the  most  glorious  and 
inspiring  thing  I  ever  looked  upon";  and 
General  Hill  called  him  the  Chevalier  Bayard 
of  the  Army  of  Northern  Virginia.  He  was 
second  only  after  Lee.  At  the  end  of  the  war 
he  addressed  his  soldiers  exhorting  them  to 
"  bear  their  trial  bravely,  to  go  home  in  peace, 
obey  the  laws,  rebuild  the  country,  and  work 
for  the  harmony  and  weal  of  the  Republic." 
After  the  war  he  settled  in  Atlanta,  Ga., 
where  he  again  entered  upon  the  law  practice 
which  the  four  years  of  warfare  had  inter- 
rupted, and  in  a  short  time  became  as  potent 
a  force  in  the  civil  life  of  the  South  as  he  had 
been  as  leader  of  its  armies.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  National  Union  Convention  held 
in  Philadelphia  in  1866,  and  chairman  of  the 
Georgia  delegation  to  the  National  Demo- 
cratic Convention  in  1868;  was  nominated, 
against  his  own  wishes  and  in  the  face  of  his 
refusal  to  allow  his  name  to  go  before  the 
nominating  committee,  as  candidate  for  the 
governorship  of  Georgia,  was  elected  accord- 
ing to  his  own  party,  but  counted  out  by  the 
reconstruction  machine;  was  delegate-at-large 
to  the  National  Convention  at  Baltimore,  in 
1872,  and  was  elected  to  the  U.  S.  Senate  that 
same  year,   defeating  Alexander   H.   Stephens 


and  Benjamin  H.  Hill,  and  was  re-elected  in 
1879,  resigning  in  1880,  to  raise  the  funds 
for  the  construction  of  the  Georgia  Pacific 
Railroad.  He  was  elected  governor  of  Georgia 
in  1886,  was  re-elected  in  1888,  and  was  again 
elected  to  the  U.  S.  Senate  in  1890.  As  a 
statesman,  General  Gordon's  career  was  a 
series  of  brilliant  achievements  and  useful 
services.  An  orator  of  unusual  power,  prob- 
ably his  peer  in  that  art  has  never  been  heard 
in  that  body,  he  was  indeed  the  man  of  the 
hour,  defending  the  South  and  her  inteiosta 
while  at  the  same  time  he  exerted  a  strong 
conservative  influence.  He  was  prominent  in 
the  settlement  of  the  Louisiana  troubles; 
aided  Lamar  in  saving  Mississippi  from  the 
misrule  of  the  "carpet-bag"  administration; 
and  secured  the  removal  of  troops  from  South 
Carolina.  He  was  an  able  and  popular  chief 
executive  of  his  State,  the  New  York  "  Sun " 
declaring  his  first  inaugural  worthy  of 
Thomas  Jefferson.  When  the  news  came  to 
the  Georgia  capitol  of  his  last  election  to  the 
Senate,  he  was  placed  on  a  caisson  and  drawn 
through  the  streets  by  the  enthusiastic  popu- 
lace. After  this  service  he  retired,  by  choice, 
to  private  life  and  devoted  his  last  days  to 
lecturing  and  writing.  In  his  lecture  tours 
General  Gordon  went  all  over  the  country  as 
an  emissary  of  peace,  his  remarkable  lec- 
ture, "  The  Last  Days  of  the  Confederacy," 
having  a  distinct  place  in  bringing  about  a 
better  understanding  between  the  North  and 
the  South.  It  was  at  this  period  of  his  life 
that  he  wrote  his  "  Reminiscences  of  the  Civil 
W^ar,"  a  volume  most  interesting  as  a  narra- 
tive, enlivened  by  anecdotes  and  stories  even 
at  the  darkest  moments,  a  strong,  fair,  recital 
of  events,  evincing  no  bitterness  or  hatred, 
but  only  a  great  desire  to  do  every  man  jus- 
tice. As  a  historical  and  literary  contribution 
the  "  Reminiscences "  have  been  compared  to 
Morley's  "  Life  of  Gladstone."  For  the  rest 
General  Gordon  was  a  Christian  gentleman 
whose  public  and  private  life  alike  were  with- 
out stain.  At  the  news  of  General  Gordon's 
death  flags  were  at  half-mast  in  the  Southern 
capitals  and  Confederate  veterans  and  sons 
of  veterans  gathered  at  his  bier.  Condolences 
came  from  all  parts  of  the  country,  and  a 
regiment  of  regulars,  sent  by  the  President  of 
the  United  States,  with  the  national  colors 
draped  and  arms  presented,  saluted  the  dead 
soldier.  It  is  said  that  only  President  Mc- 
Kinley  had  been  accorded  a  similar  demon- 
stration. Immediately  after  his  death  a  plan 
was  set  on  foot  to  erect  a  memorial  of  General 
Gordon  in  the  capitol  square  at  Atlanta,  and 
on  25  May,  1907,  a  statue  of  Gordon,  done  in 
bronze,  by  Solon  Borglum,  was  unveiled  at 
Atlanta  with  appropriate  ceremonies.  Gen- 
eral Gordon  married,  in  LaGrange,  Ga.,  18 
Sept.,  1854,  Fanny  Haralson,  daughter  of 
Hon.  Hugh  Haralson,  member  of  the  U.  S.  ^ 
Congress  and  chairman  of  the  Committee  on 
Military  Affairs  in  the  Mexican  War.  A 
woman  of  superior  courage,  she  left  her  two 
young  children  with  their  nurse  and  followed 
her  husband  (who  was  then  twenty-nine  and 
older  than  herself)  to  the  front,  remaining 
near  him  during  the  whole  campaign,  and 
after  the  battle  of  Sharpsburg,  where  he  was 
five  times  wounded,  saved  his  life  by  her 
nursing.     It   is   related   that   when   the    Con- 


168 


PALMER 


HEWITT 


federate  troops  were  retreating  through 
Winchester,  on  learning  that  they  were  Gor- 
don's men,  she  rushed  out  into  the  street, 
with  minie  balls  falling  all  around  her,  and 
made  a  desperate  attempt  to  turn  them  back. 
There  were  five  children  of  this  union:  three 
sons,  Hugh  Haralson  Gordon,  Frank  Gordon 
(deceased),  John  B.  Gordon,  Jr.  (deceased), 
and  two  daughters,  Frances  and  Caroline  Gor- 
don. General  Gordon  took  an  active  part  in 
all  the  religious  work  of  the  Army  of  North- 
ern Virginia.  When  the  survivors  of  the  Con- 
federate armies  formed  the  United  Confed- 
erate Veterans'  Association,  they  elected  Gor- 
don "  General  Commanding "  and  refused  to 
allow  him  to  resign,  declaring  that  death 
alone  should  relieve  him  from  that  post  of 
honor. 

PALMER,  Lowell  Melvin,  financier,  b.  in 
Chester,  Ohio,  11  March,  1845;  d.  in  Stamford, 
Conn.,  30  Sept.,  1915,  son  of  Chester  Urban 
and  Achsah  Smith  (Melvin)  Palmer.  His 
father,  son  of  the  Rev.  Urban  Palmer,  a  Pres- 
byterian clergyman,  was  born  in  Litchfield, 
Conn.,  but  early  went  to  the  Western  Reserve, 
and  was  for  many  years  a  wool  merchant  in 
Northern  Ohio.  His  earliest  paternal  Ameri- 
can ancestor  was  Walter  Palmer,  one  of  the 
founders  of  Stonington,  Conn.,  in  1645.  On 
the  maternal  side  he  is  descended  from  John 
Howland  (1592-1673),  a  passenger  in  the 
"Mayflower"  (1620)  ;  thirteenth  signer  of  the 
"  Mayflower  "  Compact ;  one  of  the  founders  of 
Plymouth  colony;  governor's  assistant  (1633- 
35 ) ,  and  deputy  for  Plymouth  to  the  Plymouth 
Colony  Court  (1641-70);  and  from  John  Til- 
ley,  another  "  Mayflower  "  passenger,  and  six- 
teenth signer  of  "  Mayflower "  Compact,  both 
of  whom  took  part  in  the  "  first  encounter  at 
Great  Meadow  Creek."  Other  ancestors  on 
maternal  side  were  the  four  companions  in  the 
canoe  with  Roger  Williams,  when  they  landed 
on  Slate  Rock,  in  June,  1636,  and  founded 
the  city  of  Providence,  R.  I.  They  were: 
Thomas  Angell,  Rev.  Chad  Brown,  John  Smith, 
and  William  Harris.  Lowell  M.  Palmer  was 
educated  in  the  public  schools  of  his  native 
town  and  at  Western  Reserve  College,  where 
he  was  a  student  until  the  outbreak  of  the 
Civil  War.  When  Fort  Sumter  fell  on  14 
April,  1861,  and  President  Lincoln  called  for 
75,000  volunteers,  he  enlisted,  although  a 
youth  of  only  sixteen  years.  He  was  in  all 
the  battles  of  the  army  of  the  Cumberland, 
including  Chickamauga,  under  the  command  of 
Gen.  George  H.  Thomas;  in  General  Schofield's 
corps  in  the  Atlantic  campaign  under  the  com- 
mand of  General  Sherman,  and  in  the  battles 
of  Franklin  and  Nashville.  In  one  engage- 
ment he  was  in  command  of  a  battery  when  all 
of  his  companions  but  one  were  killed.  Later 
he  became  a  member  of  General  Schofield's 
BtaflF.  When  mustered  out  he  held  the  rank 
of  captain.  Shortly  after  the  war  Mr.  Palmer 
came  to  New  York  and  became  associated  with 
his  uncle,  Austin  Melvin,  of  the  firm  of  A 
Melvin  and  Company,  prominent  leather  mer- 
chants of  the  "  Swamp."  He  had  charge  of  all 
their  warehouses  and  remained  with  them  for 
about  a  year.  In  1867  he  started  in  the 
cooperage  business  and  his  great  success  at- 
tracted the  attention  of  the  late  Frederick  C. 
Havemeyer.  In  1874  the  entire  cooperage 
business  of  Havemeyer  and  Elder  was  turned 


over  to  Mr.  Palmer,  the  Brooklyn  Cooperage 
Company  was  organized,  with  Mr.  Palmer  as 
its  president.  It  was  at  this  time  also  that 
a  co-partnership  was  formed  between  the  firm 
of  Havemeyer  and  Elder  and  Mr.  Palmer,  re- 
sulting in  the  establishing  of  the  railroad  ter- 
minal known  as  Palmer's  Docks.  Through 
contracts  made  by  him  with  all  the  leading 
railroads,  it  was  there  that  he  brought  the 
first  freight  cars  to  Brooklyn  on  railroad 
floats  and  lighters,  and  also  built  the  first 
elevated  coal  pockets  in  the  country.  Mr. 
Palmer  was  a  director  for  many  years  of  the 
American  Sugar  Refinery  Company,  but  re- 
tired in  1906,  when  he  bought  the  controlling 
interest  in  the  firm  of  E.  R.  Squibb  and  Sons, 
one  of  the  oldest  chemical  manufacturing  con- 
cerns of  New  York,  established  in  1858.  At 
the  time  of  his  death  Mr.  Palmer  was  presi- 
dent of  E.  R.  Squibb  and  Sons,  vice-president 
of  the  Palmer  Lime  and  Cement  Company,  and 
a  director  in  the  Market  and  Fulton  National 
Bank,  Franklin  Trust  Company,  Colonial 
Trust  Company,  United  States  Lloyds  Insur- 
ance Company,  Manhattan  Life  Insurance 
Company,  Union  Ferry  Company,  and  the 
Brooklyn  Academy  of  Music.  He  was  a  vigor- 
ous, progressive,  tolerant,  and  large-minded 
American,  whose  love  for  his  country  was 
equaled  only  by  his  belief  in  her  greatness 
and  his  confidence  in  her  destiny.  As  he 
fought  the  battles  of  righteousness  in  war,  so 
also  he  had  been  a  pioneer  in  righteous  and 
beneficent  action  in  business,  in  citizenship, 
and  in  every  walk  of  life.  He  was  the  wise 
and  safe  counselor  of  many  of  the  foremost 
business  men  in  New  York  in  their  most  im- 
portant transactions.  He  was  also  a  great 
lover  of  art,  and  from  1900  to  the  time  of  his 
death  served  as  a  trustee  of  the  Brooklyn  In- 
stitute of  Arts  and  Sciences.  His  gallery  of 
paintings  at  his  home  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  was 
considered  one  of  the  most  noted  in  that 
city.  His  library  contained  many  rare  first 
editions  At  his  country  home  in  Stamford, 
Conn.,  he  created  a  large  arboretum  from 
which  he  furnished  specimens  without  charge 
to  botanical  gardens  and  educational  institu- 
tions. He  knew  his  trees,  and  his  shrubs  gath- 
ered from  many  lands,  as  he  knew  his  paint- 
ings and  his  books  Mr,  Palmer  was  a  di- 
rector of  the  Academy  of  Music  and  largely 
instrumental  in  establishing  it.  For  many 
years  he  was  a  trustee  of  the  First  Presbyte- 
rian Church  of  Brooklyn,  a  member  of  the 
Society  of  Colonial  Wars,  the  Ohio  Society, 
the  Loyal  Legion,  and  the  Metropolitan  ]\Iu- 
seum  of  Art.  He  married,  24  Oct.,  1877,  Grace 
Humphreys  Foote,  of  Brooklyn,  N  Y.  They 
had  eight  children,  four  sons  and  four  daugh- 
ters, six  of  whom  survive  him:  Lowell  M  Pal- 
mer, Jr.,  Florence  Palmer  Woickor,  Grace 
Palmer  Johnston,  Lily  Palmer  INlollvain, 
Ethel  J.  Palmer,  and  *  Carleton  Humphreys 
Palmer. 

HEWITT,  Peter  Cooper,  inventor,  mechani- 
cal and  electrical  engineer,  b.  in  Now  York 
City,  5  March,  1861,  son  of  Abrnm  Slovens 
and  Sarah  Amelia  (Cooper)  Hewitt  IT  is 
father  (q.v. )  was  a  prominent  and  inlhionlial 
iron  manufacturer  and  merchant  of  Now  York 
and  mayor  of  that  city,  and  his  mothor  was  a 
daughter  of  Peter  Coopor,  the  well -known 
manufacturer  and  p,hilanthropist  of  New  York, 


169 


HEWITT 


HEWITT 


and  a  descendant  of  Obadiah  Cooper,  one  of 
two  brothers  who  came  over  from  England 
about  1662,  and  settled  at  Fishkill-on-the 
Hudson.  Peter  Cooper  Hewitt  was  educated 
in  the  Stevens  Institute  of  Technology,  Ho- 
boken,  and  at  Columbia  University,  making  a 
specialty  of  economics,  physics,  electricity,  and 
chemistry.  Inheriting  a  taste  for  mechanics, 
he  devoted  his  attention  to  the  improvement  of 
mechanical  processes  and  to  scientific  and  me- 
chanical investigations  of  a  miscellaneous 
order.  He  improved  the  machinery  in  his 
grandfather's  glue  factory,  invented  new  forms 
of  centrifugal  machines  and  evaporators  for 
use  in  breweries,  and  he  also  applied  his  in- 
ventive ingenuity  to  the  development  of  auto- 
mobiles, flying-machines,  and  electrical  de- 
vices. He  is  best  known  to  the  public  through 
his  work  in  electricity,  to  which  he  began  to 
devote  serious  atten- 
tion in  1898.  He 
undertook  to  procure 
a  more  economical 
electric  light  than 
the  common  incan- 
descent lamp.  It  has 
been  long  the  desire 
of  electricians  to  pro- 
duce a  relatively 
"  cold  "  light,  which 
would  yet  be  com- 
mercially efficient. 
The  nearest  approach 
to  these  ideal  condi- 
tions is  the  "  Cooper 
Hewitt  lamp."  In 
its  usual  commercial 
forms  it  consists  of  a 
long  glass  tube  con- 
taining mercury  which 
is  vaporized  by  an 
electric  current.  The  flow  of  the  current 
through  the  mercury  vapor  generates  a  bright 
light  of  low  temperature,  which  completely 
fills  the  tube,  and  which  is  eight  times 
stronger  than  the  light  produced  by  the  car- 
bon filament  incandescent  lamp  for  the  same 
amount  of  power.  The  light  of  the  Cooper 
Hewitt  lamp  is  soft  and  diffused  with  a  pe- 
culiar bluish-green  color,  due  to  the  absence  of 
red  rays.  It  is  not  suitable  for  every  lighting 
purpose  owing  to  the  absence  of  red  rays,  but 
is  especially  useful  for  taking  and  printing 
photographs,  and  it  can  be  used  for  producing 
large  quantities  of  light  in  open  spaces,  such 
as  large  shops  and  factories  where  the  work 
requires  more  or  less  continual  strain  upon  the 
eye.  To  supply  the  deficiency  of  the  red  rays, 
Mr.  Hewitt  invented  a  light  transformer,  de- 
signed to  intercept  part  of  the  light  from  the 
lamp,  to  transform  the  intercepted  rays  into 
red  rays,  and  radiate  these  red  rays  with  the 
unchanged  part  of  the  light  in  the  proper  pro- 
portions to  produce  as  much  red  as  ordinary 
daylight.  Another  important  invention  is  a 
device  called  by  Lord  Kelvin  a  "  static  con- 
verter," but  more  popularly  known  among  en- 
gineers as  the  Cooper  Hewitt  converter.  It  is 
used  to  transform  alternating  currents  into 
direct  currents.  The  converter  consists  of 
an  evacuated  glass  or  metal  bulb  provided 
with  two  or  three  electrodes  that  serve 
to  permit  passage  of  current  when  the  alter- 


^eu.,^ 


nating  pressures  come  to  the  right  direc- 
tion, and  another  electrode  that  carries  the 
outgoing  rectified  or  direct  current.  It  op- 
erates, to  use  Mr.  Hewitt's  own  words,  like  a 
check-valve  in  a  water-pipe,  permitting  the 
current  of  electricity  to  flow  freely  in  one 
direction,  and  entirely  preventing  the  flow  in 
the  opposite.  This  fundamental  invention, 
which  is  of  great  importance  in  the  electrical 
world,  led  to  many  minor  inventions  of  meth- 
ods and  devices  for  which  the  converter  is 
adapted.  He  also  invented  an  electrical  in- 
terrupter, which  may  be  used  in  connection 
with,  or  in  place  of,  a  switch  for  turning  oflf 
powerful  high-tension  currents,  and  also  for 
automatically  making  and  breaking  a  circuit 
to  produce  high  frequency  impulses  or  alterna- 
tions such  as  are  used  in  wireless  telephony 
and  telegraphy.  In  wireless  work  it  takes  the 
place  of  a  spark  gap,  to  which  it  is  superior  in 
that  it  is  safe,  silent,  and  uniform  in  opera- 
tion and  may  be  accurately  adjusted  so  as  to 
permit  and  interrupt  current  flow  at  desired 
voltages  and  with  the  desired  frequency.  By 
the  use  of  the  interrupter  it  is  possible  to  send 
wireless  messages  safely,  quickly,  and  rapidly 
and  with  uniform  strength  and  carrying 
power,  and  with  less  expenditure  of  energy. 
In  this  group  should  be  mentioned  his  wireless 
telegraph  receiver,  a  device  consisting  of  a 
an  evacuated  tube  having  a  sensitive  elec- 
trode for  detecting  wireless  telegraph  signals. 
In  sensitiveness  it  equals,  if  it  is  not  superior 
to,  any  known  receiver,  and  even  when  ad- 
justed for  the  greatest  sensitiveness  it  is 
capable  of  receiving,  without  injury,  an 
amount  of  energy  that  would  burn  out  and 
completely  destroy  any  other  known  receiver. 
These  four  fundamental  inventions,  the  lamp, 
the  rectifier,  the  interrupter,  and  the  wireless 
receiver,  were  all  developed  by  Mr.  Hewitt  as 
the  result  of  years  of  experimental  study  of 
the  phenomena  attendant  upon  the  flow  of  an 
electric  current  through  a  vacuum  tube.  He 
has  devoted  many  years  to  the  experimental 
and  theoretical  determination  of  the  efficiency 
of  inclined  surfaces  operating  either  as  pro- 
pellant  blades  or  as  gliding-planes,  with  re- 
spect to  the  actual  values  of  lifting  effect, 
thrust  and  friction  at  all  angles  and  all  speeds 
in  water  as  well  as  in  air.  Bearing  on  these 
studies  he  constructed  a  hydro-plane  motor 
boat,  weighing  2,000  pounds  and  having  four 
set  of  gliding-planes,  each  set  consisting  of 
several  planes  in  tiers.  In  operation  the 
hull  of  the  boat  is  lifted  entirely  above 
the  surface  of  the  water,  and  the  whole 
weight  being  supported  by  the  dynamic  re- 
action of  the  water  against  the  inclined  sur- 
faces of  the  planes,  the  uppermost  of  which 
are  lifted  out  of  the  water  successively  as 
the  speed  increased,  thereby  relieving  the  boat 
of  their  frictional  resistance.  The  boat,  which 
was  tested  on  Long  Island  Sound  in  1907,  at- 
tained a  speed  of  over  thirty-five  miles  an 
hour,  thus  verifying  the  correctness  of  the  re- 
sults of  his  theoretical  calculations  He  has 
also  devoted  considerable  thought  and  atten- 
tion to  the  subject  of  aeroplanes.  His  achieve- 
ments as  an  accurate  scientific  investigator 
and  the  commercial  value  of  his  many  success- 
ful inventions  entitle  him  to  a  position  in  the 
front  rank  of  American  inventors.     He  is  a 


170 


\ 


BURROUGHS 


PEARSON 


1   the  Cooper  Hewitt  Electric  Com- (Day"  (1900);  "  Squirrels  and  Other  Fur  Bear- 

iie    Hewitt    Realty    Company,    the    Le- j  era "    (1900);    "Lite  of  Audubon,"  in  Beacon 

id   Oxford  Mining  Company,  the  Hcxa- 1  Biographies  (1902)  ;  "Songs  of  Nature,"  a  col- 

i       -      *   "uny,  the  Midvale  Water  Com- j  lection  of   nature  poems   edited   by   Mr.    Bur- 

V>»k    jind    Greenwood    Lake  I  roughs    (1904);    "Literary   Values"    (1904); 


••.'atee  of  Cooper  j  "Far  and  Near"   (1904)  ;  "Ways  of  Natur< 

for  Consump- 1  (lOOJ);    "Bird  and  Bough,"  poems    (1906); 

'•■'•^'     ■'■-     '>u- i  "Camping    and    Tramoing    with    Roosevelt" 

I  ( 1007  )  ;  "  Leaf  and  Tendril  "    (1908)  ;   "  Time 

and    Change"    (1912;;    "The   Summit   of   the 

nra"    ()915>;    "Under    the    Apple    Trees'' 

**»*?.;  •'The  Breath  of  Life"    (1015).     Mr 

sj-b*    IB    a    member    of    the    American 

•    *»f    Arts   and    Letters.      He    reooivc  1 

V  degi»'e  t.f    Liu  D.    from   YaIp   in 

=  11  01  L.H.n   fr'tm  Colgate  In  1911 

<ite    married    Ursula    Mortii,     13 


jo.in,  naturalist,  fa    in    rlrvx  \ 
ipril,   1837.     He  is  the  mm  of  r 
A     and    Amy     (Kelly)     Burroughs  ! 
iiglish  descent  on  his  fathor'8  side,  j 
■  lixed  Irish  blood  on  his  mother's  side.  ! 
one   of   a   large   family    reared   by   his 
a    hard-working,    substantial    farmer.  | 
receiving    an    academic    education,    he 
^  A   school  eight  or  nine  years  and  served 
a    clerk    in    the    treasury    departmtnl    at 
.Kington  from  1864  to  1873.     In  1871,  with 
'  other  clerks  of  the  treasury  department, 
(ourneyed  to  London  as  custodian  of  \J.  S. 
ds   to 'the   amount   of   $50,000,000    for   ox- 
•  nj?t»   through    the   syndicate    of    Jay   Cooke 
'iv.     In   1873  he  v.as  appointed  re- 
Waikili  National  Bank  in  Middle- 
1..    ^> .     I        A    year    b»ter    he    settled    on   a 
ill  fruit  farm  at  W*?f.i   }'ark,  N    Y  ,  ovor- 
king  the  Hudson  River,  ami  gave  his  time 
Uteraturt"    spd     fruit-culture,    except    llie 
rsths  when  hi«  diwy  as  hank  examiner  called 
a  away.     Mr.  Burr<»ugb'->  is  one  of  the  roost 
•rming  writers  of  the  day,  dealing  with  the 
laes    of    nature    in    a    simple,    suggest) ve, 
atghtforward    manner,    investing    his    siib- | 
=»  with   all    the   interest   of   a    kindly   per-  ; 
!-.=<!ity  and  a   singularly  observant  eye      In  j 
''f^Mds    even    a    conimonpiace   tliome    tiskr-s  I 
ic   beauty,   and    his   re:tf]er.'4   are   made  } 
out   upon  a   wc'rJd   opn'enl    with   new  j 
;'  '^nd  the  deliirht  of  life.     Thr-  key  to! 


ff^^r^rick  Stark,  electrh^l  engi- 
•  ",    Masji.,    "   July,    lS6i-,    d, 
;:>.  fc»ff;  of  Ambrose  and  Han- 
'•v6,r»i>rt     H**  waa  gra<iuated  at 
V     .J.     ?  v^:{    t.uth    the    degree    of 
^      degree   of    A.M.M 
i^fy,  for  on<'  year 
ir   \/.   chemisiry   in 
•;♦;■     of     Teohnoiogv; 
•  r.'otor  in  math-i- 
n^st'.f-yi  y-{.    infts    CoL 

leg'*  -'f})  of  ijkholarly 

HUd  CA  niurumeiital  in 

irreath  and  ef.icieney 

of  fhis  course  oi  ?-lutl^.  .luKii  ^;-r  two  y^arB 
(1887-88)  he  was  engaged  ah  a  n:.  niug  engi- 
neer in  the  United  .States  and  Urn/:'..  Ajier 
a  short  term  as  manager  of  the  ^KniTviile 
(Mass.)  Electric  Light  Company,  he  :>'-.'nn"iO 
chief  engineer  of  the  West  End*  Strc^v  Hail- 
way,  Boston,  in  1889,  then  being  oij-.  :.;,i,«l 
with  electricity,  and  among  the  problen;e  ha 
so'vod  were  those  of  adequate  insuLu'iui-,  -Tt-.l- 
ter  track  construction  and  bonding,  bett  -r  ^i-- 
ginefi  and  larger  generators,  improved  swi  '-h- 
b^viird  equipment,  and  the  prevention  ov  :  -(- 
trolypig  in  underground  pipes  and  cab]"=:  jj  • 
foTind  in  the  electrification  of  this  rr-i;',  ,  , 
crude  begiilning^  of  an  e>:j)crimcnt ;  -  k./ 
it  with  two  large  power  houses  well  ;^  ••.  t; : -'L 
in  construt!tio2i.  with  1,000  cars  in  c-iM 'si  .  ..i.. 
and  Hith  a  reputation  as  die  licsr  ;  ...;..d 
eleetrir  railwa.y  at   that   time  in   ilu-     :'■.!•>, 


Ht 


^va 


consult) in?  enjjineer  for  tV.. 


Kapid   Transii.   Corapany,  wliile   jl  ^ 
iT?g    its   motive    power   to    ^>]ecIr'^;1 
signed  its  Eastern  District  pf     . 
lirst     large     direct  connected     ■ 
railway    service    in    AnH^ri    • 
number  of  impor1;ir.t  'Mc.  ' 
peri<^d  be<*ause  they  svcre  i 


i»Iarjty    ih 

V»' '  -    a. CIS 


v.'hiei.    m#»? 

himself:  •  I  'K-  -.\  :x  f.se 
loved  nature,  in  all  ih.^s 
an*',  -n'tle  e.\ press i-.-iiiK.  u', 
tliv  U>ok«  uf  the  world  " 
inpa  mcliei'v  ■  Kote.s  on 
^oct  ami  I'tT!-  >.'  '  (  \hVs' 
S71  )  : 

i        ViUt.r      '  .    ''    ■■  •      i 

H'lney  "   i  !,-■. 

JMv;  i«  "  \A^.\ 
'■'liliX'T  Stn-"  .'■-.■    \  IS'-/  ■ 
'  hitman,  ;    '^t'.'.dv,"'   (18;"^. 


found    ;»i    the    words 

Jtr^    v,''i'i)te    eoMeernirer 

'   book«^   nuKti.   but    I 

\':    inaifvial    eviunples 

.f  -1   n    ■  :V"    iti».-i>tiio   ;t  i! 

il'.s  |i.r'e;Hh"d  wrir 

Wail     Whi.ei;dn    p^ 

:    '•  \\<ike    ilol  "e  •■ 

in.'  •'    ;  H-;:;'  ;    "  Blr^' 

•    i     -  .     •      -w-d      W'V"' 


luanataciiirerr,. 


Henrv     M.    Whitie^ 
til!'  i^'ew   Fnirli-iiicl  'i 
i  )!e.    .Mass-'jclui."'  ''. '•^ 
,iI■fr'r  organize;!    i  'i 
oi"    w  )iieb    he    ^•  m  • 
(he    rccon-t.r»».  ♦  ■ 
^'\^ln^^•    x     * 


>itK> 

or   1 


:i't 


!;)ie'" 


PEARSON 


PEARSON 


and  designing  the  electric  power  station  at 
Ninety-sixth  Street  and  the  East  River.  He 
also  designed  the  system  of  underground  elec- 
trical conduit  construction  to  meet  the  exist- 
ing conditions  in  New  York.  With  commend- 
able foresight  Dr.  Pearson  early  recognized 
the  business  possibilities  and  opportunities  in 
the  South  American  countries.  In  1898  he 
visited  South  America  in  behalf  of  Canadian 
capitalists  interested  in  the  development  of  a 
railway,  light,  and  power  plant  at  Sao  Paulo, 
Brazil.  The  outcome  was  the  organization  of 
the  Sao  Paulo  Tramway,  Light  and  Power 
Company,  which  was  developed  by  Dr.  Pearson 
to  the  same  high  standard  that  he  had  reached 
in  Boston,  Brooklyn,  and  New  York  previously. 
Later,  in  association  with  capitalists  of  Lon- 
don, he  organized  tlie  Rio  de  Janeiro  Tram- 
way, Light  and  Power  Company,  which  was 
consolidated  with  the  former  company,  the 
Sao  Paulo  Electric  Company,  the  Soci^t6 
Anonyme  du  Gaz  de  Rio  de  Janeiro,  and  the 
Rio  de  Janeiro  Telephone  Company,  into  the 
Brazilian  Traction,  Light  and  Power  Com- 
pany, with  a  capital  of  $120,000,000,  of  which 
he  was  president  until  his  death.  In  1902  the 
Mexican  Light  and  Power  Company,  Ltd.,  was 
organized  by  Dr.  Pearson,  and  for  this  com- 
pany there  was  erected  a  large  hydro-electric 
plant  at  the  falls  of  the  Necaxa  River,  in 
Hidalgo  State,  and  a  distribution  system 
in  Mexico  City  and  suburbs  at  a  total  out- 
lay of  $46,000,000  His  fame  as  an  American 
engineer  and  his  success  with  Spanish- 
American  railroads  attracted  the  attention  of 
British  and  Canadian  financiers,  and  during 
the  thirty  years  of  his  professional  work  he 
was  called  upon  to  advise  regarding  most  of 
the  large  enterprises  for  the  improvement  of 
railway  construction  and  operation  in  the 
chief  cities  of  the  United  States,  Mexico, 
South  America,  and  Europe.  He  was  chief 
consulting  engineer  for  the  Electrical  Develop- 
ment Company  of  Ontario  at  Niagara  Falls, 
and  consulting  engineer  for  the  street  railways 
of  Toronto,  Montreal,  Winnipeg,  St.  John,  and 
Halifax,  and  of  the  Montreal  and  St.  Law- 
rence Light  and  Power  Company.  In  1907  he 
took  over  the  control  of  the  tramways  in 
Mexico  City,  and,  in  1909,  his  company 
leased  the  Mexican  Light  and  Power  Com- 
pany. In  1909  he  organized  the  Mexico  North 
W^estern  Railway,  consisting  of  the  two  lines, 
one  running  south  from  El  Paso  about  150 
miles,  and  another  running  west  and  north 
from  Chihuahua,  Mexico,  the  ends  being 
joined  to  form  a  through  line  of  about  500 
miles  from  El  Paso  to  Chihuahua  through  a 
very  rich  mining,  lumber,  and  cattle  country. 
The  company  also  holds  through  subsidiaries 
4,000,000  acres  of  pine  lands  at  Madera  on 
its  line,  and  does  a  general  lumber  business 
in  addition  to  its  railroad.  In  1910  he  be- 
came interested  in  irrigation  and  organized 
the  San  Antonio  Land  and  Irrigation  Com- 
pany, which  purchased  50,000  acres  of  land 
near  San  Antonio,  Tex.,  and  constructed 
reservoirs  and  works  for  irrigating  this  land. 
In  1913  he  organized  the  Texas  Prairie  Lands, 
Ltd.,  which  purchased  60,000  acres  near  Plain- 
view,  Tex.,  also  for  irrigation  purposes.  Dr. 
Pearson's  last  great  work  was  the  organiza- 
tion and  the  development  of  the  Barcelona 
Traction,    Light    and    Power    Company,    or- 


ganized in  1911.  This  company  is  building 
extensive  hydro-electric  installations  and  dis- 
tributing systems  in  and  around  Barcelona, 
Spain.  The  company  expended  over  $50,000,- 
000  on  these  works  up  to  1915.  Dr.  Pearson 
was  president  and  director  of  the  Barcelona 
Traction,  Light  and  Power  Company,  Ltd.;  of 
the  Mexico  Tramways  Company;  Mexican 
Light  and  Power  Company,  Ltd.;  of  the 
Mexico  North  Western  Railway;  and  of  the 
Rio  de  Janeiro  Tramway,  Light  and  Power 
Company.  He  was  director  in  the  Sao  Paulo 
Tramway,  Light  and  Power  Company,  Ltd.; 
the  Sao  Paulo,  Brazil,  and  the  Denver  and 
Salt  Lake  Railroad.  Dr.  Pearson's  name  will 
rank  among  the  greatest  practical  engineers 
of  the  world.  He  was  a  man  of  brilliant  men- 
tal attainments,  possessing  unusual  executive 
ability  and  a  prodigious  capacity  for  work  and 
heroic  courage.  He  was  withal  of  a  kindly 
and  hospitable  disposition,  generous  to  his  em- 
ployees and  public-spirited.  Those  who 
worked  under  him  felt  the  highest  reverence 
for  his  zeal,  his  almost  unequaied  ability,  his 
amiability,  and  all  the  manly  virtues  that 
adorn  a  leader.  He  was  an  innovator  in  in- 
dustry, always  eager  to  encourage  new  enter- 
prises, and  impatient  of  those  who  expressed 
doubt  of  the  ability  of  Americans  to  produce 
anything  and  everything  required  by  the  in- 
habitants of  the  growing  country.  Combined 
with  his  indomitable  energy  and  versatility  of 
intellect,  he  possessed  a  wonderful  power  of 
imagination,  not  merely  the  susceptive  imagi- 
nation of  the  poet  or  the  artist,  but  the  con- 
structive, the  creative  imagination  of  the 
scientist.  One  of  the  qualities  that  most  en- 
deared him  to  others  was  his  simple,  kindly 
manner,  and  entire  absence  of  ostentation.  He 
was  always  ready  to  receive  a  suggestion  and 
if  that  suggestion  seemed  to  him  to  possess 
merit  he  was  ready  to  adopt  it.  In  addition  to 
this  kindly  disposition  was  an  almost  too 
ready  confidence  in  the  faith,  good  intentions, 
and  ability  of  others.  This  confidence  was 
generally  well  bestowed.  Like  a  thread  of 
gold  through  a  fabric  of  silver  there  ran  a 
keen  sense  of  Yankee  humor,  which  sometimes 
in  the  midst  of  grave  and  mighty  transactions 
would  be  appreciated.  His  humor,  however, 
was  never  low,  never  vicious;  it  left  no  sting. 
To  Dr.  Pearson's  untiring  energy  and  impar- 
tial appreciation,  to  his  tremendous  grasp  of 
principles  and  mastery  of  details,  to  his  won- 
derful memory  and  vivid  imagination,  to  his 
versatility,  his  kindly  disposition  and  his 
faith  in  others  were  due  the  immediate  source 
of  his  successes,  the  unswerving  loyalty  and 
devotion  without  which  it  would  have  been 
impossible  for  any  man  to  have  conducted  m 
such  great  and  widely  scattered  enterprises.  Jl 
Throughout  his  career  Dr.  Pearson  kept  him-  ■! 
self  thoroughly  conversant  with  every  phase 
of  railway  development,  and  his  work  showed 
the  highest  degree  of  scientific  accuracy.  No 
greater  eulogy  can  be  written  of  him  than  that 
he  was  a  gentleman  of  high  character,  who 
had  his  struggles  and  his  vicissitudes,  and 
through  it  all  strove  to  do  his  duty.  He 
maintained  residences  at  Great  Barrington, 
Mass.,  where  he  had  an  estate  of  13,000 
acres;  in  Surrey,  England,  and  in  Barcelona, 
Spain.  He  was  a  member  of  the  American 
Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science, 


172 


HOWELLS 


HOWELLS 


the  American  Society  of  Mechanical  Engineers, 
the  American  Institute  of  Electrical  Engineers, 
the  American  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers, 
the  Society  of  Naval  Engineers,  and  the  Lon- 
don Institute  of  Civil  Engineers;  also  of  the 
Engineers',  Railroad,  University,  New  York 
Yacht,  and  Metropolitan  Clubs  of  New  York 
City.  He  married  5  Jan.,  1887,  Mabel,  daugh- 
ter of  William  H.  Ward,  of  Lowell,  Mass. 
They  had  three  children:  Ward  Edgerly,  treas- 
urer of  the  Pearson  Engineering  Company;  and 
Natalie  and  Frederick  Ambrose  Pearson. 
While  en  route  to  London  with  his  wife  he 
lost  his  life  on  the  steamship  "  Lusitania,'' 
which  was  torpedoed  by  a  German  submarine. 

HOWELLS,  William  Dean,  author,  b.  in 
Martin's  Ferry,  Ohio,  I  March,  1837,  son  of 
William  Cooper  and  Mary  (Dean)  Howells. 
His  grandfather,  a  native  of  Wales,  came  to 
this  country  early  in  the  last  century,  and 
settled  in  one  of  the  wildest  regions  of  the 
then  sparsely  settled  State  of  Ohio.  His 
father,  the  editor  of  a  local  paper,  had  strong 
literary  ambitions.  Occasionally  he  received 
some  books  to  review  and  thus  collected  a 
library,  which  in  that  time  and  locality  was 
considered  very  large.  He  was  particularly 
fond  of  reading  aloud  to  his  family  in  the 
evenings,  his  favorite  authors  being  Cowper, 
Burns,  Goldsmith,  Scott,  Byron,  and  Moore. 
Often  the  young  boy  was  bored — for  there  was 
no  fiction  in  this  collection  and  he  was  still 
too  young  to  appreciate  anything  without  the 
narrative  element — but  in  later  years  he  felt 
obliged  to  admit  that  these  readings  had  had 
a  very  decided  influence  in  deepening  his  taste 
for  literature.  Mr.  Howells  had  little  regular 
schooling,  and  that  little  was  terminated  by 
his  entrance,  at  a  very  early  age,  into  the 
printing-shop  of  his  father's  paper.  So  he  be- 
gan making  his  living  as  a  typesetter.  But 
his  hours  were  not  too  long,  and  he  still  had 
time  to  develop  a  growing  taste  for  reading. 
Entirely  by  himself  he  acquired  a  reading 
knowledge  of  German,  Spanish,  French,  and 
Italian.  In  spite  of  the  influence  which  the 
father  exercised  as  editor  of  the  local  news- 
paper, the  family  was  very  poor,  and  young 
Howells  continued  working  as  a  printer  dur- 
ing all  his  early  youth.  At  this  time  his  lit- 
erary idols  were  Irving,  Cervantes,  and  Gold- 
smith, but  he  was  to  pass  by  a  long  succes- 
sion of  shrines  during  his  long  life.  Mean- 
while, his  desire  to  express  himself  through  the 
medium  of  writing  had  begun  to  assert  itself, 
and  he  devoted  part  of  his  leisure  to  literary 
composition,  most  of  it,  as  he  afterward  ad- 
mitted, in  imitation  of  the  style  of  his  favorite 
authors,  for  nothing  of  this  early  work  was 
ever  published.  Mr.  Howells  first  began  to 
attract  public  attention  with  his  reports  of 
the  sessions  of  the  State  legislature  in  Co- 
lumbus and  his  comments  on  current  political 
events.  The  first  position  on  a  paper  offered 
him,  other  than  that  of  setting  type,  was  as 
a  reporter.  His  first  assignment  was  to  the 
police  stations  in  Columbus,  and  this  so  horri- 
fied him  that  he  immediately  resigned.  In 
years  to  follow  he  had  reason  to  regret  this, 
for  he  then  realized  that  he  had  passed  by  the 
opportunity  to  gain  experience  in  the  realities 
of  life.  Soon  after,  however,  he  had  another 
offer  on  the  reportorial  staff  of  a  Columbus 
newspaper,  and  this  time  he  accepted  it  gladly, 


as  part  of  his  work  was  the  reviewing  of 
books.  Until  this  time  he  had  led  a  very 
isolated  life,  being  satisfied  with  the  com- 
panionship of  one  or  two  friends,  but  now 
he  was  thrown  into  the  gayety  of  local  society, 
and  found  himself  not  at  all  averse  to  its 
stimulus.  He  still  looks  back  on  those  two 
winters  in  Columbus  as  one  of  the  pleasantest 
periods  of  his  life.  In  1861  he  received,  from 
President  Lincoln,  appointment  as  U.  S.  consul 
to  Venice,  and  started  for  that  city  almost 
immediately.  In  this  position  he  remained 
for  four  years,  and  during  this  period  began 
his  literary  work  in  earnest.  His  two  vol- 
umes of  sketches,  "Venetian  Life"  (1866), 
gained  him  many  readers  and  admirers  and 
have  continued  popular  to  the  present  time, 
though  in  no  particular  are  they  to  be  com- 
pared with  his  later  works.  Previously  he 
had  written  only  a  volume  of  poetry,  in  col- 
laboration with  John  J.  Piatt  (1860),  and  a 
"  Life  of  Abraham  Lincoln  "  (1860).  Another 
product  of  his  Italian  life  was  his  "  Italian 
Journeys,"  published  a  year  later,  which  still 
finds  readers  who  enjoy  its  delicate  humor 
and  bits  of  poetic  description.  In  1866  Mr. 
Howells  returned  to  America.  For  a  long  time 
thereafter  his  literary  work  consisted  of  book 
reviewing,  largely  for  the  "  Nation,"  in  New 
York  City,  of  which  he  was  also  assistant 
editor  (1866-72).  Even  when  he  became 
editor  of  the  "  Atlantic  Monthly,"  in  1872,  he 
continued  writing  the  book  notices  for  that 
periodical  for  some  years  longer.  Nor  did  he 
entirely  cease  this  form  of  writing  when  he 
became  editor-in-chief,  although  he  was  then 
able  to  review  only  such  books  as  proved  pleas- 
ant reading,  so  that  the  work  might  not  be 
mere  routine  drudgery.  By  this  time  his 
favorite  authors  had  changed  considerably; 
the  old  classics  were  replaced  by  the  works 
of  Turgenev,  Henry  James,  and  others  even 
more  modern.  Tolstoy  he  called  his  "noblest 
enthusiasm,"  and  added :  "  As  much  as  one 
merely  human  being  can  help  another  he  has 
helped  me;  he  has  not  influenced  me  in 
esthetics  only,  but  in  ethics,  too,  so  that  I 
can  never  see  life  in  the  way  I  saw  it  before 
I  knew  him,  Tolstoy  awakens  in  his  reader 
the  will  to  be  a  man;  not  effectively,  not  spec- 
tacularly, but  simply,  really.  He  leads  you 
back  to  the  only  true  ideal,  away  from  the 
false  standards  of  the  gentleman  to  the  Man 
who  sought  not  to  be  distinguished  from  other 
men,  but  identified  with  them."  Mr  Howells' 
first  acquaintance  with  the  writings  of  Tol- 
stoy marked  a  very  radical  change  in  the 
style  of  his  own  productions,  which  was  much 
remarked  by  his  readers  at  the  time,  though 
they  were  not  then  conscious  of  the  cause  of 
this  change.  Whether  he  gained  or  lost  as  a 
literary  artist  by  this  change  depends  largely 
on  the  point  of  view  of  the  roador.  Afler  his 
return  from  abroad  he  contiiiiu'd  ])ublisliing 
books  of  his  own  with  a  steady  rognlarily.  for 
Mr.  Howells  has  been  a  very  ])r()lill('  writer. 
"Their  Wedding  Journey"  (1871)  was  one 
of  the  first  whieh  gained  him  rather  a  wide 
popularity,  and  even  to  this  day  it  enjoys 
nearly  as  great  popularity  as  then.  Tlio  hooks 
immediately  following  were  also  wid(>ly  road. 
and  presently  Mr.  Howells  found  liiniself  the 
most  popular  writer  of  the  country.  Ho 
worked  hard  to  keep  up  with  the  deniand  for 


173 


HOWELLS 


WOOD 


hi8  books,  and  after  a  while  went  abroad 
again  for  a  year's  rest.  His  duties  as  editor, 
having  interfered  with  his  original  writing, 
were  finally  abandoned,  though  he  has  con- 
tinued to  be  connected  with  magazines  during 
all  the  past  years.  Many  of  his  stories  have 
been  published  serially.  During  later  years 
his  farces  have  afforded  great  amusement  to 
the  younger  generation.  The  change  in  style, 
already  referred  to,  had  lost  him  many  of  his 
early  admirers,  but  on  the  other  hand  he 
gained  many  readers  from  the  most  intelligent 
circles.  Today  there  is  very  little  opposition 
to  the  general  opinion  that  Mr.  Howells  is,  and 
has  been  for  many  years,  the  foremost  writer 
of  American  fiction,  the  dean  of  American  let- 
ters. His  style  is  distinguished  for  its  fault- 
less fluency,  the  perfect  taste  and  finish  of  the 
whole,  the  perfect  construction  and  almost  al- 
ways the  quiet,  charming  story,  a  marked  con- 
trast to  the  sensationalism  of  many  "best 
sellers."  It  largely  portrays,  or  reflects,  his 
own  personality.  The  gathering  of  notable 
people  from  all  parts  of  the  country,  includ- 
ing the  President  of  the  United  States  and 
many  distinguished  foreigners,  which  at- 
tended the  dinner  in  celebration  of  his 
seventy-fifth  birthday,  in  New  York  City,  is 
only  one  concrete  illustration  of  the  affec- 
tionate regard  in  which  Mr.  Howells  is  held 
by  all  classes  of  his  countrymen,  engendered 
not  only  by  his  books,  but  to  an  equal  extent 
by  his  own  personality.  Aside  from  the  books 
already  mentioned,  Mr.  Howells  has  written: 
"Suburban  Sketches"  (1872);  "Poems" 
(1873);  "A  Chance  Acquaintance"  (1873); 
"A  Foregone  Conclusion"  (1874);  "Life  of 
Rutherford  B.  Hayes"  (1876);  "A  Counter- 
feit Presentment"  (1877)  ;  "Out  of  the  Ques- 
tion" (a  comedy,  1877);  "The  Lady  of  the 
Aroostook"  (1879)  ;  "The  Undiscovered  Coun- 
try" (1880);  "A  Fearful  Responsibility,  and 
Other  Stories"  (1881);  "Dr.  Breen's  Prac- 
tice" (1881);  "A  Modern  Instance"  (1881); 
"A  Woman's  Reason"  (1882);  "A  Little 
Girl  Among  the  Old  Masters"  (1883);  "The 
Three  Villages"  (1884);  "The  Rise  of  Silas 
Lapham"  (1884);  "Tuscan  Cities"  (1885); 
"Indian  Summer"  (1885);  "The  Minister's 
Charge  "  ( 1886 )  ;  "  Poems  "  ( 1886 )  ;  "  Mod- 
ern Italian  Poets"  (1887);  "April  Hopes" 
(1887);  "Annie  Kilburn "  (1888);  "A 
Hazard  of  New  Fortunes  "  ( 1889 )  ;  "  The 
Sleeping  Car,  and  Other  Farces"  (1889); 
"  The  Mouse  Trap,  and  Other  Farces  "  (1889)  ; 
"A  Boy's  Town"  (1890)  ;  "The  Shadow  of  a 
Dream"  (1890);  "An  Imperative  Duty" 
(1891);  "The  Albany  Depot"  (1891); 
"Criticism  and  Fiction"  (1891);  "The  Qual- 
ity of  Mercy"  (1891)  ;  "The  Letter  of  Intro- 
duction" (1892);  "A  Little  Swiss  Sojourn" 
(1892);  "Christmas  Every  Day,  and  Other 
Stories"  (1892);  "The  Unexpected  Guests" 
(farce,  1893);  "The  World  of  Chance" 
(1893);  "The  Coast  of  Bohemia"  (1893); 
"A  Traveller  from  Altruria "  (1894);  "My 
Literary  Passions"  (1895);  "The  Dav  of 
Their  Wedding"  (1895);  "Stops  of  Various 
Quills"  (1895)  ;  "A  Parting  and  a  Meeting" 
(1896);  "Impressions  and  Experiences" 
(1896);  "The  Landlord  at  Lion's  Head" 
(1897)  ;  "An  Open-Eved  Conspiracy"  (1897)  ; 
"Stories  of  Ohio"  (1898);  "The  Story  of  a 
Play"    (1898);  "The  Ragged  Lady"   (1899); 


"Their  Silver  Wedding  Journey"  (1899); 
"  Literary  Friends  and  Acquaintances " 
(1900)  ;  "A  Pair  of  Patient  Lovers"  (1901)  ; 
"  Poems  "  ( 1901 )  ;  "  Heroines  of  Fiction  " 
(1901);  "TheKentons"  (1902);  "Literature 
and  Life"  (1902);  "The  Flight  of  Pony 
Baker  "  ( 1902 )  ;  "  Questionable  Shapes  " 
(1903);  "The  Son  of  Royal  Langbrith '» 
(1903)  ;  "Miss  Ballard's  Inspiration  "  (1905)  ; 
"London  Films"  (1905)  ;  "Certain  Delightful 
English  Towns"  (1906);  "Between  the  Dark 
and  the  Daylight  "  ( 1907 )  ;  "  Through  the 
Eye  of  the  Needle "  ( 1907 )  ;  "  Fennel  and 
Rue  "  ( 1908 )  ;  "  Roman  Holidays  "  ( 1908 ) ; 
"  The  Mother  and  the  Father "  ( 1909 ) ; 
"  Seven  English  Cities  "  ( 1909 )  ;  "  My 
Mark  Twain"  (1910);  "Parting  Friends'* 
(farce,  1910);  "Imaginary  Interviews" 
(1910);  "New  Leaf  Mills"  (1913);  "Fa- 
miliar Spanish  Travels"  (1913);  "The  Seen 
and  Unseen  at  Stratford-on-Avon "  (1914); 
"Years  of  My  Youth"  (1915).  Mr.  Howells 
has  also  been  editor  of  several  collections  of 
choice  literary  masterpieces,  notably  of 
"  Choice  Autobiographies "  in  eight  volumes, 
with  explanatory  and  supplementary  essays, 
and  "  Library  of  Universal  Adventure."  His 
literary  achievements  have  been  notably  recog- 
nized on  several  occasions  by  universities,  col- 
leges, and  learned  societies.  The  honorary  de- 
gree of  A.M.  was  conferred  on  him  by  Har- 
vard University  in  1867,  and  by  Yale  in  1881; 
the  degree  of  Litt.D.,  by  Yale  in  1901,  by  Ox- 
ford in  1904,  and  by  Columbia  in  1906;  and 
the  degree  of  LL.D.,  by  Adelbert  College  in 
1904.  In  1915  Mr.  Howells  received  the  gold 
medal  of  the  National  Institute  of  Arts  and 
Letters,  in  recognition  of  his  "  distinguished 
work  in  fiction."  He  married,  in  Paris, 
France,  24  Dec,  1862,  Elinor  G.  Mead,  of 
Brattleboro,  Vt. 

WOOD,  Jethro,  inventor,  b.  in  Dartmouth, 
Mass.,  16  March,  1774;  d.  at  Scipio,  Cayuga 
County,  N.  Y.,  in  1834,  son  of  John  and 
Dinah  (Hussey)  Wood.  His  father  was  in 
easy  circumstances  and  at  his  death  left  his 
son  a  considerable  fortune.  The  family,  of  old 
American  stock,  had  been  Quakers  for  several 
generations  back.  Jethro's  training  was 
strictly  within  the  limits  of  the  Society  of 
Friends,  and  though  not  a  strict  adherent, 
he  remained  a  Quaker  throughout  his  entire 
life.  Even  as  a  very  young  child  he  showed 
those  inventive  proclivities  w^hich  were  to  re- 
sult in  so  great  a  benefit  to  all  mankind. 
Once,  while  still  very  young,  he  had  shaped  a 
small  plow  out  of  metal,  not  dissimilar  to  the 
model  which  was  later  to  form  the  basis  for 
modern  agriculture.  But  not  satisfied  with 
the  mere  making  of  it,  and  wishing  to  see  it 
in  operation,  he  fashioned  a  harness  of  cor- 
responding size  and  fastened  the  family  cat 
to  his  plow.  The  protests  of  the  cat  attracted 
the  immediate  attention  of  paternal  authority, 
and  the  future  inventor  was  soundly  thrashed 
for  his  precocity.  On  attaining  manhood  Mr. 
Wood  removed  to  Scipio,  in  Cayuga  County, 
N.  Y.,  where  he  resided  until  his  d'eath. 
Here  it  was  that  he  gave  his  first  serious  at- 
tention to  the  invention  of  a  plow  which  was 
to  be  far  superior  to  the  primitive  wood- 
ribbed  instruments  then  in  common  use. 
Some  of  the  poorer  farmers  even  used  the 
pronged    pieces   of    timber    still    employed   by 


174 


WOOD 


WOOD 


those  semi-barbaric  peoples  barely  emerging 
from  the  hunting  stage  of  society.  Mr.  Wood 
sought  to  construct  a  metal  mouldboard,  so 
curved  as  to  meet  with  the  least  resistance, 
and,  at  the  same  time,  turn  the  strip  of  soil 
out  of  the  furrow  in  one,  continuous  slice. 
His  first  experiments,  covering  a  period  of 
several  years,  were  with  wooden  models,  and 
with  this  material  he  endeavored  to  discover 
the  right  angle  and  curve  of  the  mouldboard. 
His  continual  labors,  with  this  end  in  view, 
excited  only  the  ridicule  of  his  neighbors  and 
they  dubbed  him  the  "  whittling  Yankee." 
Finally  he  began  experimenting  with  metal 
models,  for  the  production  of  which  he  sliced 
oblong  potatoes,  until  finally  he  was  satisfied 
that  he  had  discovered  the  proper  shape  for 
his  plow.  There  were,  apparently,  some  in  the 
small  community  who  not  only  took  him  seri- 
ously, but  themselves  became  so  enthusiastic 
that  they  attempted  to  emulate  him  in  his 
efforts.  For  it  is  on  record  that  Roswell 
Toulsby,  Horace  Pease,  and  John  Swan,  all 
citizens  of  Scipio,  also  applied  for  patents 
for  plows  of  peculiar  shapes  and  merits,  none 
of  which,  ever  proved  of  any  permanent  value. 
It  was  in  1814  that  Mr.  Wood  applied  for  and 
obtained  his  first  patent  on  his  plow.  And, 
though  it  is  recorded  that  he  made  and  sold 
a  few  of  them,  no  particular  notice  seems  to 
have  been  attracted  toward  his  invention. 
Five  years  later,  in  1819,  he  made  another  ap- 
plication, and  was  granted  a  patent  on  a 
plow  with  interchangeable  parts,  like  the  plows 
of  today.  The  whole  was  made  of  cast  iron, 
from  which  it  obtained  the  name  "cast-iron 
plow,"  which  was  commonly  applied  to  it  in 
the  early  days.  Mr.  W^ood  now  began  in  ear- 
nest to  manufacture  and  attempt  to  sell  his 
plow.  The  nearest  furnace  was  many  miles 
away  from  his  home,  but  he  made  the  journey 
every  day  on  horseback,  to  superintend  the 
casting  and  the  shaping  of  his  plowshares. 
Even  now  the  countryside  would  not  take  him 
seriously,  and  more  than  half  suspected  him 
of  madness,  for  he  was  now  spending  a  great 
deal  of  money.  Even  after  the  granting  of  the 
second  patent,  and  after  he  had  begun  manu- 
facturing, the  experimenting  went  on  and  con- 
stant improvements  were  made.  During  all 
this  period  Mr.  Wood  had  been  corresponding 
with  Thomas  Jefferson,  one  of  the  few  men 
who  really  appreciated  the  value  of  his  efforts. 
Indeed,  Jefferson  himself  had  been  working 
along  the  same  lines,  attempting  to  evolve  a 
perfect  plow,  though  his  ideas  were  somewhat 
different  from  those  of  Wood's.  Demonstra- 
tions now  became  a  feature  with  the  new  plow, 
but  the  farmers  jeered  or,  at  the  best,  were 
merely  indifferent.  "  Your  cast-iron  shares 
can't  go  through  a  stony  field,"  they  said. 
Wood  finally  persuaded  a  farmer,  who  had 
been  most  outspoken  in  his  skepticism,  to  give 
one  of  his  plows  a  trial  in  a  field  that  was 
notoriously  rocky.  The  event  attracted  a 
great  deal  of  attention;  it  was  a  sort  of  a 
bet  that  the  skeptic  could  not  break  the  plow, 
no  matter  how  hard  he  tried.  Off  went  the 
plow,  through  the  stony  field,  drawn  by  a  team 
of  horses  and  driven  by  the  man  who  had 
laughed,  and  who  must  now  prove  himself 
right  or  himself  be  laughed  at.  He  drove 
straight  at  all  the  largest  stones  that  he  could 


see,  but  the  plow  passed  around  them  un- 
harmed. The  watching  crowd  ceased  laugh- 
ing; the  driver  set  his  jaw  and  whipped  his 
team  on  desperately.  Finally  he  ran  squarely 
over  a  huge,  solid  rock,  in  the  middle  of  the 
field.  The  plow  struck,  glanced  off,  then 
swerved  neatly  around  the  rock,  undamaged. 
The  skeptic  threw  down  his  whip,  swore,  then 
frankly  admitted  he  had  been  beaten.  Mr. 
Wood's  triumph  soon  became  noised  abroad, 
until  even  Thomas  Jefferson,  at  Monticello, 
heard  of  it  and  sent  him  a  letter  warmly  con- 
gratulating him,  though  it  was  an  admission 
that  his  own  efforts  were  a  failure.  It  was 
shortly  after  this  event  that  Mr.  Wood  de- 
termined to  attract  some  attention  to  his  in- 
vention by  sending  one  of  his  plows,  as  a 
present,  to  the  Czar  of  Russia.  This  incident 
is  mentioned  as  being  typical  of  the  tragedy 
of  Wood's  entire  life  and  his  invention.  Not 
being  able  to  write  French,  in  which  language 
he  wished  to  indite  the  letter  to  accompany 
the  present,  Mr.  Wood  asked  a  friend  of  his, 
a  prominent  scientist,  a  member  of  the  New  York 
Society  of  Natural  History  and  Science,  to 
perform  this  little  service  for  him.  This  his 
friend  did,  but  apparently  he  made  no  men- 
tion of  Wood  and  inscribed  his  own  name, 
both  as  inventor  of  the  plow  and  as  the  giver 
of  the  present.  Some  months  later  the  Czar, 
Alexander  I,  acknowledged  his  pleasure  at  the 
gift  by  sending  a  diamond  ring  as  a  present. 
The  fact  that  he  did  so  was  announced  in  the 
newspapers.  Mr.  Wood  now  turned  to  his 
friend,  who  had  received  the  ring,  and  de- 
manded it  of  him,  but  he  refused  to  give  it 
up,  claiming  that  the  present  had  been  sent 
to  him.  Mr.  Wood  appealed  to  the  American 
ambassador  in  St.  Petersburg,  who  made  in- 
quiries as  to  whom  the  present  was  intended 
for.  The  Emperor  replied  that  it  was  meant 
for  the  inventor  of  the  plow.  When  this  reply 
came  to  America,  the  scientist  claimed  that 
he  had  given  the  diamond  ring  "  to  the  cause 
of  Greek  freedom."  At  any  rate,  it  was  never 
recovered.  But  more  serious  matters  now  took 
Mr.  Wood's  attention  away  from  this  minor  in- 
justice. All  over  the  country  small  manu- 
facturers were  turning  out  plows  like  his  and 
selling  them,  in  total  disregard  of  the  patent 
laws,  which  in  those  days  were  very  lax  and 
loosely  applied.  He,  therefore,  began  a  series 
of  suits,  which  resulted  in  nothing  more  than 
in  ruining  him  financially.  This  continued 
until  his  death.  Others  reaped  where  he  had 
sown;  others  grew  rich  on  his  invention  while 
he  became  impoverished,  fighting  for  his 
rights.  After  his  death,  his  son,  Benjamin, 
took  up  the  fight,  with  such  energy  that  he 
would  probably  have  succeeded  had  he  lived. 
With  the  support  of  such  men  as  Henry 
Clay,  Daniel  Webster,  and  John  Quincy  Adams, 
he  succeeded  in  having  the  patent  laws 
amended.  For  years  he  carried  on  the  fight, 
until  he  was  in  constant  danger  of  being 
arrested  for  debt.  Finally  the  courts  rendered 
a  decision  in  his  favor.  But  this  decision 
came  only  a  few  months  before  the  second 
term  of  the  patent  right  expired.  And  just 
then  he,  too,  died.  The  daughters  of  Mr. 
Wood  now  took  up  the  struggle.  They  at- 
tempted to  have  the  patent  riglit  renewed  for 
the  third  time,  but  this  Congress  refused  to 


176 


LINDSAY 


LINDSAY 


do.  All  the  papers  in  the  case  were  left  on 
file  in  Washington.  Several  years  later,  when 
they  wished  to  make  a  special  appeal  to  Con- 
gress for  recognition,  supported  by  John 
Quincy  Adams,  the  documents  had  disappeared. 
Nor  was  the  injustice  to  Jethro  Wood  and 
his  family  ever  rectified;  his  very  name  has 
passed  into  obscurity,  save  to  those  who  have 
had  sufticient  interest  to  study  the  history  of 
agricultural  machinery  and  agricultural  de- 
velopment. Recently  New  York  State  named 
Jethro  Wood's  as  one  of  the  two  statues  to  rep- 
resent it  in  Statuary  Hall,  Washington.  On 
1  Jan.,  1793,  Mr.  Wood  married  Sylvia  How- 
land,  of  White  Creek,  N.  Y.  They  had  six 
children:  Benjamin,  John,  Maria,  Phoebe, 
Sarah,   and   Sylvia  Ann   Wood. 

LINDSAY,  James  Edwin,  lumberman,  b.  in 
Schroon,  N.  Y.,  12  April,  1826;  d.  in  Daven- 
port, la.,  13  Oct.,  1915,  son  of  Robert  D.  and 
Elizabeth  (Churchill)  Lindsay.  His  father 
was  a  prominent  citizen  of  his  native  State, 
and  for  many  years  a  major  in  the  New  York 
State  Militia.  His  earliest  American  ancestor 
was  Donald  Lindsay,  a  native  of  Scotland, 
who  settled  at  Argyle,  N.  Y.,  in  1739;  was 
interested  in  the  grant  which  was  extended 
to  Laughlin  Campbell  and  was  one  of  the 
hundred  founders  of  the  early  Argyle  com- 
munity. From  him  the  line  of  descent  is 
traced  through  Duncan  and  Anna  (McDougal) 
Lindsay,  and  Daniel  and  Martha  (McDowell) 
Lindsay,  who  were  Mr.  Lindsay's  grandpar- 
ents. He  attended  the  schools  of  his  native 
town  and  entered  Norwich  University  in  May, 
1845,  remaining  until  November,  1846,  when 
he  obtained  employment  in  his  father's  lumber 
mill  at  measuring  and  hauling  logs.  This 
sawmill  was  a  water-power  affair,  propelled  by 
the  old-style  "  flutter  wheel,"  and  was  face- 
tiously called  the  "  Thunder  Shower  Mill,"  on 
account  of  its  utter  inability  to  operate  unless 
frequent  rains  kindly  filled  the  small  creek 
dam  from  which  it  drew  its  water  power. 
Young  Lindsay  was  reared  in  an  atmosphere 
that  was  well  adapted  to  make  him  a  lumber- 
man, including  among  his  neighbors  Israel 
Johnson,  the  inventor  of  the  much-used 
"  muley  "  saw,  and  Philetus  Sawyer,  the  prom- 
inent lumberman,  who  was  for  many  years 
U.  S.  Senator  from  Wisconsin.  Before  he  was 
twenty-one  years  old,  he  had  already  gained 
some  experience  in  the  logging-business  in 
partnership  with  his  brother-in-law,  John 
Tompkins.  With  him  he  formed  the  firm  of 
Lindsay  and  Tompkins,  which  existed  for  four 
years.  In  1856  he  formed  a  partnership  with 
E.  Harris,  of  Queensbury,  N.  Y.,  the  under- 
standing being  that  Mr.  Lindsay  was  to  come 
West  in  search  of  a  timber  investment,  and  to 
take  an  interest  in  whatever  he  should  deter- 
mine looked  most  favorable.  In  the  fall  of 
that  year,  at  the  age  of  thirty,  he  went  West, 
and  with  his  savings,  and  what  had  been  in- 
trusted to  him,  invested  about  $7,000  in  land 
warrants  covering  a  tract  of  white  pine-tim- 
bered lands  tributary  to  the  Black  River  in 
Wisconsin.  The  absolute  trust  of  his  part- 
ner in  Mr.  Lindsay's  judgment  seems  to  have 
colored  his  subsequent  career,  for  the  fact  that 
he  had  not  only  his  own  interests  to  further, 
but  also  in  his  keeping  the  interests  of  an- 
other, tended  to  make  him  conservative.  This 
conservatism,    however,    should    not    be    mis- 


judged, for  he  had  ever  an  aggressive  and 
enthusiastic  confidence  in  the  future  values  of 
timber  lands.  In  March,  1861,  Mr.  Lindsay 
located  in  Davenport,  la.,  and  later  in  the 
same  year  secured  a  lease  of  the  Renwick  mill 
in  that  city,  and  the  Black  River  timber  was 
logged  and  rafted  to  Davenport,  where  it  was 
sawed  into  lumber.  Shortly  afterward  his 
wife's  brother,  John  B.  Phelps,  purchased  Mr. 
Harris'  interest  in  the  business,  and  the  firm 
became  Lindsay  and  Phelps,  and  so  continued 
until  1890,  when  it  was  incorporated  as  the 
Lindsay  and  Phelps  Company.  In  1866  Lind- 
say and  Phelps  built  a  sawmill  in  Davenport. 
It  started  with  a  circular  saw ;  a  gang  saw  was 
added  in  1867,  at  that  time  the  only  gang  mill 
in  this  section  of  the  country;  and  later,  in 
1880,  a  band  mill  was  added  with  other  neces- 
sary machinery  for  a  more  modern  plant. 
This  mill  at  Davenport  continued  in  operation 
until  the  close  of  1904,  a  period  of  thirty- 
nine  years.  Mr.  Lindsay's  confidence  in  pine 
timber  was  of  the  broader  kind,  and  as  early 
as  1882,  with  his  close  friend  and  associate, 
C.  R.  Ainsworth,  of  Moline,  111.,  he  personally 
located  the  first  holdings  of  short-leaf  yellow 
pine  of  the  Lindsay  Land  and  Lumber  Com- 
pany in  Arkansas,  and  became  its  first  presi- 
dent. Because  of  this  early  Southern  invest- 
ment, Mr.  Lindsay  and  Mr.  Ainsworth  are 
perhaps  rightfully  to  be  called  the  pioneer 
Northern  lumbermen  in  Arkansas.  Later,  on 
24  March,  1891,  for  the  further  purchase  of 
Arkansas  timbered  lands,  Mr.  Lindsay  and  his 
partner,  Mr.  Phelps,  with  the  Richardson  in- 
terests, William  Renwick,  George  S.  Shaw,  and 
George  H.  French  as  associates,  organized  the 
Richardson  Land  and  Timber  Company,  with 
the  late  Hon.  D.  N.  Richardson  as  its  first 
president.  This  company  made  purchases  in 
Little  River,  Dallas,  Sevier,  and  Howard 
Counties,  Ark.,  and  later  extended  its  opera- 
tions into  Mississippi.  In  1884,  when  George 
S.  Shaw,  of  the  firm  of  Renwick,  Shaw  and 
Crossett  went  north  to  Cloquet,  Minn.,  and 
organized  what  later  became  the  Cloquet  Lum- 
ber Company,  Mr.  Lindsay  and  Mr.  Phelps 
became  stockholders  in  that  company,  Mr. 
Lindsay  being  a  director  until  the  time  of 
his  death.  The  big  trees  of  the  Pacific  Coast 
next  attracted  the  attention  of  the  Lindsay  and 
Phelps  Company,  and  on  23  Dec,  1899,  in  asso- 
ciation with  Messrs.  W^eyerhaeuser  and  Denk- 
mann  and  the  Richardson  interests,  they  or- 
ganized the  Sound  Timber  Company,  for  the 
purchase  of  a  tract  of  approximately  50,000 
acres  of  fir,  cedar,  and  spruce  timbered  lands 
in  Skagit,  Snohomish,  Whatcom,  and  King 
Counties,  Wash.,  and  in  Lane  County,  Ore. 
Interest  was  again  directed  to  the  South  in 
1901,  and  Mr.  Lindsay  with  Messrs.  Weyer- 
haeuser and  Denkmann,  the  Laird-Norton  Com- 
pany, the  Dimock-Gould  and  Company,  and 
the  Richardson  interests,  formed  the  South- 
land Lumber  Company  for  the  purchase  of  a 
tract  of  approximately  118,000  acres  of  long- 
leaf  yellow  pine  in  Southwestern  Louisiana. 
The  Southern  Lumber  Company  of  Arkansas 
was  organized  28  Jan.,  1902,  by  Weyerhaeuser 
and  Denkmann,  Dimock-Gould  and  Company, 
the  Richardson  interests,  and  Mr.  Lindsay, 
this  company  having  purchased  the  holdings 
of  the  Lindsay  Land  and  Lumber  Company, 
and   has   at   the   present   time   a    sawmill   in 


176 


V, 


/ 


(^ 


/    -\ 


(    L 


\ 


LINDSAY 


LINDSAY 


operation  at  Warnen,  Ark.,  and  approximately 
70,000  acres  of  short-leaf  yellow  pine. 
Closely  associated  with  Mr.  Lindsay  during 
his  years  of  active  business  life  were  his  sons, 
Ralph  Edwin  Lindsay  and  George  Francis 
Lindsay,  and  his  son-in-law,  Fred  Wyman,  in 
all  of  whom  he  placed  the  greatest  reliance 
and  confidence.  In  his  treatment  of  business 
questions  Mr.  Lindsay  displayed  unusual 
analytical  and  executive  ability,  yet  these 
qualities  alone  did  not  account  for  his  success. 
Long  years  of  association  with  kindly  Mother 
Nature,  as  exemplified  in  her  vast  forests,  mel- 
lowed and  developed  those  inherent  qualities 
which  found  a  counterpart  in  his  mentality, 
strength  of  purpose,  uprightness  of  character, 
and  those  other  admirable  traits  which  are.  typi- 
fied by  giants  of  the  forest  and  the  stalwarts 
among  men.  He  had  a  most  thorough  and  dis- 
criminating knowledge  of  timber  and  of  log 
values,  which  was  frequently  sought  by  and  al- 
ways gladly  shared  with  his  friends  and  busi- 
ness associates,  and  of  which  they  availed  them- 
selves with  the  utmost  confidence  in  his  judg- 
ment, relying  on  his  knowledge  and  his  hon- 
esty, which  were  so  well  known  and  so  firmly 
established.  He  was  never  hasty  in  judgment 
and  his  decisions  were  always  the  result  of  in- 
telligent deliberation.  Due  to  his  sense  of 
fairness  and  the  high  esteem  in  which  he  was 
held,  he  was  often  chosen  and  many  times 
acted  as  arbitrator  in  disputes  where  his 
friends  were  involved.  Mr.  Lindsay  always 
manifested  a  deep  interest  in  the  religious  and 
charitable  institutions  of  the  community  and 
was  for  many  years  one  of  the  most  loyal  sup- 
porters of  the  Baptist  Church.  Politically  he 
was  an  ardent  Republican,  was  especially  well 
read  in  the  political  history  of  his  country, 
but  could  never  be  induced  to  accept  public 
office.  In  1851  Mr.  Lindsay  served  as  major 
of  the  Thirty-first  Regiment,  New  York  State 
Militia.  In  1910  Norwich  University  con- 
ferred upon  him  the  degree  of  B.S.,  in  recog- 
nition of  his  business  achievements.  On  8 
July,  1858,  he  married  Mary  Helen,  daughter 
of  Elihu  Phelps,  of  Schroon,  N.  Y.  Mrs. 
Lindsay  died  on  23  Oct.,  1912.  Three  chil- 
dren were  born  of  this  union:  Ralph  Edwin 
Lindsay  (d.  in  Davenport,  la.,  in  July,  1913)  ; 
Mrs.  Millie  Lindsay  Wyman  (d.  in  Davenport, 
la.,  in  December,  1905),  and  George  Francis 
Lindsay,  a  resident  of  St.  Paul,  Minn,  The 
dominant  characteristics  of  Mr.  Lindsay's 
career  are  conspicuous.  In  accounting  for  his 
success  in  life,  it  must  not  be  forgotten  that 
he  started  with  some  valuable  assets — a  fine 
ancestry,  robust  health,  well-spent  youth,  good 
education,  and  a  dauntless  spirit.  Though 
opportunities  alone  do  not  explain  success,  yet 
where  there  is  character  they  often  facilitate 
and  promote  it.  Mr.  Lindsay  possessed  vision 
and  courage  in  a  marked  degree  and  was 
quick  to  recognize  and  seize  opportunities. 
Some  of  the  opportunities  of  which  he  made 
excellent  use  do  not  exist  today  or  are  much 
more  restricted,  but  the  recognition  of  those 
openings  required  the  intelligent  boldness 
which  characterized  his  whole  career.  Thus 
within  the  limits  of  his  vocation  he  found 
scope  for  the  exercise  of  his  discrimination. 
He  appreciated  the  necessity  for  a  high  stand- 
ard of  morality  in  all  business  affairs,  as  well 
as  between  employer  and  employee,  and  many 


mooted  problems  were  solved  by  this  stand- 
ard, even  though  thereby  there  resulted  to 
him  financial  loss.  He  was  of  a  most  retiring 
disposition  and  even  among  his  closest  busi- 
ness associates  was  loath  to  advance  his  own 
views  in  opposition  to  theirs.  As  a  business 
man,  he  conducted  his  business,  and  did  not 
permit  his  business  to  dominate  him.  Con- 
sequently, he  never  became  a  slave  to  busi- 
ness. He  seemed  to  consider  it  as  a  vocation 
undertaken  for  the  good  of  mankind,  rather 
than  merely  a  way  of  making  a  fortune.  It 
is  the  use  of  wealth,  rather  than  its  accumula- 
tion, that  is  the  test  of  character.  Mr.  Lind- 
say, without  controversy,  stood  that  test.  No 
good  cause  appealed  to  him  in  vain,  and  no 
man  was  ever  more  approachable  and  ready 
to  hear  the  story  of  necessity  and  want. 
Naturally  the  personification  of  dignity  as  he 
was,  yet  neither  his  dignity  nor  his  wealth 
were  any  bar  to  the  approach  of  the  humblest 
applicant  for  his  consideration.  He  possessed 
a  great  pride  in  the  growth  and  development 
of  the  community  where  he  resided.  This  was 
evidenced  by  his  support  and  financial  interest 
in  many  of  its  business  enterprises.  His  per- 
sonal pleasures  were  of  a  quiet  or  private 
order,  controlled  by  that  same  dignity  and 
discrimination  that  he  applied  to  business  life. 
Mr.  Lindsay  had  a  clear  mind,  a  loving  heart, 
and  a  strong  soul,  and  j:hese  were  so  finely 
poised  and  balanced  that  his  whole  life  was 
harmonious  and  strong,  of  great  simplicity 
and  naturalness.  His  life  centered  in  the 
moral  beauty  and  strength  of  this  inner  har- 
mony, and  from  this  center  all  its  dominant 
currents  flowed.  Hence  it  was  that  his  busi- 
ness was  merely  one  of  the  outer  incidents  of 
his  life,  governed  and  controlled  in  its  every 
detail,  like  all  its  other  incidents,  by  these 
forces  from  within.  The  repressed  strength 
of  these  harmonious  forces  gave  to  his  per- 
sonality a  rare  and  indescribable  charm  that 
words  do  not  express,  but  from  it  are  re- 
flected certain  resultant  characteristics  that 
will  aid  in  revealing  something  of  the  keen 
intelligence,  deep  sincerity,  and  perfect  gentle- 
ness that  blended  in  the  simple  beauty  of  his 
daily  life.  Forever  associated  with  his  mem- 
ory will  be  that  ever  present  sweetness  of 
nature  which  made  anything  like  unkindness 
really  repellent  to  him ;  that  constant  and 
never  failing  optimism,  which  even  under  most 
depressed  business  conditions  brought  cheer- 
fulness and  hope  to  his  business  associates, 
and  to  his  friends  in  their  hour  of  need;  and 
that  so  well-remembered  evenness  of  tempera- 
ment or  balance,  by  some  termed  "  poise," 
which  never  deserted  him,  even  under  the  most 
aggravated  conditions.  Possessed  of  a  delicate 
modesty,  revealed  alike  in  his  thoughts  and 
actions,  he  never  tried  to  force  his  views  upon 
others  or  to  make  his  own  the  dominant  spirit 
at  any  gathering.  He  rarely  volunteered  his 
opinion,  but  gave  it  when  asked.  At  such 
times,  right  thoughts  and  feelings  socmod  to 
come  to  him  like  instincts  unawares,  and  often 
that  which  had  boon  censured  as  an  ofTonso  in 
others,  when  touched  by  the  rich  alcliomy  of 
his  sweet  nature,  changed  to  worthinoas. 
This  over  proaont  faith  in  virtue  and  trusf  in 
his  follow  men  found  expression  in  a  spirit  of 
friendly  kindness  that  in.'^pirod  men  to  be 
worthy  of  the  trust,  and  drew  thorn  into  the 


177 


BURBANK 


BURBANK 


closer  bonds  of  perfect  friendship.  These 
great  powers  carried  hope,  strength,  courage, 
and  pure  ideals  into  the  hearts  of  others  like 
water  flowing  hidden  underground,  secretly 
nourishing  the  fruits  and  flowers  of  earth. 
His  life  was  a  constant  and  blessed  influence 
and  such  it  remains  though  "  God's  finger 
touched  him  and  he  slept," 

BURBANK,  Luther,  b.  in  Lancaster,  Worces- 
ter County,  Mass.,  7  March,  1849,  son  of 
Samuel  Walton  Burbank  by  this  third  wife, 
Olive  Ross.  The  elder  Burbank  was  a  man 
well  known  and  respected  by  his  business 
associates  and  counted  among  his  friends  such 
men  as  Beecher,  Emerson,  Sumner,  and  Web- 
ster. Being  the  thirteentfi  of  a  family  of 
fifteen,  and  of  an  unusually  shy  and  retiring 
nature,  Luther  Burbank  as  a  youth  gave  little 
promise  of  attaining  the  prominent  position 
for  which  he  was  destined.  In  school  he  was 
singularly  diligent,  but  retiring.  Excelling  in 
composition,  he  compromised  with  his  teacher 
by  doing  a  double  portion  of  essay  writing  to 
avoid  declamation  in  the  classroom.  From 
childhood  he  evinced  an  unusual  love  for 
flowers,  preferring  them  as  playmates  to  his 
schoolfellows,  a  trait  perhaps  derived  from 
his  maternal  grandfather,  Peter  Goff  Ross, 
who  attained  considerable  repute  as  a  horti- 
culturist and  grower  of  seedling  grapes. 
Among  the  Burpees  (his  mother's  relatives), 
too,  several  were  prominent  in  horticul- 
tural circles.  Young  Burbank  first  secured 
employment  with  the  Ames  Plow  Company, 
where  his  uncle,  Luther  Ross,  was  also  em- 
ployed. Though  still  retaining  his  love  for 
plants,  he  applied  himself  diligently  to  the 
work  assigned  him  and  at  the  age  of  sixteen 
succeeded  in  devising  improvements  in  the 
wood-working  machinery  of  the  factory  which 
proved  of  such  value  that  his  employers  offered 
to  increase  his  wages  more  than  twenty-five 
times  if  he  would  remain  with  them  and  give 
the  firm  the  benefit  of  his  inventive  genius. 
This  off'er,  however,  did  not  appeal  to  him, 
and  a  short  time  later  he  opened  a  small  seed 
and  plant  business,  conducting  at  the  same 
time  a  series  of  experiments  tending  toward 
the  improvement  of  the  potato.  In  this  work 
he  met  with  his  first  horticultural  success, 
the  Burbank  potato,  a  variety  vastly  superior 
to  the  potatoes  locally  produced.  About  this 
time  Burbank  decided  that  California  pre- 
sented a  more  favorable  field  for  the  pursuit 
of  his  chosen  work  and  moved  with  his  mother 
to  Santa  Rosa,  a  town  about  fifty  miles  north 
of  San  Francisco,  in  the  fall  of  1875.  Here 
with  his  meager  savings  he  bought  four  acres 
of  waste  land  and  with  ten  Burbank  potatoes, 
reserved  from  the  sale  of  his  crop  to  a  Massa- 
chusetts seedsman,  he  proceeded  on  a  small 
scale  to  build  up  a  nursery  business  and  to 
supply  the  farmers  of  the  vicinity  with  seed 
potatoes.  During  the  ensuing  ten  years  he 
conducted  an  extended  series  of  experiments 
in  plant-breeding,  an  account  of  which  was 
first  published  under  the  title,  "  New  Creations 
in  Fruits  and  Flowers"  (1894).  In  1898,  1899, 
and  1901  further  announcements  appeared, 
and  created  a  tremendous  sensation  among 
horticulturists,  many  of  whom  severely  criti- 
cised Burbank  and  his  methods.  In  1889, 
however,  the  Association  of  American  Agri- 
cultural Colleges  and  Experiment  Stations  met 


in  San  Francisco,  visited  Santa  Rosa,  and  its 
members  were  completely  convinced  of  the 
accuracy  of  Burbank's  announcements,  and 
those  who  came  to  scoflf  remained  to  marvel  at 
the  almost  superhuman  achievements  of  the 
man  they  had  derided.  Mr.  Burbank  himself 
ascribes  them,  first,  to  "  a  correct  conception 
of  the  constitution  of  the  universe,  involving 
the  relation  of  the  mind  of  man  to  the  phe- 
nomena of  nature";  next,  the  ability  to  select 
from  a  collection  of  individuals  those  which 
present  in  the  most  marked  degree  the  quali- 
ties desired.  By  extensive  study  and  reading 
of  works  on  evolution,  he  had  become  assured 
of  the  tendency  toward  variation  in  nature. 
He  had  also  observed  the  fact  that  in  many  cases 
variation  could  be  induced  and,  sometimes, 
merely  by  changes  in  environment.  If  environ- 
mental changes  failed  to  produce  the  desired 
result,  recourse  was  had  to  cross-pollenation. 
By  these  methods  alone,  either  separately  or 
in  combination,  his  many  remarkable  results 
have  been  efTected — some  characteristics  have 
been  enhanced,  others,  long  dormant,  have  been 
revivified,  while  yet  others  of  undesirable 
character  have  been  eliminated.  Cross-pollen- 
ation usually  results  in  marked  variation  of 
the  individuals,  and  as  effected  by  Mr.  Bur- 
bank is  performed  in  a  characteristically  sim- 
ple and  efficient  manner.  Anthers  of  the  de- 
sired pollen-parent  are  collected  and  carefully 
dried,  then  shaken  over  a  watch  crystal  until 
a  thin  layer  of  pollen  dust  has  gathered  on 
the  glass.  From  the  plant  to  which  the  pollen 
is  to  be  applied  about  90  per  cent,  of  the 
flower  buds  are  removed.  The  remaining  buds 
are  cut  around  with  a  thin  knife,  before  they 
open,  so  as  to  remove  the  petals,  part  of  the 
sepals  and  all  the  anthers,  leaving  the  pistils 
standing  alone  and  uninjured.  The  tip  of  the 
finger  is  then  lightly  touched  to  the  pollen  and 
as  lightly  brushed  over  the  tips  of  the  pistils 
to  which  the  pollen  grains  adhere.  Imme- 
diately the  process  of  fertilization  begins,  un- 
disturbed by  bees  or  other  insects  which  serve 
as  the  pollenating  agents  in  many  cases,  but 
which  are  not  attracted  to  the  flowers  thus 
prepared.  The  seeds  are  then  planted,  and 
the  seedling  plants  produced  are  noted  for 
variations  of  the  desired  character.  Those 
selected  are,  as  soon  as  possible,'  grafted  on  to 
old  plants  of  the  same  class,  in  order  to  ex- 
pedite flowering.  The  flowers  may  again  be 
treated  with  pollen,  the  seeds  planted,  and 
further  selections  made  from  the  seedlings 
produced.  This  process  is  continued  until 
either  the  desired  result  has  been  attained,  or 
its  impossibility  of  achievement  has  been 
demonstrated  with  a  reasonable  degree  of  cer- 
tainty. As  an  example  of  a  case  in  which 
artificial  selection  alone  served  Mr.  Burbank's 
purpose  may  be  mentioned  the  potato  which 
bears  his  name.  A  lot  of  Early  Rose  potatoes, 
planted  and  watched  for  the  appearance  of 
seed  balls,  produced  only  one  seed  ball,  con- 
taining twenty-three  seeds.  Twenty-two  of 
these  were  useless,  but  the  twenty-third  was 
the  origin  of  the  Burbank  potato.  The  plum 
"  Alhambra  "  is  the  product  of  a  process  con- 
siderably more  complicated:  pollen  obtained 
from  a  seedling  got  by  crossing  the  Kelsey 
and  Pissardi  varieties  was  used  to  impregnate 
the  flowers  of  a  French  prune.  The  flowers  of 
the  seedling  produced  by  this  union  were  im- 


178 


MILLER 


MILLER 


pregnated  by  pollen  obtained  from  a  plant  got 
by  crossing  Simoni  with  Triflora,  and  on  the 
offspring  of  this  union  pollen  obtained  from  a 
seedling  resulting  from  a  cross  of  Americana 
and  Nigra  was  used;  and  one  of  the  seedlings 
from  the  final  crop  produced  the  "  Alhambra." 
This  series  of  experiments  required  thirteen 
years.  Mr.  Burbank's  efforts  with  other 
fruits  have  resulted  in  rendering  non-prolific 
varieties  prolific;  plants  formerly  grown  only 
in  a  warm  climate  have  become  capable  of 
withstanding  a  considerable  degree  of  cold, 
and  other  plants,  which  formerly  produced 
valueless  fruit,  have  been  made  to  yield  fruit 
available  for  use.  The  time  of  ripening  of 
various  fruits  has  been  advanced  or  retarded 
so  as  to  extend  the  fruit  season;  flavors  have 
been  improved;  new  flavors  have  been  added. 
But  perhaps  the  most  surprising  of  Mr.  Bur- 
bank's  products  are  the  stoneless  plum  and 
various  new  varieties  obtained  by  crossing  the 
plum  and  the  apricot,  the  peach  and  the 
almond,  the  plum  and  the  cherry,  the  black- 
berry and  raspberry,  and  various  others.  The 
production  of  an  edible  cactus  renders  avail- 
able for  agricultural  purposes  vast  and  hith- 
erto unproductive  areas  in  the  West,  and  it 
is  estimated  that  the  famous  "Burbank "  po- 
tato adds  to  the  agricultural  wealth  of  the 
country  $17,000,000  annually.  With  flowers, 
too,  Burbank  has  done  much  to  improve  exist- 
ing varieties  and  create  new  ones.  Beginning 
with  the  gladiolus,  he  evolved,  after  ten  years' 
experiments,  a  plant  having  a  strengthened 
stem  and  flowers  capable  of  withstanding  the 
intensest  heat  of  the  sun,  so  that  the  flowers 
first  appearing  retained  their  beauty  while 
later  ones  were  being  formed  further  up  the 
stem,  which  they  completely  surrounded.  Ten 
years'  labor  on  the  amaryllis  has  rendered  it 
more  prolific,  increased  the  size  of  the  blooms 
and  the  brilliancy  of  their  coloring;  his  ex- 
tended crossing  of  the  calla  with  other  varie- 
ties resulted  in  the  "  Lemon  Giant " ;  the 
canna,  tigridias,  and  the  rose  were  improved, 
and  several  new  varieties  of  roses  owe  their 
origin  to  him.  His  work  with  the  native  wild 
flowers  of  his  adopted  State  has  been  so  re- 
markable that  many  are  now  grown  as  show 
plants  in  other  parts  of  the  country.  Per- 
sonally Mr.  Burbank  is  distinguished  by  a 
singular  simplicity  of  manner.  It  is  char- 
acteristic of  him  that  on  his  lawns,  in  his 
greenhouses  or  flowerbeds,  no  place  is  de- 
voted to  mere  show,  and  everything  made  to 
serve  some  definite  utilitarian  purpose. 
Though  generally  confident  of  the  accuracy  of 
his  own  opinions  Mr.  Burbank  is  not  self- 
assertive  nor  intolerant  of  the  opinions  of 
others.  He  has  given  little  thought  to  the 
accumulation  of  money.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  University  and  Bohemian  Clubs,  of  the 
American  Association  for  the  Advancement 
of  Science,  of  the  League  to  Enforce  Peace, 
etc.,  etc.  The  degree  of  Sc.D,  was  conferred 
upon  him  by  Tufts  College  in  1905.  He  was 
married  to  Elizabeth  Waters,  of  Hastings, 
Mich.,  21   Dec,   1916. 

HILLEK,  Reuben,  Jr.,  manufacturer  and 
financier,  b.  near  Frankford,  Pa.,  24  June, 
1805;  d.  in  Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  1890,  son  of 
Reuben  and  Hannah  (Wilson)  Miller,  both 
natives  of  Chester,  Pa.  When  he  was  but 
three    months    old,    his    parents    removed    to 


Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  then  a  village  of  3,500  in- 
habitants. The  journey  was  made  in  an  old- 
fashioned  Conestoga  wagon,  and  consumed 
thirty  days.  Here  Reuben  Miller,  Jr.,  was 
educated  in  the  public  schools  and  in  the  Old 
Academy.  He  was  an  apt  pupil,  but  from 
early  youth  the  bent  of  his  mind  was  ihore 
toward  mechanical  contrivances  than  books 
and  at  the  age  of  thirteen  years  he  obtained 
employment  in  his  father's  cut  nail  foundry. 
Never  content  with  mere  blind  imitation,  he 
spent  nearly  all  of  his  small  earnings  in  ex- 
periments, the  results  of  which  proved  practi- 
cal and  tangible.  In  1821  he  accompanied  his 
uncle,  Oliver  Wilson,  on  a  boat  trip  down  the 
Ohio  River  to  Louisville,  Ky.,  where  they  dis- 
posed of  their  cargo  of  iron,  glass,  cheese, 
and  other  commodities.  They  then  sold  the 
boat  and  returned  to  Pittsburgh  by  steamer, 
the  trip  having  taken  more  than  two  months. 
Mr.  Miller  worked  steadily  in  the  nail  mill 
until  1824,  when  friends  of  his  father  started 
the  young  man  in  business  on  his  own  account, 
under  the  firm  name  of  R.  Miller,  Jr.,  and 
Company,  doing  a  produce,  grocery,  and  pro- 
vision business  at  the  corner  of  Seventh  Ave- 
nue and  Liberty  Street,  Pittsburgh,  Pa.  The 
enterprise  was  successful  from  the  outset, 
and  in  a  comparatively  brief  period  his  trade 
extended  to  the  neighboring  towns  and  cities. 
In  1826,  in  partnership  with  W.  C.  Robinson, 
he  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  tobacco  with 
profitable  results.  His  next  venture  in  1836 
was  to  operate  an  iron  foundry  in  association 
with  W.  C.  Robinson  and  Benjamin  Minis  on 
the  south  side  of  the  Monongahela  River.  The 
firm  name  was  Robinson  and  Minis,  and  they 
conducted  a  general  foundry  for  mill  work  and 
steamboat  engines.  In  1839  he  sold  his  in- 
terest in  the  provision  business  and  with 
Messrs.  Robinson  and  Minis  gave  his  whole 
time  to  the  Washington  Works,  opposite 
Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  for  the  manufacture  of  steam 
engines  and  mill  machinery.  As  the  business 
grew  other  kinds  of  machines  were  produced, 
and  this  small  beginning  was  the  foundation 
of  what  developed  into  one  of  the  largest  man- 
ufacturing institutions  of  its  kind  in  the  city 
of  Pittsburgh.  The  firm  built  "The  Valley 
Forge,"  the  first  iron  steamboat  that  ever 
navigated  the  Western  waters.  She  ran  from 
Pittsburgh  to  New  Orleans,  carrying  freight 
and  passengers,  the  passenger  accommodations 
having  never  been  excelled  on  the  Ohio  and 
Mississippi  Rivers  even  to  the  present  day. 
During  the  following  fourteen  years  he  devoted 
his  attention  exclusively  to  his  machine  and 
steamboat  interests,  and,  in  1854,  retired, 
transferring  his  holdings  to  his  sons,  Peter, 
Harvy,  and  Wilson.  He  was  an  organizer  of 
the  Western  Insurance  Company,  following 
the  disastrous  fire  in  Pittsburgh,  in  1845,  and 
was  chosen  its  president,  serving  many  years. 
He  was  also  an  organizer  and  president  of  the 
Mechanics'  Bank  from  1855  to  1857;  director 
and  treasurer  of  the  Pittsburgh  Savings  In- 
stitution, now  known  as  the  Farmers'  Deposit 
National  Bank,  and  director  in  the  Savings 
and  Trust  Companv,  now  the  First-Second 
National  Bank,  in  "the  Bank  of  Pittsburgh, 
and  in  the  Exchange  Bank;  ])resi(lent  (18(55- 
78)  of  the  Monongahela  Bridge  Company,  and 
director  in  several  other  corporations.  Beyond 
his  high  capacity  as  a  business  man  and  in- 

179 


CORLISS 


FISHER 


dustrial  leader,  Mr.  Miller  was  a  model  citizen, 
generous,  genial,  aj'ni pathetic,  public  spirited, 
and  optimistic.  He  was  one  of  the  organizers 
of  the  l*ittsburgh  high  school  system.  Mr. 
Miller  served  as  a  member  of  the  common  and 
select  council  in  Pittsburgh  and  Allegheny; 
the  'district  school  board,  and  school  director 
and  manager  at  the  Dixmont  Insane  Asylum. 
On  23  Feb.,  1826,  he  married  Ann,  daughter  of 
Peter  Harvy,  of  Pittsburgh.  They  had  five 
sons:  Peter  Harvy,  Wilson,  Reuben,  Joseph 
Love,  and  Samuel  Long  Miller,  and  two 
daughters,  Hannah  and  Ann  Maria.  Of  these 
Reuben   Miller    (3d),   alone   survives. 

CORLISS,  George  Henry,  inventor,  b.  in 
Easton,  N.  Y.,  2  June,  1817;  d.  in  Providence, 
R.  I.,  21  Feb.,  1888,  son  of  Hiram  and  Susan 
(Sheldon)  Corliss.  In  1825  his  father,  a 
physician,  moved  to  Greenwich,  N.  Y.,  where 
young  Corliss  attended  school.  After  several 
years  as  general  clerk  in  a  cotton  factory,  he 
spent  three  years  in  Castleton  Academy,  Ver- 
mont, and  in  1838  opened  a  country  store  in 
Greenwich.  He  first  showed  mechanical  skill 
in  temporarily  rebuilding  a  bridge  that  had 
been  washed  away  by  a  freshet,  after  it  had 
been  decided  that  such  a  structure  was  im- 
practicable. He  afterward  constructed  a  ma- 
chine for  stitching  leather,  before  the  invention 
of  the  original  Howe  sewing  machine.  He 
moved  to  Providence,  R.  I.,  in  1844,  and  in 
1846  began  to  develop  improvements  in  steam 
engines,  for  which  he  received  letters  patent  on 
10  March,  1849.  By  these  improvements  uni- 
formity of  motion  was  secured  by  the  method 
of  connecting  the  governor  with  the  cut-off. 
The  governor  had  previously  been  made  to  do 
the  work  of  moving  the  throttle  valve,  the  re- 
sult being  an  imperfect  response  and  a  great 
loss  of  power.  In  the  Corliss  engine  the 
governor  does  not  work,  but  simply  indicates 
to  the  valves  the  work  to  be  done.  This  ar- 
rangement also  prevents  w-aste  of  steam,  and 
renders  the  working  of  the  engine  so  uniform 
that,  if  all  but  one  of  a  hundred  looms  in  a 
factory  be  suddenly  stopped,  that  one  will  go 
on  working  at  the  same  rate.  It  has  been 
said  that  these  improvements  have  revolution- 
ized the  construction  of  the  steam  engine.  In 
introducing  their  new  engines,  the  inventor 
and  manufacturers  adopted  the  novel  plan  of 
offering  to  take  as  their  pay  the  saving  of 
fuel  for  a  given  time.  In  one  case  the  saving 
in  one  year  is  said  to  have  amounted  to  $4,000. 
In  1856  the  Corliss  Steam  Engine  Company  was 
incorporated,  and  Mr.  Corliss  became  its  presi- 
dent. Its  works,  covering  many  acres  of 
ground,  are  at  Providence,  R.  I.,  and  thousands 
of  its  engines  are  now  in  use.  Mr.  Corliss  re- 
ceived awards  for  his  inventions  at  the  ex- 
hibitions at  Paris  in  1867,  and  at  Vienna  in 
1873,  and  was  given  the  Rum  ford  medal  by 
the  American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences 
in  1870.  The  award  of  the  Grand  Diploma  of 
Honor  from  the  Vienna  Exhibition  of  1875 
w^as  a  distinction  exceptionally  noteworthy, 
from  the  fact  that  Mr.  Corliss  sent  neither  en- 
gine nor  machinery  of  any  kind  to  Vienna,  nor 
did  he  have  anyone  to  represent  him  there. 
Foreign  builders  had  sent  engines  claimed  to  be 
built  on  his  system,  they  having  adopted  his 
ideas  and  placed  his  name  on  their  productions, 
since  his  mode  of  construction  was  demanded 
by  their  customers.     The  international  jurors, 


among  their  instructions  regarding  the  high- 
est honors  at  their  disposal,  received  the 
following  "  The  diploma  of  honor  is  con- 
sidered as  a  particular  distinction  for  eminent 
merits  in  the  domain  of  science;  its  appli- 
cation to  the  education  of  the  people,  and  its 
conducement  to  the  advancement  of  the  intel- 
lectual, moral,  and  material  welfare  of  man." 
Mr.  Corliss  was  the  only  person  who  received 
a  diploma  of  honor  without  being  an  actual 
exhibitor.  In  1872  he  was  appointed  Centen- 
nial commissioner  from  Rhode  Island,  and  was 
one  of  the  executive  committee  of  seven  to 
whom  was  intrusted  the  responsibility  of  the 
preliminary  work.  In  January,  1875,  he  sub- 
mitted plans  for  a  single  engine  of  1,400  horse- 
power to  move  all  the  machinery  at  the  ex- 
hibition. Engineers  of  high  repute  predicted 
that  it  would  be  noisy  and  troublesome,  but 
it  was  completely  successful,  owing  to  the  care 
of  Mr.  Corliss,  who  spent  $100,000  upon  it 
above  the  appropriation  for  building  it.  Spe- 
cial contrivances  were  necessary  to  compen- 
sate the  expansion  of  the  great  length  of 
steam  pipe  and  shafting,  which  would  other- 
wise have  been  thrown  out  of  gear  by  a  change 
of  temperature.  The  cylinders  were  forty 
inches  in  diameter,  with  ten-foot  stroke;  the 
gear  wheel  was  thirty  feet  in  diameter;  and 
the  whole  engine  weighted  700  tons.  M.  Bar- 
tholdi,  in  his  report  to  the  French  government, 
said  that  it  belonged  to  the  category  of  works 
of  art,  by  the  general  beauty  of  its  effect  and 
its  perfect  balance  to  the  eye.  Mr.  Corliss  in- 
vented many  other  ingenious  devices,  among 
which  is  a  machine  for  cutting  the  cogs  of 
bevel  wheels,  an  improved  boiler,  with  con- 
densing apparatus  for  marine  engines,  and 
pumping  engines  for  waterworks.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Rhode  Island  legislature  in 
1868-70,  and  w^as  a  Republican  presidential 
elector  in  1876.  The  Institute  of  France  gave 
him,  in  1878,  the  Montyon  prize  for  that  year, 
the  highest  honor  for  mechanical  achievement, 
and  in  February,  1886,  the  King  of  Belgium 
made  him  an  "  Officer  of  the  Order  of  Leo- 
pold." He  married,  in  1839,  Phebe,  daughter 
of  Daniel  Frost,  of  Greenwich,  N.  Y.,  and  their 
children  were  Maria  L.  and  George  Frost 
Corliss.  Mrs.  Corliss  died  in  1859,  and  in 
1806  Mr.  Corliss  married  Emily,  daughter  of 
William  A.  Shaw,  of  Newburyport,  Mass. 

FISHER,  Irving,  political  economist,  b.  at 
Saugerties,  N.  Y.,  27  Feb.,  1867,  son  of  Rev. 
George  W^hitefield  and  Elmira  (Westcott) 
Fisher.  He  was  educated  at  Peacedale,  R.  L, 
at  the  Hillhouse  High  School,  New  Haven, 
Conn.,  and  Smith  Academy,  St.  Louis,  Mo., 
and  was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1888.  In  1891 
he  received  the  further  degree  of  Ph.D.,  for 
his  thesis  "  Mathematical  Investigations  in 
the  Theory  of  Value  and  Prices,"  which  at 
once  aroused  the  attention  of  specialists. 
After  two  years  as  tutor  in  Yale,  he  became 
assistant  professor  of  mathematics  in  1893. 
During  1893-94  he  studied  in  Paris  and  Ber- 
lin, and  in  1895  was  appointed  assistant  pro- 
fessor. The  years  1898-1901  were  spent  in 
restoring  his  impaired  health  in  Colorado  and 
California.  After  issuing  conjointly  with 
Prof.  A.  W.  Phillips,  "  Elements  in  Geometry  " 
in  1896  (translated  into  Japanese  in  1900), 
and  his  "  Brief  Introduction  to  the  Infinitesi- 
mal  Calculus"    (translated  into  German  and 


180 


t 


■"  y     / 


« 


RILEY 


RILEY 


Italian),  he  devoted  his  attention  to  the  solu- 
tion of  perplexing  questions  in  economics  and 
the  mechanism  of  financial  exchange.  In 
"  The  Nature  of  Capital  and  Income  "  ( 1906 ) , 
he  bridges  the  gap  between  political  economy 
and  the  theory  of  bookkeeping,  and  deals  with 
fundamental  concepts  of  wealth,  capital,  and 
income.  He  then  published  "  The  Rate  of 
Interest:  Its  Nature,  Determination,  and  Re- 
lation to  Economic  Phenomena  "  ( 1907 ) , 
which  is  regarded  as  the  most  scientific  dis- 
cussion of  the  subject  in  any  language.  Hav- 
ing been  for  three  years  a  sufferer  from  in- 
cipient tuberculosis,  which  was  conquered  by 
scientific,  practical  treatment.  Professor 
Fisher  devoted  much  time  to  the  study  of  the 
statistics  and  history  of  the  disease  and  the 
means  of  reducing  mortality  from  it,  or  other 
morbid  cause,  through  preventive  medicine 
and  practical  hygiene.  He  also  invented  two 
tents,  which  make  outdoor  living  possible 
under  almost  all  weather  conditions.  He  has 
published  numerous  articles  on  tuberculosis 
and  its  reduction,  and  has  conducted  exhaus- 
tive dietary  and  endurance  tests  at  Yale 
University,  which  have  demonstrated  that  a 
"  low  protein  "  diet  is  conducive  to  endurance. 
As  a  member  of  President  Roosevelt's  Con- 
servation Commission,  he  wrote  a  report  on 
"  National  Vitality,  Its  Wastes  and  Conserva- 
tion "  ( 1909 ) ,  which  is  mentioned  by  a  prom- 
inent medical  authority  as  the  "  greatest  med- 
ical step  of  the  century."  He  has  demon- 
strated that  the  average  longevity  in  America, 
being  lower  than  in  other  civilized  countries, 
could  be  increased  one-third  by  proper  hy- 
gienic measures;  that  such  a  reform  would 
be  equivalent  to  a  saving  of  over  $1,500,000,000 
annually,  and  in  that  connection  has  advo- 
cated the  establishment  of  a  national  depart- 
ment of  health.  He  is  president  of  a  com- 
mittee of  one  hundred  on  national  health, 
of  the  American  Association  for  the  Advance- 
ment of  Science.  Professor  Fisher  has  con- 
tributed many  technical  articles  to  the  period- 
ical press,  and  to  the  publications  of  the 
learned  societies  of  America  and  Europe.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  American  Economic  Asso- 
ciation; a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Statistical  So- 
ciety, and  of  the  American  Association  for  the 
Advancement  of  Science;  a  member  of  the 
American  Mathematical  Society;  the  Ameri- 
can Academy  of  Political  and  Social  Science; 
the  American  Statistical  Association;  the 
Washington  Academy  of  Science;  the  New 
England  Free  Trade  League;  the  Inter- 
national Free  Trade  League;  also  an  honor- 
ary member  of  the  Cobden  Club,  and  vice- 
president  of  the  British  Food  Reform  Asso- 
ciation. He  married  24  June,  1893,  Margaret, 
daughter  of  Hon.  Rowland  Hazard,  of  Peace- 
dale,   R.   I. 

RILEY,  James  Whitcomb,  writer,  poet, 
popularly  known  as  the  "  Hoosier  Poet,"  b. 
in  Greenfield,  Ind.,  7  Oct.,  1849;  d.  in  Indian- 
apolis, Ind.,  22  July,  1916,  son  of  Reuben  A. 
and  Elizabeth  (Marine)  Riley.  His  father 
was  a  lawyer  and  State  legislator,  who  made 
extensive  circuits  in  attending  the  various 
courts  before  which  he  appeared.  It  was  while 
accompanying  him  on  these  trips  that  young 
Riley  first  acquired  a  taste  for  roaming,  which 
unsettled  his  father's  plans  for  his  future. 
It  was  his  ambition  that  the  boy  should  study 


law  and  eventually  become  his  partner.  After 
leaving  the  public  schools,  at  the  age  of  fif- 
teen, young  Riley  devoted  a  short  time  to  the 
study  of  law  in  his  father's  office,  but  the 
irksomeness  of  this  uncongenial  occupation 
soon  became  insupportable  and  he  left  home, 
to  begin  a  wandering  existence  which  was  to 
last  for  many  years.  At  first  he  made  a 
precarious  living  as  an  itinerant  sign  painter, 
tramping  from  village  to  village  in  search  of 
odd  jobs.  He  had  the  trick  of  the  brush  and 
the  pencil,  and  could  draw  clever  sketches 
illustrating  the  values  of  various  kinds  of 
merchandise.  He  was  distinctly  talented  as 
a  musician,  and  shone  as  a  fiddler  in  the  vil- 
lages that  lay  along  his  routes,  and  in  which 
he  soon  became  known  through  his  periodic 
visits.  He  played  for  dances  and  village  con- 
certs in  country  hotels.  Later  he  gave  comic 
readings  of  poems,  or  rhymes,  which  he  im- 
provised for  the  occasions,  and  showed  himself 
possessed  of  a  strong  talent  for  mimicry. 
Later  on,  he  fell  in  with  one  of  these  familiar 
figures  in  the  West,  so  peculiar  to  American 
life,  an  itinerant  vendor  of  patent  medicines. 
His  function  in  the  partnership  which  the  two 
formed  was  to  amuse  the  crowds  with  song 
and  recitation,  after  which  the  "  doctor  "  sold 
the  medicines.  This  episode  in  his  life  was 
succeeded  by  his  appearance  on  the  provin- 
cial stage  as  an  entertainer.  Joining  a  wan- 
dering troupe  of  thespians,  he  proved  him- 
self a  valuable  member  of  the  company,  not 
only  by  his  ability  as  a  comic  reciter,  but 
also  in  preparing  plays  which  they  presented 
to  their  country  audiences.  It  will  be  obvious 
that  all  these  experiences  brought  Mr.  Riley 
into  very  close  contact  with  the  people  he  so 
humorously  portrayed  to  the  English-speaking 
world.  They  were,  in  fact,  his  first  material, 
as  well  as  his  first  audiences.  It  was  some- 
thing very  much  in  the  nature  of  a  practical 
joke  which  first  brought  James  Whitcomb 
Riley  prominently  before  the  public,  and 
proved  the  first  success  of  his  brilliant  liter- 
ary career.  He  wrote  a  poem  entitled 
"  Leonainie,"  which  he  had  published  with  the 
announcement  that  it  had  been  found  scrib- 
bled over  the  fly-leaf  of  a  book,  once  the  prop- 
erty of  Edgar  Allan  Poe,  and  brought  out  to 
Indiana  by  one  of  Poe's  relatives,  to  whom 
Poe  had  given  the  book.  In  so  close  an  imita- 
tion of  Poe's  style  was  the  verse  that  no  one 
suspected  the  joke,  even  the  foremost  critics 
of  the  country  being  deceived,  until  Riley 
himself  felt  that  it  was  time  to  undeceive  the 
public.  As  a  result  of  the  publicity  which 
this  hoax  gave  him,  Riley  obtained  a  position 
on  the  "  Journal,"  oi  Indianapolis,  early  in 
the  eighties,  and  so  began  his  literary  career. 
He  began  writing  those  famous  dialect,  or 
"  Hoosier "  poems,  which  gained  him  au  im- 
mediate popularity,  which  was  to  continue  to 
the  last  day  of  his  life.  At  first  tlioy  ap- 
peared under  the  paeudonymn  Benjamin  T. 
Johnson  of  Boone.  Some  of  the  ])(>cms  were 
sent  to  Henry  Wadsworlh  Longfellow,  from 
whom  they  received  high  praise.  A  volume 
of  them' was  then  published,  and  thou  the 
fame  of  the  "  Hoosier  Poet  "  began  to  spread 
not  only  all  over  the  United  States,  but  to 
Great  Britain  as  well.  This  first  volume, 
"  The  Old  Swimmin'  Hole  and  'Leven  More 
Poems"     (1883),    was    still    published    under 


181 


RILEY 


RILEY 


^w^^^^^l^ 


the  pseudonym,  but  by  this  time  it  was  be- 
ginning to  be  known  who  the  real  poet  was. 
Riley  was  an  excellent  reader  of  his  own  dia- 
lect verses,  and  soon  he  found  it  profitable  to 
tour  the  country  giving  author's  readings. 
Later  he  appeared  together  with  his  intimate 
friend  Edgar  Wilson  (Bill)  Nye,  no  less 
celebrated  as  a  humorist  in  his  time  than 
Riley  himself.  After  Nye's  death,  in  1896,  he 
continued  public  readings  for  two  years.  By 
this  time  Riley  could  say  that  he  was,  perhaps, 
the  only  American  poet  who  had  ever  made  a 
fortune  through  writing  verse.  While  Riley's 
verse  often  possessed  the  quality  of  humor,  it 
was  by  no  means  true  that  his  popularity 
rested  on  his  quality.  He  was  something  im- 
measurably more 
than  a  mere  "  fun- 
ny man."  Like 
Dickens,  he  em- 
ployed humor  as  a 
contrast  to  bring 
out  the  pathos  of 
his  situations  or 
his  characters. 

Tears  intermingled 
with  the  laughter. 
It  may  also  be  said 
that  what  Robert 
Burns  was  to  the 
Scottish  people, 
James  Whitcomb 
was  to  the  country 
folk  of  the  Middle 
West,  more  espe- 
cially the  country 
folk  of  his  own  native  State.  He  was  essen- 
tially a  folk  poet,  as  was  Burns,  for  he  wrote 
not  of  "  romance,"  and  the  highly  improbable 
doings  of  lords  and  ladies,  but  of  the  every- 
day, commonplace  events  in  the  lives  of  the 
people  among  whom  he  lived  and  whom  he 
knew  so  well.  Mr.  Riley  occupied  a  unique 
place  in  the  hearts  of  the  American  people. 
The  measure  of  his  popularity  in  his  own 
State  may  be  judged  somewhat  by  the  story 
of  the  reception  of  honor  given  him  at  a 
meeting  of  the  Indiana  State  Teachers'  Asso- 
ciation, held  in  Indianapolis,  in  1905.  On  that 
occasion  the  noted  novelist,  Meredith  Nichol- 
son, said  in  his  address :  "  W^e  are  engaged 
today  in  the  agreeable  business  of  saying  to 
a  man's  face  what  we  for  many  years  have 
been  saying  behind  his  back.  The  occasion  is 
unique.  It  is  not  a  birthday  celebration,  not 
a  martyr's  day  nor  a  saint's  festival.  It  is 
just  Riley's  Day."  On  the  same  occasion, 
Henry  Watterson,  the  noted  journalist,  said: 
"  I  rejoice  with  you  in  the  name  and  fame 
of  James  W^hitcomb  Riley,  but  within  myself 
I  rejoice  more  in  his  personality.  Like  the 
poets  of  old  he  looked  into  his  heart  and 
wrote,  and  what  thirst-quenching  draughts  has 
he  not  brought  up  from  that  unfailing  well; 
barefoot  lays  of  the  forest  and  farm,  the  by- 
gone time  and  the  '  sermonts '  of  nature,  made 
*  out  o'  truck  'at's  jest  goin'  to  waste,'  smil- 
ing godspeed  on  the  plow  and  the  furrow  and 
the  seed."  On  the  occasion  of  Riley's  death, 
Governor  Ralston,  of  Indiana,  said:  "James 
Whitcomb  Riley  was  loved  by  the  people  of 
Indiana  as  was  no  other  man.  In  an  ex- 
ceptionally tender  sense  the  people  of  his 
native    State    felt    and    believed    that    he    be- 


182 


longed  to  them  and  they  mourn — bitterly  mourn 
— his  passing."  It  was  his  own  childlike  sim- 
plicity, his  unquestioning  belief  in  the  bet- 
ter motives  of  all  he  met,  that  made  for  him 
that  vast  throng  of  personal  friends,  which 
included  even  Longfellow.  All  his  life  he  re- 
mained supremely  unconscious  of  his  own 
fame,  unassuming  always.  "  Who  will  write 
commemorative  verses  of  James  Whitcomb 
Riley,  Hoosier?"  asks  Melville  E.  Stone.  "I 
don't  know.  He  who  tells  of  *  Jim '  Riley 
must  write  with  the  simplicity  of  children, 
after  the  manner  of  Riley's  loves,  must  meet 
him  man  to  man,  as  Brown  County  farmer 
to  his  neighbor;  must  crown  his  life  with 
that  high  degree  of  honor  which  his  neighbors, 
now  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific,  would 
pay  him — an  honor  *  Jim '  Riley,  in  his  hu- 
mility of  life,  thought  he  did  not  merit,  but 
which  now  he  cannot  hush."  In  1902  Mr. 
Riley  was  awarded  the  honorary  degree  of 
M.A.  by  Yale  University,  and  in  1904  the 
degree  of  Litt.D.  was  conferred  on  him  by  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania.  The  year  be- 
fore he  died  his  birthday  was  made  a  legal 
holiday  throughout  the  State  of  Indiana,  being 
designated  as  "  Riley  Day."  At  his  death  the 
State  accorded  him  a  public  funeral.  His 
works  are :  "  The  Old  Swimmin'  Hole  and 
'Leven  More  Poems"  (1883);  "The  Boss 
Girl,  and  Other  Sketches"  (1885);  "After- 
whiles"  (1887);  "Old  Fashioned  Roses" 
(1888)  ;  "Pipes  o'  Pan  at  Zekesbury  "  (1888)  ; 
"Rhymes  of  Childhood"  (1890);  "Neigh- 
borly Poems:  on  Friendship,  Grief,  and  Farm- 
Life"  (1891)  ;  "Flying  Islands  of  the  Night" 
(1891);  "An  Old  Sweetheart  of  Mine" 
(1891)  ;  "Green  Fields  and  Running  Brooks" 
(1892);  "Poems  Here  at  Home"  (1893); 
"Armazindy"  (1894);  "A  Child  World" 
(1896);  "The  Rubaiyat  of  Doc  Sifers " 
(1897);  "The  Golden  Year"  (a  compilation, 
1898);  "Riley  Child  Rhymes"  (1898); 
"  Riley  Love  Lyrics  "  ( 1899 )  ;  "  Home  Folks  " 
( 1900 )  ;  "  Riley  Farm  Rhymes  "  ( 1901 )  ;  "  The 
Book  of  Joyous  Children"  (1902)  ;  "His  Pa's 
Romance "  ( 1903 )  ;  "A  Defective  Santa 
Claus"  (1904);  "Out  to  Old  Aunt  Mary's" 
(1904);  "Riley  Songs  o'  Cheer"  (1905); 
"  While  the  Heart  Beats  Young "  ( 1906 )  ; 
"Morning"  (1907);  "The  Boys  of  the  Old 
Glee  Club"  (1907);  "The  Raggedy  Man" 
(1907);  "Home  Again  with  Me"  (1908); 
"Orphant  Annie  Book"  (1908);  "Riley 
Child  Verse,  First  Series"  (1908);  "Riley 
Songs  of  Summer"  (1908);  "The  Runaway 
Boy :  Riley  Child  Verse,  Second  Series " 
( 1908 )  ;  "  The  Boy  Lives  on  Our  Farm " 
(1908)  ;  "Ef  You  Don't  Watch  Out"  (1908)  ; 
"  Old  School  Day  Romances  "  ( 1909 )  ;  "  Riley 
Roses"  (1909);  "The  Girl  I  Loved"  (1910); 
"Riley  Songs  of  Home"  (1910)  ;  "A  Hoosier 
Romance"  (1910);  "A  Summer's  Day" 
(1911);  "Down  Around  the  River"  (1911); 
"When  the  Frost  is  on  the  Punkin  "  (1911)  ; 
"W^hen  She  W^as  About  Sixteen"  (1911); 
"  The  Lockerbie  Book  of  Riley  Verse  "  (1911)  ; 
"Knee  Deep  in  June"  (1912);  "The  Prayer 
Perfect"  (1912);  "All  the  Year  Round" 
(1912);  "Good-bye,  Jim"  (1913);  "A  Song 
of  Long  Ago  (1913);  "He  and  I"  (1913); 
"When  My  Dreams  Come  True"  (1913); 
"The  Rose"  (1913);  "Her  Beautiful  Eyes 
(1913);    "Away"    (1913);    "Do   They  'Miss 


4 


BOWLES 


BOWLES 


Me?"  (1913);  "The  Riley  Baby  Book" 
(1913)  ;  "A  Biographical  Edition  of  His  Com- 
plete Works  "  ( 1913 )  ;  "  Contentment  " 
(1914);  "The  Glad  Sweet  Face  of  Her" 
(1914);  "When  She  Comes  Home"  (1914); 
"To  My  Friend"  (1914);  "The  Days  Gone 
By"  (1914);  "Just  Be  Glad"  (1914); 
"Songs  of  Friendship"  (1915)  ;  "The  Hoosier 
Book  of  Riley  Verse"    (1916). 

BOWLES,  Samuel  (4th),  journalist,  news- 
paper publisher,  b.  in  Springfield,  Mass.,  15 
Oct.,  1851,  d.  in  Springfield,  Mass.,  14  March, 
1915,  son  of  Samuel  and  Mary  S.  Dwight 
( Schermerhorn )  Bowles.  He  was  a  direct  de- 
scendant of  John  Bowles,  who  was  an  elder 
of  the  first  church  in  Roxbury,  in  1640,  and  a 
founder  of  the  Roxbury  Free  School.  His 
mother  was  the  daughter  of  the  late  Henry 
Van  Rensselaer  Schermerhorn,  of  Geneva, 
N.  Y.  For  three  generations  the  family  has 
been  inseparably  connected  with  the  Spring- 
field "  Republican,"  founded,  in  1824,  by  Sam- 
uel Bowles  ( 2d ) ,  grandfather  of  Samuel 
Bowles  ( 4th ) .  At  that  time  it  was  a  weekly 
publication.  In  1851,  when  Samuel  Bowles 
(3d)  (1826-78)  assumed  the  active  direction 
of  the  paper,  it  was  changed  into  a  daily,  and 
soon  attained  that  peculiar  position  in  jour- 
nalism which  it  has  maintained  to  this  day. 
Samuel  Bowles  (4th)  was  one  of  ten  children. 
He  attended  the  public  schools  of  Springfield, 
and  then  traveled  abroad  for  two  years.  It 
was  his  father's  intention  that  he  should  suc- 
ceed him  as  editor  of  the  "  Republican,"  and 
his  education  was  planned  with  this  end  in 
view;  his  belief  being  that  a  newspaper  edi- 
tor should  know  the  world  directly,  and  not 
merely  from  books.  The  travel  course  was 
followed  by  special  studies  in  Yale  University 
(1871-72)  and  a  term  at  the  University  of 
Berlin.  Then,  having  completed  his  education, 
Mr.  Bowles  entered  the  business  office  of  the 
"  Republican."  During  his  two  years'  travel 
he  had  been  sending  in  letters  for  publication 
in  the  paper,  all  of  which  had  first  to  pass  the 
critical  eye  of  his  father.  In  1873,  having 
served  his  apprenticeship  to  the  business  man- 
agement, he  entered  the  editorial  department 
as  an  assistant  editor,  again  under  the  exact- 
ing criticism  of  his  father.  In  1875  he  re- 
turned to  the  business  department,  this  time 
as  business  manager,  so  that  he  now  had  a 
well-grounded  knowledge  of  every  branch  of 
the  enterprise;  thus  making  it  possible  for 
him  to  assume  immediate  control  with  a  full 
comprehension  of  the  requirements  and  re- 
sponsibilities of  his  place  in  the  family  suc- 
cession. Soon  after  he  also  performed  the 
duties  of  treasurer  and  president  of  the  com- 
pany. As  was  destined,  the  time  was  not 
long  before  his  knowledge  and  abilities  were 
to  be  put  to  the  test,  for  three  years  later  his 
father  died  and  he  was  obliged  to  take  his 
place  at  the  helm.  Nor  was  it  a  small  task 
that  then  fell  to  him.  His  father  had  devel- 
oped the  character  of  the  "  Republican "  to 
such  a  high  degree  of  excellence  that  in  na- 
tional reputation  he  stood  on  an  equality  with 
Horace  Greeley,  Dana,  and  other  famous  jour- 
nalists of  his  time.  The  "  Republican  "  was 
one  of  those  rare  papers  which  could  in  no 
way  be  influenced  in  its  editorial  policies, 
either  through  the  business  office  or  through 
political  inducements.     Its  editor  was  known 


as  a  man  who  stood  firmly  by  his  own  opin- 
ions, and  those  opinions  were  based  on  his 
own  moral  convictions,  regardless  of  whether 
such  views  were  popular  or  not.  As  editor 
and  publisher  of  the  "  Republican "  Mr. 
Bowles  maintained  a  decisive  command  of  its 
character  no  less  complete  than  that  of  his 
father.  It  was  as  publisher,  rather  than  as 
editor,  in  making  certain  that  the  news  of  the 
"  Republican "  was  handled  and  interpreted 
day  by  day  according  to  principles  dictated  by 
strong  moral  and  intellectual  convictions,  that 
Mr.  Bowles  wielded  his  power,  for  the  increas- 
ing burden  of  business  details  made  it  impos- 
sible for  him  to  do  more  than  exercise  a 
general  supervision  of  the  editorial  depart- 
ment. Within  a  year  of  his  father's  death  he 
established  the  Sunday  edition  of  the  "  Re- 
publican," still  conscientiously  read  and  de- 
voutly respected  up  and  down  the  Connecti- 
cut Valley  by  all  those  who  have  been  reared 
in  the  "  Republican "  traditions.  As  a  re- 
view, summing  up  current  events  week  by 
week,  it  soon  gained  an  audience  which  ex- 
tended practically  all  over  the  Eastern  sec- 
tion of  the  United  States.  Editorially  the 
policy  of  the  "  Republican  "  remained  as  fear- 
less as  ever.  Its  attitude  toward  all  public 
questions,  both  local  and  national,  was  based 
entirely  on  the  personal  convictions  of  Mr. 
Bowles.  To  him  old  traditions  or  time-hon- 
ored conventions  meant  nothing,  if  they  were 
founded  on  wrong  principles,  and  if  he  felt 
that  a  thing  was  wrong,  he  attacked  that 
thing  vigorously  and  openly,  regardless  of 
whom  it  might  displease.  Curiously  enough, 
it  was  in  the  mechanical  make-up  of  his  paper 
that  Mr.  Bowles  showed  an  innate  conserv- 
atism. Though  never  unresponsive  to  new  and 
more  effective  methods  in  journalism,  he  made 
alterations  in  the  typographical  appearance 
of  his  paper  with  the  utmost  reluctance.  The 
"  Republican  "  was  one  of  the  last  of  the  big 
dailies  to  abandon  the  old-fashioned  custom  of 
covering  the  first  page  with  advertisements, 
by  replacing  them  with  the  featured  news 
articles.  It  was  so  with  various  other  de- 
mands that  the  multiplication  of  affairs  and 
the  growth  of  the  paper  called  for.  He  feared 
to  sacrifice  the  fine  qualities  of  the  small, 
compact  carefully-edited  newspaper  of  the 
days  before  the  advent  of  the  sensational  "  yel- 
low "  journal.  Mr.  Bowles'  personal  life  was 
one  of  quiet  concentration  on  the  interests  of 
the  "  Republican."  He  refused  many  honors 
and  opportunities  in  public  life  and  took  up 
few  direct  responsibilities  in  the  life  of  his 
city,  although  his  interest  in  social  and  edu- 
cational problems  could  always  be  counted  on. 
He  was  a  director  of  the  Springfield  Library 
Association,  succeeding  his  father  in  1878  and 
resigning  in  1902.  In  this  capacity  he  took 
an  active  part  in  establishing  one  of  the  best 
municipal  library  systems  in  the  country.  He 
also  gave  a  number  of  years  to  the  board  of 
trade  of  the  city,  and  was  largely  rosi)on8ible 
for  Springfield's  initiative  in  the  "  safe  and 
sane  Fourth  of  July  "  movement,  whicli  later 
swept  over  the  whole  country.  Mr.  Bowlea' 
home  was  a  quiet  center  of  the  city's  intel- 
lectual life.  To  strangers  he  appeared  cold 
and  formal,  but  this  was  not  his  demeanor 
toward  those  with  whom  he  associated  inti- 
mately.    In   extending   his   friendship    ho   did 


183 


HEGELER 


HEGELER 


not  consider  the  "  social  standing "  of  the 
individual,  he  considered  only  his  character 
regardless  of  any  other  matters.  He  rarely 
appeared  as  a  public  speaker,  but  in  1886, 
when  Springfield  celebrated  its  250th  anni- 
versary, he  broke  the  family  tradition  and 
spoke  *  for  the  press.  During  the  last  few 
years  of  his  life  he  delivered  addresses  at  the 
I'niversity  of  Missouri,  Columbia  University, 
and  other  educational  institutions.  He  was 
given  the  honorary  degree  of  A.M.  by  Amherst 
College,  of  which  his  father  had  been  a  trus- 
tee, and  in  1912  Olivet  College,  in  Michigan, 
conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of  L.H.D.  In 
1913  he  was  chosen  a  director  of  the  Asso- 
ciated Press  to  succeed  Frederick  Roy  Martin 
of  the  Providence  "  Journal  "  who  had  become 
assistant  manager  of  the  association  under 
Mr.  Stone.  Mr.  Bowles  was  keenly  interested 
in  the  confederated  affairs  of  the  newspapers 
of  the  United  States,  and  in  the  Association 
of  Publishers,  at  whose  annual  gatherings  he 
was  a  familiar  figure.  He  was  also  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Connecticut  Valley  Historical  So- 
ciety, of  the  Nayasset,  the  Economic,  the 
Colonv,  the  Literary,  and  the  Twentieth  Cen- 
tury Limited  Clubs.  On  12  June,  1884,  Mr. 
Bowles  married  Elizabeth  Hoar,  daughter  of 
Judge  Ebenezer  Rockwood  Hoar,  of  Concord, 
Mass.,  and  brother  of  the  late  Senator  George 
Frisbie  Hoar.  They  had  two  sons:  Samuel, 
engaged  as  a  journalist  in  Boston,  and  Sher- 
man, who  is  connected  with  a  newspaper  in 
Philadelphia. 

HEGELER,  Edward  C,  manufacturer  and 
publisher,  b.  in  Bremen,  Germany,  13  Sept., 
1835;  d.  in  La  Salle,  111.,  4  June,  1910,  son 
of  Herman  Dietrich  and  Anna  Catharine  (Von 
Tungeln)  Hegeler.  He  was  educated  in  the 
Academy  of  Schnepfenthal  and  attended  first 
the  Polytechnic  Institute  at  Hanover  (1851- 
53),  and  then  the  School  of  Mines  at  Frei- 
berg, Saxony  (1853-1856).  His  father,  Her- 
man Dietrich  Hegeler,  oif  Bremen,  originally 
of  Oldenburg,  had  traveled  in  the  United  States 
and  had  become  so  filled  with  admiration  of 
the  country  that  he  cherished  a  wish  that  one 
of  his  sons  should  settle  in  the  new  world. 
He  selected  for  this  his  youngest  son,  Edward, 
and  had  his  education  mapped  out  with  this 
purpose  in  view.  In  Freiberg,  Edward  C. 
Hegeler  met  F.  W.  Matthiessen,  a  fellow 
student,  who  became  later  his  partner  in  the 
zinc  business.  Having  traveled  together  oh 
the  European  continent,  and  in  England,  they 
embarked  for  America  and  landed  in  Boston, 
Mass.,  in  March,  1857.  While  looking  over 
the  country  for  a  sviitable  place  to  settle,  they 
learned  of  Friedensville,  Pa.,  where  a  zinc 
factory  had  been  built,  but  it  stood  idle  be- 
cause the  owners  had  not  been  able  to  manu- 
facture the  metal.  Mr.  Matthiessen  and  Mr. 
Hegeler,  then  twenty-one  and  twenty-two 
years  old,  respectively,  stepped  in,  and  with 
the  same  furnace  succeeded  in  producing 
spelter,  which  at  that  time  was  pioneer  work 
in  America,  for  hitherto  this  metal  had  been 
imported  from  Europe.  On  account  of  the 
financial  stringency  of  1856,  which  still  per- 
sisted in  1857,  the  owners  of  the  Friedens- 
ville works  refused  to  put  more  money  into  the 
enterprise,  while  neither  Mr.  Hegeler  nor  Mr. 
Matthiessen  felt  justified  in  risking  their  own 
capital,  mainly  because  they  had  no  confidence 


in  the  mines  which  actually  gave  out  eight 
years  later.  Having  investigated  conditions 
in  Pittsburgh  and  Johnstown,  Pa.,  and  also 
in  Southeastern  Missouri,  Mr.  Hegeler  and 
Mr.  Matthiessen  finally  settled  in  La  Salle, 
111.,  because  its  coal  'fields  were  nearest  to  the 
ore  supply  at  Mineral  Point,  Wis.  Here  they 
started  the  Matthiessen  and  Hegeler  Zinc 
Works  on  a  small  scale.  The  few  employees 
of  the  original  works  grew  in  a  comparatively 
short  time,  to  upward  of  one  thousand  men, 
and  the  modest  smelting-plant  developed  into 
one  ot  the  most  modernly  equipped  smelters  in 
the  Middle  West.  In  the  business  career  of 
Mr.  Hegeler,  capable  management,  unfaltering 
enterprise,  and  a  spirit  of  justice  were  well- 
balanced  factors,  while  the  establishment  in 
all  its  departments  was  carefully  systema- 
tized in  order  to  avoid  needless  expenditures 
of  time,  material,  and  labor.  The  personality 
of  Mr.  Hegeler  was  that  of  a  man  of  great 
force  of  character.  What  the  American  legend 
tells  about  Washington  in  the  story  of  the 
cherry  tree  applies  decidedly  to  Mr.  Hegeler 
too,  that  he  was  "incapable  of  telling  a  lie"; 
and  we  might  add,  not  even  in  jest.  So  he 
was  of  an  exceptionally  serious  disposition 
which  is  well  shown  in  his  strong  and  thought- 
ful countenance.  No  man  could  be  with  him 
long  without  recognizing  his  capability  of 
leadership,  based  upon  his  superiority  of  judg- 
ment and  a  great  power  of  initiative.  His  suc- 
cess in  life  is  due  to  the  combination  of  two 
qualities  in  his  character,  first  the  thorough- 
ness with  which  he  investigated  from  all  sides 
the  minutest  details  of  a  case  when  he  had  to 
take  a  stand,  and  then  the  insuperable  per- 
sistence with  which  he  stuck  to  it  until  he 
had  achieved  the  desired  result.  Modern  zinc 
manufacture  is  practically  still  in  the  shape 
which  he  gave  to  it  and  the  present  construc- 
tion of  the  roast  kiln  is  his  work ; .  only  in  de- 
tails have  a  few  improvements  been  made. 
While  Mr.  Hegeler  mostly  led  a  retired  life 
and  sought  neither  publicity  nor  indulged 
much  in  social  intercourse,  he  held  member- 
ship in  several  organizations,  among  them  the 
American  Society  of  Mining  Engineers,  the 
Press  Club,  and  the  Art  Institute  of  Chicago. 
In  February,  1887,  Mr.  Hegeler  founded  the 
Open  Court  Publishing  Company,  intended  to 
serve  the  purpose  of  discussing  the  religious 
and  psychological  problems  of  today  on  the 
principle  that  the  scientific  world-conception 
should  be  applied  to  religion.  Mr.  Hegeler 
believed  in  science,  but  he  wanted  to  preserve 
the  religious  spirit  with  all  its  seriousness  of 
endeavor,  and  in  this  sense  he  pleaded  for  the 
establishment  of  a  religion  of  science.  He 
recognized,  for  instance,  that  man  with  all 
his  complicated  psychical  activity  was  a  mech- 
anism, but  to  him  this  truth  was  not  derogatory 
to  man,  but  an  evidence  of  the  great  signifi- 
cance of  machines.  The  mechanism  of  think- 
ing is  language,  and  so  the  speaking  animal 
becomes  the  rational  being.  He  maintained 
that  through  investigation  and  scientific  criti- 
cism, religion  must  be  purified,  and  the  re- 
sult will  be  a  closer  approach  to  truth  on  the 
path  of  progress.  Mr.  Hegeler  rejected  dual- 
ism as  an  unscientific  and  untenable  view  and 
accepted  monism  upon  the  basis  of  exact 
science,  and  for  the  discussion  of  the  more 
recondite  and  heavier  problems  of  science  and 


184 


m 


,\. 


TAWNEY 


TAWNEY 


religion  he  founded  a  quarterly,  "  The  Monist," 
in  October,  1890.  He  visited  Germany  in  1860 
where,  on  5  April,  he  married  Camilla  Weis- 
bach,  the  daughter  of  his  admired  teacher. 
Professor  Weisbach,  of  Freiberg,  Germany.  In 
July  of  the  same  year  they  settled  in  La  Salle, 
111.,  where  they  resided  until  the  end  of  their 
lives.  Mrs.  Hegeler,  a  woman  of  rare  wifely 
qualities,  was  well  fitted  by  her  excellent, 
practical  mind  to  be  a  helpmate  to  her  hus- 
band in  his  aspirations  and  ambitions,  and 
caused  him — a  man  to  whom  the  ties  of  home 
and  friendship  were  sacred — to  find  his  high- 
est happiness  at  his  own  fireside.  Mrs.  Hege- 
ler died  on  28  May,  1908,  about  two  years  be- 
fore the  death  of  Mr.  Hegeler  himself.  Ten 
children  were  born  to  them,  of  whom  three 
daughters  died  during  his  lifetime,  and  soon 
after  his  death  one  son  in  mature  age.  Mr. 
Hegeler  was  survived  by  the  following  chil- 
dren: Mrs.  Marie  Hegeler  Carus,  La  Salle,  111.; 
Mrs.  Camilla  Bucherer,  Bonn,  Germany; 
Julius  W.  Hegeler,  Danville,  111.;  Mrs.  Annie 
Cole,  New  York  City;  Herman  Hegeler,  Dan- 
ville, 111.  (d.  August,  1913);  Baroness  Zu- 
leikha  Vietinghoff,  Berlin,  Germany;  and 
Mrs.   Olga  Lihme,  Chicago,  111. 

TAWNEY,  James  A.,  Congressman,  b.  near 
Gettysburgh,  Adams  County,  Pa.,  3  Jan.,  1855, 
son  of  John  E.  and 
Sarah  (Boblitz) 

Tawney.  He  is  a 
direct  descendant  of 
John  Tawney,  the 
founder  of  the  fam- 
ily in  America,  who 
came  from  England 
about  the  year  1650 
and  landed  at  Bal- 
timore, whence  the 
family  removed  to 
Lancaster,  Adams, 
and  other  counties 
of  Pennsylvania. 

p^  ^  tions    his    ancestors 

^^s*<*-fc^  ^  /'^2fc</8*^  had     been     engaged 
^\  n    as  blacksmiths,  and, 

\J  For     many     genera- 

following  in  their  footsteps,  James  A.  Taw- 
ney left  school  at  the  age  of  fourteen  years 
to  assist  his  father  at  the  forge.  He  was  a 
lad  of  industry  and  energy,  applied  himself 
faithfully  to  his  work,  and  thoroughly  learned 
every  detail  of  the  trade.  When  but  eighteen 
years  of  age  he  assumed  charge  of  a  black- 
smith shop  at  Du  Bois,  Clearfield  County,  Pa., 
in  the  employ  of  John  Du  Bois,  a  lumberman 
on  the  western  slope  of  the  Alleghany  Moun- 
tains. While  there  he  did  the  blacksmith  work 
in  the  construction  of  the  Du  Bois  Sawmill, 
then  the  largest  sawmill  in  the  country. 
Later,  and  on  the  suggestion  of  Mr.  Du  Bois, 
he  learned  the  trade  of  machinist.  Mr.  Tawney 
then  went  West,  arriving  in  Winona,  Minn., 
1  Aug.,  1877,  a  sturdy,  self-reliant  young  work- 
man, ready  to  accept  circumstances  as  he 
found  them  and  eager  to  make  the  most  of  his 
opportunities,  although  without  money  or 
friends.  He  secured  employment  as  a  black- 
smith and  machinist  and,  being  an  excellent 
mechanic,  commanded  a  good  salary;  but  his 
ambitions  lay  far  beyond  mere  manual  labor, 
and  about  the  year  1879  he  began  to  read  law 
during  his  spare  time  in  the  mornings  and 


evenings.  With  this  preparation  he  entered 
the  law  offices  of  Bentley  and  Vance,  1  Jan., 
1881,  and  under  their  preceptorship  mastered 
the  principles*  of  the  law  so  rapidly  that  he 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  10  July,  1882.  Not 
satisfied  with  his  knowledge,  however,  in 
September  of  that  year  he  went  to  the  Uni- 
versity of  Wisconsin  and  entered  the  law  de- 
partment, to  still  further  pursue  his  studies, 
but  was  soon  called  home  by  the  death  of  his 
preceptor,  A.  N.  Bentley,  and  at  once  entered 
upon  a  brilliant  professional  career.  He  early 
won  distinction  by  his  success  in  the  conduct 
of  important  litigation,  and  in  obtaining  sev- 
eral very  important  decisions  from  the  Su- 
preme Court  of  the  State.  In  February,  1883, 
Mr.  Tawney  was  elected  judge-advocate  of  the 
Second  Regiment,  Minnesota  National  Guard, 
and  served  in  that  capacity  until  about  six 
years  later  when  he  was  appointed  judge- 
advocate-general  on  the  staff  of  Gov.  W.  R. 
Merriam.  In  the  fall  of  1890  he  entered  his 
active  public  career,  although  previous  to  that 
time  he  had  been  a  more  or  less  active  figure 
in  Republican  politics  in  the  capacity  of  local, 
county,  and  State  committeeman.  In  the  year 
mentioned  he  was  elected  to  the  State  senate 
from  the  Fifteenth  District  of  Winona  County, 
and  although  the  Hon.  Thomas  W^ilson,  the 
Democratic  candidate  for  governor,  received  a 
plurality  of  1,600  votes  in  this  district,  Mr. 
Tawney  exceeded  that  majority  and  won  by 
400  votes  over  his  Democratic  opponent.  Dur- 
ing the  time  he  was  serving  as  senator  there 
was  organized  in  Winona  the  law  firm  of 
Tawney,  Smith  and  Tawney,  composed  of  Hon. 
James  A.  Tawney,  W.  J.  Smith  and  D.  E. 
Tawney,  which  at  once  became  one  of  the 
strongest  legal  combinations  in  this  part  of 
the  State  and  has  so  continued  to  the  present 
time.  In  1892  Mr.  Tawney  was  the  successful 
candidate  for  election  to  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives from  the  First  Congressional  Dis- 
trict of  Minnesota,  and  took  his  seat  during 
the  extra  session  of  the  Fifty-third  Congress, 
7  Aug.,  1893,  just  sixteen  years  after  coming 
to  Winona  a  penniless  and  friendless  lad 
twenty-two  years  of  age.  Almost  immediately 
he  attracted  the  attention  of  the  leaders  of 
the  House  by  a  carefully  prepared  speech  in 
opposition  to  the  repeal  of  the  Federal  Election 
Law  and  in  defense  of  the  constitutionality  of 
that  law,  and  also  by  his  earnest  and  eff'ective 
work  in  behalf  of  the  old  soldiers  in  the  matter 
of  pensions;  and  in  his  strong  opposition  to 
the  Free  Trade  Agricultural  and  Free  Iron 
Ore  Schedules  of  the  Wilson  Tariff  Bill.  Mr. 
Tawney's  activities  and  accomplishments  dur- 
ing his  first  term  won  the  confidence  and  es- 
teem of  the  people  in  such  a  degree  that 
during  the  next  eighteen  years  he  continuously 
succeeded  himself  in  office,  and  became  one  of 
the  most  prominent  and  influential  members 
of  Congress.  At  the  beginning  of  his  second 
term  he  was  appointed,  by  Speaker  Reod,  a 
member  of  the  Committee  on  Ways  and  ISIoans. 
By  successive  reappointments  he  continued  to 
serve  on  that  committee  for  ton  yours.  Ho 
was  also  the  ranking  member  of  the  Coinniiltee 
on  Insular  Affairs,  and  took  a  cons])iouous  part 
in  initiating  and  formuhiting  tho  logisliitivo 
policies  of  the  United  Stntos  toward  t)ur  in- 
sular possessions,  as  well  as  in  the  preparation 
and  enactment  of  laws  for  their  government. 


185 


TAWNEY 


TAWNEY 


He  also  served  on  many  other  important  com- 
mittees during  his  congressional  incumbency. 
In  his  third  term  he  was  chosen,  by  the  Re- 

Sublican  Caucus,  Republican  Whip  of  the 
[ouse  of  Representatives  and  served  in  that 
position  for  a  period  of  eight  years.  In  the 
Fifty-ninth  Congress,  beginning  the  first  Mon- 
day of  December,  11)05,  Mr.  Tawney  was  taken 
from  the  Ways  and  Means  Committee  by 
Speaker  Cannon  and  appointed  chairman  of 
the  Committee  on  Appropriations,  although 
without  previous  service  on  the-  latter  commit- 
tee. This  distinction  was  never  before  con- 
ferred upon  a  member  of  the  House,  except  in 
the  case  of  Thaddeus  Stevens,  who  was  taken 
from  the  Ways  and  Means  Committee  and 
made  first  chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Ap- 
propriations. Although  his  six  years'  service 
as  chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Appropria- 
tions won  him  nation-wide  commendation,  yet 
his  sense  of  duty  and  responsibility  to  the 
people,  and  his  resolute  and  courageous  de- 
termination to  permit  no  needless,  extravagant, 
or  illegal  appropriations,  antagonized  the  selfish 
interest  of  powerful  corporations  and  fre- 
quently thwarted  the  illegal  purposes  and  sel- 
fish ambitions  of  many  public  officials  in  high 
position.  But  for  the  opposition  thus  created 
by  the  conscientious  discharge  of  his  duties 
in  this  regard  he  would  no  doubt  have  been 
continued  by  the  people  of  his  district  in 
Congress  for  many  years  more.  While  his 
chief  purpose  as  chairman  of  this  great  com- 
mittee was  to  honestly  and  carefully  conserve 
the  public  revenues  for  the  benefit  of  the  peo- 
ple, it  cannot  be  truthfully  said  that  he  ever 
refused  or  withheld  needed  appropriations  for 
any  branch  of  the  public  service,  or  appropria- 
tions necessary  to  the  performance  of  any 
legitimate  function  of  the  federal  government. 
His  responsibility  to  the  House  and  to  the 
people  was  always  discharged  honestly  and 
without  fear  or  favor.  His  most  conspicuous, 
if  not  most  important,  service  was  his  suc- 
cessful opposition,  for  a  time,  to  militarism, 
which  was  one  of  the  dominant  policies  of  the 
Administration  between  1903  and  1909.  In  this 
contest  he  was  the  first  to  analyze  our  war 
expenditures  and  call  public  attention  to  the 
fact  that  the  United  States  was  expending 
annually  72  per  cent,  of  its  aggregate  reve- 
nues on  account  of  wars  past  and  wars 
it  is  preparing  for,  and  the  records  of  Congress 
show  that  but  for  his  forceful  opposition  to 
militarism,  expenditures  for  preparation  for 
war  would  have  been  much  larger;  also  in  suc- 
cessfully restricting  the  unauthorized  use  of 
the  Secret  Service  of  the  Treasury  Department 
in  the  work  of  other  departments  of  the  gov- 
ernment, complained  of  even  by  the  heads  of 
some  of  these  departments;  also  in  his  suc- 
cessful opposition  to  government  by  executive 
choice,  that  is,  by  preventing  the  unauthorized 
expenditure  of  the  public  moneys  by  "  Executive 
Commissions "  appointed  by  the  President, 
without  authority  of  law,  and  who,  by  executive 
order,  diverted  appropriations  made  by  Con- 
gress for  other  purposes  to  compensate  for 
service  incident  to  the  work  and  expenses  of 
these  unauthorized  commissions.  As  chairman 
of  the  Committee  on  Appropriations  Mr. 
Tawney  recommended  to  Congress  the  annual 
appropriations  for  the  construction  of  the 
Panama   Canal,   from   the   beginning  of   tliat 

186 


great  work  to  the  end  of  the  fiscal  year  1912. 
These  appropriations  as  recommended  were  all 
adopted  by  Congress  without  change  and  were 
a  little  over  $23,000,000  less  than  the  aggre- 
gate of  the  estimates  for  such  expenditure  for 
all  the  years  for  which  the  appropriations 
were  made.  During  his  long  service  in  the 
House  he  was  the  author  of,  and  was  instru- 
mental in  securing  the  enactment  of,  much 
important  legislation  affecting  not  only  his 
district  and  State,  but  also  the  interests  of  the 
people  of  the  whole  country,  especially  legisla- 
tion to  promote  economy  and  efficiency  in  the 
public  service  and  to  safeguard  the  expenditure 
of  the  public  moneys.  He  was  the  author  of 
several  bills  enacted  into  law  for  the  protection 
of  the  public  health  long  before  the  Pure  Food 
Law  was  enacted — notably  the  law  to  prevent 
the  adulteration  of  cheese,  the  Anti-Oleomar- 
garine Law,  and  the  Pure  Flour  Law.  These 
laws  prevented  the  adulteration  of  these  sev- 
eral important  food  products,  which  at  the 
time  of  their  enactment  menaced  the  public 
health.  They  also  put  an  end  to  the  deceit  and 
fraud  then  practiced  upon  all  consumers  of 
these  products.  Mr.  Tawney  was  the  confidant 
of  most  of  the  great  statesmen  of  his  time, 
who  reposed  the  utmost  confidence  in  his  judg- 
ment and  ability  and  frequently  consulted  him 
upon  matters  of  grave  national  importance. 
While  the  affairs  of  the  country  at  large  were 
receiving  his  attention,  the  interests  of  his 
own  district  and  constituents  were  not  neg- 
lected, and  numerous  post  offices  and  other 
public  buildings  will  stand  as  monuments  to 
his  loyalty  to  Southeastern  Minnesota.  The 
entire  history  of  his  legislative  career  is  in- 
delibly written  upon  the  pages  given  to  the 
accomplishments  of  one  of  the  most  important 
periods  of  the  nation's  progress.  Mr.  Tawney 
retired  from  Congress  in  1911  and  resumed  his 
law  practice,  but  was  not  allowed  to  remain 
long  absent  from  public  life,  for  in  March, 
1911,  he  was  appointed  by  his  personal  friend, 
President  Taft,  to  membership  as  one  of  the 
three  representatives  of  the  United  States  on 
the  International  Joint  Commission  for  the  set- 
tlement of  controversies  between  the  United 
States  and  the  Dominion  of  Canada,  and  contro- 
versies between  the  people  of  both  countries. 
The  latter  country  also  has  three  representa- 
tives and  there  is  no  appeal  from  the  decisions 
of  this  international  body.  Upon  the  death  of 
ex-Senator  Carter,  of  Montana,  Mr.  Tawney 
succeeded  to  the  position  of  chairman  of  the 
United  States  Section  of  the  International 
Joint  Commission  and  chairman  of  the  Inter- 
national Joint  Commission  in  the  United 
States.  In  connection  with  his  labors  on  this 
distinguished  body,  it  may  be  said  that  Mr. 
Tawney  has  not  displayed  qualities  of  the  daz- 
zling and  brilliant  kind  which  give  but 
ephemeral  fame,  but  rather  those  which  are 
profound,  solid,  and  practical,  entitling  him 
to  a  niche  in  the  temple  of  fame.  Mr.  Tawney 
holds  membership  in  the  Minnesota  State  and 
American  Bar  Associations.  He  is  also  af- 
filiated with  various  Masonic  bodies  and  other 
fraternities  and  is  a  charter  member  of  the 
Elks  Lodge  No.  327.  On  19  Dec,  1883,  he 
was  united  in  marriage  with  Emma  B.  Newell. 
They  are  the  parents  of  six  children:  Everett 
Franklin,  who  married  Constance  Day,  daugh- 
ter of  the  Hon.  F.  A.  Day,  of  Fairmont,  Minn., 


li 


BULL 


BULL 


and  is  now  a  resident  of  Seattle,  Wash.; 
James  Millard,  engaged  in  the  manufacturing 
business  in  Winona,  and  vice-president  of  the 
Junior  Association  of  Commerce  of  that  city; 
Josephine,  who  resides  with  her  parents;  John 
E.,  who  is  a  traveling  salesman  for  a  Winona 
business  house;  William  Mitchel,  who  is  em- 
ployed in  the  Capital  National  Bank  of  St. 
Paul,  and  Jean,  who  is  still  attending  school. 

BULL,  William  Tillinghast,  physician  and 
surgeon,  b.  in  Newport,  R.  I.,  18  May,  1849; 
d.  at  the  Isle  of  Hope,  near  Savannah,  Ga., 
22  Feb.,  1909.  His  first  American  ancestor, 
Hon.  Henry  Bull,  b.  in  Wales  in  1609,  was, 
with  his  friend,  Roger  Williams,  one  of  the 
nine  founders  of  Aquidneck  (Newport),  R.  I., 
and  was  twice  made  governor  of  the  colony. 
The  tract  of  land  allotted  to  him  on  the  present 
Bull  Street  and  elsewhere  is  still  in  the  pos- 
session of  the  family  in  the  direct  line.  Suc- 
cessive generations  have  added  honor  to  the 
name  during  the  250  years  that  the  family 
have  occupied  the  original  grant.  Dr.  Bull's 
grandfather,  seventh  in  the  direct  line  to  bear 
the  name  and  occupy  the  homestead,  was  an 
eminent  antiquarian  and  author  of  "  Memoirs 
of  Rhode  Island."  Henry  Melville,  also  of 
Newport,  was  the  maternal  grandfather,  and 
the  transmitter  of  many  traditions  relating  to 
the  daring  and  hardship  of  the  Rhode  Island 
pioneers.  Dr.  Bull's  parents,  Henry  and  Hen- 
rietta (Melville)  Bull,  occupied  the  old  home- 
stead, and  here  their  second  son,  the  subject 
of  this  biography,  was  born.  His  early  educa- 
tion was  received  in  Newport.  He  entered 
Harvard  and  was  graduated  in  1869,  receiving 
the  degree  of  A.M.  in  1872.  He  studied  medi- 
cine under  Dr.  Henry  Berton  Sands,  of  New 
York,  and  received  his  medical  degree  with 
honors  from  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  (now  the  school  of  medicine  of  Co- 
lumbia University)  in  the  class  of  1872.  His 
thesis  on  "  Perityphlitis "  was  awarded  the 
faculty  prize.  After  the  completion  of  his 
service  upon  the  surgical  staff  as  an  interne 
at  Bellevue  Hospital,  New  York,  Dr.  Bull 
went  to  Europe  in  1873  and  became  a  hospital 
student  of  exceptional  industry.  Upon  his 
return  in  1875  he  began  private  practice,  with 
New  York  City  as  his  permanent  residence. 
He  first  turned  his  attention  to  dispensary  and 
hospital  work,  being  appointed  house  physician 
to  the  New  York  Dispensary  (1875-77),  and 
attending  surgeon  to  the  Chambers  Street  Hos- 
pital. For  eleven  years  he  was  attending  sur- 
geon of  the  House  of  Relief,  the  New  York 
Hospital  (1883-1900),  and  to  St.  Luke's  Hos- 
pital (1880-84;  1888-89).  In  1900  he  was 
appointed  surgeon  to  Roosevelt  Hospital.  In 
1888  Dr.  Bull  retired  from  the  Chambers 
Street  Hospital  on  account  of  the  pressure  of 
other  duties  and  the  demands  of  a  growing 
private  practice.  To  his  honors  were  added 
that  of  consulting  surgeon  of  the  Man- 
hattan Hospital,  the  Woman's  Hospital,  the 
New  York  Hospital,  the  Orthopedic  Hos- 
pital and  Dispensary,  New  York  Cancer, 
now  the  General  Memorial  Hospital,  of 
which  he  was  one  of  the  founders;  surgeon 
in  charge  of  the  Hernia  department,  Hospital 
for  the  Ruptured  and  Crippled,  all  of  New 
York,  and  consulting  surgeon  to  the  Newport 
(R.  I.)  Hospital.  During  1879-80  Dr.  Bull 
was  demonstrator  of  anatomy  in  the  College 


of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  (New  York),  and 
became  successively  demonstrator  in  surgery 
(1880),  adjunct  professor  (1885),  and  full 
professor  (1888).  Dr.  Bull  began  as  a  general 
practitioner  and  he  never  lost  his  interest  in 
general  medicine.  That  he  became  most  dis- 
tinguished in  surgery  was  not  due  to  any  pre- 
meditated desire  for  specialism  on  his  part; 
he  simply  worked  conspicuously  in  that 
branch  for  which  he  was  best  fitted.  He  was 
an  excellent  diagnostician  and  a  cool  and  pre- 
cise operator;  it  was  on  these  grounds  that 
he  attained  distinction  as  a  surgeon.  He 
never  lost  sight  of  the  patient  in  the  "  case  " 
and  he  consequently  came  to  be  known  as 
pre-eminently  the  patient's  friend.  His  pa- 
tients, too,  were  not  only  those  who  were 
able  to  pay  a  full  fee;  he  as  untiringly  worked 
in  the  service  of  the  poor.  Dr.  Bull  was  skilled 
in  all  surgical  technic,  but  his  special  field 
of  operation  was  the  abdominal  cavity.  It 
was  especially  in  the  repair  of  the  intestines 
after  gunshot  and  stab  wounds  that  he  made 
his  early  reputation.  His  improved  method  of 
laparotomy  in  the  treatment  of  such  wounds 
in  the  abdominal  region  remains  unchallenged 
in  its  superiority.  His  innovations  have  de- 
creased the  mortality  from  87  per  cent,  down- 
ward and  his  method  of  procedure  has  been 
generally  copied.  Dr.  Bull  was  also  one  of 
the  first  to  perform  appendicitis  operations 
with  success.  He  was  likewise  a  close  student 
of,  and  frequent  operator  for,  cancer,  the  dis- 
ease to  which  he  himself  succumbed.  As  an 
operator  Dr.  Bull  was  logical  and  bold;  he  did 
not  believe  in  the  delay  of  an  impending  crisis 
and  therefore  made  quick  use  of  the  expedients 
at  hand.  The  past  century  sketched  a  new 
career  for  surgery  and  Dr.  Bull  won,  with  his 
many  triumphs,  a  name  on  its  roll  of  honor. 
In  more  senses  than  one  he  was  an  innovator. 
He  has  had  many  imitators  and  his  recom- 
mendations have  been  widely  adopted.  Dr. 
Bull  was  a  remarkably  handsome  man  and 
his  benign  expression  was  a  key  to  his  inner 
feeling.  His  greatness  was  one  of  virtue  no 
less  than  accomplishment.  He  was  an  enthu- 
siast regarding  the  future  of  his  profession. 
His  manner  was  genial  and  cordial  with  a 
perfect  consideration  for  others;  easy  of  ap- 
proach both  to  his  colleagues  and  to  students. 
He  had  admirable  judgment,  perfect  poise  and 
self-reliance,  with  absolute  integrity  of  pur- 
pose. Dr.  Bull  was  a  frequent  contributor  to 
medical  literature.  Among  his  articles  re- 
printed in  pamphlet  form  from  the  "  Medical 
Record,"  "  New  York  Medical  Journal,"  "  Medi- 
cal News,"  etc.,  are  the  following:  "Perity- 
phlitis" (1873);  "Remarkable  Cases  of  Frac- 
ture "  ( 1878)  ;  "  On  the  Medical  Cure  of  Hernia 
by  Heaton's  Operation"  (1882);  "On  the  Re- 
sults of  Treatment  of  Fracture  of  the  Patella 
without  Operation"  (1890);  "On  the  Radical 
Cure  of  Hernia,  with  Results  of  One  Hundred 
and  Thirty-four  Operations"  (1890);  "On 
Three  Cases  of  Pyloreotomy  with  Lastro- 
Enterostomy"  (1891);  "Notes  on  Cases  of 
Hernia,"  etc.  (1891);  "Observations  (ni 
Chronic  Relapsing  Aj^pendicitia "  (1893); 
"  Further  Observations  on  Chronic  Rolai)8in<r 
Appendicitis,"  etc.  (1894).  In  collaboration 
with  Dr.  William  B.  Colcy  he  wrote  for  the 
"Annals  of  Surgery"  a  treatise  which  was 
afterward    published    as   a    pamphlet    (1893) 

187 


DOLLIVER 


DOLLIVER 


The  same  collaborators  wrote  for  the  "  Medical 
Record,"  afterward  reprinted  in  1905  in  pam- 
phlet form:  "Results  of  Fifteen  Hundred 
Operations  for  the  Radical  Cure  of  Hernia  in 
Children  Performed  at  the  Hospital  for  Rup- 
tured and  Crippled  Between  1891  and  1904"; 
"  Report  of  Two  Thousand  Operations  for  the 
Radical  Cure  of  Hernia  Performed  at  the  Hos- 
pital for  Ruptured  and  Crippled  from  1890  to 
1907  "  ( 1907 ) .  In  conjunction  with  Dr.  Coley 
he  wrote  the  chapter  on  '*  Hernia  "  in  Dennis' 
"System  of  Surgery"  (1896)  and  the  chapter 
on  "  Hernia  "  in  the  "  International  Text-book 
of  Surgery"  (1900).  Dr.  Bull  also  translated 
from  the  German  and  edited  Von  Bergmann's 
"System  of  Surgery"  (1904).  As  a  memorial 
to  adequately  and  appropriately  perpetuate 
the  distinction  which  he  conferred  upon  his 
profession  a  fund  has  been  created  by  his  ad- 
mirers for  conducting  original  research  under 
the  direction  of  the  surgical  department  of 
Columbia  University.  A  bust  of  Dr.  Bull,  ex- 
ecuted in  bronze,  is  placed  in  the  Academy  of 
Medicine  in  New  York  City,  Dr.  Bull  was  a 
member  of  the  American  Medical  Association; 
the  New  York  Surgical  Society;  Fellow  of  the 
American  Surgical  Association,  and  of  the 
New  York  Academy  of  Medicine.  He  was  one 
of  the  founders  and  a  member  of  the  board  of 
managers  of  Memorial*  Hospital,  and  member 
of  many  other  scientific  societies.  He  served 
on  the  admission  committee  of  Columbia  Uni- 
versity, was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Zeta 
Psi  Club,  and  a  member  of  the  Harvard,  Uni- 
versity, Century,  and  other  New  York  clubs. 
DOLLIVER,  Jonathan  Prentiss,  U.  S.  Sen- 
ator, b.  near  King%vood,  Preston  County, 
W.  Va.,  6  Feb.,  1858;  d.  at  Fort  Dodge,  Web- 
ster County,  la.,  15  Oct.,  1910,  son  of  James  J. 
and  Eliza  Jane  (Brown)  Dolliver.  His  father, 
a  native  of  New  York,  was  a  prominent  clergy- 
man of  the  Methodist  Church  in  West  Vir- 
ginia and  Eastern  Ohio,  and  a  descendant  of 
early  settlers,  seafaring  men,  of  Gloucester, 
Mass.  His  mother,  a  native  of  that  portion  of 
Virginia  now  included  in  the  State  of  West 
Virginia,  was  a  descendant  of  Robert  Brown, 
a  native  of  Scotland,  and  an  early  Virginia 
colonist.  The  future  Senator  was  the  second 
in  a  family  of  five  children :  three  sons  and 
two  daughters.  He  was  graduated  at  the  West 
Virginia  University  in  1876;  then  taught 
school  in  Sandwich,  111.,  and  elsewhere,  and 
later  studied  law  with  his  uncle,  John  J. 
Brown,  of  Morgantown,  W.  Va.  After  an- 
other winter  as  principal  of  the  high  school 
at  Sandwich,  111.,  accompanied  by  his  brother 
Robert,  he  went  West  to  seek  his  fortune  in 
the  spring  of  1878.  He  located  in  the  embryo 
city  of  Fort  Dodge,  la.,  where  he  was  admitted 
to  the  bar,  and  as  the  junior  member  of  the 
firm  of  Dolliver  Bros,  began  the  practice  of 
law.  In  the  very  first  year  of  his  residence 
in  Fort  Dodge,  J.  P.  Dolliver  was  off'ered  and 
eagerly  improved  an  opportunity  to  show  his 
aptitude  in  political  discussion.  The  year 
1878  marked  the  high  tide  of  the  "greenback" 
movement.  The  resumption  of  specie  payments 
was  to  take  effect  on  1  Jan.,  1879,  and  this 
campaign  afforded  the  last  opportunity  for 
protest.  What  the  eff'ect  would  be  nobody 
could  predict.  In  this  exciting  contest  Dol- 
liver at  the  age  of  twenty  won  his  spurs  as 
a   champion    of    sound   money.      He    carefully 


read  from  the  "  Congressional  Record "  the 
history  of  the  legal-tender  acts  and  of  the 
bond  legislation  of  the  war  period,  with  every 
word  of  the  debates  in  Congress  bearing  upon 
them,  and  so  acquired  a  mastery  of  the  facts, 
in  controversy,  which,  together  with  his  knowl- 
edge of  economic  history  and  his  captivating 
wit  and  eloquence,  prepared  him  to  carry  the 
schoolhouses  by  storm.  It  was  the  training  he 
received  in  this  campaign,  with  the  vital  in- 
terest in  the  money  question,  which  was  then 
developed,  that  equipped  him  so  thoroughly 
to  deal  with  the  silver  question  when  it  came 
on  some  fifteen  years  later.  The  contest  over 
the  "  greenback "  question,  like  the  contest 
over  the  silver  question,  was  a  very  stimulat- 
ing one  to  those  who  participated  in  it  with  an 
intelligent  understanding  of  all  that  was  in- 
volved. The  young  orator's  introduction  to 
the  outside  world  was  in  August,  1884,  when, 
as  temporary  chairman,  he  delivered  before  the 
Republican  State  Convention  of  Iowa  an  ad- 
dress, which  was  so  replete  with  humor,  con- 
densed logic,  and  stirring  appeal,  that  all  who 
listened  to  him,  and  saw  the  ovation  given 
him,  were  made  keenly  aware  of  the  fact  that 
a  new  force  had  come  into  Iowa  politics.  It 
was  one  of  Iowa's  great  political  gatherings. 
The  speech  was  a  severer  arraignment  of  the 
Democratic  party  and  of  its  candidates  than 
Dolliver  was  wont  to  indulge  in  in  later  years, 
when  his  acquaintance  with  the  opposition  be- 
came wider  and  his  view  of  men  and  issues 
became  broader.  Near  the  close  of  his  address, 
he  thus  eloquently  characterized  the  party  of 
his  choice :  "  Called  to  defend  the  national 
unity,  the  Republican  party,  out  of  the  wrath 
and  malice  of  civil  strife,  gave  to  the  future  an 
undivided  country.  Called  to  protect  public 
liberty,  the  Republican  party  found  the  slave 
power  seated  on  all  the  thrones  of  office  and 
opinion,  and  left  it  smitten  to  death  on  the 
field  of  battle,  without  a  friend  in  the  civilized 
world.  Called  to  restore  the  fallen  fortunes 
of  American  business,  it  has  put  the  shield 
of  American  law  between  the  homes  of  Amer- 
ican labor  and  the  mendicant  competition  of 
English  cities.  Called  to  preserve  the  com- 
mercial good  name  of  the  nation,  the  Repub- 
lican party  has  steadily  exalted  the  public 
faith  and  left  it  permanently  secure  from  the 
folly  of  politicians  and  the  threat  of  dema- 
gogues." In  closing  he  paid  eloquent  tribute 
to  Blaine — "the  scope  of  whose  faculties  is 
a  perfect  horizon, — a  man  who  knows  the  size 
of  the  nation — a  man  who  knows  the  history 
of  the  nation — a  man  who  knows  the  strength 
of  the  nation — a  man  who  knows  the  rights  of 
the  nation — a  man  who  comprehends  with  a 
serene  faith  the  mission  of  the  republic,  and 
its  sublime  destiny  in  the  midst  of  the  nations 
and  the  ages.  Not  in  vain  has  this  great 
State,  correct  in  its  judgments,  upright  in  its 
conscience,  laid  at  the  feet  of  Blaine  the  loyal 
tribute  of  its  aff'ections."  In  1886,  on  the 
insistence  of  many  friends  and  admirers  in 
the  Tenth  Iowa  District,  Dolliver  became  a 
candidate  for  the  Republican  nomination  for 
Congress.  Finally  on  the  188th  ballot  he  was 
defeated  for  this  nomination.  Two  years 
later,  however,  the  people  had  come  to  expect 
much  of  Dolliver.  By  common  consent  he  had 
come  to  be  recognized  as  the  preeminent 
orator  of  the  West — rich  as  it  was  in  orators. 


188 


'U(P^ 


DOLLIVER 


DOLLIVER 


Again  he  was  chosen  temporary  chairman  of 
the  Republican  State  Convention.  This  young 
apostle  of  progress  pictured  his  party  as 
"  turning  to  the  future  "  and  welcoming  "  the 
new  era  in  American  politics — an  era  of  peace, 
of  prosperity,  of  commercial  expansion,  of  in- 
dustrial development;  an  era  that  shall  eman- 
cipate labor,  that  shall  control  the  basis  of 
wealth,  that  shall  sanctify  citizenship,  that 
shall  protect  popular  education,  that  shall 
realize  in  the  mission  of  the  republic  all  the 
dreams  of  patriotism."  The  many  who  affec- 
tionately recall  this  eloquent  champion  of  the 
new  Republicanism  can  scarcely  read  these 
stirring  words,  charged  as  they  are  with  the 
electrifying  enthusiasm  of  hopeful  young  man- 
hood and  with  the  mysterious  force  which  a 
magnetic  voice  imparts  to  an  assemblage,  with- 
out feeling  again  the  thrill  with  which,  on 
many  occasions,  the  young  man's  eloquence 
was  wont  to  stir  their  souls.  Strong  as  the 
maturer  Dolliver  became  in  argument  and 
running  debate,  for  his  admiring  friends  he 
is  likely  to  remain  preeminent  as  a  conven- 
tion orator.  On  Monday,  2  Dec,  1889,  he  took 
his  seat  in  the  Fifty-first  Congress.  From  that 
time  until  the  year  1900 — when  Governor 
Shaw  appointed  him  U.  S.  Senator,  to  fill  out 
the  term  made  vacant  by  the  death  of  Senator 
Gear — Congressman  Dolliver  was  biennially  re- 
nominated by  his  political  and  personal 
friends  and  elected  without  effort  and  anxiety 
on  his  part.  Passing  over  the  numerous  tri- 
umphs of  the  young  lowan  on  the  floor  of  the 
House  of  Representatives  we  turn  to  his 
speech  on  the  American  Market  Place,  on  27 
Sept ,  1890.  He  emphasized  the  fact  that  the 
time  had  come  when  the  corn  country  and  the 
wheat  country  had  as  much  to  say  about  the 
tariff  as  the  cities  and  villages  of  Massachu- 
setts ;  that  Congress  had  begun  to  feel  the  new 
influence  of  the  American  farm.  He  concluded 
his  array  of  figures  with  an  outburst  of  elo- 
quence, declaring  the  real  anarchist  of  the  time 
was  "  the  bloodless  spirit  of  wealth  acquired 
without  conscience."  It  should  be  the  work 
of  every  patriot  to  save  the  American  market 
place  for  the  legitimate  business  of  the  Amer- 
ican people."  His  best  opportunities  for  pub- 
lic service  on  the  tariff  question  came  later. 
In  January,  1894,  Mr.  Dingley  made  his  great 
speech  against  the  Wilson  Tariff  Bill.  Springer 
was  the  Democrat  chosen  to  answer  Dingley. 
Dolliver,  now  regarded  as  Dingley's  right-hand 
man  in  debate,  was  drafted  for  reply  to 
Springer.  On  15  Jan.  he  took  the  floor  and, 
in  the  longest  speech  of  his  career  to  that 
time,  followed  the  Illinois  Representative  step 
by  step,  leaving  little  to  be  said  on  either  side. 
The  speech  was  an  elaborate  and  powerful 
plea,  interspersed,  here  and  there,  with  the  wit 
which  with  Dolliver  was  irrepressible.  Dol- 
liver's  great  speech  in  Congress  on  the  unlim- 
ited coinage  of  silver  was  made  on  12  Feb., 
1896.  This  speech,  with  accompanying  charts, 
was  used  extensively  as  a  campaign  document 
in  the  epoch-making  presidential  campaign  of 
1896.  He  had  a  positive  genius  for  divesting 
the  most  involved  public  questions  of  their 
impedimenta  of  facts  and  figures,  and  repre- 
senting them  as  general  propositions.  In  one 
of  his  many  anti-silver  speeches  in  the  cam- 
paign of  1896,  the  brilliant  young  Congress- 
man thus  crystallized  into  few  words  the  whole 


of  his  argument :  "  I  cannot  believe  it  possible 
that  the  American  people  will  vote  again  to 
put  the  world  in  doubt  as  to  the  meaning  of 
the  word  dollar  or  as  to  the  purpose  or  inten- 
tion of  the  American  people  to  maintain  the 
integrity  of  their  existing  contracts."  On  4 
Dec,  1900,  the  venerable  Senator  Allison,  with 
much  satisfaction  and  pride,  presented  the 
credentials  of  his  young  friend  and  political 
protege,  escorting  Mr.  Dolliver  to  the  Vice- 
President's  desk,  where  the  oath  was  admin- 
istered which  marked  the  commencement  of 
another,  and  as  it  proved  the  last,  chapter  in 
the  history  of  Jonathan  P.  Dolliver's  remark- 
able career.  In  the  heated  debate  on  the  civil 
government  of  the  Philippine  Islands,  early  in 
May,  1902,  Senator  Dolliver  bore  a  conspicu- 
ous part  as  defender  of  the  army  from  charges 
of  wanton  cruelty.  In  the  course  of  a  running 
fire,  the  Iowa  Senator  brought  into  action  his 
reserves  of  sarcasm  and  irony,  to  the  serious 
discomfiture  of  the  opposition.  The  charges 
were  indignantly  met  by  him.  All  the  fire  of 
his  earlier  years  came  out  in  these  burning 
words:  "And  in  after  years,  when  nations 
more  robust,  moved  by  other  motives,  have 
taken  up  the  burden  which  was  greater  than 
our  strength,  we  will  ask  permission  to  go 
back  to  the  harbor  where  our  volunteers  first 
heard  the  cheers  of  Admiral  Dewey's  squadron, 
to  gather  up  the  ashes  of  our  dead — the  poor 
boys  who  had  faith  enough  in  their  country 
to  give  their  names  to  its  enlisted  regiments, 
to  follow  its  officers  with  a  soldier's  reverence, 
and  to  die,  if  need  be,  in  its  service.  If  such 
an  experience  should  come  to  us  within  my 
lifetime  I  hope  to  be  spared  the  humiliation 
of  recalling  one  word  uttered  here  or  anywhere 
that  would  warrant  the  surviving  comrades 
of  these  men  in  reproaching  me  for  having 
passed  judgment  upon  them  without  hearing 
the  evidence,  without  knowing  tlie  circum- 
stances by  which  they  were  surrounded,  the 
provocation  by  which  they  were  inflamed,  and 
the  military  necessities  under  which  they 
obeyed  their  orders."  In  the  last  two  great 
debates  of  1906  and  1908,  Senator  Dolliver 
was  a  recognized  leader.  The  Railroad  Rate 
Bill,  known  as  the  Hepburn  Act,  was  passed 
by  the  Senate  on  18  May,  1906,  by  a  vote  of 
seventy-one  to  three,  fifteen  not  voting,  and 
so  the  long,  tedious,  nerve-racking,  health- 
breaking  debate  of  nearly  four  months'  dura- 
tion resulted  in  a  victory — one  of  the  most 
far-reaching  legislative  reforms  in  the  history 
of  American  legislation.  In  the  Sixty-first 
Congress,  Senator  Dolliver  bore  a  conspicuous 
part  in  the  memorable  tariff  debate.  He  pro- 
posed to  tell  the  American  people  exactly  what 
was  going  on  in  Congress.  He  noti lied  all  in- 
terested persons  that  he  had  no  intention  of 
leaving  the  Republican  party.  Nor  did  lie 
intend,  he  declared,  however  brief  liis  public 
service  might  be  in  consequence,  to  sit  in  the 
Senate  Chamber  without  endoav<)riii<r  to  repre- 
sent his  people  and  defend  their  interests.  He 
would  ask  "no  licen.se,  even  from  tlio  most 
accommodating  political  lioldiii"?  ("onijjanies." 
He  was  born  a  Ropuhlican  "down  anion^'  tlie 
loyal  mountains  of  ^Mr(?inia."  lie  tli()n<j:lit  he 
knew  what  the  articles  of  faith  were.  "We 
liave  sometimes  lived  in  very  hninhh'  houses, 
but  we  have  never  lived  in  a  house  so  small 
that   there   was   not   room   over   its   walls   for 


189 


DOLLIVER 


DOLLIVER 


the  pictures  of  the  mighty  men  wlio  in  other 
generations    led    it   to   victory;    and    now   my 
own  children,"  he  added  with  a  touch  of  ten- 
derness   which    moved    strong    men    to    tears, 
"  are  coming  to  years,  and  are  looking  upon 
the  same  benignant,  kindly  faces,  as  I  teach 
them  to  repeat  the  story  of  our  heroic  age  and 
to  recite  all  the  blessed  legends  of  patriotism 
and  liberty.     And,"  he  added,  "  it  is  going  to 
be  a  very  difficult  thing  to  get  me  to  abandon 
the    Kepublican    party."     Again,   he   added    a 
personal  note,  recalled  by  many  after  his  de- 
cease: •'  1  have  had  a  burdensome  and  toilsome 
experience    in    public   life,   now   these   twenty- 
live  years.    I  am  beginning  to  feel  the  pressure 
of   that   burden.     I   do   not   propose   that   the 
remaining  years  of  my  life,  whether  they  be 
in  public  alTairs  or  in  private  business,  shall 
be  given  up  to  a  dull  consent  to  the  success 
of   these   conspiracies,   which   do   not   hesitate 
before   my   very   eyes   to   use   the   law-making 
power,  ...  to  multiply  their  own  profits  and 
to  fill  the  market  places  with  witnesses  of  their 
avarice    and    greed."      He    had    no    prejudice 
against     corporations.       He     attributed     the 
world's  industrial  progress  to  the  law  of  cor- 
porations,   but   he    was    eternally   opposed    to 
monopolies.     In    conclusion    he    indulged    in 
prophecy.    He  proposed  to  fight  monopoly  and 
to  fight  it  as  a  Republican,  and  he  expected 
to  find  his  party  interested  in  the  fight.    "  For 
the  day  is  coming,"  he  said,  "  it  is  a  good  deal 
nearer  than  many  think — when  a  new  sense  of 
justice,    new    inspirations,    new   volunteer    en- 
thusiasm for  good  government  shall  take  pos- 
session of  the  hearts  of  all  our  people.     The 
time   is   at  hand   when   the   laws   will   be   re- 
spected by  great  and  small  alike;  when  fabu- 
lous   millions    piled,    hoard    upon    hoard,    by 
cupidity  and  greed,   and   used  to  finance  the 
ostentations  of  modern  life,  shall  be  no  longer 
a  badge  even  of  distinction,  but  of  discredit 
rather,  and  it  may  be  of  disgrace;  a  good  time 
coming  when  this  people  shall  so  frame  their 
statutes  as  to  protect  alike  the  enterprises  of 
rich   and   poor   in   the  greatest  market   place 
which  God  has  ever  given  to  His  children,  and 
when   the   rule   of  justice,   entrenched    in   the 
habits  of  the  whole  community,  will  put  away 
all  unseemly  fears  of  panic  and  disaster  when 
the  enforcement  of  the   laws  is  suggested  by 
the  courts.     It  is  a  time  nearer  than  we  dare 
to  think.     A  thousand  forces  are  making  for 
it.     It  is  the  fruitage  of  these  Christian  cen- 
turies,   the    fulfillment    of    the    prayers    and 
dreams  of  the  men  and  women  who  have  laid 
the  foundations  of  the  commonwealth,  and  with 
infinite  sacrifice  maintained  these  institutions. 
I  would  have  the  old   Republican   party  free 
from  corrupt  influences,  emancipated  from  sor- 
did  leadership,  order  the   forward   movements 
which  are  to  carry  to  completion  the  labors 
of    other   generations   for   the   welfare   of   the 
people  of  the  United  States."     And  with  this 
hopeful  view  of  the  future  the  congressional 
career  of  Jonathan  P.  Dolliver  grandly  closed. 
He  died  but  a  few  months  later.     One  of  the 
most  beautiful  tributes  to  his  memory,  a  cor- 
rect estimate  of  his  work  and  character,,  ap- 
peared in  a  magazine  article  in  September,  1912 : 
"  It  does  injustice  to  none  to  say  that  there 
was  but  one  Dolliver  in  the  generation  in  which 
he  made  his  record  of  public  service.     When 
he  died  he  was  the  acknowledged  leader  within 


the  Republican  party.  The  great  things  of 
which  Dolliver  was  so  great  a  part,  when  they 
were  yet  small,  have  moved  on  and  on.  VVe 
have  not  got  far  enough  away  from  their  be- 
ginnings to  realize  what  a  heroic  figure  he 
was,  as  he  stood  in  the  senatorial  forum  but 
three  short  years  ago,  defying  the  agents 
of  privilege  and  *  regularity,'  warning  them 
that  they  had  entered  upon  a  course  in  which 
the  nation  could  not  and  would  not  follow 
them.  He  knew  that  the  vast  majority  of 
the  party  were  with  him  in  sentiment  and 
sympathy;  he  had  confidence  that,  in  due  time, 
that  fact  would  declare  itself,  and  he  would  be 
vindicated.  The  first  awakening  came  to  him 
in  1906,  when  he  assumed  congressional  leader- 
ship of  the  movement  for  strengthening  the 
interstate  commerce  laws.  He  found  the 
powers  of  party,  of  capitalized  privilege,  not 
only  in  his  own  party,  but  in  the  opposition, 
hostile  lo  that  movement.  He  began  to  won- 
der, to  surmise,  to  contemplate  the  possibilities 
in  such  a  situation;  and  by  dint  of  a  mag- 
nificent fight,  the  needed  legislation  was  at  last 
passed,  and  to  Dolliver  it  seemed  for  the  mo- 
ment a  vindication  of  his  theory  that  his  own 
party  could  be  trusted  to  meet  any  emergency 
of  public  service.  Following  closely  upon  this 
came  the  experience  of  the  tariff  session  of 
1909.  He  could  not  at  this  time  bring  the 
ruling  coterie  to  accept  his  views.  Week  after 
week,  month  after  month,  of  that  session,  Dol- 
liver and  the  little  host  that  gathered  at  his 
back  fought  for  concession  and  gained  none. 
Then  it  was  that  he  at  last  formed  his  pur- 
pose. The  party  to  which  he  had  given  his 
career  must  be  reformed — from  within.  That 
was  the  message  he  gave  the  country  in  his 
last  public  utterances.  He  used  all  he  pos- 
sessed of  eloquence,  of  sarcasm,  invective, 
irony,  appeal,  to  win  a  following  among  the 
people  in  Congress  and  out.  He  came  up  to 
leadership  almost  in  a  day.  '  Here  is  our  real 
leader,'  the  country  first  vaguely  felt,  then 
began  to  say  aloud.  '  Had  he  lived,  he  would, 
in  all  human  probability,  have  been  the  Re- 
publican nominee,  this  year,  for  the  presidency.' 
The  public  would  have  demanded  him;  the 
organization,  weakened  and  fearful,  would  have 
yielded.  He  would  have  been  nominated,  the 
party  would  have  substantially  united  at  his 
back,  and  he  would  have  led  it  to  higher 
planes,  to  nobler  purposes  of  true  usefulness 
than  it  has  known  in  many  years.  Just  on 
the  eve  of  this  magnificent  opportunity  that 
almost  everybody,  better  than  he,  saw  opening 
to  him,  death  came  and  ended  it  all.  He  gave 
up  his  life  and  the  brilliant  prospect  of  a 
triumphant  climax  to  his  career,  in  his  devo- 
tion to  what  he  believed  the  duty  of  the  hour. 
He  did  more  than  any  other  man  to  make  the 
forward  movement  the  power  it  now  has  be- 
come in  this  nation;  and  he  offered  himself 
as  the  richest  sacrifice  that  was  laid  on  its 
altar.  As  truly  as  ever  a  soldier  in  the 
trenches,  he  gave  his  life  for  his  country." 
Senator  Dolliver  married  20  Nov.,  1895,  Mary 
Louise,  daughter  of  George  Read  Pearsons,  of 
Fort  Dodge,  la.,  a  native  of  Vermont  and  a 
prominent  railroad  builder.  Mrs.  Dolliver  is 
a  graduate  of  Wellesley  College  (B.A.,  1889). 
They  had  two  daughters,  Margaret  Eliza  and 
Frances  Pearsons,  and  one  son,  Jonathan  P. 
Dolliver,  Jr. 


190 


PARK 


PARK 


PAEE,  Roswell,  surgeon,  b.  in  Pomfret, 
Conn.,  4  May,  1852;  d.  in  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  15 
Feb.,  1914,  son  of  Roswell  and  Mary  Brewster 
(Baldwin)  Park.  Through  both  his  mother 
and  his  father  he  is  descended  from  Elder 
Brewster,  of  the  "  Mayflower."  His  father, 
a  graduate  of  West  Point,  who  served  for 
some  years  as  an  officer  in  the  engineer  corps, 
U.  S.  army,  later  became  professor  of  chemis- 
try and  natural  philosophy  at  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania,  resigning  this  position  to 
take  orders  in  the  Episcopal  Church:  he  was 
the  founder  of  Racine  College,  Racine,  Wis., 
and  its  president  from  1852  to  1859.  When 
scarcely  three  years  of  age  the  younger  Ros- 
well Park  lost  his  mother,  and  was  sent  to 
live  with  his  uncle,  Dr.  Lewis  Williams,  at 
Pomfret.  So  it  chanced  that  his  boyhood  was 
largely  spent  in  his  New  England  birthplace, 
for  he  remained  with  his  uncle  until  he  was 
nine  years  of  age.  During  this  period  he  re- 
ceived private  tuition,  and  on  his  return  to 
Racine  was  for  two  years  a  pupil  at  the  gram- 
mar school  connected  with  the  college.  He 
then  removed  with  his  father  to  Chicago,  and 
was  a  student  at  Immanuel  Hall,  where  he  re- 
mained until  his  father's  death  in  1869.  He 
then  entered  Racine  College,  and  was  grad- 
uated in  1872  with  the  degree  of  B.A.  For 
one  year  thereafter,  he  taught  at  Immanuel 
Hall,  the  scene  of  his  father's  final  activities, 
where  he  had,  as  a  mere  boy,  often  assisted 
him  in  chemical  demonstrations  in  the  labora- 
tory. At  the  same  time  he  entered  the  medi- 
cal department  of  Northwestern  University, 
where  he  was  graduated  in  1876  with  the  de- 
gree of  M.D.  His  first  professional  service 
was  as  interne  and  house  physician  at  the 
Cook  County  Hospital,  where  he  devoted  all 
available  time  to  visiting  other  hospitals  and 
to  work  in  morbid  anatomy.  Having  com- 
pleted this  period  of  practical  experience,  he 
began  his  medical  teaching,  in  1879,  as  demon- 
strator of  anatomy  at  the  Women's  Medical 
College  of  Chicago.  The  following  year  he  be- 
came adjunct  professor  of  anatomy  in  the 
medical  department  of  Northwestern  Uni- 
versity, which  position  he  held  for  three  years, 
then  resigned  to  study  in  Europe.  On  his  re- 
turn, in  1882,  he  was  made  lecturer  on  sur- 
gery in  Rush  Medical  College  and  attending 
surgeon  at  the  Michael  Reese  Hospital,  in 
Chicago.  In  the  following  year  the  chair  of 
surgery  in  the  medical  department  of  the 
University  of  Buffalo  was  made  vacant  through 
the  retirement  of  Edward  M.  Moore  and  the 
disability  of  his  colleague,  Julius  F.  Miner. 
An  appointment  to  fill  the  vacancy  was  of- 
fered to  Dr.  Park,  who  thus  came  to  the  scene 
of  what  was  to  be  his  life's  work.  Shortly 
afterward  he  was  also  made  surgeon  to  the 
Buffalo  General  Hospital  and,  eventually,  sur- 
geon-in-chief. As  a  surgeon  Dr.  Park  ranked 
with  the  foremost  of  the  country.  But  he  was 
something  infinitely  more  than  a  skillful  sur- 
gical operator.  For  he  combined  within  him 
those  two  qualities  which  so  rarely  go  to- 
gether: great  ability  and  knowledge,  and  the 
capacity  to  impart  this  knowledge  and  to 
transmit  this  ability  to  others.  This  made 
him  a  great  teacher.  Nor  was  teaching  con- 
fined to  the  lecture  platform  or  the  class- 
room. He  was  also  a  brilliant  writer;  he 
could  impart  his  knowledge,  the  results  of  his 


researches  and  his  thought,  quite  as  lucidly 
by  means  of  the  written  word  as  by  means  of 
speech.  Dr.  Park  began  his  career  as  a  teacher 
at  the  same  time  that  the  science  of  medicine 
was  being  revolutionized  by  the  researches  and 
discoveries  of  Pasteur  and  Lister.  Previously 
surgery  had  been  handicapped  because  of  the 
danger  of  infection.  At  that  time  an  opera- 
tion, even  of  the  simplest  nature,  was  always 
a  last  resort.  A  compound  fracture  of  a  limb 
usually  meant  the  loss  of  that  limb  and 
frequently  death,  while  every  opening  into 
a  joint  was  almost  certainly  fatal.  But  with 
the  discoveries  of  Pasteur  and  Lister  came  a 
knowledge  of  the  principles  of  antisepsis. 
The  result  was  that  surgery  took  a  new  place 
in  the  science  of  medicine.  It  is  the  nature  of 
all  men  to  accept  great  and  sudden  changes 
with  reluctance,  and  surgeons  are  by  no  means 
less  subject  to  this  spirit  of  conservatism  than 
others.  In  the  natural  course  of  things  it 
would  probably  have  been  years  before 
the  rank  and  file  of  the  profession  would 
have  accepted,  or  at  least  have  prac- 
ticed, the  great  principles  of  antisepsis.  Of 
those  few  who  saw  immediately  the  full  signif- 
icance of  the  great  discoveries  and  their  rela- 
tion to  practical  surgery,  one  of  the  foremost 
was  Dr.  Park.  Exerting  all  his  influence  and 
energy,  he  set  about  instituting  this  radical 
change  in  the  practice  of  surgery,  not  only  in 
Buffalo,  within  the  radius  of  his  immediate 
personality,  but  throughout  the  country.  Nor 
was  there  a  medical  center  in  the  United 
States  which  did  not  respond  to  his  efforts. 
Today,  of  course,  antisepsis  is  not  only  ac- 
cepted, but  practiced,  by  the  humblest  country 
physician  or  surgeon.  But  this  progressive 
spirit  was  characteristic  of  Dr.  Park,  and  it 
is  entirely  due  to  it  that  the  Buffalo  Hospital 
and  the  College  of  Medicine  of  the  Buffalo 
University  rank  among  the  first  of  their  kind 
in  the  country,  illustrated  by  the  fact  that  it 
was  here  that  the  first  campaign  against 
cancer  was  begun  and  led  to  the  establish- 
ment, in  1913,  of  the  New  York  Institute  for 
the  Study  of  Malignant  Diseases.  As  a 
writer  on  medical  subjects  Dr.  Park  was  ex- 
tremely prolific.  His  "  Modern  Surgery  '* 
(1907)  still  stands  as  the  most  complete  one- 
volume  work  on  surgery  issued  in  this  coun- 
try. His  "Miitter  Lectures"  (1892),  con- 
sisting of  a  course  of  lectures  delivered  at 
the  College  of  Physicians  in  Philadelphia,  did 
more  to  place  the  correct  pathology  of  surgical 
disease  before  the  American  profession  than 
any  other  publication  of  its  time.  He  edited 
and  wrote  part  of  "  A  Treatise  on  Surgery  by 
American  Authors"  (1896),  and  saw  it  run 
through  three  editions.  He  was  also  the 
author  of  "  An  Epitome  of  the  History  of 
Medicine "  based  on  a  course  of  lectures  de- 
livered during  1894  at  the  University  of  Buf- 
falo, which  constituted  the  first  attempt  in 
the  medical  schools  of  this  country  to  give 
systematic  instruction  in  tlie  liiatory  of  the 
science  which  they  teach.  His  monographs  in 
professional  journals  and  his  articles  number 
nearly  two  hundred.  That  Dr.  Park's  abilities 
were  recognized  by  his  contemporaries  is  evi- 
dent from  the  honors  that  were  showered  on 
him.  At  various  times  he  was  president  of 
the  American  Surgical  Association,  of  the 
American    Association    for    the    Advancement 


191 


PRATT 


PRATT 


of  Science,  the  Medical  Society  of  the  State 
of  New  York,  the  Buffalo  Academy  of  Medi- 
cine, and  of  the  Univeraity  and  Liberal  Clubs. 
He  was  the  chairman  of  the  American  Com- 
mittee of  the  International  Society  of  Surgery, 
and  for  years  was  a  member  of  the  French, 
German,  and  Italian  Surgical  Societies. 
President  Roosevelt  appointed  him  a  member 
of  the  Board  of  Visitors  at  West  Point  and 
made  him  an  officer  of  the  Medical  Reserve 
Corps.  He  was  one  of  the  surgeons  attend- 
ing on  President  McKinley  after  he  had  been 
wounded  by  the  assassin's  bullet  at  the  Buf- 
falo Kxposition,  in  1901.  Honorary  degrees 
were  awarded  him  by  Yale,  Harvard,  and  Lake 
Forest  Universities.  In  1880  Dr.  Park  mar- 
ried Martha  P.  Durkee,  of  Chicago,  who  died 
in  1800.  They  had  two  sons:  Julian  and  Ros- 
well   Park,  Jr. 

PRATT,  Charles,  merchant  and  philanthro- 
pist, b.  in  Watertovvn,  Mass.,  2  Oct.,  1830;  d. 
in  New  York  City,  4  May,  1891,  son  of  Asa 
and  Eliza  (Stone)  Pratt.  His  father,  a  suc- 
cessful cabinet-maker,  was  descended  from 
John  Pratt,  a  native  of  Maiden,  Essex  County, 
England,  through  Richard  Pratt;  John  and 
Mary  Pratt;  Thomas  and  Lydia  (Lynde) 
Pratt ;  Thomas  and  Sarah  ( Symms )  Pratt ;  and 
Jacob  and  Phoebe  (Jenkins)  Pratt.  Charles 
Pratt  was  one  of  a  large  family  and  at  the 
age  of  ten  went  to  work  on  a  neighbor's  farm, 
attending  the  country  school  during  the  winter 
months.  His  schooling  was  much  interrupted, 
and  at  the  age  of  thirteen  he  obtained  a  posi- 
tion as  clerk  in  a  grocery  store  in  Boston, 
Mass.,  where  he  remained  one  year.  Subse- 
quently he  apprenticed  himself  to  a  machinist 
in  Newton,  Mass.  When  he  had  accumulated 
a  few  hundred  dollars  he  entered  Wilbraham 
Academy,  near  Springfield,  Mass.,  where  he 
studied  for  three  winters.  In  1840  he  accepted 
a  position  as  clerk  in  the  office  of  a  firm  deal- 
ing in  paints  and  oils  in  Boston.  Two  years 
later  he  moved  to  New  York  City,  entered  the 
employ  of  Schenck  and  Downing,  dealers  in  oils, 
paints,  and  glass,  at  108  Fulton  Street.  Three 
years  later  he  became  associated  with  C.  T. 
Raynolds  and  F.  W.  Devoe  in  the  firm  of 
Raynolds,  Devoe  and  Pratt,  and  remained  with 
them  thirteen  years.  Having  early  recog- 
nized the  possibilities  of  the  manufacture  and 
sale  of  illuminating  oils  from  crude  petroleum, 
Mr.  Pratt  withdrew  from  his  firm,  taking  over 
the  petroleum  business,  and  organizing  with 
Henry  H.  Rogers  the  firm  of  Charles  Pratt  and 
Company.  He  began  the  refining  of  crude  oil 
in  a  large  factory  in  Greenpoint,  Brooklyn,  de- 
veloping from  it  many  valuable  by-products  at 
that  time  unknown.  His  "  Astral  Oil "  soon 
became  a  popular  commodity,  and  the  success 
of  the  business  naturally  led  to  Mr.  Pratt's 
becoming  associated  with  the  Standard  Oil 
Company  at  its  inception,  under  the  name  of 
the  Pratt  Manufacturing  Company.  Charles 
Pratt  and  Company  became  the  representative 
of  his  personal  investments.  In  the  later 
years  of  his  life  Mr.  Pratt  devoted  his  time 
to  the  development  of  educational  institutions 
in  Brooklyn.  He  did  not  forget  his  early 
struggles  for  an  education  nor  the  needs  of 
his  young  and  growing  children.  He  became 
interested  in  the  Adelphi  Academy  of  Brook- 
lyn and  later  was  elected  president  of  the 
board  of  trustees,  which  position  he  held  at 

192 


the  time  of  his  death.  He  contributed  liberally 
toward  increasing  the  usefulness  of  Adelphi, 
and  in  1886  gave  $160,000  for  a  new  school 
building,  with  which  the  present  structure  at 
Clifton  and  St.  James  Places  was  erected. 
Adelphi  Academy  now  accommodates  more 
than  1,000  pupils  and  furnishes  a  complete 
academic  training  for  children  between  the 
ages  of  six  and  eighteen  years.  His  generous 
interest  in  public  education  led  him  to  estab- 
lish, in  1887,  Pratt  Institute,  a  school  for  in- 
dustrial training.  The  first  class  was  organ- 
ized 16  Oct.,  1887,  and  numbered  twelve  pupils 
in  drawing.  In  1915  there  were  five  schools, 
as  follows:  Fine  and  Applied  Arts;  Household 
Science  and  Arts;  Science  and  Technology; 
Kindergarten  Training;  Library  Science.  The 
total  enrollment  of  students  for  the  year  1914- 
15  was:  in  the  day  classes  1,841  and  in  the 
evening  classes  1,779,  a  total  of  3,620.  The 
institute  offers  to  both  men  and  women  day 
and  evening  courses  in  a  wide  range  of  artistic, 
scientific,  and  domestic  subjects,  and  conducts 
normal  courses  in  three  of  its  schools.  The 
curriculum  provides  for  thorough  and  system- 
atic instruction,  producing  a  spirit  of  self- 
reliance  as  well  as  an  appreciation  of  the  value 
of  intelligent  manual  labor.  The  library, 
which  is  free  to  the  citizens  of  Brooklyn,  con- 
tains 109,000  volumes,  covering  all  of  the  gen- 
eral departments  of  literature,  while  in  the 
reading-room  are  to  be  found  more  than  400 
of  the  leading  American  and  English  periodi- 
cals. The  buildings,  thirteen  in  all,  situated 
on  Ryerson  Street  and  Willoughby  Avenue,  in 
Brooklyn,  are:  the  Main  Building,  the  Science 
and  Technology  Building,  the  Electrical  Build- 
ing, the  Chemistry  Building,  the  Machinery 
Building,  the  Household  Arts  Building,  the 
Practice  House,  the  Kindergarten  Building, 
the  Library,  the  Gymnasium,  the  Men's  Club 
House,  the  Women's  Club  House,  and  the  Rest 
House.  Connected  with  the  institute  are  also 
tennis  courts,  baseball  and  football  fields,  an 
athletic  track,  and  a  lunch  room  for  the  use 
of  students.  The  institute  has  been  liberally 
endowed  by  the  founder  and  by  his  sons  and 
grandsons,  who,  as  trustees,  administer  its 
affairs.  Mr.  Pratt  was  largely  interested  in 
the  housing  problem  of  the  city  and  was 
among  the  first  to  erect  a  model  tenement 
house,  known  as  "  The  Astral."  This  building, 
with  others,  smaller  but  of  an  equally  unique 
character,  was  given  by  him  as  a  portion  of 
the  Institute  endowment.  Mr.  Pratt  believed 
in  economy  and  thrift,  and,  to  encourage  peo- 
ple in  forming  these  habits,  he  established,  in 
1888,  The  Thrift,  a  system  of  saving  not  un- 
like many  of  the  mutual  building  and  co- 
operative savings  associations  in  this  country. 
The  Thrift,  organized  with  a  membership  of 
349  had,  in  1915,  a  total  of  8,701  members 
and  deposits  amounting  to  $4,287,755.52.  To- 
day this  savings  organization  occupies  a  solid 
position  among  the  financial  institutions  of 
Brooklyn.  A  man  of  large  resourcefulness 
and  superior  organizing  capacity,  Mr.  Pratt 
was  conspicuous  for  his  energy  and  prompt 
action  which  regarded  no  obstacles  as  insuper- 
able. His  great  success  as  a  merchant  was 
due  in  large  degree  to  his  wise  and  careful 
management  of  detail.  He  was  singularly 
modest,  reserved,  and  unassuming  in  manner, 
so  highly  he  was  esteemed  and  deeply  beloved. 


I 


^-A^u^.    jTHi^tt^ 


I 


ALDRICH 


ALDRICH 


as  few  men  have  been,  by  those  who  were  ac- 
quainted with  his  great  gifts  and  rare  char- 
acter. He  was  large-hearted,  thoroughly  un- 
selfish, broad-minded,  and  far-seeing.  At  the 
Founder's  Day  celebration  at  Pratt  Institute, 
2  Oct.,  1890,  shortly  before  his  death,  Mr. 
Pratt  said  in  an  address  before  the  students: 
"  The  world  will  estimate  your  ability,  and 
will  underestimate  the  value  of  your  work; 
will  be  exacting  of  every  promise  made  or  im- 
plied; will  be  critical  of  your  failings;  will 
often  misjudge  your  motives  and  hold  you  to 
strict  account  for  all  your  doings  ...  so  I 
would  give  you  a  word  of  cheer,  and  possibly 
I  cannot  do  better  than  to  impress  upon  you 
the  wise  counsel  of  an  ancient  sage  from  an- 
other race,  as  follows:  'You  do  not  live  for 
yourself.  If  you  live  for  yourself  you  shall 
come  to  nothing.  Be  brave,  be  just,  be  pure, 
be  true  in  word  and  deed.  Care  not  for  your 
enjoyment,  care  not  for  your  life,  care  only  for 
what  is  right.  So,  and  not  otherwise,  it  shall 
be  well  with  you.'  "  As  an  ardent  lover  of 
everything  that  is  good,  Mr.  Pratt  was  opti- 
mistic in  faith  and  devout  in  spirit,  and 
opened  his  soul  to  every  inspiration  that  en- 
riched life  and  incited  to  service  To  honor 
the  memory  of  his  father  he  established  the 
Asa  Pratt  Fund  for  a  reading-room  in  his 
native  town.  Mr.  Pratt  was  a  Baptist,  and 
for  many  years  was  president  of  the  board  of 
trustees  of  the  Emmanuel  Baptist  Church  in 
Brooklyn.  He  was  a  warm  friend  of  the 
Rochester  Theological  Seminary,  as  well  as  of 
the  Brooklyn  Bureau  of  Charities,  and  other 
local  institutions  of  a  philanthropic  character. 
Though  not  an  alumnus  of  Amherst  College, 
he  was  identified  with  her  life  and  welfare 
through  his  sons,  all  of  whom  are  graduates 
of  that  institution.  Through  his  son,  Charles 
M.,  he  assisted  the  college  in  the  erection  of 
the  gymnasium,  and  through  his  son,  Frederic 
B.,  he  gave  the  athletic  field.  Mr.  Pratt  was 
twice  married:  first  to  Lydia  Ann,  daughter 
of  Thomas  Richardson,  of  Belmont,  Mass.,  who 
died  in  August,  1861 ;  and  second  to  her  sister, 
Mary  Helen  Richardson.  By  his  first  mar- 
riage he  had  one  son,  Charles  M.  Pratt,  a  di- 
rector of  the  Standard  Oil  Company,  and  of 
several  other  large  corporations,  and  one 
daughter,  Lydia  Richardson  Pratt,  wife  of 
Frank  L.  Babbott,  of  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.  By 
the  second  marriage  he  had  five  sons:  Fred- 
eric B.,  George  D.,  Herbert  L.,  John  T.,  and 
Harold  I.  Pratt;  and  one  daughter,  Helen  F 
Pratt,  wife  of  Ernest  B.  Dane,  of  Boston,  Mass 
ALDRICH,  Thomas  Bailey,  author,  b.  in 
Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  11  Nov.,  1836;  d.  in  Boston, 
Mass.,  19  March,  1907.  He  was  the  only  child 
of  Elias  Taft  and  Sarah  Abba  (Bailey)  Al- 
drich  His  ancestry,  on  both  his  father's  and 
mother's  sides,  was  of  the  best  colonial  stock 
and  embraced  the  Stanleys,  Pickerings, 
Adamses,  Thayers,  Putnams,  Cogswells,  and 
Rolfes.  Aldrich  himself,  with  characteristic 
quaintness  and  humor,  says  of  his  ancestry: 
"  I  could  boast  of  a  long  line  of  ancestors, 
buU  won't.  They  are  of  no  possible  benefit  to 
me,  save  it  is  pleasant  to  think  that  none  of 
them  were  hanged  for  criminals  or  shot  for 
traitors,  but  that  many  of  them  are  sleeping 
Bomewhere  near  Bunker  Hill.  .  .  My  genea- 
logical tree,  you  will  observe,  grew  up  some 
time   after   the   Flood   with   other   vegetation. 


o^.Ql^X 


I  will  spare  myself,  this  warm  day,  the  ex- 
ercise of  climbing  up  its  dead  branches  and 
come  down  to  one  of  the  lower  '  sprigs,'  but 
by  no  means  '  the  last  leaf  upon  the  tree.' " 
His  early  boyhood  was  passed  in  Louisiana, 
and  it  is  more  than  probable  that  from  the 
unusual  and  exotic  beauty  of  the  old  Creole 
city  of  New  Orleans  he  imbibed  those  impres- 
sions which  afterward  found  expression  in  the 
tropical  warmth  and  richness  of  many  of  his 
poems.  When  he  was  thirteen  years  old  he  re- 
turned to  Portsmouth.  Whoever  is  familiar  with 
that  delightful 
idyl  and  classic 
of  boyhood  days, 
"The  Story  of  a 
Bad  Boy,"  will 
recognize  old 

Portsmouth  in  the 
place  called  "  Riv- 
ermouth "  in  the 
story.  Here,  in 
his  grandfather's 
home,  which  the 
poet  has  made 
known  to  thou- 
sands of  readers 
as  the  "  Nutter 
House,"  one  of 
those  comfortable 
colonial  struc- 

tures which  still 
abound  in  New 
England,  he  passed  the  years  that  he  has 
so  delightfully  chronicled  in  the  story  men- 
tioned. Even  then  he  was  a  reader  and 
dreamer,  and  dwelt  in  a  realm  populous  "  with 
the  folk  of  the  imagination."  He  has  named 
some  of  the  books  to  which  he  had  access  at 
that  period:  "Theodore,  or  the  Peruvians," 
"Robinson  Crusoe,"  an  odd  volume  of  "Tris- 
tram Shandy,"  "Baxter's  Saints'  Rest,"  and 
the  "  Arabian  Nights,"  with  six  hundred  wood- 
cuts by  Harvey.  "In  a  lidless  trunk  in  the 
garret,"  he  says,  "I  subsequently  unearthed 
a  motley  collection  of  novels  and  romances, 
embracing  the  adventures  of  Baron  Trenck, 
Jack  Sheppard,  Don  Quixote,  Gil  Bias,  and 
Charlotte  Temple — all  of  which  I  fed  upon  like 
a  bookworm."  He  began  a  course  of  study 
preparatory  to  entering  college,  but,  on  the 
death  of  his  father,  he  abandoned  it  to  enter 
the  counting-room  of  his  uncle,  Charles  Frost, 
in  New  York  City.  It  was  this  uncle  who  said, 
when  the  young  poet  told  him  that  Dr. 
Guernsey,  of  Harper's,  had  just  accepted  and 
paid  $15.00  for  one  of  his  poems,  "  Why  don't 
you  send  the  d — d  fool  one  every  day?"  From 
1852  to  1855  Mr.  Aldrich  worked  in  the  count- 
ing-room of  Mr.  Frost's  commission  house.  In 
the  latter  year  his  "Ballad  of  Babie  Bell" 
won  immediate  and  universal  favor;  he  struck 
a  note  that  awakened  an  instant  response  in 
the  popuh.r  heart.  In  the  final  year  of  his 
life  Mr.  Aldrich  wrote  concerning  this  poom: 
"  The  verses  were  written  when  I  was  very 
young,  and  later  I  have  wondered  at  finding 
here  and  there  among  the  obvious  crudities  a 
line  of  curious  significance  and  penetration. 
In  places  I  builded  better  than  I  knew.  In 
spite  of  the  popularity  of  the  piece,  I  have 
always  somewhat  doubted  its  quality,  perhaps 
because  the  verses  were  declined  by  all  the 
leading  magazines  of  the  country."    About  this 


193 


ALDRICH 


ALDRICH 


time  the  poet  severed  his  connection  with  his 
uncle's  counting-house,  and  became  first  a  proof- 
reader, then  a  reader  for  a  publishing-house. 
He  became  a  frequent  contributor  to  "  Put- 
nam's Magazine,"  the  '*  Knickerbocker,"  and 
the  weekly  papers,  and  afterward  to  the  New 
York  "  Evening  Mirror,"  upon  which  he  served 
as  the  junior  literary  critic.  In  1856  he  joined 
as  sub-editor  the  staff  of  the  New  York  "  Home 
Journal,"  then  under  the  management  of 
Willis  and  Morris,  with  whom  he  remained 
three  years.  In  an  early  letter  he  writes: 
"  I  had  no  idea  of  what  work  is  till  I  became 
•sub.'  I  have  found  that  reading  proof  and 
writing  articles  on  uninteresting  subjects,  '  at 
sight,'  is  no  joke.  The  cry  for  more  copy 
rings  through  my  ears  in  dreams,  and  hosts  of 
little  phantom  printer's  devils  walk  over  my 
body  all  night  and  prick  me  with  sharp- 
pointed  types.  Last  evening  I  fell  asleep  in 
my  armchair  and  dreamed  that  they  were 
about  to  put  me  *  to  press,*  as  I  used  to  crush 
flies  between  the  leaves  of  my  speller,  in  school- 
boy days."  He  now  began  to  foregather  with 
such  congenial  spirits  as  Bayard  Taylor,  the 
Stoddards,  Stedman,  William  Winter,  Edwin 
Booth,  Launt  Thompson,  and  the  magazine 
writers  and  journalists,  Henry  Clapp,  Jr.,  Ada 
Clare,  Fitz-Hugh  Ludlow,  George  Arnold,  and 
Fitz-James  O'Brien.  Among  the  older  writers 
whom  he  knew  were  N.  P.  Willis,  Gen,  George 
P.  Morris,  Fitz-Greene  Halleck,  Walt  Whitman, 
George  William  Curtis,  and  F.  S.  Cozzens.  He 
occasionally  attended  the  celebrations  of  the 
Bohemians  of  that  day  at  Pfaflf's  noted  place  in 
the  basement  of  647  Broadway.  When  the  paper 
called  the  "  Saturday  Press "  was  started  in 
1858,  Mr.  Aldrich  became  an  associate  editor 
of  the  new  periodical,  along  with  Fitz-James 
O'Brien  and  William  Winter.  Two  years  later 
the  paper  ceased  to  exist.  During  1860-61 
the  poet's  time  was  employed  in  the  writing 
of  verse  as  the  mood  impelled.  In  the  fall  of 
1861,  Mr.  Aldrich  went  to  the  front  as  a  war- 
correspondent  of  the  "  Tribune,"  and  was  at- 
tached to  General  Blenker's  division  of  the 
Army  of  the  Potomac.  He  had  many  and 
varied  experiences  in  the  field  which  afterward 
bore  fruit  in  his  stories  and  verse.  On 
1  Jan.,  1863,  Mr.  Aldrich  became  man- 
aging editor  of  the  "  Illustrated  News,"  a  post 
which  he  occupied  until  the  "  News "  came 
to  an  end  with  the  end  of  the  year.  Three 
events  occurred  in  the  autumn  of  1865  which 
were  of  no  little  moment  in  the  poet's  life: 
Ticknor  and  Fields  issued,  in  their  Blue  and 
Gold  series,  a  volume  of  his  collected  poems; 
he  was  engaged  to  edit  the  new  paper,  "  Every 
Saturday,"  which  was  to  be  issued  1  Jan., 
1866,  by  Ticknor  and  Fields;  and  he  was  mar- 
ried 28  Nov.  to  Miss  Lilian  Woodman,  of  New 
York.  In  November,  1905,  Mr.  Aldrich  wrote 
to  a  friend :  *'  Tomorrow  Lilian  and  I  shall 
have  been  married  forty  years.  Forty  happy 
years  with  only  one  great  sorrow.  How  many 
married  pairs  in  this  sad  world  can  say  as 
much?"  His  deepest  joys  and  most  vital  in- 
terests were  in  his  home;  and  in  the  faithful 
and  sympathetic  companionship  of  her  whom 
he  had  chosen  out  of  all  the  world  were  the 
richest  compensations  of  his  life.  Mr.  Aldrich 
received  his  first  important  recognition  from 
abroad  in  1866,  when  the  "  Athenaeum,"  for 
3    March   of    that   year,    compared   him   with 


Longfellow,  and  placed  him  in  "that  small 
band  of  American  poets  that  is  so  slowly  rein- 
forced." About  the  middle  of  September,  1868, 
occurred  the  birth  of  the  poet's  twin  sons, 
Charles  and  Talbot,  an  event  which  brought 
great  happiness  into  Mr.  Aldrich's  life.  Among 
the  noteworthy  prose-writers  of  America  Mr. 
Aldrich  long  since  came  to  occupy  a  unique 
and  honorable  place.  His  stories,  with  their 
exquisite  touches  of  subtle  humor  and  tender- 
ness, are  individual  and  inimitable.  In  the 
summer  of  1872  Mr.  Lowell  went  abroad  for 
two  years,  and  it  was  arranged  that  Mr. 
Aldrich  should  lease  "  Elmwood  "  during  Mr. 
Lowell's  absence.  Here  the  poet  found  him- 
self in  surroundings  peculiarly  agreeable  to 
one  of  a  sensitive  temperament  and  a  mind 
susceptible  to  the  suggestions  and  influences  of 
an  historic  and  beautiful  environment.  In  the 
autumn  of  1874  the  Aldrich  family  moved  to 
Ponkapog.  For  twenty  years  the  poet  had 
labored  as  an  editor.  He  was  now  secure  in  his 
position  as  one  of  the  most  charming  writers 
of  his  time  in  both  poetry  and  prose.  In  1875 
Mr  and  Mrs.  .Aldrich  sailed  from  New  York 
for  their  first  European  tour.  They  returned 
to  their  home  in  October  of  the  same  year,  and 
Mr.  Aldrich  took  up  his  pen  with  new  zest. 
Of  the  anxious  and  loving  care  which  he  be- 
stowed upon  his  work  his  owti  words  attest. 
He  writes:  "There  is  only  one  critic  I  stand 
greatly  in  dread  of;  he  becomes  keener  and 
more  exacting  every  month ;  he  is  getting  to  be 
a  dreadful  fellow  for  me,  and  his  name  is  T. 
B.  Aldrich  There  is  no  let-up  to  him."  A 
second  European  tour  was  begun  in  January, 
1879,  but  in  the  next  June  he  was  back  in  his 
home  at  Ponkapog  For  several  years  he  had 
written  almost  exclusively  for  the  "  Atlantic 
Monthly,"  when  in  March,  1881,  he  became 
its  editor,  serving  until  1890.  He  says:  "I 
accepted  the  post  only  after  making  a  thor- 
ough examination  of  my  nerve  and  backbone. 
I  fancy  I  shall  do  very  little  writing  in  the 
magazine  at  first.  I  intend  to  edit  it,  I  am 
lost  in  admiration  of  Ho  wells,  who  found  time 
to  be  a  novelist"  During  the  years  of  Mr. 
Aldrich's  editorship  of  the  "  Atlantic "  the 
high  standards  of  the  magazine  were  never 
lowered,  but  if  possible  its  excellence  was 
enhanced.  After  Mr.  Aldrich's  editorial  re- 
lease from  the  "  Atlantic,"  the  summers  of 
several  years  were  spent  in  travel  abroad 
In  1897  Mr.  Henry  L.  Pierce,  a  close  friend 
of  the  poet  for  many  years,  died  in  Boston, 
bestowing  by  his  will  a  considerable  legacy 
to  each  member  of  the  Aldrich  family.  On 
Christmas  Day,  1900,  the  elder  of  the  poet's 
twin  sons  was  married.  In  less  than  a  year 
afterward  he  was  seized  with  a  sudden  hem- 
orrhage of  the  lungs,  and  on  6  March,  1904, 
Charles'  Aldrich  died  in  his  thirty-sixth 
year.  Mr.  Aldrich  never  quite  recovered  from 
the  blow.  For  three  years  he  bore  the  sorrow, 
smiling  bravely  and  even  gaily  at  times,  but 
the  world  was  no  longer  to  him  what  it  had 
been.  On  19  March,  1907,  six  weeks  after 
he  had  been  subjected  to  a  serious  opera- 
tion, he  passed  from  earth,  saying  with  a 
smile,  "In  spite  of  all,  I  am  going  to  sleep; 
put  out  the  lights."  His  published  volumes 
of  poetry  are  "The  Bells"  (1855);  "The 
Ballad  of  Babie  Bell  and  Other  Poems'* 
(1856)  ;  "The  Course  of  True  Love  Never  Did 


I 


194 


.STsHi  -O^c^^X 


TRUDEAU 


TRUDEAU 


Run  Smooth"  (1858);  "Pampinea  and  Other 
Poems  "  ( 1861 )  ;  two  collections  of  "  Poems  " 
(1863  and  1865)  j  "Cloth  of  Gold  and  Other 
Poems"  (1874);  "Flower  and  Thorn;  Later 
Poems"  (1876);  an  edition  de  luxe  of  his 
"Lyrics  and  Sonnets"  (1880);  and  "Friar 
Jerome's  Beautiful  Book"  (1881).  His  prose 
works  are  "Daisy's  Necklace"  (1856);  "Out 
of  His  Head,  a  Romance  in  Prose"  (1862); 
"  Story  of  a  Bad  Boy,"  which  is  in  some  de- 
gree autobiographical  (1870)  ;  "  Marjorie  Daw 
and  Other  People,"  short  stories  (1873); 
"Prudence  Palfrey,"  a  novel  (1874);  "The 
Queen  of  Shcba,"  a  romance  of  travel  ( 1877 )  ; 
"The  Stillwater  Tragedy"  (1880);  "From 
Ponkapog  to  Pesth "  (1883);  "Mercedes" 
(1883).  His  other  writings  include:  "An 
Old  Town  by  the  Sea,"  "Unguarded  Gates," 
"Two  Bites  at  a  Cherry  and  Other  Tales," 
"Judith  and  Holofernes,"  "A  Sea  Turn  and 
Other  Matters,"  "The  Sisters'  Tragedy,"  and 
several  other  volumes.  He  was  honored  with 
the  degrees  A.M.  (1883),  and  L.H.D.  (1901) 
at  Yale;  and  A.M.  (1896)  at  Harvard.  He 
has  translated  from  the  French  B6dollierre's 
"  Story  of  a  Cat."  Complete  collections  of 
his  prose  writings  are  published  in  England, 
France,  and  Germany,  and  translations  of  two 
of  his  novels  and  several  of  his  short  stories 
have  appeared  in  the  "  Revue  des  Deux 
Mondes." 

TRUDEAU,  Edward  Livingston,  physician, 
and  founder  of  the  Adirondack  Cottage  Sani- 
tarium and  the  Saranac  Laboratory  for  the 
study  of  tuberculosis,  b.  in  New  York  City, 
5  Oct.,  1848;  d.  at  Saranac  Lake,  N.  Y.,  15 
Nov.,  1915.  His  great-grandfather,  Zenon 
Trudeau,  was  a  pioneer  navigator  of  the 
Mississippi  and  Missouri  Rivers,  governor  of 
the  Illinois  country,  and  a  prominent  leader 
of  the  French  settlers  who  traded  between  New 
Orleans  and  St.  Louis.  It  is  related  of  Gov. 
Zenon  Trudeau  that  while  sailing  down  the 
Mississippi  in  his  barge  from  St.  Louis  to 
New  Orleans  he  rescued  an  Osage  Indian  chief 
who  had  been  wounded  in  a  fight  with  a  rival 
tribe,  carried  him  to  his  plantation  and  had 
him  cared  for,  and  when  recovered  from  his 
injuries,  helped  him  to  get  back  to  his  wigwam 
and  friends  beyond  the  Missouri.  His  only 
reward  was  the  Indian's  last  words  on  part- 
ing: "Indian  never  forgets."  Gov.  Zenon 
Trudeau's  grandson,  James  Trudeau,  was  the 
father  of  Dr.  Edward  Livingston  Trudeau,  the 
bacteriologist  and  philanthropist.  Little  is 
known  of  his  early  life  except  that  he  was  a 
practicing  physician  in  New  Orleans  and  the 
probable  inheritor  of  his  grandfather's  planta- 
tions. He  was  evidently  an  adventurous 
hunter,  as  it  is  recorded  that  in  1840-41  he 
lived  with  the  Osage  Indians  and  adopted  their 
dress  and  customs.  He  had  already  accom- 
panied Fremont  in  his  expedition  to  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  and  on  the  return  of  the  party,  as 
they  passed  through  the  Osage  Indian  reserva- 
tion, the  fact  that  a  Trudeau  was  of  the  party, 
the  Indians  "  who  never  forget "  sent  young 
warriors  of  the  tribe  to  invite  him  to  their 
reservation.  He  remained  the  guest  of  the 
tribe  for  two  years,  learned  their  language, 
and  became  familiar  with  their  wild  life. 
Audubon,  who  was  also  with  Fremont's  ex- 
pedition, spent  some  time  with  the  tribe,  and 
hunted,  painted,  and  studied  ornithology  with 


Trudeau.  The  squaws  of  the  tribe  embroidered 
his  buckskin  costume,  and  Audubon  painted 
his  portrait  thus  arrayed.  On  returning  to 
New  Orleans,  Dr.  James  Trudeau  evidently 
gave  more  time  to  hunting  and  exploration  than 
to  his  profession.  He  was  married  in  New 
Orleans  to  Cephise,  only  daughter  of  Dr. 
FranQois  Eloi  Berger,  a  French  physician, 
whose  ancestors  also  had  been  physicians  for 
many  generations.  They  had  three  children, 
of  whom  Edward  Livingston  Trudeau  was  the 
youngest.  After  his  birth  the  father  and 
mother  separated,  the  father  taking  the  daugh- 
ter with  him  to  New  Orleans  and  the  mother 
and  her  two  sons  going  to  France  with  Dr. 
Berger  and  his  family.  Cephise  (Berger) 
Trudeau,  on  reaching  Paris,  obtained  a  di- 
vorce, and  married  Capt.  F.  E.  Chuff ort,  an 
ofl&cer  of  the  French  army.  They  resided  in 
Fontainebleau,  where  she  died  in  1900.  Mean- 
time, Dr.  James  Trudeau  married  as  his  second 
wife,  Marie  Bringier,  a  member  of  a  well- 
known  New  Orleans  family,  who  survived  him, 
and  died  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  in  1909  After 
her  death,  her  sister.  Miss  Felicie  Bringier, 
sent  to  Dr.  Trudeau  the  large  oil  painting  of 
his  father  in  Indian  hunting  costume  painted 
by  Audubon.  Dr.  James  Trudeau  served  on 
General  Jackson's  staff  at  the  battle  of  New 
Orleans;  was  a  representative  from  Louisiana 
in  the  U.  S.  Congress  ( 1823-29 )  ;  a  U.  S. 
Senator  (1829-31),  and  author  of  a  code  of 
laws  for  the  State  of  Louisiana.  He  was  also 
an  officer  in  the  Confederate  army.  After  the 
war  he  returned  to  New  Orleans  and  resumed 
the  practice  of  medicine,  which  he  continued 
for  a  few  years.  Edward  Livingston  Trudeau 
lived  with  his  mother  and  brother  in  France, 
after  he  was  three  years  old,  and  his  school 
training  was  entirely  in  the  French  language, 
principally  at  the  Lycee  Bonaparte,  Paris. 
They  lived  with  his  maternal  grandfather,  Dr. 
Berger,  in  the  Rue  Matignon,  just  off  the 
Champs  Elys6es.  Dr.  Berger  was  about  this 
time  decorated  by  the  emperor  with  the  Cross 
of  the  Legion  of  Honor.  After  the  close  of 
the  Civil  War  in  the  United  States  the  entire 
family  returned  to  New  York,  where  Dr. 
Berger  had  many  friends,  and  where  he  died 
1  Feb.,  1866.  His  widow  died  27  March,  1870. 
Young  Trudeau  took  up  the  study  of  medicine 
in  New  York  City,  and  was  graduated  M.D. 
at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in 
1871.  He  began  practice  at  Douglaston,  L.  I., 
but  later  removed  to  New  York  City,  where  he 
was  associated  in  1872  with  Dr.  Fessenden 
Nott  Otis.  He  was  obliged  to  go  to  the  Adi- 
rondack Mountain  region  in  1872  on  account 
of  threatened  pulmonary  trouble,  and  there 
founded  in  1884  the  Adirondack  Cottage  Sani- 
tarium for  the  treatment  of  incipient  pul- 
monary tuberculosis  in  workingmen  and 
women,  the  sanitarium  being  a  semi-charitable 
institution,  giving  board  and  treatment  at  less 
than  cost  to  people  who  could  not  otherwise 
afford  the  opportunity  of  a  restoration  to 
health  which  the  climate  and  treatment  made 
possible.  This  was  the  first  institution  in 
America  to  attempt  a  cure  by  tlie  climatic  and 
open-air  sanitarium  method.  The  institution 
extends  its  benefits  only  to  per.sons  of  mod- 
erate means  whose  lives  othor\vis(>  would  be 
sacrificed.  In  1894  lie  founded  the  vSaranac 
Laboratory  for  the  study  of  tuberculosis,  being 


196 


STEWART 


STEWART 


the  first  research  laboratory  for  the  purpose 
in  America.  The  laboratory  had  no  endow- 
ment and  was  supported  entirely  by  voluntary 
contributions  of  its  friends,  and  Dr.  Trudeau 
had  charge  of  both  the  sanitarium  and  lab- 
oratory up  to  the  time  of  his  death,  wlien  his 
work  was  continued  by  his  son,  Dr.  Francis 
Berger  Trudeau.  The  record  of  his  achieve- 
ment at  Saranac  has  been  written  by  his  own 
pen,  and  is  preserved  in  **  An  Autobiography 
by  Edward  Livingston  Trudeau,  M.D.,  Founder 
of  Saranac,  and  Pioneer  in  the  Open-Air 
Treatment  of  Tuberculosis,"  published  in  1916. 
To  give  any  adequate  synopsis  of  this  record 
of  forty  years'  struggle  against  tuberculosis 
and  the  founding  of  a  great  sanitarium  which 
began  for  the  first  time  the  open-air  treatment 
on  a  scientific  plan  would  be  an  impossible 
task  in  the  space  we  have  at  hand.  The  story 
of  this  man,  himself  afflicted  with  the  dread 
scourge,  is  a  document  of  intense  interest,  full 
of  human  kindness  and  devoted  to  a  great 
cause.  The  work  he  accomplished  under  so 
adverse  conditions  is  a  lesson  worthy  of  the 
most  careful  study.  Dr.  Trudeau  was  given 
the  honorary  degree  of  Master  of  Science  by 
Columbia  University  in  1899,  and  the  honorary 
degree  of  LL.D.  was  conferred  on  him  by 
McGill  University,  Montreal,  in  1904,  and  by 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1913.  He 
was  elected  a  member  of  the  Century  Associa- 
tion of  New  York  City  and  of  the  Union  Club 
of  New  York.  He  served  as  president  of  the 
Association  of  American  Physicians  in  1905 
and  of  the  National  Association  for  the 
Study  and  Prevention  of  Tuberculosis  the 
same  year.  He  was  also  made  a  member 
of  the  International  Association  of  Tubercu- 
losis, the  American  Climatological  Association, 
the  Association  of  Bacteriologists  and  Pathol- 
ogists, and  of  the  New  York  Academy  of 
Medicine.  He  was  made  an  honorary  fellow 
of  Phipps  Institute,  and  in  1910  he  was  presi- 
dent of  the  eighth  congress.  Dr.  Trudeau 
married  29  June,  1871,  Charlotte  Gordon, 
daughter  of  Rev.  Henry  M.  Beare,  of  Little 
Neck,  L  I.  They  had  one  daughter,  Charlotte, 
and  three  sons,  Edward  Livingston,  Jr.,  Henry 
Beare,  and  Francis  Berger  Trudeau,  the  last 
named  of  whom  has  continued  his  father's 
great  work  at  Saranac  Lake. 

STEWART,  Alexander  Turney,  merchant,  b. 
near  Belfast,  Ireland,  12  Oct.,  1802;  d.  in  New 
York,  10  April,  1876.  He  was  descended  from 
a  Scotch  emigrant  to  the  north  of  Ireland  and 
the  only  son  of  a  farmer,  who  died  when  he 
was  one  year  of  age.  His  mother  married 
again,  and  with  her  second  husband  left  for 
America.  Before  leaving  she  gave  to  young 
Stewart  an  Irish  "  spade "  Guinea  and  pre- 
dicted that  he  ^^ould  continue  to  accumulate 
money  so  long  as  he  retained  that  coin.  He 
then  went  to  live  with  his  grandfather,  and, 
upon  the  latter's  death,  he  resided  with  a  Mr. 
Lamb,  with  whom  he  had  a  most  meager  ex- 
istence. Soon  after,  he  went  to  the  home  of 
a  cousin,  Matthew  Morrow,  where  he  com- 
pleted his  elementary  schooling.  He  then  re- 
sumed his  studies  in  the  Ballemackin  School, 
near  Belfast,  and,  after  graduation,  taught 
school  in  a  barn  at  Noch,  which  was  loaned 
to  him,  rent  free,  for  the  purpose  by  David 
Morrow,  who  was  a  brother  of  Matthew  Mor- 
row.    It  was  not  long  before  he  accumulated 


sufficient  money  to  pay  his  passage  to  America, 
and,  in  the  summer  of  1818,  without  any 
definite  plans  for  the  future,  he  came  to  this 
country,  landing  in  New  London,  Conn.,  and 
later  made  his  way  to  New  York  City,  to  his 
mother,  Mrs.  Bell,  who  kept  a  second-hand 
furniture  store  in  Chatham  Square.  For  a 
time  he  was  employed  as  a  teacher  in  a  select 
school  kept  by  a  Mr.  Chambers,  after  whom 
Chambers  Street  was  named,  in  Roosevelt 
Street  near  Pearl,  then  one  of  the  fashionable 
localities  of  the  city.  Later,  when  he  was 
about  to  sail  for  Ireland,  to  receive  $3,000 
which  his  grandfather  had  left  him,  he  was 
advised  to  invest  the  money  in  Irish  laces 
and  linens,  which  he  did.  Only  two  stores  in 
New  York  at  this  time  handled  these  goods, 
and  both  proprietors  offered  Mr.  Stewart  ex- 
actly what  he  had  paid  for  them  in  Ireland, 
having  learned  evidently  all  particulars  of  his 
purchase.  This  was  not  agreeable  to  the 
young  merchant,  however,  and  he  determined, 
on  the  advice  of  Mr.  Chambers,  to  open  a  store 
at  283  Broadway,  for  which  he  paid  the  sum 
of  $250.00  per  year.  He  had  a  sleeping-room 
in  the  rear  of  his  shop,  and  under  these  hum- 
ble conditions  was  formed  the  germ  of  the 
most  extensive  and  lucrative  dry  goods  busi- 
ness in  the  world.  The  following  advertise- 
ment appeared  in  the  New  York  "  Daily  Adver- 
tiser," 2  Sept.,  1825:  "A.T.Stewart  offers  for 
sale  a  general  assortment  of  Fresh  Dry  Goods 
at  283  Broadway."  In  1826  he  removed  to  a 
larger  store  at  262  Broadway,  and  soon  after- 
ward he  again  removed  to  257  Broadway.  He 
displayed  a  genius  for  business,  met  with  re- 
markable success  from  the  first,  and,  in  1848, 
had  accumulated  so  much  capital  that  he  was 
enabled  to  build  the  large  marble  store  on 
Broadway  between  Chambers  and  Reade 
Streets,  which  afterward  was  devoted  to  the 
wholesale  branch  of  his  business.  In  1862  he 
erected  on  the  block  bounded  by  Ninth  and 
Tenth  Streets,  Broadway  and  Fourth  Avenue, 
the  five-story  iron  building  used  for  his  retail 
business.  This  was  said  to  be  the  largest 
retail  store  in  the  world  at  that  time.  Its 
cost  was  nearly  $2,750,000.  About  2,000  per- 
sons were  employed  in  the  building,  the  cur- 
rent expenses  of  the  establishment  were  more 
than  $1,000,000  a  year,  and  the  aggregate  of 
sales  in  the  two  stores  for  the  three  years 
preceding  his  death  amounted  to  about  $203,- 
000,000.  A  writer  in  the  New  York  "  Tribune  " 
at  the  time  stated  that  "  the  two  stores  at 
lower  and  upper  Broadway,  which  Mr  Stewart 
built,  are  the  proudest  monuments  of  com- 
mercial enterprise  in  the  country."  Besides 
these  two  vast  establishments,  Mr.  Stewart 
had  branch  houses  in  different  parts  of  the 
world,  and  was  the  owner  of  numerous  mills 
and  manufactories.  During  the  war  his  an- 
nual income  averaged  nearly  $2,000,000,  and, 
in  1869,  he  estimated  it  at  above  $1,000,000. 
In  1867  Mr.  Stewart  was  chairman  of  the 
honorary  commission  sent  by  the  United 
States  government  to  the  Paris  Exposition. 
In  March,  1869,  President  Grant  appointed 
him  Secretary  of  the  Treasury;  but  his  con- 
firmation was  prevented  by  an  old  law  which 
excludes  from  that  office  all  who  are  interested 
in  the  importation  of  merchandise.  The  Presi- 
dent sent  to  the  Senate  a  message  recommend- 
ing that  the  law  be  repealed  in  order  that 


196 


'rr,^  iy  Vi/'7:iiathrr  /v: 


7  (^.  (^^£^:^./ 

-t^3 ^ 


STEWART 


WEYERHAEUSER 


Mr.  Stewart  might  become  eligible  to  the  office, 
and  Mr.  Stewart  offered  to  transfer  his  enor- 
mous business  to  trustees  and  to  devote  the 
entire  profits  accruing  during  his  term  of 
office  to  charitable  purposes;  but  the  law  was 
not  repealed,  as  it  was  believed  that  Mr. 
Stewart's  proposed  plan  would  not  effectually 
remove  his  disabilities.  His  acts  of  charity 
were  numerous.  During  the  famine  in  Ireland 
in  1846  he  sent  a  shipload  of  provisions  to 
that  country,  and  gave  a  free  passage  to  as 
many  emigrants  as  the  vessel  could  carry  on 
its  return  voyage  to  this  country,  stipulating 
only  that  they  should  be  of  good,  moral  char- 
acter and  able  to  read  and  write.  After  the 
Franco-German  War  he  sent  to  France  a  ves- 
sel laden  with  flour,  and,  in  1871,  he  gave 
$50,000  for  the  relief  of  the  sufferers  by  the 
Chicago  fire.  He  had  an  aversion  toward 
photographs  of  himself,  although  he  had  one 
taken  in  Europe  several  years  before  his  death. 
This  fact  he  concealed  throughout  his  life- 
time, and  it  did  not  become  known  until  after 
his  death,  when  it  passed  into  the  possession 
of  John  McKee.  This  is  the  only  photograph 
ever  taken  of  Mr.  Stewg,rt.  When  Prince  Bis- 
marck sent  him  his  photograph  requesting 
that  of  Mr.  Stewart  in  return,  he  forwarded 
instead  a  draft  for  50,000  francs  for  the  bene- 
fit of  the  sufferers  by  the  floods  in  Silesia, 
as  he  would  not  permit  his  portraits  of  any 
description  to  be  made.  He  was  also  one  of 
the  largest  contributors  to  the  sum  of  $100,000 
presented  by  the  merchants  of  New  York  to 
Gen.  Ulysses  S.  Grant  as  an  acknowledgment 
of  his  great  services  during  the  Civil  War. 
At  the  time  of  his  death,  Mr.  Stewart  was 
completing,  at  the  cost  of  $1,000,000,  the  iron 
structure  on  Fourth  Avenue  between  Thirty- 
second  and  Thirty-third  Streets,  New  York, 
intended  as  a  home  for  working  girls.  He 
was  also  building  at  Hempstead  Plains,  L.  I., 
the  town  of  Garden  City,  the  object  of  which 
was  to  afford  to  his  employees  and  others  airy 
and  comfortable  houses  at  a  moderate  cost. 
Mr.  Stewart's  wealth  was  estimated  at  about 
$40,000,000.  His  real  estate  was  assessed  at 
$5,450,000,  which  did  not  include  property 
valued  at  more  than  $500,000  on  which  the 
taxes  were  paid  by  the  tenants.  He  had  no 
blood  relatives,  and  by  his  will  the  bulk  of  his 
estate  was  given  to  his  wife.  He  bequeathed 
$1,000,000  to  an  executor  of  the  will  appointed 
to  close  his  partnership  business  and  affairs. 
Many  bequests  were  made  to  his  employees  and 
to  other  persons.  He  left  a  letter,  dated  29 
March,  1873,  addressed  to  Mrs.  Stewart,  ex- 
pressing his  intention  to  make  provision  for 
various  public  charities,  by  which  he  would 
have  been  held  in  everlasting  remembrance, 
and  desired  her  to  carry  out  his  plans  in  case 
he  should  fail  to  complete  them.  Unfortu- 
nately, his  noble  schemes  of  benevolence  were 
"  turned  awry,  and  lost  the  name  of  action," 
and  a  large  portion  of  his  wealth  passed  to  a 
person  not  of  his  name  or  lineage,  verifying 
the  words,  "  He  heapeth  up  riches  and  can- 
not tell  who  shall  gather  them."  However,  it 
is  highly  gratifying  that  a  large  portion  of 
Mr.  Stewart's  fortune  is  being  utilized  in*  an 
honorable  and  beneficial  cause,  as  is  amply 
evidenced  in  the  career  of  John  McKee,  who 
was  associated  with  Mr.  Stewart  for  many 
years.     After   Mr.   Stewart's   death   his  mer- 


cantile interests  were  transferred  by  his 
widow  to  other  persons  who  continued  the 
business  under  the  firm  name  of  A.  T.  Stewart 
and  Company,  which  was  soon  changed  to 
E.  J.  Denning  and  Company,  then  to  Hilton, 
Hughes  and  Company.  It  was  then  continued 
in  one  form  or  another  until  29  Sept.,  1896, 
when  the  building  and  the  stocks  of  merchan- 
dise became  the  property  of  John  Wanamaker. 
The  business  immediately  swung  back  to  its 
old  Polar  Star  and  began  its  new  career.  Mr. 
Stewart  once  said :  "  My  business  has  been  a 
matter  of  principle  from  the  start.  That  is  all 
there  is  about  it."  To  restore  the  abandoned 
work  of  New  York's  greatest  merchant  and 
light  up  the  empty  house  that  cost  nearly 
$3,000,000,  and  bring  to  life  again  what  was 
said  to  be  a  dying  neighborhood,  was  under- 
taken by  John  Wanamaker,  of  Philadelphia, 
Pa.,  and  he  succeeded.  Mr.  Stewart's  resi- 
dence, on  the  corner  of  Fifth  Avenue  and 
Thirty-fourth  Street,  a  marble  mansion,  was 
perhaps  the  finest  private  house  in  America. 
His  art  gallery,  which  was  the  largest  and 
most  valuable  private  collection,  excepting 
that  in  the  Vatican,  was  sold  at  auction  in 
New  York  in  1887.  Two  of  the  most  im- 
portant paintings  were  presented  to  the  Metro- 
politan Museum  of  Art.  He  was  tall  and 
graceful,  with  sandy  hair  and  fair  complexion, 
and  light  blue  eyes.  He  possessed  refined 
tastes,  a  love  of  literature  and  art,  and  was 
fond  of  entertaining,  which  he  did  in  a  de- 
lightful manner.  At  his  weekly  dinners 
might  be  met  men  of  distinction  in  all  the 
various  walks  of  life — from  the  Emperor  of 
Brazil  and  a  Rothschild,  to  the  penniless  poet 
and  painter.  He  was  chairman  of  the  com- 
mittee that  met  the  Prince  of  Wales  (later  Ed- 
ward VII),  on  his  visit  to  the  United  States. 
What  was  said  of  Stewart  in  the  dedication  of 
a  volume  published  in  1874  was  but  the  simple 
truth — that  he  was  "  the  first  of  American 
merchants  and  philanthropists."  Mr.  Stewart 
left  his  widow,  Cornelia  Clinch  Stewart,  the 
wealthiest  woman  in  the  world.  She  erected 
at  Garden  City,  L.  I.,  the  Cathedral  of  the 
Incarnation,  as  a  memorial  of  her  husband, 
and  as  his  mausoleum,  where  she  now  rests 
by  his  side.  It  was  formally  transferred  by 
Mrs.  Stewart,  together  with  various  buildings 
connected  with  an  endowment  of  about  $15,000 
per  annum,  to  the  diocese  of  Long  Island, 
N.  Y.,  2  June,  1885.  She  died  in  New  York 
City,  25  Oct.,  1886.  The  Stewart  store,  under 
Wanamaker's  management  since  1896,  has  been 
augmented  by  an  extensive  "  annex  "  building. 
WEYERHAEUSER,  Frederick,  lumber  mer- 
chant and  financier,  b.  in  Niedersaulheim, 
Germany,  21  Nov.,  1834;  d.  in  Pasadena,  Cal., 
4  April,  1914,  son  of  John  Weyerhaeuser. 
Like  his  father,  his  ancestors,  who  had  mi- 
grated from  Western  Germany  some  four  hun- 
dred years  back,  were  all  farmers  and  vine- 
yardists.  The  little  family  estate  consisted  of 
a  fifteen-acre  farm  and  a  vineyard  of  three 
acres,  which  the  father  found  ample  to  sup- 
port his  family  of  eleven  children.  Nieder- 
saulheim is  a  town  of  the  Rhine  Vallov,  sit- 
uated near  the  city  of  IMainz,  in  Iho  midst  of 
a  beautiful,  rolling,  agricultural  region.  In 
ages  past  it  had  been  one  of  the  wnllcd  towns 
which  the  Romans  established  all  over  an- 
cient Germania.     At  the  age  of  six  Frederick 


197 


WEYERHAEUSEH 


WEYERHAEUSER 


Weyerhaeuser  was  sent  to  the  Protestant 
school  of  the  town,  where  he  received  a  pri- 
mary education  and  where  were  inculcated  in 
him  those  religious  precepts  which  constituted 
during  all  his  life  one  of  the  foundation  stones 
of  his  character.  Every  Wednesday  and  Sat- 
urday afternoon  was  devoted  to  a  study  of  the 
Bible  and  the  church  catechism.  Two  years 
later,  at  the  age  of  eight,  he  began  to  assist 
in  the  work  of  the  farm,  helping  about  with 
such  tasks  as  his  strength  permitted.  When 
he  was  twelve  years  old,  the  death  of  his  fa- 
ther compelled  him  to  relinquish  most  of  his 
school  studies  and  devote  himself  to  the  man- 
agement of  the  farm,  sharing  in  the  responsi- 
bility of  maintaining  the  family.  The  year 
1848  was  a  memorable  one  in  Germany,  on 
account  of  the  heavy  emigration  of  the  best  of 
Germany's  manhood  brought  about  by  the 
revolutionary  disturbances  throughout .  the 
country.  Most  of  these  exiles,  and  the  best 
of  them,  came  to 
America,  and 

among  them  were 
some  members  of 
the  Weyerhaeuser 
family,  who  found 
their  way  to 
Western  Pennsyl- 
vania and  settled 
there  in  the  fol- 
lowing year.  The 
enthusiastic  let- 
ters which  came 
back  from  these 
pioneers  roused  a 
desire  for  better- 
ment in  those  who 
had  remained  at 
home.  One  of 
Mr.  Weyerhaeuser's  elder  sisters  and  an  aunt 
made  the  pilgrimage  across  the  waters  and 
joined  the  settlers  in  Pennsylvania.  In  1852 
another  group  of  the  family  followed,  and 
among  these  was  Frederick  Weyerhaeuser, 
then  a  sturdy  youth  of  eighteen.  Landing  in 
New  York,  in  July  of  that  year,  the  party  con- 
tinued into  Pennsylvania,  and  settled  at  North 
East,  about  fifteen  miles  from  Erie.  Here  one 
of  the  earlier  immigrants  had  established  a 
brewing  business,  and  he  at  once  took  young 
Frederick  into  his  employ.  The  boy  worked 
for  two  years,  earning  $4.00  a  month  during 
the  first  year  and  $9.00  during  the  second, 
but  he  was  never  entirely  satisfied  with  the 
nature  of  his  work.  At  the  end  of  the  two 
years  he  abandoned  the  brewing  business,  be- 
cause, as  he  expressed  it,  he  felt  that  a  brewer 
"  often  becomes  his  own  best  customer."  For 
the  next  year  he  was  employed  on  a  farm, 
where  he  received  $13.00  a  month.  Meanwhile 
the  farm  in  the  old  country  had  been  sold, 
and  the  proceeds  were  divided  among  the  chil- 
dren, Mr.  Weyerhaeuser,  now  grown  to  man- 
hood, receiving  his  portion.  This  enabled  him 
to  escape  from  the  drudgery  of  the  farm  work, 
and  to  look  about  him  for  some  better  oppor- 
tunity. In  1856  he  migrated  further  west,  to 
Rock  Island,  111.,  and  there,  for  a  while,  found 
employment  with  the  construction  company 
which  was  building  the  Rock  Island  and 
Peoria  Railroad,  now  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island, 
and  Pacific.  During  this  brief  period  he  did 
not  cease  to  look  about  him  for  his  real  oppor- 


^^O: 


tunity,  nor  was  it  long  before  he  found  it;  at 
any  rate,  it  was  his  first  step  into  that  busi- 
ness which  was  to  prove  his  real  life  work. 
He  was  offered  the  position  of  night  fireman 
at  a  sawmill,  operated  by  Mead,  Smith  and 
Marsh,  at  Rock  Island.  Here,  then,  was  the 
first  rung  to  the  ladder  that  was  afterward 
to  lead  him  to  wealth,  influence,  and  power, 
and  he  lost  no  time  in  mounting  it.  When, 
two  days  afterward,  the  night  shift  was  laid 
off,  the  new  fireman  was  retained.  Those  two 
days  had  been  long  enough  to  convince  his, 
employer  that  he  was  not  an  ordinary  hand. 
Nor  did  he  remain  fireman  long;  presently  he 
was  put  to  work  as  talljnnan,  loading  lumber 
and  keeping  count  of  the  daily  output  from 
one  rotary  saw  and  the  mulay  saw.  One  day 
at  noon  some  farmers  came  to  the  mill  to  buy 
some  lumber.  The  salesman  was  away  to  lunch. 
The  young  tallyman,  not  without  some  mis- 
givings, pushed  aside  his  lunch  basket  and 
prepared  to  fulfill  the  duties  of  the  salesman. 
Exercising  his  own  judgment,  he  sold  the  lum- 
ber, and  when  the  salesman  returned  he  turned 
over  to  him  $60.00  and  a  tally  of  the  lumber 
he  had  sold.  Mr.  Marsh,  who  was  present, 
ran  his  eye  over  the  details  of  the  sale  and 
decided  that  the  young  German  could  fill  a 
position  of  more  responsibility  than  that  of  a 
simple  tallyman,  so  he  gave  him  charge  of  the 
local  yard  and  the  sales,  naturally  with  a  cor- 
responding advance  in  salary.  Toward  the 
end  of  the  following  year  Mead,  Smith  and 
Marsh  decided  to  open  another  branch  of  the 
business  in  Coal  Valley,  111.,  to  which  point 
the  railroad  had  been  extended,  and  which  was 
advantageously  located  in  a  rich  farming  re- 
gion. By  this  time  Mr.  Weyerhaeuser  had 
proved  his  qualities,  and  the  owners  did  not 
hesitate  to  send  him  as  manager  of  the  new 
lumber  yard.  The  business  under  his  charge 
prospered.  But  this  was  unfortunately  not 
true  of  the  other  branches  of  the  firm,  for 
presently  it  was  in  financial  difficulties.  By 
this  time  Mr.  Weyerhaeuser  had  saved  up  a 
small  sum  from  his  salary  and  he  was  able 
to  purchase  the  assets  of  the  embarrassed 
firm,  making  an  initial  payment  of  $500.00. 
Thus  he  embarked  in  the  lumber  business  un- 
der his  own  name.  Later  he  also  acquired  the 
mill  at  Rock  Island,  buying  a  raft  of  logs  at 
Davenport,  and  laying  down  the  lumber  in 
Coal  Valley  at  a  cost  of  about  $8.00  per 
thousand  feet.  When  he  came  to  figure  out 
his  profits  for  the  first  year,  he  found  that 
they  amounted  to  $3,000.  The  following  year 
they  amounted  to  $5,000.  Mr.  Weyerhaeuser 
now  formed  a  partnership  with  F.  C.  A.  Denk- 
mann,  then  conducting  a  grocery  store  at  Rock 
Island,  and  thus  was  formed  the  firm  of 
Weyerhaeuser  and  Denkmann,  later  to  play  a 
leading  part  in  the  lumber  industry  of  the 
country.  In  two  years  the  struggling  part- 
ners had  cleared  away  all  debts,  and  then  be- 
gan to  increase  the  capacity  of  their  mills, 
which  in  a  few  years  rose  from  an  annual 
output  of  3,000,000  feet  to  10,000,000  feet.  | 
By  mutual  arrangement,  adapting  themselves  J 
to  jtheir  individual  inclinations,  it  came  about 
that  Mr.  Denkmann,  who  was  a  fine  mechanic, 
looked  after  the  management  of  the  mill8, 
w^hile  Mr.  Weyerhaeuser  gave  his  attention  to 
the  business — the  purchase  of  logs  and  the 
selling  of  the  finished  lumber.     Thus  it  was 


198 


WEYERHAEUSER 


WEYERHAEUSER 


that  he  acquired  an  expert  knowledge  of  esti- 
mating standing  timber,  and  in  other  ways  be- 
came an  experienced  lumberman.  The  increase 
in  the  demand  for  Imnber  was  now  rapidly 
developing  the  lumber  industry  along  the 
Mississippi,  and  some  of  the  mill  owners  be- 
gan to  consider  the  advisability  of  purchasing 
timber  lands  among  the  white  pine  forests  in 
the  North.  Among  these  was  Mr.  Weyer- 
haeuser, who  held  that  a  successful  business 
must  be  backed  by  a  sure  and  extensive  source 
of  supply.  Therefore,  in  1868,  the  firm  began 
to  invest  in  pine  timber  lands  on  the  Chip- 
pewa River.  Other  lumbermen  had  been  doing 
likewise  and  great  quantities  of  logs  were 
being  floated  down  the  river.  This  brought 
about  some  difficulties.  The  logs  of  the  va- 
rious owners  had  to  be  floated  down  the  river, 
mixed  together,  and  then  sorted  at  the*  booms. 
This  sorting  of  the  logs  belonging  to  over  a 
hundred  owners  was  bound  to  cause  confusion 
in  which  not  a  little  injustice  to  individuals  was 
necessarily  involved.  Finally  a  conference  of 
the  various  mill  operators  along  the  Missis- 
sippi was  held  with  the  object  of  adjusting 
these  difficulties.  Among  them  was  Frederick 
Weyerhaeuser,  who  suggested  that  a  logging 
company  be  organized,  on  a  co-operative  basis, 
which  should  protect  their  mutual  interests, 
especially  on  the  Chippewa  River.  The  result 
was  the  organization  of  the  Mississippi  River 
Logging  Company  a  few  days  after  the  con- 
ference. This  company,  of  which  the  individ- 
ual mill  operators  were  the  stockholders,  was 
to  carry  on  the  purchase  and  sale  of  pine 
lands,  the  driving  of  logs  on  the  Chippewa 
River,  the  purchase  of  logs  and  the  sorting 
and  brailing  of  logs  at  Beef  Slough,  Wis.,  and 
at  West  Newton,  Minn.  The  logs  cut  from 
the  lands  of  the  company  were  distributed 
among  the  stockholders,  in  proportion  to  their 
holdings.  The  first  operations  of  the  company, 
under  salaried  management,  were  not  entirely 
satisfactory.  Consequently,  a  reorganization 
took  place,  and  Mr.  Weyerhaeuser,  who  had 
been  the  leading  spirit  in  the  movement,  was 
elected  president  in  1872.  In  1881  the  com- 
pany gained  control  of  the  Chippewa  Lumber 
and  Boom  Company,  at  Chippewa  Falls,  and 
soon  after  was  organized  the  Chippewa  Log- 
ging Company,  more  popularly  known  as  "  the 
pool."  The  purpose  of  this  new  company  was 
to  buy  sawn  logs  for  its  stockholders,  to  buy 
timber  lands  and  timber  and  to  carry  on  a 
general  logging  business.  During  the  twenty 
years  of  its  existence  it  handled  over  ten 
billion  feet  of  saw  logs.  One  of  the  difficulties 
was  the  apportionment  of  the  logs,  which  nat- 
urally differed  much  in  quality,  among  the 
various  stockholders  on  an  equitable  basis. 
This  delicate  work  of  appraisal  was  intrusted 
to  a  committee  of  three,  of  which  Mr.  Weyer- 
haeuser was  a  member,  as  well  as  the  chairman 
and  executive.  That  the  stockholders  re- 
mained satisfied  with  his  appraisals  is  a  very 
significant  indication  of  the  confidence  they 
had  in  his  integrity.  Having  made  secure,  not 
only  his  own  source  of  supply,  but  also  those 
of  the  other  mill  operators,  Mr.  Weyerhaeuser 
was  now  able  to  develop  the  business  of  the 
firm  according  to  his  own  ideas.  Other  mills 
were  added  to  the  equipment.  With  a  quick 
judgment  and  a  keen  eye  he  grasped  an  op- 
portunity whenever  he  saw  it,  investing  in  a 


new  enterprise  here  or  helping  to  develop  an 
old  one  elsewhere.  It  was  characteristic  of 
him  that  he  always  desired  to  share  his  op- 
portunities with  others;  he  was  ever  a  pro- 
moter of  the  co-operative  spirit  among  his 
associates.  The  result  was  that  they  came  to 
acquire  almost  a  blind  confidence  in  his  busi- 
ness judgment  and  in  his  honesty,  and  when- 
ever he  saw  an  enterprise  that  promised  good 
results,  he  was  always  able  to  swing  the  finan- 
cial support  of  a  large  following  to  its  assist- 
ance. Nor,  as  results  have  proven,  was  their 
confidence  misplaced.  These  various  co-opera- 
tive enterprises,  some  of  them  large,  •  others 
of  almost  nation-wide  scope,  some  of  them 
casual,  others  permanent,  but  all  under  the 
one  leadership,  came  to  be  called  the  "  Weyer- 
haeuser syndicate."  Yet  in  most  of  these  joint 
enterprises  Mr.  Weyerhaeuser  was  not  even  a 
controlling  shareholder;  often  his  interests 
were  less  than  20  per  cent.  The  first  great 
extension  of  these  enterprises  was  in  Wis- 
consin and  Minnesota.  In  the  former,  at 
Chippewa  Falls,  Hayward,  Lake  Nebagamon, 
and  other  points,  great  manufacturing  plants 
were  established.  In  Minnesota  Cloquet,  Lit- 
tle Falls,  and  Minneapolis  were  the  centers  of 
activity.  The  latest  of  these  great  enterprise^ 
with  which  Mr.  Weyerhaeuser  was  associated 
was  the  Virginia  and  Rainy  Lake  Company, 
at  Virginia,  Minn.  He  was  also  interested  in 
the  South,  where  he  and  his  associates  secured 
large  tracts  of  yellow  pine  lands  in  Louisiana, 
Arkansas,  and  Mississippi.  Especially  worthy 
of  mention  are  the  operations  of  the  Weyer- 
haeuser Timber  Company,  the  largest  of  the 
corporations  in  which  Mr.  Weyerhaeuser  was 
interested.  This  was  organized  in  1900  to  pur- 
chase the  extensive  timber  lands  of  the  North- 
ern Pacific  Railroad  Company,  acquired  by 
grant  from  the  government.  The  Weyer- 
haeuser Timber  Company  has  since  sold  sev- 
eral hundred  thousand  acres  of  this  standing 
timber  at  going  prices,  the  whole  originally 
amounting  to  900,000  acres  of  timber.  At  the 
same  time,  however,  it  has  continued  making 
heavy  purchases  of  still  more  inaccessible 
tracts.  Now  its  holdings  in  Washington  are 
estimated  atj  1,500,000  acres  and  in  Oregon  at 
450,000  acres.  In  Idaho  there  are  five  com- 
panies in  which  Mr.  Weyerhaeuser  was  in- 
terested, having  total  assets  of  fully  $25,000,- 
000.  It  will  be  noted  that  Mr.  Weyerhaeuser's 
operations  were  largely  connected  with  the 
supply  of  the  uncut  logs,  yet  the  lumber  manu- 
facturing enterprises  with  which  he  was  con- 
nected produce  many  hundreds  of  millions  of 
feet  of  lumber  annually.  He  also  became  in- 
terested in  many  banks,  among  them  the  Mer- 
chants' National  Bank  of  St.  Paul;  the  Con- 
tinental and  Commercial  National  Bank  of 
Chicago;  the  Third  National  Bank  of  St. 
Louis;  the  First  National  Bank  of  Dulutli. 
He  was  also  a  director  of  the  Great  Nortln-rii  t 
and  Chicago  and  Great  Western  Railroad 
Companies.  With  this  extension  of  his  i^or- 
sonal  interests,  Mr.  Weyerhaeuser  soon  found 
that  maintaining  his  headquarters  at  Rook 
Island  was  no  longer  convenient,  thoroforo,  in 
1891,  he  removed  to  and  became  a  ])orniam'nt 
resident  of  St.  Paul,  thourjli  also  maintaining 
a  winter  home  in  Pasadona,  Cal.  In  all  liis 
large  and  far-reaching  activities  the  outstand- 
ing  characteristics    of    this   prominent    figure 


109 


McKEE 


McKEE 


in  the  development  of  our  great  West  were 
his  distaste  of  anything  savoring  of  monopoly 
and  the  pervading  spirit  of  co-operation  that 
dominated  all  his  undertakings.  Mr.  Weyer- 
haeuser was  a  believer  in  the  precepts  of  the 
old-fashioned  religion,  and  among  these  may 
be  found,  when  not  distorted,  the  teaching  of 
the  fellowship  of  all  men.  From  first  to  last 
he  followed  this  precept,  for  never  did  he  be- 
hold an  opportunity  for  the  acquisition  of 
wealth  but  he  was  ready,  even  anxious,  that 
others  should  share  it  with  him.  And  in  this 
regard  it  is  only  just  to  insist  that  he  was  in 
sharp  contrast  to  many  who  have  shared  in 
the  great  prosperity  which  the  development  of 
the  West  bestowed  on  its  early  pioneers.  Dn 
11  Oct.,  1857,  during  the  period  of  his  early 
struggles,  Mr.  Weyerhaeuser  married  Sarah 
Elizabeth  Bloedel,  who  was  a  native  of  his 
own  town,  but  who  had  come  to  the  United 
vStates  with  her  parents  as  a  child.  In  Rock 
Island,  where  Mr.  Weyerhaeuser  first  made 
her  acquaintance,  she  was  living  with  her 
sister,  the  wife  of  F.  C.  A.  Denkmann,  who 
later  became  his  associate  in  the  firm  which 
was  to  play  so  large  a  part  in  the  life  of  Mr. 
Weyerhaeuser.  It  was  not  merely  a  com- 
munity of  business  interests,  therefore,  which 
bound  the  two  partners  together.  Mrs. 
Weyerhaeuser  died  about  two  years  before  her 
husband,  and  this  had  not  a  little  to  do  with 
hastening  his  own  end.  Seven  children  sur- 
vived them:  John  P.  Weyerhaeuser,  now 
manager  of  the  Nebagamon  Lumber  Company 
at  Nebagamon,  Wis.;  Elsie,  wife  of  Dr.  Wil- 
liam Bancroft  Hill,  one  of  the  faculty  of  Vassar 
College;  Margaret,  wife  of  J.  R,  Jewett,  pro- 
fessor of  Semitic  languages  at  the  University 
of  Chicago;  Apollonia,  wife  of  S.  S.  Davis, 
a  successful  business  man  of  Rock  Island; 
Charles  A.,  president  of  the  Potlatch  Lumber 
Company,  in  Washington;  Rudolph  M.,  in 
charge  of  the  great  interests  at  Cloquet,  Minn. ; 
and  Frederick  E.,  formerly  assistant  to  his 
father  and  now  manager  of  the  family  inter- 
ests  in   St.   Paul. 

McKEE,  John,  Prohibition  leader,  b.  in 
Poagsburn  House,  County  Down,  Ireland,  16 
Sept.,  1851,  son  of  Robert  and  Bessie  (Little) 
McKee.  His  father  (1811-96)  was  a  promi- 
nent citizen  of  his  native  community;  a  ruling 
elder  in  the  Boardmills  First  Presbyterian 
Church;  a  school  trustee,  and  a  custodian  of 
the  parish  poor  fund  for  more  than  forty 
years.  His  great-uncle,  Rev.  David  McKee, 
of  Ballynaskeagh,  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian 
Church  of  Anaghlone,  was  a  man  of  wide  sym- 
pathies and  an  ardent  temperance  advocate. 
In  his  community  there  was  a  family  of 
Brontes,  which  consisted  of  six  brothers,  one 
of  whom  became  an  Episcopal  clergyman  and 
was  the  father  of  Charlotte  Bronte,  the  fa- 
mous novelist.  The  other  five  were  the  most 
prosperous  farmers  in  that  district,  until  one 
•  of  them  started  a  public  house,  and  ten  years 
after  the  Bronte  farms  were  the  most  dilapi- 
dated in  the  neighborhood.  Reverend  Mr.  Mc- 
Kee saw  with  sorrow  and  alarm  the  changes 
that  were  taking  place  in  the  community,  and 
traced  the  cause  to  the  degrading  and  demor- 
alizing influence  of  Bronte's  public  house.  In 
1829  he  preached  a  sermon,  taking  for  his 
text  "  The  Rechabites,"  in  which  he  denounced 
with  no  uncertain  sound  the  sins  of  intem- 
perance  and   the  vice   of   the   drinking  habits 


of  his  time.  This  was  the  first  temperance 
sermon  preached  in  Ireland,  and  before  twelve 
o'clock  the  next  day,  four  of  his  five  ruling 
elders  called  on  him  to  see  if  he  had  gone 
crazy.  To  the  fourth  one  he  said :  "  That  ser- 
mon hit  the  mark;  I  will  have  it  printed," 
which  he  did.  A  copy  came  into  the  hands  of 
his  nephew.  Rev.  John  Edgar,  D.D.,  of  Belfast, 
who  read  it  through,  went  to  his  closet,  took 
out  a  demijohn  of  whisky  and  poured  it  into 
the  street  and  proclaimed  to  the  astonished 
onlookers:  "Whisky,  I'm  done  with  you!" 
Dr.  Edgar  then  started  a  pledge-signing  cam- 
paign, and  the  sixth  name  on  it  was  Robert 
McKee,  father  of  John  McKee.  Dr.  Edgar 
became  a  great  apostle  of  temperance,  lecturing 
in  Ireland,  England,  Scotland,  and  the  United 
States,  where  he  made  thousands  of  converts 
to  the  temperance  cause.  John  McKee  was 
educated  in  the  Garricknaveagh  National 
School,  the  Santfield  Academy,  the  Belfast 
Academical  Institute,  and  Queen's  College, 
Belfast.  His  attention  was  early  directed  to 
the  terrible  ravages  of  drink,  and  the  bless- 
ings and  safety  of  total  abstinence  by  the 
earnest  »and  untiring  appeals  of  his  pastor. 
Rev.  George  H.  Shanks.  As  a  boy  he  joined 
the  Band  of  Hope,  and  later  became  a  Good 
Templar,  of  which  organization  he  is  still  a 
member.  In  1872,  at  the  age  of  twenty-one 
years,  he  emigrated  to  America,  and  landed 
in  New  York  City.  In  a  few  days  he  obtained 
employment  as  box-maker  in  John  Todd's  Bax- 
ter Street  box  factory,  an  occupation  in  which 
he  showed  industry  and  faithfulness.  Here  he 
remained  several  months,  when  a  strike  occur- 
red in  the  factory,  and  he  was  thrown  out  of 
employment.  He  then  hired  out  as  a  farm 
hand  in  Rockland  County,  N.  Y.,  where  he  met 
Mr.  Major,  a  department  head  in  the  dry 
goods  house  of  A.  T.  Stewart  and  Company. 
Mr.  Major  spent  the  week-ends  on  the  farm, 
and,  becoming  interested  in  Mr.  McKee,  pro- 
cured for  him  a  position  as  parcel  wrapper. 
It  w^as  not  long  before  he  was  advanced  to  a 
position  as  salesman  in  the  white  goods  depart- 
ment. His  strict  attention  to  details  won 
for  him  respect  as  a  progressive  and  straight- 
forward man,  and  one  of  sound  mercantile 
sense.  After  a  little  while,  owing  to  his  tem- 
perance principles,  he  was  sent  to  serve  as  a 
protector  in  the  house  of  the  Misses  Sarah 
and  Rebecca  Morrow,  after  two  other  men  had 
been  tried  out  for  a  time  and  found  unsatis- 
factory, because  of  their  undesirable  habits — 
drinking  and  smoking.  The  Misses  Morrow 
were  the  only  relatives  whom  A.  T.  Stewart 
recognized  during  his  life  or  remembered  in 
his  will.  Being  an  alert  young  man,  the  desire 
to  leave  New  York  to  make  his  fortune  in  the 
great  undeveloped  West  soon  manifested  itself 
in  him,  and  he  laid  his  future  plans.  The 
Misses  Morrow,  however,  urged  him  to  remain 
in  New  York.  One  year  later,  in  1880,  Miss 
Rebecca  Morrow  died.  It  was  then  that  the 
remaining  sister.  Miss  Sarah  Morrow,  informed 
^Ir.  McKee  that  he  had  been  good  and 
kind  to  her  dear  departed  sister,  and  if  he 
would  remain  with  her  until  her  departure, 
which  would  not  be  long,  he  would  never  have 
to  seek  employment  from  anyone.  She  died 
in  1885,  leaving  him  an  estate  valued  at  more 
than  $500,000.  He  then  engaged  actively  in 
the  real  estate  business  in  New  York  City  and 
Long  Island,  in  which  he  has  operated  with 


200 


/ 


HUBBARD 


HUBBARD 


unusual  success.  Recognizing  that  no  greater 
demoralizer  of  civic  virtue  exists  than  the 
legalized  grogshop,  and  that  no  greater  decep- 
tion colors  our  political  economy  than  the 
notion  that  taxation  may  be  reduced  by  wring- 
ing a  revenue  from  prosperous  iniquity,  he  has 
long  been  unqualifiedly  in  sympathy  with  the 
aims  and  purposes  of  the  Prohibition  party. 
He  has  availed  himself  of  every  opportunity 
to  prohibit  the*  iniquitous  drink  traffic  and 
in  1904  was  the  candidate  for  governor  of  New 
York  on  the  Prohibition  ticket.  He  has  served 
his  party  in  various  positions,  and  as  treasurer 
'of  the  county  committee,  his  management  of 
the  party  finances  has  been  marked  with  rare 
ability  and  great  success.  Mr.  McKee  is  a 
man  of  sound  judgment,  moral  rectitude,  and 
faithful  in  the  performance  of  duty.  He  is  a 
courteous,  affable  gentleman  of  the  old  school, 
and  is  famous  for  his  hospitality.  His  great 
success  in  business  as  well  as  political  circles 
is  attributed  in  a  large  measure  to  his  absti- 
nence from  drinking  and  smoking.  Mr.  McKee 
has  been  practically  a  life-long  Good  Templar, 
uniting  at  first  with  No  Compromise  Lodge, 
Broadmills,  County  Down,  Ireland,  on  26  April, 
1872.  He  was  a  member  of  the  promotion 
committee  of  the  World's  Temperance  Centen- 
nial Congress,  and  gave  more  money  to  that 
enterprise  than  any  other  person.  He  is  now 
treasurer  of  the  Prohibition  Trust  Fund  As- 
sociation and  the  New  York  Practical  Aid 
Society;  director  of  the  National  Temperance 
Society;  chairman  of  the  Prohibition  party, 
in  Kings  County,  N.  Y.;  president  of  the 
Gaelic  Society;  vice-president  of  the  Williams- 
burg Hospital,  and  a  member  of  the  United 
Irish  League  of  America.  His  home  in 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  is  a  veritable  museum  of  an- 
tiques and  bronzes,  most  of  which  were  se- 
cured by  the  late  A.  T.  Stewart  for  the  Misses 
Morrow.  Mr.  McKee  is  also  the  proud  pos- 
sessor of  a  pair  of  vases  which  were  presented 
to  Mr.  Stewart  by  the  Emperor  of  China, 
about  1869,  in  recognition  of  his  hospitality 
to  two  young  princes  of  the  Imperial  Chinese 
family,  who  had  visited  the  United  States  a 
year  or  two  before  and  had  regarded  Mr. 
Stewart  as  one  of  the  greatest  men  in  this 
country. 

HTJBBAED,  Elbert,  journalist,  author,  lec- 
turer, b.  in  Bloomington,  111.,  19  June,  1856; 
d.  on  the  steamship  "  Lusitania "  off  the 
coast  of  Ireland,  7  May,  1915,  son  of  Dr.  Silas 
and  Frances  (Read)  Hubbard.  His  father 
was  a  physician  with  a  small  country  prac- 
tice, which  never  yielded  an  income  of  over 
$500.00  a  year,  yet  this,  supplemented  by  the 
produce  from  the  home  farm,  in  whose  work 
the  boy  did  his  full  share  as  he  grew  older, 
was  ample  to  maintain  the  family  in  decent 
comfort.  It  was  in  this  rural,  semi-pioneer 
environment  that  Elbert  Hubbard  spent  his 
boyhood,  participating  in  the  vigorous  out- 
door sports  with  his  playmates,  while,  at  the 
same  time,  attending  the  little  country  school, 
which  was  typical  of  the  time  and  the  place. 
At  the  age  of  fifteen  he  had  acquired  all  the 
knowledge  that  this  elementary  institution 
could  give  him,  and  he  took  up  the  problem  of 
beginning  his  career.  "  I  had  a  firm  hold  on 
the  three  R's,"  says  Mr.  Hubbard,  in  a  short 
autobiographical  sketch  which  he  published 
later  in  life,  "  and  beyond  this,  my  education 


in  'manual  training'  had  been  good.  I  knew 
all  the  forest  trees,  all  wild  animals  there- 
about, every  kind  of  fish,  frog,  fowl,  or  bird 
that  swam,  ran,  or  flew.  I  knew  every  kind 
of  grain  or  vegetable  and  its  comparative 
value.  I  knew  the  different  breeds  of  cattle, 
horses,  sheep,  and  swine,  I  could  teach  wild 
cows  to  stand  while  being  milked,  break  horses 
to  saddle  or  harness;  could  sow,  plow,  and 
reap;  knew  the  mysteries  of  apple  butter, 
pumpkin  pie,  pickled  beef,  smoked  side-meat, 
and  could  make  lye  at  a  leach  and  formulate 
soft  soap.  That  is  to  say,  I  was  a  bright, 
strong,  active  country  boy  who  had  been 
brought  up  to  help  his  father  and  mother  get 
a  living  for  a  large 
family."  Having  left 
school,  he  sought 
employment  on  a 
farm,  where  he  was 
obliged  to  do  a 
man's  work  for  a 
boy's  pay.  He  de- 
cided to  leave  the 
home  town  and  go 
out  into  the  world. 
Like  many  of  the 
young  men  of  the  pe- 
riod, he  went  west- 
ward and  for  a  while 
was  a  cowboy  on  a 
cattle  ranch,  where 
his  country  training 

stood  him  in  good  stead.  Again  he  came  east- 
ward, to  Chicago.  Then  followed  a  period  of 
miscellaneous  employments:  first  he  worked  in 
a  printing-office,  long  enough  to  acquire  a  fair 
amount  of  proficiency  in  typesetting,  and  af- 
ter that  he  peddled  soap  from  house  to  house, 
carried  lumber  on  the  docks,  tried  reporting 
for  a  newspaper,  sold  goods,  worked  in  a  soap 
factory,  became  manager  of  the  soap  factory, 
and  later  a  partner.  He  made  his  home  at 
East  Aurora,  a  little  village  eighteen  miles 
south  of  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  commuting  to  the  city 
for  about  twelve  years.  He  sold  his  interest 
in  the  soap  enterprise  for  $75,000  in  1902,  and 
took  a  special  course  at  Harvard  University. 
Having  concluded  his  studies  at  Harvard,  he 
went  on  a  trip  abroad,  tramping  through  most 
of  the  countries  of  Europe.  On  his  return  he 
made  his  first  attempt  at  authorship  by  writ- 
ing two  books,  which  never  found  a  publisher. 
Once  more  he  made  a  trip  abroad  and  met 
William  Morris,  the  famous  apostle  of  the 
handicrafts  movement,  whose  influence  was  so 
strong  that  it  became  one  of  the  chief  factors  in 
molding  his  subsequent  career.  His  two  trips 
abroad  had  been  largely  for  the  purpose  of  visit- 
ing the  homes  of  some  of  the  great  men  who 
have  made  history.  These  visits  resulted  in 
his  "  Little  Journeys,"  a  series  of  biograpliieal 
sketches.  On  his  return  from  this  second  trip 
abroad,  he  started  the  Roycroft  Shops  at  East 
Aurora,  the  community  which  has  slnco  become 
famous  in  connection  with  his  name  and  activi- 
ties. Here,  as  he  exj)resses  it  in  liis  cliaractor- 
istic  style,  he  "started  Chaulauciiia  circles, 
studied  iGireek  and  Latin  with  a  local  clcrjzyman, 
raised  trotting  horses,  and  wrote  'Little  Jour- 
neys to  the  Homes  of  Good  M(>n  and  Great.'  So 
that  is  how  1  got  my  education,  such  as  it  is  I 
am  a  graduate  of  tlie  University  of  Hard  Knocks 
and  I  have  taken  several  postgraduate  courses. 


201 


HUBBARD 


HUBBARD 


I  have  worked  at  five  different  trades  enough 
to  be  familiar  with  the  tools.  In  1899  Tufts 
College  bestowed  on  me  the  degree  of  M.A., 
but  since  I  did  not  earn  that  degree,  it  really 
does  not  count."  It  was  in  December,  1894, 
that  Mr.  Hubbard  himself  had  "Little  Jour- 
neys" printed  by  the  local  printer  at  East 
Aurora  in  pamphlet  form,  after  a  discouraging 
search  for  a  publisher.  But  before  placing  the 
publication  on  the  market,  he  decided  to  lay 
the  matter  again  before  the  publishing  firm  of 
G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons,  although  they  had  re- 
jected it  in  manuscript  form.  George  H. 
Putnam  was  finally  induced  to  issue  the 
periodical  as  a  venture  for  one  year.  Within 
six  months  this  novel  little  publication  had  a 
subscription  list  of  over  a  thousand  names. 
This  success  lead  to  the  publication  of  another 
magazine  of  a  similar  nature,  oovering,  how- 
ever, a  broader  field  of  subjects.  This  was 
"The  Philistine,"  the  most  famous  of  Mr. 
Hubbard's  publications.  "  We  called  it  the 
'  Philistine,' "  he  eays,  "  because  we  were  going 
after  the  *  Chosen  People '  in  literature.  It 
was  Leslie  Stephen  who  said,  'The  term  Phil- 
istine is  a  word  used  by  prigs  to  designate 
people  they  do  not  like.'  When  you  call  a 
man  a  bad  name,  you  are  that  thing — not  he. 
The  Smug  and  Snugly  Ensconced  Denizens  of 
Union  Square  called  me  a  Philistine,  and  I 
said,  *  Yes,  I  am  one,  if  a  Philistine  is  some- 
thing different  from  you.' "  The  success  of 
the  "  Philistine  "  was  suflBciently  encouraging 
to  decide  Mr.  Hubbard  to  continue  its  pub- 
lication for  at  least  a  year.  Meanwhile  the 
printer  who  had  been  doing  his  work  was  not 
finding  East  Aurora  a  profitable  locality  in  his 
line  of  business  and  he  decided  to  leave.  He 
offered  his  whole  plant  for  sale  for  a  thousand 
dollars,  and  Mr.  Hubbard  immediately  ac- 
cepted the  offer.  To  keep  the  plant  busy  he 
now  printed  his  first  book — his  first  book  as  a 
book  publisher — in  William  Morris  style. 
This  venture  also  prospered,  and  then  he 
built  a  house  for  his  printing-plant,  to  take 
the  place  of  the  old  store  in  which  it  had 
previously  been  housed.  By  this  time  he  was 
able  to  employ  four  girls  and  three  boys,  all 
natives  of  the  community,  the  sons  and  daugh- 
ters of  neighboring  farmers,  whom  he  taught 
the  rudiments  of  the  trade  of  printing.  From 
the  beginning  the  atmosphere  of  this  shop 
was  quite  different  from  that  pervading  other 
commercial  undertakings  of  this  sort.  Mr. 
Hubbard  placed  several  shelves  of  books  in 
the  shop,  then  brought  in  a  piano.  The  girls 
brought  flowers  and  birds  and  the  boys  put  up 
curtains  at  the  windows.  W^hat  was  a  shop 
during  working-hours  became  a  clubroom  dur- 
ing the  intervals  of  leisure.  Meanwhile,  the 
little  book  publishing  business  prospered,  keep- 
ing well  ahead  of  the  expenses,  and  the  sub- 
scription list  of  "  The  Philistine "  swelled 
even  more  rapidly.  The  employees  were  now 
encouraged  to  invest  their  savings  in  the  en- 
terprise on  a  co-operative  basis.  Thus  was 
founded  the  "  Roycroft  Press,"  of  East  Aurora, 
whose  peculiar  fame  has  spread  all  over  the 
country  wherever  the  name  of  Elbert  Hubbard 
became  known.  The  establishment  of  a  book- 
hindery  marked  the  next  degree  of  expansion. 
This  entailed  the  building  of  a  wing  to  the 
small  house.  When  this  had  been  accom- 
plished, and  as  the  carpenters  were  about  to 


depart,  Mr.  Hubbard  had  them  make  the  fur- 
niture of  the  house,  on  William  Morris  lines. 
Visitors  who  came  to  inspect  this  peculiar 
establishment  were  charmed  by  the  furniture 
and  sought  to  buy  it.  It  was  sold;  more  was 
made  and  the  carpenters  were  kept  constantly 
busy.  In  this  way  began  those  "  handicrafts 
enterprises,"  with  which  East  Aurora  has  also 
become  associated.  Becoming  keenly  inter- 
ested in  the  establishment  and  feeling  that 
they  were  really  co-partners  in  the  enterprise, 
the  boys  devoted  their  leisure  hours  to  build- 
ing a  large  fireplace  and  chimney  at  one  end 
of  the  shop,  to  give  it  a  home  atmosphere, 
using  for  their  material  the  loose  stones  with 
which  the  fields  abounded.  The  work  came  out 
so  well  that  they  began  hauling  stones  and 
they  built  three  stone  buildings  to  house  the 
rapidly  expanding  plant.  In  April,  1908, 
"  The  Fra,"  another  monthly  publication 
was  started.  "  Three  hundred  and  ten  peo- 
ple are  on  the  pay-roll  at  the  present 
writing,"  said  Mr.  Hubbard,  in  1909.  "The 
principal  work  is  printing,  illuminating, 
and  binding  books.  We  also  work  at  orna- 
mental blacksmithing,  weaving,  cabinet  work, 
painting  pictures,  clay-modeling,  and  terra 
cotta.  We  issue  three  monthly  publications, 
*The  Philistine,'  *  Little  Journeys,'  and  'The 
Fra.*  The  'Philistine'  has  a  circulation  of  a 
little  over  a  hundred  thousand  copies  a  month ; 
we  print  seventy  thousand  copies  of  'Little 
Journeys,'  and  fifty  thousand  of  '  The  Fra,'  each 
issue.  Quite  as  important  as  the  printing  and 
binding  is  the  illuminating  of  initials  and 
title  pages.  This  is  a  revival  of  a  lost  art, 
gone  with  so  much  of  the  artistic  work  done 
by  the  monks  of  the  olden  time.  Yet  there  is 
a  demand  for  such  work  and  so  far  as  I  know 
we  are  the  first  concern  in  America  to  take  up 
the  hand  illumination  of  books  as  a  business. 
Of  course,  we  have  had  to  train  our  workers, 
and  from  very  crude  attempts  we  have  at- 
tained to  a  point  where  the  British  Museum 
and  the  '  Bibliotheke '  at  The  Hague  have 
deigned  to  order  and  pay  good  golden  guineas 
for  specimens  of  our  handicraft."  The  "  Roy- 
crofters,"  the  legal  name  of  the  enterprise,  is 
a  corporation,  but  the  shares  are  owned  ex- 
clusively by  the  workers,  it  being  agreed  that 
any  worker  who  leaves  the  shops  must  sell 
his  shares  back  to  the  corporation.  With  a 
very  few  exceptions,  all  those  employed  in  the 
shops  came  as  unskilled  workers  and  were 
trained  there.  Among  them  are  boys  who 
were  expelled  from  school,  blind  people,  deaf 
people,  old  people,  men  who  have  been  in 
prison  and  even  mental  defectives;  all  have 
here  been  set  to  useful  work.  The  majority, 
however,  are,  as  were  the  first  few  who  helped 
found  the  community,  the  sons  and  daughters 
of  local  farmers  who  would  otherwise  have  ^ 
found  their  ways  to  the  big  cities.  It  was  -^'mk 
Mr.  Hubbard's  boast  that  in  this  small  com-  ^ 
munity,  at  least,  he  had  reversed  the  general 
tendency  of  the  rural  population  to  gravitate 
toward  the  congested  centers.  Mr.  Hubbard 
began  his  successful  career  as  a  lecturer  under 
the  auspices  of  Major  Pond,  in  1898.  He  firsf 
appeared  at  the  Waldorf-Astoria  in  New  York 
City.  So  crowded  was  the  lecture-room  that 
people  w^ere  turned  away.  Then  followed  a 
tour  of  the  principal  cities.  After  that  Mr. 
Hubbard  made   a   similar  lecture   tour  every 


202 


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year.  In  1908  he  spoke  at  Tremont  Temple,  in 
Boston,  to  2,200  people  and  at  Carnegie  Hall, 
in  New  York  City,  and  at  Central  Music  Hall, 
in  Chicago,  he  spoke  to  as  large  audiences  as 
the  houses  would  hold.  At  the  conclusion  of 
the  tour  he  had  made  a  profit  of  $10,000.  But 
Mr.  Hubbard's  fame  rests  mainly  on  his  writ- 
ings, and  especially  on  what  he  has  written 
for  the  three  publications  issued  from  East 
Aurora.  These  were  mainly  clever,  witty, 
often  brilliant  comments  on  current  events, 
mingled  with  a  kindly  philosophy  expressed 
in  well-turned  epigrams.  His  satire  was  never 
subtle,  often  it  verged  on  the  abusive.  It  was 
the  uniqueness,  the  peculiar  directness  of  his 
style  which  gained  his  writings  such  popu- 
larity. This  uniqueness  he  carried  out  even 
in  his  personal  appearance;  he  wore  semi- 
Western  clothes,  flowing  hair  and  ties,  and 
broad-brimmed  hats,  but  this  was  by  no  means 
an  expression  of  an  effeminate  temperament. 
"The  Fra,"  as  Mr.  Hubbard  liked  to  be 
called  by  his  friends,  frankly  believed  in  ad- 
vertising and  contended  that  he  had  every 
right  to  express  his  uniqueness  in  dress  as 
well  as  in  his  writings  and  in  his  lectures. 
Thus  his  figure  became  ^almost  as  familiar  to 
the  public  as  was  the  unique  appearance  of  his 
publications.  Aside  from  his  journalistic  writ- 
ings, Mr.  Hubbard  has  published :  "  A  Message 
to  Garcia"  (1898);  "Time  and  Chance"  (a 
sketch  of  John  Brown's  career,  1901);  "Man 
of  Sorrows"  (1905);  and  "Thomas  Jeffer- 
son "  ( in  collaboration  with  J.  J.  Lentz, 
1906).  In  1880  Mr.  Hubbard  married  Bertha 
Crawford,  but  in  1903  she  secured  a  divorce 
from  him.  On  16  Jan.,  1904,  he  married 
Alice  L.  Moore,  a  school  teacher,  of  Concord, 
Mass.,  who  died  with  him  on  the  "  Lusitania." 
Since  his  death,  the  Roycrofters  have  con- 
tinued all  the  enterprises  except  the  publica- 
tion of  "  The  Philistine."  This  was  discon- 
tinued in  July,  1915.  The  business  is  now 
under  the  management  of  his  oldest  son,  Elbert 
II,  whose  chief  ambition  is  to  perpetuate  the 
institution  as  Elbert  Hubbard's  finest  monu- 
ment. 

IVES,  Frederic  E.,  inventor  of  the  "half- 
tone "  and  color  photography,  b,  at  Litchfield, 
Conn.,  17  Feb.,  1856,  son  of  Hubert  Leverit 
and  Ellen  Amelia  (Beach)  Ives.  William 
Ives,  the  first  of  the  name  in  America,  emi- 
grated from  London,  England,  to  Boston,  in 
1635,  and  three  years  later  removed  to  New 
Haven,  Conn.\  Mr.  Ives  received  his  education 
in  the  public  schools  of  Litchfield,  Norfolk, 
and  Newtown,  Conn.  When  only  thirteen  years 
of  age  he  had  completed  his  studies,  and, 
engaged  himself  as  an  apprentice  to  a  printer. 
In  this  business  he  continued  three  years,  ac- 
quiring a  knowledge  of  the  methods  and  needs 
of  printing,  especially  the  printing  of  pictures, 
which  was  to  be  of  great  value  to  him  later. 
In  1871  he  decided  to  enter  the  field  of  pho- 
tography, and  turned  his  entire  attention  to 
the  study  of  its  possibilities  and  requirements. 
Experimenting  always  along  new  lines  he  had 
soon  achieved  many  valuable  results.  In  1875 
his  several  inventions  won  for  him  such 
recognition  that  he  was  given  entire  charge 
of  the  photographic  laboratory  of  Cornell  Uni- 
versity, in  which  capacity  he  remained  throe 
years.  In  1878  he  completed  his  first  great 
invention,  the  halftone  process  by  which  pho- 


tographs or  pictures  of  natural  objects  are 
reproduced  directly  on  a  zinc  or  copper  block 
to  be  directly  used  on  a  printing-press.  This 
invention  of  Mr.  Ives  was  the  forerunner  of 
all  the  more  elaborate  processes  now  in  use 
and  prepared  the  way  for  the  accurate,  deli- 
cate, and  beautiful  reproductions  of  photographs 
and  paintings  now  so  common  in  our  period- 
icals. The  Crosscup  and  West  Engraving 
Company  of  Philadelphia,  with  which  Mr. 
Ives  was  connected  during  the  years  1879-90, 
immediately  recognized  the  value  of  this  inven- 
tion, and,  in  1881,  entered  into  an  arrange- 
ment for  the  manufacture  of  halftone  plates. 
The  process  of  making  these  halftone  plates 
began  by  exposing  a  gelatine  film,  previously 
sensitized  with  bichromate  of  potash,  under  an 
ordinary  photographic  negative,  and  soaking 
the  film  in  water  until  it  expanded  into  a 
relief  design,  rising  where  the  negative  was 
more  opaque  and  remaining  less  swollen  where 
the  negative  was  less  opaque.  From  the  film 
so  treated  a  plaster  cast  was  made,  which  was 
then  inked  and  an  elastic  stamp,  lined  with 
dots,  pressed  against  it,  the  dots  disappearing 
where  the  pressure  was  heaviest,  or  where  the 
cast  was  most  elevated.  The  zinc  plate  was 
next  treated  by  having  the  picture  impressed 
upon  it  by  means  of  an  ink  stipple,  and  the 
impression  then  etched  into  relief,  acid  baths 
being  applied,  which  ate  away  the  surface  of 
the  metal  between  the  inked  dots,  so  as  to 
leave  a  permanent  printing-surface.  In  the 
more  modern  process  an  expert  engraver  is  em- 
ployed to  refine  lines,  lights,  shadows,  etc. 
Lithographic  stones,  as  well  as  zinc  and  copper 
blocks,  may  be  treated  in  the  same  way,  omit- 
ting the  acid  baths.  In  1886  Mr.  Ives  ob- 
viated the  use  of  the  elastic  stamp  by  invent- 
ing the  ruled  or  pin-hole  glass  screen,  which, 
by  being  placed  between  the  negative  and  the 
sensitized  film,  gives  the  same  effect  as  the 
stamp  had  done.  This  screen  is  used  in  prac- 
tically every  photo-engraving  shop  in  the 
world.  In  1888  Mr.  Ives  gave  another  new 
process  to  the  world,  the  photo-chromoscope 
system  of  color  photography.  The  process  con- 
sists in  using  three  screens  so  constructed  that 
each  one  permits  only  one  primary  color  to 
pass  through  it  to  one  of  three  negatives,  ex- 
posed simultaneously,  and  when  developed  each 
representing  one  of  the  three  complementary 
colors  of  the  scene  or  picture  photographed. 
The  picture  printed  from  the  negatives  is 
shown  by  the  photo-chromoscope,  or  kromscop. 
The  three  negatives  are  so  arranged  in  it  as  to 
register  perfectly  with  each  other,  and  the 
color  elements  are  so  combined  as  to  present 
the  picture  in  its  original  perspective,  shape 
and  colors.  In  1903  Mr.  Ives  perfected  the 
"  parallax  stereogram,"  a  wonderful  device  by 
which  the  images  on  a  photograph  stand  out 
in  the  natural  perspective  of  life,  giving  a 
startling  impression  of  being  alive  and  bronth- 
ing.  This  illusion  is  managed  by  inoinis  of  a 
photographic  transparency  niul  an  opaque  line 
cover  screen  mounted  over  tlie  photograph,  the 
two  being  placed  at  a  little  distauct'  from  each 
other.  The  screen  througli  which  ihc  plioto- 
graph  is  made  has  100  linrs  to  tlic  incli,  wilh 
clear  space  between  each  pair  of  lines,  jjfivlng 
the  photographic  image  200  lines  to  the  inch, 
so  arranged  that  tluMe  ar(>  100  lines  in  the 
vision  of  the  right  ey*-,  and    100   lines   in   the 


203 


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CHILDS 


vision  of  the  left  eye.  The  proper  disposition 
of  the  cover  screen  gives  a  stereoscopic  picture 
which  surpasses  any  obtained  through  any 
other  device.  In  1910  Mr.  Ives  added  to  his 
already  long  list,  by  another  invention,  of  a 
camera  to  make  three  separate  color-exposures 
simultaneously.  From  these  negatives  any 
number  of  prints  may  be  made.  Color-photo- 
grapha  had  l)een  made  before,  but  the  result 
was  observable  only  in  the  negative,  which 
could  be  developed  as  a  positive,  but  from 
which  no  prints,  other  tiian  the  ordinary 
black-and-white  print,  could  be  made.  By  Mr. 
Ivi's'  cjimera,  negatives  are  produced  from 
which  colored  prints  are  obtained  in  exactly 
the  same  forms  and  colors  as  the  original. 
The  camera  holds  three  sensitized  plates  in  the 
so-called  *'  trichromatic  plate  pack,"  a  special 
plate-holder  which  contains  a  red-sensitive  and 
a  green-sensitive  plate  between  a  backing-card, 
and  a  blue-sensitive  plate  attached  to  the 
others  by  a  hinge  of  gummed  paper.  The 
red-  and  green-sensitive  plates  are  held  in  the 
plate-holder  in  close  contact  by  ledges;  the 
blue-sensitive  plate  being  shorter  than  the 
others,  falls  into  the  forward  part  of  the 
camera  when  the  opaque  slide  of  the  plate- 
holder  is  removed,  and  remains  in  a  horizontal 
position,  its  edge  touching  the  other  plates. 
Before  exposure,  a  yellow  screen  plate  is  push- 
ed down  from  the  roof  of  the  camera  by  means 
of  a  lever  provided  for  this  purpose  on  the 
outside  of  the  box,  and  a  compensating  screen 
is  dropped  over  the  lens  tube.  The  exposure 
usual  for  a  black-and-white  negative  is  then 
made.  When  the  shutter  of  the  lens  is  closed 
the  yellow  screen  is  moved  upward  and  the 
blue  plate  returns  to  a  vertical  position,  an 
exterior  lever  being  used  for  this  purpose.  By 
means  of  the  compensating  color  screen  at- 
tached to  the  lens  the  exposure  for  the  three 
images  is  equalized  and  the  color  selection 
perfected.  The  horizontal  plate,  which  is  sen- 
sitive only  to  blue  rays,  receives  a  reflection 
of  the^  image  from  the  yellow  glass  re- 
flector. *  The  other  two  plates  receive  the  im- 
age through  the  yellow  reflector  and  are  af- 
fected only  by  green  and  red  rays.  The  film 
sides  of  these  plates  are  placed  together  so 
that  the  light  passes  through  the  smooth 
glass  surface  of  the  green  plate  to  the  film 
side  and  thence  to  the  sensitive  side  of  the  red 
plate.  A  ground-glass  frame  is  provided  at 
the  back  of  the  camera  for  holding  the  plate- 
holder,  and  the  lens  is  focused  by  means  of  a 
tube  fastened  to  the  front  of  the  camera.  The 
plates  are  then  placed  in  a  special  rack  and 
developed,  the  resulting  negatives  showing  no 
color,  but  retaining  the  color  record  in  black 
and  white.  To  obtain  prints  the  three  nega- 
tives are  placed  in  a  printing-frame,  and  a 
sheet  of  collodion  covered  with  bichromated 
gelatine  is  laid  on  them,  the  collodion  side 
down,  and  an  exposure  given  of  about  a  min- 
ute in  clearest  sunlight.  The  sheet  is  next 
developed  in  warm  water,  and  the  result  is 
three  graduated  low  relief  prints  of  great 
transparency,  which  are  cut  apart,  immersed 
in  dye-baths  of  the  three  primary  colors,  rinsed 
off,  placed  in  register,  and  cemented  to  paper 
to  make  a  complete  color  print.  Other  inven- 
tions of  Mr.  Ives  are  the  glass-sealed  spectro- 
scope gratings,  the  diffraction  chromoscope, 
and  the  universal   colorimeter.     Mr,   Ives  has 


204 


received  the  highest  honors  for  his  inventions, 
being  awarded  the  Rumford  medal  of  the 
American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  the 
Elliott  Cresson  gold  medal  of  the  Franklin 
Institute,  Philadelphia;  a  special  gold  medal 
by  uiie  Photographic  Society  of  Philadelphia, 
the  Progress  medal  of  the  Royal  Photographic 
Society,  London;  the  Science  medal  of  the 
same  society,  and  Scott  Legacy  medals  of 
the  Franklin  Institute.  Mr.  Ives  has  lectured, 
by  request,  upon  his  famous  inventions  before 
large  audiences  under  the  auspices  of  the  lead- 
ing scientific  societies  in  England  and  Amer- 
ica, and  has  been  elected  a  member  of  the 
Royal  Microscopic  Society,  of  the  Franklin 
Institute,  Philadelphia,  the  Royal  Photo- 
graphic Society  of  London,  an  honorary  mem- 
ber of  the  New  York  Camera  Club,  of  the 
Photographic  Society  of  Philadelphia,  and  a 
fellow  of  the  A.A.A.S.  Mr.  Ives  has  con- 
tributed many  exhaustive  and  valuable  ar- 
ticles on  the  subject  of  color  photography  to 
the  leading  technical  and  educational  journals, 
and  has  written  three  valuable  books  on  the 
subject:  "  Isochromatic  Photography  with  Chor- 
ophyll"  (1886),  the  "New  Principle  in  Heli- 
ochromy" (1889),  and  "  Photochromoscope ,' 
(1894).  Mr.  Ives  was  married,  on  14  Jan., 
1877,  lo  Mary  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  the  Rev. 
Dewitt  Clinton  Olmstead,  of  Milford,  N.  Y., 
and  has  one  son,  Hubert  Eugene.  In  1914  Mr. 
Ives  married  Mrs.  Margaret  Cutting,  of  Phila- 
delphia. 

CHILDS,  George  William,  publisher  and  phi- 
lanthropist, b.  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  12  May, 
1829;  d.  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  3  Feb.,  1894. 
His  early  years  were  spent  in  his  native  city, 
where  he  attended  school  until  his  twelfth 
year,  when  he  entered  the  navy  under  the  ap- 
prentice act.  He  spent  some  fifteen  months  in 
the  service,  principally  at  Norfolk,  but,  as  he 
records,  he  "  did  not  like  it."  Accordingly,  he 
resigned,  evidently  to  the  regret  of  his  su- 
periors, one  of  whom,  Lieut.  William  D.  Por- 
ter, wrote  to  his  aunt,  who  had  reared  him, 
the  following  letter :  "  It  affords  me  great 
pleasure  to  state  that  George  Childs,  while 
under  my  care  as  an  apprentice  in  the  navy, 
has  conducted  himself  to  my  satisfaction.  He 
was  always  attentive  to  his  duties,  respectful 
to  his  superiors,  and  sustained  a  character  as 
a  good  moral  boy.  I  always  found  that  I 
could  place  every  confidence  in  him.  He  has 
never  merited  a  punishment,  nor  has  he  been 
punished  while  in  the  navy."  After  leaving 
the  service,  Mr.  Childs,  at  the  suggestion  of 
a  friend  of  his  aunt,  accepted  a  position  in 
Philadelphia.  An  apt  comparison  has  been 
made  which  likened  Mr.  Childs  at  that  period 
to  the  great  Franklin.  Like  "  Poor  Richard," 
he  came  to  the  city  of  Philadelphia  to  work, 
and  in  humble  guise.  His  first  employer  was 
Peter  Thompson,  a  bookseller.  In  the  dual 
capacity  of  clerk  and  errand  boy,  he  worked 
early  and  late  for  a  salary  of  $2.00  a  week. 
Not  content  with  merely  performing  the  duties 
at  hand,  he  took  pains  to  inform  himself  thor- 
oughly on  the  book  trade  in  general,  and, 
after  four  years,  during  which  a  most  ma- 
terial increase  in  Mr.  Thompson's  business  had 
been  brought  about,  he  was  placed  in  charge 
of  purchases  made  at  the  semi-annual  trade 
sales  in  New  York  and  Boston.  Here  he  made 
I  many   valuable   and   never-forgotten   acquaint- 


I 


<^ 


e  ^^y 


CHILDS 


CHILDS 


ances  among  book  buyers  and  publishers,  many 
of  whom  became  the  tried  friends  of  his  later 
life.  In  the  meantime,  true  to  his  lifelong 
policy  of  industry,  temperance,  and  frugality, 
Mr.  Childs  saved  systematically.  As  the  re- 
sult of  his  forethought,  he  was  able  to  open 
a  modest  book  store  of  his  own  when  hardly 
eighteen  years  of  age.  This  store  was  located 
in  the  "  Public  Ledger  "  building,  and,  a*  the 
young  bookseller  was  slowly  but  surely  build- 
ing up  his  business,  he  dreamed  dreams  of 
becoming  some  day  the  owner  of  the  great 
newspaper  whose  presses  throbbed  below  him. 
In  1850,  at  the  age  of  twenty -one,  Mr.  Childs 
reached  an  important  milestone  in  his  career, 
for  it  was  then  that  he  entered  into  partner- 
ship with  Robert  E.  Peterson,  a  well-known 
publisher,  under  the  firm  name  of  R.  E.  Peter- 
son and  Company,  afterward  Childs  and  Peter- 
son. The  new  firm's  initial  success  was  Dr. 
Kane's  "  Arctic  Explorations,"  the  demand  for 
which  was  immediate  and  continuous,  and 
within  one  year  netted  its  author  nearly 
$70,000  in  royalties.  It  is  significant,  also, 
that  Mr.  Childs'  first  success  in  the  publishiijg 
field  should  also  mark  the  triumph  of  one  of 
his  fellow  men  and  that  it  was  through  his 
encouragement  that  Dr.  Kane  had  been  em- 
boldened to  write  his  narrative.  Other  suc- 
cessful publications  issued  by  Childs  and  Pet- 
erson were,  Bouvier's  "  Law  Dictionary," 
Sharswood's  "  Blackstone,"  Fletcher's  "  Brazil 
and  the  Brazilians,"  Dr.  Allibone's  "  Diction- 
ary of  British  and  American  Authors,"  pub- 
lished at  a  cost  of  $60,000;  and  Peterson's 
"  Familiar  Science,"  of  which  250,000  copies 
were  sold.  After  ten  years,  in  1860,  Mr.  Peter- 
son retired  from  the  firm,  and  Mr.  Childs  be- 
came associated  with  J.  B.  Lippincott  -and 
Company,  who  had  taken  over  several  of  their 
best  publications.  Within  a  few  months,  how- 
ever, he  resumed  business  on  his  own  account, 
and,  in  1863,  retired  permanently  from  book- 
publishing.  The  year  1864  saw  the  fulfillment 
of  his  youthful  ambition  of  becoming  owner 
of  the  Philadelphia  "  Public  Ledger,"  In  asso- 
ciation with  A.  J.  Drexel,  he  purchased  it,  as 
he  records,  "  for  a  sum  slightly  in  excess  of 
its  annual  loss."  The  new  proprietor  had  no 
small  task  before  him.  The  "  Ledger,"  estab- 
lished in  1836,  had  always  been  a  penny  paper. 
The  financial  hardships  engendered  by  the 
Civil  War,  which  was  then  raging  its  fiercest, 
had  rendered  the  publication  of  the  "  Ledger  " 
on  a  "  six  and  a  quarter  cents  a  week  "  basis 
so  impossible  that  its  owners,  Messrs.  Swain 
and  Abell,  were  glad  to  dispose  of  the  prop- 
erty. At  once  he  began  the  radical  changes 
necessary  in  management.  With  supreme" 
courage  he  doubled  the  price  of  the  paper  and 
advanced  the  rates  of  advertising.  After  the 
first  small  losses  in  his  subscription  list  he 
was  rewarded  by  an  increase  in  circulation 
which  grew  beyond  anticipation.  Then  fol- 
lowed many  years  of  hard  work  by  Mr.  Childs ; 
years  in  which  he  spent  twelve  or  fourteen 
hours  a  day  in  the  editorial  rooms  and  in  per- 
sonal superintendence.  Some  of  his  reforms 
were  those  much  needed  at  the  present  day. 
He  excluded  from  his  paper  all  details  of 
crime  and  vice,  all  scandal  and  slang,  on  the 
ground  that  such  news  inflamed  the  passions 
and  corrupted  the  morals  of  the  public.  He 
was  the  pioneer,  also,  in  the  righteous  warfare 


against  fraudulent,  immoral,  and  irresponsible 
advertisers.  He  published  only  six  days  fn 
the  week,  resisting  all  suggestions  of  issuing  a 
Sunday  edition.  In  all  these  innovations,  his 
only  aim  was  that  of  elevating  the  tone  of  the 
press,  and  he  hesitated  at  no  time  when  there 
seemed  to  be  a  conflict  between  the  two  im- 
portant considerations  of  what  is  right  and 
what  will  pay.  In  the  face  of  obstacles  and 
predicted  failure,  he  gained  the  recognition 
and  confidence  of  the  public  and  the  "  Ledger  " 
entered  upon  an  era  of  assured  success,  beyond 
all  expectations.  On  his  assuming  control  of 
the  "  Public  Ledger "  in  1864,  he  epitomized 
his  policy  in  the  noble  words,  "  Meanness  is 
not  necessary  to  success  in  business,  but  econ- 
omy is."  To  this  principle  he  adhered  con- 
sistently throughout  his  entire  subsequent 
career.  He  was  a  philanthropist,  in  the  broad- 
est sense,  but  at  no  time  could  it  be  said  that 
his  public  beneficences — and  they  were  many 
and  generous — were  made  possible  by  injustice 
done  to  those  employed  by  him.  His  idea  of 
true  generosity  is  well  expressed  by  himself  in 
his  "  Recollections."  Speaking  of  his  efforts 
to  raise  contributions  for  the  relief  of  sick 
soldiers  and  their  families  during  the  Civil 
War,  a  cause  to  which  he  himself  contributed 
munificently,  he  relates :  "  I  asked  a  very  rich 
man  to  contribute  some  money  to  a  certain 
relief  fund.  '  Childs,'  he  said,  '  I  can't  give  you 
anything.  I  have  worked  too  hard  for  my 
money.'  That  is  just  it.  Being  generous 
grows  on  one  just  as  being  mean  does.  The 
disposition  to  give  and  to  be  kind  to  others 
should  be  inculcated  and  fostered  in  children. 
It  seems  to  me  that  is  the  way  to  improve 
the  world,  and  make  happy  the  people  who 
are  in  it."  A  notable  example  of  his  practi- 
cal application  of  this  principle  occurred  in 
1876.  A  delegation  of  his  printers  then  waited 
upon  him  and  explained  that  the  typograph- 
ical union  had  reduced  the  scale  from  forty- 
five  to  forty  cents  per  thousand  ems,  thus 
allowing  him  a  snug  item  of  daily  saving. 
Mr.  Childs,  instead  of  accepting  the  reduction, 
thus  claiming  what  the  union  had  voluntarily 
yielded  to  him,  remarked  simply  that  he  saw 
no  good  reason  for  reducing  their  wages,  being 
perfectly  satisfied  with  the  old  scale.  Thus, 
owing  solely  to  his  wonderful  regard  for  the 
well-being  of  his  employees,  the  "  Ledger  "  con- 
tinued to  pay  higher  rates  than  any  other  news- 
paper in  the  city — perhaps,  also,  in  the  coun- 
try. Still  he  prospered;  more,  perhaps,  than 
many  of  his  contemporaries  who  had  gladly 
accepted  the  new  scale.  Mr.  Childs'  career 
thus  becomes  a  noble  record  of  a  really  prac- 
tical means  for  solving  the  so-called  labor 
problem.  He  never  lost  sight  of  the  grand 
fact  that  laborers  are  human  beings,  who  must 
be  treated  by  employers  as  they  themselves 
expect  to  be  treated  in  return.  He  knew, 
also,  that  man  at  his  highest  efficiency  is 
moved  by  love  of  and  interest  in  his  task,  and 
not  by  compulsion  or  the  more  necossity  of 
laboring  for  the  means  of  livelihood.  Hold- 
ing to  these  views,  he  was  a  believer  in  Iradc 
unions.  Indeed,  he  has  expressed  tlio  belief 
that  but  for  them  the  rate  of  romunorulion 
for  most  trades,  printers  in  particular,  would 
be  far  below  what  it  is  at  present.  Ills  policy, 
however,  was  to  forestall  all  necessity  for 
strikes  and  disputes  by  going  more  than  half- 


205 


CHILDS 


CHILDS 


way  in  the  eflfort  to  do  justice.  It  is  hardly 
remarkable  that  Mr.  Childs  was  highly  es- 
teemed by  his  employees,  nor  that  he  was  one 
of  the  few  employers  who  received  election  to 
honorary  membership  in  the  typographical 
union.  Mr.  Childs  further  showed  his  kindly 
interest  in  his  employees  by  purchasing  a  plot 
of  ground  in  the  Woodlands  Cemetery  for  the 
use  of  printers.  With  A.  J.  Drexel  he  also 
donated  the  sum  of  $10,000  to  the  typograph- 
ical union  for  any  benevolent  purpose  that 
might  seem  most  desirable.  This  sum  the 
union  concluded  to  put  into  a  permanent  fund, 
which  was  to  be  augmented  by  the  voluntary 
contributions  of  American  compositors.  In  this 
manner  the  Childs-Drexel  fund  is  being  con- 
stantly augmented.  Thus,  from  the  noble 
habit  of  benevolence  toward  all,  has  George 
W.  Childs  erected  for  himself  a  lasting  me- 
morial in  the  hearts  of  his  fellow  men,  and 
has  also  become  an  example  of  the  true  way  to 
treat  the  constantly  increasing  "  labor  prob- 
lem." Mr.  Childs'  example  holds  good,  also, 
for  men  of  wealth  and  position  who  entertain 
ambitions  in  the  direction  of  public  office. 
Had  he  so  willed  it,  his  name  might  have  been 
included  in  the  list  of  Presidents  of  the  United 
States.  Only  his  modesty,  and  sense  of  unfit- 
ness for  the  duties  of  the  office,  very  hard  to 
appreciate,  in  view  of  his  wonderful  powers, 
so  nobly  used,  prevented  the  consummation  of 
this  honor.  In  1888  the  "Craftsman"  of 
W^ashington,  the  organ  of  the  International 
Typographical  Union,  recommended  his  can- 
didacy in  the  forthcoming  election.  The  sug- 
gestion was  received  with  enthusiasm  through- 
out the  country,  the  editors  of  a  host  of  power- 
ful newspapers  pledging  their  support,  and 
prominent  capitalists  offering  to  contribute  to 
campaign  expenses.  Indeed,  capital  and  labor 
united  with  the  general  public  in  urging  upon 
him  the  acceptance  of  the  call  of  his  country. 
It  is  to  be  regretted  that  for  reasons  of  his 
own  Mr.  Childs  declined  to  give  us  an  ideal 
President.  We  can  imagine  the  immense  bene- 
fits that  would  have  accrued  from  his  adminis- 
tration of  the  country's  affairs — a  "  business 
administration  "  par  excellency — also,  from  his 
high  and  noble  influence  in  this  highest  office 
in  the  land.  He  would  undoubtedly  have  in- 
augurated policies  that  would  have  placed  the 
United  States  in  advance  of  all  other  coun- 
tries in  the  matter  of  fixing  the  relations  of 
labor  and  capital  on  a  firm  and  equitable 
basis.  Apart  from  the  true  practical  Chris- 
tianity manifested  in  his  relations  with  his 
employees,  Mr.  Childs'  benevolences  were  enor- 
mous. Many  of  his  good  deeds  in  relieving  in- 
dividual cases  of  distress  will  never  be  known. 
He  provided  generously  for  the  old  age  of 
those  who  had  served  him  faithfully.  He  was 
the  friend  and  benefactor  of  publishers  and 
authors,  and  a  public-spirited  citizen  who  had 
pre-eminently  the  gift  of  doing  the  proper 
thing  at  the  proper  time.  He  was  one  of 
those  instrumental  in  obtaining  for  the  city 
of  Philadelphia  the  ground  forming  the  nucleus 
of  Fairmount  Park,  now  recognized  as  the 
most  beautiful  in  America,  and  he  was  a  lib- 
eral subscriber  and  promoter  of  the  Centennial 
Exhibition  held  in  1876.  He  erected  monu- 
ments over  the  graves  of  Edgar  Allan  Poe  and 
Richard  A.  Proctor  in  this  country,  and  in 
England    placed    a    window    in    Westminster 


Abbey  in  memory  of  the  poets,  Cowper  and 
Herbert,  and  in  St.  Margaret's,  adjoining  the 
abbey,  a  splendid  window  to  Milton.  In  1887, 
during  the  Queen's  Jubilee,  he  placed  a  mag- 
nificent drinking  fountain  in  the  Rother  Mar- 
ket, Stratford-on-Avon,  a  noble  and  munifi- 
cent memorial  to  Shakespeare  and  a  gift  use- 
ful alike  to  man  and  beast.  The  interest  and 
sympathy  felt  with  the  spirit  of  Mr.  Childs' 
gift  was  world-wide.  The  English  and  Ameri- 
can press  demonstrated  their  approval  by 
eulogistic  editorials,  while  letters  bearing  ex- 
pressions of  good  will  came  from  all  over  the 
globe.  In  forming  an  estimate  of  Mr.  Childs' 
character  it  is  inevitable  that  we  recognize 
him  as  almost,  if  not  entirely,  in  a  class  by 
himself.  The  simple  goodness  of  his  character 
made  him  modest  and  retiring,  and,  although 
he  actually  accomplished  large  things  in  a 
large  way,  he  always  avoided  ostentation  and 
display.  As  a  mere  corollary  to  the  posses- 
sion of  so  many  conspicuous  virtues,  Mr. 
Childs  inevitably  attracted  to  himself  a  host 
of  devoted  friends — ^many  of  them  the  world's 
most  prominent  actors  in  every  sphere  of  ac- 
tivity. His  keen  interest  in  matters  literary 
and  artistic  won  him  the  friendship  of  the 
greatest  authors  and  artists  of  his  time,  v/hile 
his  influence  in  the  world  of  journalism 
brought  him  into  intimate  association  with 
the  foremost  men  in  public  life.  He  was  an 
intimate  and  valued  friend  of  President  Grant, 
who  consulted  him  upon  many  important  and 
intricate  matters.  In  1876  he  entertained  Dom 
Pedro,  Emperor  of  Brazil,  who,  thereafter,  un- 
til his  deposition  from  the  throne,  repeatedly 
honored  Mr.  Childs  as  only  the  ruler  of  an 
empire  can.  His  friendship  with  Charles 
Dickens  was  warm,  even  affectionate,  while 
the  greater  authors  and  poets  of  his  own  coun- 
try were  equally  his  intimate  associates.  His 
personal  "  Recollections,"  published  in  1889, 
are  replete  with  interesting  reminiscences  of 
his  intimacy  with  Hawthorne,  Longfellow, 
Emerson,  Lowell,  Holmes,  Prescott,  Irving, 
and  a  score  of  other  writers  who  made  Ameri- 
can literature.  Of  George  Peabody  and  Peter 
Cooper  he  records  many  warm  appreciations, 
and  his  analysis  of  the  character  of  General 
Grant  is  one  of  the  most  sincere  and  admirable 
tributes  ever  paid  to  one  man  by  another.  In 
his  friendships  as  well  as  his  sympathies  Mr. 
Childs  was  catholic,  for  in  spite  of  his  deep 
admiration  for  Generals  Grant,  Sherman, 
Sheridan,  and  Meade,  he  had  given  Alexander 
H.  Stephens,  of  Georgia,  his  first  gold  watch. 
Mr.  Childs  was  an  enthusiastic  collector  of 
rare  books  and  manuscripts,  of  which  he  had 
'many  rare  and  valuable  specimens,  including 
the  original  manuscript  of  Dickens'  "  Mutual 
Friend,"  presented  to  him  by  the  author.  He 
had  also  an  extensive  collection  of  antique  and 
curious  clocks,  which  formed  a  notable  feature 
of  his  handsome  residence.  Mr.  Childs'  habits 
of  life  were  simple,  yet  elegance  prevailed  in 
his  home  and  his  hospitality  was  inexhaust- 
ible. The  list  of  notables,  American  and  for- 
eign, who  were  entertained  by  Mr.  Childs  is 
too  long  to  recount,  but  would  include  the  best 
known  names  in  the  literary,  artistic,  military, 
and  financial  world.  One  beautiful  incident  in 
his  career  was  his  life-long  friendship  with 
Anthony  J.  Drexel.  These  two  notable  men 
co-operated   in  the  purchase  of  the   "Public 


206 


BELL 


BELL 


Ledger,"  and  in  numerous  other  enterprises, 
both  business  and  charitable.  They  were  con- 
stantly together  in  life,  and  at  his  death,  Mr. 
Childs  was  laid  temporarily  by  the  side  of  his 
friend,  until  his  own  splendid  tomb  was  com- 
pleted. About  the  time  of  his  purchase  of  the 
**  Ledger,"  Mr.  Childs  was  married  to  Miss 
Emma  Bouvier  Peterson,  the  daughter  of  his 
former  partner,  Robert  E.  Peterson.  Her 
mother,  the  only  child  of  Judge  John  Bouvier, 
the  eminent  legal  writer,  was  a  woman  of  bril- 
liant scientific  and  literary  gifts.  Her  "  Fa- 
miliar Astronomy,"  a  "  Treatise  on  the  Globe," 
and  a  comprehensive  "  Astronomical  Diction- 
ary," won  enthusiastic  commendation  from 
such  distinguished  astronomers  as  Sir  John 
Herschel  and  Sir  David  Brewster. 

BELL,  Alexander  Graham,  inventor  of  the 
speaking  telephone,  b.  in  Edinburgh,  Scotland, 
3  March,  1847,  son  of  Alexander  Melville  Bell 
and  grandson  of  Alexander  Bell.  His  father 
was  a  lecturer  on  elocution  In  Edinburgh 
university  and  author  of  the  Bell  system  of 
•'  visible  speech  " ;  his  grandfather  was  famous 
as  an  expert  in  phonetics  and  the  treatment 
of  defective  utterance.  Added  to  this  remark- 
able heredity,  the  environments  of  his  early 
training  constantly  tended  to  prepare  him  for 
the  achievement  of  that  invention  which,  when 
it  was  first  given  to  the  civilized  world,  was 
pronounced  by  Sir  William  Thomson  (Lord 
Kelvin )  "  the  marvel  of  marvels."  His 
education  was  received  from  the  Royal  High 
School  of  Edinburgh,  but  at  home  his  fa- 
ther carefully  taught  him  the  physiology  of 
human  speech,  and  so  stimulated  his  interest 
that  at  a  very  early  age  he  devised  and  con- 
structed a  working  model  of  the  organs  of 
speech,  which  is  said  to  have  actually  spoken 
a  few  simple  words.  In  1865  the  family  went 
to  live  in  London;  there  Alexander  Graham 
Bell  became  a  student  in  University  College 
and  in  1867  matriculated  in  the  University  of 
London.  At  this  period  he  was  a  keen  student 
of  Helmholtz'  theories  on  the  reproduction  of 
sound,  and  was  eager  to  effect  some  practical 
realization  of  the  great  German's  experiments 
in  that'  direction:  it  even  appears,  from  a 
statement  made  by  Bell  some  ten  years  later, 
that  before  the  year  1870  he  was  already  con- 
vinced that  men  would  "  one  day  speak  by 
telegraph."  The  idea  of  transmitting  soimd 
by  electricity  had  taken  a  strong  hold  upon 
the  scientific  world  precisely  in  this  decade 
(1861-70)  following  the  achievement  of  Reis 
at  Frankfort-on-the-Main.  Reis'  apparatus, 
however,  only  reproduced  the  differences  in 
pitch  of  the  transmitted  sound;  there  re- 
mained the  immensely  difficult  problem  of  re- 
producing those  modifications  of  sound  which 
constitute  the  difference  between  syllable  and 
syllable  in  articulate  speech.  In  August, 
1870,  the  Bell  family  crossed  the  Atlantic  and 
settled  at  Brantford,  Ontario.  Alexander 
Graham  Bell  was  at  this  time  improving  his 
acquaintance  with  electric  telegraphy  by 
studying  the  problem  of  multiple  transmission 
of  messages.  In  April,  1871,  his  reputation 
as  an  exponent  of  his  father's  "  visible  speech  '* 
method  won  for  him  from  the  Boston  school 
board  an  invitation  to  experiment  in  the  teach- 
ing of  deaf-mutes  in  that  city.  It  was  then 
that  with  his  appointment  to  lecture  on  vocal 
physiology   in   the   University   of   Boston,   he 


acquired  the  title  of  professor  which  has 
clung  to  his  name  ever  since.  In  October, 
1872,  he  began  to  reside  regularly  in  or  near 
Boston,  where  he  completed  his  great  work  for 
civilization.  Success  as  a  teacher  of  deaf- 
mutes  by  no  means  diverted  his  mind  from 
the  pursuit  of  "  speaking  by  telegraph  " ;  on 
the  contrary,  daily  familiarity  with  the 
mechanism  of  human  speech  only  served  to 
keep  the  great  problem  before  him  in  an 
especially  clear  and  encouraging  light.  While 
constantly  working  at  his  experiments  with 
undulatory  currents  and  phonautographic  de- 
vices of  various  types,  he  at  last  succeeded, 
in  July,  1875,  in  constructing  what  was,  to 
all  intents  and  purposes,  the  first  electric 
speaking  telephone.  In  the  fundamentals  of 
its  construction  this  apparatus  was  identical 
with  the  elaborately  improved  telephone  of  the 
twentieth  century — by  the  action  of  a  dia- 
phragm it  expressed  the  vibrations  of  the 
speaking  voice  in  terms  of  an  electric  cur- 
rent, which  current  then  acted  upon  a  second 
diaphragm  to  produce  other  vibrations  simu- 
lating those  which  impinged  upon  the  first 
diaphragm.  But  this  primitive  affair,  with  its 
diaphragms  of  gold-beater's  skin,  was  not  the 
thoroughly  reliable  instrument  which  Bell  in- 
tended to  offer  to  the  world:  above  all,  the  vi- 
brations produced  by  the  receiving  diaphragm 
must  be  made  to  repeat  still  more  exactly  all 
those  subtle  characteristics  which  made  the 
original  vibrations,  vibrations  of  human  speech 
as  distinguished  from  vibrations  of  inarticulate 
sound.  Such  an  instrument,  with  metal  dia- 
phragms, was  not  ready  until  the  beginning 
of  the  following  year.  Bell's  application  for 
a  patent  on  the  speaking  telephone  was  filed 
in  Washington,  14  Feb.,  1876.  It  was  the 
year  of  the  centennial  exposition  in  Phila- 
delphia; there,  in  the  presence  of  William 
Thomson,  Hiram  Maxim,  and  other  great 
masters  of  applied  science,  the  speaking  tele- 
phone was  for  the  first  time  publicly  exhibited 
in  effectual  operation,  in  a  recognizable  way 
reproducing  all  the  distinctive  features  of 
spoken  language  (25  June,  1876).  The  first 
real  telephone  line  in  the  world  was  that  in- 
stalled at  the  residence  of  the  inventor's 
father,  Brantford,  Ontario,  in  August,  1876. 
The  wonder  and  applause  which  greeted  this 
new  marvel  was  mingled  with  much  skepticism 
as  to  its  practical  value.  In  spite  of  that 
world-awakening  demonstration  at  the  cen- 
tennial exposition,  preceded  by  one  before  the 
Society  of  Arts  in  Boston  and  followed  by 
others  at  the  Essex  Institute,  Salem,  and  else- 
where, it  was  still  doubted  whether  Bell's 
speaking  telephone  could  ever  become  much 
more  than  a  fascinating  and  instructive  toy. 
In  this  generation — ^now  that  the  telephone 
has  been  made  the  everyday  means  of  com- 
munication in  every  department  of  human 
activity,  business,  social,  industrial — one  roads 
almost  with  increcfulity  the  opinion  of  its 
capabilities  published  in  1877  by  a  technical 
journal  ("The  Operator")  in  reply  to  nn 
inquiry:  "Nobody  would  care  to  trust  im- 
portant messages,  sometimes  involvin<x  life  and 
death,  or  thousands  of  dollars,  to  being  sent 
in  such  a  manner. "  Legal  dinicullies  also 
threatened  the  commereinl  suoeess  of  Bell's 
patent;  an  attack  upon  its  validity  was  com- 
menced   in    the   courts  of   the    United    States. 

207 


BELL 


GARFORD 


This  difficulty,  however,  was  eventually  over- 
come. In  1881  Professor  Bell's  title  to  the 
honor  of  having  invented  the  speaking  tele- 
phone was  finally  sealed  before  the  civilized 
world,  when  the  Volta  prize  of  50,000  francs 
was  awarded  him  by  the  French  government. 
This  sum,  increased  out  of  his  private  re- 
sources, he  applied  to  found  the  Volta  Bureau 
in  Washington,  D.  C,  "  for  the  increase  and 
difTusion  of  knowledge  relating  to  the  deaf." 
The  dazzling  effect  of  his  first  great  achieve- 
ment has  somewhat  obscured  in  the  popu- 
lar vision  Professor  Bell's  subsequent  con- 
tributions to  the  progress  of  applied  science. 
Among  these,  two  of  the  most  practically  im- 
portant are  the  telephone  probe,  an  electrical 
device  for  detecting  the  presence  of  bullets  in 
the  body,  for  which  the  ancient  university  of 
Heidelberg  gave  him  the  honorary  degree  of 
M.D.  on  the  occasion  of  the  500th  anniversary 
of  its  foundation  (1886),  the  induction  bal- 
ance, and  the  granhophone,  which  last  he  in- 
vented in  1883,  jointly  with  C.  A.  Bell  and  S. 
Taintor.  A  communication  which  he  read  to 
the  Royal  Society  in  London  (17  May,  1878), 
on  the  action  of  light  on  selenium  plates  was 
followed,  about  two  years  later,  by  his  first 
memoir  to  the  American  Academy  of  Sciences 
on  his  discovery  of  the  photophone.  His  work 
on  "  The  Production  of  Sound  by  Radiant 
Energy"  was  published  in  1881.  He  had 
taken  out  no  fewer  than  twenty  patents  in  the 
United  States  before  the  end  of  the  nine- 
teenth century;  the  most  important  of  these, 
for  the  speaking  telephone,  expired  in  March, 
1893.  Having  acquired  considerable  wealth 
through  the  commercial  exploitation  of  his 
patents,  Professor  Bell  by  a  natural  impulse 
turned  his  thoughts  back  into  their  hereditary 
channel,  and,  with  donations  of  over  $400,000, 
founded  the  American  Association  to  Promote 
the  Teaching  of  Speech  to  the  Deaf.  Of  this 
benevolent  organization  he  was  for  some  time 
president,  and  the  good  work  which  it  has 
directly  or  indirectly  accomplished  is  one  of 
the  glories  of  American  civilization.  In  con- 
nection with  this  work  he  has  published  "The 
Education  of  Deaf  Children"  (Washington, 
1892),  "Memoir  on  the  Foundation  of  a  Deaf 
Variety  of  the  Human  Race,"  published  by 
United  States  Congress,  and  "  Lectures  on 
the  Mechanism  of  Speech"  (New  York, 
1908).  Nor  have  his  efforts  been  confined 
to  this  his  special  field  of  investigation. 
Having  taken  up  his  residence  at  Washington 
in  1881,  Professor  Bell  soon  became  an  active 
element  in  the  intellectual  life  of  the  capital. 
Aerial  locomotion  as  a  practical  question  at- 
tracted him  before  it  had  begun  to  receive 
serious  attention  from  the  great  body  of  scien- 
tists. As  early  as  1891  he  placed  $5,000  at 
the  disposal  of  the  secretary  (the  late  Samuel 
Pierpont  Langley)  of  the  Smithsonian  Institu- 
tion, to  assist  in  promoting  the  then  embryonic 
study  of  aviation,  and  in  .1896  he  was  among 
the  most  keenly  interested  spectators  at  the 
trial  of  the  Langley  aerodrome.  The  most  im- 
portant result  of  Professor  Bell's  own  studies  in 
this  direction  is  the  tetrahedral  kite,  described 
by  him  before  the  National  Academy  of 
Sciences  (see  "The  Tetrahedral  Principle  in 
Kite  Structure,"  Washington,  1903).  By  this 
device  he  has  succeeded  in  lifting  and  sup- 
porting  in  air   a  total   weight  of  more  than 


300  pounds  over  and  above  the  weight  of  the 
machine  itself.  It  is,  at  the  present  writing, 
too  early  to  attempt  any  prediction  on  the 
probable  effect  of  Professor  Bell's  contribu- 
tions to  the  now  rapidly  increasing  develop- 
ment of  aerostation.  In  December,  1906,  he 
delivered  another  address  before  the  National 
Academy  of  Sciences,  on  aerial  locomotion 
with  special  reference  to  the  construction  of 
an  aerodrome.  In  1907,  by  a  gift  of  $30,0P0, 
he  founded  the  Aerial  Experiment  Association 
to  conduct  investigations  in  the  art  of  flying. 
The  first  public  flight  in  America  by  a  heavier- 
than-air  machine  was  given  by  this  Associa- 
tion at  Hammondsport,  N.  Y.,  12  March, 
1908.  In  1877  Alexander  Graham  Bell  mar- 
ried Mabel  Gardiner  Hubbard,  daughter  of 
Gardiner  Hubbard,  a  regent  of  the  Smith- 
sonian Institution.  This  lady  had  lost  in 
infancy  the  use  of  her  hearing,  and  had  bene- 
fited/by  Professor  Bell's  scientific  teaching. 
Besides  his  residence  in  Washington,  he  is 
the  owner  of  a  fine  estate  in  Nova  Scotia — 
Beinn  Bhreagh  Hall,  Baddeck,  Cape  Breton — 
which  he  uses  as  a  summer  residence.  Here 
he  carries  on  experiments  and  pursues  scien- 
tific investigations  in  the  breeding  of  sheep, 
on  which  subject  he  has  published  several 
important  monographs.  The  learned  societies 
with  which  he  is  connected  include:  the  Smith- 
sonian Institution,  of  which  he  became  a 
iegent,  in  succession  to  his  father-in-law,  in 
1898;  the  National  Geographic  Society,  which 
he  has  served  as  president;  American  Institute 
of  Electrical  Engineers,  of  which  he  has  also 
been  president;  American  Academy  of  Arts 
and  Sciences;  American  Association  for  the 
Advancement  of  Science;  National  Academy 
of  Sciences;  American  Philosophical  Society. 
The  list  of  honors  conferred  upon  him  in  va- 
rious parts  of  the  world  in  recognition  of  his 
services  to  civilization  includes,  besides  the 
Volta  prize  and  the  honorary  degree  from 
Heidelberg,  the  rare  distinction  of  officier  de  la 
legion  d'honneur,  the  Albert  medal  of  the  So- 
ciety of  Arts,  London  (1902),  the  Elliott  Cres- 
son  medal  from  the  Franklin  Institute  of  Phil- 
adelphia, and  th^  academic  degrees  of  honorary 
Ph.D.,  National  Deaf  Mute  College  (now  Gal- 
laudet  College)  (1880);  Wurzburg  (1882); 
LL.D.,  Illinois  College  (1881);  Harvard 
(1896);  Amherst  (1901);  St.  Andrew's 
(1902);  Edinburgh  (1906);  Queens,  Toronto 
(1908);  George  Washington  (1913);  Dart- 
mouth  (1914);  Sc.D.,  Oxford  (1907). 

GARFORD,  Arthur  Lovett,  manufacturer,  b. 
Elyria,  Ohio,  4  Aug.,  1858,  son  of  George  and 
Hannah  (Lovett)  Garford.  For  nearly  a 
dozen  generations  his  forbears  have  been  the 
custodians  and  managers  of  one  of  the  large 
English  entailed  estates.  His  mother's  father, 
Edward  Lovett,  w^as  a  prominent  English 
manufacturer  of  silks  and  laces.  The  elder 
Garford  came  to  the  United  States  in  1853 
and  settled  on  a  small  place  north  of  Elyria, 
Ohio,  which  he  purchased,  and  there  he  was 
a  year  later  joined  by  his  wife  and  child.  The 
family  at  first  lived  in  a  small  log  hut,  north 
of  the  town,  in  true  pioneer  fashion.  The  father 
became  engaged  as  a  landscape  gardener  and 
several  of  the  finest  estates  in  the  neigh- 
borhood were  planned  and  laid  out  by  him. 
Later  he  extended  his  business  into  gen- 
eral   agriculture,    specializing    in    stock    rais- 


208 


GARFORD 


GARFORD 


ing,  and  soon  his  farm,  "  Elywood,"  became 
famous  for  the  fine  animals  bred  there.  For 
nearly  sixty  years  he  continued  a  respected 
citizen  of  Lorain  County,  until  his  death  in 
Elyria,  16  Feb.,  1911.  Arthur  Lovett  Gar- 
ford  was  a  typical  farm-bred  boy,  the  fourth 
of  a  family  of  eight  children.  Like  many 
another  who  has  come  to  the  front  in  the 
affairs  of  the  country,  he  began  his  education 
in  the  little  country  school.  In  1875  he 
completed  the  course  at  the  Elyria  high  school. 
The  following  two  years  were  mostly  spent  on 
the  farm,  but  he  then  entered  the  office 
of  a  large  importing  house  in  Cleveland. 
There  he  obtained  a  three  years'  practical  ex- 
perience in  business  principles  and  practice. 
At  the  end  of  that  period  he  accepted  a  posi- 
tion with  the  Savings  Deposit  Bank  in  his 
native  town,  beginning  as  a  bookkeeper.  Long 
before  he  resigned  from  his  position  with  the 
bank,  in  1892,  he  had  become  its  cashier  and 
had  gained  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  bank- 
ing business.  Leaving  the  bank,  Mr.  Garford 
began  his  independent  career  as  a  manufac- 
turer by  organizing  the  Garford  Manufactur- 
ing Company,  for  the  purpose  of  manufac- 
turing and  marketing  an  improved  bicycle 
saddle  which  he  had  invented  himself.  The 
venture  proved  an  unqualified  success,  the 
saddle  becoming  the  most  popular  of  its  kind 
on  the  market.  Eventually  all  other  con- 
cerns engaged  in  the  same  line  of  manu- 
facture were  absorbed  until  under  the  name 
of  the  American  Saddle  Company,  the  out- 
put was  over  a  million  saddles  a  year 
It  was  finally  merged  into  the  American 
Bicycle  Company,  Mr.  Garford  becoming  treas- 
urer of  the  corporation.  Mr.  Garford  later 
organized  various  other  leading  industries. 
One  of  these  was  the  Automobile  and  Cycle 
Parts  Company,  which  he  founded  in  1901 
and  which  later  took  the  name  of  Federal 
Manufacturing  Company,  with  a  capital 
of  $5,000,000,  operating  nine  different  plants 
in  as  many  cities  Of  this  corporation 
Mr.  Garford  was  president,  but  in  1905 
he  resigned  from  that  position,  disposed 
of  his  interest  and,  purchasing  from  the 
company  its  automobile  parts  plants  in 
Cleveland  and  Elyria,  he  organized  the  Gar- 
ford Company,  which  engaged  in  the  manu- 
facture of  chassis  for  automobiles  In  this 
enterprise  he  had  associated  with  him  mem- 
bers of  the  Studebaker  Company  of  South 
Bend,  Ind ,  but  Mr.  Garford  retained  a  con- 
trolling interest,  A  magnificent  plant  of 
reinforced  concrete  was  built  in  Elyria  in  1907, 
which  is  regarded  as  one  of  the  best  equipped 
of  its  kind  in  the  country.  In  1912  the 
property  of  the  Garford  Company  was  ac- 
quired by  John  M.  Willys,  of  the  Willys- 
Overland  Company  of  Toledo.  In  1914  Mr 
Garford  organized  the  Garford  Manufacturing 
Company,  which  purchased  the  business  and 
property  of  the  Dean  Electric  Company  at 
Elyria,  where  it  had  been  engaged  in  the 
manufacture  of  telephones  and  other  electrical 
appliances.  This  new  corporation,  one  of  the 
largest  industrial  establishments  in  Elyria, 
now  operates  under  the  management  of  Mr. 
Garford,  who  is  its  president.  Such  have  been 
the  enterprises  with  which  Mr  Garford  has 
been  most  closely  associated,  but  he  has  been 
connected,  as  stockholder  and  director,  with  a 


multitude  of  other  important  commercial  en- 
terprises. In  1902  he  made  a  trip  to  France 
and  reorganized  the  Cleveland  Machine  Screw 
Company,  under  the  name  of  the  Cleveland 
Automatic  Machine  Company.  Of  this  con- 
cern he  later  acquired  a  controlling  interest, 
and  for  the  past  ten  years  he  has  been  its 
president.  In  1903  he  organized  the  Columbia 
Steel  Works  of  Elyria.  He  was  also  largely 
interested  in  the  Worthington  Company  and 
was  one  of  the  principal  organizers  of  the 
Fay  Manufacturing  Company  in  1905.  He 
assisted  in  the  establishment  of  the  American 
Lace  Company,  the  Perry-Fay  Company,  and 
the  Elyria  Machine  Parts  Company,  all  of 
Elyria.  For  almost  twenty  years  he  has  owned 
the  controlling  stock  of  the  Republican  Print- 
ing Company  of  Elyria,  which  publishes  the 
Evening  Telegram,  and  is  now  its  president. 
He  is  a  director  of  the  Savings  Deposit  Bank 
and  Trust  Company,  also  of  Elyria.  The 
Cleveland  National  Fire  Insurance  Company, 
organized  in  1913,  is  another  large  enterprise 
of  which  he  is  one  of  the  fathers,  and  in 
which  he  is  still  interested.  He  also  organ- 
ized the  Garford  Engineering  Company,  of 
which  he  is  general  manager.  Thus  it  will  be 
obvious  that  he  has  had  a  leading  share  in  the 
industrial  and  commercial  development  of  his 
native  city.  The  Elyria  Chamber  of  Commerce 
is  one  of  the  foremost  civic  bodies  in  the  State 
of  Ohio  and  has  a  membership  of  about  600. 
Of  this  organization  Mr.  Garford  was  the  first 
president.  He  is  now  president  of  the  Elyria 
Y.  M.  C.  A.,  one  of  the  finest  in  the  United 
States,  considering  the  size  of  the  city.  He 
is  also  one  of  the  trustees  of  the  Young 
Women's  Christian  Association;  president  and 
member  of  the  board  of  trustees  of  the  Elyria 
Public  Library;  a  trustee  of  the  Elyria 
Memorial  Hospital  and  may  be  said  to  have 
been  closely  connected  with  every  local  move- 
ment leading  toward  social  betterment.  Even 
during  his  earlier  schooldays  Mr.  Garford 
had  been  keenly  interested  in  economics. 
Later  this  interest  manifested  itself  in  his 
taking  an  active  part  in  politics.  Until  1912 
he  was  allied  with  the  Republican  party,  and 
was  chairman  of  the  county  committee  for  sev- 
eral year..  He  was  elected  delegate  to  the 
National  Republican  Convention  in  1896  and 
again  in  1908  and  in  1912.  From  1906  to 
1912  he  served  as  a  member  of  the  Republican 
State  Central  Committee.  He  was  advisory 
committeeman  from  Ohio  to  the  National 
League  of  Republican  Clubs  for  a  number  of 
years.  When,  however,  the  marked  division 
of  sentiment  began  manifesting  itself  in  the 
Republican  party  during  the  presidency  of 
Mr.  Taft,  Mr.  Garford  felt  himself  compelled 
to  co-operate  with  the  new  movement.  When 
Mr.  Roosevelt  finally  crystallized  the  feeling 
of  discontent  into  determined  action,  Mr.  Gar- 
ford's  sympathies  and  convictions  lod  him 
to  become  one  of  tli'3  recognized  loaders  of 
the  Progressive  movement  in  his  own  Slate. 
In  the  resulting  primaries,  in  May,  1912.  Mr. 
Roosevelt  gained  sixty-nine  of  the  eighty-eight 
counties  and  thirty-four  of  the  forty-two  dis- 
trict delegates.  At  the  National  Kopnhlican 
Convention,  held  later  in  the  year,  in  Chicago, 
Mr.  Garford  served  as  chairnian  of  tlio  Ohio 
delegation  But  in  spito  of  his  strong  svui- 
pathies  he  did  not  parti(Mi)ato  in  the  bolt,  but 

209 


SMOOT 


SMOOT 


came  home  still  a  Republican.  At  the  State 
Convention  of  the  party,  held  at  Columbus 
soon  afterward,  Mr.  Garford  was  offered  the 
nomination  for  governor  and  the  votes  of  the 
Taft  delegates  if  he  would  agree  to  support 
Mr.  Taft  in  the  presidential  campaign,  but 
he  could  not  harmonize  this  course  of  action 
with  his  own  conception  of  principles;  he 
could  only  agree  to  accept  the  nomination  on 
strictly  local  issues.  In  spite  of  this  qualifi- 
cation, he  led  on  the  first  ballot,  with  increas- 
ing totals  on  subsequent  ones.  But  through 
the  efTorts  of  those  who  opposed  him  he  was 
finally  defeated  and  Gen.  R.  B.  Brown,  of 
Zanesville,  was  made  the  State  candidate  by 
the  State  committee.  After  these  events  Mr. 
Garford  spent  two  months  in  a  trip  abroad, 
during  which  period  the  Progressive  party 
evolved  into  a  state  of  more  perfect  organiza- 
tion. Upon  his  return  he  resigned  from  the 
Republican  State  Central  Committee  and  de- 
clared himself  unqualifiedly  for  the  new  po- 
litical party,  convinced  now  that  no  com- 
promise was  now  possible  with  the  older 
organization.  At  the  State  Convention  of  the 
new  party,  held  in  September,  in  Columbus, 
Mr.  Garford  was  unanimously  nominated  can- 
didate for  governor.  He  waged  his  campaign 
with  his  accustomed  energy  and  at  the  elec- 
tions in  November  he  received  217,903  votes. 
Since  that  date  Mr.  Garford  has  continued  a 
consistent  and  ardent  supporter  of  the  Pro- 
gressive party.  He  is  a  regular  attendant 
and  supporter  of  the  First  Congregational 
Church.  He  is  also  a  member  of  the  Engi- 
neers' Club  of  New  York;  of  the  Ohio  Society 
of  New  York;  of  the  National  Civic  Federa- 
tion; of  the  Union  Club  of  Cleveland;  and 
of  the  Cleveland  Athletic  Club.  On  14  Dec, 
1881,  Mr.  Garford  married  Mary  Louise  Nel- 
son, daughter  of  Thomas  Nelson,  of  Elyria. 
Their  children  are:  Mary  Katherine,  wife  of 
James  B.  Thomas,  and  Louise  Ely,  wife  of 
Emanuel  Lavagino. 

SMOOT,  Eeed,  U.  S.  Senator,  b.  in  Salt 
Lake  City,  Utah,  10  Jan.,  1862,  son  of 
Abraham  Owen  and  Anne  Kerstina  (Mor- 
rison) Smoot.  His  father  (1815-95),  a  native 
of  Owen  County,  Ky ,  and  a  descendant 
through  several  lines  of  old  Virginia  families, 
early  united  with  the  Church  of  Jesus  Christ 
of  Latter-day  Saints  (commonly  called  "Mor- 
mon " ) ,  and  was  a  pioneer  settler  of  Utah, 
where,  at  the  time  of  his  death,  he  was  a 
prominent  figure  in  public  and  religious  af- 
fairs. His  mother  was  a  native  of  Brekka, 
Norway,  and  was  among  the  earliest  of  her 
country  people  to  emigrate  to  the  new  settle- 
ments among  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Senator 
Smoot's  education  was  begun  in  the  district 
schools  of  Salt  Lake  City,  and  continued  in 
Provo,  whither  his  parents  had  removed  in 
1872.  In  Provo  he  was  a  student  at  the 
Timpanogas  Branch  of  the  University  of 
Deseret,  the  predecessor  of  the  Brigham 
Young  Academy  (now  the  Brigham  Young 
University),  which  next  to  the  great  man 
w^hose  name  it  bears,  and  co-equally  with  Dr. 
Karl  G.  Maeser,  its  educational  founder,  owes 
its  existence  to  the  efforts  of  Abraham  0. 
Smoot.  Since  the  death  of  his  father,  Senator 
Smoot  has  taken  a  deep  interest  in  the  growth 
and  development  of  this  school.  He  attended 
its  first  term  in  April,   1876,  passed  through 

210 


all    the    higher    branches    then    taught    there, 
and  completed  the  course  in  1879.     He  studied 
principally    along    commercial    lines,    and,    at 
intervals,  mainly  during  vacations,  worked  in 
the  Provo  Woolen  Mills,  of  which  his  father 
had  been  a  founder,  and  which  started  opera- 
tion in   1872.     It  was  there  that  he  obtained 
his  first  insight  into  manufacture,  a  practical 
insight,    for   he   worked    in   every   department 
of  the  mill.     Upon  leaving  school,  and,  after 
consultation   with   his   father   and   his   tutor, 
Doctor    Maeser,    he    determined    to    pursue    a 
commercial   career.     With  that  end   in  view, 
he  took  a  humble  position  in  the  Provo   Co- 
operative   Institution,    the    first    co-operative 
mercantile    establishment    organized    in    Utah 
under  the   impetus  of  the  great  co-operative 
movement    projected    by    President    Young   in 
1868.    He  started  at  the  bottom  of  the  ladder, 
and  in  eighteen  months  was  manager  of  the 
institution.     After  four  years  in  this  office  he 
was    chosen    manager    of    the    Provo    Woolen 
Mills.     In  November,   1890,  he  left  home  for 
England,  where  he  served  as  a  missionary  of 
his  church  until  September,   1891,  then  being 
called  home  on  account  of  the  serious  illness 
of  his  father.     For  a  short  time  he  acted  as 
manager  of  the  Provo  Lumber  Manufacturing 
and  Building  Company,  but  in  the  spring  of 
1892  was  persuaded  to  resume  his  former  posi- 
tion as  manager  of  the  Provo  Woolen  Mills. 
Under    his    able    superintendency    this    enter- 
prise achieved  a  splendid  success.     Mr.  Smoot 
himself    became    well    known    in   the    business 
world  from  coast  to  coast,  especially  in  the 
large   commercial   centers.     His   early   invest- 
ments  were    successful   and   his  natural    love 
for     industrial     enterprise,     his     shrewdness, 
business  acumen,  and  untiring  efforts  have  led 
him  into  various  branches  of  business.    At  the 
present  time   Senator   Smoot  is  the  president 
of  one  bank  and  a  director  of  several  others; 
president  and  director  of  various  mining  com- 
panies, and  director  of  various  industrial  and 
mercantile    establishments.      From    15    March, 
1894,  until  the  advent  of  statehood,  he  served 
as  director  of  the  Territorial  Mental  Hospital, 
by  appointment  of  Gov.  Caleb  W.  West,  and, 
after    Utah    entered    the    Union,    he    was    ap- 
pointed by  Gov.  Heber  M.  Wells  as  a  member 
of    the    Semi-Centennial    Commission,    which, 
in  1897,  conducted  the  great  Pioneer  Jubilee. 
In    April,     1895,    he    was    appointed    second 
counselor     to     President     Edward     Partridge 
of     the    Utah    Stake    of    Zion,    one    of    the 
territorial      divisions      of      the      "  Mormon  '* 
Church,    and    served    in    this    position    until 
9  April,  1900,  when  he  was  ordained  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Council  of  the  Twelve  Apostles,  by 
President    Lorenzo    Snow.      When    the    Terri- 
tory of  Utah  divided  on  national  party  lines 
Senator  Smoot  was  one  of  the  first  to  declare 
himself  a  Republican,  and,  indeed,  for  a  long 
time,   was   one   of   the   few   representatives   of 
the  party  in  his  county.     He  has  remained  a 
consistent    adherent   to    Republican    principles 
ever   since.     Although  he  never  held  any  po- 
litical   position    until    he   was   elected   to   the 
U.    S.   Senate,   he  was  always   considered  one 
of  the  leading  Republicans  of  the   State  and 
was  frequently  urged  to  accept  political  offices. 
When  he  took  his  seat  in  the  U.   S.   Senate, 
5  March,  1905,  petitions  from  all  parts  of  the 
country  flooded  Congress  urging  his  exclusion 


I 


SMOOT 


SMOOT 


or  expulsion  on  the  ground  that  he  was  either  a 
practicer  or  exponent  of  polygamy.  This 
charge  was  maliciously  concocted  and  circu- 
lated by  certain  defamers  of  Utah  in  Salt 
Lake  City;  but  of  course  it  proved  utterly 
false.  However,  for  four  years  the  past  pri- 
vate and  public  life  of  Senator  Smoot  was 
subjected  to  a  most  thorough  investigation  by 
the  Senate  Committee  on  Privileges  and  Elec- 
tion. Utah  and  neighboring  States  were  care- 
fully searched  by  the  Senator's  opponents  in 
an  effort  to  unearth  some  act,  or  perchance 
hear  some  word,  upon  which  his  expulsion  or 
exclusion  from  the  Senate  could  be  based. 
Notwithstanding  the  thousands  of  dollars  the 
opposition  expended  to  secure  adverse  evi- 
dence, and  their  strenuous  efforts  in  that  di- 
rection, there  cannot  be  found  a  single  word 
in  all  the  four  volumes  of  testimony  deroga- 
tory to  the  Senator's  good  reputation  and 
character;  but,  on  the  contrary,  even  the 
bitterest  adverse  witness  acknowledged  that 
they  neither  knew,  nor  had  heard  nor 
were  able  to  find,  one  blot  on  his  char- 
acter in  all  his  many  dealings  and  busy 
life  among  his  fellow  citizens.  In  spite  of  the 
long,  trying  investigation.  Senator  Smoot  was 
neither  neglectful  nor  forgetful  of  the  duties 
and  obligations  he  owed  to  his  State  and 
nation.  In  the  halls  of  Congress,  and  in  the 
forum  of  national  comment  and  discussions, 
it  is  stated  with  absolute  accuracy  that  Sena- 
tor Smoot  has  a  wonderful  capacity  for  work 
— honest,  conscientious,  intelligent  work — and 
plenty  of  it.  He  is  untiring  in  his  furtherance 
of  measures  and  methods  which  he  conceives 
to  be  based  on  just  and  righteous  principles, 
and  equally  unflinching  in  his  antagonism  to 
that  which  he  recognizes  as  dishonest,  unjust, 
or  hypocritical.  No  interest  of  Utah,  his 
native  State,  has  ever  been  passed  slightingly 
by  him,  and  no  Utah  citizen,  however  humble, 
has  failed  to  receive  the  benefit  of  his  sym- 
pathetic solicitude,  as  far  as  courtesy  and 
fair  dealing  make  it  possible.  Furthermore, 
while  he  esteems  the  various  interests  of 
Utah,  and  her  advancing  prestige  as  a  State, 
to  be  a  pearl  of  greatest  worth,  his  breadth 
of  comprehension  and  official  action  reach  in 
commensurate  degree  to  the  welfare  and 
progress  of  the  whole  American  people,  in 
whatever  land  or  clime  they  may  sojourn. 
That  this  enviable  position  in  the  intelligent 
and  well-informed  national  mind  has  been 
reached,  in  great  degree,  through  basic  per- 
sonal merit,  is  beyond  cavil;  that  it  directly 
reflects  inestimable  benefit  to  Utah's  citizen- 
ship regardless  of  age,  creed,  or  party,  is 
equally  indisputable.  It  is  a  peculiarly  nota- 
ble fact  that,  whenever  a  cry  of  adverse  criti- 
cism has  been  made  over  some  official  action 
of  Senator  Smoot,  time  and  the  calmer  judg- 
ment of  the  people  have,  without  the  excep- 
tion of  a  single  instance,  demonstrated  and 
declared  that  he  was  in  the  right.  Working 
in  accord  with  other  national  leaders,  when 
his  judgment  has  been  in  harmony  with  theirs, 
he  has  displayed,  nevertheless,  independence 
of  judgment  and  action  whenever  his  con- 
victions of  right  led  him  to  disagree  with  any 
of  his  associates  in  the  national  administra- 
tion; and  the  results  have  vindicated  his  good 
judgment.  An  exceedingly  important  field  of 
apCtion  is  Senator   Smoot's  committee   record. 


No  other  Senator  has  had  a  more  extended 
list  of  work  assigned  to  him,  nor  by  any  of 
them  has  work  been  more  efficiently  performed. 
In  every  committee  or  commission  on  which 
he  has  been  placed  he  is  known  for  making 
himself  thoroughly  acquainted  with  the  mat- 
ters under  consideration.  No  other  Senator 
is  a  more  frequent  visitor  at  the  government 
departments,  or  in  closer  touch  with  them  on 
the  numerous  items  of  business  that  require 
attention.  With  quick  businesslike  acumen, 
he  presents  matters  clearly,  so  that  what  he 
desires  is  readily  comprehended.  His  won- 
derful faculty  in  this  regard  has  brought  him 
prompt  recognition  and  commanded  respect; 
also  it  accounts  largely  for  the  success  which 
has  attended  his  efforts.  He  is  known  in  all 
government  departments  at  Washington  as  a 
Senator  who  does  things  on  time  and  at  the 
proper  time.  Even  those  who  disagree  with 
him  on  the  Republican  policy,  a  tariff  for  the 
protection  and  encouragement  of  American 
industries,  admit  that  Senator  Smoot  is  among 
the  best  informed  members  of  the  Senate  on 
matters  connected  with  tariff  legislation.  He 
has  been  recognized  as  the  defender  of  the 
forestry  policy  of  the  government  in  the  Sen- 
ate, and  was  appointed  by  President  Roose- 
velt as  chairman  of  the  Section  of  Forests  of 
the  National  Conservation  Commission.  In 
this  capacity  he  spent  part  of  one  summer  in 
Europe,  with  several  other  members  of  the 
commission,  carrying  out  the  purpose  of  its 
appointments.  As  a  member  of  the  Committee 
on  Pensions,  Senator  Smoot  takes  an  especial 
interest  in  the  necessary  care  of  the  nation's 
veteran  defenders  and  their  widows.  Every 
measure  designed  to  bring  to  them  deserved 
relief  and  sustenance  receives  his  ardent  sup- 
port, and  every  proposition  to  neglect  or  be- 
little them  meets  with  his  determined  opposi- 
tion; and  he  is  largely  responsible  for  the 
improvements  made  of  recent  years  in  the 
pension  laws.  While  chairman  of  the  Com- 
mittee on  Patents,  after  the  question  of  the 
revision  of  the  copyright  laws  of  the  United 
States  had  been  before  Congress  for  four 
years.  Senator  Smoot  succeeded  in  securing 
the  passage  of  a  bill  consolidating  and  codify- 
ing the  copyright  laws.  As  chairman  of  the 
Senate  Committee  on  Printing,  the  Joint  Sen- 
ate and  House  Committee  on  Printing,  and 
the  Joint  Printing  Investigation  Commission, 
Senator  Smoot  succeeded  in  effecting  a  great 
economic  reform,  resulting  in  cutting  off  a 
waste  in  the  government  printing  division  of 
from  $400,000  to  $500,000  per  year;  yet  not 
a  competent,  honest  workman  lost  his  job. 
Senator  Smoot  introduced  the  first  bill  in  the 
Senate  creating  a  national  park  bureau,  and 
has  worked  constantly  to  bring  about  much 
needed  legislation  of  that  character  for  the 
last  six  years.  The  bill  finally  passed,  and 
became  a  law  during  the  first  session  of  the 
Sixty-fourth  Congress.  The  Senator  took  a 
very  prominent  and  active  part  in  securing  the 
passage  of  the  so-called  long  and  short  liaul 
clause  of  the  railroad  bill,  which  has  boon  most 
beneficial  to  the  West.  Senator  Smoot  is  the 
father  of  dry  farm  legislation  in  this  count ry. 
When  he  introduced  his  enlarged  honioHload  bill, 
providing  for  the  homostonding  of  320  acres 
of  arid,  non-irrigable,  non-timbered,  non-min- 
eral land,  without  the  usual   requirements  of 


211 


BARTLETT 


BARTLETT 


residence  thereon,  there  was  an  immediate 
storm  of  protest  against  this  enlargement  of 
homesteads,  particularly  from  the  representa- 
tives of  several  Western  States.  But  the 
facts  presented  by  the  Senator  in  support  of 
his  measure  were  so  indisputable  and  effective 
an  argument,  that  he  won  the  adherence  of 
the  majority  of  the  Senate.  Then  representa- 
tives of  States  contiguous  to  Utah,  pleading 
that  it  would  work  injury  to  their  respective 
localities,  had  State  after  State  withdrawn 
from  the  operations  of  the  non-resident  pro- 
visions of  the  law,  until  Utah  was  the  only 
State  within  the  complete  processes  of  Senator 
Smoot's  proposition.  Subsequently  the  ex- 
cepted States,  noting  the  advantages  accruing 
to  Utah,  asked  that  the  provision  formerly 
declined  be  applied  to  them.  The  Senator  has 
been  Republican  National  Committeeman  from 
Utah  for  several  years;  is  an  acknowledged 
leader  of  the  Republican  party  and  has  taken 
a  prominent  part  at  national  conventions  and 
in  party  counsels.  He  is  a  life  member  of 
the  Burgesses  Corps,  of  Albany,  N.  Y.  His 
term  of  service  in  the  Senate  will  expire  3 
March,  1921.  Senator  Smoot  is  president  of 
the  Provo  Commercial  and  Savings  Bank,  the 
Smoot  Investment  Company,  and  the  Provo 
Electric  Company,  all  of  Provo,  Utah.  He  is 
a  director  in  the  Zion's  Co-operative  Mercan- 
tile Institution,  the  Deseret  National  Bank, 
and  the  Deseret  Savings  Bank,  all  of  Salt 
Lake  City.  He  has  been  for  many  years  a 
trustee  of  Brigham  Young  University,  Provo, 
Utah.  On  17  Sept.,  1884,  he  married  Alpha 
M.,  daughter  of  the  late  Horace  Sunderlin 
Eldredge,  of  Salt  Lake  City,  one  of  the  most 
prominent  business  men  of  the  West.  Sena- 
tor and  Mrs.  Smoot  have  three  sons  and  three 
daughters 

BARTLETT,  Robert  Ahram,  sea  captain  and 
Arctic  explorer,  was  born  in  Brigus,  New- 
foundland, 15  Aug.,  1875.  He  is  a  son  of 
William  James  and  Mary  J.  (Leamon) 
Bartlett,  and  the  descendant  of  a  family  of 
intrepid  navigators,  long  associated  with  the 
work  of  exploration  in  the  Arctic  regions. 
His  education,  after  graduating  from  the 
high  school  of  his  native  town,  was  com- 
pleted at  the  Methodist  College  in  the  city 
of  St.  John's,  N.  F.,  after  which  he  went  to 
sea,  and  served  in  various  capacities  on  board 
different  ships  until  1895,  when,  at  the  age 
of  thirty,  he  successfully  passed  the  tests  of 
the  examining  board  at  Halifax,  N.  S.,  and 
was  granted  the  certificate  "  Master  of  Brit- 
ish Ships."  Previous  to  this,  however,  he  had 
received  his  initiation  in  Arctic  exploration, 
having  served  under  Commander  Peary,  with 
whom  he  spent  the  winter  of  1897-98  at  Cape 
D'Urville,  Kane  Basin,  in  Greenland  near  the 
eightieth  parallel.  In  1901  he  conducted  a 
hunting  expedition  through  the  waters  of 
Hudson  Bay  and  Strait,  and  from  1901  to 
1905  was  in  charge  of  a  sealing  ship  operat- 
ing in  the  waters  off  the  coast  of  Newfound- 
land. In  1905  Bartlett  was  selected  by 
Peary  to  command  the  ship  "  Roosevelt,"  on 
what  proved  to  be  his  successful  expedition 
in  search  of  the  North  Pole,  and  to  his  abil- 
ity as  a  navigator,  courage,  and  familiarity 
with  conditions  in  the  far  North,  much  of 
the  success  of  the  expedition  should  be 
credited.     On  this  expedition,  Bartlett  did  not 

212 


go  beyond  the  eighty-eighth  parallel,  stop- 
ping, in  fact,  at  87°  47'  north  latitude,  while 
Peary  made  the  final  dash  for  the  Pole.  It 
was  not  without  considerable  longing  to  ac- 
company the  expedition,  that  Bartlett  was 
thus  compelled  to  remain  behind,  but  it 
must  be  remembered  that  the  ultimate  object 
of  the  expedition  was  to  reach  the  Pole,  an 
object  that  could  only  be  attained  in  the  final 
stage  by  a  small  party  with  but  little  bag- 
gage, and  the  placing  of  a  supporting  party 
in  Bartlett's  charge  was  perhaps  a  more  sig- 
nal proof  of  the  confidence  reposed  in  him  by 
his  commander  than  if  he  had  been  per- 
mitted to  accompany  him  to  the  Pole,  par- 
ticularly when  it  is  remembered  that  the  safe 
return  of  Peary  and  his  party  from  hitherto 
unknown  perils  was  largely  dependent  upon 
the  supporting  party  under  Bartlett's  com- 
mand. After  the  return  of  the  Peary  expedi- 
tion. Captain  Bartlett  remained  at  home  un- 
til the  following  year,  when  he  was  in  com- 
mand of  the  ship  bearing  a  privately  or- 
ganized hunting  party  to  Kane  Basin.  In 
1913  he  started  on  his  most  adventurous  ex- 
pedition as  commander  of  the  "  Karluk " 
carrying  the  Canadian  Government  Expedi- 
tion, under  Vilhjalmur  Stefanssonj  for  the 
exploration  of  the  largely  unknown  region  ly- 
ing west  of  the  Parry  Islands.  The  "  Karluk  " 
sailed  from  the  navy  yard  at  Esquimault, 
British  Columbia,  on  17  June,  1913,  and, 
after  short  stops  at  Nome  and  Port  Clarence, 
Alaska,  struck  north  into  the  Arctic  Ocean. 
They  met  the  ice  on  1  Aug.,  and  a  week  later 
the  ship  was  so  caught  in  the  pack  that  fur- 
ther use  of  the  engines  was  impossible.  By 
the  end  of  the  month  she  was  frozen  in,  and 
the  outlook  for  further  progress  was  ex- 
tremely dark.  In  the  event,  also,  of  being 
unable  to  reach  land  before  the  dark  months, 
the  problem  of  providing  food  for  the  party 
would  have  been  serious.  The  condition  con- 
tinued until  25  Sept.,  when  a  strong  wind 
arose,  which  steadily  urged  the  vessel  and 
the  ice  surrounding  it  into  a  westerly  direc- 
tion, toward  Wrangell  Island  to  the  north 
of  the  easterly  peninsula  of  Siberia.  The 
whole  adventure  and  Captain  Bartlett's  heroic 
part  in  it  are  thus  described  in  the  New 
York  "Times":  "The  drift  continued  and  the 
'  Karluk '  was  at  the  mercy  of  the  masses 
of  moving  ice.  In  October  she  was  still  drift- 
ing along,  and  the  ship's  company  prepared 
for  an  extended  stay  on  the  moving  ice.  They 
set  up  winter  quarters  on  board,  and  made 
themselves  as  comfortable  as  possible  during 
the  gales  which  blew  continuously  through  • 
October  and  November.  The  sun  disappeared  * 
on  11  Nov.,  and  the  ship's  party  set  about  ,? 
making  the  best  of  the  long  arctic  winter. 
Watches  were  arranged,  work,  recreation,  and 
exercise  all  had  their  allotted  place,  and  on 
Christmas  Day  the  party  indulged  in  sports 
on  the  ice.  It  was  Captain  Bartlett's  fourth 
Christmas  in  the  Arctic,  and  he  calls  to  mind 
other  Christmases  he  spent  in  the  polar  re-  y 
gions.  The  Christmas  dinner  was  a  merry 
affair  and  the  menu  plentiful  and  varied. 
But  during  the  night  of  New  Year's  Day 
ominous  crackings  were  heard  throughout  the 
ship — it  was  the  ice  pressure  asserting  itself. 
Ten  days  after  this  a  great  crack  appeared 
in  the  vessel,  and  the  men  prepared  to  leave 


f 


l^a?f  J>y  /i''T3^r/!er, 


I 


iiARTLETT 


MOREHOUS 


St  a  rush  to  save  all  the  stores 
rjti  they  were  just  in  tini<?,  for  on 
i!)14,  the  '  Karluk  '  sank   in   thirty- 
..<  itoms  of   water.      In   the   camp   that 
set    up    near    the    locality    of    the    wreck 
,»arty    spent    the    winter,    following    the 
:ue  set  up  on  board  the  vessel,     ('aniain 
!ett  tells,   with   a  liveliness  of  detail,   of 
ictivities  of  the  company  of  fthipwret.'ked 
rers;  of  the  pnrtii's  that  iii*t  omI  to  make 
andward   ;  ud  of  the  fin  a]  migra 

of   the   ^v  /any    to    Wr'^riKcll    la- 

It  waw  a,  ;•  ./.-I    :      ,  ■  ..     . . 

!arch   land  w?- 

....   lost,   however.  >... 

hat  assistancf  rcv  :ned  at  v 

08t,    and    tho    ris^^^  i»'rtakeri    ' 

3    being    responsible    for    Um    safety 
ifose    who    had    beon    placf^?    in    hiv 
'  nisson.      So    on    l'^ 
'jy  a  young  Eskini 


KOEEHOUS,  Philo,  financier,  b.  near  Hart- 
land,  N.  Y..  7  JMarch,  1812;  d.  in  Chicago,  1 
Sept.,  1881.  His  father  participated  in  the 
War  of  1812.  He  received  his  education  in 
the  public  schools  of  Hartiand,  and  early 
enterfd  .  i.  >.  ],]<  nctive  life  career.  Attracted 
by    t)  3  offered   in  the   then   un- 

dc'V(  |r  .urricyed  thither  on  horse- 

back    .;i  'W'bigan,    Indiana,    and 

li»l;!.M«  (IH3.3),  the  period  of 

a  of  this  country 

uf    none  of  these 

'        of    that 

•d    CO  ta- 


in the  *  Bear,*  the  (Jnited  States  reve- 

utter  on  arctic  service.     But  the  '  Bear  * 

'■o    put    back    into   Nome    for    coal    feup- 

after   nearly   reaching  Wrangell   Island, 

dhe  resumed  her  voyage  of  rescue.     On 

■pt.,  a  schooner  was  sighted  near  the  lo- 

V    in    which    the    shipwrecked    party    had 

left.     It  was   the   '  King  '  and   *  Winge,' 

'lie  'Karluk'  party  was  found  on  board. 

had   l)een   rescued   by   the    schooner,   all 

iliree,  who  liad   died  at  Wrangell   Island 

),    and    by    24    Oct.    the    whole    company 

returned     safely     t<^     Nome."       Captain 

■ett     has     be<.^n     the     recipient    of    many 

r.s,    having    been    awarded    the    Hubbard 

medal    by    the    National     Geograpliical 

y    in     1909,    the    Hudson-Fulton     silver 

!  in  1909,  the  Kane  medal  by  tl;c  Phila 

ia      Geographical      Rociety.      and      silver 

h     by     both     the     English     and     Italian 

uphical    Societies   in    J910.  .  In   speaking 

•  character,  it  would  be  difficult  to  give 
<rer  estimate  than   tlmt  conveyed   in   the 

>'    paid    him    by     Peary    himsc-lf,    wlio, 

>ig    of    hir    crew    and    assistants    in    hi.s 

"Thi.    North    Po!c,'    has    i^aid:    "  Firj^t 

hie  of  all  was  BarHclT.     Bhie- 

•  i-r.l     -*f.oky.    ahd    -tcel  nm.sclrd 

',    \\..>-'...'X     >"    '!•  uheel  of  the  '  Hf>oso- 

''lammcrin^   .t   ;  .  •  'U"    liMor.j,>h  \ho   f!ocs, 

-mping  and  «lurn".h.;«     ■  .^    '^      ;■  •    ^nck 

the     slcdgeH,     or     >«.'/;/>•  Mir- 

'ea  of  ilio  crew,   wav  «' 

■'!<,     faithful,     enthusiast  ii-.     xcm      jm     rhc 

•?'8."      Mr.    HarM«'il    witii    the    ,iHHi.'itiiii<'c 

•  Iph  T.  Hah'.  r'rrKUtnt  of  Somali,  May 
and  Compnnv.  f',«HU'tj,  Mt  »h..  wr<>ic 
Last  Voyage' (»i  Mu;  Kwrluk  "  (lOK*), 
recounts  hip  mtmorjilde  adv^'ntur^'h 


jAMt      of 

••c   busi- 

i.    .      .:i^x    ^arly 
■  n^   tJH''=ks  "i  ihe 
-   .  .   >        .     V     .,  a    prominent    ajsd 

intiuential  mcmher  of  the  board  of  dir-r-tar.'; 
of  the  Lake  Shore,  Michigan  Southern  and 
Northern  Indiana  Railroad,  the  maiji  line  of 
which  operated  between  BufTalo,  New  York, 
and  Chicago,  and  later  became  a  part  of  the 
New  York  Central  Lines.  His  advice  and 
judgment  had  the  greatest  weight  with  liis 
business  associates.  It  vas  tlirough  him  thul 
the  railroad  shops  and  their  appurtenarn-t -- 
were  located  in  Elkhart,  alth^ngh  other  citic'^. 
larger  and  wealthier,  put  forth  strenuous  ef 
forts  to  secure  them,  reali/.ing  th.-  ndvanlan:^s 
of  their  possession.  Mr  VIorehons  urged  the 
ad  vantage's  of  Klkbyti  sff^ing  the  situa'iun 
clearly  from  t^v»-  jvoiii-i  of  vievv.  sLat  of  ih'^ 
railroad,  for  which  the  locality  v/as  dc.~i^.i*  i-. 
and  that  of  F.lkhart,  whicit  vvoukl  d-'^riv-  '- 
measurable  benefit''  troni  the  establ^^K.Fini 
of  the  works  witiiin  its  limits.  Mr.  \' n-- 
lioiig'  position  in  the  directorate  of  '» h-  r  ■jij 
and    the    confidon-^e    ;\hi«di    he    inspii;^.!  'V'c 

minds  of  tlie  ovher  olTieial'^  d<:cid.'d  '  n  jl- •. 
tion.  When  tlie  v.ork."?  \\eri-  (-<':■••'  .-■  1  ;r 
Elkhart,  it  is  well  kn^^M-n  thrf  *'■■  ■  -  .■  .  ;•.; 
would  confinuc  <o  )),•,  tlM-  m<<'i'  »  ••  ,  '  ;i  ■  • 
tor  in  tlit=!  bnsidCBS  f-nf  ■::  ;r*  •  -  :  -•'  <."  •  •  '• 
of  the  cil.y.  Mr.  IM^r  ■.--.  ^  -.  ■<  -l^  :.  r.- 
nienfal  in  founding  -1  ■  !.;  :  ,.r^  ■•>,•:'  '.  iji.'  .  * 
('(ike  Conivany,  in  ■.,,:..■  ii.  '■  •  •  '^  •.,!;■  ■ 
ling  Intcr'-.-^i  r.r-'  ^^  •-  •  -  "•  •■  (■•  ."■  ..v 
years.       ■>!.■      «. ;  • 

)iim    to    it' 
xvliieh     I; 

I  (hn-  f'd,   ,': 

miTi'i  .-ir.' 

iw   I'  H^"' 

i^.tiO"    I'X'f'  <  ■•     u   •    •'■I 


POPPLETON 


POPPLETON 


and  New  York.    But  however  absorbing  his  re- 
sponsibilities, it  was  often  said  that  Mr.  More- 
hous  was  never  too  much  occupied  to  speak  a 
kind  word,  if  needed,  or  to  give  a  willing  hand 
to  assist  others  over  difficulties.     Many  were 
cheered  and  helped  by  his  beneficence.     It  can 
be  asserted  that  Mr.  Morehous,  from  the  time 
of  his  settlement  in  Elkhart  in  the  pioneer  days, 
until  he  retired  from  active  business,  was  the 
leading  mind  in  the  development  of  the  city. 
He  was  the  first  to  establish  and  carry  to  suc- 
cess a   number  of   the    important   enterprises, 
which  built  up  a  commercial  center;   mercan- 
tile  and   banking   institutions,   the   system   of 
lighting,  etc.     When  he  retired  from  the  field 
of  his  activities,  others  were  able  to  take  up 
and  carry  on  his  established  work.     In  the  ac- 
complishment  of   all    these   various   undertak- 
ings Mr.  Morehous  was  ever  guided  by  a  de- 
termination   of    purpose,    controlled    by    good 
judgment.     He  was  endowed  with  a  spirit  of 
generosity   and   a    kindliness   of   heart,    which 
shows  true  culture.     He  was  sought  through- 
out his  life,  as  counselor  and  adviser,  by  men 
of  afi'airs  as  well  as  by  those  of  lesser  experi- 
ence.    His  later  years  brought  to  him  the  ful- 
fillment  of   his   earlier   hopes   and   ambitions, 
and  at  the  time  of  his  death  he  stood  at  the 
head  of  the  wealthy  and  honored  men  of  North- 
ern Indiana.     On  25  Dec,  1836,  Mr.  Morehous 
married    Catharine    Winigar,    of    Farmington, 
Mich.     Five  children  were  born  of  this  union, 
the  two  eldest,  a  son  and  a  daughter,  dying  in 
infancy.      Three    children,    Katharine,    Philo 
Clinton,  and  Frances,  survived  their  parents. 
Besides  the  home   in  Elkhart,  which  remains 
in  possession  of  the  family  and  is  known  as 
"  Morehous    Place,"    Mr.    Morehous    had    built 
for  himself  and  family  a  handsome  residence 
in  Chicago.     In  this  home  he  died,  surrounded 
by  all  the  members  of  his  family. 

POPPLETON,  Andrew  Jackson,  lawyer,  b. 
in  Troy  Township,  Mich.,  25  July,  1830;  d. 
in  Omaha,  Neb.,  24  Sept.,  1896,  son  of  William 
and  Zada  (Crooks)  Poppleton.  He  was  de- 
scended from  Samuel  Poppleton  who  came 
from  England  in  1751,  and  settled,  first  in 
New  Jersey,  later  in  Vermont.  He  attended 
the  district  school  in  Troy  Township,  where 
his  father  was  a  prosperous  farmer  and  a 
leading  citizen,  and  the  Romeo  Academy,  in 
Romeo,  Mich.  He  became  a  student  at  the 
Michigan  State  University,  later  at  Union 
College,  Schenectady,  N.  Y.,  and  finally  en- 
tered the  law  school  of  John  W.  Fowler,  which 
was  first  located  at  Ballston,  and  afterward  at 
Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y.  In  April,  1852,  Mr.  Pop- 
pleton entered  the  law  office  of  C.  I.  and  E.  C 
Walker,  in  Detroit;  some  months  later  he 
passed  his  bar  examination  at  Pontiac,  and 
was  admitted  to  practice  in  Michigan.  In 
the  following  spring  he  became  a  member  of 
the  law  firm  of  Cargill,  Poppleton  and  Chase 
of  Detroit,  remaining  with  that  firm  until 
August,  1854.  In  the  fall  of  that  year  he 
located  in  Omaha,  Neb.,  where  he  began  prac- 
tice in  partnership  with  George  B.  Lake,  who 
was  afterward  chief  justice  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  Nebraska.  In  1858  Mr.  Poppleton 
was  stricken  with  a  sudden  illness,  and  did 
not  recover  sufficiently  to  resume  his  practice 
until  1860.  In  1863  he  was  employed  by  the 
Union  Pacific  Railway  Company  to  attend  to 
its  legal  business  in  connection  with  the  con- 

214 


struction  and  operation  of  its  lines.  During 
the  following  six  years  this  took  up  most  of 
his  time,  but  in  the  summer  of  1869  he  re- 
ceived the  appointment  of  general  attorney 
for  the  railroad,  after  which  he  gave  his  full 
time  to  its  business.  This  position  he  con- 
tinued to  occupy  until  1888,  when  failing 
health  compelled  him  to  resign.  During  his 
early  practice  Mr.  Poppleton  was  engaged  in 
many  criminal  trials,  claim  suits  and  land 
litigations,  of  a  type  incidental  to  the  pioneer 
life  of  the  State.  During  the  twenty-five  years 
that  he  was  at  the  head  of  the  legal  depart- 
ment of  the  Union 
Pacific,  he  was 
active  in  all  the 
States  and  Ter- 
ritories through 
which  ran  the 
lines  of  that  cor- 
poration. After 
the  acquisition 
of  the  Kansas 
Pacific,  Denver 
Pacific,  and  Ore- 
gon Railway  and 
Navigation  Com- 
pany lines,  his 
field  covered  Cal- 
ifornia, Nevada, 
Oregon,  Idaho, 
Kansas,  Mis- 

souri, Wyoming, 
Montana,  Utah, 
low^a,  and  Ne- 
braska. Through- 
out these  years  Mr.  Poppleton  was  engaged 
in  heavy  and  important  litigations  for  his 
client,  appearing  frequently  in  the  U.  S. 
Supreme  Court,  as  well  as  before  the  in- 
ferior federal  courts  and  the  Supreme  Courts 
of  the  various  States.  Among  the  most 
important  cases  with  which  he  was  connected 
were  the  Construction  Contract  eases,  the 
Terminus  Controversy  case,  the  Pro-rate 
Question  case,  the  Wyoming  Coal  and  Mining 
Company  cases,  the  Colorado  Central  Railway 
Company  case,  and  the  Richard's  Snow  Plow 
case.  He  also  wrote  the  defense  of  Oakes 
Ames,  which  was  read  at  the  close  of  the  de- 
bate upon  his  censure  in  the  Lower  House  of 
Congress,  following  the  Credit  Mobilier  Con- 
gressional investigation.  In  1879  Mr.  Popple- 
ton made  the  leading  argument  in  what  was 
known  as  the  "  Standing  Bear  "  habeas  corpus 
case,  which  attracted  national  attention  at  the 
time,  and  in  which  it  was  held  that  the  great 
writ  would  lie  on  behalf  of  the  Ponca  chief- 
tain, though  a  tribal  Indian.  After  leaving 
the  service  of  the  Union  Pacific  he  was  em- 
ployed by  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  and  Pa- 
cific Railway  Company  and  the  Chicago,  Mil- 
waukee and  St.  Paul  Railway  Company  in  a 
suit  brought  by  these  roads  against  the  Union 
Pacific,  to  compel  the  special  performance  of 
a  contract  for  joint  trackage  over  the  Mis- 
souri River  Bridge.  Though  an  unusually 
busy  man  in  his  professional  pursuits,  Mr. 
Poppleton  was  keenly  interested  in  politics, 
and  w'as  elected  to  a  number  of  public  offices. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  legislature  of  Ne- 
braska Territory,  when  it  held  its  first  ses- 
sion in  1855.  He  was  speaker  of  the  house 
during  the  third  session  of  the  legislature  of 


BUTLER 


BUTLER 


the  Territory  of  Nebraska,  in  1857.  In  1858 
he  was  elected  mayor  of  the  city  of  Omaha, 
but  illness  compelled  him  to  resign  before  his 
term  was  completed.  Upon  the  admission  of 
Nebraska  to  statehood,  Mr.  Poppleton,  to- 
gether with  J.  Sterling  Morton,  was  the 
caucus  nominee  of  the  Democratic  party  for 
the  U.  S.  Senate,  but,  in  spite  of  receiving  the 
full  vote  of  the  party,  both  were  defeated. 
In  1868  he  was  a  Democratic  candidate  for 
Congress,  but  was  again  defeated.  In  1890  he 
was  appointed  city  attorney  for  Omaha,  and 
this  position  he  held  for  two  years.  Mr.  Pop- 
pleton was  one  of  that  noteworthy  group  of 
young  college  and  professional  men  who  emi- 
grated to  Nebraska  in  its  early  pioneer  days, 
and  took  leading  parts  in  the  foundation  and 
formation  of  the  State,  shaping  its  early  de- 
velopment. As  a  lawyer  he  was  a  profound 
student;  to  these  abilities  he  added  a  magnetic 
personality  and  exceptional  powers  as  an  ora- 
tor. In  1892  he  was  stricken  with  blindness, 
and  during  these  last  dark  years  of  his  life, 
being  compelled  to  abandon  public  life,  he 
turned  to  books  for  consolation.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  American  Bar  Association,  the 
Nebraska  State  Bar  Association,  the  Omaha 
Bar  Association  (and  its  first  president),  and 
of  the  Board  of  Trade  of  Omaha  (and  its  first 
president).  On  2  Dec,  1855,  Mr.  Poppleton 
married  Caroline,  daughter  of  Leonard  Sears, 
of  Council  Bluffs,  la.  They  had  three  daugh- 
ters: Ellen  Elizabeth  (Mrs.  William  C.  Shan- 
non), Mary  Celia  (Mrs  Myron  L.  Learned), 
and  Zada  Crooks,  and  one  son,  William  Sears 
Poppleton. 

BUTLER,  Nicholas  Murray,  educator  and 
publicist,  b.  in  Paterson,  N.  J.,  2  April,  1862. 
He  is  the  son  of  Henry  L.  and  Mary  J.  (Mur- 
ray) Butler.  He  was  educated  in  the  public 
schools  of  his  native  city,  and  at  the  age 
of  sixteen  entered  Columbia  College,  where 
he  graduated  in  the  class  of  1882.  In  1883, 
when  he  was  twenty-one  years  old,  he  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  A.M.  from  Columbia,  and 
the  year  following  the  degree  of  Ph.D.  He 
went  to  Europe  the  same  year,  and  studied  in 
the  universities  of  Berlin  and  Paris  as  a 
university  fellow  in  philosophy.  In  early 
life  Dr.  Butler  determined  to  make  teaching 
his  profession,  and  when  he  returned  to  the 
United  States  in  1886,  he  became  an  instructor 
of  philosophy  in  his  alma  mater.  Two  years 
later  he  became  adjunct -professor,  and  in*  1890 
full  professor,  of  philosophy,  psychology,  and 
ethics,  and  lecturer  on  the  history  and  in- 
stitutes of  education.  That  same  year  he  was 
elected  dean  of  the  faculty  of  philosophy  for 
five  years,  and  at  the  expiration  of  the  term 
was  re-elected  to  the  office  which  he  had  so 
capably  filled.  He  was  president  of  the  board 
of  education  in  Paterson,  N.  J.,  as  his  father 
had  been  before  him,  and  for  several  years 
was  president  of  the  New  Jersey  State  Board 
of  Education,  succeeding,  by  his  agitation  of 
the  question,  in  substituting  the  town  for  the 
district  system  of  administration.  He  planned 
and  organized  the  New  York  College  for  the 
Training  of  Teachers,  which  later  became  the 
Teachers'  College  of  Columbia  University.  For 
five  years  he  was  its  president.  In  1891  he 
founded,  and  became  editor  of  the  "  Educa- 
tional Review."  He  also  edited  the  "Great 
Educators "    series,    the     "  Teachers'    Profes- 


sional Library,"  and  the  "  Columbia  University 
Contributions "  to  psychology,  education,  and 
philosophy.      Dr.    Butler    was    appointed   uni- 
versity  examiner   in   education   for   the   State 
of  New  York  in  1894,  and  also  elected  presi- 
dent of  the  National  Educational  Association. 
In    1889    he    was    special    commissioner    from 
New  Jersey  to  the  Paris  Exposition.     In  1888 
and   1904  he  was  delegate  to  the  Republican 
National  Convention.     In  January,  1902,  when 
thirty-nine  years  of  age,  Dr.  Butler  succeeded 
Seth  Low  as  president  of  Columbia  University. 
In  point  of  years  he  was  the  youngest  chief 
of   a   great   university   in   the   United    States. 
His  office  requires  enormous  executive  ability, 
for    he    has    under    his    charge    over     5,000 
students,     more     than     400     professors     and 
instructors,    and    a    small    army    of    adminis- 
trative officers.     The  university  possesses  prop- 
erty valued  at  more  than  twenty-five  millions 
of  dollars.     While   Dr.   Butler   is  not  only  a 
scholar   whose   specialty   is   philosophy,   he   is 
also     intensely     practical,     surcharged     with 
dynamic  energy,  and  endowed  with  great  force 
of  character.     He  believes  that  the  time  and 
thought    of   the   head   of   a   commanding   uni- 
versity must  be  given  wholly  to  the  study  and 
consideration  of  large  questions  of  policy,  and 
to  the  relations  of  the  university  to  the  com- 
munity.    He  is  a  man  of  high  ideals,  with  the 
courage  of  his  convictions,  and  in  an  extraor- 
dinary   degree    unites    the    capacity    of    inde- 
pendent thinking  with  the  power  of  realizing 
his  purposes  and  desires  in  practical  results. 
Dr.  Butler  has  been  in  ever-increasing  demand 
as  an  educational  lecturer  and  speaker.     It  is 
said  that   he   has   delivered   important   educa- 
tional addresses  in  every  one  of  the  states  and 
territories  of  the  Union,  and  has  personal  ac- 
quaintance with  thousands  of  school   superin- 
tendents,   professors,    and    others    engaged    in 
educational  work.     As  a  speaker  he  is  direct, 
vigorous,    and    inspiringly    eloquent    when    he 
touches  upon  the  various  phases  of  that  vast 
work  of  education  which  lies  in  his  particular 
field.     Dr.  Butler  could  not  be  a  good  citizen, 
having  earnest  convictions,  without  taking  an 
interest  in  the  political  questions  of  the  day. 
Accordingly,  he  has  been  one  of  the  most  active 
promoters  of  municipal  reform  movement.     He 
is  a  prominent  officer  of  the  City  Club,  and  has 
ever  been  ready  to  meet  his  fellow  citizens  in 
caucus,   primary,   or   local   convention.     Presi- 
dent   Butler    is    characteristically    a    modern 
man  as  well  as  a  city  man.     He  rejoices  that 
Columbia    is   a   metropolitan   institution.     He 
says :    "  Columbia    is    the    typical    urban    uni- 
versity, and  it  is  national  to  the  core  in  its 
interests    and     sympathies.       It    typifies    the 
earnestness,  the  strenuousness,  the  practicality 
and  catholicity  of  New  York  City,  and  its  con- 
stituency   is    drawn    from    every    part    of    the 
nation."     Dr.  Butler  has  served  as  chairman 
of   the   Administrative  Board   of  the   Interna- 
tional   Congress   of   Arts   and    Sciences   of   the 
Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition  in  1904;  chair- 
man  of  the   Lake   Mohawk   Conferonce  on   In- 
ternational    Arbitration,     1907,     1909,     1910, 
1911;    president    of    the    American    Branch   of 
Conciliation    Internationale.      He   is   a   trustee 
of  the  Carnegie  Foundation  for  the  Advance- 
ment of  Teaching,  and  of  the  Carnegie  Endow- 
ment for   International   Peace;    trustee  of  the 
National    Educational    Association;    governor 


215 


CARREL 


CARREL 


of  the  Society  of  the  Lying-in  Hospital;  di- 
rector of  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden; 
trustee  of  the  Columbia  University  Press 
Club,  and  of  the  American  Academy  in  Rome. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  American  Philosophical 
Society,  the  American  Psychological  Associa- 
tion, and  the  American  Copyright  League;  life 
member  of  the  American  Red  Cross,  the  Ameri- 
can Historical  Association,  and  the  New  York 
Historical  Society;  chairman  of  the  College 
Entrance  Examination  Board;  president  of 
the  Germanistic  Society;  the  American  Scan- 
dinavian Society;  and  of  the  University  Set- 
tlement Society.  He  became  an  officier  de  la 
Ugion  dlionneur  in  1906;  a  commander  of 
the  Order  of  Red  Eagle  (with  star)  of  Prus- 
sia in  1910;  and  a  member  of  the  American 
Academy  of  Arts  and  Letters  in  1911.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  National  Council  of  Edu- 
cation, the  New  York  Chamber  of  Commerce, 
and  the  American  Society  of  International 
Law.  He  received  the  degree  of  LL.D.  from 
Syracuse,  1898;  Tulane,  1901;  Johns  Hop- 
kins, Princeton,  University  of  Pennsylvania, 
and  Yale,  1902;  Chicago,  1903;  St.  Andrews 
and  Manchester,  1905;  Cambridge,  1907;  Wil- 
liams, 1908;  Harvard  and  Dartmouth,  1909; 
University  of  Breslau,  1911.  The  degree  of 
Litt.D.  was  conferred  upon  him  by  Oxford  in 
1905.  Amid  his  multifarious  activities,  Dr. 
Butler  has  found  time  for  authorship.  Besides 
his  editorial  work  already  mentioned,  he  was 
one  of  the  editors  of  the  Internationale  Pedi- 
gogische  Bibliothek,  and  Bibliothek  d.  Ameri- 
kanischen  Culturgeschichte.  He  has  written, 
"  The  Meaning  of  Education,  and  Other 
Essays"  (1903);  "True  and  False  Democ- 
racy "  ( 1907 )  ;  "  The  American  As  He  Is  " 
( 1908 )  ;  "  Philosophy  "  ( 1908 )  ;  "  Questions 
of  American  Freedom"  (1911).  He  is  also 
the  author  of  many  monographs  and  special 
articles  upon  education.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  Century,  Church,  Metropolitan,  Uni- 
versity, Barnard,  Columbia  University,  Gar- 
den City  Golf,  and  Ardsley  Clubs.  Dr. 
Butler  married  Susanna  Edwards  Schuyler, 
of  Bergen  Point,  N.  J.,  7  Feb.,  1887;  she  died 
10  Jan.,  1903;  he  married  Kate  la  Montague, 
of  New  York,  5  Mar.,  1907. 

CAEREL,  Alexis,  surgeon,  b.  in  Sainte-Foy- 
les-Lyon,  France,  28  June,  1873,  son  of  Alexis 
and  Anne  (Ricard)  Carrel.  He  was  educated 
at  the  University  of  Lyons,  where  he  was  grad- 
uated with  the  degree  of  L.B.  in  1890,  receiving 
from  the  same  institution  the  degree  of  Sc.B. 
in  1891,  and  of  M.D.  in  1900.  From  1896  to 
1900  he  was  interne  des  hopitaur  de  Lyon, 
and  from  1900  to  1902  prostecteur  a  la  faculte 
de  medicine,  in  the  University  of  Lyons,  where 
he  took  up  original  research  work  involving 
laboratory  experimentation  similar  to  that  he 
is  now  engaged  in.  After  spending  a  consider- 
able period  in  Lyons,  he  was  induced  to  con- 
tinue his  researches  in  the  laboratories  of 
McGill  University  in  Montreal.  He  was  then 
sought  out  by  Chicago  University,  and  carried 
on  his  work  there  for  two  years.  By  this  time 
he  had  become  widely  known  in  scientific  cir- 
cles as  an  original  investigator,  and  in  1906 
Dr.  Simon  Flexner  induced  him  to  pursue  his 
researches  at  the  Rockefeller  Institute  for 
Medical  Research,  of  which  he  has  been  an 
associate  member  since  1909  and  member  since 
1912.     The  culmination  of  Dr.  Carrel's  experi- 


ments was  the  announcement,  in  the  spring  of 
1912,  that  he  had  succeeded  in  keeping  the 
heart  tissues  of  a  chicken  alive  for  a  period  of 
120  days  after  removal  from  the  body.  Dr. 
Carrel's  previous  discoveries  in  the  field  of 
surgery  had  already  attracted  wide  attention, 
but  this  latest  discovery  brought  him  world- 
wide fame.  Immediately  there  was  great 
speculation  in  scientific  circles  as  to  whether 
"  permanent  life  "  might  not  be  made  possible. 
At  a  meeting  of  the  American  Medical  Asso- 
ciation in  Atlantic  City,  Dr.  Carrel  read  a 
paper  entitled,  "  Preservation  of  Tissues  and 
Its  Application  in  Surgery,"  in  which  ap- 
peared the  following  striking  passage :  "  If  it 
were  possible  to  transplant  immediately  after 
death  the  tissues  and  organs  which  compose 
the  body  into  other  identical  organisms  no 
elemental  death  would  occur  and  all  the  con- 
stituent parts  of  the  body  would  continue  to 
live."  In  mentioning  the  details  of  his  experi- 
ments Dr.  Carrel  said :  "  I  wished  to  find  a 
method  by  which  to  store  tissues  extirpated 
from  the  amputated  limb  of  a  living  animal  or 
a  fresh  cadaver  during  the  period  which 
elapses  between  their  extirpation  and  their 
transplantation  on  the  patient.  It  would  be 
very  convenient  for  surgeons  to  keep  in  store 
pieces  of  skin,  periosteum,  bone,  cartilage, 
blood  vessels,  peritoneum,  omentum,  and  fat, 
ready  to  be  used.  I  attempted  to  preserve  the 
tissues  outside  of  the  organism  in  a  condi- 
tion of  latent  or  active  life.  I  found  that  the 
permanent  active  life  of  the  tissues  outside 
of  the  organism  was  possible.  The  color  and 
consistency  of  the  tissues  remained  generally 
normal  for  several  weeks.  After  six,  seven,  or 
even  ten  months  the  microscopical  appearance 
of  the  arteries  was  not  markedly  modified. 
The  results  obtained  by  Tuffier,  Magitot,  and 
myself  demonstrate  that  human  tissues  pre- 
served in  cold  storage  could  be  used  in  human 
surgery.  Future  investigators  will  show  in 
what  measure  tissues  of  infants  should  be  em- 
ployed as  grafts.  The  tissues  actually  used  in 
human  surgery,  as  cartilage,  periosteum,  skin, 
and  aponeuroses,  could  easily  be  taken  in 
large  quantities  from  the  fresh  cadavers  of 
fetuses  and  infants  and  preserved  in  vaseline 
and  in  cold  storage.  A  supply  of  tissues  in 
latent  life  would  be  constantly  ready  for  use, 
and  the  tubes  containing  the  tissues  could  even 
be  sent  in  small  refrigerators  of  the  type  of 
the  thermos  bottle  to  surgeons  who  needed 
them.  It  would  simplify  very  much  trans- 
plantation of  skin,  bone,  periosteum,  and 
aponeuroses,  which  are  more  and  more  used 
in  human  surgery."  In  his  report  on  his  suc- 
cess in  prolonging  life.  Dr.  Carrel  said:  "Cul- 
tivation of  the  heart  (Experiment  720-1):  on 
17  Jan.,  1912,  a  small  fragment  of  the  heart  of 
an  eighteen-day-old  chick  was  cultivated  in 
hypotonic  plasma.  The  fragment  pulsated 
regularly  for  a  few  days  and  grew  extensively, 
but  there  were  no  rhythmical  contractions. 
On  29  Jan.  and  on  1,  3,  6,  9,  12,  15,  17,  20, 
24,  and  28  Feb.  the  culture  underwent  eleven 
washings  and  passages.  It  became  sur- 
rounded by  fusiform  cells  and  many  deal  cells. 
There  were  no  pulsations.  After  the  twelfth 
passage  the  culture  did  not  grow  at  all.  Then 
the  tissue  was  dissected  and  the  old  plasma 
was  completely  extirpated.  A  small  central 
fragment  was  removed,  washed,  and  put  in  a 


216 


(ynju)  ciy^<::Y^L<fJ 


i\ 


CARREL 


ROYS 


D€w  medium.  On  1  March  it  was  pulsating  at 
a  FR^'e  that  varied  between  60  and  84  a  minute, 
(*n  vfarch  the  pulsationa  were  104  at  41 
(legr<-«^3  0.,  and  on  3  Marcli,  80  at  40  degrees 
C.  but  on  6  March  the  puUationa  wer*»  very 
weak  and  stopped  altogether  at  2  p.m  *  >n  5 
March    the   culture    underwent     ;  nth 

passage,  and  the  pulsations  reav'  ,»«<?- 

diately.    They  btoHnio  weak  r  -  ' 

On  8  March   the  fitreeiith 
On  9  March  the  jnilmtion- 
82  a  minute  at  40  W.  <  cf^ea  ',  :i  March 

they  were   00    '         ■    '  ;    became 

slower  and  ^v  nth  pas- 

sage on  12  IM  >  irregu- 

lar, and  the  i  ^  of  3  to 

4  pulsations,  .  b«>ut   2<i 

seconds.     After    .-  '    ' 

March  regular  vn- 
reappeared,  and  i 
After  the  eighteei; 
pulsations  were 
made  many  tranter 
mals.  Here  in  *h' 
anestheti 
operatio! 


Sudden  occlueion  of  the  vessel  or  of  the  tube 
took  place  foUowing  a  laceration  of  the  tiortic 
wall  by  the  roughly  finished  edges  of  the  tube. 
It  is  probable  that  the  use  of  smooth-edged 
gold  tubes,  or  of  tubeft  lined  with  a  vein,  will 
be  followed  by  better  results.  In  1012  the 
Nobel  Prize  for  medicine  was  awarded  to  Dr. 
Cartel  in  recognition  of  his  achievements  in 
.-.      ... —       :    •       ..  .1^    g^J^^    ^jjg    tranK- 

is  the  first  Nobel 

tintry.     In   1913 

ii«*  .'ion  of  Honor, 


l)r 


i.erican  Surgi- 

.    t'fttj  iiawpricun    Philo- 

h    ?•    member    of    the 

and  an  asso- 

fedieal    Asw;- 

'  ;en-. 

iiMi 


.  aiui  ^art  ot  x.m 
::  replaced  by  simi- 
n    cat.     The  cat  with 
rod  and   the  organs  re- 
s.       ''  No     thprap^utif 
om  a  graft  of  kidneys*," 
r     i    ./I.   i.tiiiti.    Hi   (.uramenting  on   this   par- 
ticular experiment,   "  unless  the   secretions  of 
the  new  organs  should  be  practically  normal  " 
In  one  of  his  latest  experiments  Dr.   Carrel 
has  succeeded  in  separating  from  the  body  and 
brain    and    nervous    system    of    a    warm-body 
animal  that  aijimal's  heart,  stomach,  liver,  in- 
testines, kidney,  and   bladder,   and  of  having 
those  organs  IWr^  and   functionate   under   his 
tyes   for   ten   hour*       As    the    culmination   of 
Qiany    weary    months    of    progrtj^sive    experi- 
mentation, Dr.  Carrel   had  before  him   in   his 
laboratory    a    living    "visceral    bein>» "    living 
though    totally    severed    and    npart    from    the 
brain  that  was  supposed  to  be  th^j  essentia  1 
utimulus  of  life.     There,  under  the  very  oy^s 
^i  the  eager  investigator,   was  a  oat's'  luart 
■mating  its  120  beats  a  minute,  just  as  though 
tiling  had  happened,  a  cat's  stomach  digest- 
f^od  as  though  the  brain  were  in  its  seat 
-^ting   the   whole   operation,    a   cat's    intes- 
^  and  kidney.'i  functionating  as  though  the 
•on's  knife  had  never  been  near     This  was 
bipbicvement — an  entire   system   of   or^'ana 
•  e  ouJvif'    ^h<'  b'fdy,  an   animal   killed   and 
viscera    i  '  ?' r       The    very    latest    of    Dr. 
■^I's    expv'/tri    •»:.?»  I    tj.erjM  ions    \vas    on    the 


lorta,   '.vhivh 
and    is   the 


'•arrj'*'"   th''    blood    from 
lavtrest    hloo'    vessel    in 

:U  were  intuhat--.i    with 

h    .tn    aluminum    tulte, 

'        !     iJMr.Minim    lube 

'  t'v    fart. : 


American  ancestors  inciuded  many  dr^^  ■ 
guished  men  of  letters,  ministers,  and  pur*}!'.; 
otTicials,  The  English  au' ''Htral  history  be- 
longs to  I^icestersliire,  England.  Thi«  name 
came  originally  irom  France,  v.here  it  is  Btill 
known;  a  branch  of  the  family  having  come 
in  an  early  period  to  England.  Mr.  Koys  at- 
tended the  Barry  Academy  in  Vermont,  and 
later  entered  Hillsdale  College,  of  which  his 
uncle,  Rev.  Ransome  Dunn,  was  professor  of 
theology  and  later  president  Aa  a  student 
he  showed  marked  ability,  and  was  graduated 
with  honors  in  1859,  VVith  a  desire  for  th<», 
study  of  law,  he  entered  the  University  of 
Michigan,  and  in  1801  whh  graduiited  in  thr- 
CoHege  of  Law  Early  iji  the  Oivtl  War  he 
enlisted  in  Battery  I,  First  Michigan  Rej:i- 
ment  of  Volunteers,  but  was  later  trannfiMrf  d 
as  senior  tirst  lieuteftant  to  Company  L,  Flrs-r 
MiehigH.n  Light  Artillery.  Ho  parti'-ipat' *t 
with  Ceneral  Buckni'r's  force;*  in  the  <T'j»i:>i- 
ment  at  Mclntlre's  Ford  in  the  mounUi;  ;'  •  f 
Kentucky,  also  in  the  capture  of  Kno^viilH 
and  Cumberland  Gap,  the  Picgo  of  C.^r?  -iJ!,  hi 
the  historic  Georgia  campaign,  and  at  <'haU:i- 
nooga,  Tenn,  Later  he  was  assij.'u  >d  ^  >  i^ 
staff  of  General  Saundrrt!,  at;)  .  .inrfh^'aliy 
served  as  a  staff  of'icer  until  ^ :.  ■ '•  "  of  the 
conflict.     Subsequently  lie  rv  i«    ^ '"  '.  :-  '  ■ 

TH  ,  to  devote  himst  If  •(.>'   ."i"    .       •• 
He    bccairie    general    e-.m?  -••:    •      .     ; 
leading   fvxn9    avA     •..r|    .  ;-      ■        !         i'    .  ■: 
among  tlicm   the    \\'.<.        '  -.i!    !'.»:■••. 

Companv.  the  f'ni^i  m  '  ,        -        . - 

th.»    X'^nitcd     Sf '.'    ■    '■    ■ 
and    the    L,'ik>'    -:    -  •  "  .'  '.-•■' 

Ivn  (i>\n  \   «  •  ;■  ;  '^'  '      '.'•'!• 

ationi*  •     ;•         '  .  .       "      .    ;.     •• 
pr.v-'..-.-       ■■  .      •  ••    ■  '      V 

'.)■      ..*    ,i  <    .        '   •      ..      •     ■■' 


AUDENREID 


AUDENREID 


an  able  business  man,  active  in  numerous 
enterprises.  After  his  removal  to  Elkhart, 
Ind.,  he  became  president  of  the  Elkhart  Gas 
Company,  of  which  he  was  likewise  part 
owner.  He  was  also  president  of  the  Century 
Club  of  Elkhart.  Mr.  Roys  traveled  exten- 
sively in  America,  in  Europe,  and  in  the 
oriental  countries.  He  had  a  remarkable 
memory  and  was  a  close  observer  of  men  and 
measures,  and  could  impart  to  others  of  his 
great  store  of  knowledge.  His  handsome  face, 
strong,  yet  genial  in  expression,  and  marked 
distinction  of  manner,  evidenced  how  well  his 
features  and  bearing  illustrated  his  character. 
In  mind  he  was  vigorous,  direct,  straight- 
forward, and  severely  logical.  Forcible  in 
speech,  he  possessed  a  fine  sense  of  humor, 
and  was  of  inexhaustible  charity  and  kindness 
of  heart — a  true  gentleman  and  a  loyal  friend. 
To  those  who  knew  him  he  was  ever  acces- 
sible, cordial,  and  gracious.  To  strangers  he 
was  courteous,  affable,  and  winning,  with  a 
dignity  of  manner  that  always  distinguished 
him.  He  was  a  speaker  of  brilliant  and  fin- 
ished address  and  was  frequently  called  upon 
to  address  public  gatherings.  An  intimate 
acquaintance  once  said  of  him,  "  I  always 
know  more  after  a  conversation  with  Mr. 
Roys  than  I  knew  before."  Mr.  Roys  was 
noticeably  fond  of  his  home.  In  the  latter 
years  of  his  life  he  devoted  much  of  his  time 
to  literary  pursuits,  and  in  travel.  He  was 
the  author  of  "  Captain  Jack,"  a  stirring 
novel  of  the  Colonial  days  in  Northern  Ver- 
mont and  Quebec.  His  lectures,  addresses, 
and  other  miscellaneous  writings,  were  full 
of  power  and  original  thought.  He  loved  na- 
ture and  the  out-of-door  life  was  full  of  charm 
for  him.  He  was  an  enthusiastic  fisherman 
and  his  days  of  recreation  found  him  on  lake 
or  stream  with  rod  and  reel.  Mr.  Roys  was 
president  of  the  Union  League  Club  of  Chi- 
cago, and  of  the  Century  Club  of  Elkhart; 
vice-president  of  the  Illinois  Association  of 
the  Sons  of  Vermont;  and  a  trustee  of  Hills- 
dale College.  He  was  a  liberal  contributor  to 
all  worthy  charities,  and  for  many  years  was 
a  vestryman  in  the  Episcopal  Church.  In 
politics  he  was  always  a  stanch  Republican, 
and,  in  1900,  was  a  candidate  for  nomination 
for  Congress.  Upon  his  death,  a  memorial 
flag  was  sent  to  Mrs.  Roys  by  the  Illinois 
Commandery,  Military  Order  of  the  Loyal 
Legion,  of  which  he  was  a  member.  The 
flag,  which  was  draped  with  black,  bearing 
in  gold  letters  the  name  of  the  commandery, 
was  accompanied  by  the  following  letter :  "  To 
the  family  of  Lieutenant  Cyrus  D.  Roys: 
The  Illinois  Commandery  of  the  Military 
Order  of  the  Loyal  Legion  send  this  memorial 
flag  and  with  it  the  sincere  sympathy  of  his 
companions  in  the  order,  to  his  bereaved 
family,  wishing  them  to  retain  the  flag  he 
loved  and  defended."  Mr.  Roys  married  8 
Dec,  1864,  Katharine,  daughter  of  Philo 
Morehous,  president  of  the  First  National 
Bank  of  Elkhart,  Ind.  The  many  years  of 
their  married  life  were  replete  with  happiness 
and  prosperity,  which  they  as  liberally  dis- 
pensed to  others.  He  is  survived  by  his 
widow. 

AUDENREID,  Charles  Young,  jurist,  b.  in 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  9  Dec,  1863,  son  of  John 
Thomas  and  Emma   (Young)   Audenreid.     His 


father  (1837-84)  was  an  anthracite  coal 
operator  and  shipper  in  the  firms  of  Auden- 
reid, Norton  and  Company  and  Audenreid  and 
Company,  and  a  public-spirited  citizen  of 
Philadelphia.  He  was  also  president  of  the 
Mackenzie  Iron  Company  and  a  director  of 
the  Girard  National  Bank.  The  Audenreid 
family  is  of  Swabian  origin,  but  long  resident 
in  Basel,  Switzerland,  whence  the  earliest 
American  representative,  Louis  Audenreid, 
emigrated  to  New  York  City  in  1789  This 
ancestor  later  resided  at  McKeansburg,  Pa. 
His  wife  was  Anna  Christina  Musch,  of  Easton, 
Pa.  Their  son,  William,  father  of  John 
Thomas  Audenreid,  married  Jane  Wills,  of 
Cumberland  County.  He  was  extensively  en- 
gaged in  lumbering  and  flour-milling  in 
Schuylkill  County,  which  he  represented  in  the 
state  legislature  for  many  years,  but  subse- 
quently located  on  a  farm  in  Cumberland 
County,  where  he  died  in  1850.  Charles  Y. 
Audenreid  was  educated  at  Rugby  Academy, 
Philadelphia,  and  at  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania, where  he  was  graduated  A.B.  in 
1883.  On  the  occasion  of  his  graduation  he 
was  awarded  the  H.  La  Barre  Jayne  prize  for 
his  Latin  essay,  "  De  Plebe  Romana,"  which 
was  highly  commended  both  for  its  pure 
classic  diction  and  for  the  scholarly  character 
of  the  treatment  accorded  the  interesting  and 
important  topic.  In  the  following  autumn  he 
entered  upon  the  study  of  law  in  the  law 
school  of  the  university,  and  in  the  office  of 
John  G.  Johnson,  a  prominent  lawyer  of 
Philadelphia.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1886,  and  entered  at  once  upon  the  discharge 
of  important  professional  duties,  particularly 
those  involved  in  the  management  of  the  ex- 
tensive business  interests  of  his  father,  who 
had  died  in  1884.  Among  other  important 
and  responsible  offices,  Mr.  Audenreid  became 
secretary  and  treasurer  of  the  Macungie  Iron 
Company,  treasurer  of  the  West  Chester  Gas 
Company,  president  of  the  Frankford  and 
Bristol  Turnpike  Company,  and  a  director  in 
the  Upper  Delaware  River  Transportation 
Company,  the  State  Line  and  Sullivan  Railroad 
Company,  and  the  National  Bank  of  Northern 
Liberties.  The  discharge  of  the  duties  of  these 
offices  threw  upon  the  young  man  an  un- 
usually heavy  responsibility,  which,  however, 
he  discharged  with  ability  and  efficiency,  gain- 
ing thereby  an  experience  in  business  and 
legal  affairs  that  was  superior  to  any  mere 
study  of  principles  and  methods.  As  a  con- 
sequence, he  rose  to  prominence  and  influence 
at  an  early  age.  He  was  chosen  to  represent 
the  eighth  ward  of  the  city  in  the  common 
council  in  1891,  and  served  until  1894,  being 
then  elected  to  the  select  council,  in  which  he 
served  for  two  years  more.  On  9  Dec,  1896, 
at  the  age  of  thirty-three,  he  resigned  his 
councilorship  to  accept  an  appointment  from 
Governor  Hastings  to  fill  the  vacancy  on  the 
bench  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas,  No.  4, 
of  Philadelphia,  created  by  the  resignation  of 
Judge  M.  Russell  Thayer.  In  the  following 
year  he  was  elected  to  a  full  term  of  ten 
years  in  this  same  office,  to  date  from  5  Jan  , 
1898.  At  the  expiration  of  this  term,  he  was 
re-elected  for  another  term,  beginning  in 
January,  1908,  and  expiring  in  December, 
1917.  During  his  incumbency  on  the  bench, 
Judge    Audenreid    has    been    concerned    with 


218 


LA  FOLLETTE 


LA  FOLLETTE 


the  trial  and  decision  of  many  of  the  most 
important  corporate  and  municipal  cases  that 
have  arisen  in  Philadelphia  within  the  last 
two  decades.  Some  of  these  have  involved 
serious  and  difficult  points  of  law,  and  not  a 
few  are  among  recognized  precedents  on  ques- 
tions likely  to  arise  under  the  conditions  of 
modern  commercial  and  municipal  institu- 
tions. Notable  among  these  cases  may  be 
mentioned  that  of  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad 
Company  vs.  the  City  of  Philadelphia;  Bullitt 
vs.  Philadelphia;  Croasdill  vs.  City,  etc. 
Judge  Audenreid  has  published  annotations 
to  American  editions  of  "  Lindley  on  Partner- 
ship "  and  of  "  Lewis  on  Trusts."  He  was  a 
vice-provost  of  the  Law  Academy  of  Philadel- 
phia for  five  years  (1902-07);  is  a  director 
of  the  Philadelphia  Athenaeum;  and  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Pennsylvania  Historical  Society,  of 
the  State  Bar  Association,  and  of  the  Phila- 
delphia Law  Association.  He  is  also  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Lawyers'  Club,  the  Radnor  Hunt 
Club,  the  Philadelphia  Country  Club.  He 
owns  a  handsome  suburban  residence  on  Lan- 
caster Road,  Overbrook.  Judge  Audenreid 
has  been  twice  married:  first,  to  Mary,  daugh- 
ter of  Warren  H.  Corning,  of  Cleveland,  Ohio, 
who  died  7  June,  1904;  second,  to  Elizabeth, 
daughter  of  the  late  Stephen  Benton,  of 
Philadelphia 

LA  FOLLETTE,  Robert  Marion,  statesman, 
b.  at  Primrose,  Wis.,  14  June,  1855,  son  of 
Josiah  and  Mary  (Ferguson)  La  Follette.  His 
parents  were  pioneer  settlers  of  Wisconsin. 
His  ancestors  were  Huguenots  who  settled  in 
America  about  the  time  of  the  Revolution.  He 
received  his  early  education  at  the  district 
school  of  his  native  village  and  a  private 
academy  in  Madison,  Wis.,  and  was  graduated 
in  the  Wisconsin  State  University  in  1879. 
In  his  senior  year  he  won  the  university  con- 
test in  oratory,  and  also  the  State  oratorical 
contest  and  the  interstate  contest  at  Iowa 
City,  la.  After  graduation  he  began  the  study 
of  law  in  the  university  and  in  February  of 
the  following  year  was  admitted  to  the  bar. 
He  began  practice  in  Madison,  and,  in  the 
autumn  of  1880,  was  elected  district  attorney 
of  Dane  County  on  the  Republican  ticket, 
being  re-elected  in  1882.  In  1884  he  was 
elected  from  the  Third  District  of  Wisconsin 
to  the  Forty-ninth  Congress  of  the  United 
States,  being  the  youngest  man  in  that  body 
at  the  time.  He  was  re-elected  in  1886  and 
1888,  but  was  defeated  in  1890  through  the 
opposition  in  his  district  to  the  compulsory 
education  plank  of  the  Republican  platform. 
During  his  six  years  in  Congress  he  won  a 
high  reputation  as  a  brilliant  debater  and  at- 
tracted particular  attention  by  his  speeches 
on  the  River  and  Harbor  Bill,  the  Mills  Bill, 
and  the  Lodge  Force  Bill,  and  by  his  reply  to 
Speaker  Carlisle  in  the  tariff  debate  of  1888. 
In  1889  he  was  appointed  to  the  Committee  on 
Ways  and  Means,  and  took  a  prominent  part 
in  preparing  the  McKinley  Tariff  Bill,  draft- 
ing the  schedules  on  farm  products,  tobacco, 
linen,  and  silk,  and  serving  on  the  sub-com- 
mittee that  framed  the  agricultural  schedule. 
In  the  course  of  a  speech  in  the  debate  on  the 
McKinley  Bill  Mr.  La  Follette  said:  "It  is 
to  protect  the  labor  of  this  country  in  the 
field  and  in  the  factory  to  maintain  existing 
occupations,  to  acquire  other  new  and  useful 


ones  where  possible,  to  hold  certain  the  ad- 
vantages of  our  country,  that  we  have  guarded 
the  American  industrial  system  as  we  would 
the  very  liberties  of  our  people  in  this  Republi- 
can bill.  It  is  to  preserve  the  markets  of 
this  country  to  our  own  producers  that  we 
have  kept  the  duties  like  a  breastwork,  high 
enough  at  every  point  to  protect  the  man 
who  is  busy  adding  to  the  sum  of  its  wealth 
from  assault  from  any  foreign  source.  When- 
ever foreign  products  the  like  of  which  we  can 
supply  our  own  people  with  have  been  taking 
the  market  from  us,  there  we  have  raised  the 
barrier  to  the  protective  point,  and  we  have 
no  apology  to  make  for  it.  We  believe  that  in 
so  doing  we  have  responded  to  a  patriotic 
duty."  Mr.  La  Follette's  part  in  framing  the 
McKinley  Tariff  Bill  was  very  important. 
Senator  Teller  in  the  course  of  a  speech  at  the 
Republican  National  Convention  in  1896  de- 
clared that  "  Congressmen  Gear  and  La  Fol- 
lette had  more  to  do  with  framing  the  tariff 
bill  than  McKinley,"  and  although  Mr.  La 
Follette,  in  an  eloquent  rejoinder  to  Senator 
Teller,  set  forth  the  important  part  played  by 
McKinley  in  giving  the  bill  its  final  form,  it 
is  generally  recognized  that  it  was  to  a  large 
extent  his  individual  work.  During  his  con- 
gressional service,  also,  Mr.  La  Follette  de- 
livered several  notable  public  speeches,  among 
them  the  annual  address  before  the  Harvard 
Law  School  in  1885  and  an  oration  at  the 
Grant  memorial  exercises  at  Monona  Lake, 
Wis.  After  his  retirement  from  Congress 
he  resumed  the  practice  of  law  at  Madison, 
Wis.,  while  continuing  active  and  prominent 
in  State  politics.  It  was  chiefly  through  his 
instrumentality  that  the  State  enacted  legisla- 
tion compelling  corporations  to  bear  a  just 
share  of  taxation.  In  1896  the  comptroller- 
ship  of  the  currency  was  offered  him  by  Presi- 
dent McKinley,  but  he  declined  it.  In  the 
same  year  he  was  sent  as  delegate  to  the  Re- 
publican National  Convention  and  served  on 
the  Committee  on  Platform.  Among  his  more 
notable  addresses  at  that  time  were  "  The 
Menace  of  the  Machine,"  before  Chicago  Uni- 
versity in  1897  and  "  The  Nomination  of  Can- 
didates by  the  Australian  Ballot,"  before  the 
University  of  Michigan  in  1898.  He  was 
elected  governor  of  Wisconsin  on  the  Republi- 
can ticket  in  1900  and  was  re-elected  in  1902. 
The  main  features  of  his  administration  were 
the  establishment  of  a  primary  election  law 
and  the  introduction  of  the  Australian  ballot. 
He  also  fathered  the  movement  for  the  control 
of  railway  rates  within  the  State  by  a  State 
commission,  which  found  expression  in  a  law 
passed  by  the  legislature  in  1905.  Dviring  his 
administration  the  capitol  at  Madison  was 
destroyed  by  fire  (27  Feb.,  1904).  He  was 
elected  to  the  United  States  Senate  in  1905, 
and  was  re-elected  in  1911  for  the  term  ending 
in  1917.  He  took  a  leading  part  in  the  de- 
bate on  railroad  rate  regulation  in  1900,  and 
in  an  exhaustive  speech  thrice  continued,  bo- 
ginning  on  19  April  and  ondiiig  on  23  Apr?!, 
he  advanced  a  number  of  i)ropositions,  which, 
on  the  day  the  bill  was  voiod  upon  (IS  May), 
he  enumerated,  closing  an  ai)peal  for  the 
physical  valuation  of  railroads  and  eloquently 
pointing  out  the  nocosaity  of  snch  valuation 
as  the  only  means  of  rorrocting  tranai)ortation 
abuses.     After  his  clccl  ion  to  llie  Senate  Mr. 


219 


KELLER 


KELLER 


La  Follette  became  the  leader  of  the  progres- 
sive Republican  element  in  Congress,  and  was 
practically  the  creator  of  the  movement  which 
was  embodied  in  an  independent  (Progressive) 
party  by  Theodore  Roosevelt  in  1912.  He  was 
a  prominent  candidate  for  the  Republican 
presidential  nomination  in  1908  and  1912. 
Senator  La  Follette  is  the  author  of  "Auto- 
biography—A Personal  Narrative  of  Political 
Experiences"  (1913).  He  was  married  21 
Dec,  1881,  to  Belle,  daughter  of  Anson  J. 
Case,  of  Baraboo,  Wis. 

KELLER,  Helen  Adams,  blind  author,  b. 
in  Tuscumbia,  Ala.,  27  June,  1880,  daughter 
of  Capt.  Arthur  H.  and  Kate  (Adams)  Keller. 
One  of  her  paternal  ancestors  was  a  Caspar 
Keller,  a  native  of  Switzerland,  who  was  the 
first  teacher  of  the  deaf  in  Zurich  and  was  the 
author  of  books  on  their  education.  Her  fam- 
ily is  also  related  to  those  of  Robert  E.  Lee 
and  of  Dr.  Edward  Everett  Hale.  Her  father 
was  a  paymaster  in  the  Confederate  army  in 
the  Civil  War.  Later  he  became  an  editor 
and  at  the  time  of  Miss  Keller's  earliest  child- 
hood lived  the  life  of  a  Southern  country  gen- 
tleman. Miss  Keller  was  born  a  normal, 
healthy  child  and  at  the  age  of  one  could  al- 
ready walk  and  utter  a  few  words.  But  when 
nineteen  months  old  she  was  stricken  by  a 
severe  illness;  congestion  of  the  stomach  and 
the  brain,  as  it  was  described  by  the  attend- 
ing physician.  Quite  contrary  to  expectation, 
she  recovered,  but  she  had  lost  the  use  of  her 
eyes  and  ears,  being  both  blind  and  deaf. 
Then  followed  that  blank  period  of  living  un- 
consciousness, which  lasted  until  the  beginning 
of  her  education,  at  the  age  of  six,  so  graphi- 
cally described  by  Miss  Keller  in  her  books 
and  magazine  articles,  which  are  of  such  in- 
tense interest,  not  only  to  the  general  reader, 
but  to  men  of  science  as  well.  Living  out  of 
the  world  as  they  did,  her  parents  were  puz- 
zled as  to  whom  to  turn  for  advice.  Her 
mother  had  felt  quite  hopeless,  until  she  read 
Dicken's  "American  Notes,"  in  which  she 
read  the  account  of  Laura  Bridgman.  Finally, 
when  Miss  Keller  was  six,  her  father  took  her 
to  a  Dr.  Chisholm,  in  Baltimore.  He,  how- 
ever, could  do  nothing,  but  advised  Captain 
Keller  to  go  to  Washington,  and  consult  Dr. 
Alexander  Graham  Bell,  the  inventor  of  the 
telephone.  Dr.  Bell  became  interested  in  the 
blind  and  deaf  child,  and,  on  his  recommenda- 
tion, Captain  Keller  wrote  to  Mr.  Anagnos, 
director  of  the  Perkins  Institute  in  Boston, 
the  institution  in  which  the  famous  Dr.  Howe 
had  labored  so  efficiently  for  the  blind.  As  a 
result  of  this  correspondence  Miss  Anne  Mans- 
field Sullivan  was  installed  in  the  Keller 
household  especially  to  develop  the  senses  re- 
maining to  the  blind  and  deaf  girl,  so  that 
they  could  perform  the  functions  of  those  that 
were  missing.  Her  success  has  been  one  of 
the  wonders  of  the  science  of  education.  Miss 
Sullivan  had  herself  been  a  pupil  of  the  Per- 
kins Institute,  having  become  almost  blind  at 
an  early  age,  but  when  she  became  Miss 
Keller's  teacher  her  sight  had  been  partially 
restored.  During  six  years  of  her  school  life 
she  had  lived  with  Laura  Bridgman,  the  pupil 
of  Dr.  Howe,  but  it  was  she  herself  who  dis- 
covered the  way  to  teach  language  to  the  deaf- 
blind.  Within  a  few  weeks  after  her  arrival 
Miss  Sullivan  had  taught  her  pupil  the  ele- 


ments of  touch  spelling,  and  so  gradually 
taught  her  the  names  of  objects  by  associating 
their  touch  with  the  spelling.  Thus,  little  by 
little,  she  entered  into  communication  with 
the  child's  dormant  mind,  and  awakened  in  it 
a  consciousness  of  the  outside  world.  No  reg- 
ular lessons  were  given,  the  instruction  being 
incidental  to  the  activities  of  their  daily  life 
together.  Within  a  year  she  had  also  taught 
her  to  read  the  embossed  letters  in  books  for 
the  blind,  and  before  she  was  eight  Miss  Kel- 
ler could  read  consecutive  narrative  in  sim- 
ple language.  In  1890,  when  Miss  Keller  was 
only  ten  years  of  age,  she  received  her  first 
instruction  in  speech.  Being  deaf,  this  must 
naturally  be  imparted  to  her  by  special  means. 
The  initial  lessons,  eleven  in  all,  were  given 
by  Sarah  Fuller,  principal  of  the  Horace 
Mann  School.  Miss  Fuller  began  by  passing 
the  child's  hand  lightly  over  her  face,  allow- 
ing her  to  feel  the  position  of  her  tongue  and 
lips  when  she  uttered  a  sound.  In  a  few  les- 
sons she  had  learned  the  six  elements  of 
speech:  M.  P.  A.  S.  T.  I.  Before  the  eleven 
lessons  were  concluded  the  pupil  could  already 
utter  words  herself,  although  at  first  so  in- 
distinctly as  hardly  to  be  understood.  But 
enough  had  been  accomplished  to  enable  Miss 
Sullivan  to  continue  her  tuition  by  means  of 
constant  practice.  Gradually  she  learned  to 
articulate  distinctly  enough  to  make  herself 
understood,  until  today  she  speaks  with  a 
very  slight  and  only  occasional  lisp  or  mis- 
pronunciation of  words.  Meanwhile,  she  had 
also  been  learning  to  write  by  the  method 
employed  in  the  schools  for  the  blind,  a 
grooved  board  under  the  paper  which  enables 
the  pupil  to  write  in  a  straight  line.  Later 
on  this  was  supplanted  by  the  typewriter,  the 
method  by  which  Miss  Keller  expresses  her 
thoughts  on  paper  today,  quite  as  rapidly  and 
as  freely  as  any  normal  person  How  rapidly 
Miss  Keller's  education  progressed  may  be 
judged  from  her  own  description  of  her  visit 
to  the  Columbian  Exposition  in  Chicago,  in 
1893,  when  she  was  only  thirteen  In  her 
book,  "The  Story  of  My  Life,"  she  says: 
"  I  liked  to  visit  the  Midway  Plaisance.  It 
seemed  like  the  Arabian  Nights,  it  was 
crammed  so  full  of  novelty  and  interest.  Mr. 
Higinbotham,  president  of  the  World's  Fair, 
kindly  gave  me  permission  to  touch  the  ex- 
hibits, and  with  an  eagerness  as  insatiable  as 
that  with  which  Pizarro  seized  the  treasures 
of  Peru,  I  took  in  the  glories  of  the  Fair  with 
my  fingers.  It  was  a  sort  of  tangible 
kaleidoscope,  this  white  city  of  the  West. 
Everything  fascinated  me,  especially  the 
French  bronzes.  They  were  so  lifelike,  I 
thought  they  were  angel  visions  which  the 
artist  had  caught  and  bound  in  earthly  form. 
At  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  exhibit  I  learned 
much  » about  the  process  of  mining  diamonds. 
Whenever  it  was  possible  I  touched  the  ma- 
chinery while  it  was  in  motion,  so  as  to  get 
a  clear  idea  how  the  stones  were  weighed,  cut, 
and  polished."  In  October,  1896,  Miss  Keller 
entered  the  Cambridge  School  for  Young 
Ladies,  to  be  prepared  for  Radcliffe  College. 
To  a  large  extent,  the'  tuition  was  accom- 
plished through  Miss  Sullivan's  interpretation, 
she  also  attending  the  classes.  But  many 
difficulties  arose,  which  could  not  be  met  in 
this   way,   though   eventually   they   were   all 


220 


HARTZKLL 


HARTZELL 


",  largely  through  Misa  Keller's  cw»« 
iiice.      Her    studies    durinr;    thus    rlrt* 
>  KnglisL  history,  ^' 
Latin,  arithtnclu', 
c.uj     she    had     made     t*ui  «- 
.oh  and  German.     "Each  d» 
■  r,  in  her  autobiography,  .1 
;>d    of    her     oxp^ricaoes,    "V 
.t  to  the  clas.fi<'^   .vitli  jxn-    i' 
hand  with   iuf'jM'f   pm  i 
•hers  said      In  ••(     *»    "o,. 


I'. 

•     Leuiuui    ■• 

y 

,:t  year  I    i 

■  . 

Ml      ar-.ifn  ■•■  . 

v.^.      .,..>;;-'       .,^ 

In    German 

;''!  partly  \^ 

s», 

!;van*«  118^' 

i^'h  '  Lied 

(   r 

,":p  '    arfi 

V.-'-    r^ 

men,  lawyers,  soldiers,  and  social  an<i  political 

ri'furmera.     /oung  Hartzell  felt  his  "  call  "  to 

h  the  gospel  at  an  early  age.     A  farmer 

^f  left  hie  father's  home  wlien  seventeen 

''  "■"    to  educate  himself  for  the  Chris- 

,   for  eleven   years   pursuing  his 

»n)<iring  indu.stry,  and  relying 

'wu  exertions   for    fman.ial 

'  ■-  rortipleted  a  classical  eol- 

^    Wesleyan     Uni- 

of  A  B.j   and,  in 

'6  in   theology  at 

•:t.    >'>.iiTj»«tA>n,    1!!., 

i.  hi  the 


it   had    been  necessary    to 

-ns  specially  for  MibS  Keller 

of  vyires  spread  over  a  soft  cusliion. 

'1   1900,  Miss  Keller  was  enrolled  as 

r    student    of    RadclifTc    College,    no 

vvors  having  been  shown  her,  and  in 

in    1904,    she    was   graduated    with 

"  of  A.B,     Miss  K< ilor  is  remarkable. 

...;,    in    >.^     .'■'       >    -     'i-;..>,i    with    only 

tlurvoe  senses   ^  •■'yih  with  the 
full  five,  but  ;  •  vastly  more 
than  that,   for   slie  has  <ievn«>»K'<i    her^elf    far 
beyond    the    limit.<»    aUrtined    in-    mo-t    nrrron' 
peo]p>te,    even    of    the    JnteU^MM-.al    t!a:*M.:s       A 
fhient  writer,  she  has  a  pleasing  anrl  distinct 
»^k  of  her  own,  so  that  ui?  an  fiulhut  n'one 
fOi^   would    have    attracted    atlentir^n.      Mark 
r«r.. ,,.     .,.},Q    ^yas   personally    acipiainted    ^^  ilh 
said   that  tlie  two   most   interest! ug 
•.-;  of  the  nineteenth  "^entury  were  Na- 
poleon   and    Helen    Kell«r.      The    admiration 
ith  which  fhe  is  n«i\v  uTiivprsally  rcgnr<led  ia 
.ore    lh«n    ji.istilied    Vy    A^lmt    hIih    ban    done 
V  hftf    wrHt'^<:    •* 'I'll*'    >^t<>rv    of    Mv   T/ifo '" 
'>02);    "  0»jf,rv.i-.rr  "     :l:i(»ni;     '^T?i».    Woril 
ive  In  '   hnm       '•'?■•.,<   Sone:  of  the  Slone 
■'  "     riniO.'  ;     (o-  '     ■                 -:     the     J^Hvk  '■' 

^.TZEII,  Joseph  ^    :    r  . 

'    -  i"T)ftry  1»ih}k  • 

•      ■   r        ■'■•:.; 


i   ;.ail  i  ;ty.      i-.i    Ui;..    a,.,. 

■i  rtnj.^Tii.M.Jndcnt  of  rburch, 
-      n  ■     .•4ih?ifai    v\ork    in    Now    (.>r- 
■  lay^lv    Ur^-'J^d  iht-  evanp  hsti  •  aiid 
.:    V  .-..i.:.i  wnrk  of  hU  (hurch  tK'ruuglu^iu  the 
Southwest,      In    1873    iie   founded    the    Soulh- 
western    '*  Christiai;    Advocate,"    wliich    l:iTer 
was  made  and  still  ia  an  ulTicia]  organ  f>f  tlie 
church,  a   weekly   publicatioit   of  extensive   in 
fluence.     The  twelve  years  from   1870  lo   1832 
covered  a  most  import  ant  period  in  the  nctn- 
struction    era    throiigbout-  the    South.      N'-ces- 
sarily   Dr.    Hartzell    was   brought   in*o   promi- 
nent relations  with  leading  men,  builj  in  i*  ■'• 
tics  and  in  church  ]•.'•    thriM(«jh  vit   the   *■•)•' 
and    South,    am}    l;iR    o^^iniojt?    and    j"-'  '    - 
were  often  >or«ght  as  to  policies  and 
As*  the  reprcDcnlativc  of  Uw  lnrwj»rd  r 
of  the   Methodist   Kj/jsio;  ■«!    <  "hur'di   a*n '■       o 
war.    in    the    e^taMi-br-' /ro     <*    lioivi-lH  f      ,:■ 
«';}K>o]rt  among  ft.db  whir.i-  ]>copl'    rifid  iln/  !;•:    ■ 
enfranchised     ncgr'»'':-<.     in     a     (.  vritur-'  •.'■ 

'A'u-c    'hu^-cbeM    ilf-:med     as    their    ov-  ■>       •;' ■ 
■.\i-;   h  bud  i.cen  active  ii)  BUsUiifOMi^  in.    '      -^'i- 
erv.  ConffJeracy,  fn:  wms  nt  ■    :-  ' 
i^i'vere  criti<it'm.  •■r  rh.,-  or"  . 
other  hand,  a-  hi-   indn.-tcv 
accepted    mor(^    j^ind    rK^rc    r.        '  •      ■^  ■ 
Inisted    l":id''r    <i)"    .      f.     r-'      -•  • 
was    v>y>r    ).'■    ■  i-.-  .  •'■    '. 

b.y!i|{y     {<>     !  '•     •■  :    m;      , 

Si":ites    ;>nd     ' 
^hoidd      b 

el,u"-b.    ^rl   ■■ 
Ills      -Mil!.    .    . 


HARTZELL 


WRIGHT 


eeveral  years  a  member  of  the  public  school 
board  in  the  city  of  New  Orleans,  ho  assisted 
in  the  organization  of  the  city  schools  under 
modern  methods.  He  was  the  administrator 
of  large  fun<;ls,  placed  at  his  disposal  each 
year  from  missionary  and  other  benevolent 
organizations  of  his  church,  and  the  remark- 
able and  permanent  development  of  church 
membership,  properties,  and  institutions  of 
learning,  attested  the  wisdom  of  administra- 
tion. In  1882-87  he  was  made  assistant  secre- 
tary of  the  educational  work  of  his  church 
for  the  entire  South,  and  chief  secretary  until 
May,  181)6.  This  made  him  the  executive 
officer  and  superintendent  of  forty-five  insti- 
tutions of  learning,  twenty-two  of  them  being 
among  the  white  people,  and  twenty-three 
among  the  blacks.  Among  the  latter  there 
were  eight  schools  of  collegiate  grade,  several 
of  them  having  other  departments;  there  are 
two  theological  schools.  In  three  medical 
schools  (one  white  and  two  colored),  more 
than  two  thousand  have  been  trained  in 
medicine.  Altogether  many  thousands  of 
both  races  were  trained  as  teachers,  ministers, 
lawyers,  physicians,  and  in  various  forms  of 
industry,  about  12,000  being  annually  in  at- 
tendance. While  he  was  secretary,  more  than 
$2,000,000  was  distributed,  and  the  prop- 
erties grew  to  a  value  of  over  $2,500,000. 
Dr.  Hartzell  was  a  delegate  from  Louisiana 
to  the  general  quadrennial  conferences  of  his 
church  in  1876,  1880,  1884,  1888,  1892,  and 
that  of  1896,  which  elected  him  missionary 
bishop  for  Africa.  As  a  constructive  legis- 
lator his  influence  during  these  twenty-four 
years  in  the  chief  councils  of  the  church  was 
often  manifest  in  securing  the  passing  of 
important  measures.  The  bishop  entered  upon 
his  duties  in  Africa  at  an  opportune  time  for 
large  development  in  general  missionary 
lines.  The  continent  had  been  divided  up; 
means  of  communication  were  everywhere  ex- 
tended, money  and  workers  for  missions  were 
increasing  and  methods  of  administration  im- 
proving. At  the  end  of  twenty  years  work 
has  been  greatly  enlarged  and  strengthened 
in  Liberia,  in  Portuguese  East  Africa,  in 
Rhodesia;  also  among  the  Mohammedans  in 
Algeria  and  Tunisia.  In  Angola  on  the  west 
coast,  a  line  of  missions  has  been  extended 
800  miles  into  the  interior.  In  1909  he  made 
a  call  for  a  special  thank-oflfering  of  $300,000. 
President  Roosevelt  inaugurated  the  movement 
in  Washington  with  his  last  address  as  Presi- 
dent, in  January,  and  when  President  Taft 
made  the  final  address  in  December,  over 
$330,000  had  been  raised.  Bishop  Hartzell 
advocates  securing  large  areas  of  land  at 
strategic  centers,  teaching  the  natives  indus- 
tries, the  work  of  medical  missionaries,  and 
in  co-operation  with  the  national  authorities 
in  the  development  of  good  citizenship.  The 
governments  at  London,  Berlin,  Paris,  and 
Lisbon,  and  many  colonial  officers  in  Africa, 
have  shown  their  appreciation  of  this  atti- 
tude, and  granted  special  concessions  of  lands 
and  co-operation.  At  one  time  when  a  crisis 
arose  with  Germany  over  Liberia,  in  which 
Bishop  Hartzell  is  especially  interested,  he 
was  made  the  republic's  special  envoy  to  the 
United  States  and  England,  and,  as  the  re- 
sult of  consultations  with  President  McKin- 
ley    and    Lord    Salisbury,    a    joint    diplomatic 


note  was  addressed  to  Germany  which  settled 
the  difficulty.  The  republic  made  the  bishop 
a  knight  commander  of  the  Order  for  the  Re- 
demption of  Africa,  in  recognition  for  this 
important  service.  Bishop  Hartzell  has  re- 
ceived degrees  as  follows:  A.M.,  Illinois  West- 
ern University,  1871 ;  D.D.,  Allegheny  Col- 
lege and  Illinois  Wesleyan  University,  1878; 
LL.D.,  Grant  University  and  Hedding  College, 
1890.  He  was  married  in  Chicago,  111.,  No- 
vember, 1869,  to  Jane,  daughter  of  John  Breese 
and  Margaret  Culver.  They  have  had  four 
sons  and  one  daughter,  of  whom  three  sons 
survive:  Dr.  Joseph  Culver,  Rev.  Dr.  Morton 
Culver,  and  Robert  Culver  Hartzell. 

WEIGHT,  Wilbur,  aviator,  b.  in  Dune  Park, 
Ind.,  16  April,  1867;  d.  in  Dayton,  Ohio,  30 
May,  1912,  son  of  Milton  (a  bishop  of  the 
United  Brethren  Church)  and  Susan  Catherine 
(Koerner)  Wright.  He  was  educated  in  the 
high  schools  of  Richmond,  Ind.,  and  Dayton, 
Ohio.  In  the  days 
of  his  small  be- 
ginnings in  the 
science  of  aviation, 
Wilbur  Wright,  to- 
gether with  his 
brother  Orville,  re- 
paired bicycles  in 
a  shop  at  Dayton. 
The  brothers  pulled 
on  the  same  kite 
string  that  flew 
their  first  aero- 
plane after  it  had 
refused  to  leave 
the  ground  with  a 
man  aboard.  The 
only  person  who 
entered  the  close  friendship  of  the  brothers 
was  their  sister  Katherine.  The  brothers 
had  her  join  them  in  Europe  in  time 
to  receive  the  congratulations  of  King  Alfonso 
in  1908,  after  Wilbur's  flying  had  electrified 
Spain,  and  Miss  Wright  remained  with  them 
throughout  their  early  trials  at  Fort  Myer, 
Ga.  ^  When  the  accident  occurred  in  which 
Orville  was  seriously  injured,  his  sister,  a 
trained  nurse,  became  his  constant  hospital  at- 
tendant. In  1903  Wilbur  Wright  and  his 
brother  Orville  began  to  devote  their  time  to 
the  production  and  perfecting  of  a  heavier- 
than-air  flying  machine  for  which  patents  were 
later  granted  in  the  leading  countries  of  the 
world.  Their  first  test  with  the  Wright 
Bros.'  aeroplane  was  made  at  Kitty  Hawk, 
N.  C,  in  1903;  two  years  later  their  first  suc- 
cessful long-distance  flight  occurred  near  Day- 
ton. The  world  now  began  to  realize  that  the 
Wright  brothers  had  produced  something  en- 
tirely new,  with  whose  principles  it  was  un- 
acquainted. Aviators  suddenly  sprang  up 
everywhere,  gaining  more  of  the  general  atten- 
tion than  either  of  the  brothers.  In  1909 
Wilbur  said :  "  They  have  all  copied  us  as 
much  as  they  could,  but  as  yet  they  still  use 
twice  the  power,  and  even  then  they  are  not 
able  to  produce  results  equal  to  ours/'  People 
were  slow  to  comprehend  that  these  new  avi- 
ators were  attempting  to  steal  by  early  appro- 
\  priation  the  fruits  of  the  brothers'  labor.  All 
I  the  world  cheered  Delagrange  as  he  skimmed 
I  a  few  feet  above  the  earth  in  1908.  Wilbur 
1  and  Orville  Wright  for  five  years  had  made 


222 


WRIGHT 


WRIGHT 


more  than  100  flights  in  1904  alone  on  the 
outskirts  of  Dayton,  and  had  never  received 
a  single  write-up  in  the  papers,  except  jocular 
ones.  The  brothers  knew  that  these  unher- 
alded, unnoticed  flights  had  gone  vastly  fur- 
ther in  achievement  than  any  of  the  French 
flights  that  were  stirring  the  world.  They 
knew  that  they  had  achieved  a  speed  of  forty 
miles  an  hour,  had  carried  a  weight  of  750 
pounds,  and  had  flown  twenty  miles  over  a 
straightaway  cross-country  course  in  1904.  In 
1906,  after  all  persons  to  whom  the  Wrights 
had  applied  for  funds  had  turned  a  deaf  ear, 
they  heard  that  the  French  government  had 
become  interested  in  their  experiments,  and 
that  a  commission,  representing  a  powerful 
French  syndicate,  was  coming  over  to  investi- 
gate their  claims.  At  that  time  all  the  ma- 
chines they  had  used  in  experimenting  were 
broken,  and  they  had  reached  the  end  of  their 
cash  resources.  Katherine  Wright  now  came 
forward  with  her  savings  as  a  school  teacher 
and  furnished  the  money  with  which  to  build 
an  aeroplane  to  exhibit  before  the  Frenchmen, 
who  were  delighted.  They  were  the  first  men 
really  to  honor  the  Wrights,  and  asked  for  an 
option  on  the  French  patent  rights  and  made 
glowing  promises  as  to  the  reports  that  they 
would  make  to  their  backers.  Meanwhile  Oc- 
tave Chanute  had  gone  to  France  with  a 
magic-lantern  lecture  meant  to  attract  atten- 
tion to  the  World's  Fair,  then  being  planned 
for  St.  Louis.  Among  his  pictures  were  many 
scenes  of  the  Wright  brothers  in  flight,  show- 
ing everything  about  the  machine  that  a  pic- 
ture could  show,  and  Chanute  described  in  his 
lecture  the  manner  in  which  the  boys  con- 
trolled their  machine  in  the  air  and  told  how 
successful  they  were  with  it.  The  lecture  was 
innocent  in  purpose,  but  it  was  perhaps  the 
most  disastrous  thing  with  which  the  Wrights 
had  to  contend.  When  it  came,  years  later, 
to  a  test  of  the  Wright  patents  before  the 
officials  of  the  German  Patent  Office  they  were 
able  to  sweep  aside  with  the  greatest  ease  all 
claims  of  various  "  fathers  of  flight "  whom 
the  German  airmen  had  brought  forward  to 
prove  that  their  "  experiments  "  were  founded 
upon  the  work  of  predecessors  in  Germany. 
But  they  failed  to  sweep  aside  proofs  that 
Chanute  had  described  the  Wright  inventions. 
The  patent  office  officials  called  to  their  assist- 
ance an  old  law  that  declared  no  patent  valid 
for  any  device  whose  nature  had  been  made 
public  by  the  inventor,  or  had  become  public 
m  any  manner,  before  the  application  for  a 
patent.  And  on  that  slender  ground  the 
Wrights  were  ruled  out  and  forced  to  appeal 
to  the  higher  courts.  On  the  finances  of  the 
Wrights  the  Chanute  lecture  had  a  blighting 
efl'ect.  The  Frenchmen  cut  off  all  negotiations 
and  allowed  their  option  on  the  Wright  patents 
to  run  out.  Wilbur  then  went  to  France.  The 
French  fliers  were  tipping  over  at  every  flight 
and  smashing  their  machines.  Wilbur  gained 
a  hearing  from  the  French  and  pitched  his 
camp  at  Auvours.  Four  days  after  Orville 
fell  at  Fort  Myor,  Wilbur  took  the  air  in 
France  and  circled  the  field  for  ninety-one 
minutes.  Before  half  the  flight  was  done, 
"with  its  series  of  long  glides  and  dips  and 
figure  eights,  the  Frenchmen  were  in  a  frenzy 
of  delight.  Here  was  something  compelling  to 
them,  and  they  yielded  the  first  public  adula- 


tion the  Wrights  had  ever  received.  The 
French  company  decided  that  after  all  there 
was  a  good  deal  more  in  the  Wright  machines 
than  had  been  divulged  through  the  photo- 
graphs. They  offered  again  the  price  for 
patent  rights  that  had  been  allowed  to  lapse 
the  year  before  and  Wilbur  received  a  sum 
sufficient  to  put  the  Wrights  on  a  safe  opera- 
tive basis.  In  1909  the  tide  turned  toward  the 
Wrights.  Orville  made  a  success  in  Germany 
as  marked  as  had  been  Wilbur's  conquest  of 
France.  Orville  in  Germany  rose  750  feet  in 
the  air;  Katherine,  who  had  gone  atfroad  with 
him,  became  the  world's  first  airwoman,  and  for 
a  long  time  the  holder  of  the  world's  record 
for  continuous  experience  as  a  passenger,  al- 
though Mrs.  Hart  0.  Berg,  of  Paris,  was  the 
first  woman  to  ascend  in  a  Wright  machine. 
On  13  May,  1909,  the  Wright  brothers  re- 
turned to  this  country.  The  Aero  Club  had 
a  medal  struck  off,  and  on  June  11  President 
Taft  presented  it  at  a  White  House  function 
in  the  presence  of  many  noted  Americans  and 
the  members  of  the  diplomatic  corps.  "Per- 
haps I  do  this  at  a  delayed  hour,"  declared  the 
President  in  bringing  forward  the  medal  as 
the  first  American  recognition.  Wilbur 
Wright  ceased  flying  in  1910,  and  thereafter 
gave  his  entire  attention  to  experimental  work, 
and  to  suits  over  patents  in  this  country  and 
fliers  in  Germany  and  France.  In  November, 
1909,  a  corporation  with  a  capitalization  of 
$1,000,000  was  formed  to  back  the  Wrights  in 
their  plans  to  manufacture  aeroplanes  at  Day- 
ton. The  company  provided  that  Wilbur 
and  Orville  Wright  must  defend  their  patents 
against  all  infringements.  In  speaking  of 
the  Wright  aeroplane,  Wilbur  Wright  said: 
"  Our  machine  is  superior  to  all  others.  The 
Wright  biplane  is  efficient  not  only  in  its 
economic  use  of  power,  but  also  in  its  ma- 
neuvering qualities.  The  biplanes  of  Voisin 
and  Farman  are  about  the  same  size  as  ours. 
It  is  noticeable,  however,  that  they  use  double 
the  power  and  travel  at  less  speed.  The  small 
power  that  is  required  to  drive  the  biplane, 
in  comparison  with  all  other  aeroplanes,  is  the 
most  pronounced  proof  of  its  superiority.  The 
Voisin  and  Farman  machines  require  a  fifty- 
horsepower  motor  to  drive  them  at  a  speed  of 
thirty-six  to  thirty-eight  miles  per  hour,  while 
a  twenty-five-horsepower  motor  suffices  to 
drive  the  Wright  at  a  much  greater  speed.  The 
distinction  is  very  largely  caused  by  the  dif- 
ference in  the  application  of  power.  A  single 
propeller  revolving  at  very  high  speed  drives 
the  Voisin,  Farman,  Curtiss,  Bleriot,  and  other 
successful  aeroplanes.  In  the  Wright,  however, 
two  propellers  revolving  in  opposite  directions 
are  used.  It  has  been  the  common  custom  in 
the  design  of  aeroplanes  in  Europe  to  provide 
a  rear  fixed  surface  to  act  as  a  tail,  as  it  has 
been  generally  considered  that  tliis  adds  to  the 
stability  and  makes  the  aeroplane  safer.  Tiie 
Wright  machine  has  no  sucli  provision,  and 
because  of  this  has  frequently  been  severely 
criticized.  If  a  macliine  with  a  tail  or  a  rear 
fixed  horizontal  surface  is  di reeled  upward  by 
means  of  a  horizontal  rudder,  there  will  be  a 
tendency  for  tlie  machine  to  resist  tlie  action  of 
the  rudder  before  it  rises;  and  tlion  after  it 
lias  been  inclined  upward  by  its  rudder  it  will 
tend  to  continue  rising  in  that  direction  for 
some  time,  even  after  tiie  rudder  has  been  reset 


223 


WRIGHT 


STEDMAN 


in  normal  position.  This  tendency  of  a  ma- 
chine to  resist  any  alteration  in  the  direction 
of  its  course  is  due  to  the  action  of  the  tail, 
which  always  tends  to  keep  the  machine  in  its 
plane  of  motion.  A  tail  steadies  a  machine 
wonderfully,  but  it  decreases  the  promptness 
and  precision  of  maneuvering  and  renders  it 
dangerous.  The  movement  of  a  Wright  ma- 
chine in  the  air  shows  the  promptness  of  the 
correction  of  lateral  balance.  When  the  ma- 
chine *  heels  over  *  to  the  side  it  is  brought 
back  in  a  short,  quick  motion  to  an  even  keel, 
and  responds  instantaneously  to  the  operation 
of  the  lever  by  the  aviator.  The  horizontal 
rudder  of  the  Wright  machine  has  the  air  sur- 
faces, and  is  placed  well  in  front.  It  is 
mounted  on  a  frame  in  such  a  manner  that  it 
is  '  thrown  off  center  '  when  moved.  The  con- 
struction of  a  Wright  machine  is  such  that 
when  turned  up  the  plane  is  arched  above,  and 
when  placed  normally  it  is  perfectly  flat.  The 
curved  surface  lifts  more  and  exerts  a  greater 
action  than  a  plane  one,  so  that  the  rudder 
is  more  effective  for  its  size,  due  to  curvature, 
while  in  a  central  position  its  flat  form  de- 
creases the  resistance.  In  this  characteristic 
lies  another  superiority  of  the  Wright  machine 
over  all  other  types.  The  vertical  rudder  at 
the  rear  is  placed  in  the  center  and  between 
the  two  propellers,  so  that  the  draught  from 
the  propellers  passes  on  either  side  without 
encountering  it.  The  rudder  has  two  planes, 
and  for  turning  is  moved  in  conjunction  with 
the  tilting  of  the  machine.  Its  position  and 
size  are  carefully  proportioned  to  the  rest  of 
the  machine,  and  give  the  limit  of  effectiveness 
with  the  least  dragging  effect.  The  planes  on 
the  Wright  machine  are  thick,  and  all  struc- 
tural parts  are  covered  with  fine  canvas.  The 
curvature  is  not  eccentric  in  any  way,  and 
conforms  to  the  general  shape  that  aero- 
dynamic experiment  has  shown  to  be  efficient. 
In  these  features  it  is  similar  to  almost  all 
other  aeroplanes."  After  a  brief  illness  Mr. 
Wright  died  at  his  home  in  Dayton  of  typhoid 
fever.  Immediately  tributes  to  his  greatness 
began  to  appear  in  all  parts  of  the  civilized 
world.  The  London  "Standard"  said:  "If 
anybody  in  1899  had  suggested  that  these  two 
young  men  (Wilbur  and  Orville)  were  likely 
to  influence  the  future  of  the  human  race  more 
deeply  than  any  two  monarch  s  or  statesmen 
then  alive,  he  would  have  been  regarded  as 
a  lunatic.  Yet  so  it  has  been;  Wilbur  Wright 
and  his  brother  have  gone  far  to  erase  frontiers 
and  join  the  nations  by  links  hitherto  un- 
known. They  may  change  the  course  of  trade. 
They  have  already  gone  far  to  revolutionize  the 
art  of  war  by  land  and  sea,  and  caused  all  the 
war  offices  and  admiralties  to  remodel  their 
strategy.  They  have  compelled  the  great 
powers  to  equip  themselves  with  squadrons  and 
armadas  of  aerial  vessels  "  The  "  Temps,"  of 
Paris,  also  said:  "With  Wilbur  Wright  disap- 
pears an  amazing  inventor,  the  first  and  most 
celebrated  of  all  aviators.  He  was  a  genius 
who  enabled  the  world  to  witness  flight  by 
mechanical  apparatus,  the  secret  of  supporting 
which  in  the  air  he  found  before  any  one  else." 
This  editorial  is  all  the  more  significant  inas- 
much as  now,  for  the  first  time,  the  French 
press  and  people  acknowledge  that  Wright  was 
the  father  of  aviation.  Mr.  Wright  was  hon- 
ored with  the  degree  of  B.S.  at  Earlham  Col- 

224 


lege,  Md.,  in  1909,  and  that  of  LL.D.  at  Ober- 
lin  College  in  1910.  He  was  awarded  a  gold 
medal  by  the  French  Academy  of  Sciences  in 
1909,  and  received  many  other  recognitions  of 
his  leadership  in  the  science  of  aviation.  Mr. 
Wright  was  a  member  of  the  Aero  Club  of 
America.     He  was  unmarried. 

STEDMAN,  Edmund  Clarence,  poet,  b.  in 
Hartford,  Conn.,  8  Oct.,  1833;  d.  in  New  York 
City,  18  Jan.,  1908.  He  was  the  son  of  Ed- 
mund B.  Stedman,  a  merchant  of  Hartford, 
and  Elizabeth  C.  Dodge,  who  was  a  sister  of 
William  E.  Dodge,  and  who,  subsequently  to 
the  death  of  Mr.  Stedman,  married  William  B. 
Kinney,  The  subject  of  this  sketch  was  also 
related  through  his  mother  to  William  p]llery 
Channing,  Bishop  A.  C.  Coxe,  President  Cleve- 
land, and  Thomas  Wentvvorth  Higginson.  He 
was  prepared  for  college  at  Norwich,  Conn., 
and  in  1849  entered  Yale,  where  he  distin- 
guished himself  in  Greek  and  in  English  com- 
position. His  poem  of  "  Westminster  Abbey," 
published  in  the  "  Yale  Literary  Magazine  "  in 
1851,  received  a  first  prize.  In  his  junior 
year  he  was  suspended  for  irregularities,  and 
did  not  receive  his  degree  until  1871,  when  he 
was  restored  to  his  class,  and  received  the  de- 
gree of  A.M.  From  1852  to  1855  Mr.  Sted- 
man edited  successively  the  Norwich  "  Trib- 
une "  and  the  "  Winsted  Herald."  He  then  re- 
moved to  New  York  City,  where  he  contributed 
to  "Vanity  Fair,"  "Putnam's  Monthly," 
"  Harper's  Magazine,"  and  other  periodicals, 
and  finally  drifted  into  journalism.  During 
1859  his  "Diamond  Wedding,"  "How  Old 
John  Brown  Took  Harper's  Ferry,"  and  sim- 
ilar lyrics  appeared  in  the  "  Tribune."  Their 
success  led  him  to  issue  his  "  Poems,  Lyric, 
and  Idyllic"  (New  York,  1860).  He  joined 
the  editorial  staff  of  "The  World"  in  1860, 
and  was  war  correspondent  for  that  paper, 
1861-63.  Later  he  accepted  an  appointment 
under  Attorney -General  Bates,  but  in  1864  he 
returned  to  New  York  and  relinquished  jour- 
nalism to  adopt  some  pursuit  that  would  leave 
him  more  leisure  for  literary  work.  A  post  in 
connection  with  the  construction  and  financing 
of  the  first  Pacific  railroad  led  to  his  career 
in  Wall  Street.  In  1869  he  purchased  a  seat 
in  the  stock  exchange  and  became  established 
as  a  broker.  His  poetry  at  this  period  is  in- 
cluded in  "  Alice  of  Monmouth,  an  Idyll  of  the 
Great  War"  (New  York,  1864)  ;  "The  Blame- 
less Prince"  (Boston,  1869);  "Poetical 
Works"  (1873).  With  T.  B.  Aldrich,  he 
edited  "Cameos"  (Boston,  1874),  selected 
from  the  works  of  Walter  Savage  Landor.  He 
also  edited,  with  an  introduction,  "  Poems  of 
Austin  Dobson "  (New  York,  1880).  About 
1875  Mr.  Stedman  began  to  devote  attention 
to  critical  writing,  and  contributed  to  "  Scrib- 
ner's  Monthly "  a  series  of  sketches,  which 
were  later  rewritten  and  published  as  "  Vic- 
torian Poets"  (Boston,  1875;  London,  1876; 
13th  edition,  with  a  supplement,  bringing 
it  down  to  1887),  In  a  similar  manner  he 
prepared  "Poets  of  America"  (Boston,  1886). 
With  Ellen  M.  Hutchinson  he  edited  a  "Li- 
brary of  American  Literature  "  in  eleven  vol- 
umes (1888-90).  In  1891  Mr.  Stedman  suc- 
ceeded Mr.  Lowell  as  president  of  the  Ameri- 
can copyright  league.  In  the  same  year  he 
delivered  the  initiatory  course  of  lectures  of 
the  TurnbuU  chair  of  poetry  at  Johns  Hopkins 


STKIXMAN 


BAKER 


V:  r.   rsity.     These  lectures  wer^ 
f  Mia*  College    and    at    the    1J 

ia,   ami   were   aft*" 
aie,  •'  The  Nature  a 

'■^'..     In  18!'.-     - 
V."      "  ^ 


Ition  ot  ! 


d  many  ; 

iniportart   > 

il;     the    "Dartmouth    <  Kb 

nument  of  Oreelcy,"  1?"^'. 

^  ";  "Met- 

Mt  tbp   tw 


Ml    ; 
1897 


imcrica. 

jick,  his  J 
ills  love  for 
ho  \v?i- 
ancc  to  hit  > 


I  in%' 


tj  ill  the  realm  f>f  literature  commanded  adniira- 
i  tion  and  widt»  r='*"r»*'ct  in  England  as  well  as  in 
^)athies  were  wide  and 
choice  and  steadfast,  and 
.vas  powerful  and  endur- 
ly  generous  in  his  aa&ist- 
>  iii  the  craft.  Mr.  Btedirjan 
>f  married  Mim  Laura  Wood  worth,  of  Norwi<h, 
igl  Conn  ,   M  Nov.,  1863. 

1   I      BAKl.iR.  Piank,  jurist,  b.  in  Meltoore,  Ohio, 

-I  11  Ma.v.   IH40;  d    in  Hartlami,  Wis.,  0  July, 

ejlDlO,  «on  of   Kiohard  and   Fanflio    {Wheeler) 

'i  i  Bnk^'T       l^r    whi*   d^prfuded    fr^nj    »    v**ry   dis- 

n  ^    :....s,  ;  il.  ,..  -,..    first. 

apptar.  .1    .\  in  this 

--'"""■  -n  ,  iuuH' ,  .■   from 


Kent, 


led  AS 


>tau 


?" 


he 


D.  from  Yale.     In   1806   lie 

ence  in  Lawrence  Park,  Bronx- 

>.  iT.    In  December,  1000,  after  a  serious 

Mr.    Stedman    spent    a    few   weeks    in 

ia.     He  had  completed  "An  American 

''Sy"   ^^^    tbs    heavy    draft    upon    hia 

^  energies  was  for  a  time  abated.     In 

ilsummer  of  IPCS,  after  a  lingering  ill- 

,,...,    r...  "<-i-     \£r3    Stf^draan  died,   and 

•r  son,  Frederick  Stuart, 

At"   tl.P    succeediMCf  ycr.r. 

18   JanT,   1908 

■•  Vicrriory  was 

\v,hich 

d  by  Harriaon  S.  Maiis  aiui  Hoixn  ■ 
nd   Johnson,   and   addresses   wero   dti 
"imilton   Wright  Mabie,   Col.   Williari   (. 
<.  and  Seth  Low.     Aside  from  Mr    Siod- 
.ichievements  as  a  man   of   letters,   bis 
V  in  the  world  of  affairs  were  ardiious 
r.remitting       His    attention    was    about 
divided    between    literature   and    busi- 
nsiness  was  his  necessary  slavery,  lit- 
his  happy  freedom      His  heart  glowed 
ly    with    the    patriotism    of    literature. 
'  '    inspiration    of    his    "Library    of 
iterature,"  and  it  is  found  at  iarge 

'"l  prose.     Mr.   Siedman 

ive   of    art.   partir-ularlv 

.'  •  -     ■  VM,.      no   uas 

'  .irihv 


•    Duke    <,t 
-^ .    .cntative  of 
a  }«rfK*{aiuiMtion  ror  a  general 
)lie«   from   the   towns   to   eon- 
ad,  there  to  confer  with  him 
vernment  of  the  province,  and 
r  tttlend<'d  this  conference  as  ♦he 
^e  of  EaHthffmpton.     Later  he  was 
.  p.ju  =  i.-<;    foreman  of  the  first  grand  jury  in 
the  province  of  New  York  and  "of  the  gnind 
jury  at  the  first  court  of  assizes  held  in  Nev, 
York,  in  1665.     His  36n,  Thomas  Baker   (2d;, 
married   Ann   Topping,   the  granddaughter   ot 
Capt.  Thomas  Topping,  who  was  a  member  o' 
the  first  council  of  the  tirst  Lnglish  governi.'r 
of  the  province  of  New  York,  in  1665.     Of  this 
marriage    was    born    Samuel    Baker,    who    re- 
moved with  his  family  to  Branford,  Conn.,  in 
1728,    where    he   became    a   merchant    engai^fd 
in   the    West    Ind'an    trade       Me    va^    several 
times   chosen    H^'leetman    arid»    in    lVf>5,   was   ;i 
deputy   to   the   Gemial   Court  of   Connectiri.t 
His  son,  Jonathan,  married  Mary  Borker,  il.' 
,i,.,,4,|pj.  f^f  ■no..,.c=w  Pnrkcr,  who  wna  then  'Jii? 
■  ■'  F?  ran  ford,  v.'ho  was  descenif-'<' 
•ttot.    Peter    Papillon.      Th- 
t.n,  ^u;.ii;   ;  H-L^ker,  was  captured  by  Trnli:-i>^'-    •- 
a  youth  during-  the  tir.^t  ye-ir  of  the   Pt<>»--u- 
tionary  War  and  by  them  carried   a  t."- 
into  Buri?oyne's  camp,  wliere  the  boy  v 
to  an  officer  of  the  general's  .staO'  ?   • 
He   remained  with   I  he   stall  of     ' 
goyne  as  a  mess  hoy  un^il   *}•' 
dered  to  General  Gates  at   ^'i'.  .-    :•• 

Irase   thus   etrei-ted,   he   wc!  '  *-    ;  • 

remained    until     1781,    n- 
eighteen,  he  enli -^tid  ;i  < 
luiioriRry  anny   aiTt 
agHin!.-t    llio   Britisv    •  '  t    .•   1 1 

Mo<  tied    in    Ti'-'.';;     (      ..  ■     .' 

sotitb    of    <»•.•    ^.  N      \"r\     ';  ■;,.•' 


-tnd    X\, 

>he  wc.rld  a-   t!.;      ;:vrw  .i.ii    »;    .)>.■   Un 
nd       Hii*    instinoi^   were  of   the   finest, 
n()ble,    and    hit    high    aehit  veuients 


arul 
la    1: 


t     t;.' 


BAKER 


BAKER 


the  Court  of  Common  Pleas  of  Steuben  County, 
N.  Y.,  which  he  remained  until  1817,  when 
he  was  appointed  surrogate  of  Steuben  County. 
Judge  Baker,  the  grandfather  of  the  sub- 
ject of  this  sketch,  died  2  Dec,  1842,  in  his 
eightieth  year.  His  wife,  Elizabeth  Daniels, 
was  descended  from  a  very  old  Dutch  family. 
The  maternal  grandfather  of  Judge  Baker 
(subject  of  this  sketch)  was  a  member  of  the 
State  legislature  of  New  York  and  was  the 
only  son  of  Capt.  Silas  Wheeler,  an  officer  in 
the  Rhode  Island  contingency  during  the 
Revolutionary  War.  Judge  Baker's  father, 
Richard  Baker,  was  a  prosperous  farmer  whose 
chief  desire  was  to  prepare  his  six  sons  for 
useful  careers  in  the  service  of  the  country. 
Having  passed  through  the  public  schools  of 
his  native  town,  Mr.  Baker  entered  the  Ohio 
\\  esleyan  University,  at  Delaware,  Ohio,  where 
he  was  graduated  in  1861.  On  President 
Lincoln  making  his  appeal  for  volunteers  to 
suppress  the  rebellion  in  the  Southern  States, 
^Ir.  Baker  responded  eagerly  and  was  enlisted 
as  a  private  in  the  Eighty-fourth  Regiment  of 
Ohio  Volunteers,  in  which  he  served  out  his 
term  of  enlistment.  He  then  entered  the  Al- 
bany Law  School,  from  which  he  graduated 
with  full  honors  in  1863.  Having  passed  his 
bar  examinations,  he  opened  a  law  office  in 
Tiffin,  Ohio,  where  he  was  engaged  in  a  gen- 
eral practice  until  1873.  During  this  period 
he  also  served  as  county  prosecuting  attorney. 
He  removed  to  Chicago,  where  he  continued 
practicing  until  June,  1887,  when  he  was 
elected,  on  the  Democratic  ticket,  to  the  office 
of  Judge  of  the  Circuit  Court.  In  1891  he  was 
re-elected,  and  again  in  1897.  In  June,  1904, 
he  was  assigned  to  the  Appellate  Court  Bench 
of  the  First  District,  where  he  served  for  six 
years,  and  by  successive  appointments  there- 
after served  another  seven  years  in  this  court. 
Judge  Baker's  decisions  have  been  free  from 
any  taint  of  partisanship  and,  with  very  few 
exceptions,  have  been  sustained  by  the  higher 
courts.  Although  a  Democrat,  his  impartial 
conduct  was  recognized  by  the  Republicans  to 
such  an  extent  that  they  placed  him  on  their 
ticket  for  a  third  election.  His  most  enduring 
monument  is  the  one  which  he  erected  for  him- 
self in  his  judicial  writings.  His  first  opinion 
appears  in  Vol.  108  of  the  Reports  of  the 
Appellate  Court  of  the  First  District  of  Illi- 
nois and  his  opinions  appear  in  all  the  sub- 
sequent volumes  to  the  time  of  his  death, 
ninety  in  all,  covering  a  period  of  judicial 
service  in  that  tribunal  of  thirteen  years  and 
a  continuous  active  judicial  service  of  twenty- 
nine  years.  In  this  large  accumulation  of 
judicial  literature  the  legal  profession  will 
find  its  guides  and  landmarks,  embodying,  as 
it  does,  a  vast  store  of  judicial  learning.  "  So 
long  as  the  common  law  exists,"  said  Justice 
Jesse  Holdom,  a  member  of  this  court,  on  the 
occasion  of  Judge  Baker's  death,  "  the  opin- 
ions which  Judge  Baker  wrote  will  be  con- 
sulted as  authoritative  repositories  of  its  prin- 
ciples, not  only  in  this  State  but  wherever  the 
same  rational  system  of  jurisprudence  may 
prevail.  Judge  Baker  was  hard-working 
painstaking,  and  conscientious  in  the  discharge 
of  his  judicial  duties.  At  nisi  prius  he  was 
a  terror  to  the  lawyers  who  tried  their  cases 
without  due  preparation.  He  never  attempted 
to   conceal   his  impatience  with   this   class  of 


practitioners.  Yet,  under  a  brusque  exterior 
he  concealed  a  kindly  disposition  and  a  gentle 
nature.  He  was  more  than  tolerant  of  the 
young  lawyers  and  ever  ready  to  aid  over  the 
rough  places  those  who  worked  diligently.  He 
was  respected  by  the  bar  for  his  legal  learn- 
ing and  attainments  and  the  strength  and 
probity  of  his  character."  Judge  Baker's 
mind  was  essentially  analytical  and  logical. 
He  had  a  keen  faculty  for  grasping  the  con- 
trolling principles  involved  and  disentangling 
them  from  immaterial  considerations  and 
arriving  without  difficulty  at  a  logical  and 
correct  result.  This  power  to  analyze  cases 
and  thereby  to  indicate  the  true  principles  by 
which  the  decision  should  be  governed,  ren- 
dered his  assistance  in  conference  particularly 
helpful  to  his  associates.  As  an  indication  of 
the  appreciation  with  which  Judge  Baker  was 
regarded  by  his  associates  memorial  services 
were  held  on  3  Oct.,  1916,  in  the  courtroom 
of  the  Appellate  Court  of  Illinois  for  the 
First  District,  in  Chicago,  at  which  the  Hon. 
William  M.  McSurely  was  the  presiding  jus- 
tice. In  characterizing  his  late  associate,  the 
Hon.  Richard  Clifford,  a  former  judge  of  the 
Circuit  Court,  said  on  this  occasion :  "  Judge 
Baker  was  a  trained  lawyer  with  a  mind  big 
and  broad,  and  little  use  had  he  for  pin 
points.  He  went  directly  to  the  marrow  of  the 
question.  There  was  a  turning  point  in  every 
case,  and  he  was  quick  to  see  it.  His  inquiry 
was  always  what  was  right,  where  was  the 
justice  of  the  case,  and  then  he  made  up  his 
mind  what  the  law  ought  to  be,  and  his  first 
impression  was  usually  correct.  His  offhand 
opinion  on  a  legal  question  was  excellent. 
He  was  a  diligent  worker  himself  and  he  did 
not  have  much  patience  with  a  slovenly  or 
lazy  lawyer.  His  own  training  and  study  had 
been  such  as  to  make  him  accurate.  For  the 
first  few  years  after  his  admission  to  the  bar 
in  Ohio  he  acted  as  clerk  of  the  court,  and 
he  drew  all  his  orders,  and  sometimes  he  used 
to  say,  when  careless  lawyers  would  present 
papers  for  him  to  sign,  '  What  is  that  ? '  It 
did  not  look  like  an  order  and  it  did  not 
look  like  a  judgment  to  him,  a  man  who  was 
so  well  trained  and  so  thorough.  In  pleading 
he  was  unusually  good  and  it  did  not  take 
him  long  to  decide  whether  a  declaration  was 
good  or  not.  In  so  many  ways  he  was  a 
model  judge;  industrious,  courageous,  capable, 
honest,  and  impartial.  He  knew  neither 
plaintiff  nor  defendant.  It  was  of  no  conse- 
quence to  him  who  the  parties  were.  Some 
thought  that  his  reputation  grew  since  his 
elevation  to  the  Appellate  Court,  but  for  my 
self,  I  always  said  of  him,  he  was  one  of  the 
best  lawyers  we  had  on  the  bench.  He  was  an 
unostentatious  and  very  modest  man,  never 
speaking  of  himself  or  of  his  position  on  the 
bench.  He  was  a  good  scholar,  but  never  prone 
in  any  way  to  display  his  learning.  With  the 
people  he  always  stood  high.  He  never 
courted  popularity,  nor  did  he  ever  try  to  gain 
public  applause  hj  any  of  his  judicial  opin- 
ions or  utterances  and  no  one  can  ever  say 
that  he  tried  to  gain  favor  with  the  bar. 
During  his  long  public  service  no  one  ever 
questioned  his  motives  and  he  leaves  behind 
an  enviable  record."  In  1903  Judge  Baker 
served  as  one  of  the  arbitrators  in  a  car 
strike  in  Chicago,  with  the  result  that  he  was 


I 


v^.?4-  V^■'7^.Sa.■/,er   Z/'.-' 


y^<^^^c 


L.\  ii\ii'n- 


LATHROP 


trd  regarded  with  great  favor  by 

•gnnizations.     At  one  of  his  »ub- 

'ons  he   was   warmly    indorsed 

Federation  of   Lnl>or.      la   re- 

.    xii>\ii:i-^    he    was    a     \''  '^-    '■  ■        m-- 
fuember  of  the  U.  S.  Gr 

■I.:  <.r  iiu-  Soiih  -i'  ■'>■.■ 


aud  iot  mail 
hilv     On    10  ' 


iiity,  N.  Y.,  22  Jan. 


:. 

had   n 
Indian 

i  tiie  1  lo- 

reaiden 

dge  Baker 

tion. 

iiio.    They 

and    i 

Andrews) 

gponsv 

.-t-r). 

in    the 

■■   and  Tini- 

he  ret- 

.^ .»..„,    Chenango 

maint' : 

1799;  d.  in  Columbia, 

The  It 

Mo.,       2       Aug., 

hardj?!.  ; 

;S66.       In     1815 

and  in  lU. 

u    entered  TTnir 

9f'V«T'i'      J^" 

ilton          r. 

C)int/>n      > 

upon  much  the  same  condition  of  things  as  ho 
liad  found  in  Missouri  some  years  bel«irc.  He 
has  bm  :  V-  credited  with  bringing  order 

out  oi  I  before  he  left  Madinon  the 

"   •  "i  with  a  fine  college  hall, 

'4  laid  for  the  later  pro!5- 
' '^       In  the  ineajitiwe,  he 
»e  presidency   of  the 
'\n'}  after  tfMi  years' 
ppted   the  posi- 
■  v^ar,  however, 
.  ,.    re- 
THl.qj 


atUdit'i      ■..:x      i}i»: 
Iaw  Department, 
»---•       ,oon      con- 
that     his 

;...ivion      Avas 

law.      He    then    turned    his    at- 

education,     and     in     which    field 

iue  was  continuous  for  more  than  forty 

After   connection   with   various    insti- 

of  New  England,  as  teacher  and  prin- 

ne    was,    in    1830,    made    professor    of 

"    ■  and  natural  philosophy  at  Ham- 

■     In  1835  he  was  promoted  to  the 

'""«  Tship  of  law,  civil  polity,  and 

In    J84<^    he    wa«    elected 

u\'-'   Univeroify  of   Miasouri, 

cultured  aR^K-iation?  in 

r-.Ttc    a   pioneer    in    the 

(   iibeiai  in   what  was  then 

West,     i  .  m*  ui  the  time  are 

■'istrated   in   the   iact   r«ui»    it   required 

ks    to    make    the    journey    frjm    New 

the  town  of  Columbia,  in  Ccnirui  Mis- 

The  university  existed  only  in  il>e  i:j»- 

!  ion  of  land  made  for  its  establishment, 

•71  President  Lathrop  devolved  the  task 

ig  it  into  real  life,  ^^uperintendinJEr  the 

^    of   buildings,   overseeing   tlio    H>iif   of 

\  maturing  plans  for  a  complele  and 

.  'course  of  study.     11   wa.s  the  direct 

•"    his    ardu^'us    labors    tlirotigli    fn\;}\t 

'■      ?di8j4onri   X'nivfT.^ity   was   \i(^r- 

•d.  V. as  equipped  with  a  lart-f 

•  (•ippiV.i'A    fa\ur;ibly 

.i^'-nkT*^  rsf  f.hc  time 

-.     .     .  ■■'  ■  ■:•■     ■  "^il.tif- 


tig     HI(<i 

,iarcl.      h. 

and  c!)t«-re'1    .if.-i, 
he   ffill    of    t!-.-   K.'M.i. 

•\    MXi)prienc«*    a-'    aii    o 
■     ■  ioual  svfltoni  w^c 


'    -  rj^rt ij > ^<t I K,' a    and     up<»t«iKtiri^     a  bco 
,  with  H   fntal  ^ittack  of  lyphoid  fever. 
^  *  '.    i.Le    campoB    of    the    Mifesouri    University 
i  ther<^    no\v   gtanda    Latlirop    Hall,    one    of    the 
I  dignified    buildings   of   tht    csdlege   groa^^-    and 
U8«;d   as  a   rftudenta'  dining  ^lub.     Thiu-  ther-; 
is   a   permanent  memorial    of    the    first    ]'resi 
dent  of  the  university,  and  a  fitting  tribute  lo 
one  the  greatest   educators  of  his  genera riojj. 
On  1  April,  1910,  a  woman's  building,  on'.'  of 
the   finc.<^t   on   the   campus   of    Wisconsii?    I'ai 
versify,    named    Lathrop    Hall,    was    dedic-nted 
with  formal  exercises.     In  the  dedication  pro- 
gram   were    quoted    some    extracts    from    Or. 
Lathrop's  inaugur-il  address  as  chancellor,  de- 
livered in  the  Capitol  Building  at  Madi^-u.  on 
16  Jan.,   1850,  also  from  an  addres?:;  dijiiv.':^;^] 
by  him  before  the  Stai^^  Agricultural   S.;.-  !tt\ 
al  its  first  annua!  fair  a'  Jan'-^vill.'     ii.-  •' )<-to 
ber.   1851,  and   i?c<m   Jhc   uj-r»kti    r.>p^»rf    v:    U\{> 
university    Ivjard    -.f    rtf.':entb,    viared     I     \ '<  t 
18,57,   relatiiig  to  the   siihject  of  co  Gducatit'p.. 
Quotfttionf-  from  \)m^  inauirurnl  address  :\rv    ■ 
follows:    *' If   T    miptak*^   not    the  signi-'  of    '..  t 
timei*,    and    the   j^oniijf'   ami    vhj^ri^cter    '.^t    •'.' 
p^oph\  It  is  'jn  American  soil  that  t}:(    ' '• 
fold    piobJem,    what    free    institution!?    (..-      •  ■ 
for  ediK-ation,  and  what   oducalH>r^  >.'^.v  U'. 

fret'    institutions,    and    wl  .it    bf)iii    oh. 
human   progress,    '-    desrinod    U-.    !)«    u. 
I  ci'ri-fully     i^ru!      i<i(.n     jji-.  i   ,•  '  >       - 
I  Whrrevi-r  in  (-ur  cni  ■',    -i    ;   •- 

j  '-".-h'Kds     !ui8     bc-'H       h  '• 

I  tf'st   oi'   popular    v')!*-.,   ' 

!  grasped    ti)P    idn;!.    a'ld        is.     I  ,'  • 

j  the    ^vhoh■   |:'r'.tf)crt_.    ■'[    ■]  >■    '•♦).!• 
I  ••('Trinv.>n   <n    ia   f'v\  ■    ,\\t        •.-.   ' ..      .•  ■ 


Ill 


LATHROP 


LATHROP 


18  the  true  democracy.  Wisconsin  may  have 
the  honor  of  solving  for  herself  and  for  man 
the  great  problem  of  the  best  educational  or- 
ganism for  improving,  informing,  and  purify- 
ing the  common  mind,  ...  a  problem  on 
which  depends,  more  than  on  aught  else,  the 
progressive  civilization  of  mankind.  And  if 
this  State  University  be  the  chosen  instru- 
mentality by  which  Wisconsin  shall  discharge 
her  duty  to  man,  then  shall  it  indeed  accom- 
plish a  glorious  destiny  by  ministering  in  no 
humble  degree  to  the  advancement  of  the 
cause  of  God  in  this  world,  which  is  none  other 
than  the  cause  of  human  intelligence  and  vir- 
tue— the  great  cause  of  an  ever  progressive 
civilization."  In  the  second  extract,  Chan- 
cellor Lathrop  closed  an  appeal  to  the  farmers 
of  the  State  to  rally  to  the  support  of  the 
university  with  these  words:  "It  is  a  fact  of 
world-wide  celebrity  that  Wisconsin  presents 
to  the  settler  the  physical  elements  of  pros- 
perity in  rich  profusion  and  beautiful  com- 
bination. With  its  soil  and  climate  unsur- 
passed— with  its  capacity  for  rapid  settlement 
and  early  maturity — with  its  continued  alter- 
nations, in  just  proportion  of  woodland  and 
opening,  of  prairie,  natural  meadow  and  lake 
— and  with  the  command  of  both  the  Eastern 
and  Southern  markets,  it  needs  but  the  means 
of  professional  culture,  thus  carried  to  the 
door  of  the  farmer  through  the  system  of  pub- 
lic instruction,  to  finish  what  nature  has  so 
tastefully  and  so  bounteously  begun.  Agri- 
cultural science,  like  all  other  sciences,  is  to 
be  acquired  by  study  and  research.  The  disci- 
pline and  the  instruction  of  the  school  are 
essential  to  its  seasonable  and  thorough  ac- 
quisition. Without  it  the  farming  processes 
fall  to  the  low  level  of  routine  and  drudgery. 
With  it,  agriculture  vindicates  its  undoubted 
claim  to  stand  not  only  in  the  first  rank  of  the 
experimental  arts,  but  to  take  its  position, 
side  by  side,  with  the  learned  professions  in 
dignity,  and  honor,  as  well  as  in  profit. 
Bring,  then,  the  educational  agencies  of  the 
State  into  harmony  with  the  great  objects  of 
your  association;  follow  up  the  auspicious 
beginnings  of  this  day  with  ample  provision 
for  general  professional  culture,  and  you  will 
leave  an  inheritance  to  your  children,  tran- 
scending all  that  you  have  felt  or  fancied  of 
the  destiny  of  Wisconsin.  Education,  gentle- 
men, is  no  mendicant.  It  begs  nothing  from 
your  charity.  Its  proclamation  to  you  is, 
*  Give,  and  it  shall  be  given  to  you  again ; 
good  measure,  pressed  down  and  shaken  to- 
gether, and  running  over,  shall  be  returned  to 
your  bosom.' "  Chancellor  Lathrop's  views  on 
co-education,  as  contained  in  the  third  extract, 
were  presented  in  the  following  words:  "The 
completion  of  the  central  edifice  will  open  the 
way  to  the  admission  of  female  pupils  to  the 
normal  and  the  other  departments  of  the  Uni- 
versity. It  is  a  question  now  much  agitated, 
whether  the  liberal  culture  of  the  female  mind 
is  an  end  most  appropriately  attained  under 
the  existing  agency  of  separate  educational 
establishments,  doubling  the  array  and  quad- 
rupling the  expense  of  the  instruction.  The 
entire  success  AA^hich  has  attended  the  com- 
mon education  of  the  sexes  in  normal  schools 
and  the  higher  academies  of  the  Eastern 
States  goes  far  toward  settling  the  question 
for    the    University.      There    is    not    wanting 


collegiate  experience  of  some  authority  in  the 
same  direction,  and  the  whole  question  is  now 
in  process  of  being  conclusively  tested  at  An- 
tioch  College,  under  the  presidency  of  Horace 
Mann.  It  may  be  alleged  that  public  senti- 
ment in  Wisconsin  is  not  yet  ripe  for  dispens- 
ing with  separate  female  schools;  still  the 
board  deem  it  right  to  prepare  to  meet  the 
wishes  of  those  parents  who  desire  university 
culture  for  their  daughters  by  extending  to  all 
such  the  privileges  of  the  institution.  The 
residence  of  the  families  of  the  faculty  in  the 
buildings,  and  the  admirable  conduct  of  the 
common  hall,  will  render  the  membership  of 
female  pupils  pleasant,  economical,  and  safe." 
Concerning  the  scholarship  and  character  of 
Dr.  Lathrop  it  is  pertinent  to  quote  the  fol- 
lowing sentences  from  an  article  in  the  "Na- 
tional Cyclopedia  of  American  Biography": 
"  Dr.  Lathrop  possessed  a  clear,  logical  mind, 
capable  of  broad  generalization  and  disci- 
plined by  years  of  critical  study,  his  grasp 
of  any  subject  being  thoroughly  comprehensive 
and  exhaustive.  He  was  an  extensive  writer, 
communicating  with  the  public  in  lectures, 
pamphlets,  addresses  and  the  daily  press  upon 
a  variety  of  subjects  for  which  his  varied 
learning  and  sound  philosophy  especially 
fitted  him.  Education,  finance,  free  trade,  in- 
ternational improvements,  agriculture,  besides 
the  philosophies  of  his  class  lecture  room,  were 
some  of  the  matters  of  general  importance  that 
engaged  his  pen  from  time  to  time.  He  car- 
ried on  a  large  literary  and  social  correspond- 
ence, and  his  letters  might  be  taken  as  models 
of  their  kind.  During  his  long  and  varied 
professional  life,  he  filled  every  chair  of  in- 
struction common  to  the  universities  of  mod- 
ern times,  showing  a  rare  extent  and  versa- 
tility of  learning.  His  favorite  department 
was  the  philosophy  of  morals.  His  lectures 
on  ethics  were  an  original  and  forcible  de- 
velopment of  the  subjects  combining  and  har- 
monizing the  advanced  views  of  modern 
thinkers  with  the  fundamental  proofs  and 
faith  of  Christianity.  It  is  to  be  regretted 
that  in  the  busy  routine  of  his  life  he  failed 
to  carry  out  his  intention  of  editing  in  book 
form  his  system  of  ethics  and  other  valuable 
knowledge  to  which  he  had  given  much  thought 
and  research.  He  held  many  advanced  views, 
some  of  which  were  later  sanctioned  by  the 
logic  of  events.  Early  in  life  he  took  the 
then  startling  position  that  there  was  no 
necessary  connection  between  the  professions 
of  teaching  and  theology;  that  either  the 
one  or  the  other  should  absorb  the  entire 
energies  of  the  man,  as  in  law^  or  medicine." 
In  1833  John  H.  Lathrop  married  Frances  E. 
Lothrop.  She  was  born  in  Utica,  N.  Y.,  30 
Jan.,  1809,  and  died  18  Oct.,  1893.  She  was 
a  niece  of  President  Kirkland,  of  Harvard 
College.  Mrs.  Lathrop  is  described  by  those 
who  remember  her  as  a  lady  of  unusual  vivac- 
ity and  charm — her  rare  social  gifts  aiding 
the  cause  so  ably  served  by  her  husband. 
Seven  children  were  born  of  their  marriage, 
four  sons  and  three  daughters.  Two  died  in 
infancy.  In  the  cemetery  at  Madison  is  a 
monument  commemorative  of  the  two  who 
died  in  early  manhood.  Three  are  still  living: 
Mrs.  William  Medill  Smith  and  Mrs.  Charles 
C.  Ripley,  of  Kansas  City,  Mo.,  and  Gardiner 
Lathrop,  of  Chicago. 


228 


REMINGTON 


WINSLOW 


REMINGTON,  Frederic,  painter,  sculptor, 
and  writer,  b.  in  Canton,  N.  Y.,  4  Oct.,  1861; 
d.  in  Ridgefield,  Conn.,  26  Dec,  1909,  son  of 
Seth  Pierrepont  and  Clora  (Sackrider)  Rem- 
ington. He  was  of  English  descent,  his  first 
American  ancestor  having  come  to  this  coun- 
,  try  from  England  about  1640.  His  father, 
I  Col.  Seth  Pierrepont  Remington,  served  with 
;  distinction  in  the  Civil  War;  was  editor  of  the 
;  Ogdensburg  (N.  Y.)  "Journal";  was  at  one 
time  collector  of  the  port  at  Ogdensburg,  and 
a  politician  of  prominence  in  the  northern 
part  of  New  York  State.  Frederic's  father 
had  marked  out  for  him  a  career  in  journal- 
ism, but  the  youth  desired  to  be  a  soldier. 
He  attended  a  private  school  in  Ogensburg, 
then  Bishop  Hopkins'  School  at  Burlington, 
later  the  Highland  Military  Academy  at  Ben- 
nington, Vt.,  and  finally  a  similar  institution 
at  Worcester,  Mass.  At  these  schools  he  dis- 
played such  marked  artistic  ability  that  his 
father  was  advised  to  send  him  to  an  art 
school.  When  he  was  seventeen  years  of  age 
he  had  modified  his  ideas  on  the  subject  of  a 
military  career,  and  entered  the  Yale  Art 
School,  where  he  received  his  first  training  in 
the  rudiments  of  artistic  expression.  After 
a  course  in  that  institution,  during  which  he 
gained  a  reputation  in  Walter  Camp's  cele- 
brated football  team,  he  came  to  New  York 
and  continued  his  studies  at  the  Art  Students' 
League.  He  remained  at  the  League  until  the 
death  of  his  father  in  February,  1880,  and  then 
went  west  for  the  purpose  of  buying  a  ranch 
and  satisfying  his  abiding  longing  for  a  life 
on  boundless  plains  and  among  untrammeled 
spirits.  Soon  after  his  arrival  in  the  then 
untamed  West,  Mr.  Remington's  idea  of  gain- 
ing wealth  on  a  ranch  had  perished.  He  saw 
the  West  of  the  desperado,  the  buffalo,  the 
savage  Indian,  and  the  flood  of  gold  that  he 
had  pictured  in  his  mind  fading  away  before 
the  advance  of  civilization,  but  before  it  had 
vanished  he  had  grasped  a  knowledge  of  the 
whole  which  he  later  reduced  to  a  pictured 
history,  such  as  no  one  before  him  had  suc- 
cessfully essayed.  He  lost  the  little  money 
that  was  to  have  been  the  cornerstone  of  a  for- 
tune, and  then  applied  himself  to  depicting  of 
the  open  country  that  he  loved.  After  spend- 
ing a  year  in  the  West  he  came  to  New  York 
City  and  entered  upon  his  art  career.  Al- 
though he  met  with  many  of  the  artist's  usual 
discouragements,  his  success  was  remarkably 
swift,  and  when  he  was  thirty  years  old  he 
was  one  of  the  foremost  artists  in  the  coun- 
try. It  might  be  said  that  he  had  begun  a 
school  of  his  own.  His  work  appeared  in 
"  Harper's  Weekly,"  "  Century  Magazine," 
and  other  leading  periodicals  here  and  abroad, 
and  he  illustrated  a  score  of  books  dealing 
with  affairs  in  the  West.  With  a  broad  yet 
,  sure  treatment  of  his  military  and  frontier 
subjects,  he  imparted  to  his  hundreds  of  pic- 
tures an  action  that  was  lifelike  but  long 
was  regarded  as  novel.  Mr.  Remington  accom- 
panied Poultney  Bigelow  to  Russia,  Germany, 
and  Algeria.  He  was  with  General  Miles  dur- 
ing the  Sioux  campaign  in  1800-01,  and  was 
in  Cuba  throughout  the  Spanish-American 
War,  immediately  prior  to  which  he  spent  ten 
days  on  the  "  Iowa  "  with  Admiral  Robley  D. 
Evans.  His  illustrations,  paintings,  and 
bronzes  were  of  Indians,  cowboys,  soldiers,  and 


frontiersmen  as  he  had  seen  and  known  them 
in  many  and  varied  experiences.  He  illus- 
trated Colonel  Roosevelt's  "  Ranch  Life  and 
the  Hunting  Trail."  Among  the  best  examples 
of  his  late  work  are,  "  Fired  On,"  which  was 
recently  purchased  for  the  National  Museum; 
"  Shotgun  Hospitality,"  "  The  Scare  in  the 
Pack  Train,"  "The  Night  Halt  of  Cavalry," 
"The  Lost  Warrior,"  "  The  Blanket  Signal," 
"  Among  the  Led  Horses,"  and  "  The  Hunters' 
Supper."  His  pictures  of  horses,  for  which 
he  is  known  throughout  the  world,  are  remark- 
able for  their  photographic  exactness  of  ac- 
tion. One  of  these,  of  which  thousands  of 
copies  have  been  sold,  is  "  Roosevelt's  Charge 
at  San  Juan,"  which  he  made  soon  after  he 
returned  from  picturing  the  war  in  Cuba.  The 
same  action  entered  into  his  work  as  a  sculp- 
tor, which  was  a  later  development  in  his  ar- 
tistic life.  Some  of  his  bronzes  are  familiar 
to  art  lovers  everywhere.  Among  the  most 
famous  are,  "  The  Bronco  Buster,"  "  Off  the 
Range,"  and  "The  Wounded  Bunkie."  His 
novels  and  short  stories  were  excellent.  His 
love  for  the  country  amounted  to  a  passion, 
and  he  could  not  endure  life  in  the  city 
through  a  prolonged  period.  He  purchased  a 
dwelling  in  New  Rochelle,  where  he  lived  sur- 
rounded by  his  dogs  and  horses,  but  as  the 
population  increased,  and  the  town  extended 
toward  his  property,  he  moved  to  his  beautiful 
home  at  Ridgefield,  Conn.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  U.  S.  Cavalry  Association,  and  of  the 
Players,  Lambs,  and  Union  League  Clubs.  He 
was  also  an  associate  member  of  the  National 
Academy  of  Design,  and  a  member  of  the  In- 
stitute of  Arts  and  Letters.  He  received  the 
degree  of  Bachelor  of  Fine  Arts  at  Yale  in 
1900.  Mr.  Remington  married  1  Oct.,  1884, 
Eva  Adelle,  daughter  of  Lawton  and  Flora 
Hoyt  Caton,  of  Gloversville,  N.  Y. 

WINSLOW,  John  Bradley,  chief  justice  of 
the  Supreme  Court  of  Wisconsin,  b.  in  Nunda, 
Livingston  County,  N.  Y.,  4  Oct.,  1851,  son  of 
Horatio  Gates  and  Emily  (Bradley)  WMnslow. 
The  Winslow  family  came  to  this  country  in 
1629,  its  earliest  representative  in  New  Eng- 
land being  Kenelm  Winslow,  a  native  of 
Droitwich,  Worcester,  England,  who  settled 
first  in  Plymouth  and  later  (1641)  in  Marsh- 
field,  Mass.  From  Kenelm  Winslow  and  his 
wife,  Eleanor  Adams,  the  line  of  descent  runs 
through  their  son,  Kenelm,  and  his  wife,  Mary 
Worden;  their  son,  Samuel,  and  his  wife,  Mary 
King;  their  son,  Thomas,  and  his  wife,  Rebecca 
Ewer;  their  son,  Thomas,  and  his  wife, 
Dorothy  Marsh;  their  son,  John,  and  his  wife, 
Mary  Van  Deusen.  John  Winslow%  who  w^as 
the  grandfather  of  John  B.  Winslow,  was  a 
soldier  in  the  War  of  1812.  Horatio  G.  Wins- 
low (1820-93),  a  civil  engineer  by  profession 
and  a  graduate  of  Union  College,  was  in 
1852-53  engaged  in  the  work  of  laying  out  one 
section  of  the  Marietta  and  Cincinnati  Rail- 
road. Later  he  became  a  book  merchant  in 
Racine,  Wis.,  and  for  ten  years  acted  as 
superintendent  of  the  pulHic  schools  of  that 
city.  From  1874  until  1877  ho  served  as  one 
of  the  regents  of  the  ITiiivcrsity  of  Wisconsin. 
The  son  attended  the  pul)lic  schools  of  IJacinc, 
and  later  entered  TJacinc  Collcfj^c,  lJnciiit\  Wis., 
whore  ho  was  graduated  A.B.  in  1S71.  Ho 
began  his  law  studios  in  1872,  in  the  law  office 
of  O.  E.  Hand,  and  continued  them  in  the  office 


229 


WINSLOW 


KITTREDGE 


of  Fuller  and  Dyer.  In  1874  he  entered  the 
law  school  of  the  University  of  Wisconsin,  and 
was  graduated  LL.B.  in  June,  1875.  In  1874 
the  University  of  Wisconsin  honored  him  with 
the  degree  of  LL.D.,  and  in  1900  he  was  the 
recipient  of  the  same  honor  from  Lawrence 
University,  Appleton,  Wis.  After  completing 
his  law  course  Judge  Winslow  settled  in  Ra- 
cine, where  he  engaged  in  the  practice  of 
law  as  a  member  of  the  firm  of  Fuller  and 
Dyer,  a  connection  which  he  retained  until 
1877.  From  the  beginning  of  his  practice  he 
enjoyed  the  confidence  and  respect  of  his  fel- 
low members  of  the  bar,  and,  on  account  of 
his  eminent  qualifications  and  fine  ability  as 
an  attorney,  won  notable  success.  In  1879  he 
was  called  to  his  first  public  position  as  city 
attorney  of  Racine,  in  which  capacity  he  served 
with  energy  and  ability  until  1883.  In  April 
of  that  year  he  was  elected  circuit  judge  of 
the  First  Judicial  District,  his  judicial  duties 
beginning  in  January,  1884,  and  in  1889  was 
re-elected  to  the  same  office  without  opposi- 
tion. His  association  with  the  Supreme  Court 
of  Wisconsin,  which  was  to  extend  over  a 
period  of  more  than  twenty  years,  began  with 
the  expiration  of  hisi  term  as  circuit  jiidge,  in 
May,  1891,  when  he  was  appointed  associate 
justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  to  fill  the  place 
of  Hon.  David  Taylor,  deceased.  In  April  of 
the  following  year  Judge  Winslow  was  elected 
to  fill  the  unexpired  term  of  his  predecessor, 
which  expired  in  1896.  In  April,  1895,  he  was 
re-elected  for  a  full  term,  expiring  in  1905, 
and  again  elected  for  a  term  of  ten  years 
more.  His  elevation  to  the  chief  justiceship 
of  the  State  of  Wisconsin  occurred  on  30  Dec, 
1907,  when,  upon  the  death  of  Chief  Justice 
Cassody,  he  came  into  the  office  by  reason  of 
his  seniority  of  service.  A  man  of  strong 
political  convictions  and  a  Democrat  in  party 
aflSliation,  it  is  worthy  of  note  that  Judge 
Winslow  practically  owes  his  position  to  the 
opposing  forces;  for  the  First  Judicial  Dis- 
trict, which  he  represents  in  the  Wisconsin 
Supreme  Court,  has  always  been  Republican, 
and  it  is  said  that,  regardless  of  party  in- 
fluence or  prejudice,  President  Taft  at  one 
time  had  him  seriously  under  consideration 
for  a  justiceship  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
United  States  During  his  long  term  of  serv- 
ice there  has  never  arisen  the  slightest  criti- 
cism of  either  Judge  Winslow's  pre-eminent 
qualifications  or  fitness  for  his  position.  He 
has  a  distinguished,  dignified  presence,  a  fine, 
critical,  and  yet  conservative  mind,  and  a  true 
appreciation  of  the  responsibility  and  oppor- 
tunity for  the  exercise  of  just  and  right  prin- 
ciples, which  his  high  office  carries  with  it. 
As  a  jurist  he  has  made  a  record  for  impartial 
wisdom  rarely  equaled,  and  is  notable  for  his 
ability  to  judge  on  the  merits  of  both  sides  of 
a  case.  His  decisions  are,  without  exception, 
of  clear,  judicial  reason  and  clear,  persuasive, 
argument.  The  records  of  the  Wisconsin 
courts  show  that  some  of  the  strongest  rulings 
of  the  last  decade  have  been  handed  down 
by  Judge  Winslow.  Although  his  professional 
and  judicial  duties  have  necessarily  absorbed 
much  of  his  time  he  has  filled  several  other 
public  positions,  including  the  presidency  of 
the  American  Institute  of  Criminal  Law  and 
Criminology  during  the  years  1911  and  1912. 
He  is  the  author  of  a  comprehensive  and  ex- 


cellent history  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Wis- 
consin from  1848  to  1890,  under  the  name  of, 
"The  Story  of  a  Great  Court";  also  a  legal 
text-book  in  two  volumes,  entitled  "  Winslow's 
Forms,"  which  is  a  collection  of  forms  and 
practices  under  the  Code.  Judge  Winslow  is  a 
member  of  the  American  Bar  Association,  and 
is  a  director  of  the  American  Judicature  So- 
ciety. The  degree  of  LL.D.  was  conferred  on 
him  by  the  University  of  Wisconsin  in  1894, 
and  by  Lawrence  University  in  1900.  He  mar- 
ried 19  Jan.,  1881,  Agnes,  daughter  of  Martin 
Clancy,  of  Racine,  Wis.  They  have  six  chil- 
dren: Horatio  Gates,  John  Seymour,  Edith 
Agnes,  Clarinda  Louise,  Emily  Bradley,  and 
Mary  Isabel  Winslow. 

KITTEEDGE,  Lewis  Harris,  manufacturer, 
b.  in  Harrisville,  N.  H.,  18  June,  1871.  He 
was  educated  in  the  public  schools  and  in  the 
New  Hampshire  State  College,  at  Durham, 
where  he  was  graduated  B.S.  in  1896.  He 
immediately  accepted  a  position  with  the  New 
York  Belting  and  Packing  Company  of  Pas- 
saic, N.  J.,  with  whom  he  continued  for  about 
a  year,  then  obtaining  employment  with  the 
Peerless  Manufacturing  Company  of  Cleveland, 
Ohio.  Here  he  made  rapid  progress,  rising 
from  one  position  of  trust  to  another  until, 
in  1899,  he  was  made  secretary  and  manager. 
Two  years  later  he  was  also  made  treasurer  of 
the  firm.  In  the  following  year  the  firm  was 
reorganized  and  became  the  Peerless  Motor 
Car  Company,  but  Mr.  Kittredge  still  con- 
tinued in  the  same  offices  he  had  held  with 
the  old  corporation.  Two  years  later  he  was 
elected  vice-president.  Finally,  in  1906,  he 
became  president  and  this  position  he  has 
maintained  ever  since.  In  the  gradual  de- 
velopment of  the  Peerless  Motor  Car  Company 
may  be  traced  the  evolution  of  the  automobile 
industry  of  America.  It  had  its  origin  in  the 
manufacture  of  certain  articles  which  con- 
stituted a  link  in  the  chain  which  connects  the 
automobile,  in  an  evolutionary  sense,  with 
primitive  forms  of  locomotion.  The  parent 
firm,  the  Peerless  Manufacturing  Company, 
was  a  large  manufacturer  of  bicycles,  when 
that  vehicle  was  the  most  popular  means  of 
conveyance.  Then  came  the  development  of 
the  motor,  followed  by  the  appearance  of  the 
automobile,  which  gradually  began  superseding 
the  bicycle.  About  1900  the  Peerless  Manu- 
facturing Company  began  manufacturing; 
parts  for  several  firms  which  had  begun  to] 
turn  out  automobiles  of  American  make.  A] 
year  later  it  secured  the  full  right  to  build- 
the  De  Dion  Bouton  "  motorette,"  under  thej 
De  Dion  patents,  and  for  a  year  afterward, 
this  car  w^as  turned  out  from  the  corporation's] 
Cleveland  plant.  Then  came  the  reorganiza- 
tion, an  enlargement  of  the  plant,  and  the| 
new  company  began  producing  its  own  cars:] 
the  Peerless  make.  The  first  Peerless  auto- 
mobiles had  only  two  cylinders,  with  a  vertical 
motor  located  under  a  bonnet  in  front,  whicl 
has  since  become  a  universal  feature.  The  di 
mand  for  these  new  cars  expanded  with  great! 
rapidity.  Meanwhile  improvements  were  con- 
stantly being  made  and  the  car  developed  to 
a  greater  degree  of  excellence.  In  1904  it  be- 
came imperative  to  make  extensive  additions 
to  the  Cleveland  plant,  and  new  grounds  were 
acquired,  at  East  Ninety-third  Street  and 
Quincy   Avenue,    upon   which   were   erected   a 


230 


KITTREDGE 


BALDWIN 


whole  series  of  new  buildings  devoted  to  the 
manufacture  of  the  new  car.  This  policy  of 
expansion  has  been  continued  ever  since.  The 
original  two-cylinder  car  was  soon  replaced 
by  a  car  of  a  new  design  carrying  four  cylin- 
ders. Later  cars  of  six  cylinders  were  also 
turned  out.  In  the  manufacture  of  this  type 
of  car  the  Peerless  Motor  Car  Company  may 
be  considered  among  the  pioneers  in  this  coun- 
try. It  was  also  the  first  to  introduce  into  the 
United  States  the  improvement  of  a  four-speed 
transmission,  and  of  bevel-gear  rear  axle 
with  dished  rear  wheels,  on  which  design  it 
holds  several  patents.  More  recently  it  in- 
troduced the  side-entrance  tonneau,  being  the 
first  to  build  this  type  in  commercial  quan- 
tities in  this  country.  It  was  also  a  leader  in 
adopting  electric  lighting  and  electric  start- 
ing, by  means  of  separate  electric  motors. 
During  this  early  period  the  Peerless  Motor 
Car  Company  gained  a  good  deal  of  attention 
through  those  competitive  events  which 
brought  the  automobile  more  vividly  into  the 
public  eye.  It  was  with  a  Peerless  machine, 
the  "  Green  Dragon,"  that  Barney  Oldfield  be- 
came famous  throughout  the  country.  With 
this  car  he  met  and  conquered  all  comers,  and 
so  established  the  high  reputation  of  the  Peer- 
less car  for  speed  and  endurance.  Previous  to 
withdrawing  from  the  annual  Glidden  tour,  a 
policy  which  was  followed  by  the  majority  of 
manufacturers,  the  Peerless  Motor  Car  Com- 
pany had  several  times  made  a  perfect  score 
in  those  contests.  With  the  outbreak  of  the 
European  War  the  company  has  adapted  it- 
self to  the  foreign  demand  for  military  motor 
trucks,  and  has  been  largely  concerned  in  sup- 
plying such  vehicles  to  several  of  the  bellig- 
erent governments,  notably  that  of  Great 
Britain.  It  may  be  said,  with  full  justice  to 
all  concerned,  that  the  great  success  of  the 
Peerless  Motor  Car  Company  has  in  no  small 
measure  been  due  to  the  exceptional  person- 
ality of  its  president,  Mr.  Kittredge.  He  is 
a  man  of  almost  prophetic  insight  into  the 
future  of  trade  conditions  within  the  limits 
of  his  own  special  field.  Deceivingly  youth- 
ful in  appearance,  he  is,  nevertheless,  pos- 
sessed of  the  mature  judgment  of  a  much 
older  man.  Aside  from  this,  he  is  essentially 
a  man  of  quick  action,  with  superabundant 
energy  and  an  apparently  inexhaustible  vi- 
tality. With  the  same  breadth  of  view  with 
which  he  is  able  to  study  the  demands  of  a 
newly  developing  market,  he  is  able  to  view 
the  needs  of  a  great  manufacturing  plant,  and 
to  comprehend  the  relation  of  its  parts  to  each 
other  with  one  glance  of  the  eye,  and  then  to 
maintain  the  picture  before  his  mind.  In  this 
capacity  lies  his  extraordinary  ability  as  an 
executive,  for,  having  the  mutual  relations  of 
the  various  units  of  his  organization  vividly 
before  him,  he  instinctively  knows  the  func- 
tions of  each,  and  what  must  be  done  to  main- 
tain it  at  the  highest  point  of  efficiency. 
Finally,  Mr.  Kittredge  is  essentially  progres- 
sive, ever  ready  to  take  a  reasonable  risk,  to 
project  his  imagination  beyond  existing  con- 
ditions. He  is  venturesome,  within  certain 
limits,  rather  than  imitative,  and  to  this  qual- 
ity of  its  president  may  be  ascril)ed  the  fact 
that  the  Peerless  Motor  Car  Company  is  in 
the  fore  rank  of  automobile  manufacturers, 
ever  pioneering  in  advance  of  the  rank  and 


file  behind  it.  Mr.  Kittredge  finds  his  relaxa- 
tion from  his  business  exertions  in  his  social 
life.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Clifton,  the  Union, 
the  Mayfield,  the  Cleveland  Athletic,  and  the 
Cleveland  Automobile  Clubs. 

BALDWIN,  Simeon  Eben,  governor  of  Con- 
necticut, b.  in  New  Haven,  Conn.,  5  Feb.,  1840, 
son  of  Roger  Sherman  and  Emily  (Perkins) 
Baldwin.  His  earliest  American  ancestor  was 
John  Baldwin,  who  settled  at  Guilford,  Conn., 
in  1636,  but  in  1660  removed  to  Norwich, 
Conn.  Governor  Baldwin's  grandfather,  the 
Hon.  Simeon  Baldwin,  was  a  Representative  in 
Congress,  and  an  associate  judge  of  the  Su- 
preme Court  of  Errors  of  Connecticut.  His 
father  was  governor  of  the  State  during 
the  term  from  1843  to  1845  and  U.  S. 
Senator  from  1847  to  1851,  being  also  one  of 
the  founders  of  the  Republican  party.  Enoch 
Perkins,  his  maternal  grandfather,  was  a 
prominent  lawyer  of  Hartford,  Conn.,  mayor 
of  that  city  for  one  term,  and  later  state's 
attorney.  Mr.  Baldwin's  earlier  education  was 
obtained  at  the  Hopkins  Grammar  School, 
New  Haven,  after  which  he  attended  Yale  Col- 
lege, being  graduated  with  the  class  of  1861. 
Then  followed  a  law  course  at  both  Yale  and 
Harvard,  after  which,  in  1863,  he  was  admitted 
to  the  laar.  In  1869  he  was  appointed  in- 
structor at  the  Yale  Law  School,  which  posi- 
tion he  held  for  three  years,  when  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  professorship  of  law  in  Yale 
University,  an  important  position  which  he  has 
continued  to  fill  ever  since.  These  positions, 
however,  did  not  debar  him  from  beginning 
and  developing  a  private  practice  which  has 
extended  into  Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island,  and 
New  York.  In  the  same  year  that  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  his  professorship,  Mr.  Baldwin  was 
appointed  a  member  of  a  State  commission  to 
revise  the  education  laws  of  the  State.  This 
was  followed  by  another  appointment,  in  1873, 
on  a  commission  which  was  intrusted  with  the 
task  of  revising  the  general  statutes.  Always 
against  much  of  the  circumlocution  attending 
the  old-time  practice  and  application  of  the 
law,  Mr.  Baldwin  was  one  of  the  leaders  of 
the  tendency  toward  a  simplification  of  legal 
procedure  in  Connecticut.  Nor  was  he  alone 
in  the  feeling  that  the  State  stood  in  need  of 
some  sort  of  a  modification  of  its  legal  prac- 
tice, in  this  direction,  for  in  1878  it  became 
strong  enough  to  crystallize  into  the  appoint- 
ment of  a  commission  to  devise  ways  and 
means  toward  effecting  it.  Of  this  body  Mr. 
Baldwin  was  a  member.  And  when  the  plans 
had  been  completed  and  another  body  was  ap- 
pointed to  carry  them  into  effect,  Mr.  Baldwin 
was  again  elected  to  participate  in  the  work. 
That  his  efforts  toward  legal  reforms  were 
successful  seems  obvious,  from  the  fact  that 
in  1885  he  was  once  more  chosen  member  of 
a  commission  with  a  further  task  of  revision 
before  it,  this  time  to  devise  a  more  equitable 
system  of  taxation.  The  final  report  of  tlii^ 
body  was  prepared  and  written  by  Mr.  Bald- 
win. Such  a  commission  was  again  appointi-d 
in  1915,  with  Mr.  Baldwin  as  its  cliairTnan. 
In  1893  ho  became  associate  justice  of  the 
Supremo  Court  of  Errors  of  Connc^ctieut.  thus 
filling  the  same  olTiec  onee  held  by  his  grand- 
father. In  1907  he  became  chief  justice  of 
the  same  court,  and  retained  this  olliee  until 
1910.      After    his    retirement    he    was    nom- 

231 


LEA 


LEA 


inated  for  the  governorship  of  the  State,  and 
the  result  was  his  election.  For  four  years, 
from  lull  to  1915,  he  was  chief  executive  of 
his  native  State.  Besides  being  the  originator 
of  the  reforms  in  civil  procedure  in  Connecti- 
cut, Mr.  Baldwin  was  also  the  founder  of 
graduate  instruction  in  law  in  the  United 
States  and  the  first  organizer  of  the  American 
Bar  Association,  of  whose  Bureau  of  Compara- 
tive Law  he  is  now  director  and  of  which  he 
was  president  in  1890.  He  has  also  been 
president  (1899)  of  the  International  Law  As- 
sociation, in  which  office  he  succeeded  Sir 
Richard  E.  Webster,  attorney-general  of  Eng- 
land; president  of  the  American  Historical 
Association  (1905);  of  the  Association  of 
American  Law  Schools;  of  the  Connecticut 
Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences  (1905-15);  of 
the  American  Political  Science  Association 
(1910);  of  the  American  Society  for  the 
Judicial  Settlement  of  International  Disputes 
(1911-12).  Finally,  he  was  put  in  nomination 
for  President  of  *the  United  States  by  the 
Connecticut  State  Democratic  Convention,  in 
1911,  and  received  the  votes  of  two  States  in 
the  National  Democratic  Convention  at  Balti- 
more. In  1914  he  was  the  Democratic  nominee 
for  U.  S.  Senator,  but  was  defeated  at 
the  polls,  though  he  had  two  thousand  more 
votes  than  the  Democratic  nominee  for  gov- 
ernor. In  1891  Mr.  Baldwin  was  awarded  the 
degree  of  LL.D.  by  Harvard  University;  in 
1911  the  same  honorary  degree  was  awarded 
him  by  Columbia,  by  Wesleyan  in  1912,  and  by 
Yale  in  1916.  Besides  niunerous  addresses 
and  shorter  articles  on  legal  subjects,  Mr. 
Baldwin  has  written :  "  Baldwin's  Cases  on 
Railroad  Law"  (1896);  "A  Digest  of  the 
Connecticut  Law  Reports"  (1896);  "Modern 
Political  Institutions"  (1898);  "Two  Cen- 
turies Growth  of  American  Law"  (co-author, 
1901);  "American  Railroad  Law"  (1904); 
"The  American  Judiciary"  (1905);  and 
"Education  and  Citizenship"  (1912).  On  19 
Oct.,  1865,  he  was  married  to  Susan  Win- 
chester, the  daughter  of  Edmund  Winchester, 
a  merchant  of  Boston.  They  have  had  two 
children:  Roger  Sherman  Baldwin  and  Mrs. 
Helen  B.  Oilman,  wife  of  Dr.  Warren  Oilman, 
of  Worcester,  Mass. 

LEA,  Henry  Charles,  historian  and  pub- 
lisher, b.  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  19  Sept.,  1825; 
d.  there  24  Oct.,  1909.  His  father  was  Isaac 
Lea,  naturalist  and  publisher,  and  his  mother 
a  daughter  of  Mathew  Carey.  He  was  edu- 
cated in  his  native  city,  principally  by  a 
tutor,  Eugenius  Nulty  by  name,  a  profound 
scholar  and  exacting  pedagogue,  and  for  a 
short  time  also  in  Paris,  France.  Although 
not  graduated  by  any  university,  he  acquired 
a  most  thorough  grounding  in  the  classical 
and  modern  languages,  also,  largely  through 
his  father's  influence,  in  the  natural  sciences. 
His  training,  in  short,  was  eminently  calcu- 
lated to  develop  the  tastes  and  abilities  of 
the  broad  and  profound  scholar.  In  1843,  at 
the  age  of  eighteen,  he  entered  the  oftice  of  his 
father's  firm,  the  publishing-house  of  Mathew 
Carey,  with  which  he  was  continuously  asso- 
ciated until  his  retirement  from  business  life 
in  1880.  Even  before  the  completion  of  his 
studies,  Mr.  Lea  had  already  begun  hrs  career 
as  an  author  and  original  investigator  in  the 
realms  of  nature  and  scholarship.     His  mind 


was  remarkably  precocious,  but,  contrary  to 
the  rule  too  often  holding  in  cases  of  youthful 
genius,  his  subsequent  career  made  good  his 
early  promise.  Perhaps  his  earliest  published 
production  was  a  paper,  "  Manganese  and  Its 
Salts,"  which  appeared  in  "  Silliman's  Jour- 
nal," in  1838,  his  thirteenth  year.  It  was 
based  on  original  chemical  researches,  and 
showed  remarkable  ability  in  the  youthful  in- 
vestigator. But  his  mind  seemed  as  versa- 
tile as  it  was  profound,  and  his  researches 
in  the  quite  distinct  fields  of  science,  litera- 
ture, and  history  were  equally  worthy  the  ac- 
ceptance of  the  leading  periodicals  of  the  day. 
Between  1843  and  1846,  no  less  than  sixteen 
lengthy  and  laborious  articles  appeared  in  the 
current  magazines  under  Mr.  Lea's  name. 
Notable  among  these  were :  "  Some  New  Shells 
from  Petersburg,  Va.,"  in  the  "  Transactions 
of  the  American  Philosophical  Society "  for 
May,  1843;  "Greek  Epitaphs  and  Inscrip- 
tions," in  "  The  Knickerbocker,"  of  New  York 
for  August,  1843;  "Leigh  Hunt,"  a  critical 
article  in  September,  1844,  and  "  Certain  New 
Species  of  Marine  Shells,"  in  November,  1844, 
and  a  series  of  six  articles,  "  Remarks  on 
Various  Late  Poets,"  in  the  "  Southern  Lit- 
erary Messenger,"  during  1845-46.  During 
this  period  also  he  contributed  numerous  re- 
views on  literary  and  classical  topics.  In  1847 
a  serious  illness,  occasioned  by  too  strenuous 
mental  activity,  necessitated  a  prolonged 
period  of  recuperation,  after  which  he  occu- 
pied himself  principally  with  the  aflfairs  of  his 
publishing  business  for  several  years.  In  the 
late  "  fifties "  he  resumed  his  literary  work, 
with  several  able  articles  contributed  to  cur- 
rent reviews,  and,  thereafter,  specialized  on 
certain  phases  of  medieval  life,  religion,  and 
jurisprudence,  that  had  received  only  cursory 
treatment  by  previous  historians.  The  first 
of  his  memorable  volumes  on  medieval  history 
was  his  "Superstition  and  Force:  Essays  on 
the  Wages  of  Battle,  the  Wages  of  Law%  the 
Ordeal  and  Torture"  (1866),  compiled  from 
studies  previously  contributed  to  the  "  North 
American  Review "  and  other  prominent 
periodicals.  His  other  works,  all  elaborate 
and  extensive,  followed  in  surprisingly  rapid 
succession.  Notable  among  these  are :  "  His- 
tory of  Sacerdotal  Celibacy"  (1867); 
"  Studies  in  Church  History :  the  Rise  of  the 
Temporal  Power,  Benefit  of  Clergy,  etc." 
(1869);  "History  of  the  Inquisition  in  the 
Middle  Ages"  (3  vols.,  1888);  "Religious 
History  of  Spain  Connected  with  the  Inquisi- 
tion "  (1890);  "Formulary  of  the  Papal 
Penitentiary  in  the  Thirteenth  Century" 
(1892);  "History  of  Auricular  Confession 
and  Indulgences"  (3  vols.,  1896);  "The 
]\Ioriscos  of  Spain"  (19 — );  "History  of  the 
Inquisition  in  Spain"  (4  vols.,  1906-07); 
"  History  of  the  Inquisition  in  the  Spanish 
Dependencies"  (1908).  At  the  time  of  his 
death  he  was  engaged  on  an  elaborate  and  ex- 
tensive "  History  of  Witchcraft,"  which,  to  the 
permanent  loss  of  historical  scholarship,  he 
was  unable  to  complete.  In  addition  to  these 
bulky  and  exhaustive  volumes,  Mr.  Lea  pub- 
lished many  pamphlets  and  articles.  Among 
these  may  be  mentioned  his  "  Bible  View  of 
Polvgamv,"  Avritten  as  an  offset  to  Bishop 
Hopkins'' "  Bible  View  of  Slavery";  "The  In- 
dian Policy  of  Spain,"  a  warning  to  the  peo- 


232 


SESSIONS 


SESSIONS 


pie  of  America,  and  "  The  Dead  Hand,"  utiliz- 
ing the  experiences  in  the  Philippines  and 
elsewhere,  on  the  evils  of  ecclesiastical  tenure 
of  land.  Mr.  Lea's  sources  of  information 
were  often  obscure,  to  be  found  only  in  manu- 
scripts in  the  great  libraries  of  Europe.  To 
make  such  available  for  his  use  he  constantly 
employed  copyists,  who  transcribed  them  en- 
tire. By  this  means  he  collected  an  extensive 
library  of  manuscript  books,  which  at  his 
death  were  designated  to  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania.  The  value  of  his  labors  was  so 
highly  esteemed  by  scholars  that  every  pos- 
sible assistance  was  rendered  him  by  the 
great  libraries  of  the  world.  The  University 
of  Oxford  voted  him  the  exceptional  privilege 
of  using  any  manuscript  work  in  the  Bod- 
leian Library,  permitting  some  of  its  most 
valued  treasures  to  be  sent  to  him  in  America. 
In  addition  to  his  arduous  literary  efforts, 
Mr.  Lea  was  active  in  public  affairs  and  was 
a  member  of  several  learned  societies.  He 
rendered  valuable  assistance  in  the  movement 
for  securing  an  international  copyright.  He 
was  president  of  the  Historical  Society  of 
Pennsylvania  and  of  the  American  Historical 
Association;  a  member  of  the  American  Philo- 
sophical Society,  the  Philadelphia  Academy 
of  Natural  Sciences,  and  a  director  of  the 
Library  Company  of  Philadelphia.  In  1888 
he  donated  an  addition  to  the  Philadelphia 
Library  Building,  and  also  donated  buildings 
to  the  Epileptic  Hospital  at  Oakbourne,  Pa.; 
and  a  building  for  the  bacteriological  depart- 
ment of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania.  The 
degrees  of  Ph.D.  and  LL.D.  were  conferred 
on  him  by  the  Universities  of  Giessen,  Penn- 
sylvania,  Harvard,  and   Princeton. 

SESSIONS,  Henry  Howard,  inventor,  b.  in 
Madrid,  N.  Y.,  21  June,  1847;  d.  in  Chicago, 
111.,  14  March,  1915,  son  of  Milton  and  Rosanna 
(Beals)  Sessions.  His  earliest  American  an- 
cestor was  Alexander  Sessions,  who  emigrated 
to  this  country  from  England,  in  1669,  and 
settled  on  a  tract  of  land  near  Andover,  Mass. 
He  bore  a  full  share  of  privation  and  made 
heroic  efforts  to  lay  the  foundation  for  our 
free  institutions.  From  him  the  line  of  de- 
scent is  traced  through  his  son,  Joseph;  his 
grandson,  John;  and  his  great-grandson, 
Rufus  Sessions,  and  his  wife  Asenath  Hall, 
parents  of  Milton  Sessions.  Henry  H.  Ses- 
sions was  educated  in  the  public  schools  of 
his  native  town,  and  at  an  early  age  revealed 
a  natural  inclination  for  mechanical  pursuits. 
At  the  age  of  fourteen  he  began  his  memorable 
railroad  career,  which  continued  with  unin- 
terrupted success  for  more  than  fifty  years. 
His  first  employment  was  under  his  father, 
who  was  master  car  builder  of  the  Vermont 
Central  Railroad,  and  at  the  age  of  twenty- 
three  he  left  this  position  to  become  master 
car  builder  of  the  Rome,  Watertown  and 
Ogdensburgh  Railroad,  now  a  part  of  the  New 
York  Central  System.  His  early  career  was 
marked  by  close  application  and  energy,  and 
it  was  not  long  before  he  acquainted  himself 
with  the  various  mechanical  features  in  rail- 
roading. In  1879,  at  the  age  of  thirty-two,  he 
resolved  upon  seeking  place  and  fortune  in  the 
great  West;  and  leaving  Watertown,  N.  Y., 
made  his  way  to  Texas,  where  he  obtained  a 
position  as  superintendent  of  cars  with  the 
International   and   Great   Northern   Railroad, 


making  his  headquarters  in  Palestine,  Tex. 
One  year  later  he  was  appointed  superinten- 
dent of  cars  for  the  entire  Gould  system  of 
railways,  and  in  1885  removed  to  Pullman, 
111.,  where  he  obtained  employment  as  super- 
intendent of  the  Pullman  Company,  manu- 
facturers of  the  famous  sleeping-cars.  In 
1886  he  was  made  manager  of  the  Pullman 
car  shop  and  factory.  Mr.  Sessions  was  an 
excellent  mechanic,  and  devoted  much  of  his 
time  to  the  interests  of  his  employers.  He 
was  never  content  with  mere  blind  imitation, 
and  loved  to  produce  work  as  perfect  as  pos- 
sible. In  1892  he  invented  the  vestibule,  or 
anti-telescoping  device,  now  used  on  the  plat- 
forms of  passenger  cars,  the  air  brake  for 
street  cars,  and  other  devices  in  general  use 
on  railroads.  In  1898  he  terminated  his  con- 
nection with  the  Pullman  Company,  and  be- 
came a  director  and  vice-president  of  the 
Standard  Coupler  Company  of  New  York,  with 
which  company  he  remained  until  his  death. 
Under  patents  granted  to  Mr.  Sessions,  the 
Standard  Coupler  Company  began  the  manu- 
facture of  the  standard  steel  platform  for 
passenger  cars.  Before  the  advent  of  the  all- 
steel  cars,  conceded  to  be  a  life  and  property 
saving  device,  it  became  the  standard  of  prac- 
tically all  the  railroads  in  the  United  States 
and  Canada.  The  Sessions  Friction  Draft 
Gear  for  absorbing  the  shocks  of  trains,  which 
is  in  very  large  use,  was  another  important 
contribution  by  Mr,  Sessions  to  the  solution 
of  railway  problems,  invented  during  his  con- 
nection with  the  Standard  Coupler  Company. 
His  fame. will  rest  enduringly  in  the  railway 
world  upon  his  invention  of  the  "  vestibule " 
for  day  passenger  coaches  and  sleeping- 
coaches,  whereby,  in  conjunction  with  his 
"  steel  platform,"  the  safety  and  comfort  of 
the  traveling  public  upon  the  railways  were 
made  more  secure  and  luxurious  than  by  any 
other  two  specific  contributions  to  railway 
coach  designs  by  any  others.  While,  by  the 
environment  of  his  youth,  he  was  led  into  the 
railway  service,  wherein  he  achieved  notable 
distinction  and  wrought  wondrously  for  the 
welfare  of  traveling  humanity,  he  was  a 
many-sided  man,  who  might  easily  have  won 
fame  in  other  fields  of  endeavor.  His  mental 
endowment,  which  was  brilliant,  was  supple- 
mented by  profound  research,  prodigious 
energy,  and  unflagging  enthusiasm  in  the  pur- 
suit of  knowledge.  As  a  master  craftsman  he 
was  widely  known,  but  it  w-as  only  to  those 
who  were  privileged  to  know  him  intimately 
in  his  private  and  social  life  that  his  many 
other  talents  were  displayed  to  their  delight 
and  by  them  were  appreciated.  As  a  student 
of  nature  he  was  most  ardent,  and  concerning 
plant  life,  forest  growths,  and  fruit  culture, 
he  was  deeply  versed.  As  a  writer  there  came 
from  his  facile  pen,  for  the  delectation  of  his 
friends,  both  prose  and  poetry  of  a  liigh  de- 
gree of  merit.  To  music  he  was,  in  his 
younger  days,  a  devotee,  playing  several  in- 
struments with  much  technical  skill,  and  he 
always  reveled  in  the  musical  prodiiclioiis  of 
the  master  musicians.  He  was  an  omnivorous 
reader  of  iho  host  litornhnv,  and  hi.>^  mind 
was  stored  with  rlioirost  ummiis  glennod  thore- 
from,  which  ho  could  sunniion  1o  his  1on<j:uc's 
end  at  will.  In  the  reiidilion  of  dinleclicH  his 
range   was  wide,   and   his   [mrtrayal   of   racial 


233 


THAYER 


DURYEA 


peculiarities  of  language  was  captivating. 
He  did  not  lavish  his  confidence  indiscrimi- 
nately, but  when  his  aflfections  were  once 
placed  he  grappled  his  friends  to  him  with 
hooks  of  steel.  His  personal  charities  were 
numerous,  far-reaching,  and  unostentatious, 
and  his  name  appears  among  the  contributors 
to  every  prominent  organization  for  the  re- 
lief of  unfortunate  and  suffering  humanity  in 
Chicago.  Political  ambition  seems  never  to 
have  moved  Mr.  Sessions,  although  he  faith- 
fully discharged  all  the  duties  of  citizenship. 
In  1872  he  married  Nellie  L.,  daughter  of 
Hiram  S.  ^Maxham,  of  Rome,  N.  Y. 

THAYER,  Nathaniel,  clergyman,  b.  in 
Hampton,  N.  H.,  11  July,  1769;  d.  in 
Rochester,  N.  ¥.,  23  June,  1840.  The  an- 
cestors of  the  Thayer  family  in  Massachusetts 
came  with  the  earliest  colonists  from  England. 
Thomas  Thayer,  with  his  wife  Margery  and 
three  sons,  settled  in  old  Braintree  about  1630. 
Like  so  many  of  the  original  New  England 
families,  the  branches  of  the  Thayer  family 
became  numerous,  extending  by  marriage  into 
wide  genealogical  connections.  Rev.  Ebenezer 
Thayer  was  born  in  Boston,  16  July,  1734; 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  College  (of  which 
he  was  for  a  long  period  an  officer)  in  1753; 
and  settled  as  the  minister  of  Hampton  in 
1792.  His  wife,  Martha  Cotton,  was  a  daughter 
of  Rev.  John  Cotton,  of  Newton,  and  a  direct 
descendant  of  John  Cotton,  the  first  minister 
of  the  First  Church,  Boston.  These  were  the 
parents  of  Rev.  Nathaniel  Thayer,  D.D.,  who 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  College  in  1789,  and 
was  settled  in  the  Unitarian  ministry,  as  pastor 
of  the  First  Congregational  Church  in  Lan- 
caster, Mass.,  from  1793  until  his  death  in 
1840 — a  period  of  over  fifty  years.  His  early 
childhood  and  youth  were  passed  under  the 
parental  roof,  where  he  received  those  deep  im- 
pressions which  led  him  to  form  that  perfect 
propriety  of  deportment  and  seriousness  of 
manner  that  marked  his  later  years.  At  a 
suitable  age  he  was  sent  to  Phillips  Academy, 
Exeter,  where  he  was  one  of  the  first  class  of 
pupils  ever  offered  by  that  institution  to  Har- 
vard College.  The  special  friends  and  inti- 
mates of  Dr.  Thayer,  in  college  or  later,  were 
men  of  honored  and  cherished  remembrance: 
President  Kirkland  and  William  Emerson,  his 
classmates;  Thatcher,  Freeman,  and  Lowell,  of 
Boston;  Holmes  of  Cambridge,  Professor  Ware, 
Osgood  of  Medford,  Bancroft  of  Worcester, 
Ripley  of  Concord,  and  Allen  of  Northborough. 
He  filled  for  one  year  the  office  of  tutor,  and 
received  the  highest  honors  in  his  profession 
from  the  same  institution  in  1817.  He  entered 
upon  the  study  of  divinity  with  the  Rev.  Dr. 
Osgood,  of  Medford,  at  the  same  time  taking 
charge  of  the  grammar  school  in  that  town. 
After  a  year  he  returned  to  Cambridge,  and 
continued  his  theological  studies  under  Rev.  Dr. 
Tappan.  Dr.  Thayer  was  from  the  first  a 
liberal  Christian.  The  principles  of  tolera- 
tion were  engrained  in  his  heart.  Religion 
lay  in  his  mind,  not  encompassed  with  subtle- 
ties, but  in  a  simple  and  rational  form.  The 
first  scene  of  his  ministry  was  Wilkes-Barre, 
Pa.,  where  he  spent  nearly  a  year  as  a  private 
teacher  in  the  delightful  family  of  Col.  Timothy 
Pickering,  then  Secretary  of  War.  In  1703 
he  began  his  ministry  in  Lancaster.  Before 
his  settlement  there  he  had  been  invited  to  the 


society  in  Church  Green,  Boston.  Having  at 
Lancaster  a  numerous  congregation  scattered 
over  a  large  extent  of  territory,  he  gave  to  it 
all  the  energy  of  his  heart  and  mind.  For  many 
years  he  was  without  a  rival  as  a  popular 
preacher,  and  was  often  called  away  from 
home.  There  could  scarcely  be  an  ordination, 
even  far  beyond  his  own  neighborhood,  without 
him.  During  his  life  he  sat  on  no  less  than 
150  church  councils;  not  seldom  in  associa- 
tion with  his  venerated  friend,  Dr.  Bancroft. 
He  preached  the  Artillery  Election  Sermon  in 
1798,  and  the  annual  sermon  before  the  legis- 
lature of  Massachusetts  in  1823.  When  La- 
fayette, as  the  nation's  guest,  made  his  tri- 
umphal tour  through  the  country,  he  was 
addressed  by  Dr.  Thayer  in  a  manner  peculiarly 
happy.  Dr.  Thayer  was  the  founder  of  the 
Lancaster  Association  of  Ministers,  which  was 
organized  14  April,  1815.  Dr.  Thayer's  hos- 
pitality was  large  and  generous.  His  doors 
were  thrown  widely  open,  and  the  friend  and 
the  stranger  alike  were  invited  to  sit  at  his 
table  and  repose  beneath  his  roof.  To  the  in- 
mates of  his  dwelling  he  was  kind  and  consid- 
erate, and  in  the  more  intimate  relation  of 
husband  and  father  he  was  gentle  and  affec- 
tionate. Dr.  Thayer  enjoyed  a  green  old  age, 
continuing  in  the  exercise  of  his  ministerial 
functions  to  the  close  of  his  life.  Many  of  his 
discourses  were  published.  Becoming  some- 
what debilitated  at  length,  he  set  out  to  travel 
for  health  and  pleasure,  spent  a  week  at  Sara- 
toga Springs,  then  pursued  his  course  by  easy 
stages  toward  Niagara  Falls,  but  was  arrested 
by  death  at  Rochester,  N.  Y.  Dr.  Thayer 
married  22  Oct.,  1795,  Sarah,  daughter  of  the 
Hon.  Christopher  Toppan,  of  Hampton,  N.  H. 
They  were  the  parents  of  eight  children. 

DURYEA,  Harmanus  Barkulo,  sportsman 
and  philanthropist,  b.  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  13 
Dec,  1863;  d.  at  Saranac  Lake,  N.  Y.,  25  Jan., 
1916,  son  of  Harmanus  Barkulo  and  Mary 
(Peters)  Duryea.  The  name  of  Duryea  origi- 
nated in  France  as  De  Deuilly  and  held  the 
original  spelling  from  the  eleventh  to  the 
fifteenth  century.  Mr.  Duryea  was  descended 
from  several  of  the  oldest  and  most  prominent 
American  families  of  Dutch  origin.  His  pa- 
ternal progenitor,  Joost  Durye,  came  from 
the  Palatinate  on  the  Rhine  in  1675,  with  his 
wife,  Magdalena  Le  Febre,  both  of  French 
Huguenot  extraction,  and  settled  in  the  Prov- 
ince of  New  Netherland,  now  New  York.  He 
purchased  a  farm  at  New  Utrecht  on  Long 
Island,  which  he  sold  5  Oct.,  1681,  for  thirty- 
two  hundred  guilders  and  a  new  wagon.  He 
settled  on  disputed  land  between  Newtown  and 
Bushwick,  where  he  died  about  1727.  He  was 
taxed  in  Bushwick  in  1683  and  1693,  and 
was  on  the  census  of  that  town  in  1698;  took 
the  oath  of  allegiance  to  the  British  govern- 
ment in  1687.  His  third  son,  Jacob  Durye, 
baptized  21  Nov.,  1686,  resided  in  Bushwick 
and  Brooklyn,  where  he  died  in  1758.  In  that 
year  his  executors  sold  his  farm  of  one  hun- 
dred acres.  He  married  Catrina  Polhemus, 
probably  a  daughter  of  Daniel  and  Neeltje 
(Vanderveer)  Polhemus,  and  granddaughter 
of  Rev.  Johannes  Theodorus  Polhemus,  the 
immigrant  ancestor  of  the  Polhemus  family. 
The  eldest  child  of  this  marriage,  Joost  (2d) 
Durye,  b.  1709,  w^as  a  farmer  and  millwright, 
residing  in  the  southern  part  of  Jamaica,  L.  I., 


234 


i^ 


.-U-UL/ 


U'- 


{ 


DURYEA 


DURYEA 


where  he  died  1775.  He  was  married  four 
times.  His  first  marriage,  about  1735,  was 
to  Willemtje,  daughter  of  Albert  James  and 
Aaltje  (Voorhees)  Terhune,  granddaughter  of 
Jan  Albertse  and  great-granddaughter  of  Al- 
bert Albertse  Terhune,  a  ribbon  weaver,  who 
came  from  Holland  to  Amsterdam  about  1650. 
Johannes  or  John  Duryea,  second  son  of 
Joost  (2d)  and  Willemtje  (Terhune)  Dur- 
yea, was  born  1739,  and  was  a  merchant  in 
New  York  City,  where  he  died  4  Feb.,  1814. 
He  married  (first)  5  Nov.,  1763,  Sarah  Barke- 
loo,  daughter  of  Harmanus  and  Sarah  (Ter- 
hune) Barkeloo,  granddaughter  of  William 
Willemse,  and  granddaughter  of  William 
Barkeloo,  who  came  from  Broculo,  in  the  Prov- 
ince of  Gelderland,  Netherlands,  as  early  as 
1657.  John  Duryea  married  (second),  4  Oct., 
1771,  Jannetje,  youngest  child  of  Corneles  and 
Aletta  (Brinkerhoff)  Rapalye,  of  Hurlgate,  a 
descendant  in  the  fifth  generation  of  Joris 
Jansen  de  Rapelie,  a  Huguenot,  who  came 
from  Rochelle,  France,  in  1623  to  Albany,  and 
settled  in  1626,  in  New  Amsterdam.  He 
purchased  325  acres  of  land  of  the  Indians  in 
Brooklyn,  where  now  the  United  States  Marine 
Hospital  stands.  His  youngest  child,  Daniel 
Rapelje,  b.  29  Dec,  1650,  in  New  York,  was 
an  elder  of  the  Brooklyn  Church,  and  died 
26  Dec,  1725.  He  married,  27  May,  1674, 
Sarah,  daughter  of  Abraham  Klock,  b.  1651; 
d.  28  Feb.,  1731.  Their  eldest  child,  Daniel 
Rapelje,  b.  4  March,  1675,  in  Brooklyn,  was 
a  brewer  in  that  town  and  a  lieutenant  in  the 
militia.  He  removed  to  Newtown  in  1771,  and 
married  there  Agnes,  daughter  of  Cornelius 
Berrien.  Their  second  son,  Cornelius  Rapelje, 
b.  1702,  married  30  Nov.,  1727,  Aletta,  daugh- 
ter of  Joris  and  Annetje  T.  (Bogaert)  Brink- 
erhoff, b.  13  April,  1704.  Their  youngest  child 
was  Jane  Rapelje,  who  married  John  Duryea, 
of  Jamaica,  as  above  related.  Her  second 
child,  Cornelius  Rapelje  Duryea,  was  b.  12 
July,  1779,  and  d.  25  Sept.,  1842.  He  mar- 
ried "2  Oct.,  1805,  Nancy,  daughter  of  Har- 
manus Barkeloo,  of  New  Utrecht.  Children 
were  Jane  Eliza,  Sarah  Ann,  John  Cornelius, 
Harmanus  Barkeloo,  Aletta,  Catherine,  and 
Maria  Louisa.  General  Harmanus  Barkulo 
Duryea,  son  of  Cornelius  R.  and  Nancy 
(Barkaloo)  Duryea,  was  a  prominent  citizen 
of  Brooklyn,  a  leading  lawyer,  and  attorney- 
general  of  the  State.  He  married  Mary 
Peters,  He  served  also  as  court  commissioner 
for  Kings  County  from  1842  to  1846.  He  held 
the  office  of  corporation  counsel  for  the  city 
of  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  in  1843-47,  and  in  June, 
1847,  was  elected  district  attorney  for  Kings 
County,  and  was  re-elected  in  1850,  serving 
until  1853.  At  the  State  election  in  1857 
he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  State  assembly, 
and  in  the  following  year  was  re-elected,  being 
at  that  time  the  only  Republican  member  of 
the  assembly  south  of  Albany.  Harmanus  B. 
Duryea,  Sr.,  became  associated  with  the  State 
militia  upon  attaining  his  majority,  and  held 
the  successive  titles  of  private,  lieutenant, 
captain,  colonel,  brigadier-general,  and  major- 
general  in  the  second  division  of  the  National 
Guard  of  the  State  of  New  York.  He  not  only 
served  as  a  soldier,  but  as  an  advocate  before 
the  legislature  in  behalf  of  laws  calculated  to 
improve  the  service.  Harmanus  B.  Duryea, 
Jr.,  was  educated  by  tutors  and  at  Harvard 


University,  where  he  was  graduated  in  1885. 
Whereas,  his  half-brother,  Samuel  Bowne  Dur- 
yea, became  a  citizen  with  a  fondness  for  pub- 
lic work,  Harmanus  B.,  revealed  at  an  early 
age  a  marked  predilection  for  yachting.  He 
began  his  yachting  career  by  racing  "  sand- 
baggers  "  on  the  Shrewsbury  River,  and  as 
early  as  1893  introduced  class  boat  racing. 
In  that  year  he  got  up  a  class  of  eight  21- 
footers  at  Newport.  Later  he  introduced  a 
class  of  30-footers,  which  raced  with  great 
success  for  five  years  at  Newport  and  which 
won  many  races  in  Eastern  waters.  In  1900 
four  members  of  the  New  York  Yacht  Club 
built  and  raced  four  70-foot  yachts.  The 
"  Mineola "  was  owned  by  Vice-Commodore 
August  Belmont ;  the  "  Rainbow  "  was  owned 
by  Cornelius  Vanderbilt ;  the  "  Yankee "  by 
Harmanus  B.  Duryea  and  Harry  Payne  Whit- 
ney, and  the  "  Virginia "  by  W.  K.  Vander- 
bilt, Jr.  These  boats  were  built  on  the  same 
design  by  Herreshoff,  and  all  measured  about 
76.50  feet  over-all,  and  all  except  the  "  Yan- 
kee "  were  handled  by  professional  skippers, 
but  the  "  Yankee  "  was  handled  by  Mr.  Dur- 
yea himself.  Several  of  the  larger  clubs  ar- 
ranged special  races  for  them,  and  the  New- 
port Association  arranged  a  series  of  ten  races 
for  a  cup  valued  at  $1,000,  which  was  won 
by  Mr.  Duryea's  yacht.  The  "  Mineola  "  was 
the  first  yacht  ready,  and  she  was  followed 
by  the  "Rainbow,"  "Virginia,"  and  "Yan- 
kee." These  boats  raced  around  the  sound  in 
the  spring  and  later  all  four  boats  met  on 
13  July,  1900,  off  Newport,  R.  I.  The  "  Yan- 
kee "  won  this  race,  with  the  "  Virginia  "  sec- 
ond, "  Mineola  "  third,  and  "  Rainbow  "  last. 
In  all  these  races  Mr.  Duryea  defeated  the 
three  professional  skippers.  That  year  the 
"  Yankee  "  won  also  the  Newport  Series  Cup, 
the  Postley  Cup,  sailed  off  Larchmont,  and 
two  cups  sailed  for  under  the  auspices  of  the 
N.  Y.  Y.  C.  After  the  racing  season  was  over 
Mr.  Duryea  wrote  to  Commodore  Vanderbilt, 
calling  his  attention  to  a  violation  of  one  of 
the  racing  rules.  It  was  claimed  that  Captain 
Parker  of  the  "  Rainbow "  had  put  on  extra 
ballast,  thereby  increasing  the  yacht's  length 
without  having  asked  'for  remeasurement. 
The  regatta  committees  disqualified  the 
"  Rainbow  "  and  the  cups  were  awarded  to  the 
yachts  next  entitled  to  them,  but  the  owners 
of  the  other  yachts  declined  to  accept  the 
cups.  In  the  races  in  the  30-foot  class  held  off 
Newport,  R.  L,  that  year,  Mr,  Duryea's  yacht, 
the  "  Vanquero  III,"  scored  36  points  in  54 
races.  In  a  letter  Mr,  Duryea  said :  "  N.  S. 
Herreshoff  was  absolutely  successful  as  a  pio- 
neer in  everything  pertaining  to  steam-  and 
sailing-yachts,  and  that  Mr,  Horreshoff's 
system  of  rigging,  sail,  plan,  model,  and  type 
emanated  from  his  genius  and  directly  influ- 
enced yachting  in  England,  as  well  as  in 
America,"  Mr,  Duryea's  fame  as  an  inter- 
national sportsman  was  first  established  in 
1895,  when  he  racAl  a  two  and  a  half  rater 
at  Cowes,  and  won  26  flags  out  of  32  starts. 
In  the  following  year  he  was  soloctod  by  the 
Earl  of  Dunraven  to  represent  him  in  the 
America's  Cup  races.  Later  his  interest 
turned  to  horse-racing,  and  it  was  not  long 
})efore  he  became  ono  of  the  forcinost  Ameri- 
can patrons  of  the  sport  of  breeding  and  rac- 
ing the  thoroughbred  horse.     His  first  thor- 


235 


DURYEA 


APPLEGATE 


oughbred  venture  was  in  association  with 
Harry  Payne  Whitney,  with  whom  he  raced 
the  VVestbury  stables.  They  purchased  as  a 
yearling  and  developed  the  famous  "  Irish 
Lad,"  one  of  the  best  colts  that  ever  raced  in 
this  country.  "  Irish  Lad "  won  many  im- 
portant events  in  this  country,  including  the 
Brooklyn  and  Metropolitan  Handicaps  and  the 
$20,000  Great  Trial  Stakes.  At  the  Saratoga 
(N.  Y.)  racetrack  "Irish  Lad"  maintained 
his  winning  form  by  capturing  the  famous 
Saratoga  Special  race.  During  this  season 
the  firm  of  Wliitney  and  Duryea  purchased 
the  two-year-old  "  Acefull  "  and  the  remainder 
of  the  racing  year  witnessed  a  continuance  of 
their  successes  in  important  events.  After 
the  death  of  William  C.  Whitney,  in  March, 
1904,  Mr.  Duryea  was  asked  to  take  control 
of  the  Whitney  stables  for  that  year.  While 
running  this  stable  he  won  the  Futurity  for 
Mr.  Whitney  with  "  ArtfuU "  and  many  im- 
portant stakes  with  '*  Tanya "  and  others. 
The  success  of  "  Irish  Lad "  won  for  Mr. 
Duryea  considerable  popularity  in  racing  cir- 
cles. In  fact  the  success  of  his  horses  has 
probably  not  been  equaled  by  any  racing 
stable.  After  the  passage  of  the  anti-betting 
bill,  which  ended  racing  in  New  York  State 
for  a  time,  in  1908,  Mr.  Duryea  shipped 
"  Irish  Lad  "  to  France,  together  with  a  num- 
ber of  highly-bred  brood  mares,  among  them 
being  "  Armenia,"  "  Ravello  II,"  "  Census," 
"Spectatress,"  "  Frizette,"  "Mediant,"  and 
"  Monroe  Doctrine."  In  1912  his  "  Sweeper 
II  "  won  the  2,000  guinea  race  in  England,  his 
"  Mediant "  the  Steward's  Cup  and  Champion, 
and,  in  1914,  "  Durbar  II "  won  the  Derby, 
being  the  fourth  American-owned  horse  to  win 
the  blue  ribbon  of  the  English  turf.  "  Dur- 
bar II "  was  a  bay  colt  and  was  bred  in 
France.  This  was  a  feat  in  horse-racing  which 
won  for  Mr.  Duryea  wide  distinction  as  an 
owner  of  marked  ability,  not  only  in  racing 
circles  in  this  country,  but  throughout  the 
European  continent.  When  the  European  War 
broke  out  in  1914  and  racing  in  France  ended, 
he  presented  to  the  French  government  the 
thoroughbred  "  Blarney "  to  be  used  for 
breeding  purposes,  und  for  whom,  one  year 
before,  he  had  declined  from  the  French  gov- 
ernment $60,000,  and  from  the  Russian  gov- 
ernment an  offer  of  $60,000.  Mr.  Duryea  de- 
voted much  of  his  time  to  worthy  charities, 
and  he  contributed  liberally  to  many  of  the 
war  relief  funds  in  this  country  and  in  France. 
It  may,  indeed,  be  said  of  him  that  his  per- 
sonal popularity  and  uniform  successes  in 
various  fields  had  made  him  a  leading  figure 
among  sportsmen  during  the  past  three  dec- 
ades. He  was  truly  a  versatile  sportsman  and 
a  strenuous  advocate  of  deciding  races  on 
merit  alone.  In  looking  back  through  his 
career  one  is  impressed  by  the  modesty  of  his 
sportsmanship,  but  he  preferred  to  be  rep- 
resented by  a  good-sized  stable.  Mr.  Duryea 
was  recognized  for  manj^  years  as  the  best 
amateur  cowboy  in  Arizona,  California,  and 
Wyoming.  He  was  an  extensive  breeder  of 
dogs  and  live  stock.  For  many  years  he  had 
made  a  specialty  of  breeding  game  cocks,  and 
the  representatives  of  his  breeding  were  known 
and  feared  in  the  United  States,  Canada,  and 
Mexico.  Mr.  Duryea  owned  a  vast  estate  at 
Hickory  Valley,  Tenn.,  where  he  did  more  to 

236 


educate  and  instruct  the  Southern  farmer 
than  had  ever  been  done  by  any  man  or  insti- 
tution in  this  country.  He  taught  them  by 
illustration  in  the  care  of  cattle,  sheep,  and 
hogs,  by  placing  vats  for  "  dipping "  the 
animals  to  remove  the  ticks  and  other  vermin. 
In  1911  he  established  the  first  short-horn 
cattle  farm  in  Tennessee.  Today  there  are 
126  such  farms  in  Tennessee,  for  his  farm 
demonstrated  and  proved  that  as  large  and  as 
good  cattle  can  be  raised  in  the  South  as 
anywhere  in  the  United  States,  and  that  they 
can  be  raised  more  cheaply.  Within  six  years 
he  bought  14,000  acres  of  worn-out  West 
Tennessee  land  and  by  rotation  grazing  with 
lespedeza  and  cowpeas  he  brought  the  land 
up  to  a  point  where  it  doubled  its  yield.  Mr. 
Duryea  was  determined  to  see  for  himself 
what  could  be  done  in  the  way  of  growing  beef 
cattle  in  the  South.  On  the  Duryea  farm  one 
can  see  cattle  whose  grandsires  were  dropped 
in  the  stable  where  now  they  gather  at  night. 
Four  generations  of  cattle  are  already  there, 
and  the  fourth  generation  promises  to  be 
bigger  than  the  first.  The  cattle  from  the 
Duryea  farm  were  exhibited  in  1914  at 
fourteen  fairs,  and  they  won  134  first  prizes, 
72  second  prizes,  56  championships,  and  14 
grand  championships.  The  material  reward 
which  Mr.  Duryea  received  from  his  agri- 
cultural activities  in  the  South  were  of  small 
importance.  He  cared  nothing  about  it,  but 
he  did  want  to  make  the  South  self-sustaining 
and  a  creditor  instead  of  a  debtor  country. 
The  Memphis  (Tenn.)  "Commercial  Appeal" 
in  its  issue  of  25  April,  1915,  said:  "Mr.  H. 
B.  Duryea,  on  his  farm  at  Hickory  Valley, 
in  Hardeman  County,  is  doing  more  practical 
work  for  the  State  than  all  the  Governors, 
Senators,  Congressmen,  and  Legislators  in 
three  states."  Mr.  Duryea  held  membership 
in  many  exclusive  clubs,  among  them  the  New 
York  Yacht,  Turf  and  Field,  Brook,  West- 
minster Kennel,  Meadow  Brook,  Union,  Rac- 
quet and  Tennis,  and  Automobile  Club  of 
America.  On  30  April,  1895,  he  married 
Ellen  Winchester  Weld,  daughter  of  Thomas 
Bradlee  Winchester,  of  Boston,  Mass. 

APPLEGATE,  John  Stilwell,  lawyer,  b.  in 
Middletown,  N.  J.,  6  Aug.,  1837;  d.  in  Red 
Bank,  N.  J.,  10  Nov.,  1916,  son  of  Joseph  Stil- 
well and  Ann  (Bray)  Applegate.  He  came  of 
one  of  the  oldest  New  Jersey  families,  being  a 
descendant  of  Thomas  Applegate,  a  native  of 
England,  who  was  a  freeman  of  Weymouth, 
Mass.,  in  1635,  and  in  Gravesend,  L.  I., 
in  1647.  Another  ancestor,  Sergeant  Richard 
Gibbons,  was  a  leading  member  of  the  first 
Jersey  General  Assembly  in  1677.  His  mother 
was  a  descendant  of  Rev.  John  Bray,  a  Bap- 
tist minister  who  founded  the  first  Baptist 
church  at  Holmdel,  N.  J.  Others  of  Mr. 
Applegate's  ancestors,  among  the  most  con- 
spicuous men  of  their  day,  were  Richard  Stout 
and  James  Grover,  of  Monmouth  patent  fame, 
and  Richard  Hartshorne,  W^illiam  Lawrence, 
John  Throckmorton,  Nicholas  Stilwell,  and 
James  Bowne — names  famous  in  New  Jersey 
annals  as  pioneer  settlers  and  leaders  in  the 
making  of  the  colony.  Mr.  Applegate  was 
graduated  at  Colgate  University,  Hamilton 
N.  Y.,  in  1858,  the  year  in  which  he  attained 
his  majority.  He  then  entered  upon  the  study 
of  law:  was  student  for  a  time  in  the  office  of 


i 


APPLEGATE 


APPLEGATE 


William  L.  Dayton,  attorney-general,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  New  Jersey  bar  in  1861.  He 
entered  professional  practice  at  Red  Bank, 
where  he  has  resided  to  the  present  time.  His 
practice  extended  to  the  State  and  federal 
courts,  in  which  he  was  recognized  as  one  of 
the  most  capable  lawyers  in  the  State.  He 
was  connected  with  very  many  notable  cases 
which  have  appeared  in  the  official  reports, 
and  represented  some  of  the  most  important 
private  and  corporate  interests  in  New  Jersey. 
From  1875  to  1879  he  was  associated  in  part- 
nership with  the  late  Henry  M.  Nevius,  after- 
ward a  circuit 
court  judge,  who 
was  a  famous  Civil 
War  veteran,  and 
in  1898  command- 
er-in-chief of  the 
Grand  Army  of 
the  Republic.  In 
1884  Mr.  Apple- 
gate  formed  a 
partnership  with 
Fred  W.  Hope, 
which  continued 
until  1901.  In  that 
year  Mr.  Apple- 
gate  formed  a  part- 
nership with  his 
son,  John  S.  Apple- 
..  gate,  Jr.,  under 
Y)  the  firm  name  of 
''  John  S.  Applegate 
^^  and  Son.  While 
^igT^L.^^  '^  v^C^f^;,^^  active  in  his  pro- 
ff  ^  fession,  Mr.  Apple- 

gate  ever  bore  a  useful  part  in  public  concerns. 
In  1862  he  was  elected  school  superintendent 
of  Shrewsbury  Township  and  was  three  times 
re-elected.  A  Republican  in  politics  and  an 
ardent  patriot,  he  gave  his  strong  support  and 
liberal  financial  aid  to  the  national  government, 
and  assisted  in  the  recruiting  of  troops  in  his  re- 
gion for  Civil  War  services.  As  special  deputy 
of  the  Union  League  of  America  he  organized 
a  number  of  chapters  of  that  order  in  various 
parts  of  the  State.  In  1865  he  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Republican  state  committee,  in  the 
notably  successful  gubernatorial  campaign  of 
Marcus  L.  Ward.  His  confreres  of  that  com- 
mittee were  Barker  Gummere,  Charles  P. 
Smith,  George  M.  Robinson,  John  T.  Nixon, 
George  A.  Halsey,  Socrates  Tuttle,  Major 
Pangborn,  General  Jardine,  and  Horace  N. 
Congar;  all  of  whom  are  now  deceased.  He 
was  a  strong  factor  in  the  incorporation  of  his 
town  in  1871,  was  elected  a  member  of  its 
first  council,  of  which  he  was  elected  presi- 
dent in  the  year  following.  In  1881  he  was 
elected  to  the  state  senate,  being  the  first 
Republican  elected  from  his  county  to  that 
body.  In  this  phenomenal  contest,  so  great 
was  his  personal  popularity  that  he  received 
a  plurality  of  nearly  a  thousand  votes,  in  a 
county  which  was  then  regarded  as  the  chief 
stronghold  of  New  Jersey  Democracy.  In  the 
senate  he  was  an  active  and  efficient  mem- 
ber. Among  the  bills  inaugurated  by  him  and 
duly  enacted  by  the  legislature  was  that  re- 
quiring the  public  printing  of  the  state  to  be 
awarded  to  the  lowest  responsible  bidder.  The 
practice  had  been  to  farm  out  such  work  as  a 
reward  for  party  service,  and  the  new  measure 


incurred  the  bitter  hostility  of  many  news- 
papers and  influential  politicians  throughout 
the  State.  To  the  overthrow  of  this  pernicious 
system  Mr.  Applegate  exerted  himself  so  suc- 
cessfully, and  drew  to  his  measure  such 
abundant  support,  that  it  became  a  law  by 
the  unanimous  consent  of  both  houses  of  the 
legislature,  effecting  an  annual  saving  of 
$50,000.  He  also  drafted,  introduced,  and 
procured  the  enactment  of  a  measure  of  the 
highest  utility — a  bill  authorizing  the  smaller 
towns  and  villages  to  construct  and  maintain 
waterworks,  and  under  which  many  munici- 
palities organized  and  operated  efficient  sys- 
tems of  public  water  supply.  Under  this  act 
he  was  appointed  (in  1884)  a  member  of  the 
first  board  of  water  commissioners  of  Red 
Bank.  He  was  primarily  instrumental  in 
inaugurating  the  water  system  of  that  city, 
and  held  the  position  on  the  board  until  1905, 
when  he  resigned.  For  many  years  he  was 
president  of  the  first  building  and  loan  asso- 
ciation of  the  Atlantic  shore  region  of  New 
Jersey.  In  1875  he  initiated  a  movement  re- 
sulting in  the  institution  of  the  Second  Na- 
tional Bank  of  Red  Bank;  was  chosen  its 
first  president,  and  served  as  such  until  1887, 
and  continued  until  his  death  a  member  of  its 
board  of  directors.  In  1882,  upon  the  organi- 
zation of  the  New  York  and  Atlantic  High- 
lands Railroad,  he  was  elected  president,  and 
served  as  such  until  it  was  merged  with  the 
Central  Railroad  system.  For  many  years  he 
was  a  director  of  the  Red  Bank  Gas  Light 
Company.  From  1907  until  his  death,  Mr. 
Applegate  was  president  of  the  Monmouth 
County  Bar  Association,  and  a  member  of  the 
American  Bar  Association.  He  was  also  a  lead- 
ing spirit  in  various  patriotic  and  historical 
bodies;  having  long  been  a  member  of  the  New 
Jersey  Historical  Society;  a  trustee  of  the 
Monmouth  Battle  Monument  Association;  a 
member  of  the  New  Jersey  Society  of  the  Sons 
of  the  American  Revolution;  a  charter  member 
and  president  of  the  Monmouth  County  His- 
torical Association,  and  a  life  member  of  the 
New  York  Genealogical  and  Historical  Society. 
He  was  an  honorary  member  of  the  Regimental 
Association  of  the  One  Hundred  and  Fifty- 
seventh  New  York  Volunteer  Regiment,  and 
in  1893  he  wrote  and  published  a  memorial 
volume  on  "  The  Life  and  Service  of  George 
Arrowsmith,"  lieutenant-colonel  of  that  regi- 
ment, who  was  killed  at  the  battle  of  Gettys- 
burg, and  for  whom  was  named  Arrowsmith 
Post,  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic,  at  Red 
Bank.  Mr.  Applegate  was  also  a  member  of  the 
Phi  Beta  Kappa  Society,  and  a  life  member 
of  the  Delta  Kappa  Epsilon  Club  of  New 
York  City.  In  1904  he  received  from  Colgate 
University  the  honorary  degree  of  LL.D.  He 
was  for  fifty  years  a  member  of  tht  First 
Baptist  Church  of  Shrewsbury,  at  Red  Bank, 
and  was  long  president  of  its  board  of 
trustees.  He  was  also  a  member  of  tbo 
New  Jersey  State  Chamber  of  Commerce; 
author  of  the  "History  of  the  Monmouth 
Bar"  down  to  1801,  published  in  1911;  and 
other  historical  and  literary  addresses,  among 
which  may  be  mentioned  an  address  delivered 
at  Red  Bank  in  1876,  on  the  occasion  of  the 
centennial  celebration  of  the  founding  of 
American  Independence;  also  the  annual 
alumni  address  at  Colgate  delivered  in   1880. 

.        237 


KENNELLY 


KENNELLY 


He  married,  in  1865,  Deborah  Catharine, 
daughter  of  Charles  Gordon  Allen,  a  resident 
of  Red  Bank,  and  a  prominent  citizen  of 
Monmouth  County.  His  surviving  children 
are  Annie,  a  graduate  of  Vassar  College  in 
185)1,  and  the  wife  of  Prof.  Charles  H.  A. 
Wager,  head  of  the  English  department  of 
Oberlin  College;  John  Stilwell,  Jr.,  a  grad- 
uate of  Colgate  University  and  Harvard  Law 
School,  and  for  five  years  prosecuting  attorney 
of  Monmouth  County;  Katharine  Trafford,  a 
graduate  of  Vassar  College,  class  of  1897,  and 
the  wife  of  Francis  J.  Donald,  Esq.,  of 
B rough ty  Ferry,  Dundee,  Scotland,  where  she 
resides. 

KENNELLY,  Arthur  Edwin,  electrical  en- 
gineer and  educator,  b.  at  Colaba,  Bombay, 
India,  17  Dec,  1861,  son  of  David  Joseph  and 
Kathrine  (Heycock)  Kennelly.  His  father 
was  a  captain  in  the  British  naval  service  in 
Indian  waters.  Dr.  Kennelly's  early  years 
were  passed  in  India,  but  he  was  later  sent  to 
Europe,  and  was  educated  in  France,  Belgium, 
Scotland,  and  England,  particularly  at  the 
London  University  College  School.  He  took 
school  prizes  in  the  classics,  English,  and 
stenography.  His  determination  to  make  elec- 
trical science  his  life  work  was  fixed  when  he 
attended  a  public  lecture  on  telegraph  en- 
gineering, given  at  London  in  1874,  by  the 
well-known  electrical  engineer,  Mr.  Latimer 
Clark.  On  leaving  school  at  the  age  of  four- 
teen, he  became  assistant  secretary  at  the 
London  ofiice  of  the  Society  of  Telegraph  En- 
gineers, which  later  became  the  Institution  of 
Electrical  Engineers.  Here  he  enjoyed  the  wel- 
come opportunity  of  studying  electrical  books 
in  the  Ronalds  Library  of  that  society.  In 
1876  he  entered  the  service  of  the^  Eastern 
Telegraph  Company  at  Porthcurnow,  Cornwall, 
as  a  probational  operator  in  signaling  on  the 
submarine  cables  of  that  company  between 
England  and  the  Orient.  In  1877  he  was  sent 
to  the  Malta  cable  station  of  the  company 
as  telegraph  operator  and  there  worked  for 
eight  hours  daily,  while  studying  engineering 
and  languages  at  spare  times.  A  vacancy  oc- 
curred on  the  electrician  staff  of  the  com- 
pany's cable-laying  steamer  "  John  Pender  "  in 
1878,  and  Mr.  Kennelly  was  appointed  assist- 
ant electrician  on  board  the  ship.  This  ves- 
sel was  one  of  a  fleet  of  cable  steamers  kept 
by  the  British  Submarine  Cable  Companies  on 
the  business  of  laying  and  repairing  cables 
in  various  parts  of  the  world.  In  this  engi- 
neering work,  he  achieved  rapid  promotion, 
and  in  1880  he  was  appointed  chief  electrician 
on  one  of  the  cable  ships.  Between  1880  and 
1887  he  served  in  that  position  on  board  the 
cable  steamers  "  Chiltern,"  "  Retriever," 
"Great  Northern,"  "John  Pender,"  and 
"  Electra,"  having  charge  of  cable  repair- 
ing and  laying  operations,  jointly  with  their 
captains,  along  various  shores  between  Eng- 
land and  Bombay.  He  received  the  award  of 
a  gold  \vatch  from  the  Direct  Spanish  Cable 
Company,  for  participation  in  a  swift  repair 
of  a  cable  in  the  Bay  of  Biscay,  at  a  depth  of 
2,300  fathoms,  in  the  winter  of  1885-86.  He 
was  also  awarded  the  third  order  of  the  Egyp- 
tian Mejedieh,  by  the  Khedive  of  Egypt,  in 
1885,  for  participation  in  the  operations  of 
laying  cable  into  Souakim  at  the  time  of  the 
Soudanese  campaign.     He  received  an  Institu- 


tion Premium  in  1887,  and  also  a  "  Fahie  "  pre- 
mium in  1889,  from  the  Institution  of  Elec- 
trical Engineers  for  papers  presented  to  that 
body,  of  which  he  was  a  student  in  1876, 
associate  in  1884,  and  member  in  1894. 
He  developed  several  original  methods,  partly 
alone,  and  partly  in  conjunction  with  others, 
for  localizing  faults  in  submarine  cables.  Some 
of  these  methods  have  come  into  regular  use. 
He  resigned  from  the  service  of  the  E.  T.  Com- 
pany in  1887,  as  senior  electrician  of  the  ship 
staff,  to  take  the  position  of  principal  electrical 
assistant  to  Thomas  A.  Edison  in  his  then 
newly  erected  laboratory  at  Orange,  N.  J. 
He  was  appointed  consulting  electrician  of  the 
Edison  General  Electric  Company  in  1891,  and 
of  the  General  Electric  Company  in  1892.  A 
number  of  experimental  researches  were  car- 
ried on  by  him  for  these  companies  and  Mr. 
Edison.  A  few  of  these  researches  have  been 
published.  Among  others  were  papers  on  the 
heating  of  active  conductors,  read  at  con- 
ventions of  Edison  illiuninating  companies. 
In  1894  he  resigned  to  enter  into  partnership 
with  Prof.  E.  T.  Houston,  under  the  firm  title 
of  Houston  and  Kennelly,  consulting  electrical 
engineers,  in  Philadelphia.  Since  1902  he»  has 
been  professor  of  electrical  engineering  at  Har- 
vard University,  and  since  1914,  also  at  the 
Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology.  He  has 
been  director  of  the  Research  Division  of  the 
M.  I.  T.  Electrical  Engineering  Department 
since  1915.  In  1902  he  was  engineer  in  charge 
of  the  laying  of  the  present  submarine  tele- 
graph cable  from  Vera  Cruz  to  Campeche,  on 
behalf  of  the  Safety  Insulated  Wire  and  Cable 
Company  and  the  Mexican  government.  He 
received  the  honorary  degree  of  A.M.  from 
Harvard  University  in  1906,  and  the  honorary 
degree  of  Sc.D,  from  the  University  of  Pitts- 
burgh in  1895,  for  electrical  research.  He  was 
elected  president  of  the  American  Institute  of 
Electrical  Engineers  for  the  double  term 
1898-1900,  of  the  Illuminating  Engineering 
Society  in  1911,  and  of  the  Institute  of  Radio 
Engineers  in  1916.  He  has  served  on  the 
Standards  Committee  of  the  A.  I.  E.  E.  since 
its  inception.  He  is  an  honorary  fellow  of  the 
National  Electric  Light  Association,  of  the 
Electrical  Society  of  New  York,  and  of  the 
American  Electrotherapeutic  Association.  He 
was  appointed  on  the  faculty  of  the  Medico- 
Chirurgical  College  of  Philadelphia  1894-95. 
He  is  a  fellow  of  the  American  Academy  of 
Arts  and  Sciences,  a  corresponding  member  of 
the  British  Association  for  the  Advancement 
of  Science,  and  a  member  of  the  American 
Philosophical  Society.  He  is  a  life  member  of 
the  Franklin  Institute  and  has  served  on  sev- 
eral of  its  committees.  He  has  given  lectures 
by  invitation  of  the  London  University  in 
Great  Britain,  and  of  a  number  of  univer- 
sities in  America  (Columbia,  Lehigh,  Cor- 
nell, Purdue,  Annapolis).  He  was  appointed 
in  1912  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Visitors  of 
the  United  States  Bureau  of  Standards.  He 
has  served  on  juries  of  award  at  the  exposi- 
tions of  Philadelphia,  1899;  Chicago,  1893; 
Buffalo,  1901 ;  and  St.  Louis,  1904,  also  on  the 
International  Montefiore  Jury  of  Award  in 
1911.  He  was  general  secretary  of  the  Inter- 
national Electrical  Congress  of  St.  Louis,  and 
published  its  proceedings  in  conjunction  with 
its  treasurer,  Lieut.  W.  D.  Weaver.     He  was 


238 


f^'r 


i^^^^^t:^::^/^^ 


BENEDICT 


BENEDICT 


"d  to  attend  the  Cham1>er  of  Delegate*?  at 
!iu;ifiro  Electrical  CongreBs  of  1*"" 
c-nt  of  the  Paris  Congrr 
jirman    at    the    Tuv]ii 
liiid  chairman  of  ti 
he   proposed    San 
besides  being  r 
ate  to  the  St.  i. 


^'»«?  a 

','a 

of 

fee 

of 

■■■'   -  ■         '  Micntion 

.go   Ex- 
om  the 
;!oth  as 
Mtional 
ot    the                                        rotech- 
mission,  a-                                  u-  inter- 
iia.tioiiai    rac'ctings   of    that    commisj^iion,      Mr. 
Kennt?lly     sinc*^     1890     has     published     aome 
twenty-four    electrjcal    text-books    either   him- 
self or  jointly  with  others      He  has  also  con- 
tributed   about    200    articlo<?      -'        • 

technical   journals.     His   wr 


Lfttin,  or  *re,  from  the  prevalence  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  religion,  sprinkled  with  Latin 
derivatives.  Benedict,  Englisli  and.  German; 
Benedc'k,  Austrian;  Benedetto,  Italian;  Ben- 
dito,  Spanish  and  Portuguese;  Benoit,  French, 
and  many  other  derivative  forms.  It  un- 
doubtedly became  a  proper  name  from  the 
anciejit  oustom  of  adding  to,  or  substituting 
for  a  family  name  some  striking  individual 
characteristics^  or  the  name  of  some  patron 
saint.  This  custom  prevailed  extensively  in 
the  Romish  church,  and  docs  to  thi;?  day.  The 
order  of  t-;'  V,.  a-.-iU^t.  has  been  one  of  the  most 
illusirion-  Roman    Catholic    Church, 

being  div.  ,    for   the   number   of  great 

men,  sains.-*,  \^i^:iiv$,  men  of  beaming,  of 
pipfy,  "Snd  f«f  hirh  ;ii»»rHTT  -MtA  moral  cul- 
'''■•    "         '  Usd    to 

:t     «h«'v 

:'l 


d  hiB  entire  life 

■  na  in  possession 

a!x>ut  six  miles 

:>.  Y.    While  his 

:  10-3    vero    limited,   he    was    so 

nality  and  so  keen  in  intellect 

iiiijtd    more   from   observation   and 

!  in  many  another  has  learned  from  a 

»        .      , curse.     He  was,  in  fact,  an  eminent 

i^^n-.jiie  of  a   self-made  man,   well   versed   in 

^^*V'ry   and  politics,   and   one   of  the   leading 

AnJiitneticians  of  his  time.     In    1822  he  was 

-^^•'^  a  Fre»»m!>*!/»T|  rjnd,  having  Ijecome  deeply 

■  -18  a  recognized  leader 

New  York.     For  a 

•r  OT  yvuii  ti'.'  ^«  t.^  rtje  of  three  in  this 

f  the  State  who  vere  fully  qualified  to 

the  degrees  in  full  form  and  without 

/  the  ritual.     Doubtless  no  brf»lhv'r  ever 

.n  Central  New  York  who  ha.*!  canferrf-d 

iegrees  and  in  a  larger  number  of  k>iige« 

3    Worshipful    ^Master    of    Little    Fa!'.<? 

from  1851  to  1859  inclusive.     His  home 

\  miles  distant  from  Little   Falls,   and 

if  ever  did  he  miss  a  meeting,  traveling 

-nes  on  foot  and   sometimes  with  horse 

j^m   to   attend    the    h)dge       It    is   said 

ithout   his  enthusiastic  tftorts  and  tin- 

at.tendance,    Lilih>    Falls    Lodge    would 

eased  to  exiM.     IWa  v.'ork  did  nut  cease 

he  Blue  Lodg«.     ur,    '»o.  was  n\~\)  King  of 

Brewer    Chap!»'i      l.oyu!    .Ar-^h    Masons, 

i  Ht  Little  Falls,  ni»-  jii\at   l-juitit-irt  C'.w.v 

r  of  LiUlo   Fallti   ('<nnm«n'.;-r«. ,    Knights 


!>'■ 


ars.     and     ihe     Wvhi     Dihi. 

'  Masl-T  of  th*'  iM.ijrtf-'-'nfh  .YUw-ni.- 
t.     'I'he  n;im<\  Brjn'di«t.  ig  df rived  Irom 

•itin  Ben'<li(his,  hi-  -tfl,  k\v\\  i-puknn  of. 
h  unknown  as  h  j-ro[)A»r  njime  in  the 
it  is  common  «s  suih  in  thi>^  ;  liinfrviag*  s 
iern  Kuropo  whii'h  ur^*  dor  ltd  ir'-m  ilu. 


V 


c       l!e 

(d  .it  that  time,  and  was  apvidated 
^tonial    governor   with   one   other   to 
codify   ihe   laws   of   the   Colony,      in    104'.K    in 
company   with   three   others,    he    purciiased    a 
large    tract    of    land    belonging    to    the    town 
of    St)Uthold,    L.     I,       Three    years    Inter     hf' 
was     appointed     a     magistrate     liy     Governor 
Stuyvesant,  and  occupied  the  office  of  oorarais 
.sioner     when     Stuyvesant     surrendtred     Nvv/ 
York  and  its  dependenoies  to  the  English  ii^r 
der  Col.  Richard  Nichols     For  five  year«-.,  frorrt 
1G70  to  1675,  he  was  a  member  of  the  a^iften! 
bly   of   the   Province    of   New   York       Tlioma.-^ 
Benedict  was  one  of  tho  founders  of  ihe  F\r^.l 
Presbyterian  Church  in  the  t  .viotjy.     LatM   ii- 
life  he  became  interested  with  fdherr-  in  form- 
ing a  settlement  ntar  what  in  n'.'vv   Elizabeth. 
N.  J.     James  B<'5)e(?iet.  a  Son  of  Xh  -may  Bt'Vi. 
diet,    settled    in    Panbury.    Conn  .    wh^.-rr    h.is 
son,  James,  waa  br»rn   in    108,'),  1.0102  Hio   nj-:' 
male  child  born  in  that  piac«:-.     Jj'.ni  Pons!:.' 
rt  grandson  of  James  Benedict,  Sr     wna  jjt.rai 
f.ent    in    the   administration   of  puldif   .-tTur--. 
being  a  captain  in  the  inilitia  and   for   \■^i^n\ 
years    a   member    of   the    legislature.      .\'      ,w 
close  ot  the   Revolutionary  \Var.  J-ay<u  ■   ;     !•  - 
diet,    the    son    of    John    Ber.edict.    r, -n.  .   .     10 
BaJlston.  N.  Y.,  and  in  1703  s;ettl  •';:   ^\^  M  -r.r.   . 
N.  Y      Fiiay  P.enedi(;t,  yon  of    ^c«n:i'     r.  ■n  >il  ■. 
of    Auburn,    wms   ont'   of    i]ir    ♦  •  •,-    •.  '    i-r-     ' 
llerk'tJii'r  Countx-,   N     N'  .  '    •'       ■<  -   •>     ■ 

ytroMon  Wi)^.  ft'r  upon  •!: 
a  farm  in  the  wiMern;"^ 
iIh:    ilrst   hoo.^i'.s    i"    th,.;    -   .it'  i.. 

U'v-       Tb-r.'     ''■  -<■         ^.■..^■ 

ol"  l-fei.r, 
iHOl.  1). 
Irnilitionfi ! 
iliu'o     •'  I' 


r>h>i< 

,11    ■ 

;<Ti<! 


BENEDICT 


BENEDICT 


uated  in  1869  with  the  degree  of  A.B.  A  few 
years  later  the  degree  of  M.A.  was  conferred 
upon  him.  During  part  of  the  time  that  he 
was  in  college,  Mr.  Benedict  was  engaged  as 
professor  of  Latin  and  higher  mathematics 
in  Fairfield  Seminary.  Immediately  upon 
graduation  he  left  the  parental  roof  to  face 
the  sterner  responsibilities  and  engage  in  the 
battle  of  life.  By  virtue  of  his  untiring 
industry,  unswerving  integrity,  and  ac- 
knowledged ability,  he  has  succeeded  beyond 
his  early  dreams.  It  would  be  interesting  to 
relate  in  detail  how  he  struggled  to  obtain 
his  degree  at  Hamilton  College,  where  he  has 
since  been  a  trustee  for  many  years;  how  he 
became  a  captain  of  industry;  how  he  erected 
a  beautiful  building  to  add  to  the  advantages 
of  his  Alma  Mater;  how  he  erected  a  hospital 
in  the  village  of  his  early  manhood — Ilion; 
how  he  has  aided  in  the  erection  of  churches, 
as  well  as  helped  many  other  religious  and 
charitable  enterprises.  But  among  them  all 
none  of  them  add  more  to  his  own  happiness 
than  the  fitting  and  furnishing  of  the  Micaiah 
Benedict  Memorial  Lodge  Room  in  the  Ma- 
sonic Temple  at  Little  Falls,  N.  Y.  Henry 
Harper  Benedict  began  his  business  career  as 
a  bookkeeper  in  the  employ  of  E.  Remington 
and  Sons,  manufacturers  of  firearms  and  war 
material  in  Ilion,  N.  Y.  Later  he  became  a 
director  in  the  company  and  treasurer  of  the 
Remington  Sewing  Machine  Company.  When 
James  Densmore  brought  the  typewriter  to  the 
attention  of  Philo  Remington,  in  1873,  Mr. 
Benedict  was  quick  to  realize  the  possibilities 
of  the  machine,  and  he  advised  Mr.  Remington 
to  undertake  its  manufacture.  The  typewriter 
was  invented  by  C.  Latham  Sholes,  of  Mil- 
waukee. It  was  a  crude  and  imperfect  ma- 
chine, and  after  considerable  time  and  money 
were  expended,  W.  K.  Jenne,  assistant  super- 
intendent of  the  Remington  Company,  suc- 
ceeded in  improving  it  mechanically.  The 
Remingtons  secured  the  exclusive  right  to 
make  and  sell  it,  made  large  expenditures  in 
remodeling  it,  and  adapting  machinery  and 
tools  to  its  manufacture.  It  was  the  first 
successful  writing  machine  ever  produced.  In 
1874,  more  than  400  typewriters  were  sold, 
principally  in  the  State  of  Ohio.  It  required 
considerable  effort  to  convince  the  public  that 
the  typewriter  was  "  not  a  toy,"  and  for  many 
years  this  phrase  figured  conspicuously  in  the 
company's  advertising.  In  1875  William  0. 
Wyckoff,  a  court  stenographer,  purchased  a 
Remington  typewriter  and  applied  himself 
diligently  to  the  introduction  of  the  machine 
into  law  offices  and  business  houses.  In  1878 
the  Remingtons  placed  the  selling  agency  of 
the  typewriter  in  the  hands  of  the  Fairbanks 
Company,  but  took  it  back  into  their  own 
hands  in  1880.  By  the  advice  of  Mr.  Bene- 
dict, Clarence  W.  Seamans  was  put  in  charge 
of  the  sales  under  the  Fairbanks  Company, 
and  his  services  were  retained  under  the  Rem- 
ingtons. Mr.  Seamans  became  a  very  impor- 
tant factor  in  the  typewriting  business,  with 
which  he  was  prominently  connected  until  his 
lamented  death  in  May,  1915.  In  the  spring 
of  1882  Mr.  Seamans  suggested  to  Mr.  Bene- 
dict that  he  come  to  New  York,  and  that  they 
form  a  co-partnership  for  selling  the  Reming- 
ton typewriters.  The  firm  of  Wyckoff,  Sea- 
mans    and     Benedict     was     formed,     and     it 


entered  into  a  contract  with  E.  Remington  and 
Sons  to  market  their  entire  production  of 
typewriters.  This  arrangement  continued  un- 
til 1886  when  Wyckoff,  Seamans  and  Benedict 
purchased  the  right,  title,  interest,  and  fran- 
chises, tools  and  machinery,  of  the  Remington 
typewriter.  Subsequently  Wyckoff,  Seamans 
and  Benedict  formed  a  corporation  which  has 
now  a  world-wide  reputation  as  the  Remington 
Typewriter  Company.  This  company  owns, 
manufactures,  and  markets  not  only  the  Rem- 
ington typewriter,  but  the  Smith  Premier,  the 
Monarch,  and  the  Yost  typewriters.  The  type- 
writers first  manufactured  were,  of  course, 
very  simple  in  design  and  embodied  none  of 
the  mechanical  devices  which  today  make  them 
a  necessary  equipment  in  business,  profes- 
sional and  even  private  life.  As  the  name 
implied,  they  were  merely  writing  machines, 
used  only  for  straight  letter  and  legal  writ- 
ing, and  could  not  conveniently  be  used  for 
statistical  billing  or  tabulating  work.  They 
now  include  devices  for  selecting  columns  of 
figures,  for  releasing  the  paper  feed  pressure 
when  removing  the  paper,  and  for  automat- 
ically regulating  the  throw  or  feed  of  the 
cylinder  for  condensed  billing  on  loose-leaf 
sales  sheets,  and  also  such  features  as  end  or 
side  guides  for  properly  locating  the  paper, 
and  the  open-throat  construction  for  the  front 
feeding  and  insertion  of  invoices.  There  were 
formerly  no  two-color  ribbons  for  billing  and 
legal  work,  and  it  was  necessary  to  remove  the 
ribbon  when  writing  stencils,  whereas  now  it 
is  necessary  only  to  touch  a  lever  and  the  rib- 
bon is  automatically  thrown  out  of  the  path 
of  the  type.  Besides  the  regular  correspond- 
ence machine,  there  have  been  developed  a 
tax-billing  machine  used  in  comptrollers'  of- 
fices throughout  the  United  States,  and  the 
Remington  cross-adding  and  subtracting  type- 
writer, which  is  a  combination  of  the  adding- 
machine  and  the  typewriter  and  is  used  ex- 
tensively in  railroad  offices,  for  telephone  toll 
bills,  in  hotels,  etc.  One  hundred  and  fifty- 
six  different  languages  can  be  written  on  the 
Remington  typewriters,  the  machines  being 
equipped  with  117  different  styles  of  type,  and 
furnished  with  1,011  different  keyboards.  The 
expansion  and  growth  of  the  business  have 
been  coincident  with  the  development  and  im- 
provement of  the  typewriter.  Represented  in 
1882  in  only  three  different  cities  of  the  United 
States,  the  Remington  Typewriter  Company 
today  has  branch  offices  and  agencies  in  over 
seven  hundred  cities  throughout  the  world. 
During  the  past  year  over  two  hundred  times 
as  many  machines  were  sold  as  in  1882,  the 
number  of  factory  employees  being  some  fifty 
times  as  great.  The  present  officers  of  the 
company  are:  Frank  N.  Kondolf,  president; 
Archibald  A.  Forrest,  first  vice-president; 
John  F.  McClain,  Francis  E.  Van  Buskirk, 
George  W.  Dickerman,  and  William  T.  Humes, 
vice-presidents;  William  R.  Morse,  treasurer; 
George  K.  Gilluly,  secretary.  Mr,  Benedict 
was  president  of  Wyckoff,  Seamans  and  Bene- 
dict from  1895  to  1914,  and  he  was  president 
of  the  Remington  Typewriter  Company  from 
1902  to  1913,  when  he  retired  from  active  par- 
ticipation in  the  business,  though  he  is  still  a 
director  of  the  company.  Mr.  Benedict  is  a 
man  of  attractive  personality  and  a  sympa- 
thetic kindly  manner.     As  a  citizen  he  enjoys 


240 


BENEDICT 


SARGENT 


the  universal  confidence  and  respect  of  the 
community.  In  every  work  committed  to  his 
hands,  in  public  or  private  life,  Mr.  Benedict 
has  labored  with  diligence,  perseverance,  and 
efficiency,  and  wholesome  practical  results 
testify  to  the  value  of  his  services.  He  has 
always  maintained  great  interest  in  the  affairs 
of  his  Alma  Mater,  Hamilton  College,  and  has 
been  for  many  years  a  member  of  its  board 
of  trustees.  Mr,  Benedict  has  been  a  liberal 
contributor  to  the  college,  and  in  1897  pre- 
sented the  institution  with  the  Hall  of  Lan- 
guages and  the  organ  in  the  chapel.  He  is 
also  a  trustee  of  the  Brooklyn  Institute  of 
Arts  and  Sciences,  and  of  the  American  Scenic 
and  Historic  Preservation  Society,  and  presi- 
dent of  the  New  York  Association  of  the  Delta 
Kappa  Epsilon  Fraternity.  Mr.  Benedict  re- 
tains a  great  interest  in  the  village  of  Ilion, 
N.  Y.,  where  he  resided  for  more  than  thirteen 
years.  He  built  a  hospital  for  the  village,  which 
at  his  request  was  named  simply  Ilion  Hospital. 
Notwithstanding  the  great  demands  made 
upon  his  time,  Mr.  Benedict  has  been  promi- 
nent in  philanthropic  enterprises.  He  in- 
herited the  fraternal  spirit  of  Freemasonry 
of  his  father.  On  19  June,  1915,  the  Masonic 
Fraternity  of  Little  Falls  dedicated  a  new 
Masonic  Temple.  It  was  on  this  occasion  that 
the  Micaiah  Benedict  Memorial  Lodge  Room, 
already  referred  to,  was  dedicated.  It  is 
generally  conceded  that  this  is  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  and  unique  lodge  rooms  in  the  State. 
Certain  of  its  features  in  the  matter  of  decora- 
tion and  illumination  have  been  designed  for 
this  room  alone.  It  is  a  splendid  memorial 
to  a  splendid  man  and  a  worthy  Mason.  The 
services  were  attended  by  prominent  Masons 
who  came  from  various  parts  of  the  country 
to  honor  the  memory  of  the  late  Micaiah 
Benedict  and  show  their  appreciation  of  his 
services  to  Freemasonry.  While  a  resident  of 
Ilion,  N.  Y.,  Henry  Harper  Benedict  assisted 
in  the  organization  of  the  First  Presbyterian 
Church  of  that  place,  and  of  which  he  was 
elder,  trustee,  and  treasurer.  After  his  re- 
moval to  New  York  he  became  a  member  of 
St.  Thomas'  Protestant  Episcopal  Church. 
Mr.  Benedict  is  a  man  of  genial  and  social 
temperament.  He  is  a  member  of  numerous 
clubs,  among  them  the  Union  League,  Uni- 
versity, Grolier,  Republican,  Lawyers,  Rem- 
brandt, Pilgrims,  Economic,  Church,  and  In- 
ternational Garden  clubs.  He  is  a  fellow  of 
the  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art;  member 
of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  of  the  State  of 
New  York,  American  Museum  of  Natural  His- 
tory, National  Security  League,  Society  of  the 
Sons  of  Oneida,  Long  Island  Historical  So- 
ciety, New  England  Society,  New  York  His- 
torical Society,  Japan  Society,  and  Phi  Beta 
Kappa  Association.  As  a  member  of  the 
Peary  Arctic  Club,  Mr.  Benedict  furthered  the 
work  of  Admiral  Peary  in  the  discovery  of  the 
North  Pole.  A  range  of  mountains  in  the  Far 
North  bears  Mr.  Benedict's  name.  His  home 
is  embellished  by  a  choice  collection  of  paint- 
ings, prints,  and  other  art  objects,  gathered 
from  all  parts  of  the  world,  and  his  collection 
of  rare  examples  of  the  works  of  Whistler 
ranks  among  the  first  two  or  three  in  exist- 
ence. On  10  Oct.,  1867,  Mr.  Benedict  married 
Maria,  daughter  of  Henry  G.  Nellis,  of  Frey's 
Bush,   N.    Y,,   and    a   granddaughter   of   Gen, 


George  H.  Nellis,  of  Fort  Plain,  N.  Y.  Mrs. 
Benedict  died  on  25  Aug.,  1915.  Four  children 
were  born  of  this  union,  two  sons  and  two 
daughters,  of  whom  one  daughter,  Mrs.  Archi- 
bald Alexander  Forrest,  of  New  York,  sur- 
vives. 

SARGENT,  Charles  Sprague,  dendrologist, 
b.  in  Boston,  Mass.,  24  April,  1841,  son  of 
Ignatius  and  Henrietta  (Gray)  Sargent,  and 
great-nephew  of  Lusius  Manlius  Sargent.  His 
father  was  a  prominent  banker,  and,  for 
nearly  twenty  years,  was  president  of  the 
Globe  Bank,  of  Boston.  The  first  of  the  fam- 
ily in  America  was  William  Sprague,  a  native 
of  Exeter,  Devonshire,  England,  who  went  to 
Bridgetown,  Barbados,  in  the  early  part  of 
the  seventeenth  century,  and  later  returned  to 
England.  His  son,  William,  called  the  second, 
settled  at  Gloucester,  Mass.,  previous  to  1678. 
From  the  first  William  Sargent  and  his  wife, 
Mary  Epes,  the  line  of  descent  is  traced 
through  their  son,  William,  and  his  wife, 
Mary  Duncan;  their  son,  Colonel  Epes,  and 
his  wife,  Esther  Macarty;  their  son,  Daniel, 
and  his  wife,  Mary  Turner;  their  son, 
Ignatius,  and  his  wife,  Sarah  S.  Stevens,  par- 
ents of  Ignatius  Sargent.  Charles  S.  Sargent 
received  his  early  education  at  private  schools 
in  Boston,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
College  in  1862.  In  November  of  the  same 
year  he  became  a  lieutenant  of  United  States 
volunteers.  He  became  an  aide-de-camp  in  the 
following  year,  and  in  1865,  a  brevet  major  of 
volunteers.  Between  1865  and  1868  he  traveled 
in  Europe  and  in  the  latter  year  he  took  charge 
of  his  father's  property  in  Brookline,  Mass. 
He  was  appointed  professor  of  horticulture  at 
the  Bussey  Institution,  and  in  1873  he  be- 
came director  of  the  Botanic  Garden  and  the 
Arnold  Arboretum  at  Harvard.  He  has  been 
professor  of  arboriculture  at  Harvard  since 
1879.  In  1880  he  planned  the  Jesup  collec- 
tion of  North  America  woods  in  the  Ameri- 
can Museum  of  Natural  History,  New  York, 
and  in  1885  became  chairman  of  a  commission 
to  examine  the  Adirondack  forests  and  devise 
measures  for  their  preservation.  From  1887 
to  1897  he  was  editor  of  "  Garden  and  Forest," 
a  weekly  journal  of  horticulture  and  forestry. 
Professor  Sargent  has  been  park  commissioner 
of  Brookline  since  1875,  and  was  chairman  of 
the  committee  of  the  National  Academy  of 
Sciences  to  determine  a  policy  for  the  manage- 
ment of  the  forest  lands  of  the  United  States 
in  1896-97.  He  is  a  Fellow  of  the  American 
Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  the  American 
Philosophical  Society,  and  the  National  Acad- 
emy of  Sciences;  a  trustee  of  the  Museum  of 
Fine  Arts,  Boston;  and  a  foreign  member  of 
the  Linnaean  Society  of  London,  the  National 
Society  of  Agriculture,  France,  the  Deutsche 
Dentrol  Gesellschaft.  He  is  president  of  the 
Massachusetts  Society  for  the  Promotion  of 
Agriculture  and  the  Scottish  Arboricnltural 
Society,  and  since  1890  has  boon  vioo-j>rosi(lont 
of  the  Massachusetts  Ilorticiiltural  Sooioty. 
His  writings  include  a  "Catalop;uo  of  the  For- 
est Trees  of  North  Amerioa  "  (IMSO)  ;  "Prun- 
ing Forests  and  Ornamental  Troos  "  (from  the 
French  of  Adolphe  Dos  Cars,  ISSl  )  ;  "  Reports 
on  the  Forests  of  North  Aniorioa "  (ISSl); 
"The  Woods  of  the  United  S<a(os.  with  an  ao- 
count  of  their  Structure,  Qualities,  and  Uses" 
(1885)  ;  "  Report  of  the  Forest  Commission  of 


241 


FLEXNER 


FLEXNER 


the  State  of  New  York"  (1885);  "  Sylva  of 
North  America"  (14  vols.,  1891-1902); 
"  Forest  Flora  of  Japan  '  (1895)  ;  "  Trees  and 
Shrubs"  (2  vols.,  1905-13);  "  Plantae  Wil- 
sonanae"  (1912-13);  and  various  papers  col- 
lected in  two  volumes,  1901-13.  He  married 
28  Nov.,  1873,  Mary  Allen,  daughter  of  An- 
drew Robeson,  of  Boston. 

FLEXNER,  Simon,  pathologist  and  bac- 
teriologist, b  in  Louisville,  Ky.,  25  March, 
1863,  son  of  Morris  and  Esther  (Abraham) 
Flexner.  From  the  public  schools  of  his  na- 
tive city  he  entered  upon  a  medical  course  in 
the  University  of  Louisville.  After  gradua- 
tion, in  1889,  he  made  postgraduate  study  in 
pathology,  in  the  Johns  Hopkins  University, 
under  Professor  Welch  and  Professor  Council- 
man. Later  he  was  appointed  assistant  pro- 
fessor of  pathology  in  the  same  institution, 
and,  then,  associate  professor.  This  latter 
position  he  finally  resigned,  in  order  to  ac- 
cept the  chair  of  pathology  at  the  University 
of .  Pennsylvania.  More  recently  he  went  to 
the  Rockefeller  Institute  for  Medical  Research, 
and  has  since  been  director  of  laboratories.  It 
was  while  pursuing  his  postgraduate  studies 
at  the  Johns  Hopkins  University  that  Dr. 
Flexner  first  began  attracting  the  serious  at- 
tention of  the  scientists  engaged  in  the  field 
of  medical  research.  He  published  a  number  of 
reports  on  his  observations,  covering  a  variety 
of  subjects  in  microscopic  anatomy,  general 
pathology,  and  bacteriology.  Earlier  research 
had  already  then  demonstrated,  what  is  now 
well  known  and  generally  accepted,  that  toxic, 
or  poisonous,  substances,  perhaps  of  an  al- 
buminous nature,  were  the  means  by  which 
injurious  organisms  work  their  harm  in  the 
system.  It  was  to  this  relationship  between 
bacteria  and  disease  that  Dr  Flexner  par- 
ticularly devoted  his  investigations,  giving 
special  attention  to  an  examination  of  the 
minute  changes  produced  in  the  body  by 
toxins  of  diphtheria  and  of  certain  vegetables. 
His  examinations  of  toxins  acting  specifically 
upon  certain  organs  then  followed.  The  re- 
sult of  his  labors  created  a  profound  interest 
in  medical  circles  throughout  the  country,  and 
stimulated  investigations  along  the  same  lines. 
Dr.  Flexner  then  went  on  to  demonstrate  that 
the  poison  of  snakes  is  similar  in  constitu- 
tion to  the  bacterial  toxins  and  serums,  which 
cause  degeneration  of  the  blood  and  thereby 
produce  disease.  The  Spanish-American  War, 
in  which  a  vastly  greater  number  of  Ameri- 
can soldiers  died  of  tropical  diseases  than  of 
bullets,  turned  the  attention  of  the  medical 
profession  toward  those  strange  and  myster- 
ious physical  disorders  which  seem  peculiar 
to  tropical  climates,  such  as  beri-beri,  tropical 
dysentery,  etc.  In  1900  the  Johns  Hopkins 
University  sent  a  commission  to  the  Philip- 
pine Islands  to  make  a  special  study  of  dis- 
eases of  this  nature,  of  which  Dr.  Flexner  was 
a  member.  He  gave  his  special  attention  to 
tropical  dysentery  and  its  relation  to  the 
micro-organisms  already  discovered  'by  Shiga. 
After  his  return  he  demonstrated  beyond 
doubt  that  the  bacillus  of  at  least  one  variety 
of  tropical  dysentery  is  closely  associated 
with  the  bacillus  of  dysentery  in  temperate 
climates,  as  well  as  of  infantile  diarrhea, 
thus  establishing  a  firmer  basis  on  which  to 
treat  the  bacillary  disease.     In  1904,  during 


an  epidemic  of  spinal  meningitis,  which  was 
then  sweeping  New  York  City,  Dr.  Flexner 
was  again  appointed  on  a  commission  to  study 
the  causes  and,  if  possible,  find  means  of  pre- 
vention or  a  cure  for  the  disease.  The  result 
was  the  discovery  of  the  famous  anti-serum 
which  has  ever  since  been  linked  with  Dr. 
Flexner's  name  and  which  has  proved  so 
efficacious  in  dealing  with  the  scourge.  As 
another  result  of  this  investigation  he  was 
also  able  to  lay  down  certain  principles  on  the 
local  specific  treatment  of  the  infection  which 
previously  had  not  been  certain.  For  a  whole 
year  before  accepting  his  appointment  to  the 
Rockefeller  Institute,  Dr.  Flexner  made  an 
extensive  study  of  similar  institutions,  both 
in  this  country  and  abroad.  He  discovered 
that  the  organism  causing  infantile  paralysis 
was  not  bacterial,  in  the  usual  sense  of  the 
word  and  that  the  long  sought  cure  would 
probably  have  to  be  searched  for  in  the  field 
of  chemotherapy.  With  Landsteiner  and 
Levaditi,  in  France,  he  learned  of  its  filterable 
nature — the  fact  that  the  micro-organism 
could  be  filtered  through  porous  earthenware. 
At  first  regarded  as  invisible  because  of  its 
minute  size,  Dr.  Flexner  later  with  his  Japa- 
nese associate,  Dr.  Noguchi,  succeeded  in  se- 
curing artificial  cultures,  thus  determining 
the  visibility  of  the  micro-organism,  which 
is  nevertheless  of  extremely  minute  size. 
Sii.ce  infantile  paralysis  is  communicable  to 
monkeys  by  inoculation,  the  chief  recent  ad- 
vances in  the  knowledge  of  the  disease  have 
been  secured  through  experiments  on  these 
animals;  and  Dr.  Flexner  was  the  first  to 
prove  that  inoculation  from  monkey  to  mon- 
key can  be  continued  through  an  indefinite 
series.  Dr.  Flexner's  discovery  of  the  anti- 
toxin against  spinal  meningitis,  which  cost 
the  lives  of  fifteen  monkeys,  but  through 
which  more  lives  have  been  saved  than 
were  lost  during  any  of  the  big  battles 
of  the  Civil  War,  entitles  him  to  a  place 
beside  Koch,  who  discovered  the  germs  of 
tuberculosis  and  Asiatic  cholera;  Behring, 
who  discovered  the  anti-toxin  for  diphtheria, 
and  Ehrlich,  whose  remedy  for  syphilis  created 
so  profound  a  sensation  only  a  few  years  ago. 
He  is,  indeed,  as  well  known  and  his  service 
to  humanity  is  quite  as  warmly  appreciated  ] 
abroad  as  in  this  country.  On  various  occa 
sions,  and  for  brief  periods,  he  has  studied  ; 
and  carried  on  his  investigations  in  Pasteur 
Institute,  in  Paris,  and  he  has  studied  under 
and  been  associated  with  such  men  as  Von 
Recklinghausen,  Hans  Chiari,  Emil  Fischer, 
and  Ernst  Salkowski.  The  most  distinguished 
recognition  which  he  has  received  was  in  1914, 
when  he  was  informed,  through  the  French 
Ambassador  in  W^ashington,  that  the  cross  of 
chevalier  of  the  Legion  of  Honor  had  been 
conferred  on  him  by  the  President  of  France. 
This  honor  was  bestowed  in  recognition  of  the 
services  Dr.  Flexner  had  rendered  to  medical 
science  through  his  own*  discoveries  and 
through  his  administration  of  the  Rockefeller 
Institute.  Special  mention  in  the  award  was 
made  of  the  assistance  given  to  France  at  the 
time  of  the  epidemic  of  cerebrospinal  menin- 
gitis, w^hich  spread  over  the  country  in  1909, 
when  Dr.  Flexner  sent  to  the  Pasteur  Insti- 
tute a  supply  of  his  serum  and  which  was 
successfully  used  in  combating  the  epidemic. 


242 


I 


TRACY 


TRACY 


Dr.    Flexner    is    a    fellov  k 

Academy  of   Medicine  auil   a   mcnibtt     o    the 

National    Academy    of    Sciences,    the    A  Anoxia - 

tion    of    American    Physicians,    Uw    Arxif  rican 

Philosophical   Society,   the   American    As'*oi.'ia- 

tion    for    the    Advancem*'"*     ■•■     >-  >■ '-.m.    the 

American     Associatiou     <  ■»     and 

BiK't;  riologlsts    and    the  uxperi- 

Biology  and   Medic/u        He   is  a  cor- 

ling     member      oi      "•;        Academy     of 

:ie     of     Paris.  lico-Chirurgical 

of  Bologna,  .:  'oit^^'  de  Patho- 

■que,    of    J'Uiir       ue    has    written 

s  and  reports  m\  f>athological  and 

,.      ...I   ...  'cially     on     tox- 

itery,      cerebro- 

...i  ,...,...,....- — .a,  and  epidemic 

iliomyelitis. 

TEACY,  Benjamin  Franklin,  lawyer,  sol- 
.  r,  judge,  and  Secretary  of  the  Navv,  b  in 
A  ego,  N.  Y.,  26  April,  1830,  d    in  «f.-ok»v»i 

Y.,    6    Aug.,    1916.      Hi»    (a^h-.- 
..ain  Tracy,  a  pioneer   B'i*!v  < 
n   part   of    New    >      ■ 
ithsheba  Wood  in. 

8-  *   aitiM   at   tne  (i*>;gi» 

'-■■  a    stadiows    Batur,; 

nau  ;  .:»!  studie«i 

were  ]^  ami  VVai 

Uer,  anu   .ui  ua^  auTjn.it*-  (  lo  lu-  rutr  in  May, 
1851      From   trying  cases  in  justifies'  courts 
y(Bi  the  county  he  rose  to  more  and  more  im- 
^rtant  charges,  meeting  in  debate  the  most 
distinguished    lawyers    of    the    locality.      In 
53,  at  the  age  of   twenty-three,   he   became 
i.e  candidate  of  the  Whig  party  for  the  oflBce 
;'  district  attorney  of  Tioga  County.     He  was 
he  only  candidate  on  the  Whig  ticket  that 
>^    "     '  -A  and  was  l»elieved  to  be  the  young- 
'   attorney  ever  elected  in  the  State. 
—    re-elected,  his  opponv^nt  being 
'T,  afterward  his  close  friend 
.,    |,„.  cior   and   later   governor   of   Vir- 
A    third   nomination   was   refused   by 
racy  in  1859.     The  new  issues  which  re- 
in   the    formation    of    the    Republican 

■  '  found  in  him  a  ready  advocate,  and  ho 
•came  one  of  the  active  organizers  of  that 
<H:y  in  New  York  State.     Endorsed  by  (roth 

■  Mi.lieans     and     war     Democrats,     he     wa.s 

d  to   the  legislature  from  Tioga   County 

!    iStil.     He  became  the  recognized  leader  of 

is  party  during  his  initial  term,  believed  to 

'"»    ^>ie     first     instance    on     record.       Largely 

.^h    hia     influence,    Henry    J.     H;<ymond 

<  lecte<l    Hp<»aker.    and    in    turn    aj)()f»inted 

\ir.    Tracy    chairman    of    the    Railn^jid    Com- 

'p.ittee,  H   member  of   the  Judicial    Committee, 

•T'  '    'hairman  of  the  Select  Cftmmittc"  of  Nino, 

i>opnbirly   «':iUed    the    "  ^'jriiuIiTiL'   .'imunit- 

.hieli   in;  t.'i(uivak"i>i;   to  the  preseiit   Onu- 

■ '•   on    Rul»H,      ni«    le;^'i8lari\c   <;nvt*r    u.ih 

•>    .  inti'rnipf'^d  by  tbi    Civil  Way.     AI'it  tlic 

.    of   McCb-Iiati    ni-'on   Uu    p.-nin>4»i!.<,   ^v•hen 

•      i  lent     Lincoln     .iill^sl     for     iiOojWio  .  .i)r>re 

s     Governor     M/i'srnn,     nf      N'.  \v      \ov\: 

:  d    the    State    infn    ilurty-lwo    p'f^iiTK^n^Tl 

.'■'•tiB,    correspond  ui^r    \\\ih    the    (hjriytwo 

-<'    .viial  districts  of  the  Suiie.  uj'poiuUng  a 


committee  in  each  to  raise  the  quota  of  that 
district.  Mr.  Tracy  was  appointed  chairman 
of  hia  senatorial  district,  consisting  of  Broome, 
Tioga,  and  Tompkins  Counties.  So  vigorously 
did  he  pursue  his  purpose  that  between  21 
July  and  21  August  he  had  raised  ami 
equipped  two  regiments  and  four  "  skeleton  " 
companies.  As  colonel  of  one  of  these  regi- 
ments, the  109th  New  York  Volunteers,  he  re 
ported  at  Baltimore  in  August,  1862,  and  by 
General  Wool  was  assigned  to  the  proiection 
of  the  railroad  between  Annapolis  Junction 
and  Washington.  He  joined  the  Array  of  the 
Potomac  in  the  spring  of  1864  At  the  battle 
1)f  the  Wilderness  he  exhibited  Muh  gallantry 
as  to  earn  for  him«elt  the  congressional 
medal  of  honr>r.  '»n  the  afterr»of>n  of  the  sec- 
ond day  of  the  battle  he  f»>n  exhausted  from 
over-exertion,  but  remained  two  days  at 
Spott«ylvania,  where  the  righting  t?oafinue«i, 
\  rtt  ^h-?  *n)d  of  which  a  compietc  br«ak?K-.wu 
to  reHjjquifth  hi?  comiuiand  Afi-^r 
:  in    5 he   Norlh    Kt»   \vt<*i^m*i   Ci/'.'K'l 


■  J. 

■       ■     ■■-'^<1 
ttsft   pi'ii&<  n 

■  •  - ...    .,...     . .,  .      -u    m'vay    u?; 

nnsonerft.  On  13  March,  1865,  Coh>ntl 
^^  as  brevetted  brigadier-general  *'  for 
galittnt  and  meritorious  services  during  the 
war,"  and  af*f;r  Lee's  surrender  he  was  hon- 
orably fiisoKarged.  He  then  returned  to  tVie 
praf^tict;  of  in.',  a*.?ociating  him.S'/it'  with  the 
iii^i  of  Benedi'(.  Burr  and  Benetiiei  of  New 
York  City;  and  iu  Octoijer,  1896,  vvan  ap- 
pointed TJ.  S.  district  attorney  for  the  East- 
ern District  of  New  York,  In  this  oapaoity 
he  bent  his  energies  to  the  enforcement  oi' 
revenue  pajinents  by  whisky  distillers.  The 
tax  on  whisky  was  $2.00  per  gallon  and  such 
was  the  extent  of  the  frauds  committed  that 
whisky  was  selling  in  the  open  market  in  Ne^v 
York  at  from  $1.00  to  $1.12  per  gallon 
There  were  about  400  licensed  distijleries  in 
Brooklyn  alone,  besides  an  unkno^\•n  iin!ob>-'r 
of  illicit  distilleries.  At  tlii^  time  there  \v.'- 
no  law  making  ir  an  oflense  for  twf>  or  moft- 
persons  to  consplr*^'  together  to  Uefruud  tlio 
V'nited  fStates  Ho  drew  and  had  pass.?.i  km 
Congress  during  the  first  t-t^ssion  of  18r>7  ?--* 
present  Lnv  to  pmiish  conspiracy  to  d'.'iv.i"  i 
the  United  States.  In  1868  he  dVafted  n  ■.  . 
act  to  regulate  the  levying  and  colh-,'tio<  ■■^' 
taxes  upon  distilled  .^pirit.'^,  and  that  i-  •  - 
j'assed  in  1868.  being  suhstant-ially  i  ••  :■!,,« 
today  ar,  originally  enacted.     Dun-ju  ;  •>' 

j  yt-ar    of    1808    revenue    was   coil--.-!*'.  •■>'' 

six    and    ono-iialf    million    gai!i».!'-    ••'.     \:-k-,. 

!  The  year  after   tiie   n»'W   law    ■.•{■•:    ■;  i'.>     t  ci 

!  about    sixiy    million    j^al'oitM      i'    wlr^i.-    M 
tax.      It  w.n  said  by  (.''>:(:;;:;•-     i,-  .-  >'< 

I  Revenue    .Hodius.    tbai    :p'     :<-y    ')r. 

Ivriicral    Tracv,    to>.n>r'^   ,     \\  I'i    i  i     ■ 


Oi        Mir^S.. 

11  r 

v/ouI(l    ha 

V  i 

<iir   Mflic 

I.I 

i.om.Mi    th 

( 

1,,        v.. 

'ill.UM 

in   l^~ 

(rl-i'     ' 

ELLIOT 


ELLIOT 


The  trial  began  on  4  Jan.  and  ended  on  4 
July.  General  Traev  opened  the  case  for  the 
defense,  occupying  four  days.  In  December, 
1881,  he  was  appointed  a  judge  of  the  court 
of  appeals  to  act  temporarily  in  the  place  of 
Judge  Andrews,  who  was  then  acting  as  chief 
judge  of  the  court.  During  his  term  the  cele- 
brated case  of  Story  vs  New  York  Elevated 
Railroad  Company,  known  as  the  "  Elevated 
Railroad  Case,"  was  argued,  and  General 
Tracy  wrote  the  opinion  of  the  court  in  that 
case 'and  gave  the  casting  vote,  the  case  being 
decided  by  four  to  three.  It  was  one  of  the 
most  important  cases  ever  decided  by  the 
court,  the  question  being  whether  the  elevated 
railroad  constructed  in  the  streets  of  New 
York  was  bound  to  pay  damages  to  the  abut- 
ting owners  of  property  upon  the  streets  for 
the  injury  sustained  by  the  exclusion  of  light 
and  air  and  noise  caused  by  the  construction 
and  operation  of  the  railroad.  The  decision 
of  the  court,  holding  the  company  liable,  has 
been  repeatedly  attacked  and  every  effort  has 
been  made  to  reverse  it,  but  it  has  withstood 
all  attacks  and  remains  the  settled  law  of  the 
State  today,  the  principles  of  the  case  having 
recently  been  reaffirmed  by  the  Supreme  Court 
of  the  United  States.  He  returned  to  his 
practice  in  Brooklyn,  but  on  5  March,  1889, 
he  was  again  summoned  to  the  public  service, 
being  tendered  the  portfolio  of  the  Secretary 
of  the  Navy  in  the  Cabinet  of  President  Harri- 
son. In  this  capacity  he  in  reality  became 
the  founder  of  the  modern  "  fighting  navy." 
During  his  administration  the  three  great 
classes  of  vessels — ^great  battleships,  great 
armored  cruisers,  and  scout  cruisers — were 
first  designed  and  their  construction  begun 
during  the  four  years  of  his  incumbency. 
General  Tracy  was  the  first  to  discover  and 
apply  nickel  steel  armor  plates  to  men-of-war, 
which  are  now  used  in  all  the  navies  of  the 
world.  The  civil  service  reform  movement 
being  under  way  at  this  time,  the  system  was 
applied  by  him  to  the  administration  of  the 
U.  S.  navy  yard.  In  1893  General  Tracy  again 
resiuned  the  practice  of  his  profession  in  the 
city  of  New  York.  He  was  long  recognized 
as  one  of  the  best  all-around  lawyers  of  the 
country.  But  not  only  in  a  professional  sense 
did  he  attain  prominence;  he  was  always 
deeply  interested  in  civic  betterment  and 
served  as  president  of  the  commission  which 
drafted  the  new  charter  consolidating  Man- 
hattan, Brooklyn,  Queens,  and  Richmond  into 
Greater  New  York.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Br6oklyn,  Lawyers',  Union  League,  and  Met- 
ropolitan Clubs  of  New  York;  a  director  of 
the  Mutual  Life,  Manhattan  Life,  and  United 
States  Casualty  Insurance  Companies.  In 
1897  he  was  the  Republican  candidate  for 
mayor  of  New  York,  but  was  defeated.  Gen- 
eral Tracy  married  21  Jan  ,  1851,  Delinda  E., 
daughter  of  Nathaniel  Catlin,  of  Owego,  N.  Y. 
She  died  in  1890.  Two  children,  Emma 
Louise,  widow  of  Ferdinand  Wilmerding,  and 
Frank  Broadhead  Tracy,  survive. 

ELLIOT,  Daniel  Giraud,  zoologist  and 
author,  b.  in  New  York  City,  7  March,  1835; 
d.  there,  22  Dec,  1915,  son  of  George  Thomp- 
son and  Rebecca  Giraud  (Foster)  Elliot.  Af- 
ter finishing  his  common  school  education  he 
took  up  an  advanced  course  in  zoology,  which 
he   had   determined   to  make   his   life's  work. 


Being  possessed  of  independent  means,  he  was 
able,  soon  after  concluding  his  studies,  to  sat- 
isfy his  desire  for  travel  by  a  trip  to  the  West 
Indies  and  to  some  of  the  Southern  States  of 
the  Union.  His  study  of  the  strange  birds 
and  animals,  which  he  saw  on  this  trip,  con- 
firmed him  in  his  determination  to  become  a 
zoologist.  In  1857,  at  the  age  of  twenty-two, 
he  made  another  extended  tour,  this  time  to 
Brazil,  where  he  made  his  first  comprehensive 
collection  of  birds.  Immediately  afterward  he 
went  to  Europe,  passed  from  Malta  to  Sicily, 
then  on  to  Egypt,  devoting  a  few  months  to  a 
trip  to  the  upper  reaches  of  the  Nile,  where 
he  killed  and  collected  extensively.  Return- 
ing to  Cairo,  he  formed  a  party  and  crossed 
the  desert  on  camel  back  to  Palestine.  On 
reaching  the  eastern  side  of  the  Sinaitic  Pen- 
insula, he  journeyed  to  the  land  of  Moab,  visit- 
ing the  ancient  city  of  Petra  (capital  of  Esau's 
kingdom),  also  going  to  Bethlehem  and  Jeru- 
salem and  thence  to  Damascus,  crossing  the 
Lebanon  Mountains  at  an  altitude  of  10,000 
feet  and  returning  to  Europe  by  way  of  Beirut. 
Dr.  Elliot,  when  still  under  forty  years  of 
age,  had  made  one  of  the  finest  collections  of 
birds  in  the  country.  It  consisted  of  over  a 
thousand  specimens,  a  large  number  for  that 
time,  covering  most  of  the  described  species 
of  North  America.  It  had  taken  considerably 
over  ten  years  to  accumulate  this  valuable 
collection.  It  was  beginning  to  give  Dr.  Elliot 
considerable  concern,  for  at  that  time  there 
were  no  fireproof  storage  buildings  and  it  was 
becoming  too  large  for  storage  in  a  private 
house.  Meanwhile  Prof.  Albert  S.  Bickmore, 
another  noted  scientist,  had  conceived  the  idea 
of  founding  in  New  York  City  a  natural  his- 
tory museum  and  had  secured  the  support  of  a  ^i 
number  of  prominent  business  men  anxious  to 
promote  the  cause  of  science.  This  was  in 
1868:  the  charter  for  the  Natural  History 
Museum  had  lately  been  granted.  Dr.  Elliot 
was  just  then  planning  another  trip  abroad  and 
was  deeply  concerned  over  what  to  do  with  his 
collection  during  his  absence.  At  this  juncture 
he  was  approached  by  Professor  Bickmore, 
who  suggested  .that  he  dispose  of  his  collection 
to  the  new  museum.  Dr.  Elliot  gladly  acceded 
to  the  plan,  and  thus  the  museum  acquired 
the  nucleus  for  its  great  collection.  The  speci- 
mens were  turned  over  to  a  leading  taxidermist 
and  as  fast  as  mounted  the  birds  were  put  on 
exhibition  in  the  Arsenal  in  Central  Park, 
where  the  museum  had  its  temporary  quarters. 
In  the  following  summer  Dr.  Elliot  went, 
abroad,  primarily  with  the  object  of  study, 
but  he  also  had  a  commission  from  the  trus- 
tees of  the  museum  to  purchase  any  material 
he  thought  advisable.  Prince  Maximilian  of 
Neuwued  had  recently  died  and  the  family  de- 
sired to  dispose  of  his  collections  which  he  had 
made  on  his  various  expeditions  through  South 
America  and  the  w^estern  parts  of  the  United 
States.  -Dr.  Elliot  therefore  visited  Neuwied, 
taking  with  him  a  letter  of  introduction  from 
the  Princess  Waldeck  to  the  Prince  of  Wied. 
He  found  the  collections  not  only  all  they  had] 
been  described,  but  in  an  excellent  state  ot] 
preservation.  He  therefore  made  the  purchag 
and  had  the  specimens  sent  to  the  museum.] 
Later  he  made  another  large  purchase  froi 
the  Verreaux  Collection,  in  Paris.  Still  a  thirdj 
purchase  was  made,  and  though  smaller  tl 


244 


ELLIOT 


GEORGE 


the  first  two,   it   yet   afforded   some   valuable 
specimens",  being  obtained  from  Mme.  Verdray 
and    consisting   exclusively   of   specimens   that 
were  extremely  rare.     He  also  obtained  some 
valuable  specimens  from  Frank  of  Amsterdam, 
a  dealer  who  obtained  his  material  from  the 
Eastern    Archipelago,    his    Dutch    connections 
giving    him    special    facilities    for    his    enter- 
prise.   Some  years  later,  on  a  short  visit  home, 
Dr.   Elliot   succeeded   in  procuring  some   very 
valuable  specimens  from  his  friend,^  Dr.  A.  L. 
Heerman,  which  had  been  collected  in  the  west- 
ern and  southwestern  sections  of  this  country. 
Dr.  Elliot  bought  this  collection  and  presented 
it  to  the  museum  and  this,  together  with  the 
birds  which  he  had  given  the  museum  in  the 
beginning,    made    the    museum's    collection    of 
North  American  birds  the  most  complete  of 
its  kind  in  the  world,  with  the  possible  excep- 
tion of  that  possessed  by  the  National  Museum 
at  Washington.     On  his  final  return  home,  in 
the   eighties,   Dr.    Elliot   brought  with   him   a 
large  collection  of  humming  birds,  made  during 
his  stay  in  Europe.    At  that  time  it  was  prob- 
ably the  most  complete  in  the  world.     He  had 
had  the  good  fortune  to  be  present  when  large 
collections    of    humming    birds,    such    as    the 
Boucier,  the  Mulsant,  and  others,  were  being 
broken  up  and  sold  and  he  had,  therefore,  the 
opportunity  to  select  from  each  the  rarest  and 
most  valuable  specimens.     In  1887,  when  mov- 
ing from  New  Brighton,  Staten  Island,  where 
he  had  made  his  home  after  returning  from 
Europe,   Dr.   Elliot  gave  this  valuable   collec- 
tion to  the  museum.     At  about  the  same  time 
the    museum    also    gained    possession    of    Dr. 
Elliot's   books,   a   very  full   library  for   orni- 
thologists, practically  complete  for  the  time, 
with  the  exception  of  the  serial  publications. 
In   1896  Dr.   Elliot  was  commissioned  by  the 
Field  Museum  of  Natural  History  in  Chicago, 
with  which  he  had  become  officially  connected 
two  years  previously,  to  lead  an  expedition  into 
Africa  in  a  search  for  specimens.     He  spent  a 
year  in  exploring  Somaliland  and  Ogaden  and 
was  on  the  way  to  the  Boran  country  when 
illness   compelled    him   to   cut   his   expedition 
short.     But  so  far  as  he  was  able  to  go,  the 
expedition  was  a  great  success  and  the  speci- 
mens procured  are  on  exhibition  in  Chicago  to 
this  day.     Some  time  later  he  made  another 
expedition   for   the   Field    Museum,    this   time 
into  the   Olympic  Mountains,   territory  which 
had  never  been  visited  by  scientists  before.    In 
1906  he  began  an  eighteen  months'  trip  around 
the   world,   this   time   to   make   an    extensive 
study  of  primates.     After  working  in  several 
of    the    largest    European    museums,    devoting 
himself  especially  to  a  survey  of  the  lemurs, 
he  went  to  Egypt,  up  the  Nile  to  the  second 
cataract,   then    directed   his   course   to    India. 
There  he  studied  the  various  species  of  mon- 
keys,   visiting   Ceylon,    Rangoon,    Burma,    and 
going  as  far  north  as  Mandalay,  the  old  capital 
on  the  Irawadi  River      Returning  to  Rangoon, 
he  passed  over  to  the  Straits  settlements  and 
visited   the   museums   and   zoological    gardens 
there.    From  Singapore  he  went  to  Java,  stop- 
ping in  Batavia  for  some  time.     Then  he  pro- 
ceeded to  Hong  Kong,  passed  up  the  river  to 
Canton  and,  on  his  return,  visited   Shanghai. 
Then  he  journeyed  800  miles  up  the  Yang-tse- 
kiang    River    to    Hankow,    thence    across    the 
heart  of  China  to  Pekin  and  back  to  Shanghai 


by  sea.  He  next  visited  Japan,  where  he  re- 
mained some  time  studying  the  monkeys  which 
roam  through  the  forests  outside  the  city  of 
Kioto.  On  his  way  to  San  Francisco  he  visited 
the  Hawaiian  Islands  and  explored  a  number 
of  the  islands.  Later  he  made  two  zoological 
trips  to  Alaska,  once  as  a  member  of  the 
Harriman  expedition,  the  results  of  which  are 
still  in  the  course  of  publication.  From  this 
time  onward  Dr.  Elliot  devoted  most  of  his 
days  to  research  and  writing,  though  his 
studies  sometimes  took  him  abroad  on  short 
visits.  Most  of  this  time  was  spent  on  his 
great  work  resulting  from  his  study  of  the 
monkeys,  "Review  of  Primates,"  in  three 
quarto  volumes  and  treating  of  the  lemurs  and 
monkeys  of  the  whole  world  as  well  as  of  the 
anthropoid  apes.  Dr.  Elliot  was  also  the 
author  of  other  very  important  works :  "  The 
Pittidae,  or  Ant  Thrushes  "  ( 1863,  second  edi- 
tion, 1895);  "The  Grouse"  (1865);  "New 
and  Heretofore  Unfigured  Birds  of  North 
America"  (2  vols.,  1869);  "The  Phasaenidae, 
or  Pheasants"  (2  vols.,  1872)  ;  "  Paradiscidae, 
or  Birds  of  Paradise"  (1876);  "The  Felidae, 
or  Cats"  (1883);  "  Bucorotidae,  or  Horn- 
bills"  (1883);  "Synopsis  and  Classification 
of  the  Torchilidae"  (1878);  "Shore  Birds  of 
North  America"  (1895)  ;  "Gallinaceous  Game 
Birds";  "Wild  Fowl  of  the  United  States  and 
the  British  Possessions"  (1898);  "Synopsis 
of  the  Mammals  of  North  America  and  the 
Adjacent  Seas  "  ( 1901 )  ;  "  Land  and  Sea  Mam- 
mals of  Middle  America  and  the  West  Indies  " 
(2  vols.,  1894). 

GEORGE,  Henry,  political  economist,  ex- 
pounder of  the  single  tax  idea,  b.  in  Phila- 
delphia, 2  Sept,,  1839;  d,  in  New  York  City, 
28  Oct.,  1897.  He  went  to  sea  at  an  early 
age,  and,  reaching  California  in  1858,  re- 
mained there,  becoming  finally  a  journalist. 
His  first  book  was  "  Our  Land  and  Land 
Policy"  (1871).  In  1879  he  published 
"  Progress  and  Poverty,"  which  was  issued  in 
the  following  year  in  New  York  and  London, 
and  soon  acquired  a  world-wide  reputation. 
This  book  is  "  an  inquiry  into  the  cause  of 
industrial  depressions  and  of  increase  of  want 
with  increase  of  wealth,"  in  which  the  pre- 
viously held  doctrines  as  to  the  distribution 
of  wealth  and  the  tendency  of  wages  to  a 
minimum  are  examined  and  reconstructed.  In 
the  fact  that  rent,  and  consequently  land 
values,  tend  to  increase  not  only  with  in- 
crease of  population  but  with  all  improve- 
ments that  increase  productive  power,  and 
thereby  the  proportion  of  the  produce  of 
wealth  that  goes  to  labor  and  capital  is  de- 
creased, while  the  speculative  withholding  of 
land  from  use  is  engendered,  Mr.  George  found 
the  primary  cause  of  involuntary  poverty  ex- 
isting side  by  side  with  vast  accumulations 
of  wealth,  and  the  explanation  of  the  par- 
oxysms of  industrial  depression  whieli  occur 
periodically  to  the  great  injury  of  productive 
capital  no  less  than  of  labor.  Tho  remedy 
of  these  evils  he  declared  to  be  the  appropria- 
tion of  rent  by  the  community,  thron^^h  a  tax 
on  land  or  ground  values  in  lieu  of  all  other 
taxes;  thus  making  land  virtually  coninion 
property,  and  stimulating  its  use,  while  giv- 
ing to  the  user  secure  possession  and  leaving 
to  the  producer  tlie  full  advantage  of  his 
exertion.      In    1880    Mr.    George    removed    to 


245 


GEORGE 


LOWELL 


New  York.  In  1881  he  published  "The  Irish 
Land  Question  " — afterward  called  "  The 
Land  Question  " — and  in  the  same  year  he 
visited  Ireland  and  Kngland.  In  1883-84,  at 
the  invitation  of  the  English  Land  Reform 
Union,  he  again  visited  England  and  Scot- 
land, making  speeches  on  the  land  question, 
and  in  1884-85  he  made  another  trip  at  the 
invitation  of  the  Scottish  Land  Restoration 
League,  producing  on  both  tours  a  marked 
effect.  He  published  "Social  Problems" 
(1883),  and  "Protection  or  Free  Trade?" 
(1886),  a  radical  examination  of  the  tariff 
question  and  revealing  its  intimate  and  nat- 
ural relation  to  the  land  question.  In  1886  he 
was  the  candidate  of  the  United  Labor  party 
for  mayor  of  New  York  City,  and  received 
68,110  votes  against  90,552  for  Abram  S. 
Hewitt,  the  Democratic  candidate,  and  60,435 
for  Theodore  Roosevelt,  the  Republican  can- 
didate. In  January,  1887,  Mr.  George  founded 
the  "  Standard,"  a  weekly  paper  devoted  to 
his  doctrines.  In  the  autumn  of  the  same 
year  he  was  a  candidate  for  secretary  of  state 
on  the  United  Labor  ticket,  polling  72,000. 
He  went  as  a  delegate  to  the  Land  Reform 
Conference  in  Paris  in  1889.  In  the  following 
year  he  visited  Australia  and  New  Zealand, 
teaching  his  doctrines  from  the  lecture  platform. 
This  visit  probably  much  stimulated  interest 
in  progressive  political  and  economic  theories 
in  these  countries  which  shortly  afterward  re- 
sulted in  radical  legislation,  such  as  the  grad- 
uated land-tax  of  New  Zealand  and  the  "  Aus- 
tralasian "  tax  in  Australia.  Mr.  George  also 
brought  away  reform  ideas  from  the  Antip- 
odes, being  predisposed  to  this,  having,  im- 
mediately after  his  defeat  for  the  mayoralty 
of  New  York,  been  the  leading  advocate  in  this 
country  of  the  so-called  Australian,  or  secret 
ballot,  which  very  quickly  was  adopted 
throughout  the  Union.  In  1891  he  wrote  a 
reply  to  the  encyclical  of  Leo  XIII,  the  Pope 
having  included  those  who  oppose  private 
property  in  land  among  the  enemies  of  social 
order.  This  reply,  known  as  "  The  Condition 
of  Labor,"  reiterated  the  doctrines  of  "  Prog- 
ress and  Poverty,"  but  in  simpler  fashion, 
giving  the  book  the  place  in  George  bibliog- 
raphy of  a  popular  introduction  to  his  theory. 
Herbert  Spencer,  the  English  philosopher, 
having  recanted  in  his  advanced  years  doc- 
trines similar  to  those  of  George  which  Spen- 
cer had  promulgated  in  early  manhood,  Mr. 
George  wrote  a  polemic  on  the  subject  en- 
titled, "A  Perplexed  Philosopher"  (1892). 
In  1897  Mr.  George  was  nominated  as  an  in- 
dependent candidate  for  mayor  of  the  newly- 
organized  city  of  Greater  *New^  York.  Al- 
though advised  by  his  physicians  that  the 
labors  of  the  campaign  would  endanger  his 
life,  he  decided  to  accept  the  nomination  for 
the  sake  of  the  impetus  his  canvass  would  give 
to  the  discussion  of  his  doctrines  He  made  a 
vigorous  campaign,  attracting  great  and  en- 
thusiastic audiences.  On  the  evening  of  28 
Oct ,  five  days  before  election,  he  spoke  at 
four  places.  That  night  he  died  from  a  stroke 
of  apoplexy  in  the  Union  Square  Hotel,  where 
his  campaign  headquarters  were  situated.  His 
funeral  was  held  on  Sunday,  31  Oct.,  in  the 
Grand  Central  Palace.  Leading  clergymen, 
Roman  Catholic,  Protestant,  and  Hebrew,  paid 
tribute  to   his  character,   and  orators  of   his 


following  repeated  his  message,  before  a  gath- 
ering that  crowded  one  of  the  greatest  audi- 
toriums in  the  city.  While  the  orators  were 
expounding  the  doctrines  of  the  man  in  the 
coffin  before  them,  the  listeners  frequently 
broke  out  in  applause — an  expression  of  de- 
votion to  a  cause  transcending  even  that  to  its 
founder,  which  is  unique  in  the  history  of  such 
occasions.  Mr.  George  was  buried  in  Green- 
wood Cemetery,  Brooklyn.  The  monument 
bears  a  bust  of  George  by  his  son  Richard, 
and  a  (]^uotation  from  "  Progress  and  Poverty," 
expressmg  the  author's  faith  in  the  ultimate 
acceptance  of  his  doctrines.  George's  place  on 
the  ballot  of  his  party  in  the  mayoralty  elec- 
tion was  taken  by  his  son,  Henry,  who,  being 
at  that  time  comparatively  unknown,  was  not 
able  to  hold  his  father's  vote,  so  this  was 
largely  distributed  between  the  two  other 
candidates,  Mr.  Low  and  Mr.  Van  Wyck,  the 
latter  securing  the  election.  Henry  George, 
Jr.,  wrote  a  biography  of  his  father,  which 
was  published  in  1900.  He  also  issued,  with 
notes,  a  book  which  was  on  the  point  of  com- 
pletion and  revision  by  the  elder  George  when 
he  was  called  from  his  literary  labors  to  enter 
into  the  mayoralty  contest.  This  was  "  The 
Science  of  Political  Economy  " — a  work  which 
is  broader  than  the  title  indicates,  since  it 
presents  the  doctrine  of  the  author  as  a  broad 
philosophy  dealing  with  the  relations  of  man 
to  the  universe.  This  system  of  thought  he 
styled  "  The  Philosophy  of  the  Natural  Order.'* 
It  is  estimated  that,  led  by  "  Progress  and 
Poverty"  and  closing  with  "The  Science  of 
Political  Economy,"  "perhaps  five  million 
copies "  of  the  George  books  have  been  circu- 
lated, including  the  translation  of  Chapter 
VIII,  Book  II,  of  "The  Science  of  Political 
Economy."  "  Progress  and  Poverty  "  has  been 
the  most  successful  economic  work  ever  pub- 
lished. Professor  Young,  of  Princeton,  in  his 
"  Single  Tax  Movement  in  the  United  States," 
quoted  Henry  George,  Jr.,  as  stating  that 
"  embracing  all  forms  and  languages,  more 
than  two  million  copies  of  *  Progress  and 
Poverty'  have  been  printed  to  date,  and  that 
including  the  other  books — perhaps  five  mil- 
lion copies  have  been  given  to  the  world."  fl 
As  the  Congressional  edition  was  nearly  one  ■  | 
million  copies  of  "  Protection  and  Free  Trade  "  5 
this  is  not  an  overestimate. 

LOWELL,  Percival,  astronomer,  b.  in  Boston, 
Mass.,  13  March,  1855;  d.  at  Flagstaff, 
Ariz,  12  Nov,  1916,  son  of  Augustus  and 
Katherine  Bigelow  (Lawrence)  Lowell.  His 
father  was  vice-president  of  the  American 
Academy  and  trustee  of  the  Lowell  Institute 
of  Boston,  and  his  maternal  grandfather  was 
Abbott  Lawrence,  U.  S.  minister  to  England  i* 
(1849-52).  He  was  a  cousin  of  James  Russell 
Low^ell,  a  brother  of  Abbott  Lawrence  Lowell, 
president  of  Harvard  University,  and  a  de- 
scendant of  Col.  Timothy  Bigelow,  of  Worces- 
ter, a  distinguished  Revolutionary  soldier. 
He  received  his  early  education  in  private 
schools  in  Boston  and  was  graduated  at  Har- 
vard College  in  1876.  In  1883  he  helped  to 
form  the  Mathematical  and  Physical  Club  of 
Boston,  and  in  the  same  year  he  went  to 
Japan,  where  he  continued  to  reside  more  or 
less  regularly  until  1893.  While  in  Japan  he 
was  appointed  secretary  and  counselor  of  the 
Korean  Special  Mission  to  the  United  States, 


246 


I 


S^n^^ii/  lV7~^arAe^  7/y 


HER^iAN    FkASijH 


FRASCH 


FRASCH 


and  he  spent  the  winter  of  18fto-i  in  the 
irn}>t>rial  city  of  Seoul  on  the  invitation  of  tlie 
:  '  Mfor  of  Korea.  During  his  year*  in  the 
■  :  East  he  made  a  close  study  of  *h^  ebar- 
.-:•■    r,  customs,  and  traditions  •  t'le, 

.        svrote  a  number  of  books  wl.  >n- 

i")ted  materially  to  our  k?:  .\  ihe 

:,.;)t.        After      1893      he  ,  ,elf 

•  h    ily  to  the  science  of  astronoiu        '  ab- 

:;i'd    the    Lowell    Observatory  aff, 

,!      ,   it.   l«n4;   and  in  li>00  he  u  _      an 

iou  to  Tripoit.     In  1002  he  was 

t|tp   .  -esid*!:*   '  r  *.  ><sor  of  astronomy 

at  the  Maasat  i.  "e  of  Technology. 

He  is  known  is  studies  of  tl»e 

planet   M>  Kipedition   to   the 

Andes   tc  in    1907,    and   at 

his  obscTv;:     rj    iii    rjHgsiHii,   in  the  Arizona 

desert,  he  njude  careful  studies  of  the  planet, 

which  have  resulted  in  a  numbei    '■   in*"'  rj,,ot 

discoveries.     Professor  Lowell  it  *^x- 

^ionent  of  the  theory  *'f  tn*    'i  's 

and  advanced  mais. 

xistence    of    an    *■ 


parents  were  natives  of  Stuttgart,  hie  father 
was  burgomaster  of  Gaildorf.  His  family  on 
fmth  sides  was  notable,  particularly  in  the 
military  life  of  Germany;  his  uncle,  Major 
Berth,  was  killed  in  the  Franco-Prussian  War, 
and  a  first  cousin,  Lieut.  Col.  Frederick  Borth, 
of  Wiirttemberg,  a  member  of  the  stutf  of  the 
Grand  Duke  Albrecht,  was  killed  during  the 
recent  operations  in  France,  on  IS  Aug.,  1914. 
Herman  Frasch  waH  educated  in  the  city  of 
Halle,  passing  through  the  successive  grades 
of  the  public  and  Latin  schools  and  the  gpn- 
nasium.  At  the  age  of  sixteen  he  entered 
upon  his  work  as  a  pharmacist  iu  Hallo,  hut 
alx)ut  one  year  later  came  to  the  L'nitcd 
States,  sailing  from  Bremen  and  landing  in 
Philadelphia.  StM:»n  aft<^r  hJa  arrival,  he  en- 
tered the  '  -  —  •*  ^-  John  M.  Maisch 
at    the  ..'    of    Pharm-f'^y. 

Here   "•  '    ■•  ^    ^v.v.,.,;.,^ 

his  try 

^>n«^  ■<^, 

fJ 


ion  of   them 

-J    vva8  coKi.      lie  rciuniea  to  this  coun- 
ifter  six  weeks  and  thereafter  spent  most 
jx'  time  at  the  Flagstaff  Observatory.     For 
researches  on  Mars  he  received  the  Jann^ 
gold   medal   of  the   French   Astronomical 
f  ly,  and  a  gold  medal  from  the  Sociedad 
^nomica   de    Mexico.      He  also   made   ex- 
ations    and    announced     impor- 
.  on  the  planets  Mercury,  Venus, 
■.iid   Saturn,      iiri  riublished  writingg  iiulude, 
Choson "     ( Xiif      :    "  The    Soul    of    the    Far 
-■  '  "      '^  '  -      ,-     (1891)  ;     '^Occult 

"    :]805)  ;    "Annals 
..     ,.,,....       :.,:-....,; ury ''     '2    i-»ls  .    \ms, 
"  ;  **"The  Solar  vSystera'"  (1003    .    '  .^-.jthIp 
•iG<  Lowell  Observatory"   (Vol.  TH,   'i^^f.  ■  \ 
rs  and    Its   Canals"    (1906):    ''Mars    as 
Abode  of  Life"    (1908);    "The   Evolution 
.U    Worlds"    (1909).     Professor  Lovvfell   wa.s  a 
tv  rjow  of  the  American  Academy  of  Arts  and 
I'es,  and  of  the  Amerir-an  xissociation  for 
dvancement  of  Science;  a  m«'mbcr  of  the 
.    Asiatic   Society   of   Groat    Britain    and 
'ltd,    the    Amoricrin   Philosophical    Society, 
■Mww'.M    -^^frouomifn:e  de   France,  and   the 
i    .  Gfft'llpchaft;      hji      hcmorary 

■  •     •  !      ■  ''■'rt'>t'«!aH    A.^tronomica  de  Mex- 

ico, Rn«i  a  rjfu-oJ^r  '•;  t»»f  N'n.i  nal  aii»l  Am*  ri 
'•»n  Geographical  Sr.ii.tii-^      Tin    nnnorury  <le 
r"'     of  fjL.D.  wsio  conferred  uj>oii  luir  by  Am- 
CT»l)egc     in     l',»07    and    liv    t'birk'   Uni- 
v    in    1900       Ih     ,vn.s    marrir.(?    10    June. 
,    r.n   Coimtaif.'    SHvayt*    K.'''Li!i,   o^    Btwim 
'ASCH.  Kerrxjan.   mvcntdr,  b    <«•   Giiila.ri. 
'ffimherg,   GeriinrM       •'.■    !)»■<•.    1S.'j2;    d     jji 
^,  France,   1    .^'!a^ .    I!»*i  '     8«n  of  -John   ami 
rt«da  Henrietta    (Bauer)    l'ra*^:h..     Both   hiw 


dehiinfd  to  rccogui/*^  jind  hon'^r  in 
,  .;.  6.  He  received  his  first  patent,  cov- 
a  process  for  utilizing  tin  scrap,  in 
,  his  second,  on  a  process  for  purifying 
•Ine  wax  in  1876.  Both  of  these,  as  events 
proveKl,  Mere  basic  i-.)  important  modern 
i.'idustries.  Tlie  paraHin-j  wax,  formerly  a 
waste  by-product  in  oil  refining,  was  now 
capable  of  utilization  in  the  manufacture  of 
candles  and  for  other  industrial  purposes  of 
importance,  and  the  credit  of  discovering  the 
secret  of  its  utilization,  worth  millions  of  dol- 
lars yearly,  is  due  to  the  genius  of  Mr.  Frasch. 
He  also  originated  the  familiar  and  useful 
paraflfine  paper,  which  has  such  great  and 
varied  uses  as  a  waterproof  packi?ig  for  food- 
stuffs, confectionery,  etc.,  and  has  made  pos 
siblo  the  safe  transportation  and  preBcrvati.-u 
of  m.iny  substances,  otherwif^e  pcri^^lmhi  • 
Thefi*--.  Slid  related  patents  havuig  been  pu*^ 
chnsed  by  cue  of  the  svibsidiarief  ot  (he  Stjuu' 
ard  Oil  Company,  he  Inmself  wa.^  retail  i^ 
under  contract  for  a  term  of  vcars,  to  r-" 
ihict  extensive  experiments  for  imprnvififi^  t*  • 
processes  of  refining  crude  petroleum  •; 
rr):i<io  aevi-ral  technical  f.onlrilntti(  us  t.  ':■: 
i»ractical   processes  of  oil   mannfartv;!*.  '.f 

which  were  jjrofitably  adopted  in  f)rni!'  .  ^ 

the  comparatively  pure  oilf*  from  O.-    ^        .  \] 
vania   fields,   as   well   as   acMTnl    it      ';:•  nw;-    i  ; 
other  in(h!i-itrial  line.-%  such  an  ot:  ■  *       i  (^    isr-' 
duction  of  white  lead  fron^-  giii<  :  :     .,    .  :im'^:' 
for   the   purifi.-al  ion    of    >-;.!.  i;;,/:        >■ 

produciti<:r  ekctri*-  H;.'hi 
uvm.      \n   iShf).   hmv   \.  • 

p<'rijrionts  lending  ;  .  «  •    •' 

tiisfovcries.   (he  pe     '■'  •■•  •  ■■-•■ 
o^la,    au.  h    .'19    Mr., 
Canada,   » 'Voi-.    i  •    , 
en(^?   of   fM\]^-  ' 
thfir    r    r,.;    , 
odor- 
vhev 

usuui    ,  ?  I  «  ,'  ' 


FRASCH 


FRASCH 


teen  cents  per  barrel.     Apart  from  the  pres- 
ence of  these  impurities,  however,  the  oils  were 
of  excellent  quality,  capable  of  refinement  into 
illuminating   oils   of    high   grade,   as   well    as 
into  the  coarser  products  fit  only  for  fuel  pur- 
poses.    A  great  reward  awaited  the  man  who 
should    successfully    achieve    the    feat    of    de- 
sulphurizing them  on  a  commercial  scale,  and 
to  win  this  Mr.  Frasch  set  himself  with  his 
usual  persistence  and  industry.    As  the  result 
of    exhaustive    tests    on     Canadian    sulphur- 
tainted   oils   he   discovered   that   the   offensive 
odors  and  other   commercial   drawbacks   were 
due  to   the  presence  of  about   2   per  cent,  of 
sulphur  in  the  crude  well  product.     Therefore, 
with  the  instinct  of  the  experienced  chemist, 
he     quickly    concluded    that    this    could     be 
eliminated  by  treating  with  metallic  oxide,  so 
as  to  combine  with  the  free  sulphur  held  in 
the   solutiofi  by  the  oil   and  form  the  corre- 
sponding metallic  sulphides.     Several  such  ox- 
ides when  suitably  reduced   and  heated  with 
the  oil   were   found   capable  of   accomplishing 
the  desired  end  of  desulphurization,  but  Mr. 
Frasch    concluded    that    copper    oxide    is    the 
most    suitable,   because   of   the   fact   that   the 
sulphide  resulting  from  the  treatment  of  the 
oil  may  be  more  readily  generated,  or  reduced 
to  a  simple  oxide  again  by  a  process  of  roast- 
ing.    The  copper  oxide  may  thus  be  used  re- 
peatedly, after  regeneration.     Furthermore,  as 
he  discovered,  by  the  addition  of  oxide,  after 
the    desired    combinations    had    largely    taken 
place,   the  oil  could  be  so  far  desulphurized 
that  only  about  2-100  of  1  per  cent,  of  sulphur 
could  be  found,  a  quantity  entirely  negligible 
for  most  purposes   in  which  petroleum  prod- 
ucts are  used.     The  process  of  mixing  the  oil 
with   copper   oxide    was   performed   by    either 
one  or   two  methods.     In  the  one  the  oil   is 
boiled  with  the  oxide  in  great  vertical  stills, 
and  the  mass  was  kept  in  constant  agitation 
by  the  use  of  chain  stirrers.    In  the  second  the 
vapor  from  the  oil  boiled  in  a  suitable  caldron 
was  led  through  great  double  walled  drums, 
which,  in  turn,  were  heated  on  the  outside  by 
fires  fed  from  oil  vapor,  and  in  which  the  cop- 
per oxide  was  kept  in  a  constant  state  of  agi- 
tation  by   means    of    rotary   brushes   of    steel 
wires.      Either   process   was    suitable    for   the 
large  scale  work  demanded  in  the  oil  industry, 
and  both  have  been  used.     The  vast  scope  of 
the  process  may  be  judged  by  the  fact  that  at 
the  largest  of  the  Standard  Oil  Company's  re- 
fineries at   Whiting,   Ind.,  400,000  pounds,  or 
200  tons,  of  copper  oxide  are  constantly  in  use. 
The    desulphurization   of   the   copper   sulphide 
residuum  of  the  oil  desulphurization  process 
is  accomplished  in  a  specially  designed  roasting 
furnace,  in  which  the  mass  of  the  sulphide  is 
kept   in   constant   agitation   by   immense   stir- 
ring arms  carried  on  a  rotating  shaft.     This 
shaft  he  made  hollow,  protecting  it  and  the 
attached  mechanism  from  distortion  under  the 
intense  heat  by  hot  water  circulated  through 
the    inner    spaces;    transforming    the    moving 
parts,  in  fact,  into  a  water -tube  boiler  supply- 
ing   superheated    steam    to    the    engine    which 
drove  the  entire  mechanism.     Thus  was  com-  i 
pleted   a   process    which   is,   by   all   odds,   the 
most  important  contribution  ever  made  to  the 
oil    refining    industry,    and    which    has    made 
available  for  all  purposes  to  which  petroleum 
oil    and    its   products   are    applied,    even   the 


most  impure  deposits  to  be  found  in  the  wells 
of  the  Middle  West  of  the  United  States  and 
Canada.  Mr.  Frasch's  inventions,  which  had 
really  created  the  Canadian  oil  industry,  were 
destined  to  even  wider  utilization.  About  the 
time  of  their  first  perfection  the  oil  fields  of 
Indiana,  Ohio,  and  Illinois  were  first  discov- 
ered. These  fields  yielded  a  highly  sulphurized 
product  of  quality  very  similar  to  that  found 
in  Canada.  In  order  to  render  these  western 
oils  available  for  the  market,  desulphurization 
was  necessary.  The  Standard  Oil  Company 
accordingly  purchased  Mr.  Frasch's  patents  to 
the  process,  and  secured  his  services  in  the 
erection  and  operation  of  stills  in  the  United 
States.  The  efficiency  of  the  process  may  be 
judged  by  the  fact  that,  with  the  installation 
of  the  process,  the  daily  output  at  the  wells 
was  increased  from  30,000  barrels  at  fourteen 
cents  to  90,000  barrels  at  $1.00,  an  increase 
in  gross  receipts  from  $4,200  to  $90,000.  The 
stock  with  which  Mr.  Frasch  was  paid  for  his 
patents  rose  similarly  from  a  quoted  value  of 
168,  with  dividends  at  7  per  cent.,  to  a  quoted 
value  of  820,  with  dividends  at  40  per  cent. 
In  his  connection  with  the  Standard  Oil  Com- 
pany, Mr.  Frasch  was  repeatedly  appealed  to 
for  the  solution  of  a  wide  range  of  difficulties 
that  were  inevitable  in  the  course  of  such  a 
business.  Difficulties  seemed  only  to  stimu- 
late his  inventive  ability  to  greater  activity. 
Nor  were  his  contributions  only  in  the  domain 
of  chemistry,  but  also  in  the  range  of  me- 
chanics, where  he  is  credited  with  several  de- 
vices of  the  greatest  use  and  efficiency.  He 
nearly  duplicated  his  achievements  with  sul- 
phurized oil  in  his  successful  purification  of 
the  Californian  oils,  which  were  found  charged 
with  aromatic  hydrocarbon  compounds  to  such 
an  extent  as  to  interfere  with  their  fullest 
usefulness.  His  solution  of  this  difficulty  was 
a  simple  chemical  one  by  which  the  aromatics 
were  easily  separated  from  the  alphatic  and 
acyclic  constituents  by  transferring  the  former 
into  their  sulpho-acids  by  the  use  of  smoking 
sulphuric  acid.  On  another  occasion  he  was 
appealed  to  to  devise  a  method  for  rejuvenat- 
ing "  tired  wells  "  suitable  to  the  conditions  of 
the  western  fields.  In  Pennsylvania  the  usual 
method  had  been  to  drop  a  charge  of  nitro- 
glycerine into  the  well,  in  order  to  shatter  the 
surrounding  rock  by  explosion  and  thus  pro- 
mote new  flow  of  oil.  Geological  considera- 
tions, relating  principally  to  the  quality  of  the 
rock,  also  to  its  depth  below  the  surface  ren- 
dered this  procedure  inapplicable  to  the  In- 
diana and  Ohio  wells.  After  mature  considera- 
tion of  the  conditions,  Mr.  Frasch  suggested 
the  use  of  hydrochloric  or  sulphuric  acid,  the 
one  or  the  other,  according  to  specified  condi- 
tions in  a  given  case,  to  be  poured  down  the 
well,  and  the  mouth  securely  plugged.  The 
result  was  that  the  generation  of  gases,  due  to 
the  chemical  reactions  taking  place  in  the  sub- 
terranean depths,  acted  to  shatter  the  sur- 
rounding rocks  and  open  up  new  oil  cavities, 
quite  as  effectively  and  more  certainly  than  by 
the  use  of  explosives.  About  1891  Mr.  Frasch's 
attention  was  called  to  an  interesting  situation 
developed  in  Calcasieu  Parish,  La.  There,  as 
had  long  been  known,  exists  a  rich  and  very 
pure  bed  of  sulphur,  which  had  never  been 
worked  for  the  simple  reason  that  no  one  had 
as  yet  devised  means  suitable  for  mining  it. 


248 


FRASCH 


BURNHAM 


Several  companies,  Austrian,  French,  and 
American,  had  successively  attempted  to  get 
at  the  rich  deposit,  and  had  failed  ignomini- 
ously.  The  principal  difficulty  lay  in  the  fact 
that  a  bed  of  quicksand,  about  500  feet  in 
depth,  lay  immediately  over  the  sulphur.  The 
conditions  were  such  that  the  sinking  of  a 
shaft  was  entirely  out  of  the  question.  Con- 
sequently, the  rich  sulphur  deposit — one  of  the 
richest  in  the  world,  as  it  has  transpired — 
seemed  irrevocably  out  of  the  reach  of  human 
ingenuity.  To  Mr.  Frasch  the  difficulty  pre- 
sented only  another  opportunity.  He  wasted 
no  time  in  attempting  to  devise  some  means 
for  sinking  a  shaft  through  the  bog,  but  saw 
plainly  that  some  new  method  must  be  adopted. 
With  his  thorough  knowledge  of  chemistry 
and  physics  fortified  also  by  familiarity  with 
methods  followed  in  other  industries,  to  over- 
come analogous  difficulties,  he  invented  the 
process  of  melting  the  sulphur  in  its  subter- 
ranean bed,  and  pumping  it  in  liquid  form  to 
the  surface.  To  accomplish  this  result  he 
sunk  a  ten-inch  pipe  to  a  depth  of  200  feet 
through  the  sulphur  deposit,  with  the  object, 
merely,  of  providing  a  suitable  casing  for  his 
pumping  apparatus.  Within  this,  then,  he  let 
down  another  pipe  of  six-inch  diameter,  hav- 
ing a  strainer  at  the  lower  end,  and  filled  in 
the  intervening  space  with  sand,  in  order  to 
secure  a  firm  and  rigid  construction.  A  three- 
inch  pipe  was  then  let  down  within  the  six- 
inch,  and  the  principal  elements  of  his  epoch- 
making  apparatus  were  in  place.  A  battery  of 
boilers,  aggregating  3,000  horsepower  steam- 
ing capacity,  was  then  installed  on  the  sur- 
face, and  superheated  water,  at  a  temperature 
of  335  degrees  Fahrenheit,  was  pumped 
steadily  through  the  six-inch  pipe  for  twenty- 
four  hours.  At  the  close  of  this  period,  the 
injection  was  stopped,  and  the  raised  pumps 
operating  through  the  inmost,  or  three-inch, 
pipe  were  started.  The  result  was  that,  as  he 
had  foreseen,  the  sulphur,  melted  and  carried 
by  the  superheated  water,  was  drawn  to  the 
surface,  and  fed  into  extensive  receptacles, 
hastily  prepared  to  receive  it.  In  this  man- 
ner was  the  success  of  Mr.  Frasch's  brilliant 
experiment  fully  demonstrated,  and  an  exten- 
sive deposit  of  sulphur,  hitherto  inaccessible, 
brought  forth  for  commercial  uses.  By  the 
use  of  the  simple  devices  just  described, 
coupled  with  others  designed  to  meet  the  re- 
quirements of  filling  in  the  cavities  formed  by 
the  extraction  of  the  sulphur  and  to  maintain 
the  requisite  high  temperature  in  the  wells, 
against  the  cooling  effects  of  springs,  etc.,  the 
process  was  rendered  perfectly  effective.  At 
the  present  time  seven  separate  wells  are 
pumped  constantly,  and  an  annual  aggregate 
production  of  250,000  tons  of  sulphur  is  ob- 
tained. Each  well  apparatus  is  served  by  a  bat- 
tery of  between  fifteen  and  twenty  high  pres- 
sure steam  boilers.  The  product,  9914  per  cent, 
pure,  is  fed  into  reservoirs  where  it  is  allowed 
to  cool  and  harden,  and  is  then  blasted  into 
sections  suitable  for  transportation.  An  im- 
mense amount  of  the  sulphur  is  sold  to  agri- 
culturalists, particularly  to  those  engaged  in 
the  cultivation  of  grapes.  Because  of  the  im- 
mense output  of  the  mineral  made  possible  by 
Mr.  Frasch's  inventions,  his  company  would 
have  easily  been  able  to  control  the  sulphur 
trade  of  the  world,  underselling  all  competi- 


tors, even  the  Anglo-Sicilian  Company,  which 
had  hitherto  enjoyed  a  virtual  monopoly  of  the 
sulphur  market.  The  exceptional  opportunity 
to  thus  create  an  actual  monopoly  of  the 
world's  market  in  sulphur  would  have  been 
eagerly  seized  on  by  many,  who  would  have 
thought  of  nothing  but  the  vast  profits  to  be 
obtained.  With  Mr.  Frasch,  however,  a  differ- 
ent thought  occurred  immediately.  He  knew 
perfectly  well  that  the  other  important  source 
of  the  sulphur  supply  was  in  the  mines  of 
Sicily,  where  the  laborers  had  been  afforded  a 
constant  source  of  employment  since  the  days 
of  the  Roman  Empire.  Accordingly,  with  that 
deep  kindliness  of  nature  which  had  endeared 
him  to  all  with  whom  he  came  in  contact,  he 
determined  to  achieve  an  understanding  with 
the  Sicilian  producers  on  the  division  of  the 
world  market  on  a  perfectly  equable  basis. 
The  matter  was  adjusted,  therefore,  in  such 
a  way  as  to  maintain  the  best  interests  of  all. 
Mr.  Frasch's  inventions  in  the  various  lines 
of  his  endeavor  are  covered  by  several  hun- 
dred patents  in  the  United  States,  Canada,  and 
European  countries.  According  to  his  friend, 
Charles  J.  Hedrick  of  the  U.  S.  Patent  Office, 
patents  were  granted  to  him  covering  at  least 
sixty-nine  distinct  and  separate  subjects  of 
invention.  Mr.  Frasch  resided  for  many  years 
in  the  city  of  Cleveland,  Ohio,  where  he  was 
a  member  of  the  Union  and  Roadside  Clubs, 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  Gentlemen's  Driving 
Club,  and  a  charter  member  of  the  Tavern 
Club.  He  was  also  a  member  of  the  Sleepy 
Hollow  Club  of  New  York  and  of  the  Travelers' 
Club  of  Paris.  He  was  married  in  1892  to 
Elizabeth  Blee,  of  Cleveland,  Ohio.  He  had 
one  son,  George  Berkeley  Frasch,  and  one 
daughter,  Frieda,  who  was  married  in  1902  to 
Henry  Devereux  Whiton,  of  Cleveland.  He 
was  buried  in  the  old  cemetery  at  Gaildorf, 
where  his  wife  and  daughter  have  erected  a 
memorial  chapel  within  the  cemetery  inclosure. 
BTTRNHAM,  Frederick  Russell,  explorer,  b. 
at  Tivoli,  Minn.,  11  May,  1861.  His  father 
was  Rev.  Edwin  O.  Burnham,  who  was  long  a 
pioneer  missionary  on  the  border  of  the  In- 
dian reserve  of  Minnesota.  Burnham's 
mother,  Rebecca  Russell,  was  a  woman  of  re- 
markable courage,  and  of  a  sweet  and  gentle 
disposition.  When  a  very  young  child  he  wit- 
nessed in  his  mother's  arms  tlie  burning  of 
New  Ulm,  and  the  massacring  of  the  women 
and  children  by  Red  Cloud  and  his  warriors. 
It  is  related  that  once  his  mother,  when  flee- 
ing for  her  life  from  the  Indians,  hid  him 
under  a  stack  of  corn  in  a  cornfield,  where, 
after  the  redskins  had  been  beaten  off,  the 
little  lad  was  found  fast  asleep.  His  an- 
cestry is  proof  that  Major  Burnliam  is  de- 
scended from  fearless  fighting  stock.  When 
the  boy  was  nine  years  old  the  family  moved 
to  Los  Angeles,  Cal.,  where  not  long  after- 
ward the  father  died.  Young  Burnham,  to 
relieve  the  stress  of  the  grinding  poverty  that 
followed  the  father's  death,  became  a  mounted 
messenger,  and  from  long  hours  in  the  sad- 
dle gained  local  reputation  as  a  hard  rider. 
He  attended  Clinton  high  school  and  obtained 
such  education  as  the  exigencies  of  the  cir- 
cumstances permitted.  Ho  was  in  turn  cow- 
boy, scout,  guide,  minor,  and  deputy  sliorilV  in 
the  West.  For  fifteen  years  this  extraor- 
dinary young  man   roved  from   Hudson's  Bay 


249 


BURNHAM 


BURNHAM 


to  Mexico,  passing  through  thrilling  adven- 
tures and  wide-ranging  experiences.  In  1884, 
when  he  was  twenty-three  years  of  age, 
Burnham  married  Blanche  Blick,  of  Clinton, 
la  Nine  years  later  when  he  was  tempted 
to  hazard  his  fortune  in  the  African  gold 
fields,  Mrs.  Burnham  went  with  him  and 
shared  her  husband's  life  of  travel,  danger, 
and  hardship.  He  arrived  at  Cape  Town  and 
was  induced  to  become  the  head  of  the  scouts 
in  the  Matabele  wars  and  the  subjugation  of 
Rhodesia.  In  recognition  of  his  exceptional 
services  in  the  Matabele  rebellion,  the  Char- 
tered Company  presented  him  with  a  cam- 
paign medal,  a  gold  watch  suitably  engraved, 
and  conjointly  with  two  others  a  tract  of 
land  containing  300  square  miles  in  Rhodesia. 
It  was  in  Rhodesia  that  Burnham  discovered 
the  huge  granite  ruins  of  an  ancient  civiliza- 
tion. The  structures,  many  feet  wide  and  laid 
entirely  without  mortar,  date  a  period  prior 
to  that  of  the  Phoenicians.  From  the  scenes 
rendered  famous  by  Rider  Haggard's  imagi- 
native "King  Solomon's  Mines,"  the  explorer 
brought  away  a  buried  treasure  of  gold  and 
gold  ornaments.  Like  a  true  soldier  of  for- 
tune, Burnham's  adventurous  activities  never 
ceased;  and  preparatory  to  the  building  of 
the  Cape  to  Cairo  Railway,  he  led  an  expedi- 
tion to  Barotseland.  In  the  second  Matabele 
war  he  was  on  the  staff  of  Sir  Frederick  Car- 
rington,  and  following  the  suggestion  of  the 
commissioner  of  the  district,  Burnham  was 
dispatched  to  capture  or  kill  the  Matabele 
**  god,"  or  prophet,  Umbino,  who  was  the 
moving  spirit  of  the  rebellion.  The  enter- 
prise was  one  of  enormous  trial  and  danger, 
but  Burnham  and  his  daring  companions 
brought  it  to  a  successful  issue  by  entering 
the  "  god's "  cave  in  the  Matopa  Mountains 
and  killing  him,  thus  terminating  the  war. 
The  death  of  Burnham's  little  daughter,  who 
had  been  the  first  white  child  born  in 
Buluwayo,  caused  him  to  return  to  California. 
He  then  sought  in  the  Klondike  and  Alaska 
new  fields  for  his  energy,  and  during  two 
years,  from  1898  to  1900,  operated  gold  mines 
with  vigor.  In  January,  1900,  he  received  a 
message  from  Lord  Roberts  recalling  him  to 
South  Africa  to  become  chief  of  scouts  of  the 
British  army  in  the  Boer  War.  He  was 
wounded  2  June,  1901,  while  on  scouting 
duty  to  destroy  the  enemy's  railway  base,  and 
was  invalided  home.  For  heroic  services  done 
he  was  commissioned  major  in  the  British 
army,  presented  with  a  large  sum  of  money, 
and  received  a  personal  letter  of  thanks 
from  Lord  Roberts.  On  his  arrival  in  Eng- 
land, he  was  commanded  to  dine  with  Queen 
Victoria,  and  spent  the  night  at  Osborne 
Castle.  King  Edward  honored  him  by  the 
personal  presentation  of  the  South  African 
medal  with  five  bars  and  the  cross  of  the 
Distinguished  Service  Order.  He  made  sur- 
veys of  the  Volta  River  in  West  Africa,  ex- 
plored parts  of  French  Nigeria,  Hunterland 
of  Gold  Coast  Colony,  and  headed  an  expedi- 
tion of  magnitude  for  the  exploration  of  East 
Africa,  covering  a  vast  territory  along  the 
Congo  basin  and  the  head  of  the  Nile.  He 
discovered  a  lake  of  forty-nine  square  miles, 
composed  almost  entirely  of  pure  carbonate 
of  soda  of  unknown  depth.  Major  Burnham 
writes    with    the    authority    of    complete    and 


original    knowledge    on    many    African    sub-  ' 

jects,  including  the  game  of  Africa.  He  is  a 
philosopher  as  well  as  a  traveler  and  discov- 
erer. In  an  article  on  the  "  Transplanting  of 
African  Animals,"  he  says :  "  There  is  in 
Africa   a  wonderfully  varied   range   of   inter-  } 

esting  animals.  Most  of  the  desirable  ones 
could  be  easily  introduced  into  our  own 
Southwest.  They  would  multiply  where  our 
own  domestic  animals  cannot  live.  Vast 
tracts  of  our  lonely  deserts  could  be  teeming 
with  life  interesting,  beautiful,  harmless,  very 
useful  for  food  and  leather,  displacing  not  a 
head  of  our  own  cattle  or  other  domestic 
stock,  offering  a  grand  hunting-ground,  a  true 
pleasure  land  to  all  lovers  of  animal  life. 
...  In  short,  Africa  is  a  wonderland  of  ani- 
mal life  to  draw  from.  We  can  exclude  its 
venomous  reptiles  and  insects,  and  take  the 
useful  animals  that  have  worked  out  from  a 
hard  environment  a  way  to  survive.  ...  In 
the  animal  world.  Nature  seems  to  work  out 
the  essential  end  by  means  apparently  harsh. 
If  it  were  not  for  the  natural  enemies  of  the 
great  game  herds,  they  would  increase  so  fast 
that  there  would  be  no  food  supply,  and  star- 
vation would  be  their  end.  .  .  .  Furthermore, 
it  is  among  the  sick  and  weak  that  disease 
is  spread,  and  infection  there  may  reach  a 
point  that  endangers  the  whole  healthy  herd. 
...  So  even  lions  and  tigers,  vultures  and 
eagles  serve  a  merciful  and  proper  purpose. 
In  the  countries  where  they  are  found,  an  ani- 
mal that  is  born  deficient  in  its  faculties, 
or  becomes  ill  or  aged  or  wounded,  is  at  once 
usefully  destroyed  as  a  means  of  preserving 
the  high  average  of  the  herd."  He  has  the  true 
naturalist's  habits  of  observation,  as  the  fol- 
lowing brief  excerpt  concerning  the  lion  testi- 
fies :  "  There  was  a  time  when  the  lion  could 
walk  out  with  his  head  up  without  cover. 
He  was  the  king  of  beasts.  Even  now,  in  the 
interior  of  Africa,  where  there  are  no  fire- 
arms, the  lion  is  perfectly  indifferent  about 
taking  cover.  He  will  lie  around  during  the 
day  under  a  tree,  or  in  the  shade  of  a  cliff, 
and  almost  anyone  can  get  close  to  him.  .  .  . 
Where  he  is  hunted  with  a  rifle,  as  he  is  in 
Rhodesia  and  in  many  other  parts  of  Africa, 
he  has  acquired  a  cunning  which  matches  that 
of  the  British  fox."  What  he  has  to  say  of 
the  Masai  will  illustrate  his  graphic  style  of 
writing:  "Every  warrior  is  a  spearman,  car- 
rying a  long,  heavy  spear,  with  a  blade 
three  feet  in  length,  made  of  mild  steel  from 
their  own  mines  and  forges.  Their  habits  of 
night  attack  are  to  rush  right  through  a 
camp  with  their  spears  without  making  a 
sound,  their  motto  being,  '  Let  the  enemy  do 
the  yelling,'  and  as  they  pass  through  they 
stab  everything  that  moves;  and  if  the  first 
rush  is  successful,  they  turn  and  sweep 
through  the  camp  a  second  time.  After  the 
Masai  have  gone  through  the  second  time, 
there  is  nothing  alive."  In  1908  Major  Burn- 
ham made  important  archeological  discoveries 
of     Maya     civilization     extending     into     the  ; 

Yaqui  country,  as  revealed  by  stone  carvings  jBf 
and  writings.  He  is  now  closely  engaged  ^ 
with  John  Hays  Hammond,  the  distinguished 
mining  engineer,  in  diverting  into  the  delta 
the  entire  Yaqui  River,  through  a  system  of 
canals,  for  the  reclamation  of  a  vast  tract 
containing  700  square  miles  of  land,  to  find 


250 


j^^^^2:^^l^i^cyy 


GREGORY 


WIDENER 


a   Juried  city  and  open  up  mines  of  copptT 
.i.'i.l  silver.     He  is  also 'asi^ocia ted  vi*-'      '   ■'^ 
moiid  and   another  American   in   a 
import    into    America    many    ku;ds    •• 
African    deer.      Congress    hay    already    voted 
1 1.3, 000  toward  the  plan. 

GREGOEY,  Eliot,  ai '  r,  b.  in  New 

York  City,   N.   Y  ,    ]A  -:   d.  there   1 

June,  101  ■>,  ron  <>r    '  \  Eliza    (Mor- 

gan)  Grrj?ory.     f :  i  .ell  known  in 

hiB  tinii-  ;l^  -;     '  iiaher.     After 

attt-ndhK?    i),  ,   at   Andover, 

he    eiili:r-d  >m    which    he 

graduated    \m'- .  73.     He   then 

went  to  Tai  i  .'^d  as  an   art 

student  in  the  B.  >>liere  one  of  his 

teacher's   was   Cai  n,    while   John    S 

Sargent  was  one  ot   t-i^  t<jllow  students.     One 
of  his  paintings,   "  C  oquetterie,"   won  honora- 
ble mention  at  the  Salon.     On  his  return  to 
New   York   Mr.   Gregory  e»labli*<hed   a   studii* 
in  Madison  {^nnftv^-      n<     t^-  mm.-  .>t   tiu.   i\r^'. 
to    introduce 
bohemianism 
the 
of 

pr()\ 
of 


Ivins,  several  member^  of  the  Vanderbilt 
family,  and  the  late  Mr|.  James  C.  Aver,  iir. 
(Jr"gory  was  a  dirt'<'tor  of  the  Metropolitan 
Optra  Company,  but  hi  figured  more  promi- 
nently as  one  of  the  nfost  energetic  founders 
of  the  New  Theater,  the  object  of  which  was 
to  popularize  high-class  dramatic  works  in  the 
city  of  New  York.  Mr.  Gregory  never 
married. 

WIDENER,  George  Dunton,  financier,  b.  in 
Phil«delphia,  Pa.,  16  June,  1861;  d.  on  fatal 
voyage  of  steamship  "Titanic,"  15  April,  1012, 
son  of  Peter  Albert  Bro\^ai  and  Josephine 
(Duntpn)  \Videner.  He  was  educated  in  the 
private  aehMvls  of  Philadelphiii,  and  began  his 
>-.Hi?iu«ift  career  as  a  clerk  in  a  grocerj'  store. 
Son?\  Hftfr  ho  oiitpred  ih«»  office  of  his  fath«r, 
a  J-  t  r  M*  the  country, 
wh  utiou  probleraf*  at 
■    ■"  ■     '  ih 


>••  hiH 


ra,    while   others   were   not.      He 
at  contributor  to  the  "Atlantic 
■'  Harper's,"  ''  Century,"  "  Scribner's 
.'-  and  '*  The  Nation,"  besides  many 
I  uigazjnes  not  so  prominent.    Under  the 
;   de  plume  of  "The  Idler"  he  contributed 
'vi-    many   years   to    the    "  Evening    Post "    a 
aeries  of  essays  which  became  known  as  "  The 
Tdipr  P«nf  I  -,v"     A  number  of  these  essays  were 
ished    in    book    form    under 
y  Ways  and  By-ways  "  and 
"  The  Ways  of  Men."    He  was  regarded  as  an 
authority  on  ar^is+ic  and  literary  matters.     In 
February  received  the  cross  of  tlie 

Legion  rw  ,,    rwognition  of  his  many 

writings  ov.  i  which  were  trans- 

lated and  wi  ■  ance,  and  for  the 

prominent   par;    .-    ,<  ..^     ..w^'n   in   French  eflu- 
cational  entoirprisee  and   philanthropy.     Jules 
Claretie,  writing  in  "  I>e  Temps  "  on  Gregory's  i 
works,  recently  said  that   if  he  ever  felt  the 
necessity  of  a  guide  to  the  literary  curiosities 
of  Paris,    he   knew   no   man   whom    he   would 
prefer  to  Gregory.     Mr.  Gregory  spent  a  great 
'••'il  of  his  time  in  Newport,  where  his  aunt,  j 
•..  Charles  H.  Baldwin,  the  widow  of  Rear- 1 
fiiral    Baldwin,    had    a    summer    residence, 
work    as   a   painter   wuh   confined   almost  i 
'-ively -to  portraiture.     He  painted  «  por- 1 
of    Ada    Rehan    as    Katherinc    in    '*  The  j 
♦»jf  of  'h*^  ShiHw"  for  tho  late   Angustim 
!>aly.     l"hH   pt^inruiii     vrf?   hung   in   the    lobby ' 
•if   Daly's  'X\\¥%ur,   Vrn     ;tM..r    tb«'   «nle   of   the  I 
'J'.'v  pictures,  waf  .%  ri<    m.   Knjjluud,  when    it' 
It        hai'j:!*    in    Phnk^^p»>ar«>'»    honsM   at    Strat- 
ford-on  .N\.^n        A'loi^icr     '.f     bi»     works     wus  | 
a  portrait   .  j   ;,.•  .ota!  <>!t'«,.r..  n.>w  hanginjr  in  | 
'he  Cullo^.i    M.'T.M  rrn'i   "'    \^  •>«     I'oint.     Among  i 
'^■r  portrait?*  h--    {>«:•-.(    ^..^i-f;   i!.,s..  wf   tin-' 
•         Mrs.    Stuyvcfciant    K.'.n      Vugunt    Belmont,  i 
Hr-    Mrs.   John   Shefw.K.d,    .Mrs.    Richard  i 


rather  taan  a 
wi.  ....        .le    nevef    i..^3,x....>    railroads    for 

«tock  market  purposes.     His  conception  of  the 
duties    of    a    railroad    man    included    the    im- 
provement of  his  properties  in  accordance  with 
the   moat   modern    ideas   in    traction,   and   the 
building    of    new    lines    where    they    seemed 
needed.     He    supervised,   and   largely    worked 
out   the   details  of,   the   change   in   the    street 
railway  system   from   horses   to  cable   propul- 
sion, and  again  to  electric  power,  and  in  each 
case    the    change    was    accomplished    with    re- 
markable  speed,   and   without   appreciable   de- 
lay or  inconvenience  to  the  public.     The  extent 
of  his  railway  connection  is  indicated  by  the 
fact    that   at   the   time   of   his   death   he    was 
president    and    director    of    the    Philadelphia 
Traction    Company,    Huntington    Street    Con- 
oeoting    Railway,    Fairnioiint    Park    Paabcngor 
Railway,  Ca*. herine  and  Bainbridge  Street  Rail 
way  Conit>any,  Tioga  and  Venango  Street  Pa3- 
.senger  Railway,  Continental  Passenger  Raiiway 
Doylestown  and  Willow  Grove  Tiirn])ikc  (.'on 
pany,  Ridge  Avenue  Pas.=^cnger  Railway,   W  al 
nut    Street    Connecting   Raiiway,    Unio'i    i\\^ 
senger    Railway,    Seventeenth    and    Nin-;-t' ••ni  !i 
Street  Railway,  and  the  T\venty-se<'0'  ;   S'-.>' 
and    Allegheny    Avenue    Railway.       '    '     • -inv 
years   Mr.    VViden^T   was  vict^  pi' 
company  controliing  the  ehnat. 
system  of  Philadeljdiia,  but  I'-m-:   :;    ,  ,>      ,. 

directorship  u])on  the  ejf^^-'.i'.i'  td   V\  T    ^f  ri  — 
bury,  although  \w  rrt:\i'/.  ;    ■  ■  -     ' 

C()m})any.      In    nddii  i.  a    <-> 
lie  wax  a  disfi^t-vr  in  il'o  '  .r 
Oonipany.   J<:Jcrtr.'   S).,.-;(t'>-    ;.-.,i-'!.'  '..^ 

.';i.rden    Brirk    (  .>r,!'.  ii.\ .    \        •'        •          '         .' 

land     r',^?>i,.ji1     f     .•:..'  'iv  .     ;  ;i  , 


'•onipanv    i  '^■ 

•.     !. 

T'bi!;.(iH:  ' 

fiOli'MS.  ' 

in  civic  . 

niiswi'Mii  (■-.    > 

■    <•) 

;v  T)l:.i;;,  rii  \si,\ 

li  ;1 

r;(t(   •  t;!'.    i  \\\ 

ni;''. 

LAWRENCE 


BRIDGES 


a  natural  generosity  of  feeling.  He  was  espe- 
cially interested  in  the  Widener  Memorial 
Home,  founded  by  his  father,  and  he  superin- 
tended its  building  and  organization.  The 
institution  was  to  hira  an  opportunity  for  ex- 
ercising the  great  generosity  and  tenderness, 
which  were  such  conspicuous  qualities  of  his 
splendid  character.  Above  the  shock  and 
gloom  which  struck  the  civilized  world  when 
the  steamship  *'  Titanic "  foundered  in  the 
ice-strewn  North  Atlantic,  there  arose  a  feel- 
ing of  joy  and  pride  that  there  were  still 
men  who  rose  to  high  ideals  of  manhood  and 
chivalry,  men  who  were  tried  mercilessly  and 
without  warning,  and  who  bore  those  trials 
with  a  supreme  courage  and  chivalry  such  as 
had  lent  a  deathless  glory  to  the  golden  age  of 
knighthood.  '*  As  a  man  lives,  so  he  dies," 
and  as  George  D.  Widener  lived  he  died — 
bravely,  conscientiously,  unselfishly,  and  nobly. 
He  was  a  director  in  the  Philadelphia  Acad- 
emy of  Fine  Arts,  widely  known  as  a  con- 
noisseur of  art  and  a  discriminating  collector 
of  old  books.  He  left  valuable  collections  of 
both  pictures  and  books.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  Union  JL.eague,  Philadelphia  Country, 
Rosetree  Hunt,  Art,  Racquet,  Corinthian 
Yacht,  Huntington  Valley,  and  Germantown 
Cricket  Clubs.  In  1883  he  married  Eleanor, 
daughter  of  William  L.  Elkins,  of  Philadelphia, 
Pa.,  and  they  had  three  children:  Eleanor, 
George  D.,  Jr.,  and  Harry  Elkins  Widener. 

LAWRENCE,  William,  P.  E.  bishop,  b.  in 
Boston,  Mass.,  30  May,  1850,  son  of  Amos 
Adams-  and  Sarah  E.  (Appleton)  Lawrence. 
He  is  descended  through  a  long  line  of  New 
England  ancestors,  the  first  of  which  came  to 
Massachusetts  from  England  early  in  the  Co- 
lonial period.  As  his  father  was  a  prosperous 
merchant  and  prominent  citizen  of  Massachu- 
setts, he  received  every  available  educational 
advantage.  After  his  graduation  at  Harvard 
College  in  1871,  he  entered  the  Episcopal  Theo- 
logical School  in  Cambridge,  and  was  grad- 
uated S.T.B.  in  1875.  In  the  following  year 
he  was  ordained  a  priest  of  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  Church.  His  first  charge  was  the 
rectorship  of  Grace  Church,  Lawrence,  Mass. 
Later  he  was  appointed  professor  of  homiletics 
and  pastoral  care  at  the  Episcopal  Theological 
School  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  afterward  be- 
coming dean  of  this  same  institution.  Dr. 
Lawrence  has  been  very  closely  associated 
with  Harvard  L"^niversity,  of  which  he  was 
preacher  for  several  terms,  and  for  eighteen 
years  was  overseer  of  the  university,  holding 
this  position  till  1913,  when  he  was  elected  a 
fellow  of  the  corporation.  In  1893  he  was 
elected  seventh  bishop  of  Massachusetts,  as 
successor  to  Phillips  Brooks,  being  consecrated 
in  Trinity  Church,  Boston,  on  5  Oct.,  of 
that  year.  For  six  years  he  served  as  chair- 
man of  the  House  of  Bishops.  In  December, 
1915,  Dr..  Lawrence  inaugurated  the  movement 
to  raise  $5,000,000  with  which  to  start  a 
scientific  pension  fund  for  the  6,000  Episco- 
pal clergymen  of  the  United  States,  so  as  to 
enable  every  Episcopal  clergyman  who  might 
wish  to  do  so  to  retire  at  the  age  of  sixty- 
eight  on  half  pay.  The  fund  is  also  to  provide 
for  the  widows  and  the  minor  orphan  children 
of  clergymen  who  may  die  before  reaching  the 
pensionable  age.  Of  the  committee  in  charge 
of  this  fund,  of  which  Dr.  Lawrence  is  chair- 


man, J.  Pierpont  Morgan  is  treasurer,  Samuel 
Mather,  vice-president,  and  Monell  Sayre,  a 
former  official  of  the  Carnegie  Foundation, 
secretary.  Dr.  Lawrence  has  had  an  extensive 
experience  in  financing  public  institutions.  As 
one  of  the  board  of  fellows  of  Harvard  Uni- 
versity he  raised  $2,250,000  for  that  institu- 
tion. A  week  before  the  great  fire  which  al- 
most destroyed  Wellesley  College,  Dr.  Law- 
rence became  its  acting  president.  It  became 
his  duty  to  take  immediate  action.  The 
amount  needed  to  repair  the  loss  was  $2,000,- 
000  and  Dr.  Lawrence  gave  himself  ten  months 
in  which  to  collect  that  amount.  He  began  in 
March,  1914.  At  eleven  o'clock  on  the  night 
of  31  Dec.  there  was  still  a  considerable 
shortage,  but  Dr.  Lawrence  expressed  confi- 
dence that  the  full  amount  would  still  be 
made  up.  When  the  mail  was  opened  on  the 
following  morning  further  donations  brought 
a  surplus  amounting  to  more  than  $30,000. 
Before  planning  his  campaign  for  the  raising 
of  the  pension  fund.  Dr.  Lawrence  made  a 
careful  study  of  pension  systems,  and,  as  a  re- 
sult, has  become  one  of  the  foremost  authori- 
ties! on  that  subject.  His  distinguishing  char- 
acteristic is  an  almost  unlimited  reserve  of 
mental  and  physical  energy,  though,  with  this, 
he  combines  the  quality  of  grasping,  at  a 
glance,  the  essentials  of  any  subject  under  his 
consideration.  His  scholarly  attainments  have 
been  recognized  by  many  of  the  chief  centers  of 
learning,  not  only  in  this  country,  but  abroad 
as  well.  In  1890  he  was  awarded  the  honor- 
ary degree  of  S.T.D.  by  Hobart  College,  and, 
in  1893,  by  Harvard.  From  Princeton  Uni- 
versity he  received  the  degree  of  LL.D.  in 
1904;  the  same  degree  was  awarded  him  by 
Cambridge  in  1908  and  by  Lawrence  Uni- 
versity in  1910.  He  was  awarded  the  degree  of 
D.D.  by  Durham  in  1908,  by  Yale  in  1909,  and 
by  Columbia  in  1911.  Dr.  Lawrence  is  also 
a  member  of  the  Peabody  Education  Board  and 
president  of  the  boards  of  trustees  of  the  Gro- 
ton  and  St.  Mark's  schools.  He  is  the  author 
of  "Life  of  Amos  A.  Lawrence"  (1889); 
"Life  of  Roger  Wolcott "  (1902);  "Propor- 
tional Representation  in  the  House  of  Clerical 
and  Lay  Delegates  " ;  "  Visions  of  Service " 
(1896);  and  "A  Study  of  Phillips  Brooks" 
(1903).  In  1874  Dr.  Lawrence  married  Julia 
Cunningham,  of  Boston,  Mass. 

BRIDGES,  Horace  James,  lecturer,  b.  at 
Kennington,  London,  England,  31  Aug.,  1880; 
eldest  son  of  James  and  Mary  (Harding) 
Bridges.  He  was  educated  first  at  the  school 
of  St.  John  the  Divine,  Kennington,  and  after- 
ward at  Cator  Street  Board  School;  the  proc- 
ess terminating  in  1892,  when  he  was  twelve 
years  old.  To  this  fortunate  circumstance, 
coupled  with  the  fact  that  he  was  born  a  book- 
worm, and  at  a  very  early  age  had  the  good 
luck  to  discover  for  himself  the  works  of 
Shakespeare,  Dickens,  Scott,  etc.,  is  to  be 
ascribed  whatever  independence  and  originality 
of  thought  he  may  have  attained:  colleges 
being  in  the  nature  of  things  places  where  (ex- 
cept in  the  rarest  cases)  these  attributes  are 
obliterated  and  replaced  by  an  excessive  rever- 
ence for  authority, — which  in  practice  means 
distrust  of  oneself.  Upon  leaving  school,  he 
underwent  for  several  years  an  initiation  into 
life  that  needs  no  describing  to  those  familiar 
with    the    conditions    of    the    cockney   masses 


252 


BRIDGES 


BRIDGES 


twenty-five  years  ago,  or  with  the  still  more 
sordid  variation  of  the  same  conditions  in  the 
East  Side  of  New  York,  the  West  Side  of 
Chicago,  or  indeed  any  of  our  great  cities. 
As,  however,  the  public  conscience  of  America 
is  still  for  the  most  part  ignorant  of  the -facts 
regarding  these  conditions,  it  is  exceedingly 
desirable  that  the  publications  of  the  National 
Child  Labor  Committee,  the  Juvenile  Protec- 
tive Association,  Miss  Jane  Addams,  and  Mrs. 
Louise  Bowen  should  be  studied  very  atten- 
tively. As  an  ex-child  laborer,  Mr.  Bridges 
has  no  hesitation  in  saying  that  only  the  most 
miraculous  good  luck,  or  the  special  grace  of 
God  (whichever  of  these  two  names  for  the 
same  thing  one  prefers),  saved  him  from  pur- 
suing the  usual  path  of  the  child  employee 
and  unskilled  worker  down  the  slope  of  va- 
grancy, delinquency,  and  crime.  His  escape  is 
due,  first  to  the  loving  care  of  his  mother, 
secondly  to  books  and  the  reading  habit,  and 
thirdly  to  the  aid  of  friends,  which  fortunately 
just  missed  being  too  late.  In  1896  he  was 
led  by  the  influence  of  a  valued  friend  into 
work  connected  with  the  newspaper  press,  in 
which  he  remained  engaged  from  that  time  till 
1905.  At  the  latter  date,  some  articles  of 
his  in  "  The  Ethical  World,"  the  weekly  organ 
of  the  English  Ethical  Movement,  attracted 
the  attention  of  Dr.  Stanton  Coit,  founder  and. 
minister  of  the  West  London  Ethical  Society 
and  organizer  of  the  national  movement,  by 
whom  he  was  offered  the  opportunity  of  train- 
ing for  regular  literary  and  lecturing  work  in 
connection  with  the  West  London  Ethical  So- 
ciety and  other  centers.  Mr.  Bridges  first 
came  to  America  with  Dr.  Coit  in  the  autumn 
of  1909,  for  a  holiday  (incredible  as  that  state- 
ment may  sound).  Connections  then  estab- 
lished led  to  his  return  for  a  short  lecturing 
tour  in  the  spring  of  1912.  In  the  fall  of 
that  year  he  was  invited  by  the  Chicago  Ethi- 
cal Society  to  oc(*upy  its  pulpit  for  four 
months.  This  led  to  his  being  engaged  per- 
manently, in  the  spring  of  1913,  as  the  leader 
of  that  society;  whereupon,  with  his  family, 
he  emigrated  to  America  to  assume  this  posi- 
tion, which  he  still  occupies.  He  is  a  member 
of  the  Fraternity  of  Leaders  of  the  American 
Ethical  Union  (the  dean  of  which  is  Prof. 
Felix  Adler,  founder  of  the  New  York  Society 
for  Ethical  Culture),  also  of  the  Chicago  Lit- 
erary Society,  the  Chicago  City  Club,  etc. 
As  a  lecturer  on  the  University  Extension 
platform  in  Philadelphia  and  Chicago,  for  the 
Brooklyn  Institute,  and  for  many  churches, 
schools,  men's  and  women's  clubs,  professional 
societies  and  Associations  of  Commerce,  he 
has  become  widely  known.  In  this  country 
Mr.  Bridges  has  published  three  works: 
"Criticisms  of  Life:  Studies  in  Faith,  Hope, 
and  Despair"  (1915) — an  examination  of  the 
teaching  on  ethical,  philosophical,  and  theo- 
logical subjects  of  Mr.  G.  K.  Chesterton,  Prof. 
Ernst  Haeckel,  Sir  Oliver  Lodge,  Maeterlinck, 
Ellen  Key,  etc.;  "Some  Outlines  of  the  Re- 
ligion of  Experience:  A  Book  for  Laymen  and 
the  Unchurched"  (1916) — a  study  of  the 
position  and  outlook  of  the  churches,  and  an 
attempt  to  establish  the  essential  doctrines  of 
religion  on  an  unassailable  basis  of  personal, 
social,  and  national  experience;  and  "Our 
Fellow  Shakespeare"  (1916).  The  last-men- 
tioned volume,  written  at  the  suggestion  of 


the  publishers  on  the  occasion  of  the  Tercen- 
tenary of  Shakespeare's  death,  has  awakened 
considerable  interest  by  reason  of  its  treatment 
(a)  of  the  theory  which  alleges  that  the  works 
of  Shakespeare  were  written  by  Francis 
Bacon,  and  (b)  of  the  Hamlet  problem.  On 
the  first  issue  the  author's  arguments  may  be 
briefly  outlined  as  follows :  ( 1 )  It  is  not  true, 
as  the  Baconians  allege,  that  little  or  nothing 
is  known  of  Shakespeare;  on  the  contrary, 
apart  from  monarchs,  statesmen,  and  the  few 
soldiers,  sailors,  and  ecclesiastics  whose  ca- 
reers fall  under  the  full  blaze  of  the  light  of 
history,  Shakespeare  is  one  of  the  best  known 
men  of  his  time.  We  know  more  of  him  than 
of  any  other  Elizabethan  or  early  Jacobean 
dramatist,  poet,  or  man  of  letters.  (2)  It  is  a 
fallacy  to  suppose  that  because  his  formal 
schooling  was  scanty,  he  cannot  have  been 
possessed  of  sufficient  education  to  write  the 
plays  ascribed  to  him  by  his  contemporaries 
and  by  posterity.  Wisdom  and  insight  are  the 
gift  of  genius,  and  do  not  necessarily  presup- 
pose or  result  from  book  learning.  Mere 
knowledge,  moreover,  can  be  acquired  in  many 
different  ways;  so  that  a  priori  arguments, 
such  as  those  of  the  Baconians,  are  inadmis- 
sible. Many  of  the  greatest  masters  of  English 
literature   were    devoid   of    academic    training 

(3)  But  the  Baconian  contention  may  be  met 
more  squarely  by  challenging  its  presupposi- 
tions. It  asserts  that  Bacon  must  have  been 
the  dramatist,  because  of  the  depth,  extent, 
and  variety  of  knowledge  displayed  in  the 
plays.  What,  then,  do  the  Baconians  make  of 
the  ignorance  which  those  same  plays  mani- 
fest? On  this  head  Mr.  Bridges  makes  a 
lengthy  analysis,  with  a  view  to  proving  that 
the  lack  of  historic  sense  throughout  the 
plays  is  precisely  the  kind  of  defect  that 
would  not  have  characterized  the  work  of  a 
scholarly-minded  person  like  Bacon.  Not  only 
are  the  dramas  full  of  petty  anachronisms, 
but  each  of  them  is  itself  one  vast  anachron- 
ism. Shakespeare  invariably  telescopes  into 
his  own  time  the  period  with  which  he  pro- 
fesses to  be  dealing.  Lear  and  Kent,  Caesar 
and  Brutus,  Hamlet,  Horatio,  Macbeth,  King 
John,  Falstaff,  Autolycus,  etc.,  are  all  Eliza- 
bethan Englishmen.  In  several  plays  belong- 
ing to  pagan  periods  (e.g.,  "King  Lear," 
"The  Winter's  Tale,"  and  "The  Comedy  of 
Errors")  references  to  Christianity  are 
freely  introduced,  and  Christian  institutions 
are  assumed  to  exist.  Now  Bacon,  in  the  one 
imaginative  work  he  is  known  to  have  written 

(the  "New  Atlantis"),  shows  himself  ex- 
tremely careful  to  avoid  just  such  an  incon- 
sistency. He  resorts  to  a  miraculous  inter- 
position of  Providence  to  account  for  the  fact 
that  the  Christian  faith  had  reached  his  At- 
lanteans, — thus  laboriously  circumvonling  a 
difficulty  which  to  Shakespeare  would  never 
have    presented    itself    as    a    difficulty    at    nil. 

(4)  The  fundamental  argument,  however,  em- 
ployed to  prove  that,  whoever  else  may  have 
written  the  plays,  Bacon  could  not  possibly 
have  done  them,' is  the  absolute  difference,  the 
complete  contrast,  in  will  and  tomiipriunent 
between  the  dramatist  and  the  nnflior  of  the 
"Novum  Organum"  and  tlie  "  Dc  Aimnion<is." 
Shakespeare  is  an  obsorvor  of  tlio  fiMnic  of  life. 
He  has  marvelous  insight  into  lunnnn  char- 
acter,  and   into   the   emotions,    instincts,   and 


253 


BRIDGES 


HEYWORTH 


sentiments  which  determine  conduct;  but  he 
neither  feels  nor  expresses  any  deep  longing 
to  reform  the  outward  order  of  things,  whether 
in  regard  to  religion  or  politics,  or  by  means 
of  the  8[)rcading  of  knowledge.  Bacon,  on  the 
contrary,  is  a  man  whose  whole  soul  from 
youth  up  is  engaged  in  the  enterprise  of  ex- 
tending and  completing  knowledge, — not  as  an 
end  in  itself,  but  as  a  means  to  the  establish- 
ment of  man  in  his  divinely  destined  mastery 
over  nattire.  At  a  time  when  Shakespeare  was 
pouring  the  superabundant  strength  and  hilar- 
ity of  his  youth  into  such  productions  as 
"  txivo's  Labour's  Lost "  and  "  The  Comedy  of 
Errors,"  Bacon  was  seeking  a  lucrative  office 
from  Burleigh,  on  the  express  ground  that, 
having  taken  all  knowledge  to  be  his  province, 
he  needed  means  to  prosecute  his  researches 
and  to  employ  others  to  help  him  in  building 
up  the  intellectual  and  experimental  frame- 
work of  the  imperium  hominis.  To  this  goal 
every  one  of  his  literary  activities  is  directed; 
nor  is  it  possible  to  read  in  any  part  of  the 
volumes  of  Bacon  without  feeling  that  he  is 
constantly  prodding  at  one's  will.  Bacon's 
style,  close,  compact,  analytical  as  it  is,  is 
the  natural  outgrowth  of  a  mind  that  was  al- 
ways wrapped  up  in  great,  world-embracing 
purposes.  Despite  all  its  grace  and  richness, 
it  is  ever  utilitarian.  It  is  never  at  leisure 
to  become  conscious  of,  or  to  rejoice  in,  its 
own  felicities;  nor  has  it  any  of  the  spon- 
taneity and  lyric  rapture  which  belong  by 
nature  to  the  utterly  different  temperament  of 
Shakespeare.  The  conclusion,  therefore,  is 
that  the  Baconian  authorship  of  the  plays  is 
intrinsically  incredible.  Mr.  Bridges  con- 
tends that  belief  in  Bacon  as  the  dramatist  is 
possible  only  for  persons  who  either  are  totally 
unacquainted  with  his  authentic  works,  or  are 
so  lacking  in  psychological  and  literary  in- 
sight that  they  could  equally  believe  the  novels 
of  Dickens  to  have  been  written  by  Darwin,  or 
the  works  of  Mark  Twain  by  Herbert  Spencer. 
He  accordingly  does  not  waste  time  over  the 
fabulous  cryptograms  invented  by  Ignatius 
Donnelly  and  others,  according  to  which  any- 
thing can  be  made  to  mean  anything  else.  He 
appeals  to  anybody  who  has  the  slightest  prac- 
tical knowledge  of  the  art  of  printing  to  say 
whether  it  would  be  humanly  possible  to  do, 
even  in  a  sixteen-page  pamphlet,  what  the 
cryptogram-finders  allege  to  have  been  done 
throughout  the  whole  of  the  great  Folio  of 
1623.  It  is  a  downright  impossibility,  in  com- 
posing with  the  freedom  and  versatility  of 
Shakespeare,  to  arrange  language  so  that  every 
letter  shall  recur  at  regular  numerical  inter- 
vals, and  every  capital,  italic  letter,  or  error 
of  the  press  be  so  disposed  as  to  conceal  a 
second  meaning  under  the  primary  sense  of 
the  text.  Those  who  pretend  that  this  miracle 
— more  wonderful  than  the  composition  of  the 
plays  themselves — ^was  worked  by  Bacon  are 
either  victims  of  an  amazing  hallucination,  or 
else  they  are  presuming  upon  the  gullibility  of 
the  public.  With  regard  to  "  Hamlet  "  *Mr. 
Bridges  in  a  lengthy  chapter  maintains  and 
seeks,  by  a  minute  examination  of  the  text,  to 
prove  that  the  conventional,  or  Coleridge- 
Goethe  theory  of  the  hero's  character  is  quite 
inconsistent  with  the  facts.  So  far  from  Ham- 
let's being  a  distraught  philosopher,  rendered 
by  overmuch  speculation  unequal  to  the  tasks 


laid  upon  him,  he  is  in  fact  a  thoroughly 
practical  genius,  who  grasps  instantly  the 
painful  duty  that  falls  to  him,  lays  his  plans 
with  statesmanlike  foresight,  and  never  once 
swerves  from  them  until  his  end  is  attained. 
The  Coleridge  theory  overlooks  the  important 
fact  that  Hamlet's  main  task  is  the  secur- 
ing of  objectively  valid  evidence  of  the  guilt 
of  Claudius,  and  that  he  is  unable  to  get  this 
until  after  his  return  from  the  interrupted 
voyage  to  England.  Mr.  Bridges  requests  that 
the  somewhat  detailed  treatment  accorded  in 
this  sketch  to  the  problems  of  Shakespearean 
criticism  may  not  be  construed  as  evidence  that 
such  study  has  been  in  any  sense  the  domi- 
nant interest  of  his  life.  On  the  contrary,  it 
has  been  only  a  recreation  of  leisure  hours,  on 
which  he  never  would  have  ventured  to  write 
for  publication  but  for  the  request  of  the  firm 
which  issued  his  book.  His  life  work  is  the 
development  and  propagation  of  the  religious 
philosophy  w-hich  has  animated  the  Ethical 
Culture  Movement,  and  which,  although  not 
imposed  as  a  dogma  upon  either  the  members 
or  leaders  of  that  movement,  is  nevertheless, 
by  virtue  of  its  inherent  logic,  taking  con- 
scious shape  in  their  thought.  The  other  two 
books  above  mentioned — "  Criticisms  of  Life  " 
and  "  The  Religion  of  Experience " — are  in 
their  author's  judgment  much  more  expressive 
of  his  deeper  interests  and  true  self  than  the 
treatise  on  Shakespeare;  and  it  is  probable 
that  his  future  writings  (if  any)  will  pursue 
the  path  indicated  by  those  two,  rather  than 
the  agreeable  hobby  of  Shakespearean  or  other 
literary  criticism.  He  is  convinced  that  the 
great  interest  of  the  next  half-century  will 
necessarily  be  in  religion,  as  the  overarching 
sphere  in  which  all  the  special  impulses  of 
reforming  activity  awakened  during  the  last 
two  generations  must  find  their  ultimate  rea- 
son and  justification.  Dr.  Bridges  married  2 
June,  1906,  Lucy,  daughter  of  Archibald  and 
Edith  English,  of  London,  England;  of  which 
union  have  been  born  three  sons  (all  living) 
and  one  daughter    (deceased). 

HEYWORTH,  James  Ormerod,  civil  engi- 
neer, contractor,  b.  in  Chicago,  111.,  12  June, 
1866,  son  of  James  0.  and  Julia  F.  (Dimon) 
Heyworth.  His  father,  James  O.  Heyworth, 
came  to  this  country  from  England  in 
1860,  settling  in  Cairo,  111.,  where  he  con- 
ducted a  successful  real  estate  business  for 
some  years,  then  removed  to  Chicago.  Mr. 
Heyworth  was  educated  in  the  public  schools 
of  Chicago,  and  at  Yale  University,  where 
he  gradated  in  1888.  Already,  very  early  in 
his  college  course  he  had  determined  on 
engineering  as  his  career,  and  on  leaving 
college  he  made  his  start  as  a  waterboy 
on  railroad  construction  work,  later  being 
advanced  to  the  position  of  timekeeper.  Not 
long  afterward  he  found  employment  with 
the  Knickerbocker  Ice  Company  of  Chicago, 
as  outside  superintendent,  and  here  he  re- 
mained for  the  next  five  years.  In  1894  he 
planned  and  built  the  old  Coliseum  in  Chi- 
cago, w^hich  seated  twenty  thousand  people. 
Of  this  enterprise  he  was  president  and  gen- 
eral manager,  but  two  years  later,  in  1896, 
he  resigned.  In  the  following  year  he  joined 
the  firm  of  Christie,  Low^e  and  Heyworth,  gen- 
eral contractors.  Their  business  was  largely 
government  contracts,  such  as  river  and  har- 


254 


y 


■/ 


HEYWOETH 


HEYWORTH 


bor  improvements  at  Port  Arthur,  Tex.,  and 
at  Ferdinando,  Fla.,  and  three  locks  and 
dams  in  the  Warrior  River  in  Alabama.  In 
1903  Mr.  Hey  worth  felt  enough  confidence  in 
his  practical  experience  to  contemplate  going 
into  the  contracting  business  independently, 
which  he  did,  in  Chicago,  under  his  own  name. 
In  that  year  he  designed  and  built  the  Win- 
ton  Building,  which  was  the  first  reinforced 
concrete  structure  to  be  raised  in  Chicago. 
During  the  period  which  followed,,  ending 
with  1908,  several  important  contracts  for 
track  elevation  were  executed  for  the  Pan 
Handle,  Grand  Trunk,  and  Chicago  Junction 
Railroads,  as  well  as  a  contract  for  a  large 
reinforced  concrete  bridge  across  the  St. 
Joseph  River  in  South  Bend,  Ind.  Mr. 
Heyworth  engineered  large  excavating  con- 
tracts, including  the  North  Shore  Channel  for 
the  Sanitary  District  of  Chicago  and,  later, 
various  sections  of  the  Calumet-Sag  Channel. 
Other  work  included  a  tunnel  and  intake  cribs 
for  the  Commonwealth  Edison  Company  and 
track  elevation  extending  from  the  Chicago 
and  Northwestern  Railroad  to  its  northwest 
station.  In  connection  with  this  type  of 
work,  which  Mr.  Heyworth  performed,  he,  as- 
sociated with  others,  invented  the  dragline 
excavator  and  carried  this  development  into 
the  very  large  sizes.  These  were  the  first  of  a 
variety  of  such  machines  which  have  greatly 
reduced  the  cost  of  heavy  excavation  work. 
These  machines  were  manufactured  by  Mr. 
Heyworth  and  were  used  on  the  New  York 
Barge  Canal,  the  Cape  Cod  Canal,  and  on  the 
Pearl  Harbor  improvements  in  Hawaii;  the 
North  Shore  Channel,  north  of  Chicago,  and 
numerous  other  construction  projects  in  vari- 
ous parts  of  the  country.  Within  more  recent 
years  Mr.  Heyworth  has  been  specializing  in 
hydro-electric  development,  such  as  installing 
a  hydro-electric  plant  on  the  Wisconsin  River, 
near  Prairie  du  Sac,  Wis.,  for  the  Wisconsin 
River  Power  Company,  the  restoration  of  a 
dam  and  hydro-electric  plant  on  the  Elwha 
River,  Washington,  for  the  Olympic  Power 
Company,  the  rebuilding  of  a  dam  in  the 
Black 'River,  near  Hatfield,  Wis.,  for  the  La 
Crosse  Water  Power  Company,  and  the  exca- 
vation and  rebuilding  of  the  dam  and  the 
deepening  of  the  tailrace  in  the  Wisconsin 
River  at  Rothschild,  Wis.,  for  the  Marathon 
Paper  Mills  Company.  In  1916  Mr.  Heyworth 
began  the  design  and  construction  of  the 
"  Canadian  Soo "  hydro-electric  development 
for  The  Great  Lakes  Power  Company,  Ltd.,  at 
Sault  Ste.  Marie,  Ontario.  This  work  con- 
sists of  a  power  house,  canal,  tailrace,  rail- 
road, and  highway  bridges,  and  necessary  con- 
struction work  in  connection  with  the  com- 
pensating works  in  the  St.  Mary's  Rapids,  in 
accordance  with  the  requirements  of  the  Inter- 
national Joint  Commission,  so  as  to  properly 
regulate  the  water  level  of  Lake  Superior. 
Both  the  design  and  construction  features 
permit  of  an  ultimate  enlargement  to  48,000 
horsepower.  The  25,000  horsepower  hydro- 
electric plant  at  Prairie  du  Sac,  which  Mr. 
Heyworth  constructed  for  the  Wisconsin 
River  Power  Company  (1911-14),  consisted  of 
a  power  house,  a  thirty-two-foot  lift  lock  and 
dam  over  one  mile  in  k'ngth,  the  spillway  sec- 
tion being  of  reinforced  concrete  with  forty- 
one   twenty-foot   steel   tainter   gates   operated 


with  two  movable  electric  hoists  running  on  a 
railroad  track  on  a  reinforced  concrete  operat- 
ing platform,  forty-two  feet  above  lower  pool 
level.  All  structures  rest  on  pile  founda- 
tions, driven  in  sand  and  gravel.  To  cut  off 
leakage  underneath,  6,000,000  pounds  of  steel 
piling  were  driven.  To  overcome  the  many 
difficulties  involved,  such  as  properly  taking 
care  of  the  construction  of  a  coffer-dam  sur- 
rounding an  area  extending  into  the  river  500 
feet  and  200  feet  wide,  to  enable  executing 
excavation  work  within  to  a  depth  of  twenty- 
three  feet  below  low  water  and  also  during 
periods  when  the  river  remained  at  higher 
stages,  he  devised  methods  which  effectually 
solved  the  new  problems  involved.  Even 
boulders  and  quicksand,  encountered  in  large 
quantities,  were  difficulties  which  could  not 
withstand  his  methods  and  the  huge  coffer- 
dam stood  self-supporting  against  the  enor- 
mous pressure,  unsupported  by  any  through 
bracing  carried  across  the  prohibitive  distance 
of  200  to  500  feet.  Another  original  and 
important  feature  which  Mr.  Heyworth  con- 
ceived and  carried  out  was  a  special  protec- 
tion at  the  toe  of  the  dam  to  guard  against 
its  being  undermined  by  the  water  pouring 
down  over  the  dam  on  the  shifting  and  uncer- 
tain bottom.  Some  idea  of  the  magnitude  of 
this  work  may  be  gained  from  the  following 
minor  items:  sixty-five  carloads  of  bars  were 
used  for  the  reinforced  concrete  work;  the 
value  of  the  empty  cement  bags  returned 
amounted  to  $33,000;  three  miles  of  tempo- 
rary electric  railway  tracks,  a  part  of  which 
were  laid  over  the  ice  during  one  winter,  and 
the  construction  and  operation  of  a  267-hp. 
generating  plant  for  operating  motor  driven 
coffer-dam  and  sand  dredge  pumps  and  the 
electric  railway.  During  the  entire  period  of 
construction  a  number  of  floods  occurred,  one 
of  them  being  the  highest  on  record.  Another 
notable  contract  was  the  one  with  the  Mara- 
thon Paper  Mills  Company  at  Rothschild, 
Wis.  A  record  flood  in  the  fall  of  1911  could 
not  pass  safely  through  the  tainter  gates  of 
the  dam  without  submerging  the  hydro-elec- 
tric plant  and  flooding  the  city  of  Wausau. 
It  became  necessary  to  divert  the  flow  of  the 
river  around  the  dam  through  a  new  channel 
formed  by  the  flood,  after  this  was  made  pos- 
sible by  heavy  and  extensive  blasting.  For 
months  the  owners  labored  at  their  attempt 
to  close  the  new  channel,  but  were  obliged  to 
give  it  up  without  success.  Mr.  Heyworth 
took  over  the  work  promptly  and  successfully 
accomplished  it,  notwithstanding  that  just 
then  occurred  three  more  floods.  As  a  result 
of  his  work  such  floods  in  the  future  are  now 
rendered  harmless.  Mr.  Heyworth 's  work  on 
the  Hatfield  dam,  on  the  Black  River,  noar 
Hatfield,  Wis  ,  was  another  operation  worthy 
of  more  detailed  description.  An  insufficient 
spillway  proved  inadequate  to  resist  the 
severe  flood  which  swept  down  in  tlio  full  of 
1911  and  as  a  result  half  of  the  village  lo- 
cated at  that  point  was  swept  away.  In  the 
beginning  of  1912  the  work  was  turned  over 
to  Mr.  Heyworth.  After  removing  the  debris 
ho  was  obliged  to  excavate  si.vteon  feci  into 
the  solid  rock  and  construct  in  iho  500- 
foot  gap  a  gravity  concrete  dam.  This  in- 
volved the  construction  of  a  collVr-dam  and 
the     placing     of     8,600    cubic    yards    of    con- 


255 


HEYWORTH 


GILDER 


Crete  at  a  temperature  sometimes  reaching 
fifty  degrees  below  zero.  Yet  the  work  was 
completed  in  time  to  meet  the  danger  from 
the  spring  floods,  the  first  of  which  descended 
upon  the  works  only  two  days  after  their 
completion.  Another  notable  achievement  was 
that  performed  for  the  Olympic  Power  Com- 
pany dam  on  the  Elwha  River  at  Port  Angeles, 
Wash.  This  was  a  gravity  concrete  power 
dam,  built  on  sand,  with  foundation  piles,  and 
raised  the  river  100  feet.  A  few  days  after 
the  completion  of  this  first  work  by  the 
owners  the  river  tore  under  the  dam  and 
washed  away  the  sand  down  to  bedrock, 
100  feet  deep,  the  dam  spanning  the  gap  like 
a  bridge  with  the  torrent  roaring  along  under- 
neath it.  Estimates  which  were  made  by  ex- 
perts on  the  cost  of  restoring  the  dam,  based 
on  the  standard  practice,  fixed  the  price  at 
$600,000  and  the  time  needed  at  two  years. 
Mr.  Heyworth  secured  the  contract  and,  using 
his  own  special  methods,  executed  the  work  in 
a  few  months  at  a  cost  less  than  one-fourth 
of  the  previous  estimates.  Of  the  many 
bridges  which  Mr.  Heyworth  has  constructed, 
the  Jefferson  Street  Bridge  in  South  Bend, 
Ind.,  is  the  most  noteworthy.  A  four-arched 
(110  feet  clear  spans  each)  bridge  was  built 
on  the  site  of  a  three-span  steel  through  truss 
bridge  over  the  St.  Joseph  River,  the  latter 
being  floated  downstream  100  feet  and  placed 
on  temporary  piers  in  order  to  provide  road- 
way for  the  general  traffic  during  the  con- 
struction of  the  reinforced  concrete  bridge.  A 
power  dam  is  located  about  one  block  down- 
stream from  the  bridge,  the  crest  of  which 
is  about  twenty-two  feet  above  the  footings 
of  the  concrete  piers  of  the  bridge.  The 
bridge  itself  is  on  a  sixty-degree  skew  and  a 
1.3  per  cent,  grade.  To  provide  sufficient 
waterway  the  radius  of  the  greater  part  of 
the  introdos  of  the  east  span  was  made  246 
feet,  which,  at  the  time  it  was  constructed, 
resulted  in  the  flattest  construction  for  heavy 
traffic  long-span  arches  ever  constructed,  neces- 
sitating one  solid  concrete  abutment  42  feet 
wide  by  90  feet  long  and  one  solid  concrete 
abutment  30  feet  wide  and  90  feet  long.  The 
clear  width  of  the  bridge  is  72  feet  and,  at 
the  ends,  82  feet.  In  spite  of  his  many  and 
his  large  activities  as  an  engineer,  Mr.  Hey- 
worth has  still  found  the  energy  to  expand 
his  interests  into  other  fields  of  enterprise. 
He  has  served  on  the  board  of  directors  of 
some  of  the  leading  city  banks  in  Chicago  and 
of  various  manufacturing  and  building  firms. 
His  leisure,  in  great  part,  is  devoted  to  yacht- 
ing. He  was  commodore  of  the  Chicago  Yacht 
Club  during  the  year  1913.  His  flagship,  the 
"  Polaris,"  has  won  many  cups,  including  the 
cup  for  the  long  distance  race  from  Chicago 
to  Mackinac  Island,  Michigan.  He  is  also  a 
member  of  the*  Chicago  University,  Chicago 
Engineers',  Old  Elm,  Shoreacres,  Tolleston, 
Sanganois,  and  Owentsia  Clubs  of  Chicago, 
and  of  the  Yale  and  Engineers'  Clubs  of 
New  York  City.  The  societies  to  which  he 
belongs  include  the  Chicago  Historical  So- 
ciety, American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers, 
and  the  \Yestern  Society  of  Engineers.  He 
was  president  of  the  Chicago  Engineers'  Club 
for  three  years  (1910-13).  On  15  Jan.,  1902, 
Mr.  Heyworth  married  Martica  Gookin  Water- 
man, of  Southport,  Conn.,  and  they  have  two 


children,  Frances  Dimon  and  James  Ormerod 
Heyworth,  Jr. 

OILDER,  Richard  Watson,  b.  at  Borden- 
town,  N.  J.,  8  Feb.,  1844;  d.  in  New  York 
City,  18  Nov.,  1909,  son  of  Rev.  William  H. 
and  Jane  (Nutt)  Gilder.  His  taste  for  litera- 
ture was  inherited.  He  was  educated  in  a 
school  conducted  by  his  father,  a  Methodist 
clergyman,  at  Flushing,  L.  I.,  where  he  also 
learned  to  set  type  and  published  the  "  St. 
Thomas,  Register."  He  was  far  from  rugged 
physically,  yet  when  the  Army  of  Northern 
Virginia,  led  by  General  Lee,  invaded  Penn- 
sylvania, young  Gilder  was  among  the  volun- 
teers who  rallied  to  defend  the  Union.  He 
enlisted  in  Private  Landis'  Philadelphia  Bat- 
tery, 24  June,  1863,  and  saw  active  service  in 
the  Gettysburg  campaign.  From  his  military 
service  the  young  soldier  learned  the  value  of 
discipline  and  of  self-control,  and  that  life 
contains  some  things  for  which  it  is  not  un- 
worthy even  to  die.  The  death  of  his  father, 
while  serving  as  chaplain  of  the  Fortieth  New 
York  Volunteers,  obliged  him  to  relinquish 
the  study  of  the  law,  and  a  little  later  he  be- 
came a  reporter  on  the  Newark  (N.  J.)  "Ad- 
vertiser," of  which  he  subsequently  was  edi- 
tor. He  afterward  established,  with  Newton 
Crane,  the  Newark  "  Register,"  and  in  1870 
became  editor  of  "  Hours  at  Home,"  a  monthly 
magazine  published  by  Scribners.  When 
"  Hours  at  Home  "  was  merged  with  "  Scrib- 
ner's  Monthly,"  conducted  by  Dr.  J.  G.  Hol- 
land, Mr.  Gilder  served  as  managing  editor. 
Upon  the  death  of  Dr.  Holland  in  1881,  Mr. 
Gilder  became  editor  of  "  Scribner's,"  which 
in  April,  1891,  appeared  as  the  "  Century 
Magazine,"  a  position  which  he  occupied  until 
his  death.  Richard  Watson  Gilder  was  not 
only  a  poet;  he  was  also  a  prophet  and  civic 
leader.  His  life  and  example  controverted 
the  general  conception  of  a  poet  as  an  un- 
practical dreamer,  shrinking  into  retirement 
from  the  rude  clamor  and  battle-shocks  of  the 
great  world.  He  might  have  worn  with  pride 
the  bronze  button  of  the  Grand  Army  of  the 
Republic.  Though  his  physique  was  frail,  his 
spirit  was  martial;  and  any  righteous, cause, 
however  desperate,  awoke  in  him  a  quick  and 
militant  ardor.  He  gloried  in  the  struggle 
for  right,  and  was  never  dismayed  though  the 
victory  seemed  to  be  long  postponed.  He 
loved  the  sights  and  sounds  of  country  life, 
yet  he  was  a  true  metropolitan.  He  declared 
in  his  song  of  "  The  City  "  that  no  other  music 
was  half  so  sweet  to  him  "  as  the  thunder  of 
Broadway."  The  mighty  tides  of  human  life, 
the  endless  activity,  and  the  varied  aspects  of 
the  city  stirred  him  like  a  trumpet-blast.  His 
prose  was  wrought  carefully  and  finely  like  a 
delicate  arabesque,  yet  its  texture  w-as  firm, 
full,  and  rich  Few  understood  better  than  he 
the  noble  possibilities  of  the  English  language. 
As  an  editor  he  exerted  a  wide  influence  upon 
the  literature  of  his  day.  He  understood  his 
profession,  and  rallied  round  him  contributors 
and  associates  toward  whom  he  was  unfail- 
ingly courteous  and  considerate.  His  eyes 
were  keen  to  discover  merit  in  new  places,  and 
his  recognition  of  good  work  was  immediate 
and  cordial.  Lowell,  Aldrich,  and  Gilder 
formed  a  triumvirate  of  poet-editors  of  whom 
Gilder  was  not  the  least.  He  was  among  the 
first,  if  not  the  very  first,  to  discern  the  possi- 


ii 


256 


GILDER 


LEARY 


bilities  of  photographic  reproduction.  He 
pursued  it  through  its  entire  development, 
and  was  one  of  those  who  welcomed  the  use 
of  color  even  at  a  lavish  cost.  His  friend- 
ships were  like  himself,  frank,  honest,  and 
sincere.  The  New  York  Authors  Club,  the 
Art  Students  League,  and  the  Society  of 
American  Artists  all  came  into  being  in  his 
house.  He  was  one  of  the  early  members  of 
the  American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Letters, 
and  an  original  member  of  the  National  In- 
stitute of  Arts  and  Letters.  As  a  member  of 
the  Simplified  Spelling  Board,  he  hoped  that 
the  English  language  might  ultimately  be 
fitted  to  become  a  world-language.  He  was  a 
leader  in  the  organization  of  the  Citizens' 
Union,  a  founder  and  the  first  president  of 
the  Kindergarten  Association,  and  of  the  Asso- 
ciation for  the  Blind.  Mr.  Gilder  was  chair- 
man of  the  first  Tenement  House  Commission 
in  the  city  of  New  York,  an  office  which  he 
filled  with  diligence  and  intelligence,  and  was 
largely  responsible  for  the  abatement  of  con- 
ditions and  evils  that  had  become  intolerable. 
During  his  service  on  the  commission,  he  ar- 
ranged to  be  called  whenever  there  was  a  fire 
in  a  tenement  house;  and  at  all  hours  of  the 
night  he  risked  his  health  and  his  life  itself 
to  see  the  perils  besetting  the  dwellers  of  the 
tenements,  in  order  to  make  wise  recommenda- 
tions as  to  legislation  that  would  minimize 
these  perils.  Notwithstanding  his  gentleness 
of  manner  and  perfect  courtesy,  no  man  could 
more  bravely  stand  up  in  civic  contests  and 
for  the  rights  of  the  poor  and  oppressed. 
Radical  and  permanent  improvements  were 
effected  in  the  housing  of  the  poor  in  New 
York,  in  the  opening  of  small  parks  in  the 
crowded  districts,  and  in  the  establishment  of 
playgrounds  in  connection  with  the  public 
schools.  After  the  tenement  law  had  been 
passed,  mainly  through  Gilder's  great  work, 
it  was  well  said  that  "  it  needed  the  inspira- 
tion and  passionate  love  of  the  poet  to  feel 
the  danger  to  women  and  children  in  the  tene- 
ment houses  of  New  York."  Shortly  before 
his  death  his  poems  were  gathered  up  into 
a  single  volume  containing  his  latest  revisions 
and  definitive  corrections  In  his  poetry  there 
is  the  true  lyric  cry.  The  poems  are  almost 
invariably  beautiful,  and  are  characterized  by 
transparent  simplicity  and  spontaneity.  He 
touched  art  as  well  as  life  upon  many  sides, 
music,  painting,  architecture,  and  sculpture 
appealing  to  him  scarcely  less  than  nature  it- 
self. He  cherished  a  lofty  scorn  for  what- 
ever was  mean  and  ignoble;  hypocrisy  roused 
him  to  an  indignation  that  scorched  and  with- 
ered like  the  breath  of  a  furnace.  As  one 
whose  interest  in  reforms  was  practical  and 
unselfish,  Mr.  Gilder  set  an  example  of  en- 
during and  altruistic  fidelity.  He  was  an 
optimist,  a  poet  of  distinction,  and  an  editor 
of  exceptional  ability.  But  fine  as  was  the 
work  which  he  achieved,  his  manhood  chal- 
lenges admiration  from  all  who  are  interested 
in  the  noblest  developments  of  the  human 
soul.  Mr,  Gilder  received  the  degree  of  LL.D. 
from  Dickinson  College  in  188.3  and  from  Wes- 
leyan  in  1903,  and  Litt.D  from  Yale  in  1901 
(Bi-centennial).  In  1890  Harvard  conferred 
upon  him  the  degree  of  AM  ;  and  he  received 
the  degree  of  L.H.D.  from  Princeton  in  1890 
( Sesquicentennial ) .      He    was   also    decorated 


by  the  French  government  with  the  cross  of 
the  Legion  of  Honor.  Besides  the  official 
relations  which  Mr.  Gilder  held  in  the  or- 
ganizations already  mentioned,  he  was  presi- 
dent of  the  Public  Art  League  of  the  United 
States;  a  member  of  the  council  of  the  Na- 
tional Civil  Service  Reform  League;  an  or- 
ganizer of  the  International  Copyright  League; 
and  was  acting  president  of  the  City  Club. 
His  published  volumes  include  "  The  New 
Day,"  "  The  Celestial  Passion,"  "  Lyrics," 
"Two  Worlds,"  "The  Great  Remembrance" 
(these  included  in  "Five  Books  of  Song"), 
"  In  Palestine,"  "  Poems  and  Inscriptions," 
"A  Christmas  Wreath,"  "A  Book  of  Music," 
and  "  Grover  Cleveland :  A  Record  of  Friend- 
ship." In  1908  the  "Household  Edition"  of 
his  poems  was  published  by  the  Houghton, 
Mifflin  Company,  who  in  1916  published 
"  Letters  of  Richard  Watson  Gilder,  edited  by 
his  daughter,  Rosamond  Gilder."  He  mar- 
ried Helena,  daughter  of  Commodore  George 
de  Kay,  and  granddaughter  of  the  poet, 
Joseph   Rodman   Drake,   3   June,    1874. 

LEARY,  John,  mayor  of  Seattle,  b.  in  St. 
John,  New  Brunswick,  Canada,  1  Nov.,  1837; 
d.  in  Seattle,  Wash.,  9  Feb.,  1905.  Early  in 
life  he  started 
in  the  business 
world  on  his 
own  account 
and  soon  de- 
veloped unusual 
aptitude  for 
business  and  a 
genius  for  the 
successful  crea- 
tion and  man- 
agement of 
large  enter- 
prises. His 
initial  efforts 
were  in  the 
lumber  trade, 
and  he  became 
an  extensive 
manuf act  u  r  e  r 
and  shipper  be- 
tween the  years 
1854  and   1867. 

He  also  conducted  an  extensive  general  mer- 
cantile establishment  in  his  native  town  and 
also  at  Woodstock,  New  Brunswick.  Pros- 
perity had  attended  his  efforts,  enabling  him  to 
win  a  modest  fortune,  but  the  repeal  of  the 
reciprocity  treaty  between  the  United  States 
and  Canada  resulted  in  losses  for  him.  Cross- 
ing the  border  into  Maine,  he  conducted  a  lum- 
ber business  at  Houlton,  for  some  time,  but, 
when  the  Puget  Sound  country  came  to  the 
front  as  a  great  lumber  center,  he  resolved  to 
become  one  of  the  operators  in  the  new  field. 
Mr.  Leary  reached  Seattle  in  1869,  finding  a 
little  frontier  village  with  a  popnlr.tion  of 
about  one  thousand.  Keen  sagacity  eiiublod 
him  to  recognize  the  prospect  for  future  busi- 
ness conditions  and  from  that  time  forward 
until  his  death  he  was  a  co-oporant  factor  in 
measures  and  movements  resulting  largely  to 
the  benefit  and  upbuilding  of  tlie  oKy,  as  well 
as  proving  a  source  of  subslaniial  ])rofit  for 
himself.  In  1871  he  was  admit  fed  to  the  bar 
and  entered  upon  active  i)rae1iee  as  junior 
partner    in    the    law    firm    of    McNaught    and 


257 


LEARY 


LEARY 


Leary,  which  agsociation  was  maintained  until 
1878,  when  he  became  a  member  of  the  firm  of 
Struve,  Haines  and  Leary.  Four  years  later, 
however,  he  retired  from  active  law  practice 
and  became  a  factor  in  the  management  of 
gigantic  commercial  and  public  enterprises, 
which  have  led  to  the  improvement  of  the  city, 
as  well  as  to  the  development  of  the  surround- 
ing country.  In  the  meantime,  however,  he  had 
served  for  several  terms  as  a  member  of  the 
city  council  of  Seattle,  and  in  1884  was  elected 
mayor.  His  was  a  notable  administration  dur- 
ing the  formative  period  in  the  city's  history. 
He  exercised  his  official  prerogatives  in  such 
a  manner  that  the  public  welfare  was  greatly 
promoted,  and  in  all  that  he  did  he  looked 
beyond  the  exigencies  of  the  present  to  the 
opportunities  and  possibilities  of  the  future. 
The  position  of  mayor  was  not  a  salaried  one 
at  that  time,  but  he  gave  much  time  and 
thought  to  the  direction  of  municipal  affairs. 
He  was  instrumental  in  having  First  Avenue, 
then  a  mud  hole,  improved  and  planked,  and 
promoted  other  improvements.  He  was  the 
first  mayor  to  keep  regular  office  hours  and  to 
maintain  thoroughly  systematized  handling  of 
municipal  interests.  Through  the  conduct  and 
direction  of  important  business  enterprises  his 
work  was  perhaps  of  even  greater  value  to 
Seattle.  A  contemporary  historian  said  in 
this  connection :  "  When  he  came  to  Seattle 
none  of  the  important  enterprises  which  have 
made  possible  its  present  greatness  had  been 
inaugurated.  The  most  vital  period  of  the 
city's  history  had  just  begun.  Only  men  of 
the  keenest  foresight  anticipated  and  prepared 
for  a  struggle,  the  issue  of  which  meant  the 
very  existence  of  the  city  itself.  No  city  so 
richly  endowed  by  nature  ever  stood  in  such 
need  of  strong,  brave,  and  sagacious  men.  Mr. 
Leary  was  among  the  first  to  outline  a  course 
of  action  such  as  would  preserve  the  suprem- 
acy of  Seattle,  and  with  characteristic  energy 
and  foresight  he  threw  himself  into  the  work. 
A  natural  leader,  he  was  soon  at  the  head  of  all 
that  was  going  on.  A  pioneer  among  pioneers, 
it  fell  to  his  lot  to  blaze  the  way  for  what 
time  has  proven  to  have  been  a  wise  and  well- 
directed  move.  When  the  Northern  Pacific 
Railroad  Company  sought  to  ignore  and  pos- 
sibly to  commercially  destroy  Seattle,  Mr. 
Leary  became  a  leader  of  resolute  men  who 
heroically  undertook  to  build  up  the  city  in- 
dependently of  the  opposition  of  this  powerful 
corporation.  To  this  end  the  Seattle  and 
Walla  Walla  Railroad  was  built,  an  enter- 
prise which  at  that  time  served  a  most  useful 
purpose  in  restoring  confidence  in  the  business 
future  of  the  city,  and  which  has  ever  since 
been  a  source  of  large  revenue  to  the  place 
Throughout  the  entire  struggle,  which  involved 
the  very  existence  of  Seattle,  Mr.  Leary  was 
most  actively  engaged,  and  to  his  labors,  his 
counsel,  and  his  means  the  city  is  indeed  greatly 
indebted  "  In  1872  Mr.  Leary  turned  his  at- 
tention to  the  development  of  the  coal  fields  of 
this  locality,  opening  and  operating  the  Tal- 
bot mine  in  connection  with  John  Collins.  He 
was  instrumental  in  organizing  a  company  for 
supplying  the  city  with  gas,  and  served  as  its 
president  until  1878,  thus  being  closely  identi- 
fied with  the  early  material  development  of 
his  community.  His  enterprise  also  resulted 
in  the  establishment  of  the  waterworks  system, 


and,  along  these  and  many  other  lines,  his 
efforts  were  so  directed  that  splendid  benefits 
resulted  to  the  city.  In  fact,  he  was  one  of 
the  men  who  laid  the  foundations  for  the 
future  growth  and  importance  of  Seattle.  It 
was  he  who  made  known  to  the  world  the 
resources  of  the  city  in  iron  and  coal.  Be- 
tween the  years  1878  and  1880  he  sent  out 
exploring  parties  along  the  west  coast  as  far  as 
Cape  Flattery,  on  the  Slagit  and  Similkimeen 
Rivers,  also  through  the  Mount  Baker  district 
and  several  counties  in  eastern  Washington. 
His  explorations  proved  conclusively  that 
western  Washington  was  rich  in  coal  and  iron, 
while  here  and  there,  also,  valuable  deposits  of 
precious  metals  were  to  be  found.  The  value 
of  Mr.  Leary's  work  to  the  State  in  this  con- 
nection cannot  be  over-estimated,  as  he  per- 
formed a  work  the  expense  of  which  is  usually 
borne  by  the  commonwealths  themselves.  An- 
other phase  of  his  activity  reached  into  the 
field  of  journalism.  In  1882  he  became  prin- 
cipal owner  of  the  Seattle  "Post,"  now  con- 
solidated with  the  "  Intelligencer  "  under  the 
style  of  the  "  Post-Intelligencer."  He  brought 
about  the  amalgamation  of  the  morning  papers 
and  erected  w^hat  was  known  as  the  Post 
Building,  one  of  the  best  of  the  early  business 
blocks  of  the  city.  In  1883  he  was  associated 
with  Mr.  Yesler  in  the  erection  of  the  Yesler- 
Leary  Block  at  a  cost  of  more  than  $100,000, 
but  this  building,  which  was  then  the  finest  in 
the  city,  was  destroyed  by  the  great  fire  of 
June,  1889.  One  can  never  measure  the  full 
extent  of  Mr.  Leary's  efforts,  for  his  activity 
touched  almost  every  line  leading  to  public 
progress.  He  was  active  in  the  establishment 
of  the  Alaska  Mail  service,  resulting  in  the 
development  of  important  trade  connections  be- 
tween that  country  and  Seattle.  He  was 
elected  to  the  presidency  of  the  Chamber  of 
Commerce,  which  he  had  aided  in  organizing, 
and  also  became  president  of  the  Seattle  Land 
and  Improvement  Company,  of  the  West 
Coast  Improvement  Company  and  the  Seattle 
Warehouse  and  Elevator  Company.  He  was 
one  of  the  directors  of  the  Seattle,  Lake  Shore 
and  Eastern  Railway  Company,  of  the  West 
Street  and  North  End  Electric  Railway 
Company,  which  he  aided  in  organizing, 
and  was  likewise  a  promoter  and  di- 
rector of  the  James  Street  and  Broadway 
Cable  and  Electric  Line.  In  financial  circles 
he  figured  prominently  as  president  of  the 
Seattle  National  Bank,  but  was  compelled  to 
resign  that  position  on  account  of  the  demands 
of  other  business  interests  In  February,  1891, 
he  organized  the  Columbia  River  and  Puget 
Sound  Navigation  Company,  capitalized  for 
$500,000,  in  which  he  held  one-fifth  of  the! 
stock.  That  company  owned  the  steamers' 
"Telephone,"  "Fleetwood,"  "Bailey  Gatzert, 
"  Floyd,"  and  other  vessels  operating  between 
Puget  Sound  and  Victoria.  Before  his  death 
a  biographer  wrote  of  him ;  "  It  is  a  char- 
acteristic of  Mr.  Leary's  make-up  that  he 
moves  on  large  lines  and  is  never  so  happy  as 
when  at  the  head  of  some  great  business  enter- 
prise. His  very  presence  is  stimulating. 
Buoyant  and  hopeful  by  nature,  he  imparts  his 
own  enthusiasm  to  those  around  him.  He  has 
not  overlooked  the  importance  of  manufactur- 
ing interests  to  a  city  like  Seattle,  and  over 
and  over  again  has  encouraged  and  aided,  often 


258 


/-T^^^^^^^^i^^      w  ,     y.-y^i^ 


GRAY 


GRAY 


at  a  personal  loss,  in  the  establishmeni  of  man- 
ufacturing enterprises,  having  in  ibis  regard 
probably  done  more  than  any  other  ciiixen  of 
SeAttle.  He  has  ever  recogui^ed  awd  .if  *'»d  on 
the  principle  that  property  haa  ii'^  s 

well  as  rights,  and  that  one  of  its  t.  ^ 

is  to  aid  and  build  up  V  .    !?^^    v.  n<^rc 

the  possessor  has  made  b  There  are 

few  men  in  the  city,  the*^  ..  .,  ..ho,  in  the 
course  of  the  last  twenty  years,  aided  more  in 
giving  employment  to  a  largt^  iiui»i^>or  of  men 
that  Mr.  Leary,  or  whose  individual  elforts 
have  contributed  more  of  good  to  the  general 
prosperity  «.»f  Sef<itN.*."  Mr.  Leary  left  an  es- 
tate vp)n*<''  .i  abou^  $2,000,000.  After  his 
death  ^  I  '^uilt  the  Leary  Building  upon 

the.  sit>  >td  home.     Mr.  Leary  wan  a 

man  of  im.tv  v;tueroua  spirit,  giving  freely  ii» 
charity  to  worthy  individuals  and  to  importani 
■  "blic   enterprises.      Fo    i:\^-M    rTn    .  n.  ^i    rr^?- 

-jce  in  Seattle  just 

^»at   pleasure   in   p 

:ue,    but    did    v.-- 

«^ht  be  t{-rn'^.< 


tieing  iden- 

..<•.....-.•  f,   .  .M;:^v      Mr.    Leary 

at   of   the   Rainier   Club,    the 

_.^.    organization    of    tSeattle,    and 

who   came   in   contact   with    liim    enter- 

,    for   him    the    warmest    friendship,    the 

^•tfhest  admiration,   and   the  greatest  esteem. 

InM  was  a  life  in  which  merit  brought  him  to 

&iit  front  and  made  him  a  leader  of  men,  and 

Iw  some  admiring  friends  hf    has   been  called 

tne    most    p'lviilar   man    in    Washington.      On 

tl    April,    i!Hl5>,    Mr.    I^ary   married    F^liza,   a 

daughter    oi    ir:v»    late    dov.    Elisha    P.    Ferry. 

GRAY,  John  Chlpman,  lawyer,  teacher,  and 

author,  b    in  Fright. m.  Mhs.«^*    U  July.   I>>:J5»: 

,    in    Boston.    Mas^*.     *15    FrU      V^Kk    h«  n    of 

iiorace    and    Sarnh    RiLss'^il     ■UA'<ru--      CJr.;r 

After  the  usual  prep.-jratuf  v   'i>Mrii»    'At    O  jtv 

•entered  Harvard  University,  rf'fj'.-ivifiv:   i.)>r  i.h- 

^^*?e   of   A.B.    from    that    institution    in    I;45i;. 

Having  decided  upon  the   law  a.s  his  profes 

Hion,  he  became  a  student  in  the  Harvard  Law 

vSohool,  and  received  hi.»  LL.B.  detrree  in  iSO^. 

»i"    was    admitted    to    the    Ma^HachuBotta    b;ir 

the   age    of   twenty-three,    immediately  fol- 

'^•ing    his    gradMfti-'?n    from    the    htw    srhuol, 

■r,    instead    •->{     "..t«^r>r)K    njcn    pm.t let*,    rf- 

■ondcd    to    ih^i    ••   ■■'    t.>r    trr>,)j»5<    twul    <'r.tcr<'(l 

■►'    army,    wrvlnu    !<•    *}\c    rii.1    of    tho    «ivil 

!\r.      By    sn«<.'»>'''.sui.-    ^.toniftiofv-    he    hccr.uv: 

•ond    lieutenant     in    tli.     Fortyhr-I     Ma^Hji- 

uaetta    Infantry,    an. J    Ihn    Thin!    Mr«srt}i«liU- 

■"    ^'avalry;     ^•• '.^    .j;.-!    *•>    <\<u     (;.'..r'.'i     T[. 

,     and      way.      •^u;\'\^      r,.)i;.,«      ;in(l      jiliop 

_^o  of  the    r.;:s  .i    •'  •     •    V     '(int.  ■-'.  -    oi; 

'•    HtaiTs    of    (.'"neriil.     !'  '    riiiiTio^ '■. 

ter    rp\-eiving    liis    di'*'^;).  ■;      -li  I    of 

'    war.    ho    rKturned     lo  l>«>-.(.>n    and    !*.'.'pn 


practice  as  a  member  of  the  old  Boston  law 
firm  of  Ropes,  Gray  and  Gorham.  In  i8Ri> 
he  becsuiie  lecturer  at  the  Harvard  Law 
School;  in  1875,  was  appointed  Storey  pro- 
fessor of  law;  and  on  12  Nov.,  1883,  became 
Royall  professor,  a  position  which  he  held 
until  1  Feb.,  1013,  when  he  re-signed,  boci>iu- 
ing  Royall  professor  emeritus.  At  the  time 
of  hiB  resignation  every  memiicr  of  the 
faculty  of  Harvard  Law  School  had  bf>en 
among  his  former  pupils.  He  taught  ra^uiy 
subjects,  notably  bankruptcy  and  the  law  of 
the  feders?  -onr-f?  .-'Viifit,  of  laws,  ronatitu- 
tional  >f  law  of  prop- 

erty   :■>.  u    In-    r.':*rtvier, 

Jo^in   t...    .iop' i,   ii«'   •  ;    Law 

Kev  i'  w  "  for  manv  h  its 

foundation       ^  '  it  the 

law   sf'.hooi  v'ties. 

i.e.  ...,,(,    ^  pra«.' 

■  i    ei..- 
■^.   in 


kr*'■•^vT«    as 

^'V-g'     I.^'r)ng*a 

nam*.-    h('<:\irnc. 

.       f    Lopt-a    «.''ray 

■:l     Prof.r'jisor    Gra3, 

.-.,     .  -    -uu  iiray.  H    L.  Shaf- 

n,    W      U     Be«t,    Roger    Frnst,    and    A.    R. 

rrtuateln.     Vrofesaor  Oray  amis  generall}    re- 

j  g«*;d^d  as  the  leading  authority  in  this  ooim- 

try   on   the  law   '..f  real    propr>rty,'  ar.d   in  the 

i!2vo!vfHi    Biihject    of    perpc-tuities     it    i?    SRid 

that  his  knowledge  was  unrivaled.    In  tht  later 

days  of  his  life  his  eonnsel  was  sought    in  a 

wide  range  of  affairs,  Testators  and  exo'Oto"  -, 

clergT.Tnen  accused  of  heresy,  cotton  mills,  and 

colleges,     millionaires    and     poor     widows     in 

trouble,  all   came   ^o  him  for  advice,  and  his 

opinion  seldom  proved  wrong      In  politics  he 

was  a  Rejjublican.  and  it  is  ^aid  that  hf;  mor,-^ 

than  *onee   refused   a   position   on   the   M'a.aga- 

cliusetts   Supreme   Court   bf'noh.   j>reforrJn;j   t'- 

give   hia    tiu!'     to    lii.-,    practice    and   i-.a'aiiig 

In    business    int-r'-sts   he    was   at   one   i'r.nc   a 

i  director   of    the    Ronton   and    Rrovidenrf    R.ii] 

I  road,    a    vic-'-presidcni    of    the    Mas.saofp.  :  •  \s 

j  Hospit.n!    Life    Tupuranoe    Company,    and    ^  "!i>.' 

j  j'rc-si<s.'nr  of  tin-  Rrovldent  Bank  for   Siuuigs 

■?f    BoHto-f>       Professor    Grav   wrote    marlt    o'^ 

:  ^nr^'v."  !&vv    i...pi;-s  and  v.'n^  the  author  .:.•  'i.c 

!  •  R.-.h'      A£(8infct      rorpetuiti^- .-"'      whi.  '       r,'i) 

j  through     three     editions;     tlio     *'i\'r>:u.r      -.-^  [ 

Sources  of  the  Law,"  whioli  emhodi-r'    \  ' 
j  lures    do}i\er«'d    at    Harvard     up 
j  O.iver.sitie;-..    pnldiRUcd   in    JflOr* 
1  C;ise-,   aad   OthtT   A'.n.ho?^'  -  , 

I  l*r'.'()ert!(>H.'"  rm  exhno^iiv.'  v  v-  i    - 

whiih    was    jiiihli.Hhi  d 


liojior--  and  re-.pon^i!!!! 


I  reeo;.oiitioM  i>f  hij-; 
j  Vale  Ccllegr  mjit, 
I  (h>'  doj/re*-;  of  !  ^  !> 
I  recfiv^'f)    fh; 


n^i 


ic 


GRAY 


LEE 


weighting  the  historical  side,  he  valued  his 
scholarship  only  as  it  would  fit  the  needs  of 
his  fellow  men.  Adequate  and  illuminating 
as  was  his  historical  matter,  it  was  always 
suited  to  the  main  end.  Among  the  quali- 
ties which  give  his  works  their  greatest  value 
and  high  place  among  the  best  law  books  is 
his  quality  of  conciseness  and  lucid  comple- 
tion in  small  compass.  It  is  said  that  he 
knew  the  truth  in  Stevenson's  statement: 
"  There  is  but  one  art — to  omit.  A  man  who 
knew  how  to  omit  could  make  an  Iliad  of  a 
daily  paper."  His  style  was  distinguished, 
his  mind  having  power  to  master  his  amazing 
learning  without  its  having  power  to  master 
him.  His  reading  included  every  subject. 
He  wiis  deeply  versed  in  theology,  was  a  pro- 
found Greek  scholar,  and  entertained  his 
leisure  hours  with  the  "  Odyssey."  While  the 
terse  elegance  of  his  style  was  no  doubt  in- 
fluenced by  his  classic  training,  it  was  more 
directly  influenced  by  the  native  simplicity  and 
uprightness  of  his  character,  his  hatred  of  sham 
in  any  form,  lack  of  affectation  or  po^  com- 
bining with  his  fine  mind  to  produce  an  in- 
tellectual honesty  that  matched  the  sound- 
ness of  his  moral  fiber.  In  the  classroom  he 
displayed  the  same  fine  qualities — scorn  of 
pedantry,  freedom  from  the  least  touch  of 
self-consciousness,  and  a  moral,  as  well  as  an 
intellectual,  stimulus.  He  had  other  special 
gifts  as  a  teacher;  understood  men,  no  doubt 
because  of  his  own  direct  and  manly  nature; 
and  had  a  wonderfully  swift  and  smoothly 
working  mind.  In  the  law  school,  his  lec- 
tures were  models  of  zealous  preparation. 
His  wonderful  physique  enabled  him  to  pur- 
sue successfully  his  varied  activities,  and  un- 
til he  had  passed  the  age  of  seventy  he  never 
had  occasion  to  change  the  habits  of  life 
formed  at  thirty.  On  the  death  of  Professor 
Thayer,  in  1902,  Professor  Gray  assumed  the 
teaching  of  Evidence  and  of  Constitutional 
Law,  thus  changing  from  his  own  specialty, 
the  law  of  property,  to  that  of  another  man, 
when  past  sixty  years  of  age,  even  though  at 
the  time  his  law  practice  was  bringing  him 
heavier  responsibilities.  An  example  of  his 
tireless  search  for  knowledge  was  his  attend- 
ance, at  the  age  of  sixty-eight,  on  a  course 
in  Roman  law  given  by  a  junior  colleague. 
Following  the  death  of  Professor  Gray  a  num- 
ber of  notable  tributes  were  published  in  the 
"Harvard  Law  Review."  In  one  of  these 
Samuel  Williston,  a  member  of  the  law 
faculty  of  Harvard,  said :  "  When  Gray  died 
there  passed  from  among  us  a  man  whose 
type  has  always  been  rare  and  is  growing 
rarer.  He  was  at  once  a  specialist  in  a  nar- 
row difficult  branch  of  the  law,  a  lawyer  in 
general  practice,  a  man  of  affairs,  a  teacher, 
a  writer,  a  well-read  scholar  in  various  fields 
with  cultivated  interests  in  letters  and  art, 
and  a  man  of  the  world  by  no  means  averse 
to  mingling  in  congenial  society."  Joseph  H. 
Beale  said :  "  A  typical  man  of  the  law,  in 
whose  face  wisdom,  judgment,  probity,  were 
joined  with  good  sense,  coolness,  and  logical 
precision — ^the  qualities  that  further  acquaint- 
ance showed  were  the  qualities  of  the  man, — 
courtesy,  kindliness,  wit,  consideration  for 
others.  .  .  .  The  characteristic  that  clings 
most  to  memory  is  virility — power  of  mind, 
power    of    body,    power    of    character.     There 


were  giants  in  his  day;  and  about  each  of  his 
qualities  there  *  was  something  immensely 
human.  He  was  a  man,  and  his  like,  take  him 
all  in  all,  we  shall  never  see."  Professor 
Gray  married  in  1873,  Anna  Lyman  Mason, 
of  Boston.  They  had  two  children:  Roland 
^ray,  a  graduate  of  Harvard  College,  class 
of  1895,  who  was  afterward  associated  with 
his  father  in  practice,  and  one  daughter, 
Eleanor  L.  Gray,  who  married  Henry  D. 
Tudor,  of  Boston. 

LEE,  Fitzhugh,  soldier  and  governor  of  Vir- 
ginia, b.  at  Clermont,  Fairfax  County,  Va., 
19  Nov.,  1835;  d.  in  Washington,  D.  C,  28 
April,  1905,  son 
of  Sidney  Smith 
and  Anne  ( Ma- 
son) Lee.  His 
father,  the  third 
son  of  "  Light- 
Horse  "  Harry 
Lee,  of  Revolu- 
tionary fame, 
and  a  brother  of 
the  famous  sol- 
dier, Robert  E. 
Lee,  was  at  the 
beginning  of  the 
Civil  War  a 
captain  in  the 
United  States 
navy,  and  after- 
ward admiral  in 
the  Confederate 
navy.  His  mo- 
ther was  a  daughter  6f  George  Mason,  of 
Fairfax  County,  who  wrote  the  Virginia 
Bill  of  Rights.  Fitzhugh  Lee  grew  up  a 
strong,  sturdy,  active  Virginia  boy.  His 
family  had  produced  many  military  men, 
and  he  could  not  resist  the  hereditary  im- 
pulse; accordingly,  in  1852,  he  entered  the 
U.  S.  Military  Academy.  His  record  in 
scholarship  was  not  remarkably  good.  He 
was,  however,  an  excellent  horseman,  and 
when  he  was  graduated  in  1856  he  joined  the 
Second  U.  S.  Cavalry  in  the  west  as  second 
lieutenant.  This  regiment  is  famous  for  hav- 
ing given  more  noted  officers  to  both  federal 
and  Confederate  armies  than  any  other  in  the 
service  at  the  time.  Its  colonel  was  Albert 
Sidney  Johnston;  its  lieutenant-colonel, 
Robert  E.  Lee,  and  among  its  other  officers 
were  the  later  generals,  Thomas,  Earl  Van 
Dorn,  Kirby  Smith,  Hood,  Stoneman,  and 
several  others.  At  the  time  of  Lee's  attach- 
ment to  this  command  the  Indians  were  trou- 
blesome, and  they  saw  much  service  against 
them.  In  1859  he  was  severely  wounded  by 
an  Indian  arrow.  When  he  recovered  he  was 
ordered,  in  May,  1860,  to  West  Point  as  in- 
structor in  cavalry  tactics.  He  held  this 
position  until  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War, 
when  he  resigned  and  entered  the  Confederate 
service.  He  was  first  assigned  to  staff  duty  as 
lieutenant  upon  the  staff  of  General  Ewell. 
Lentil  September,  1861,  he  was  adjutant-gen- 
eral 01  the  brigade.  At  this  latter  date  he 
was  chosen  lieutenant-colonel  in  the  First 
Virginia  cavalry.  His  regiment  was  under 
command  of  Gen.  J.  E.  B.  Stuart,  and  his 
dashing  vigor,  combined  with  soldierly  obedience, 
brought  him  quick  promotion.  As  colonel  he 
took  part  in  all  the  campaigns  of  the  Army 


260 


LEE 


LEE 


of  Northern  Virginia.  On  25  July,  1862,  he  was 
made  brigadier-general,  and  on  3  Sept.,  1863, 
major-general.  In  the  battle  of  Winchester, 
19  Sept.,  1864,  three  horses  were  shot  under 
him,  and  he  was  disabled  by  a  severe  wound, 
which  kept  him  from  duty  for  several  months. 
In  March,  1865,  he  was  put  in  command  of 
the  whole  cavalry  corps  of  Lee's  army,  and 
some  of  his  most  brilliant  fighting  was  done 
upon  the  retreat  from  Petersburg  to  Appomat- 
tox. The  cause  was  lost,  however,  and  in  April 
he  surrendered  to  General  Meade  at  Farmville. 
He  was  still  a  young  man,  but  it  was  almost 
a  perilous  course  for  one  of  his  years,  knowing 
only  a  military  life,  to  settle  down  upon  a 
farm  to  draw  his  support  from  the  soil.  It 
was  practically  the  only  course  open  to  him, 
however,  so  after  his  marriage  he  began  work 
upon  his  impoverished  estate  in  Stafford 
County.  Here  he  lived  the  quiet  life  of  a 
private  citizen  and  farmer  for  twenty  years. 
Several  times  during  the  period  his  name  had 
been  brought  forward  as  a  candidate  for  gov- 
ernor, but  he  made  no  active  efforts  and  the 
movements  had  failed.  In  the  winter  and 
spring  of  1882-83  he  made  a  tour  through  the 
Southern  States  in  the  interest  of  the  South- 
ern Historical  Society.  The  Democrats  had 
regained  control  of  the  legislature  in  1883, 
and  had  passed  an  election  law  that  seemed 
to  assure  them  future  success.  In  1885  Lee 
was  nominated  their  candidate  for  governor 
in  opposition  to  John  S.  Wise.  Both  candi- 
dates were  men  of  unquestioned  honor  and 
ability;  both  could  appeal  to  an  illustrious 
lineage — an  appeal  always  listened  to  by  the 
Virginia  voter.  Lee,  however,  had  the  ad- 
vantage of  the  party  organization  and  of  his 
record  in  the  Confederate  service.  After  an 
exciting  campaign  he  was  elected  by  a  small 
plurality.  As  governor  he  served  the  State 
acceptably  and  well.  When  his  term  expired 
he  withdrew  to  his  home,  but  soon  took  part 
in  a  scheme  for  the  promotion  of  a  "boom" 
town,  Glasgow,  situated  on  a  farming  tract 
that  was  supposed  to  be  rich  in  coal,  iron, 
and  various  other  minerals.  The  "  boom " 
ran  its  usual  course  and  then  collapsed,  leav- 
ing Lee  a  poorer  man  than  ever  and  somewhat 
discredited  as  a  financier,  although  no  imputa- 
tions were  put  upon  his  integrity.  His  ex- 
perience in  this  affair  was  one  of  the  causes 
of  his  loss  of  election  as  U.  S.  Senator.  He 
was  fortunate,  however,  in  securing  the  ap- 
pointment of  revenue  collector  from  Cleveland. 
Just  before  the  close  of  the  President's  term 
this  position  was  changed  for  the  more  con- 
genial post  of  consul-general  at  Havana. 
Here  his  Southern  training  and  traditions 
made  him  a  favorite  personally  with  the  punc- 
tilious Spaniards,  and  his  military  instincts 
carried  him  safely  through  the  dangers  of  his 
official  position.  The  Cuban  rebellion  having 
begun,  relief  expeditions  were  organized  on 
American  soil,  a  portion  of  the  press  and  pub- 
lic clamored  for  intervention  in  the  island 
by  the  United  States;  the  responsibilities  of 
the  American  consul  at  Havana  increased  each 
day.  President  McKinley  showed  commend- 
able common  sense  when  he  retained  under  his 
Administration  the  Democrat  appointed  to  the 
post  by  President  Cleveland.  All  the  advan- 
tages of  a  continuous  policy  were  thereby  se- 
cured, which  indeed  was  most  necessary.     The 


concentrating  policy  adopted  by  Weyler  re- 
sulted in  crowding  into  the  towns  a  great 
masg  of  helpless  non-combatants,  whose  situa- 
tion was  hopeless  in  the  extreme;  for,  nat- 
urally improvident,  they  refused  or  failed  to 
cultivate  the  little  strips  of  land  provided  for 
them,  and  in  consequence  died  off  in  droves 
from  starvation  and  disease.  The  reports 
spread  abroad  in  the  United  States  that  many 
of  them  were  American  citizens  led  President 
McKinley,  on  17  May,  1897,  to  ask  from  Con- 
gress an  immediate  appropriation  of  $50,000 
for  their  relief;  the  sum  was  voted  at  once 
and  was  intrusted  to  Lee  for  distribution. 
Three  months  later  he  reported  that  he  had 
expended  less  than  one-fifth  of  the  sum  voted, 
that  he  had  fed  and  cared  for  every  Ameri- 
can in  distress  that  he  could  possibly  find,  and 
that  he  had  furnished  transportation  to  this 
country  for  all  that  wished  it.  Ninety-five 
per  cent,  of  the  whole  number  of  sufferers 
assisted  were  naturalized  Americans,  although 
most  of  them  were  unable  to  speak  English 
and  had  never  lived  in  this  country,  securing 
their  rights  as  the  wives  or  children  of  men 
naturalized  here.  Affairs  were  now  rapidly 
drawing  to  a  crisis.  By  the  end  of  1897  it 
became  evident  that  the  proposed  system  of 
autonomy  was  a  failure.  Early  in  1898  came 
the  de  L6me  incident,  followed  by  the  destruc- 
tion of  the  "  Maine  "  on  the  night  of  15  Feb. 
On  6  March,  Spain  intimated  a  wish  for  the 
recall  of  Consul-General  Lee,  but  the  govern- 
ment at  Washington  promptly  declined  to 
consider  it.  Early  in  April  a  general  exodus 
of  Americans  took  place  from  the  island,  Lee 
staying  until  the  last.  When  he  did  leave,  at 
length,  and  return  to  this  country,  his  jour- 
ney through  the  Southern  States,  from  Tampa 
to  Washington,  where  he  arrived  on  12  April, 
was  one  continuous  popular  ovation,  a  marked 
evidence  of  the  estimation  in  which  his  ef- 
forts had  been  held  by  the  people.  War  was 
declared  against  Spain  on  21  April,  and  soon 
after  this  Lee  was  appointed  major-general 
of  volunteers.  During  the  actual  continuance 
of  hostilities  he  saw  no  active  service,  the 
corps  under  his  command,  the  Seventh,  re- 
maining in  the  United  States.  In  December, 
1898,  however,  he  reviewed  his  command  at 
Savannah,  and  with  it  set  sail  on  the  11th 
for  Havana,  of  which  province  and  Pinar  del 
Rio  he  had  been  appointed  military  governor, 
and  there  remained  until  1  Jan.,  1899,  when 
he  was  relieved  and  placed  in  command  of  the 
Department  of  the  Missouri,  U.  S.  army, 
with  headquarters  at  Omaha,  Neb.  He  was  in 
this  command  when  he  was  retired  from  the 
service.  On  this  occasion  his  rank  was  fixed 
by  special  act  of  Congress  as  a  brigadier- 
general,  with  General  Wilson,  of  Delaware, 
and  Gen.  Joseph  Wheeler.  He  then  returned 
to  his  home  in  Virginia,  and  continued  in 
private  life  until  his  election  as  president 
of  the  Jamestown  Exposition  Company  in 
1002,  a  position  which  he  retained  to  the 
time  of  his  death.  He  is  the  author  of  a 
biography  entitled  "  General  Loo  "  in  the 
"Great  Commander"  series  (New  York, 
1894),  and  "Cuba's  Struggle  Agaijist  Spain" 
(1899).  General  Lee  was  marriod  19  April, 
1871,  to  Anne  Bernard,  of  Alexandria,  Va. 
They  had  two  sons.  FKzlingli  l.co  ("id),  cap- 
tain in  the  Third  Cavalry,  and  George  Mason 


261 


ALLEN 


MORTON 


Lee,  first  lieutenant  in  the  same  command; 
and  three  daughters:  Ellen,  wife  of  Capt. 
James  Cooper  Rhea,  of  the  Seventh  Cavalry; 
Anne  Fitzhugh,  wife  of  Lieut.  Lewis  Brown, 
of  the  First  Cavalry;  and  Virginia,  wife  of 
Lieut.  John  Cjester  Montgomery,  of  the 
Seventh  Cavalry.  . 

ALLEN,  William  Frederick,  metrologist,  b. 
in  Bordentown,  N.  J.,  9  Oct.,  1846;  d.  in  South 
Orange,  N.  J.,  9  Nov.,  1915,  son  of  Joseph 
Warner  and  Sarah  Burns  (Norcross)  Allen. 
His  father  was  a  noted  civil  engineer,  and 
also  served  in  the  State  senate,  and  on  the 
governor's  staff,  was  deputy  quartermaster- 
general  of  New  Jersey,  at  the  outbreak  of 
the  Civil  War,  and  later  colonel  of  the  Ninth 
New  Jersey  Volunteers,  and  as  a  member  of 
the  Burnside  Expedition  to  North  Carolina 
was  drowned  off  Cape  Hatteras,  15  Jan.,  1862. 
Mr.  Allen  was  educated  at  Bordentown,  and  at 
the  Protestant  Episcopal  Academy  at  Phila- 
delphia. In  1862  he  was  employed  as  rod- 
man  on  the  Camden  and  Amboy  Railroad,  of 
which  he  became  assistant  engineer  in  the  fol- 
lowing year.  He  left  this  position  in  1868  to 
become  resident  engineer  of  the  West  Jersey 
Railroad,  and  four  years  later  joined  the  edi- 
torial staff  of  the  "Official  Railway  Guide." 
In  1873  he  became  editor  and  manager  of  the 
National  Railway  Publication  Company,  and 
in  1875  was  made  secretary  of  the  General 
Time  Convention.  In  connection  with  this  or- 
ganization and  its  successor,  the  American 
Railway  Association,  he  became  interested  in 
and  labored  for  the  adoption  of  standard  time, 
which  in  1883  superseded  the  previously  exist- 
ing arbitrary  and  conflicting  method  of  time 
reckoning  by  railroads  as  well  as  by  local  au- 
thorities. Though  proposals  that  railway 
time  should  be  governed  by  meridians  one 
hour  apart  had  been  made,  notably  by  Charles 
F.  Dowd  in  1869,  and  Sir  Sanford  Fleming 
in  1876,  no  feasible  plan  had  been  evolved 
when  the  general  subject  was  presented  to  the 
general  managers  of  the  railways  in  October, 
1881,  by  Dr.  F.  A.  P.  Barnard,  and  Profs. 
Cleveland  Abbe  and  Ormond  Stone.  The  papers 
being  referred  to  Mr.  Allen,  as  the  secretary 
of  the  convention,  he  devised  a  complete 
system,  presented  11  April,  1883,  which  was 
based  upon  a  close  study  of  the  subject,  inde- 
pendent of  other  propositions.  The  difficulty 
of  adjusting  local  and  standard  time  was  met 
by  practically  abolishing  the  former,  and  in- 
stead of  the  minute  changes  of  time,  the 
divisions  were  arranged  in  even  hours,  and 
every  point  upon  the  border  lines  where  the 
change  was  to  be  made  exactly  designated. 
The  association  ordered  this  plan  to  take  effect 
18  Nov.,  1883,  and  from  that  time  on  the 
system  practically  became  general  throughout 
the  United  States,  being  followed  by  other 
countries  soon  after,  so  that  the  standard 
time  is  now  almost  universal.  The  benefits  of 
this  system  can  hardly  be  estimated,  and  Mr. 
Allen,  as  its  originator,  is  generally  recog- 
nized as  the  one  to  whom  the  credit  is  due. 
The  General  Time  Convention  in  1884  resolved, 
"That  we  hereby  declare  that  the  Secretary 
of  this  Convention,  Mr.  W.  F.  Allen,  is  the 
person  whom  we  recognize  as  the  originator 
of  the  system,  based  upon  the  hour  theory, 
which  we  have  adopted;  and  as  we  dele- 
gated  to  him  the   sole  duty  of   securing  its 


adoption,  his  successful  services  in  the  per- 
formance of  that  duty  should  be,  and  are 
hereby  fully  acknowledged."  Mr.  Allen  was  a 
delegate  of  the  United  States  government  to 
the  International  Meridian  Conference  at 
Washington  in  1884;  the  International  Railway 
Congress  in  Paris  in  1900;  and  a  delegate  of 
the  American  Railway  Association  to  the 
International  Railway  Congresses,  London  in 
1895,  Paris  in  1900,  Washington  in  1905,  and 
Berne  in  1910,  and  is  a  member  of  the 
Permanent  International  Commission  of  that 
organization.  He  was  a  delegate  to  the  Re- 
publican National  Convention  in  1908.  Mr. 
Allen  is  an  honorary  member  of  the  K.  K. 
Geographical  Society,  Vienna;  a  member  of 
the  Council  of  the  American  Metrological  So- 
ciety, a  member  of  the  National  Geographic 
Society,  the  New  Jersey  Historical  Society, 
the  American  Academy  of  Political  and  Social 
Science,  the  American  Association  for  the  Ad- 
vancement of  Science,  the  American  Statistical 
Society,  of  the  Washington  Academy  of 
Sciences,  the  Loyal  Legion,  the  Navy  League, 
the  American  Economical  Association,  the 
American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers,  the 
American  Railway  Guild  (past  master),  and 
the  Pennsylvania  Society  of  New  York.  The 
honorary  degree  of  M.S.  was  conferred  upon 
him  by  Princeton  University  in  1906,  and  he 
was  made  chevalier  of  the  Order  of  Leopold 
by  the  Belgian  government  in  the  same  year. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  Traffic  and  Railroad 
Clubs  of  New  York,  the  Essex  County  Coun- 
try and  South  Orange  Field  Clubs  of  New 
Jersey.  He  contributed  to  various  maga- 
zines, journals,  and  cyclopedias  on  the  sub- 
jects of  railways  and  standard  time.  Mr. 
Allen  married  20  April,  1871,  Caroline  Perry, 
daughter  of  Hon.  Thomas  J.  Yorke,  of  Salem, 
N.  J. 

MOETON,  William  James,  physician,  b.  in 
Boston,  Mass.,  3  July,  1845,  son  of  William 
Thomas  Greene  and  Elizabeth  (Whitman) 
Morton.  His  father  was  the  famous  dis- 
coverer of  surgical  anesthesia,  and  a  descend- 
ant of  Robert  Morton,  a  native  of  Scotland, 
who  settled  first  at  Mendon,  near  Charlton, 
Mass.,  and  afterward  in  New  Jersey,  where  he 
purchased  several  thousand  acres  of  land  on 
the  site  of  the  present  city  of  Elizabethtown. 
Two  ancestors,  father  and  son,  James  and 
Thomas  Morton,  fought  in  the  Revolutionary 
War.  Dr.  Morton  was  prepared  for  college 
at  the  Boston  Latin  School;  entered  Harvard 
University  in  1863,  and  was  graduated  in 
1867.  Upon  leaving  college,  he  taught  one 
year  as  principal  of  the  high  school,  Gardiner, 
Mass.,  and  in  1868,  entered  the  Harvard  Medi- 
cal School.  He  was  house  pupil  in  the  Massa- 
chusetts General  Hospital,  and  was  graduated 
in  1872,  the  first  student  to  be  graduated  un- 
der what  was  termed  the  "  new  system "  of 
written  examinations,  then  for  the  first  time 
adopted  in  the  Harvard  Medical  School.  He 
was  resident  student  in  the  Discharged  Sol- 
diers' Home,  Boston,  in  1869;  assistant  in  the 
Surgical  Out-Patients'  Department,  Massachu- 
setts General  Hospital,  in  1869;  house  sur- 
geon of  the  same  hospital  in  1871,  and  district 
physician  of  the  Boston  Dispensary  in  1872. 
In  that  year,  Dr.  Morton  began  general  prac- 
tice in  Boston,  but  in  October,  1873,  went  tc 
Europe   for   professional   study,   and   spent  a 


tn^  t^i  W  J  aa^ier  A'Y 


MORTON 


SIM0ND8 


;  »  ienna.    In  the  spring  of  1874  he  went 

i|»e  Town,  South  Africa,  and  thcuoe  into 

.nterior,  to  Kimberley,  the  capiiH)  of  the 

ulony  of  Griqualand- West,  and   8w.'>nd   only 


rmportance    am'^ng    the    to^-rs? 


I  to  Euro 
ravel  in 


f    South 

),  and 
ranee,  I 
ad  of 
.  after 
■vi  of  the 
;i  the  8um- 
...lope,  having 
iei'ide  upon  the 
(Jrerman  insane 
asylum,  ana  returned  with  hia  patient  in  the 
autumn.  In  1878  be  settled  permanently  in 
the  practice  of  medicine  in  New  York  City. 
Dr.  Morton  discovered  an  electro-chemical 
method  of  staining  tissues  preparatory  to 
microscopical  examination,  in  1894,  an  account 
of  which  was  publjp^v''  •  '-  >  ■;  r,  ...  ,  .i  ;.>ri8 
of  the  Amerieart    K  i- 

tion."     TI^-;  rl  'wv  •-<  •:'. 


trica.     He  retu 
pent  much  time 
and   Germany, 
the  year   to   » 

his   rctnr-    • 
Amcf'  . 
mer  uf    i: 
been  sent  .> 
case  of  a 


to  the  New  York  Infant  Asylum  from  1887  u> 
1896.  He  was  alao  editor  and  proprietor  of 
the  •'  Journal  of  Nervous  and  Mental  Dis- 
eases," New  York,  1879-85,  and  assistant  edi 
tor  of  "  Neurological  Contributions,"  New 
York,  1880-84.  He  married,  in  1880,  Eliza- 
beth Campbell,  daughter  of  Col.  VVaabington 
Lee,  of  Wilkes-Barre,  Pa. 

SIMONBS,  Daniel,  manufacturer  and  phi- 
lanthropist, b  in  Fitchburg,  Mass.,  18  Sept., 
IS47;  d.  at  I^rchmoni,  N  Y.,  5  May,  1913. 
Ho  wa«3  a  son  of  Abel  »>.nu  .Fane  (Todd)  vSLm- 
onds,  and  was  a  do.scei<r?itnt  .*f  sturdy  North 
of  England  anc(>storB,  whoiM?  rv.-.hie  qualities 
were  manifest  in  aii  penerati>ii9  of  the  family. 


8 


% 


f      of    man^  j^}^f>tK:aitk^n    ui" 

X-ray  sn*^  -..tment  of  cancer 

and  (.'  ^«s.    Dr.  Morton  is  a  member 

of  th-  Society  of  the  County  of  New- 

York;   peTraammt  member  of  the  Medical   So- 
ciety of  the  State  of  New  York;    New   York 
A,.j  i<.ray  of  Medicine;   New  York  Physicians' 
J    Aid    Association;    New    York    Neuro- 
So<u»M.  r    (of  which  he  was  president  in 
-84);  Nt  »ectroTherapeutic  Society 

president  ,    Ma.^RriciMiisotts    Mpdical 

wciety;    .'  otitic    Aisei^- 

-*tion    (f  '  '•'^-   ^  '«'*'" 

■      '     ■  M    H;^,  ivty 

.  Ilarviird 

•';)vui.    -xiujii-j    rv-»  •r,;;,i<  ii,    .;uu;;ricRn  ^ledi- 

•y\   Association,  Congres.-i  of  American  Pliysi- 

iunk  and  Surgeons,    Sooid-t^^  Fr.uicaise  d'KI.^c- 

•-Therapie;     Boylston     Meiliral     Society     of 

•)3ton    (president  in   18721:   and  was  ;i  *dele- 

ite  to  the  International  Medical  Congr,*.^-^  in 

ome   in   1894.     He   is  alpo  a   mem  her  of  the 

aiversity  Club,   New  York,   New   York   Elrc- 

■ieal  Soc!icty,  and  of  tlte  AmoriaiR  GcogrHphi- 

"■  K'iety.     Dr.  Morton  was  profpstior  of  din- 

'f  th«-  mind  .-ind  rnrvous  «^> ->r.-i))  and  (tf 

.  vr«>-th>'ra(.-^»ut )(•«    in     th».'     .'s»n-    York    I'or-t- 

;?duato    >h'<>iciil    St  hool    on<t    Kdisijital,   \v>\<\ 

fbe   cliai:    up   to    1909.    when   bo    rtsiL'nv.l. 

•H   aHHistJSvt   i>'.'    •>)«-.   .-hair    .,'    di,^paH\^  of 


iUAiinil^. 


'!  :_  ■  urly  located  in  FiteW: 

where,  m  1832,  ne  founded  the  Simoivib  C 
pany,    manufacturers    of    scythe.s       Later, 
Kddtvi  also  other  <'dgt'  toA^s  and  kni\os  'c 
line  of  prodnK-ls,  conducting  a  e-'iiytantly  y) 
ing  CHtjil'lit^hini-nt.  in  wliicl»   hi^•-  ^^va;  wh.s  \ 
oughly  trained  in  t\\Q  fundamcutai   d'.'t.'vil' 
the  business.     Daniel  Simondf.  ri:v<'ive  1  -.i  i 
ough  education  in  the  e.vvoliont  -I'-booIo  of 
native    city,    an^l    vA    t.he    Comer    C((T-'-'-t  r 
School   <if   Boston.  !t.tid  bvga.n  bis  btis':  ' 
r.-i'r  in  the  employ  of  his  fatlier.     V*    -  ■■■ 
ii^   a   clerk   in    tbe   otficf,   but     (juii.     •  -    .;■ 
throuuh    his    native    for.*:'    oi    t'l-a.''  ^  • 
thorough  i)uyinGS9  cipatity.  ks  ;; 
l.itionshjp  v.itb  \]\>'  fnnnd''i-  !^»       •■    ■)- 
hf  j)r(),Ln"('S.-*e*i  stoidily  ^c  i.-i  -  .•  •  '  : . 
^Vitll  Mie  r'Hirt-nu'Mi   »-:    \i  •  ■■ 

Dh-  rirni   Ik-'Miitic   S, •'.'-  -     .    i  i 

ftnd    ill    isrj.S    \v-;i,s    ,.'  •  ,.      V 

o{    SiM.juIs    Af..nr' 
caititiil    ;^tork    <>t    .-    >■  .;,■ 
\\  .\V{\  \w  ■■•         .    ".        .  ' 

b'.iiit 


;ont- 
i-.r- 


j  Hrt'm;nr    «<(     !i<  rv 

'    t'>   M;rj:/wil!'.>*   l^:  . 


SIMONDS 


HADLEY 


Simonds  Manufacturing  Company  entered  an 
entirely  new  branch  of  the  business,  which 
was  destined  also  to  become  their  best  known 
imd  most  important:  that  of  saw  manufacture. 
In  a  greatly  enlarged  plant,  erected  expressly 
to  accommodate  this  new  line  of  manufacture, 
they  made  every  kind  of  shop  saw  from  the 
endless-flexible-band  saw  to  the  larger  circular 
saws  used  in  cutting  up  huge  pieces  of  lumber. 
For  this  purpose,  of  course,  the  highest  grade 
of  steel  is  a  necessity,  since  flaws  developed 
in  rolling,  as  the  result  of  "pipes"  or  "air- 
holes "  in  the  original  ingot,  are  liable  to  be 
both  destructive  to  the  efficiency  of  the  tool 
and  dangerous  to  human  life.  For  several 
years,  therefore,  steel  of  the  highest  grade  was 
imported  from  England,  where  it  was  pro- 
duced under  the  greatest  precautions  known 
to  science,  at  the  direct  order  of  the  Simonds 
manufactory.  Later,  however,  by  the  discov- 
ery of  a  new  method  of  producing  perfectly 
uniform  steel  ingots,  and  eliminating  the 
danger  of  "  pipes,"  the  company  acquired  the 
rights,  and  erected  a  plant  in  Chicago,  later 
another  in  Lockport,  N.  Y.,  where  steel  of  the 
highest  quality  is  still  produced  for  the  ex- 
press purpose  of  rolling  into  saws.  The  ex- 
cellence of  the  Simonds  products  soon  created 
a  wide  demand  for  them,  and  led  directly  to 
the  opening  of  branches  in  all  the  large  cities 
of  the  United  States,  notably  Chicago,  New 
York,  Portland,  Ore.,  Seattle,  Wash.,  San 
Francisco,  Cal ,  New  Orleans,  La.,  also  in  Lon- 
don, England.  In  1906  the  Simonds  Canada 
Saw  Company  was  incorporated,  with  factories 
and  principal  offices  in  Montreal,  and  branches 
at  St.  John,  N.  B.,  and  Vancouver,  B.  C, 
which  represents  the  Simonds  interests  in  all 
parts  of  the  Dominion.  In  addition  to  this, 
the  manufacture  of  high-grade  files  is  con- 
ducted at  the  works  of  the  Simonds  File  Com- 
pany, at  Fitchburg.  Although  tools  manu- 
factured at  the  Simonds  works  have  always 
enjoyed  a  well-merited  reputation  for  excel- 
lence of  material  and  workmanship,  it  is  true, 
nevertheless,  that  the  greater  part  of  the  phe- 
nomenal growth  of  the  company  is  to  be 
credited  directly  to  the  energy  and  enterprise 
of  its  able  and  indefatigable  president.  Mr. 
Simonds  was  noted  for  his  quick  insight  into 
situations,  and  an  alert  readiness  to  avail 
himself  of  every  opportunity  that  presented. 
He  was  also  a  firm  believer  in  efficiency,  as 
applied  both  to  the  work  of  the  office  and  also 
of  the  factories  under  his  direction.  Capable 
of  the  best  efforts  himself,  he  chose  his  assist- 
ants from  the  number  of  those  upon  whom  he 
could  depend  implicitly.  He  believed  in  and 
practiced,  however,  a  higher  type  of  efficiency 
than  that  usually  recognized  among  business 
"  experts,"  so  called,  or  even  considered  by 
most  of  them.  With  the  wisdom  and  insight 
of  a  truly  great  mind  he  discerned  the  fact — 
rather  an  evident  fact,  too,  although  so  often 
overlooked — that  the  human  machinery  of  his 
plants,  the  employees,  are  in  need  of  precisely 
the  same  care,  consideration,  and  solicitude 
as  even  the  costliest  and  most  delicate  appa- 
ratus produced  by  the  refined  skill  of  the  most 
,  advanced  engineer.  Nor,  in  the  last  analysis, 
can  such  a  policy  be  called  anything  less  than 
truly  wise,  as  the  constantly  growing  pros- 
perity of  the  Simonds  Company,  and  the  uni- 
form excellence  of  their  products  amply  dem- 


onstrate. Nevertheless,  this  is  an  order  of 
"  wisdom "  that  cannot  be  understood,  except 
by  a  mind  animated  by  some  sentiment  other 
than  selfish  interest.  Thus,  it  is  not  surpris- 
ing to  find  that  a  man  of  Mr.  Simonds'  caliber 
was  so  alive  to  the  full  significance  of  his 
employees*  welfare,  both  as  employees  and  as 
human  beings,  that  he  regarded  them,  not  as 
servants,  but  as  friends,  even  as  members  of 
his  own  family,  in  a  sense  very  real  and  vivid. 
He  organized  a  system  of  life  and  accident 
insurance  in  his  establishment  for  the  benefit 
of  his  employees,  also  secured  the  services  of 
a  physician  and  a  graduate  nurse  to  care  for 
them  and  their  families  in  sickness,  or  when 
suflFering  from  the  results  of  disablement.  He 
organized  also  the  Simonds  Recreation  Club, 
which  was  formed  to  conduct  healthful  out- 
ings and  sports  among  his  workers.  In  addi- 
tion to  all  this,  he  showed  that  his  interest 
in  his  assistants  was  by  no  means  perfunctory 
by  the  simple  fact,  as  repeatedly  attested,  that 
he  was  unusually  approachable,  even  by  the 
humblest  person  among  them,  rejoiced,  as  it 
must  seem,  in  being  regarded  as  the  friend 
and  personal  helper  of  each  one  of  them.  The 
result  was,  of  course,  that  every  man  in  his 
employ  was  willing  to  work  to  his  fullest  abil- 
ity, heart  and  soul  enlisted  in  the  interests  of 
the  company  headed  by  Mr.  Simonds.  At 
his  de^th,  also,  the  grief  manifested  in  the 
company  factories  was  no  matter  of  routine 
obedience  to  orders;  it  was  rather  the  sincere 
sorrow  of  each  man  in  the  force  over  the  loss 
of  a  true  friend.  In  addition  to  his  own  ex- 
tensive business  interests,  Mr.  Simonds  was  a 
director  of  the  Fitchburg  National  Bank  and 
of  the  Fitchburg  Savings  Bank,  as  well  as  an 
officer  in  several  other  local  enterprises.  He 
was  organizer  and  first  president  of  the  Manu- 
facturers' Club  of  Fitchburg,  a  member  of  the 
Fay  Club  of  Fitchburg,  the  Union  League 
Club  of  Chicago,  and  the  Larchmont  Yacht 
Club  of  New  York.  He  was  also  a  Master 
Mason,  and  a  Knight  Templar.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Fitchburg  Historical  Society. 
Mr.  Simonds  was  a  member  of  the  Calvinistic 
Congregational  Church  of  Fitchburg,  an  ear- 
nest supporter  of  all  its  benevolent  activities, 
and  in  his  every  walk  a  sincere  and  consistent 
Christian.  His  wife,  Ellen  Gifford,  daughter 
of  the  late  Eli  and  Abby  Tracy  Gifford,  of 
Rockville,  Conn.,  survives  him.  They  had 
three  sons:  Alvan  Tracy,  Giflford  Kingsbury, 
and  Harlan  Kenneth,  who  are  continuing  the 
business  that  their  father  built  up. 

HADLEY,  Henry  K(imball),  composer,  b.  at 
Somerville,  Mass.,  20  Dec,  1874,  son  of  S. 
Henry  and  Martha  Til  ton  (Conant)  Hadley. 
He  received  his  education  at  the  public  schools 
of  Somerville  and  studied  piano  and  violin 
under  his  father,  who  was  well  known  as  a 
musician  throughout  Eastern  Massachusetts. 
Later  he  studied  composition  under  Stephen 
Emery  and  George  W.  Chadwick  at  the  New 
England  Conservatory  of  Music.  His  first  se- 
rious work  for  orchestra,  an  overture  called 
"  Hector  and  Andromache,"  was  composed  at 
the  age  of  twenty  and  was  performed  by 
Walter  Damrosch  at  a  concert  of  the  Manu- 
script Society  in  New  York.  In  1893  he  made 
a  tour  of  the  United  States  as  leader 
with  the  Laura  Schirmer  Mapleson  Opera 
Company,      and      in      the      following      year 


264 


FELTON 


FELTON 


he  went  to  Vienna,  where  he  studied 
counterpoint  with  Eusebius  Mandyzewski. 
In  Vienna  he  completed  his  Ballet  Suite, 
No.  3,  which  was  first  heard  at  a  con- 
cert of  the  Manuscript  Society  in  New  York, 
under  Adolf  Neuendorf,  and  was  afterward  in- 
cluded in  the  repertory  of  Sam  Franko's  Amer- 
ican symphony  orchestra.  From  1895  to  1902 
Mr.  Hadley  was  director  of  the  music  depart- 
ment at  St.  Paul's  School,  Garden  City,  L.  I. 
During  that  tim«  he  composed  two  sympho- 
nies, "  Youth  and  Life  "  ( produced  by  Anton 
Seidl  at  a  concert  of  the  Manuscript  Society, 
1897),  and  "The  Four  Seasons  "( New  England 
Conservatory  and  Paderewski  prizes  in  1902)  ; 
an  overture,  "  In  Bohemia,"  first  produced  by 
Victor  Herbert  in  Pittsburgh;  an  overture  to 
Stephen  Phillips'  tragedy,  "  Herod  '* ;  a  can- 
tata, "  In  Music's  Praise,"  which  won  the 
Oliver  Ditson  Company's  prize  and  was  first 
produced  by  the  People's  Choral  Union,  New 
York,  in  1899 ;  an  "  Oriental  Suite,"  produced 
at  a  concert  in  the  Metropolitan  Opera  House, 
New  York,  under  the  direction  of  the  com- 
poser; 150  songs  and  the  incidental  music  to 
two  plays,  "  The  Daughter  of  Hamilcar  "  and 
"  Audrey."  The  "  Four  Seasons "  symphony 
has  been  per^rmed  in  the  principal  cities  of 
the  United  States,  under  Sir  Villiers  Stanford, 
in  London,  and  under  Mylinaski  in  Warsaw. 
About  1903  Mr.  Hadley  composed  the  comic 
opera,  "  Nancy  Brown,"  and  in  the  following 
year  he  went  to  Europe,  where  he  made  many 
appearances  as  a  conductor.  He  conducted 
performances  of  his  tone-poem,  "  Salome,"  in 
Berlin,  Cassel,  Warsaw,  Monte  Carlo,  Wies- 
baden and  elsewhere.  This  work  was  played 
by  the  Boston  Symphony  Orchestra  in  1907. 
In  1908  he  became  connected  with  the  Studt 
Theater  at  Mayence,  where  his  one-act  opera, 
"  Sofie,"  was  produced  in  1909.  His  rhapsody, 
"The  Culprit  Fey,"  had  in  the  meantime  won 
the  $1,000  prize  offered  by  the  National  Feder- 
ation of  Musical  Clubs  of  America,  and  he 
conducted  its  first  performance  by  the  Theodore 
Thomas  Orchestra,  Chicago,  in  May  of  the 
latter  year.  Mr.  Hadley's  subsequent  produc- 
tions include  a  symphonic  fantasia  ( 1905 )  ; 
a  third  symphony  (1906);  a  lyric  drama, 
"Merlin  and  Vivian,"  for  solo,  chorus,  and  or- 
chestra (1906)  ;  a  concert  piece  for  violoncello 
and  orchestra  (1907);  a  church  service,  a 
number  of  ballads  for  chorus  and  orchestra,  a 
string  quartette,  a  piano  quintette,  a  violin 
sonata,  and  a  number  of  lesser  pieces.  In 
1909  he  was  appointed  conductor  of  the  Seattle 
(Wash. )  Symphony  Orchestra.  He  is  a  member 
of  the  National  Institute  of  Arts  and  Letters. 
FELTON,  Samuel  Morse,  railroad  president, 
b.  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  3  Feb.,  1853,  son  of 
Samuel  M.  and  Maria  (Low)  Felton.  He  is 
a  descendant  in  the  eighth  generation  of  Lieut. 
Nathaniel  Felton,  who  emigrated  to  this  coun- 
try from  England  in  1633,  settling  in  Salem, 
Mass.  His  father  was  a  successful  steel  manu- 
facturer and  for  many  years  president  of  the 
Philadelphia,  Wilmington  and  Baltimore 
Railroad.  On  his  maternal  side  he  is  a  de- 
scendant of  Roger  Williams,  the  founder  of 
Providence,  R.  I.  His  uncle,  Cornelius  Con- 
way Felton,  was  president  of  Harvard  College 
in  1860-62.  He  was  educated  in  private 
schools  and  at  an  early  age  began  his  rail- 
road career  as  a  rodman  on  the  Chester  Creek 


Railroad.  In  1870  he  was  appointed  leveler 
and  assistant  engineer  on  the  Lancaster  Rail- 
road, and  in  the  following  year  entered  the 
Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology,  at 
Boston,  graduating  in  1873  as  a  civil  engineer. 
In  the  same  year  he  was  chosen  chief  engineer 
of  the  Chester  and  Delaware  River  Railroad, 
a  branch  of  the  Reading,  and  in  August,  1874, 
was  made  general  superintendent  of  the  Pitts- 
burgh, Cincinnati  and  St.  Louis  Railroad. 
During  the  railroad  riots  in  Pittsburgh,  Pa., 
in  July,  1877,  he  was  in  personal  charge  of 
the  road,  and  by  his  bravery  and  cool  judg- 
ment succeeded  in  restoring  order  in  Pitts- 
burgh. Later  the  Cincinnati  and  Muskingum 
Valley  and  the  Little  Miami  Railroads  were 
added  to  his  jurisdiction.  Mr.  Felton  served 
as  general  manager  of  the  New' York  and  New 
England  Railroad,  1882-84;  assistant  to  the 
president  of  the  New  York,  Pennsylvania  and 
Ohio  Railroad,  1884;  general  manager  of  the 
New  York,  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio,  1884-85; 
vice-president  in  charge  of  traffic  of  the  New 
York,  Lake  Erie  and  Western  Railroad,  1885; 
first  vice-president,  1885-90;  president  of  the 
East  Tennessee,  Virginia  and  Georgia  Rail- 
road, 1890-92;  president  of  the  Alabama, 
Great  Southern  Railroad,  1890-95;  president 
and  receiver  of  the  Cincinnati,  New  Orleans 
and  Texas  Pacific  Railroad,  1890-1900;  re- 
ceiver for  the  Kentucky  and  Indiana  Bridge 
Company,  1893-1900;  receiver  for  the  Colum- 
bus, Sandusky  and  Hocking  Railway,  1897-99; 
president  of  the  Chicago  and  Alton  Railroad, 
Joliet  and  Chicago  Railroad,  Kansas  City,  St. 
Louis  and  Chicago  Railroad,  and  the  Louisi- 
ana and  Missouri  River  Railroad,  1899-1908; 
president  of  the  Mexican  Central  Railroad 
and  Mexican-American  Steamship  Company, 
1907-09;  chairman  of  the  board  of  the  Ten- 
nessee Central  Railroad,  1909;  co-receiver  of 
the  Pere  Marquette  Railroad,  1912-14;  presi- 
dent of  the  road  since  1912;  president  of  the 
Chicago  Great  Western  Railroad,  the  Wiscon- 
sin, Minnesota  and  Pacific  Railroad,  and  the 
Mason  City  and  Fort  Dodge  Railroad,  since 
1909;  and  president  of  the  Western  Railroad 
Association  since  1913.  In  addition  to  occupy- 
ing the  positions  noted  above,  Mr.  Felton  was 
engaged  at  various  times  by  bankers,  reorgani- 
zation committees  and  others  to  make  reports 
on  twenty-five  different  railroads,  aggregating 
over  32,000  miles,  including  among  others  the 
Chicago  and  Alton,  Chicago  Great  Western, 
Boston  and  Maine,  Baltimore  and  Ohio,  North- 
ern Pacific,  Great  Northern,  and  Kansas  City, 
Pittsburgh  and  Gulf  Railroads.  He  also  served 
as  an  expert  witness  in  important  railroad 
and  engineering  cases.  He  was  appointed 
by  the  city  council  of  Cincinnati  as  chairman 
of  the  engineering  commission  to  select  the 
site  and  report  on  the  new  waterworks  for 
that  city.  Mr.  Felton  belongs  to  a  type  of 
railroad  men  who  are  all  too  rare  in  those 
modern  days,  when  men  are  pushed  forward 
and  placed  foremost  in  the  maiiajjjoniont  of 
great  railroad  properties  not  so  nuieli  be- 
cause of  an  e.\perience  which  would  qualify 
them  for  such  positions  as  because  of  the 
dominance,  for  the  time  being,  of  a  particular 
interest  toward  which  Ihe  in(livi<hial  selected 
for  the  management  must  lean  whether  he 
would  or  not.  One  has  but  to  look  about  him 
anywhere   in   the   railroad   world   to  find   con- 


266 


THOMAS 


THOMAS 


epicuous  examples.  They  abound  in  railway 
circles,  and  are  not  infrequently  found  in  all 
large  corporations.  Mr.  Felton  is  a  thor- 
oughly capable  and  practical  railroad  man; 
one  who  knows  the  business  **  from  the  ground 
up."  Schooled  and  graduated  from  the  Penn- 
sylvania System,  which  is  without  doubt  in 
a  large  way,  as  well  as  in  matters  of  small 
detail  and  in  actual  operation,  the  most  per- 
fect railway  organization  in  the  world,  he 
has  had  as  railway  president,  as  receiver,  as 
builder  and  operator  an  experience  in  prac- 
tical railroad  affairs  second  to  that  of  few 
men  in  this  country.  His  management  of 
various  properties  which  have  been  under  his 
care  at  different  times  has  given  abundant 
proof  of  his  ability.  Mr.  Felton  is  a  member 
of  many  clubs,  among  them  the  University, 
Saddle  and  Cycle,  Chicago,  Chicago  Athletic, 
and  Chicago  Golf  Clubs  of  Chicago;  Uni- 
versity Club  of  New  York;  Cincinnati  Com- 
mercial Club;  Minnesota  Club,  Minneapolis 
Club,  Franklin  Institute,  Western  Society  of 
Civil  Engineers,  and  the  American  Society  of 
Civil    Engineers. 

THOMAS,  Seth,  clock  manufacturer,  b.  in 
Wolcott,  Conn.,  19  Aug.,  1785;  d.  at  Plymouth 
Hollow,  Conn.,  29  Jan.,  1859,  son  of  James 
and  Martha  Thomas.  After  attending  the  dis- 
trict school  he  became  an  apprei^tice  in  the 
carpenter  and  joiner's  trade,  working  for  a 
time  upon  the  construction  of  Long  Wharf, 
New  Haven.  Soon  after  reaching  his  majority 
he  returned  to  Plymouth,  and  became  asso- 
ciated with  Eli  Terry  and  Silas  Hoadley  in 
the  business  of  clock-making.  The  firm  was 
located  in  a  part  of  Plymouth,  Conn.,  now 
called  Greystone.  In  1810  Mr.  Terry  sold  his 
interest  in  the  business  and  the  firm  con- 
tinued for  two  years  as  Thomas  and  Hoadley. 
Mr.  Thomas  then  sold  his  interest  to  Mr. 
Hoadley;  went  to  the  western  part  of  the 
town,  then  known  as  Plymouth  Hollow,  pur- 
chased the  site  where  the  case  shop  of  the 
present  Thomas  factory  now  stands,  and  in 
the  year  1813  began  the  manufacture  of  clocks 
on  his  own  account,  with  twenty  employees. 
The  first  attempts  at  clock-making  in  America 
were  primitive  and  laborious.  The  movements 
of  these  early  clocks  were  of  wood  of  a  similar 
construction  to  the  common  English  clocks, 
and  the  wheels  and  teeth  were  cut  by  workmen 
with  saw  and  jackknife.  Nevertheless,  these 
wooden  clocks  gained  popularity  by  their  con- 
venience and  cheapness.  Soon  the  manufacture 
was  extended  by  the  introduction  of  the  use 
of  brass;  machinery  was  applied,  and  the 
wheels,  instead  of  being  cast  separately,  were 
rapidly  cut  from  sheet  brass  by  special  dies. 
The  pivots  were  made  of  inexpensive  iron  wire 
and  the  whole  adjusted  in  the  same  establish- 
ment; thus  affording  economy  of  production 
and  a  uniformity  of  execution  superior  to  that 
of  any  method  hitherto  pursued.  The  sheet 
brass  also  possessed  advantages  over  the  cast 
brass,  being  finer,  more  easily  wrought,  and 
free  from  the  irregularities  so  often  caused  by 
the  workman's  hammer.  The  business  in- 
creased steadily,  and  by  the  middle  of  the  cen- 
tury large  numbers  of  Thomas  clocks  were 
annually  exported  to  Europe,  South  America, 
China,  and  Japan,  at  a  price  varying  from  one 
to  ten  dollars.  Besides  his  clock  factory  Mr. 
Thomas  built  a  cotton  mill  and  brass-rolling 


and  wire  mills.  In  consequence  of  the  business 
founded  by  him  the  village,  first  known  as 
Plymouth  Hollow,  grew  to  a  large  town,  and 
after  his  death  the  State  legislature  renamed 
it  Thomaston  in  his  honor.  In  illustration  of 
the  sterling  integrity  for  which  Seth  Thomas 
was  noted  the  following  incident  is  related: 
Called  to  court  as  a  witness  in  a  trial,  he  began 
his  testimony  without  having  taken  the  cus- 
tomary oath.  Recalling  himself,  the  judge 
suddenly  demanded,  "Mr.  Thomas,  are  you 
under  oath  ? "  Mr.  Thomas  raised  his  right 
hand  and  in  tones  which  were  impressive  in 
their  sincerity  replied ;  "  Always  under  oath." 
Seth  Thomas  was  married,  first,  to  Philena, 
daughter  of  Lemuel  and  Lydia  Tuttle,  20  April, 
1808,  who  died  12  March,  1810,  and,  second,  to 
Laura,  daughter  of  William  and  Submit  An- 
drews. He  had  nine  children.  After  his  death 
the  business  was  carried  on  successfully  by  his 
sons. 

THOMAS,  Seth  (2d),  manufacturer,  b.  at 
Thomaston  (then  Plymouth  Hollow,  Conn.), 
31  Dec,  1816;  d.  28  April,  1888,  son  of  Seth 
and  Laura  ( An- 
drews )  Thomas. 
He  entered  his 
father's  factory  at 
an  early  age,  and 
in  due  course  was 
given  full  charge. 
He  greatly  en- 
larged and  im- 
proved the  plant 
and  introduced 
the  products  of 
his  factory  into 
all  parts  of  the 
world,  including 
Chile  and  Japan. 
His  boast  was 
that  he  had  made 
every  kind  of 
timepiece  from  a 
watch  to  a  tower  clock.  The  manufac- 
ture of  town  clocks  was  begun  by  the 
company  in  1872,  when  it  purchased  the  plant 
of  the  A.  S.  Hotchkiss  Company  of  Brooklyn, 
N.  Y.,  and  moved  it  to  Thomaston,  an  im- 
mense undertaking  which  demonstrated  the 
strong  financial  footing  of  the  company.  The 
extreme  care  taken  in  the  manufacture  of 
these  tower  clocks  has  made  them  famous  the 
world  over.  No  less  than  17,000  of  them  have 
been  made  since  1872.  They  are  to  be  found 
in  every  State  in  the  Union,  and  many  have 
been  shipped  to  the  remotest  parts  of  the 
earth.  One,  which  was  sent  to  Peru,  had  to 
be  packed  in  boxes  of  a  certain  small  size  and 
weight,  so  that  it  could  be  transported  on  the 
backs  of  llamas  across  the  Andes.  The  Seth 
Thomas  Clock  Company  has  the  distinction  of 
having  built,  for  the  Colgate  Soap  Company, 
of  Jersey  City,  the  largest  clock  in  the  world, 
the  hands  of  which  weigh  over  half  a  ton 
each  and  the  dial  of  which  is  studded  with 
electric  lights,  visible  at  a  great  distance  on 
the  shores  of  the  Hudson  River.  A  tower  clock 
installed  in  the  Elgin  Watch  Company's  plant 
in  Illinois  demonstrated  the  remarkable  accu- 
racy of  the  Thomas  product,  varying  in  the 
course  of  three  years  only  one-tenth  of  a  sec- 
ond. In  some  cases  the  company  has  not  only 
made  the  clocks,  but  designed  the  towers  in 


266 


THOMAS 


MORTON 


which  they  were  installed.  An  instance  of  thi« 
is  to  be  seen  in  Athens,  Greece.  In  1S83  the 
company  began  the  manufa.ctnr<>^  <f  *  ••'bo8 
and  within  a  few  months  the  » od 

into  a  newly  finished  buiidini:  i.es 

being  fin  i  -^5.    For;-.  irt- 

ment  bar  '^  own  ai^  the 

discontin  ;i  ■         -  ')e« 

seemed  adwsaii  \  ;  .re- 

after    the     •"  „.,..,.    ..^.   .  V. ,.    ,,,,.■    con- 

tinued \\;\  .     In  1012  there  were  2S0 

work''  the   watch   factory,  and 

the  many  as  (500  watches 

a  ciu  the  company  decidori 

to  r  their  watches  to  < 

of    n  .w.^k.   this  oi'tp-iit    - 

reduced  \u  ioO.     i  "■    :     ■ 

as  tlio  "  Maid'M'  T. 

highr  '  ■---■      

a  tW' 


MOBTOK,  Levi  Parsons,  financier  and  stH  tea- 
man, b.  at  Shoreham,  Vt.,  10  May,  1S24,  aon 
of  Rev.  Daniel  Oliver  and  Lucretia  (Paraona) 
Morton.  His  first  American  ancestor  was 
George  Mortofi,  of  Bawtry,  Yorkshire,  Eng- 
land, the  financial  agent  in  London  of  the 
"  Mayflower '"  pilgrims,  who,  in  1623,  landed 
at  P'  \   ' ora  the  ship  "Ann,"  and  sotiled 

at  ?.  Mass.     His  son,  John,  was  the 

first  .  the  general  court  from  Middk- 

boro  wo  terms  (1670-74),  and  liis  de- 

HffT  continued   to   live    in    the    lo- 

t  time,     Ix'Ti  P.  Morton  re- 


at  the 

"0.   went 

'.-»v   iork.  kitiit  <  vt/K  vuaige  Oi  ih*i  sales  de- 

i      pprnf  of  the  bii>.in«  ^3.     His  email  stature 

an  obstacle  to  his  success,  but 

.  unusual.     By  virtue  of  this, 

.'   persisient  hard  work,  he  became  very 

sful  as  the  New  York  representative.    He 

i*c  ill  a  great  measure  responsible  for  the  im- 

aense  growth  of  its  business.    The  annual  out- 

,.at.at  the  fa?;  •  of  hh  <}^n.th  was  about  140,000 

atchea  a;  ks,  ranging  from  the 

heap  ni*"i  <  njnnJng  through  the 

■i  grades  oi  iewr  iiiid  ittantol  c}o<-k's  wall 

,  R?!d  rAgiilHtorg,  to   larg».    tower    rn.^k^ 

is  '10    in    price       The    iti"ktl 

ci  'mcrly  marketed  in  great 

nuuiu«;rj-   III  if<'r ;...:.       Kw.v*-  ,9ince  been  closely 

imitated    in    thai    t.ou*  .rv,     .vl:,Jle    in    Japan, 

formerly  one  of  the  largest  T.ii/v'cgts,  the  Seth 

Thomas  models  are  re}>roduced   a>*  closely  as 

possible,  so  that  the  best  foreign  market   had 

new  shifted  to  India.     Mr.   Thomas   was   the 

designer  of  a  number  of  original   modt^is  for 

♦ilocks  and  individual  parts,  and  was  the  in- 

vcBtor    of    the    "little    joker"    alarm    clock, 

which  became  one  of   t]ie  famous  product!:;  of 

liw  comimuy.    His  busiiK^K-;  ability  was  dcnion- 

'•''•'"]  in  vuriouH   ways  outsuh'  of  the  f'rjter- 

:*h  M-hicli  his  natae  is  ( liiefiy  ider.tiJica. 

'       ;,  '■.I'.h  lie  c.-;tal>lishevT  in  Thonins- 

lii*'  'Lhomaslon  'Nnti«jua! 

•    rl     ;.!«-l     1..     7MU»     lor 

<•    built.       fit*    .  'Hrai. 

iv   uau'^l'eT    ci    'ilt«>;.,i.     \i.i-^.    v'i  fm~,    of 
rd.    r..Mri        Th.  ;.     i.;i.l     -p.     diiu-ht.Ms 
h'li/.aix-th,  \\ii(   of  W'.'liiain  liaxlun.  .Jr., 
•inrdon;      Ln\jra     <  (U-in'lia      (dc'^casfd)  ; 
Kditli.  Gr;.o',',  (,oti.'  liu    rJlen,  and   (•li.'^r 
^H\-  ThuTiia.i:  and  o^w  k^'i,  8clh   Kdward 
*       .  'V...  It. 


Morton,  Burns  and  Cunij'any,  m  London,  whr ; 
soc'n  iHicamc  import  ant  factors  in  internatio!>al 
finance.     A  careful   study  of  this  subject   ifd 
Mr.    Morton    to    bccornt-    identined    nitli    the 
financial  transactions  of  the  U.  S.  govcrnmcjir. 
in  l9,Qi)  he  became  affil kited  -with  Gcorj/c  Biise 
^and  Sir  John  Rose,  the  former  Canadian  min- 
ister   of    finance.      The    New    York    firm    wu^ 
theretipon    reorganized    a?*    Morton,    Bliss    kvM 
Comiuxny,    and    the   Lotuion    hoissc    uiidor    th 
name    of    Morton,    Rcse    and    Oomimny       'i  h-' 
latter  acted  as  the  fis<:-»}  agents  of  the   •'    s 
gctvernment  from  IS 7 3  to  1884  and  were  aj-'M- 
appoiutt-u   in    1889.      Mr    ?»5or!on's   firui>=.   \^  ■  r. 
tt.W'-   ayii'-c   ;n  the  ;.?p;-i;.^atr   that    success f r, i,- 
i'wmi*rrt  *htr    nstiontii  aebt,  and  made  pos>»!l):. 
the.   i."?.L>?iiption  of  specie   paymcTit  at   h    "i-.  ■■ 
rate.      Asj^ociated    v.ith    ihv    lloihschiid--    .■•. i' i 
other  London  bankers,  thoy  nego-iatcd  i';:    i'.i''" 
of    Un'ted   States   iKP.idR,   tho   pay-'ii'ir'       - 
Geneva  award  of  .$ir),500.000,  and  th- 
fi.s'.fiy  award  of  .$5,500,000.     I"[^"7,  it; 
tior.    in    1809   the    firm    of    Morton       ' 
Company  v-as  auc(.(\'df'd  by  the    \''     . 
Company,  of  '.viiich    Mr.  Mortot.    '>•-.■■    ..•    : 
dent.          TTo  contiisdf^i  a*  th  •   S* .  .'.     ■'    .^t- 
i1<)f,v    aiifl    Ci>n'.p..ny    •<tr,iV<    ; '.  -        •  •.       a-     ' 
solvc(i  and  .-;ubs<''jii'*n;)y  •    .•  f^t- .     "■•       ■  ■    '■ 
t(ji!.    Chaplia    and    '       n-.  ir,     ;  ,       • 

187S  Mr.  Morion   '.-■,    '     ••.     (•      '••;        ' -' 
Haycs!    lu/uorri.y     ^  *  •'"•      ••      ■     . 
('Vjioyif  ion.      ';;    < ,!  '  •  •  '     '■ 

>■>    l1)c    Fori  v-^h  ■■'<    1  -^    •;  r  ■.■ 


<.t 


BULL 


BULL 


deeply  concerned  with  international  politics. 
At  the  end  of  his  first  term  he  was  tendered 
the  Republican  nomination  for  vice-president, 
but  declined,  and  was  re-elected  to  Congress 
by  an  increased  vote.  After  the  election  Presi- 
dent Garfield  offered  to  nominate  Mr.  Morton 
for  Secretary  of  the  Navy  or  Minister  to 
France.  He  chose  the  latter  post,  and,  resign- 
ing his  seat  in  the  Forty-seventh  Congress, 
filled  it  with  distinction  till  1885.  Through 
his  intercession  the  restrictions  upon  the  im- 
portation of  American  pork  were  removed, 
and  American  corporations  were  accorded  a 
legal  status  in  France.  He  was  American  com- 
missioner-general to  the  Paris  Electrical  Ex- 
position (1881),  the  representative  of  the 
United  States  at  the  submarine  cable  convention 
( 1883 ) ,  and  publicly  received,  in  the  name  of  the 
United  States,  the  Bartholdi  Statue  of  Liberty 
Enlightening  the  World  (4  July,  1884).  In 
1887  Mr.  Morton  was  a  candidate  for  U.  S. 
Senator.  The  Republican  Convention  of  the 
following  year,  meeting  at  Chicago,  nominated 
him  for  the  vice-presidency  on  the  ticket  with 
Benjamin  Harrison,  by  a  vote  of  591  against 
234  for  other  candidates.  He  was  elected  and 
duly  inaugurated  4  March,  1889,  and  served  to 
the  end  of  his  term  in  1893.  As  president  of 
the  Senate  he  displayed  both  dignity  and  fair- 
ness. His  rulings,  made  without  regard  to 
party,  at  the  time  when  party  lines  were 
closely  drawn  on  important  issues,  earned 
him  the  esteem  of  legislators  and  the  confi- 
dence of  the  people.  This  was  reflected  in  his 
nomination,  in  1884,  for  governor  of  New 
York,  and  his  subsequent  election,  by  a  plu- 
rality of  156,000,  a  great  tribute,  particularly 
in  view  of  the  fact  that  the  last  Democratic 
plurality  (1902)  had  been  45,000.  His  record 
during  his  incumbency  (1895-96)  confirmed 
the  public  judgment  of  him,  as  a  man  of  the 
highest  executive  ability,  political  honor,  and 
personal  integrity.  At  the  end  of  his  term  he 
retired  from  political  life  to  devote  himself  to 
his  various  business  interests.  These  include, 
besides  the  connections  mentioned  above,  the 
presidency  and  trusteeship  of  the  Fifth  Ave- 
nue Trust  Company  of  New  York;  and  direc- 
torates in  the  Guaranty  Trust  Company,  the 
Equitable  Life  Assurance  Society,  Home  In- 
surance Company,  Washington  Life  Insurance 
Company,  and  the  National  Bank  of  Commerce, 
of  New  York;  the  Industrial  Trust  Company 
of  Providence,  R.  I.,  the  Newport  (R.  I.) 
Trust  Company,  and  the  Panama  Canal  Com- 
pany. He  is  a  member  of  the  Society  of  May- 
flower Descendants,  the  New  England  Society, 
and  the  Metropolitan,  Union  League,  Lawyers', 
Republican,  and  Downtown  Clubs  of  New 
York.  The  degree  of  LL.D.  was  conferred 
upon  him  by  Dartmouth  College  in  1881,  and 
Middlebury  (Vt.)  College  in  1882.  Mr.  Mor- 
ton was  married,  first,  to  Lucy  Kimball,  who 
died  in  1871,  and,  second,  12  Feb.,  1873,  to 
Anna  Livingston,  daughter  of  W.  L.  Street, 
and  a  granddaughter  of  Gen.  Randolph  S. 
Street.  He  had  five  children  by  his  first  wife, 
of  whom  three  survive:  Edith  Livingston,  wife 
of  William  Corcoran  Eustis;  Helen,  Duchesse 
de  Valencery,  and  Alice,  wife  of  Winthrop 
Rutherford. 

BULL,  Archibald  Hilton,  shipowner,  b.  in 
New  York  City,  14  Jan.,  1847,  son  of  James 
Henry  and  Helen    (Denny)    Bull.     His  father, 


an  expert  machinist  and  inventor,  made  the 
first  hot-air  furnace,  which  he  installed  in  the 
Greenwich  Street  public  school.  At  the  out- 
break of  the  Civil  War  he  enlisted  in  a  regi- 
ment called  the  Mechanics  Rifles,  which  later 
was  merged  into  the  Sixty-sixth  Regiment, 
New  York  Volunteers.  Of  this  regiment  he 
was  then  chosen  colonel,  and  commanded  it  in 
all  battles  until  Fredericksburg,  where  he  re- 
ceived injuries  which  resulted  in  his  death. 
His  earliest  American  ancestor  was  William 
Bull,  who  emigrated  to  this  country  from 
Hamptonborough,  England,  in  1715,  settling 
first  in  Orange  County,  N.  Y.,  where  he  met 
and  married  Sarah  Wells.  He  and  his  wife 
were  the  first  white  couple  married  in  the 
town  of  Goshen,  and  she  was  the  first  white 
woman  who  ever  slept  in  the  township  of 
Goshen,  her  first  night  there  being  spent  at 
an  Indian  village  where  the  town  of  Goshen 
now  is.  Shortly  after  their  marriage  they 
received  a  portion  of  land  from  the  pro- 
prietors for  their  own  use.  This  has  been  in 
the  family  ever  since,  being  now  owned  by 
Ebenezer  Bull,  one  of  their  direct  descendants. 
After  receiving  this  land  they  built  a  small 
log  house  upon  a  knoll;  later  built  a  larger 
log  house,  where  they  dwelt  until  1739,  and 
then  moved  to  a  new  stone  house  which  they 
had  been  thirteen  years  in  building,  Wil- 
liam Bull  doing  the  mason  work  and  his  wife 
carrying  the  stones  as  far  as  she  was  able. 
This  stone  house  was  commenced  in  1726 
and  finished  in  1739,  and  is  now  standing  in 
good  preservation,  notwithstanding  the  fact 
that  it  passed  through  a  heavy  earthquake  in 
1728  before  it  was  completed.  William  Bull 
died  in  this  house  in  1755,  age  sixty-six.  His 
wife,  Sarah,  married  again  and  lived  to  the 
old  age  of  one  hundred  and  two.  At  the  time 
of  her  death,  her  direct  descendants  numbered 
344:  12  children,  5  sons  and  7  daughters; 
98  grandchildren;  212  great-grandchildren, 
and  22  great-great-grandchildren.  It  is  said 
that  all,  or  most  of  these,  were  at  her  fu- 
neral. Archibald  H.  Bull  was  educated  in  the 
village  school  at  Port  Jervis,  N.  Y.,  and  in  a 
public  school  in  New  York  City.  He  began 
his  business  career  in  1863,  as  an  office  boy, 
with  the  firm  of  Miller  and  Houghton,  of 
32  South  Street,  New  York  City,  at  a 
salary  of  one  dollar  per  week.  His  busi- 
ness aptitude  won  him  constant  promotions, 
and,  at  the  age  of  thirty-five  years,  he  was 
admitted  to  partnership  in  the  business.  In 
1886  he  formed  a  partnership  with  J.  E. 
Miller  under  the  firm  name  of  J.  E.  Miller 
and  Company,  at  47  South  Street.  Soon 
after  the  firm  became  Miller,  Bull  and  Com- 
pany, and  later.  Miller,  Bull  and  Knowl- 
ton.  This  last-named  firm  organized  and 
established  the  New  York  and  Porto  Rican 
Steamship  Company,  and  built  the  first 
American  tramp  steamer,  the  "Wilfred,"  at 
Bath,  Me.  In  1900  Mr.  Bull  acquired  the  in- 
terest of  Mr.  Knowlton  in  the  business  and 
formed  the  house  of  A.  H.  Bull  and  Com- 
pany. Established  on  a  firm  financial  founda- 
tion, the  business  has  steadily  grown  until 
now  the  firm  operates  several  of  the  foremost 
steamship  lines  in  the  country.  A  few  years 
later,  Mr.  Bull  organized  the  A.  H.  Bull 
Steamship  Company,  of  which  he  is  presi- 
dent.     The   company   built   ten   large   freight 


268 


McWHIRTER 


McWHIRTER 


steamers  of  the  tramp  type.  It  was  merged 
later  with  the  Insular  Line,  which  operated 
steamers  between  New  York  and  Porto  Rico, 
forming  the  Bull  Insular  Line,  with  Mr. 
Bull  as  president.  In  addition  to  his  inter- 
ests in  the  steamship  lines,  Mr.  Bull  is  a 
director  in  the  Amalgamated  Paint  Company. 
He  married  Evelyn,  daughter  of  William  Van 
Deventer,  of  Whitehouse,  N.  J.  They  have 
three  children:  Ernest  Miller,  who  is  vice- 
president  of  the  A.  H.  Bull  Steamship  Com- 
pany, and  the  Bull-Insular  Line;  Mae  Van 
Deventer,  wife  of  Willard  A.  Kiggins,  of  the 
firm  of  Kiggins,  Tooker  and  Company  of  New 
York  City,  and  Evelyn  Rae  Bull. 

McWHIRTER,  Felix  Tyree,  banker,  b.  in 
Lynchburg,  Tenn.,  17  July,  1853;  d.  in  In- 
dianapolis, Ind.,  5  June,  1915,  son  of  Samuel 
Hogg  and  Nancy  (Tyree)  McWhirter,  and 
grandson  of  George  Merlin  McWhirter.  On  his 
mother's  side  he  was  descended  from  the  French 
settlers.  Huguenots,  of  Virginia.  The  ances- 
tors of  his  father  came  from  Scotland  and 
Ireland  from  a  line  of  Christian  martyrs,  the 
mother  of  one  forebear  alone  having  been 
saved  by  a  faithful  nurse  when  all  the  rest 
were  hanged  at  their  own  door  in  the  massacre 
of  1641.  A  paternal  ancestor,  Dr.  Alexander 
McWhorter  (as  he  spelled  it),  of  Newark, 
N.  J.,  pastor  for  forty  years  of  the  Old  First 
Presbyterian  Church,  achieved  prominence  dur- 
ing the  Colonial  period,  serving  as  chaplain 
during  the  Revolutionary  War.  He  was  pres- 
ent at  the  Council  of  War  on  the  Pennsylvania 
side  of  the  Delaware  when  Washington  pre- 
pared to  recross  and  attack  Trenton.  He  was 
chaplain  of  General  Knox's  brigade  and 
Councilor  of  General  Washington.  Several  of 
the  ancestors  of  Felix  T.  McWhirter  were 
educators.  Brothers  of  his  grandfather, 
George  Merlin  McWhirter,  were  the  first,  it 
was  said,  who  taught  the  classics  in  the 
South,  west  of  the  Allegheny  Mountains, 
His  maternal  grandfather  was  Capt.  Thomas 
I.  Tyree  in  the  War  of  1812.  Although  his 
ancestors  both  paternal  and  maternal  were 
slaveholders,  his  parents  were  married  with 
the  plain  stipulation,  on  his  mother's  part, 
that  there  would  be  no  slaves  in  their  home. 
This  anti-slavery  conviction  she  gained  from 
her  Bible  study.  His  father  was  a  prominent 
Tennessee  physician  who  dared  to  go  as  a 
surgeon  in  the  Union  army,  because  of  his 
"Abolition"  convictions  on  the  question  of 
slavery.  Because  of  the  unsettled  conditions 
in  the  South  during  the  Civil  War  period 
when  school  facilities  were  greatly  impaired, 
Mrs.  McWhirter,  a  woman  of  unusual  quality 
of  mind  and  heart,  opened  a  school  in  a  room 
of  their  own  residence,  where  she  taught  her 
two  children  and  invited  in  a  few  of  her  neigh- 
bors' children.  She  herself  was  a  scholar  and 
an  authority  on  literature,  including  the 
Bible.  At  the  age  of  twelve  years,  Felix  had 
evidenced  sufficient  learning  and  knowledge  of 
the  Bible  to  be  invited  to  teach  the  Bible 
class  of  his  village  church.  His  mother  con- 
tinued to  tutor  him  until  he  was  ready  to 
enter  the  Academy.  He  received  his  A.B.  de- 
gree from  the  East  Tennessee  Wesleyan  Uni- 
versity in  1873  and  in  1876  he  took  "hia  Mas- 
ter's degree.  From  1872  to  1876  he  was  editor 
of  the  Athens  "News"  and  from  1877  to 
1878  he  was  mayor  of  Athens,  Tenn,     In  the 


year  1885-86  Mr.  McWhirter  took  post- 
graduate work  in  Johns  Hopkins  University 
and  after  subsequent  work  in  DePauw  Uni- 
versity, he  received  his  degree  of  Doctor  of 
Philosophy  from  the  latter  institution.  From 
1886-87  he  was  instructor  in  rhetoric  and 
English  literature  in  DePauw  University  and 
from  1887-88  he  was  associate  professor  of 
English  literature.  In  1888  he  voluntarily 
left  his  chosen  field  of  labor  as  a  college  pro- 
fessor, after  so  many  years  spent  in  prepara- 
tion, because  he  could  not  indorse  the  policy 
of  the  administration  on  the  prohibition  ques- 
tion. While  he  later  achieved  success  in  the 
business  world.  Dr.  McWhirter's  inclinations 
were  always  those  of  the  student  and  teacher, 
and  throughout  the  most  of  his  life  he  was 
connected  officially  with  the  East  Tennessee 
Wesleyan  or  with  DePauw  University,  not  re- 
linquishing his  hold  on  the  former  school  un- 
til he  was  a  part  of  the  latter.  Within  a  few 
years  of  the  close  of  his  life,  he  was  called 
back  to  the  East  Tennessee  Wesleyan  Uni- 
versity, later  called  "  Grant  Memorial,"  to  de- 
liver the  commencement  address.  After  his 
resignation  from  the  faculty  of  DePauw  Uni- 
versity, he  moved  to  Chattanooga,  Tenn., 
where  he  became  the  owner  and  editor  of  the 
Chattanooga  "  Advocate,"  which  paper  is  now 
owned  and  edited  by  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church.  Later,  having  sold  the  paper,  he 
moved  to  Indianapolis,  Ind.,  to  begin  work 
in  mercantile  lines  in  connection  with  a  large 
wholesale  house.  In  this  work  he  proved 
himself  a  valuable  man  to  the  firm,  but  severed 
his  relations  with  it  in  order  to  establish  his 
own  business,  in  1891,  in  Indianapolis  real 
estate  and  related  lines.  As  a  real  estate  man 
he  became  well  known  in  the  city  and  his 
financial  success  was  sufficient  to  warrant  his 
founding  the  Peoples  State  Bank  in  Indian- 
apolis, in  1900.  Of  this  institution,  which  is 
the  oldest  State  bank  in  Marion  County,  he 
was  the  first  and  only  president  until  his 
death,  5  June,  1915,  when  his  son,  Felix  M. 
McWhirter,  succeeded  him  as  president.  In 
writing  of  him,  his  business  associates  said: 
"  He  measured  his  every  act  by  the  rule  of  his 
own  conscience,  and  having  the  highest  of 
ideals  and  a  fine  sense  of  honor*,  his  treatment 
of  those  who  intrusted  their  aff'airs  and  earn- 
ings into  his  care  was  sure  to  profit  them  to 
the  highest  degree.  He  was  a  success  because 
he  deserved  to  win.  No  one  can  say  of  him 
that  he  betrayed  a  confidence  or  in  any  manner 
abused  a  trust.  He  was  the  embodiment  of 
honor  and  integrity."  Dr.  McWhirter  gave 
his  best  efforts  to  the  cause  he  loved — the 
national  prohibition  movement.  He  bore  the 
ridicule,  ostracism  and  even,  in  a  few  instances, 
the  insulting  remarks  from  the  pulpit,  which 
were  occasioned  by  his  prohibition  activities, 
with  the  same  fortitude  and  patience  and  with 
a  belief  in  victory,  which  his  ancestors  had 
manifested  in  the  various  persecutions  which 
they  had  sufTered  for  tlio  cause  of  religious 
freedom  and  for  the  cause  of  the  abolition  of 
slavery.  Felix  T.  McWhirter  jiaaistrd  in  flie 
founding  of  the  Children's  Home  I'^indiug  So- 
ciety of  Indiana,  and  wiia  vice-president  of 
the  organization.  He  was  a  consistent  mem- 
ber and  a  faithful  attendant  of  Central  Ave- 
nue Methodist  Episcopal  Cliurch  of  Indian- 
apolis; a  member  of  the  Indianpolis  Chamber 


269 


MoWHIRTER 


GOODE 


of  Commerce;  a  member  of  the  DePauw  Chap- 
ter of  Delta  Kappa  Epsilon  Fraternity;  and 
he  was  also  a  Mason.  But  it  was  in  the  tem- 
perance movement  and  in  the  Prohibition 
party  that  Felix  T.  McWhirter  achieved  a 
national  reputation.  He  served  the  party  as 
Indiana  State  chairman  from  1892-98.  He 
was  one  of  the  vice-presidents  of  the  Inter- 
national Prohibition  Confederation,  which  met 
in  London,  England,  in  July,  1909,  and  a 
delegate  to  the  International  Temperance  Con- 
gress at  Staten  Island  in  June,  1893.  At  the 
noted  Pittsburgh  National  Prohibition  Con- 
vention in  1896,  out  of  400  representative  men, 
he  was  one  of  the  twelve  selected  to  debate 
the  "  Silver  Issue."  He  took  the  negative  and 
epoke  with  power.  In  1892  he  was  elector-at- 
large  on  the  National  Prohibition  ticket.  For 
sixteen  years  he  was  a  member  of  the  National 
Committee  of  the  Prohibition  party,  serving 
most  of  the  time  as  national  treasurer.  In 
1904,  as  candidate  for  governor  of  Indiana  on 
the  Prohibition  ticket,  he,  with  others  of  the 
campaign  party,  made  a  whirlwind  tour  of  the 
State,  speaking  in  every  town  of  any  size  in 
Indiana,  within  a  few  weeks.  The  result  was 
that  the  Prohibition  vote  was  trebled  that 
fall.  On  this  trip  he  spoke  several  times  a 
day,  in  all  kinds  of  weather  and  iA  all  kinds 
of  places,  in  halls,  in  churches,  on  street  cor- 
ners and  frequently  on  courthouse  steps,  since 
their  itinerary  included  every  one  of  the 
ninety-two  county-seat  towns  in  the  State. 
Mr.  McWhirter's  ability  as  an  analytical 
thinker  and  a  forceful  public  speaker  brought 
him  into  prominence,  and  gained  for  his  utter- 
ances wide  publicity.  With  his  command  of 
the  English  language,  he  was  quick  to  go  to 
the  heart  of  a  question.  He  stood  for  prin- 
ciple, regardless  of  popularity  or  expediency. 
His  gubernatorial  campaign  was  from  the  be- 
ginning made  without  the  slightest  prospect 
of  election.  But  with  all  the  enthusiasm  of  a 
reformer  who  desires  to  present  a  principle  of 
righteousness  to  the  masses,  he  threw  him- 
self into  the  work.  He  was  one  of  the  first 
leaders  to  explain  and  to  emphasize  the  eco- 
nomic side  of  the  liquor  question  as  opposed 
to  the  purely  moral.  In  public  utterance. 
Dr.  John  P.  D.  John  said  of  Felix  T.  Mc- 
Whirter: "His  life  was  one  of  unusual  in- 
terest from  whatever  standpoint  it  may  be 
viewed.  But  over  and  above  all  of  his  various 
accomplishments,  his  genuine  Southern  hospi- 
tality and  courtly  bearing,  his  attainments  in 
science  and  literature,  his  power  and  magnet- 
ism as  a  speaker,  his  success  in  all  the  various 
pursuits  of  his  life  and  his  commanding  posi- 
tion among  his  fellow  men,  the  one  thing 
which  to  my  mind  stands  out  more  prominently 
in  his  character  than  any  other,  is  his  con- 
scientious and  unyielding  devotion  to  prin- 
ciple. With  his  vast  ability  as  a  scholar,  a 
thinker,  a  public  speaker,  both  in  debate  and 
formal  oration,  and  his  unquestioned  power 
as  a  leader,  he  could  easily  have  swept  into 
high  positions  in  the  political  world,  if  he 
had  been  willing  to  stifle  his  convictions."  In 
private  life  he  was  as  tender,  loving,  and 
sympathetic  as  he  was  fearless,  bold,  and 
energetic  in  public  and  reform  work.  If  he 
had  a  weakness,  it  was  for  two  of  the  most 
beautiful  things  in  life — children  and  flowers. 
His  loyalty,  love,  and  devotion  to  his  whole 


family  were  never  failing  and  beautiful.  In 
later  life,  one  of  his  chief  delights  was  to  in- 
vite all  the  children  and  grandchildren  to  his 
home  to  dinner.  His  home  was  one  in  which 
the  highest  ideals  were  maintained.  Presided 
over  by  his  equally  accomplished  and  devoted 
wife,  it  was  a  place  in  which  the  four  chil- 
dren were  taught  the  Christian  ideals  both  by 
example  and  by  precept.  At  the  same  time 
that  Mr.  McWhirter  was  prominently  identi- 
fied with  the  National  Prohibition  party,  Mrs. 
McWhirter  was  president  of  the  Indiana 
Women's  Christian  Temperance  Union,  and  in 
all  their  temperance  work  there  was  a  great 
deal  of  harmony  and  mutual  helpfulness  and 
inspiration.  Later  Mr.  and  Mrs.  McWhirter 
were  both  actively  interested  in  the  feminist 
movement.  While  Mrs.  McWhirter  assisted 
Mr.  McWhirter  in  his  work  against  the  liquor 
traflSc,  and  was  for  four  years  president  of 
the  Indiana  W.  C.  T.  U.,  she  later  became 
president  of  the  Indiana  Federation  of  Clubs, 
and  is  now  president  of  the  Legislative  Coun- 
cil of  Indiana  Women.  In  all  their  work, 
there  was  a  mutual  interest  and  inspiration 
which  comes  from  a  deep  sense  of  comradeship. 
Mr.  McWhirter  was  a  strong  advocate  of 
Peace  and  of  Woman  Suffrage.  He  never 
failed  to  lend  his  influence  for  the  advance- 
ment of  Woman's  Cause.  For  many  years,  Mr. 
McWhirter  was  a  frequent  contributor  of  ar- 
ticles of  political  significance  to  the  press,  as 
well  as  others  on  various  lines  of  philanthropy 
and  reform.  Gifted  with  the  use  of  his  pen, 
he  frequently  wrote  articles  upon  reform 
topics  and  temperance  questions,  as  well.  One 
article  published  in  leaflet  form  which  had  a 
wide  circulation  was  on  "The  Economic 
Phase  of  the  Liquor  Problem."  Sabbath  ob- 
servance was  one  of  his  strong  convictions  and 
upon  this  subject  he  wrote  a  leaflet  for  the 
National  W.  C.  T.  U.,  which  is  published 
under  the  title,  "Three  Business  Men."  Mr. 
McWhirter  married  in  November,  1878, 
Luella  Frances,  daughter  of  Hezekiah  Smith, 
of  Greencastle,  Ind.  Her  father  was  a  dis- 
tinguished clergyman  of  the  Methodist  Church, 
who  was  for  many  years  connected  with  the 
Northwest  Indiana  Conference,  and  was  widely 
known  as  a  circuit-rider  and  revivalist. 

GOODE,  Henry  Walton,  merchant,  b.  in 
Newcastle,  Ind.,  26  Sept.,  1862;  d.  in  At- 
lantic City,  N.  J.,  1  April,  1907,  son  of 
Walton  and  Lucy  (Beck)  Goode.  He  is  de- 
scended from  an  English  family  of  ancient 
lineage,  the  family  in  America  being  the 
Goodes  of  Virginia.  As  a  boy  Mr.  Goode  at- 
tended the  public  schools  of  his  native  city, 
completing  the  high  school  course  at  the  age 
of  sixteen.  He  at  once  entered  upon  a  busi- 
ness career,  and,  at  the  age  of  nineteen,  was 
head  bookkeeper  of  one  of  the  largest  whole- 
sale grocery  firms  in  Minneapolis.  At  about 
this  time  he  became  interested  in  electrical 
engineering,  and  finally  decided  to  make  it 
his  profession.  In  1885  he  entered  the  serv- 
ice of  the  Westinghouse  Electric  Manufactur- 
ing Company,  of  Pittsburgh,  later  going  over 
to  the  General  Electric  Company  of  New  York, 
with  whom  he  remained  until  1891.  In  that 
year  he  accepted  the  position  of  general  man- 
ager of  the  Portland  (Ore.)  General  Electric 
Company,  becoming  also  its  vice-president. 
The  effect  of  his  management  was  visible  in 


270 


l/Lu.<^UvjL C.  cUsi  JUuJi 


GOODE 


WILLIAMS 


retric  interests  in 
f    the    Portland    1: 


'y  rise  of  the  value  of  the  , company's 
irom  20  per  cent,  of  ita  face  value  to 
Later,  in  1906,  he  was  instrumental   ii 
nging    about    the    consolidation    of    all    tr 
*       'nder  the  nauit 
ht   and    Power 
ifion     If  which 
The 
"ueral 
i%ieciric       vtiuipany, 
the    Portland    Elec- 
tric   Railway    Com- 
pany,  and  the  Ore- 
Water     Powpr 
Railway    Con. 


yi     reni»me<i 


withstanding  the   eflforts   of   the   agitators  to 
thft  contrary.     Nor  was  it  merely  a  businesa 
that  was  achieved.     As  a  social  event 
nal,  even  international,  scope,  Mr.  and 
Mi.,  uoode  showed  an'almost  lavish  hospital- 
ity to  visiting  strangers  of  prominence,  both 
from    the    East    and    from    foreign    countries. 
One  of  their  most  elaborate  dinners  and  re 
ception?    vns  rr'ven  in  honor  of  J.  J.  Hill,  the 
railwa;  .  who  himself  had  not  a  little 

to  do  irn8p*»rou8  condition  of  Port- 

land, '  ;  exposition  a  possi- 

bility n?n  Mr.   <>oode  gave 

-      '  -  ^    ->]s    on    the    fair 

;-tion    made    one 

S  gained  him 

It    was 

•t    In  -p'ic 


%  .iB5f.|«*-*>*^ .        *it*!f^*.^&       **»4        ik'Hiti 


^«. 


'vTCV- 


;»t?rsuRded  to  change 

the    invitation.      He 

lateiy  threw  hiuiself  body  and  soul  into 

dertaking,   and   for   two   years   devoted 

!     V  roy  to  making  it  a  success.     An 

occurred  during  this  period,  in 

^'       preparations,    illustrates 

■I   Mr.    Go«>de   devoted   to 

tri.oc.     .i  .......  von  of  Portland  men  had 

ne  to  Washington  to  persuade  the  govern- 

lit    in    ttrert    a    building    on    the    peninsuia 

lieh  was  to  be  the  site  of  the  exposition. 

!f  propo**al  was  rejected  on  the  gromide  that 

.     site  w»<i  Rubjv'ct  to  inundationij!  from  the 

.er  and  the  governmeiu  did  not  wieh  to  r^m 

:ne   risk   of   such   an   event      Mr.   Go^*    .m- 

lAediately  made  a  special  btudy  of  the  ^bj.  .t 

'M  floods,  then  went  to  Washington  so  primed 

•Ktitht    information    and    arguments    that    th< 

*nal  result  was  a  reconsideration  on  the  part 

■    the  federal  authorities.     Those  who  visited 

Ut^   exposition    are    not    likely    to    forget    the 

'  :;it. ferial  effect  of  Mr    Gond^'H  visit  to  Wash- 

'-/'on:    1W    hflnd?Jiomo    fe<]oral    building    nith 

"Bridge    «.f    k11    Natioi;^^ "    foimeot  irig    tlie 

•  .'•.la  wit])  tlic  mainljMK^       In  s})ito  of  the 

■\.\i    liniitpd    means    In    hack    of    thf!    f-x- 

..    j«  *.    fomnared    to    (»!Kor    utuhrtukinL'i^ 


".  1$    &i>[    Abbie 

,      •:     ,^     .  „,.,         ....      .. .i.av   is  of    I'ngli.sh 

irueage,  having  come  /roin  Dacliet  near  \S  iiid- 
sor.        Francis     Williams      {1038-1719).     the 
progenitor  of  the  family  in  America,  came  'o 
this  country  in  1688,  and  was  "  organ  of  in- 
telligence   and    remittance  "   between    Engl  arid 
and   the   colonies;    his   father,    Thomas,   boii.'g 
"  auditor-in-general    of    tli*^    revenues "    (luri;i^ 
the  reigns  of  Charles  I  and  Charles  II.     Pr. 
Williams'  mother,  a  daughter  of  Gilb«^rt  Tufts. 
Mas  descended   from  Peter  Tufts    (1(>1 7-1700;. . 
of   Maiden,   England,   v,ho   settled    in   rharles 
town,   MaoS.,   in   1038.     In   1648   a   portio)!  ot 
'""bar  lest  own    vvas   set    off    and   named    IMai'i  p 
tl  rough    the    influence    of    this    Peter    Tut*  •. 
Later  Walnut  Hill,  now  "College  Hii!,"    \ii\l 
adjoining  land,  was  given  to  the  l"ni\'jrfta!':'^' • 
for  a  college  and  npmed  in  honor  of  ita  louiKi-  • , 
"Tufts   College,"     Xhwdore  C.   Wil!ia/n«    ■  •  • 
jife.pared   for  college  under  the   instrii'li-; 
WJIliam   Coe  Collar,   headman-^or   of   t' 
i.v.iy  Latin   School.     The  elective   «3 1 
just  been  inau,i:furated  at  Harvar<?   '■ 
-•.Ou^n  he  entered  in   1872.     He  to<  ; 
obtaining  membership   in  the  Ph; 
Societv,    and    being    {-ho.^en    ■'■.-n'l) 
Day,    1876.        AIKt    -radui- •  ;•    .    '       ';.:•;! 
the  hig!i   sf'liool   ar  Ki-'m-^     v       .'  ■    '    ' 
:\V'.\   then  liegan  1  ii"   ••li'v   (,:'    1;    .'■ 
ar     tbt'     Th<*<>lt'!-riof  '       ■ 
Ma.^.s..    tb-.-n    :\t    t ]>.<.■ 


»-.i1nre,  Mr, 

',<<.H8,          ThM 

.»'•:>•  d  e.v;i' 

(Juodc 
gutes 

at 

of 

hi'^vfd  a   ri- 
the    "vposi 

m''  jVIiiDiK'f] 

:  uhiTt'  h(    \'.' 
1  ill    »S82.      ' 
i   .(  iiu>  Uni^ 

he   5,1  H.   : 
vv»:i,'.gr 

A')      WM-k>- 

.'i1  occurred 

^'m    bnild 

Mr. 

jut       tw.-Ml 

niiuxig    '! 
i<'d   tlu-ni    V 

,'-r.(! 

WILLIAMS 


BANNERMAN 


preaching  and  the  spiritual  quality  of  the 
entire  man  took  a  strong  hold  both  on  his 
church  and  on  the  community.  A  student  by 
nature,  his  sermons  and  addresses  were,  at  all 
times,  of  a  deeply  spiritual  and  a  highly  in- 
tellectual order,  marked  by  thoughtfulness, 
earnestness,  and  felicitous  expression.  In 
1896  he  was  compelled  by  ill  health  to  take  a 
long  vacation  in  Europe.  Upon  his  return 
to  America,  in  1808,  he  assumed  temporary 
charge  of  a  church  in  Oakland,  Cal.  Dr.  Wil- 
liams loved  teaching  even  more  than  preach- 
ing. His  scholarship,  his  interest  in  education, 
and  his  intluence  over  young  men  had  always 
been  so  marked  that  in  1899,  when  it  was  pro- 
posed to  found  an  important  Liberal  prepara- 
tory school  for  l)oys  at  Tarrytown,  N.  Y.,  he 
was  asked  to  create  it  and  to  become  its  first 
headmaster.  This  institution  was  called  the 
Hackley  School,  and  he  was  its  headmaster 
for  more  than  five  years.  During  that  time 
he  established  such  traditions  of  scholarship, 
manliness,  and  simplicity  as  have  not  been 
surpassed  by  the  oldest  schools  in  the  country. 
In  1905  he  retired  to  re-establish  his  strength. 
In  1907  he  once  more  took  up  his  educational 
work,  this  time  as  headmaster  of  the  Roxbury 
Latin  School  (Mass.).  This  agreeable  duty 
proved  too  severe,  and  from  1909  he  was 
obliged  for  three  years  to  avoid  continuous 
occupation.  When,  however,  in  1912,  a 
brother  minister  in  Santa  Barbara,  Cal.,  de- 
sired to  be  relieved  of  work  for  a  year.  Dr. 
Williams  filled  the  pulpit.  Deeply  sensitive  to 
the  beauty  of  California,  and  making  many 
friends,  he  greatly  enjoyed  his  year's  work. 
But  the  second  summer  he  was  overcome  by 
a  prostrating  illness.  He  returned  to  Boston, 
where  he  had  for  some  years  resided.  If  it 
had  not  been  for  an  acute  attack  of  pneumonia, 
he  might  have  enjoyed  fair  health  for  many 
years.  Through  all  his  illness  his  mind  was 
active  and  keen,  and  he  had  taken  up  his  pen 
again  with  the  old  vigor  and  delight.  Dr. 
Williams  was  a  classical  scholar  of  unusual 
attainments  and  gifts.  He  thought  in  Latin 
freely,  often  recasting  his  translations  as  he 
walked.  His  open-mindedness,  intellectual  re- 
finement, and  disposition  to  create  his  own 
modes  of  speech  made  fine  art  of  all  sorts  a 
constant  ingredient  of  his  daily  life.  He  was 
a  poet,  sensitive  to  every  form  of  beauty  in 
nature,  in  art,  in  music,  and  above  all  in 
literature;  and  he  had  the  poet's  gift  of  lan- 
guage, the  winged  word,  the  apt  phrase,  the 
beautiful  figure  of  speech.  Like  all  poets,  he 
lived  deeply  in  the  present  moment,  and  when 
it  passed  concerned  himself  little  with  it  or 
its  work.  He,  therefore,  carried  about  no  bur- 
den of  regrets,  resentments,  or  hampering  limi- 
tations. He  published  a  volume  of  sermons, 
"Character  Building"  (1893);  an  English 
verse  translation  of  "  Tibullus  "  (1905);  Vir- 
gil's "iEneid"  (1907);  "Poems  of  Belief" 
(1910)  ;  and  Virgil's  "  Georglcs  and  Bucolics" 
(1915).  He  was  preacher  to  Harvard  Uni- 
versity 1888-90,  a  poet  of  the  Harvard  Phi 
Beta  Kappa  Society  in  June,  1904.  In  1911 
he  received  the  degree  Litt.D.  from  W^estern 
Reserve  University,  where  he  was  also  poet 
of  the  Phi  Beta  Kappa  Society.  Some  twenty 
of  his  hymns  are  in  the  hymn  books  of  this 
country  and  of  England.  Dr.  Williams  was  a 
preacher  of  the  finest  distinction,  a  scholar  of 


rare  attainment,  a  teacher  who  left  an  in- 
effaceable impression  on  the  mind  and  char- 
acter of  his  pupils,  and  a  poet  whose  hymns 
enrich  our  literature  and  whose  translations 
of  Virgil  have  already  received  classic  rank. 
All  who  met  him  felt  his  unselfish  character, 
and  were  fascinated  by  its  blending  of  virility 
and  loveliness.  Religion  went  all  through 
him.  While  a  convinced  Unitarian,  of  a  con- 
servative type,  he  was  never  misled  by  "  lib- 
eralism "  into  contempt  of  other  Christians, 
but  felt  a  humble  sympathy  with  all  devout 
souls.  Whether  teaching  school,  building  a 
church,  interpreting  Virgil,  or  sitting  as  the 
scintillating  center  of  a  group  of  talkers,  he 
was  ever  the  Christian  gentleman,  dignified 
and  charming.  Dr.  Williams  held  membership 
in  many  social  organizations,  among  them  the 
Authors'  League  of  America;  the  Classical 
Association  of  New  England;  the  Century 
Club  of  New  York;  and  the  Harvard,  Authors', 
City,  Wednesday  Evening,  and  Twentieth  Cen- 
tury Clubs  of  Boston.  He  married  14  June, 
1883,  Velma  Curtis,  daughter  of  Judge  Edwin 
Wright,  of  Boston,  Mass. 

BANNERMAN,  Francis,  merchant  and  anti- 
quarian,   b.    in    Dundee,    Scotland,    24    March, 
1851,  coming  with  his  parents  to  the  United 
States  in  1854, 
residing  in 

Brooklyn  since 
1858.  He  is 
the  sixth  of  the 
name  of  Frank 
from  the  first 
Frank  Banner- 
man,  standard- 
bearer  of  Clan 
Macdonald,  who 
escaped  the  mas- 
sacre at  Glen- 
coe  in  1692,  by 
sailing  to  the 
Irish  coast,  and 
landed  in  Coun- 
ty Antrim, 
where  his  de- 
scendants re-  ^  ^^ 
sided  for  many  <2^tA*t«»  ^«****»«'»**uk*t 
years.  It  has  been  a  rule  in  the  family  that  the 
eldest  son  shall  be  named  Frank.  Tradi- 
tion states  that  the  name  originated  at 
Bannockburn,  when  during  the  battle  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Macdonald  clan  rescued  the  clan 
pennant,  whereupon  King  Robert  Bruce  cut  off 
the  streamer  part  of  the  flag  from  the  national 
St.  Andrew's  Cross,  and  pronounced  him  a 
"Bannerman."  The  family  came  to  America 
in  1854,  locating  in  Brooklyn,  where  Frank 
(6th)  attended  public  schools  until  the  age  of 
ten.  It  Avas  then  that  his  father,  Frank  Ban- 
nerman (5th),  joined  the  colors  for  the  defense 
of  the  Union,  and  it  became  necessary  for  the 
boy  to  leave  school,  and  secure  some  paying 
occupation,  to  help  provide  for  the  younger 
members  of  the  family.  He  obtained  a  posi- 
tion as  errand  boy  at  $2.00  a  week  in  a  law- 
yer's office  at  37-39  Jauncey  Court  (an  old 
court  off  Wall  Street).  Since  the  family  re- 
sided alongside  the  Brooklyn  Navy  Yard  near 
the  river,  Frank  obtained  the  use  of  a  cap- 
tured southern  dugout  canoe,  and  every  morn- 
ing, before  going  to  the  lawyer's  office  at  9:00 
A.M.,   he   supplied   the   officers   and   crews  of 


272 


BANNERMAN 


BANNERMAN 


the  warships  anchored  in  the  Navy  Yard  Bay 
with  the  morning  papers,  usually  the  New  York 
"  Herald,"  which  contained  the  shipping  news. 
He  never  missed  a  morning,  although  often 
suffering  considerable  hardships.  About  1863 
a  naval  officer  gave  him  a  bag  of  rope  lines, 
collected  while  cleaning  ships,  which  contained 
also  a  small  four-pronged  boat  anchor.  This 
anchor  the  boy  used  as  a  grapple  to  drag  the 
river  bottom  in  the  summer  evenings,  picking 
up  odd  bits  of  rope,  chain,  etc.,  which  he  sold 
to  a  local  junkman.  On  his  father's  return 
from  the  war,  disabled  and  of  "  no  further 
service  to  the  United  States  " — so  states  his 
honorable  discharge — he  attended  to  the  sell- 
ing of  the  junk,  and  as  his  strength  returned, 
he  branched  out  into  buying  junk  from  others. 
He  was  thus  able  to  earn  enough  to  send 
Frank  back  to  Public  School  No.  7,  where  he 
soon  got  into  a  misunderstanding  with  the 
principal  and  was  expelled,  only  to  be  sent 
for  a  few  days  later,  and  reinstated  with  high 
honors  by  the  superintendent,  who  had  learned 
that  Frank  was  blameless  and  had  acted  on 
high  moral  principles.  The  superintendent  be- 
came much  attached  to  him  and  later  awarded 
him  one  of  the  Cornell  University  scholarships 
allowed  for  prize  scholars.  But  his  father 
was  still  suffering  from  his  war  disability, 
which  at  times  wholly  incapacitated  him  for 
business,  and  so  Frank  had  to  decline  with 
great  regret  (for  he  had  always  earnestly 
desired  a  university  education ) ,  feeling  that 
his  duty  was  then  to  stay  with  his  father  and 
help  carry  on  the  business  for  the  welfare  of 
the  family.  Even  these  short-time  schooldays 
were  broken  into  by  the  many  days  in  which 
he  was  absent  with  his  father  attending  navy 
auctions,  and  these  frequent  sales,  soon  neces- 
sitating his  whole  time,  ended  school  for  him. 
The  business  soon  outgrew  the  little  store- 
house near  the  navy  yard,  and  the  large  store 
and  warehouse  at  14  Atlantic  Avenue  was 
opened  in  the  fall  of  1867,  for  the  sale  of 
ship  chandlery  in  connection  with  navy  auc- 
tion goods,  including  the  original  business  of 
supplying  paper  makers  with  old  rope.  In 
1872  when  old  rope  became  very  scarce  in 
the  United  States,  Frank  made  a  business  trip 
to  Europe,  and  made  large  purchases  of  rope 
for  export  to  New  York.  For  a  while  he 
made  his  home  with  his  grandmother  in 
Ulster,  and  there  he  met  Helen  Boyce,  daugh- 
ter of  a  well-to-do  farmer  of  Huguenot  Scotch- 
Irish  descent,  to  whom  he  was  married  8 
June,  1872,  in  Ballymena,  Ireland,  by  the  Rev. 
Frederick  Buick,  who  had  also  officiated  at  the 
marriage  of  his  father.  Three  sons,  Frank 
(7th),  David  Boyce,  and  Walter  Bruce,  also  a 
daughter  who  died  in  infancy,  are  the  result 
of  the  union.  The  two  eldest  sons  assist  the 
father  in  business,  while  Walter  Bruce  is  a 
practicing  physician  at  Bridgewater,  Mass. 
On  his  return  with  his  bride  to  Brooklyn, 
Frank  Bannerman  desired  to  start  in  business 
for  himself,  his  younger  brother  then  being 
able  to  take  his  place.  His  father  favored  his 
ambition,  and  helped  him  locate  near  by  in  a 
nearly  similar  business,  claiming  that  com- 
petition would  help  both.  He  then  began  at- 
tending army  auctions,  and  noted  the  destruc- 
tion of  old  muskets  and  swords  for  scrap 
metal,  for  which  there  was  often  a  demand 
from   small    states,   unable   to   afford    the   ex- 


pensive modern  weapons  of  first-class  nations; 
also  that  many  weapons  broken  up  for  junk 
had  been  used  on  historical  battlefields  and 
were  worthy  of  preservation.  He  began,  ac- 
cordingly, the  publication  of  a  catalogue  illus- 
trating, describing,  and  giving  the  history  of 
the  weapons  he  had  for  sale.  As  the  New 
York  "  Sun  "  reporter  said,  "  Bannerman  could 
tell  an  interesting  story  about  everything  he 
had  for  sale."  His  catalogue  induced  many 
to  start  collecting  war  weapons.  To  emi- 
grants coming  from  Europe,  where  the  use  of 
firearms  was  prohibited,  he  sold  the  old  army 
musket  altered  over  into  a  light-weight  shot- 
gun very  useful  in  protecting  stock  on  fron- 
tier farms.  To  boys'  brigades  and  military 
school  cadets  he  supplied  a  five-pound  Quaker 
gun  made  out  of  the  old  ten-pound  army  rifle 
by  replacing  the  heavy  steel  barrel  with  one 
of  wood  and  reducing  the  length  and  grasp 
of  the  stock.  The  store  at  43  Atlantic  Avenue 
soon  became  too  small,  and  since  the  Brooklyn 
express  and  freight  facilities  at  that  time  were 
too  slow  for  handling  the  rapidly  increasing 
mail  order  business,  it  became  necessary  to 
open  store  in  New  York  City.  The  first  was 
at  118  Broad  Street,  a  later  one  at  27  Front 
Street  (where  thirty  years  before  he  had,  while 
in  the  lawyer's  office,  delivered  his  first  mes- 
sage). In  1897  he  leased  the  store,  579  Broad- 
way, from  which  place  he  fitted  out  many  regi- 
ments of  volunteers  in  the  Spanish  War.  The 
assistant  chief  of  ordnance  claimed  that  Ban- 
nerm"an  had  done  so  much  good  toward  train- 
ing the  youth  of  America  with  his  Quaker 
gun  that  the  U.  S.  government  should  pay 
him  a  royalty  on  each  gun  made.  At  the 
close  of  the  war  with  Spain,  he  purchased 
over  90  per  cent,  of  the  captured  guns,  ammu- 
nition, and  equipment,  making  it  necessary 
to  obtain  a  place  outside  any  corporate  limits 
for  the  storage  of  millions  of  cartridges. 
Polopels  Island  in  the  Hudson,  at  the  north- 
ern entrance  to  the  Highlands,  was  purchased 
for  this  purpose,  and  there  he  constructed 
harbors  and  built  a  storehouse  patterned  after 
the  baronial  castles  of  his  native  Scotland:  he 
also  makes  the  island  his  summer  home.  In 
1905  he  secured  499  and  501  Broadway,  ex- 
tending through  the  block  200  feet  to  Mercer 
Street.  The  trustees  of  the  Metropolitan 
Museum,  who  had  the  501  property  for  sale, 
made  a  reduction  of  many  thousands  of  dollars 
in  the  price  "  in  recognition  of  his  public 
spirit  in  maintaining  a  free  public  war 
museum  at  his  own  expense  in  New  York 
City."  Government  officials  say  that  Banner- 
man  is  the  father  of  the  sealed  bid  plan  of 
selling  obsolete  stores.  All  acknowledge  him 
to  be  the  founder  of  the  military  goods  busi- 
ness. All  his  goods  are  sold  on  government 
auction  sale,  terms  cash  with  the  order.  At 
the  outbreak  of  the  great  European  war  in 
1914,  he  was  able  in  seven  weeks  from  his 
island  arsenal  to  supply  the  French  govern- 
ment with  8,000  army  saddles  (a  year's  out- 
put for  a  large  factory).  He  showed  his  love 
for  the  land  of  his  birth  by  donating  thou- 
sands of  rifles,  cartridges,  eqiiij^nent,  and 
money  to  help  the  British  in  their  tzroat  fight. 
Collectors  claim  that  Bannerman's  large  illus- 
trated book  catalogue  is  the  beat  book  pnblislied 
on  weapons  of  war.  A  great  lover  of  boys,  he 
has    been    connected    with    boys'    club    church 


273 


BURTON 


LACOMBE 


work  for  many  years,  devoting  one  night  each 
week  to  them  for  the  study  of  the  Sabbath 
school  lesson.  He  was  among  the  first  trus- 
tees of  the  Caledonian  Hospital,  and  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  St.  Andrew's  and  many  other  so- 

BUBTON,  Pierce,  journalist,  b.  m  Norwich, 
Vt.,  24  Dec,  1834;  d  at  Aurora,  111.,  19 
Sept ,  1016,  son  of  William  Smith  and  Nancy 
(Russell)  Burton.  The  family  is  descended 
from  one  John  Burton,  who  received  a  grant 
of  land  at  Salem,  Mass,  in  1638.  From  him 
the  line  of  descent  runs  tlirough  his  son, 
Isaac,  his  grandson,  Jacob,  his  great-grand- 
son, another  Isaac,  and  his  great-great-grand- 
son, Stephen  Burton,  who  married  Hannah 
Pierce,  of  Canterbury,  Conn.,  and  became  the 
father  of  Pierce  Burton  (1st)  (b.  1  Nov., 
1761).  This  Pierce  Burton  married  Phoebe 
Stoddard,  and  was  the  father  of  William  S. 
Burton  (b.  7  April,  1795),  a  merchant  of  Nor- 
wich. Nancy  Russell,  wife  of  William  S.  Bur- 
ton, was  a  daughter  of  Seth  Russell,  of 
Northampton,  Mass.,  a  granddaughter  of 
Hezekiah  Russell,  a  lieutenant  in  the  Revolu- 
tionary army,  and  a  descendant  of  John 
Russell,  a  native  of  England,  who  located  in 
Massachusetts  in  1635.  Nancy  Russell's 
mother  was  Mary  Emerson,  a  member  of  the 
same  family  to  which  Ralph  Waldo  Emerson 
belonged.  Pierce  Burton  (2d)  began  his 
education  in  a  small  school  taught  by  his 
sister  in  his  native  town,  and  supplemented 
the  modest  fund  of  knowledge  thus  acquired 
by  private  study.  Although  self-educated, 
however,  he  was  remarkably  well-informed  on 
a  wide  variety  of  subjects.  At  sixteen  he  be- 
gan teaching  the  school  at  Bellefontaine,  Ohio. 
At  twenty-one  he  became  associated  with 
Henry  M.  Paine,  an  inventor,  of  Worcester, 
Mass.,  who,  even  at  this  early  day  (1855) 
succeeded  in  making  some  interesting  ap- 
proximations to  such  later  discoveries  as  the 
electric  motor,  electric  light,  and  a  motor- 
driven  road  carriage,  although  none  of  them 
was  brought  to  perfection.  After  the  close 
of  the  Civil  War,  Mr.  Burton  located  in  Ala- 
bama, and  was  a  participant  in  much  of  the 
stirring  history  of  reconstruction  times.  He 
entered  the  field  of  journalism  in  February, 
1869,  when  he  founded  the  newspaper  called 
"  The  Southern  Republican,"  at  Demopolis, 
Ala.  He  conducted  this  paper  with  success 
until  March,  1871,  when  he  purchased  the 
Aurora  (111.)  "Herald,"  and  removed  to 
Illinois.  In  1882  he  founded  the  "Daily  Ex- 
press," at  Aurora,  and  continued  to  edit  it 
until  his  retirement  in  1900.  W^hile  in  Ala- 
bama he  was  a  member  of  the  State  Consti- 
tutional Convention  of  1867.  He  also  served 
in  the  legislature;  was  at  one  time  speaker 
pro  tem.  of  the  house,  and  chairman  of  the 
Committee  on  Ways  and  Means.  In  the  lat- 
ter connection  his  knowledge  of  law,  acquired 
while  still  a  young  man  by  private  study, 
was  of  distinct  profit.  He  personally  formu- 
lated a  revenue  law,  on  which  the  present 
law  of  the  State  is  based.  In  1868  he  was 
nominated  for  chancellor,  but,  being  unwill- 
ing to  serve,  because  of  personal  modesty, 
caused  the  name  of  Gen.  William  B.  Woods 
to  be  substituted  for  his  own  on  the  election 
tickets.  Woods  was  elected  to  the  office,  and 
through   this    beginning   started   on   his   bril- 


liant judicial  career,  which  ended  in  his  ap- 
pointment to  the  U.  S.  Supreme  Court.  In 
1870  Mr.  Burton  was  his  party's  nominee 
for  the  office  of  lieutenant-governor.  For 
true  nobility  of  soul  Pierce  Burton  had  few 
equals.  Like  a  rock  he  faced  dangers  in  the 
South  when  men's  passions  and  prejudices  ran 
high,  determined  to  do  his  duty  although 
death  might  be  the  penalty.  So,  also, 
through  his  later  career  he  combated  wrong 
and  injustice,  wherever  he  found  them,  re- 
gardless of  the  effect  on  his  personal  fortunes. 
Those  familiar  with  the  stirring  part  whicli 
it  was  his  fortune  to  play  during  a  turbulent 
period  of  the  country's  history,  will  be  im- 
pressed with  the  modesty  of  the  man  who 
voluntarily  withdrew  from  a  path  which  led 
to  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States, 
and  pushed  forward  in  another,  because  he 
was  overconscious  of  his  own  limitations. 
They  will  be  impressed  with  his  fearlessness; 
his  intellectual  vigor;  his  sense  of  justice;  his 
uprightness  of  character,  lofty  patriotism,  and 
purity  of  soul.  But  no  estimate  can  reveal 
what  was  one  of  his  most  striking  character- 
istics, a  wonderful  gentleness  and  sweetness, 
seemingly  at  variance  with  the  necessities  of 
his  experience  in  the  Southern  States  just 
after  the  Civil  War.  Mr.  Burton  was  twice 
married;  first,  11  Jan.,  1860,  to  Ellen  C. 
Lapham,  of  Adams,  Mass.,  a  descendant  of 
several  "  Mayflower "  Pilgrims,  who  died  13 
Jan.,  1863;  second,  25  Dec,  1873,  to  Maria 
Alice,  daughter  of  Gideon  Sibley,  of  Athol, 
Mass.,  and  a  member  of  a  family  famous  in 
the  Revolutionary  annals  of  New  England. 
By  his  first  marriage  he  had  one  son,  Charles 
Pierce  Burton  (b.  7  March,  1862),  who  suc- 
ceeded to  the  editorship  of  the  Aurora  "  Daily 
Express,"  and  is  the  author  of  "  The  Bashful 
Man  and  Others"  (1902);  "The  Boys  of 
Bob's  Hill"  (1905);  "The  Bob's  Cave  Boys" 
(1909);  "The  Bob's  Hill  Braves"  (1910); 
"Boy  Scouts  of  Bob's  Hill"  (1912),  and 
"Camp  Bob's  Hill"  (1915).  By  his  second 
marriage,  Mr.  Burton  had  one  son,  Ralph 
William,  and  one  daughter,  Claribel  Daisy 
Burton. 

LACOMBE,  Emile  Henry,  lawyer  and  jurist, 
b.  in  New  York,  N.  Y.,  29  Jan.,  1846,  son  of 
Emile  Henry  and  Elizabeth  Edith  (Smith)  La- 
combe.  His  father,  Emile  Henry  Lacombe  (b. 
in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  27  April,  1813,  and  d.  in 
New  York  City,  25  Dec,  1851),  was  a  commis- 
sion merchant  in  New  York  City  He  mar- 
ried Elizabeth  Edith,  daughter  of  Henry  and 
Mary  Smith,  of  Coxsackie,  Greene  County,  New 
York.  Their  son,  Emile  Henry  Lacombe,  Jr., 
was  prepared  for  college  at  the  Columbia 
Grammar  School  and  in  1859  he  matriculated 
at  Columbia  College  with  the  class  of  1863, 
graduating  at  the  age  of  seventeen  years.  Be- 
fore graduating  in  arts  he  joined  the  Seventh 
Regiment  National  Guard  of  the  State  of  New 
York  as  a  private  and  he  served  with  his  regi- 
ment throughout  the  war.  Subsequently,  he 
entered  the  law  school  of  Columbia  College 
and  he  was  graduated  LL.B.  in  June,  1865, 
winning  the  first  prize  for  his  essay  on  "  Con- 
stitutional Law."  He  did  not  attain  his  ma- 
jority until  29  Jan.,  1867,  when  he  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  New  York  bar.  He  then  began 
the  practice  of  his  profession  in  the  law  office 
of  Townsend  and  Hyatt.     In  December,  1875, 


274 


LACOMBE 


BURSON 


he  gave  up  his  practice  to  accept  the  position 
of  assistant  corporation  counsel  of  the  city  of 
New  York.    This  office  called  upon  him  for  the 
preparation  and  trial  of  many  important  cases ; 
among  them  several  of  the  actions  growing  out 
of  the  so-called  "  Ring "   frauds.     He  drafted 
the  Aqueduct  Act  of  1883  which  pap«r  served 
as  a  model  in  subsequent  legislation,     On  31 
Dec,    1884,   he   was  appointed   counsel   to   the 
Corporation    of   the    City   of    New    York    and 
after   three   years   of    most    satisfactory    serv- 
ice he  was  appointed  to  be  United  States  cir- 
cuit   judge    by    President    Cleveland    in    June, 
1887.       Four'  years     later,     upon    the     crea- 
tion  of   the   U.   S.   Circuit   Court  .of   Appeals, 
he   was  assigned   to  that  court  and  upon  th«» 
retirement   of   Judge   Wallace   in  1907   he   ^w 
came  presiding  judge  thereof.    He  contii       '  ' 
that  office  up  to  29  Jan,  1916,  the  si- 
anniversary  of  his  birth,  when  he  r^t 
the  bench  on  which  he  had  spon', 
years  of  his  active  judi<'i»l  li*'.'    • 
which  years  he  oorupn-l   u 
of  the  United  Sr;i(.s  ''• 
from  the   = 
1801.    Hi- 


,.  J.iwii  nuxui>creti  &,u9.')  dili'trciiL  ca&ff^. 
:   .  ;i    sixty   actually   argued   cases   were 
recorded  in  1891-92,  while  inl915-16  there  were 
345  cases  exhaustively  argued  and  passed  upon, 
a  number  far  exceeding  those  recorded  as  dis- 
posed of  in  any  of  the  similar  circuit  courts 
of    appeal.      The    "  Federal    Reporter "    noted 
during  the  period  of  Judge  Lacombe's  service 
more  than   4,000  reported  decisions  fully  re- 
ported, and  the  "  Reporter  *'  took  notice  that 
up  to  1893  Judges  Lacombe  and  Wallace  were 
he  only  circuit  judges  sitting  and  that  after 
hat   date   up   to    1902   there   were   only  three 
ircuit  judges      In  reality  Judge  Lacombe  has 
o  his  credit  more  of  the  actual  work  of  the 
•ourt   than   any    other    individual    judge — this 
applies  not  only  to  the  appellate  work  of  the 
court,  but  as  well  to  the  large  volume  of  first 
instance  work  which  the  court  records  show  as 
done  by  Judge  Lacombe  up  to  the  very  moment 
)f  his  retirement.     He  heard  the  general  mo- 
ion  calendar  every  month  and  in  addition  he 
nresided  at  nearly  all  the  trials  growing  out 
>f  the  Metropolitan  Street  Railway  Company 
■^^'ntion.     On  retiring  from  the  bench  Judge 
!abe   said:    "I  do   not   intend,   because   I 
.r  my  connection  with  the  bench,  to  abstain 
all  labor,  for  I  am  to  continue  the  prac- 
of  law,  after  ray  period  of  relaxation  has 
Ired."     Judge  Lacombe  is  a  member  of  the 
ilversity  and  Metropolitan  Clubs,  and  of  the 
»lta  Phi  College  frat»'rnity     His  alma  mater 
*^>»ferred   upon    him    the    honorary   degree   of 
%hJ).    in    1894.     rie   ac^'umnlatod    a   valuable 
iitrary   of   standard   works,   Tnarry   volumes   of 
V.  ,.  .!    t.    f>mu8ed  himself  by  extra  illustrating. 
'{  on  14  Oct,,  1873,  Klizabeth  Edith, 
af     Benjamin    and    Jane     (Smith) 
'**yrT»i,  oi  CoxBackie,  N.  Y,  and  they  had  two 


children:  Rufus  Tryon  Lacombe  and  Elizabeth 
Aim^e  Lacombe,  who  married  23  Nov.,  1898, 
Frederick  J.  Moses,  a  lawyer  of  New  York  City. 
The  mother,  Elizabeth  Edith  (Tryon)  Lacombe, 
died  in  Morristown,  N.  J.,  1  Jan.,  1886. 

BURSON,  William  Worth,  inventor,  b. 
in  Venango  County,  Pa.,  22  Sept.,  1832;  d. 
in  Rockford,  111.,  10  April,  1913,  son  of 
Samuel  and  Mary  (Henry)  Burson.  His 
parents,  both  natives  of  Sussex  County,  N.  J., 
early  reiTit>vc'»i  tu  the  site  now  covered  by  Oil 
City,  P;i  ,  >.^iHrc  the  father  engaged  in 
agri<v!J:'rr:  ur  ■  ..huvf  1839.  He  then  took 
his  5.1  ;  on  a  raft,  built  for 

the    t  '  *?'cre    they    went    on 

down  1 1 .  •    boat  and  team 

fiiifj'Iv  (V»vir«ty>      111., 

:    they  lo- 

iiey   be- 

'       of 

•ir 

.^     iHfl 

ihe 

■     m 

■Jh. 

hr  at- 
•  plank 
.  .  <.  -  a  'Arit- 
li  piiictit^fd  pen- 
There  v.asj  but 
jnticw,  eoverca  with  grea&e<l  paper  in- 
of  glass,  and  the  rofjf  was  of  rough 
clapboards  laid  in  rows  and  held  down  by 
poles.  The  fireplace  at  one  end  of  the  room 
was  insufficient  to  heat  the  whole  of  it,  but 
against  the  resulting  discomfort,  the  youthful 
philosopher  uttered  no  complaint,  save  the 
simple  remark,  "  We  did  not  expect  to  keep 
warm."  The  schools  of  the  time  offered  only 
limited  curriculum.  To  learn  reading  and 
writing,  and  to  be  a'ble  to  cipher  the  simplest 
problems  in  arithmetic,  was  their  nearest 
approach  to  an  adequate  education.  The  books 
accessible  for  reading  consisted  of  the  Bible 
and  a  stray  almanac  or  two,  no  newspapers 
being  seen  until  some  years  later.  Mr.  Bur- 
son  did  not  attend  the  public  schools  after 
his  seventh  year,  although  he  later  became 
a  teacher  of  others.  He  was  largely  self- 
educated,  attaining  through  his  own  hunger 
for  knowledge  an  impressive  efficiency  in 
many  branches  of  learning,  even  now  consid- 
ered essentials  of  a  broad  culture.  He  was 
an  omnivorous  reader,  borrowing  books  when- 
ever possible,  and,  that  he  might  hjne  more 
time  in  which  to  master  them,  he  5l^^ed  to 
tie  an  open  volume  to  his  plow  haudlos  and 
read  while  guiding  his  horseH.  JSo,  as  he 
plowed  the  ground  underno«th  him,  he  also 
cultivated  his  own  mind  In  this  way  he  laid 
the  foundations  of  a  sound  education,  only  to 
find  that  the  ambition  for  a  ntill  hi;rh<'r  •ul- 
ture  began  to  hauut  him.  By  hushnn.iing  hir^ 
resources,  he  was  at  hist  ahlo  to  *'nt<'r  l.onv 
bard  University,  Galeshurg.  Til  ,  thin  prf ■  ulf<i 
over  by  Prof.  John  Van  Ncs«  StaTul\.«<}\,  jnul 
was  graduated  there  in  IS;-*!,  in  »h«»  lirst 
class  that  ever  left  that  inr.ritut ion.  receiving 
the  first  diploma  ever  preMet.ted  to  n  ^'nidnnte 
of  Lombard.  Mke  nian.v  self  »M]iii-ii ted  m^u, 
Mr.    Buraon    secniH    to    have   ah,-iorli<.-d    a    wide 


BURSON 


BURSON 


and  varied  fund  of  knowledge.  As  has  been 
well  said  of  him,  "His  versatility  was  im- 
pressive." He  had  good  ability  as  a  writer 
of  verse,  and  kept  himself  intelligently  in- 
formed on  the  great  questions  of  the  times. 
His  greatest  talent,  however,  lay  in  the  line 
of  mechanical  invention,  in  which  he  early  at- 
tained success  and  distinction.  He  early 
recognized  the  need  of  improved  machinery  in 
general  industry,  and  then  set  his  mind  to 
inventing  it.  As  early  as  1856,  the  year  of 
his  graduation,  he  took  out  patents  on  binders 
and  mowers,  and  in  1859  was  allowed  another 
on  a  twine  binder,  in  the  same  year,  also, 
projecting  a  wire  binder.  In  1865  he  patented 
the  first  practically  successful  twine  binder. 
About  this  time  his  attention  was  first  turned 
in  the  direction  of  knitting-machines,  in 
the  invention  of  which  he  achieved  his  great- 
est success  and  reputation.  The  story  of  his 
progress  in  this  class  of  machinery  is  inter- 
estingly shown  by  excerpts  from  his  diary 
during  that  period.  For  more  than  sixty 
years  he  wrote  these  notes  in  shorthand,  hav- 
ing mastered  the  system  when  it  was  almost 
a  thing  unknown.  Thus  (28  Sept.,  1866): 
"  I  have  a  defined  plan  of  a  knitting-machine 
for  knitting  men's  socks.  The  plan  of  mak- 
ing the  stitch  is  entirely  my  own " ;  (29 
Nov.,  1866):  "I  spent  evening  knitting  on 
a  sock  and  got  down  to  the  heel,  and  on 
thirtieth  finished  same,  being  the  first  sock 
ever  knit  in  this  manner.  The  papers  pre- 
pared by  myself  and  sent  to  the  patent  office 
4  Dec,  '66";  (7  Feb.,  1867):  "I  spent  en- 
tire day  on  knitting-machine,  knitting  first 
pair  of  socks";  (17  Feb.,  1867):  "Knit  mit- 
ten the  first  ever  knit  on  machine."  (This 
mitten  is  now  in  possession  of  his  daughter, 
Mrs.  Adele  Trufant,  of  Rockford.)  (24  June, 
1867):  "Prepared  patent  papers.  Began  a 
new  knitting-machine,  known  as  parallel 
row."  (This  is  the  machine  now  in  universal 
use.)  (31  July):  "Was  knitting  on  same 
and  got  patents  23  July,  '70,  to  knit  the 
first  sock,  with  a  pattern  wheel " ;  (8  Oct., 
1870 )  :  "  Saw  the  first  sock,  knit  by  water 
jNOwer";  (5  April,  1871):  "Ran  three  knit- 
ting-machines, making  eighty  dozen  socks. 
Took  thirty  dozen  to  Dubuque,  la.,  and  sold 
the  first  they  had  sold  outside  of  Rockford"; 
(8  Aug.,  1871):  "Shipped  out  first  lot  to 
Chicago,  twelve  dozen";  (16  Aug.,  1871): 
"Knit  a  sock  in  five  minutes  today"; 
(12  Sept.,  1871):  "Made  a  trip  to  Chicago 
to  sell  goods  and  sold  Farwell  forty  dozen." 
(Today,  1916,  the  factory  is  turning  out 
6,000  dozen  per  day  of  twenty-four  hours.) 
"  After  working  hard  all  day  in  Chicago,  sell- 
ing socks,  went  to  La  Salle,  111.,  and  have 
conceived  plan  for  new  machine  to  finish  the 
toe."  (Heretofore  this  had  not  been  done 
by  machinery,  but  by  hand.)  (30  March, 
1872)  :  "Knit  and  closed  the  toe  of  the  first 
sock  ever  completed  on  a  machine  " ;  (1  jNIay, 
1873):  "The  knitting-machine  worked  per- 
fectly"; (10  Oct.,  1873):  "Knit  sock  in 
three  and  three-quarters  minutes."  Mr.  Bur- 
son  also  designed  punches  and  dies  to  make 
various  parts  of  the  machines,  and  in  1881 
started  his  machine  for  knitting  ladies'  fine 
hose.  The  factory,  now  working  day  and 
night,  gives  employment  to  more  than  1,000 
people.      The   present   Burson   Knitting   Com- 


pany was  organized  in  1892  with  a  capital  of 
$24,000.  Later  this  was  increased  to  $750,000. 
Mr.  Burson  was  not  content  with  his  work, 
even  after  these  remarkable  achievements. 
He  continued  his  efforts  further  to  perfect 
them.  Some  1,800  machines  are  now  used  at 
Rockford,  and  about  300  at  Paris,  Canada.  A 
man  who  can  fashion  out  of  the  fabric  of  his 
dreams  machines  so  uncanny  in  their  intelli- 
gence as  to  seem  human,  save  for  blood  and 
conscience,  has  invited  immortality  both  for 
himself  and  his  work.  As  a  young  man,  Mr. 
Burson  longed  always  to  do  something  for  his 
fellow  men,  for  "poor  humanity."  He 
achieved  his  desire.  His  inventions  have 
given  employment  to  thousands.  Many  men 
and  women  have  been  made  comfortable  in 
old  age  through  this  splendid  industry  which 
owes  its  life  to  Mr.  Burson.  Mr.  Burson 
lived  an  exemplary  life.  In  the  attainments 
of  character  he  was  no  less  great  than  in  the 
sweep  of  his  intellectual  power.  His  life  was 
most  temperate.  He  never  used  tobacco  in 
any  form.  Alcoholic  drinks  had  no  enticement 
for  him.  In  eating  he  never  used  meat  or 
butter,  and  never  drank  tea  or  coffee.  He 
established  an  enviable  record  in  respect  to 
the  medical  profession,  never  having  required 
the  ministrations  of  a  physician  until  in  his 
last  brief  illness.  Those  who  knew  him  best 
declare  that  he  had  no  morally  disfiguring 
habits  whatever.  All  profanity  was  foreign 
to  him,  nor  could  any  injustice  provoke  him 
to  harshness.  In  his  greatness  he  rose  above 
the  petty  concerns  that  so  often  engage  the 
attention  of  smaller  minds.  His  family  never 
recall  a  quick  or  a  cross  word.  Although 
never  formally  a  member  of  any  church,  Mr. 
Burson  was  a  man  of  deep  religious  convic- 
tions, and  whenever  in  Rockford  attended 
services  at  the  Church  of  the  Christian  Union. 
He  read  the  New  Testament  reverently  and 
often,  and  such  was  his  linguistic  proficiency 
that  he  could  read  it  in  seven  languages. 
For  years  he  was  a  Mason,  having  been  a 
charter  member  of  the  Chicago  Lake  View 
Lodge  of  that  order.  In  politics  he  was  a 
Republican,  having  adhered  to  the  party  from 
its  organization.  He  was  a  delegate  to  the 
first  State  convention  at  Bloomington,  and 
cast  his  first  vote  for  John  C.  Fremont  for 
President,  and  his  last  for  William  H.  Taft. 
His  motto  through  life  was  "  Integrity,  In- 
dustry, and  Perseverance,"  words  which  are 
inscribed  on  the  monument  erected  to  his 
father  and  mother.  He  learned  the  lessons 
from  his  father  and  exemplified  them  in  his 
own  life.  Mr.  Burson's  death  came  after  a 
very  brief  illness.  It  was  unexpected.  He 
had  enjoyed  excellent  health  in  such  generous 
measure  that  the  trifling  indisposition  which 
attacked  him  was  not  deemed  serious.  But 
at  his  advanced  age  even  his  splendid  con- 
stitution could  not  resist  further,  and  he  died 
within  a  week  at  the  home  of  his  daughter. 
He  was  laid  to  rest  in  Forest  View  Abbey,  in 
Rockford.  His  tomb  is  marked,  as  was  that 
of  his  parents,  with  the  motto,  "Integrity, 
Industry,  and  Perseverance."  Mr.  Burson's 
wife  was  a  fellow  student  at  Lombard  Uni- 
versity. She  was  a  native  of  New  Jersey,  who 
had  removed  with  her  parents  to  Fulton 
County,  111.  She  survives  her  husband  with 
two  sons,  Wilson  Worth,  also  an  inventor  of 


276 


BURSON 


DE  FOREST 


knitting-machines,  and  Ernest  Emerson  Bur- 
son,  a  musician  of  ability,  who  resides  on  a 
ranch  near  Orange,  Cal.,  and  one  daughter, 
Florence  Adele,  who  married  8tt)i  C  Trufant. 
BURSON,  Wilson  Worth.  i!)Vt{itor  and 
manufacturer,  b,  in  Rockford,  lU.,  24  May, 
1864.    He  is  a  son  of  William  Worth  Burson, 

thi'     pio!u?er     in- 
ventor   of    bind- 
ers,     the      first 
automatic     knit- 
ting-machine and 
100     other     con- 
trivances. He 
remained  •■■' 
Rockford       ;r 
he   was   four; 
years     old, 
then      went 
Sioux     Falls. 
D.,       whert- 


U>-' 


)?    y^ars    h« 
,    ,,    .  laches  of  me- 

.!,;al  engineering,  designing,  erecting,  and 
f  r  inting.  In  1898  he  ^returned  to  Rockford 
and  worked  with  his  father,  studying  under 
him  and  developing  his  inventive  genius. 
During  the  four  years'  association  that  fol- 
lowed, Mr.  Burson  designed  and  invented  the 
machinery  now^  in  use  in  the  Burson-Ziock- 
Brown  Company,  capitalized  at  $600,000, 
which  was  organized  in  1907,  with  himself 
as  one  of  the  original  promoters  and  stock- 
holders. This  company  now  has  1,250  ma- 
chines and  produces  over  1,600  dozen  pairs  of 
stockings  daily.  It  owns  its*  own  factory  and 
machine  shop,  having  thrt  record  of  building 
and  installing  one  new  knitting-machine  each 
day.  In  time  it  will  be  one  of  the  largest 
plants  of  its  kind  in  the  world.  Politically, 
Mr.  Burson  is  a  Republican.  He  belongs  to 
;Ellis  Lodge,  No.  633,  A.  F.  &  A.  M.,  Freeport 
Consistory,  and  Tebala  Shrine  of  Rockford. 
Like  his  father  he  is  a  natural  inventor,  and 
has  made  a  great  many  changes  in  knitting- 
machines  and  produced  numerous  other  in- 
ventions, some  not  yet  patented.  In  the 
business  world,  also,  his  activities  have  been 
of  great  importance.  Coming  into  the  knit- 
ting business  as  he  has  with  a  new  company, 
he  has  been  able  to  produce  a  product 
similar  to,  without  interfering  with,  that  of 
bi8  father.  The  two  BurHons,  father  and  son, 
have  done  much  to  build  up  Ro<*kford.  Their 
kindred  industries  furnish  employment  to 
hundreds,  and  their  wages  spent  in  the  city 
f^r  necessities  and  com  forte  form  no  little 
t'Hri  of  the  commercial  life  of  tlie  place.  Mr. 
•n  gives  liberally  to  worthy  objects,  al- 
h  hiw  modesty  keeps  him  from  appear- 
prominently  before  the  public  as  a 
I        uthropist.      His    association    with    civic 


measures  shows  that  he  is  always  to  be  found 
on  the  side  of  progressive  movements  toward 
further  improvements  and  measures  for  at- 
tracting new  capital  to  Rockford  to  be  used 
for  legitimate  business  purposes.  He  mar- 
ried, in  1890,  Hettie  Hoyt,  of  Rockford.  They 
have  one  daughter,  Florence  E.  Burson. 

DE    FOREST,    Robert    Weeks,    lawyer    and 
philanthropist,  b.  New  York,  N.  Y.,  25  April, 
1848,    son    of    Henry    G.    and    Julia    Brasher 
(Weeks)    de  Forest.     He  is  a  direct  descend- 
ant of  Jesse  de  Forest,  a  Huguenot,  who  came 
to  thi«  country  from  Leyden  about  1623,  and 
was  one  of  tht;  «^arlier  settlprs  of  New  York. 
If:.    f.»h,  r     i>i-,-.    his    distinguished    ancestor, 
in    the    civic,    social,    and 
..   Yojl;,  and  he  birqueathed 
spuit  a.  i  hropift  enthusiHsm 

V?*?i  Ti^  -  <-'ti=  o;iie:4r  da  ugh- 

•  i  of  the 
niciition 
;\v  Vork 
luary,  in 
urt;  pared 
!    ihere- 
hU  ob- 
•  «3   arid  was  made 
■  conferred  the  de- 
ktiiii  in  1872.     It  was  not 
•at  he  studied  to  fit  himself 
,^  »•!■;! I v-'jjpiuU'd  proft'ssional  career.     He 
elfttetl  the  broadening  advantages  of  for- 
:  '^ii  residence  and  training,  and  entered  him- 
self in  the  famous  German  University  .of  Bonn 
for  a  course  of  study.     He  was  admitted  to 
the   bar   in  New   York    in    1871,   and   at   once 
became  associated  with  the  law  firm  of  Weeks, 
Forster   and   de   Forest.     His   uncle,    John   A. 
Weeks,  was  senior  partner  of  the  house,  and 
his  father  had  once  been  a  member.    Some  time 
afterward  Robert  de  Forest  entered  into  a  law 
partnership  with  his  younger  brother,   Henry 
W.    de    Forest,    and    his    sons,    Johnston    and 
Henry  L.  de  Forest,  under  the  firm  name  of 
De  Forest  Bros.     Mr.  de  Forest  early  won  dis- 
tinction  as   a   lawyer   of   penetrating   discern- 
ment  based   on   a    sound   knowledge   of    juris- 
prudence.    He  soon  developed  a  wide  practice 
and    became   counsel    of   the   Central   Railroad 
Company   of   New   Jersey.     Then   he   was   ap- 
point<'d  general  counsel,  a  director  of  the  road, 
and  since  1902  has  served  as  its  vice-president. 
He    has    been    president    of    the    Hackonsaek 
Water  Company  since  1885.     He  is  a  director 
and    trustee    of    the    Niagara    Fire    Insurance 
Company,  and  of  the  New  York   Trust   Com- 
pany, vice-president  of  the  New  York  and  Long 
Branch  Railroad  Company,  trustee  of  thf  New 
York  Trust  Company,  the  Ihukon  Trust   Com- 
pany, Central  and  South  Amerioan  Tele<j;raph 
Company,  Title  Guarantee  and  Tnisi  Company. 
and  the  Metropolitan  Life  InHuranfH'  Coni{)any. 
Like  most  men  of  cultur'-  uiui  wide  fduaifion, 
Mr.  de  Forest  is  an  pntliusiast  ic  Iov«r  ot   art 
in  all  its  forms.    An  excollont  juflgr  "t  [ictun's 
and    statuary,    he    is    alf^o    a    (-(MirH-iHsror    in 
china,  silver,  the  work  of  Uio  lor.iu  aii'l  needle 
as  exemplifH^d  in  mashTpici-cs  of  tlic  panl,  and 
an    a|)j)rociative    Uilminr    of    anv    achit-vinirnt 
in  which  ahim's  fho  sinrority  Oiat  is  tin-  only 
true  basis  of  art.      Wo   liad   boon   prt'sidenf    of 
fho   Municipal    AH    ('(.nnnission    in    Now    ^'ork 
in    1005,   antl    it   wnn  thoroforo   lopjonl    Hiat    in 
1912    he    should    be    olectod    presidont    of    Iho 


277 


DE  FOREST 


DE  FOREST 


American   Federation   of   Arts,  and,   in   1913, 
president  of  the  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art. 
There  have  been  several  notable  additions  to 
the  exhibits  in  various  departments  of  the  mu- 
seum  since   Mr.   de   Forest   has   been   at   the 
head  of  affairs  there,  and  he  is  always  on  the 
alert  for  collections  or  individual  objets  d'art, 
which  their  owners  may  be  willing  to  give  for 
public  display,  either  temporarily  or  otherwise. 
Interest  in  the  museum  has  been  greatly  aug- 
mented   during    Mr.    de    Forest's    presidency. 
This  is  shown  by  the  rapid  increase  in  mem- 
bership and  in   the  popularity  of  the  annual 
receptions  by  the  president  and  trustees.    Dur- 
ing   1016    the    number    of    new    members    was 
3,422.      This    included    many    persons    distin- 
guished  in  the  world  of  art,  literature,  com- 
merce, and   the  higher  professions.     At  these 
gatherings,  which  are  held  in  midwinter,  the 
great  foyer  of  the  museum  becomes  a  reception 
room,  the  front  doors  are  closed  and  hung  with 
tapestries,  and  plants  are  everywhere.    The  at- 
tendance is  always  very  large  and  guests  come 
from  many  circles,  city  officials,  including  the 
mayor,  members  of  the  clergy,  people  of  social 
prominence,   and  always  a  number  of   artists 
and    art    collectors.      President   arid    Mrs.    de 
Forest   receive,   assisted   by   the   trustees  and 
the  directors  of  the  museum,  with  ladies  of 
their  families.    Mr.  de  Forest's  other  activities 
are  numerous  and  varied.     While  he  is  a  keen 
practical  man  of  business,  he  has,  during  his 
thirty-five  years  of  sustained  activity  with  the 
Charity  Organization  Society  of  New  York,  de- 
voted the  chief  labor  of  his  life  to  philanthropy. 
He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  society,  in 
1881,  and  was  elected  its  president  in  1888,  in 
which  position  he  has  served  by  successive  re- 
elections     for    the    past    twenty-eight    years. 
Possessing  rare  aptitude  for  the  duties  of  this 
office,  he  brought  to  the  society  an  element  of 
assurance   that    immediately   riveted   the   con- 
fidence of  the  public ;  and  it  is  largely  through 
his  energy  and  benevolent  capacity  that  chari- 
table relief  work  in  New  York  has  been  placed 
on  a  systematic  and  scientific  basis.    The  work 
of  the  society  is  conducted  through  four  bu- 
reaus,   namely,    the    Department    of    General 
Work;    the   Woodyard  and  the   Laundry;    the 
Department    for    the    Improvement    of    Social 
Conditions,    and    the    School    of   Philanthropy. 
Although  the  society's  purpose  is  the  allevia- 
tion of  poverty,  and  it  disburses  adequate  and 
immediate  relief  in  the  form  of  cash,  food  and 
clothing,  rent,  etc.,  which  in  many  cases  is  ex- 
tended over  periods  of  months  or  even  years, 
it   is  not  merely  a   relief  agency.     The   sym- 
pathetic, painstaking  attentions  of  its  workers, 
salaried    and    volunteer,    are    accompanied    by 
efforts   directed   toward   helping  the   needy  to 
self-reliance  and  permanent  self-support.    It  is 
through  the  Department  of  General  Work  that 
the   remedial   and  constructive   work   is   done. 
This    department    administers    material    relief 
and,    through    its    Social    Service    Exchange, 
gathers  information  to  facilitate  the  general 
co-operation  among  churches,  charitable  organ- 
izations, and  individuals  of  the  city,  one  of  the 
most    indispensable    functions    of   the    society. 
This  co-operation   is  effected  directly  through 
the  fourteen  neighborhood  offices  of  the  society, 
each  strategically  located  and  in  direct  contact 
with  needy  persons  and  families.     The  Wood- 
yard  and  the  Laundry,  which  afford  temporary 


employment  for  men  and  for  women  respec- 
tively, are  practically  self-supporting.    The  De- 
partment for  the  Improvement  of  Social  Con- 
ditions,  which    includes   the   Tenement   House 
Committee,  the  Committee  of  Criminal  Courts 
and  the  Committee  on  the  Prevention  of  Tuber- 
culosis,   has   performed   particularly   brilliant 
and  enduring  service.     Notwithstanding  that 
the  society  through  its  sixty-five  salaried  and 
624  volunteer  workers  administered  speedy  and 
adequate  relief  to  11,197  families  who  applied 
for  aid  in  one  year,  the  confidential  relations 
between  the  society  and  the  recipients  prevent 
proper  public  appreciation  of  the  services  ren- 
dered.   But  the  extraordinary  improvements  in 
housing   conditions   effected   by   the   Tenement 
House  Committee  present  to  the  eye  obvious 
proof  of  the  ability  and  zeal  employed  by  the 
society  in  the  interest  of  the  community.    This 
committee  was  appointed  in  1898  "to  secure 
the  enforcement  of  the  existing  laws  relating 
to  tenement  houses;  to  present  united  opposi- 
tion to  bad  legislation  arising  either  at  Albany 
or  locally;   to  obtain  such  new  and  remedial 
legislation  as  might  be  necessary,  and  to  make 
a  general   study  of  the  tenement  house  ques- 
tion."   This  resulted  in  an  extensive  investiga- 
tion of  existing  conditions  which  was  followed 
by  an  instructive  and  entertaining  exhibition 
in  conjunction  with  the  committee  on  the  pre- 
vention  of   tuberculosis.     This   exhibit,   which 
subsequently  became  a  permanent  institution, 
has  been  viewed  by  millions  in  this  country 
and  abroad  and   was  displayed  at  the  Paris 
Exposition  in  1900.    It  proved  so  tremendously 
effective  that  the  society  secured  through  Theo- 
dore  Roosevelt,   then  jgovernor  of  New   York, 
the  appointment  of  the  New  York  State  Tene- 
ment House  Commission,  with  Mr.  de  Forest 
as    its   chairman.      In    this    capacity   Mr.    de 
Forest   and   his   associates   prepared   and   had 
enacted  the  new  law  which   insures   adequate 
light,   air,   and   decency   in   buildings.     There 
was  serious  need  for  the  act,  and  its  results 
were  reflected  by  a  wave  of  housing  improve- 
ments throughout  the  country.     Subsequent  de- 
velopments proved  the  need  of  making  perma- 
nent the  society's  committee — Tenement  House 
Committee — which  brought  about  this  remark- 
able reform,  and  Mr.  de  Forest,  as  chairman 
of  this  committee,  chairman  of  the  State  Com- 
mission and  first  commissioner  of  the  city  de- 
partment  created   by  the   new  law,   displayed 
constructive    ability    of    a    high    degree.     The 
other  committees  included  in  the  department 
for  the  Improvement  of  Social  Conditions — ^the 
Committee  of  Criminal  Courts,  Committee  on 
the  Prevention  of  Tuberculosis,  and  the  Com- 
mittee on  Mendicancy — also  accomplished  much 
valuable    service.      The    society's    New    York 
School  of  Philanthropy,  which  provides  tech- 
nical training  to  those  who  wish  to  enter  upon 
any  form  of   charitable   work,   is   the   pioneer 
"  training  school  in  applied  philanthropy,"  and 
has  developed  many  specialists  in  that  field  of 
activity.     Because  of  the  high  standard  of  the 
society,  it  experienced  much  difficulty  in  finding 
persons    properly    qualified    for    social    work, 
which  included  capable  visitors  for  charity  or- 
ganizations; investigators  of  social  conditions, 
factories   and   tenement   houses;    matrons   and 
administrators  in  institutions;  financial  secre- 
taries for  charitable  organizations;    executive 
officers  for  educational  and  philanthropic  so- 


278 


.^0^  A  <*' 


DE  FOREST 


HALDEMAN 


les;    private    almoners;    ]|tirobation    officers; 

•  d  workers  and  assistants  in  social   aettle- 

'its,  institutipnal  churches  and  welfare  de- 
purtments^  of  manufacturing  and  mercantile 
establishments;  members  of  boards  of  man- 
agers and  of  committees,  and  employees  of  the 
State  and  municipal  departments  which  deal 
specifically  with  public  health,  charities,  and 
correction.  At  the  end  of  six  years  the  value 
of  this  department  was  so  apparent  that  the 
late  John  S.  Kennedy,  by  an  endowment  of 
almost  $1,000,000,  established  it  on  a  perma- 
nent basis.  It  is  closely  affiliated  with  Co- 
lumbia University,  and  this  is  insured  not 
only  by  the  terms  of  Mr.  Kennedy's  endow- 
ment but  also  by  the  endowment  of  the  Schiflf 
Chair  of  Social  Economy  in  the  university. 
The  course  is  exacting;  an'd  the  diploma  of  the 
i=chool,  which  is  awarded  only  on  the  coraple 

u  of  the  full  two  years'  course,  is  accep^ed 

Columbia  University  a.s  s8tiHfv»ni^  b»lf  ^h^. 

uirements  for  the    ' 

'>phy.     The   Provi' 

ler  very  ir-^    -^ 
Organiz;' 


bu'    the   opening  of  the 
..:.■     v.v.cd    many    leading    pawn- 
lo  reduce  their  rates  from  the  oppres- 
V  aarges  then  prevailing  to  the  reasonable 
■  adopted  by  the  society.    Its  methods'proved 
beneficial   that   this  branch  has   since   de- 
oped  into  a  chain  of  si:^'  loan  offices,  through 
;  ich   about   $10,000,000   are   loaned   on   per- 
lal  property  each  year.    The  Charity  Organi- 
'ion  Society  also  conducts  its  own  publica- 
n  department,  ami  in  addition  to  the  "  Char- 
es  Directory,"   founded    in    1882,    it   issued 
many  years  "  Charities  and  the  Commons," 
aided  in   1905,  a  weekly  periodical   devoted 
research  and  publicity  concerning  local  and 
•serai  philanthropy.     It    is  an  authority  on 
:  phases  of  charitable  matters,  and  has  gained 
•vvide  circulation.     In  recent  year  a  there  has 
on  such  a  demand  for  its  advance  sheet r  from 
k:  newspapers  throughout   the  country  that 
'  publication  committee  established  a  press 
■-rvice  adapted  to  the  purpose.     The  society 
«ct8  also  in  the  capacity  of  intermediary  for 
individuals  or  committees  in  the  distribution 
•  •>f    relief,    placing   these   donations    unostenta- 
tiously where  they  are  needed.     For  instance, 
k'f    many   years    it   distributed    1,000    Christ- 
rj»A»    dinners    for    the    New    York    •*'  World " 
and  also  the  New  York  "  American."     It  par- 
tVipates  in  distributing  the  Christmas  bounty 
iMJmially  collected  by  the  N^'w  York  "  Times," 
:  to     cheer     and     romforf      the     most     urgent 
ift*"*  of  destitution,  and  on  Christmas   (1010) 
iht  i-ociety  distributed  $17,000  of  this  amount 
•     Vj       mergency    distribution,    too,    the    society, 
of   its  efficient  methods,  has  rendered 
•le  service.     For  example,   in   the  Park 
i^nter — the  rollapse  of  a  building  which 
'    in   iMjreavements   to    sixty  throp   fnm- 
hi  iH)ciety  distributed  the  $iiO,(>00  of  the 
c»?ikf  committee  and  also  the  $7,000 


raised  by  the  New  York  "  Herald."  It  was 
not  until  charitable  relief  work  became  recog- 
nized as  a  profession  that  the  general  objec- 
tion toward  paying  workers  was  overcome,  and 
the  society  has  since  made  remarkable  progress 
in  its  efforts  to  relieve  distress  and  reduce 
poverty.  The  immense  amount  of  work  in- 
volved may  be  estimated  by  the  fact  that,  be- 
sides the  11,197  families  who  made  application 
for  assistance  in  one  year,  there  were  26,957 
applications  by  homeless  persons.  The  effi- 
ciency which  the  t^ociety  has  attained  is  due 
to  the  exceli<'ct  personnel  Ixtth  of  the  adminis- 
trative officers  and  of  the  capable  members  of 
the  general  stait,  who  have  devoted  their  life- 
work  to  the  study  and  alleviation  of  poverty; 
and  the  admirable  a<Jm>j»Jdtr«Mon  of  the  so- 
ciety's affairs  is  due  to  the  elasticity  of  its 
orga«i7;atiou  Tht  work  i*!.  distributed  among 
a  number  of  flAuding  fturaejitteej*,  constituted 
in  iM*^p  TMift  .'if  rH^.trwiipT^  nl  :i*hvt  «»mjiiiits-CB, 
■    '■      ■     '  ■    ^  .'  r        .,],  the 

•H  Vne 
»  .;  :«ri*abk 
r;|>inion,  vkhirh 
poljey  ;>f  the 
ftir  d'e  Koi'cst 
iddresi^jng  the 
f>f  i  isjUnthropy  during 
>f  lf>15.  He  emphttsized 
:  i;i  ^.-esticii  vaJivi;  "■.  prlvat**-  cbarilv,  not  only 
in  its  freedom  from  tlie  Hmitati<Jit*(  that  must 
necessarily  be.  put  around  th^  distribution  of 
tax-gathered  funds  by  public  officials,  but  be- 
cause it  keeps  alive  in  individuals  that  feeling 
of  duty  toward  their  fellow  men  and  fellow 
women.  Mr.  de  Forest  feels  that  if  all  charity 
were  left  to  public  administration,  supported 
by  taxation,  it  would  tend  to  divide  the  com- 
munity or  the  nation  into  two  classes:  the 
"rich,"  who  pay  taxes,  and  the  "poor,"  who 
are  supported  from  the  tax  fund.  These  are 
his  main  reasons  for  opposing  the  idea  that 
the  State  should  be  entirely  responsible  for 
those  unfortunates  who  require  relief  from  the 
worst  results  of  economic  pressure.  Mr.  de 
Forest,  besides  being  president  and  chairman 
of  the  executive  committee  of  the  society,  is 
chairman  of  the  School  of  Philanthropy  and 
of  the  Charities  Publication  Committee,  and 
hi«!  effort  in  molding  the  councils  of  the  fore- 
most charitable  organization  of  the  country 
hjive  received  nation-wide  recognition.  In 
1903  he  was  elected  president  of  the  National 
Confederation  of  Charities  and  Corroctions, 
held  in  Atlanta,  Ga.  He  is  also  manager  and 
vice-president  of  the  Presbyterian  Hospital,  a. 
vice-president  of  the  Russell  Sage  Foundation 
for  Improvement  of  Social  and  Living  Condi- 
tions; and  of  the  American  Red  Cross  Society. 
and  holds  high  office  in  more  than  twenty  ini- 
portant  corporations  und  nocieiios  On  \'2 
Nov.,  1872,  he  married,  in  New  York  Ciiy 
Emily  Johnston,'  the  eldest  danijhter  oi  John 
Taylor  Johnston,  of  Now  York  City.  an<J 
they  are  the  parents  of  f  ur  chiliirrr.  T.. I. Pi- 
ston, Henry  E,  Ktlu-I  TMrn  Allen  V  Up!;- 
man),  Frances  ihnily  (Mrs  W  A  W  S'<v.- 
art ) . 

HALDEMAN,  Sarah  Alicf  (AtManis)  Imidr;-. 
b.  in  Ccdarvilb'.  lib,  T)  Ji.nc.  1^^).'};  d.  in  <  '  i- 
cngo,  111..  10  lMar<!i.  l:)!."),  danf.'iitrr  ..f  jnln 
Huey  and  Sarah  (W'fbcr)  A-blnnv-.  lb  r 
father  was  a  successful   miller   :>nd   t-i  nlvt    in 


27« 


HALDEMAN 


HALDEMAN 


Northern  Illinois,  also  serving  as  State  senator 
from  1856  to  1872.  He  greatly  influenced  the 
policy  of  the  State  during  the  Civil  War,  to 
which,  as  his  grandfather,  Isaac  Addams,  had 
done  in  the  Revolutionary  War,  he  equipped 
and  sent  a  company.  Her  first  American  an- 
cestor was  Richard  Addams,  who  emigrated  to 
this  country  from  Oxfordshire,  England,  in 
1684,  and  settled  on  land  which  he  purchased 
from  William  Penn.  From  him  the  line  of 
descent  is  traced  through  William  and  Anna 
(Lane)  Addams;  Isaac  and  Barbara  (Ruth) 
Addams;  Samuel  and  Catherine  (Huey) 
Addams,  and  John  and  Sarah  (Weber) 
Addams.  She  received  her  early  education  in 
the  village  of  Cedarville,  111.,  where  an  acad- 
emy under  the  direction  of  Mrs.  Jennie  Forbes 
had  been  established  by  several  of  the  more 
progressive  families.  From  this  school  she 
went  to  Rockford  Seminary  at  Rockford,  111., 
•  then  designated  as  the  Mount  Holyoke  of  the 
West,  and  completed  the  course  there  at  the 
age  of  nineteen.  After  a  year  in  Europe  and 
the  study  of  art  in  several  American  studios, 
she  was  married  to  Dr.  Henry  Winfield  Hal- 
deman  in  1875.  For  several  years  Dr.  Halde- 
man  practiced  medicine  in  Iowa  and  later 
■when  he  spent  a  year  in  graduate  medical 
work  in  Philadelphia,  Mrs.  Haldeman  took  a 
course  at  the  Woman's  Medical  College  of 
that  city.  She  was  thus  fitted  to  co-operate 
with  her  husband  in  his  medical  practice,  be- 
coming his  anesthetist,  helping  him  in  opera- 
tions and  acquiring  a  wide  range  of  knowledge, 
for  which  her  kindly  instincts  often  found  use 
in  her  later  life.  In  1884,  when  Dr.  Halde- 
man's  health  necessitated  his  retirement  from 
active  practice,  he  and  his  wife  settled  in 
Girard,  Kan.,  where  he  engaged  in  banking. 
Here  one  daughter  was  born  to  them,  Anna 
Marcet  Haldeman,  who  survives  her  parents. 
Mrs.  Haldeman  soon  became  a  vital  force  in 
the  educational  and  philanthropic  movements 
of  her  town  and  state.  Like  her  sister.  Miss 
Jane  Addams,  of  Hull  House,  Chicago,  she 
was  interested  in  every  enterprise  which  looked 
toward  social  or  civic  betterment.  Her  in- 
terest was  particularly  with  young  people, 
with  whom  she  had  an  unusual  capacity  for 
friendship  and  her  first  organized  work  for 
the  community  was  a  large  and  successful 
boys'  club.  She  was  elected  president  of  the 
Girard  Board  of  Education  in  1895  and 
during  her  ten  years  in  office  had  a  wide  ac- 
quaintance among  the  children  of  the  schools 
and  an  intimate  knowledge  of  their  needs. 
For  years  they  and  the  young  people  of  the 
town  made  constant  use  of  her  own  fine  li- 
brary. But  this  proving  inadequate,  she 
brought  together  the  club  women  of  Girard 
and  organized  a  Library  Association,  serving 
as  president  of  its  board  from  1899  to  1908, 
during  which  time  the  library,  housed  in  a  sub- 
stantial Carnegie  building,  became  a  permanent 
factor  in  the  intellectual  life  of  the  commu- 
nity. Mrs.  Haldeman  identified  herself  with 
the  Presbyterian  Church,  leaving  the  impress 
of  her  strong  personality  upon  its  varied  ac- 
tivities and  for  twenty-eight  years  was  treas- 
urer of  its  board  of  trustees.  Her  love  for 
the  foreign  mission  cause  found  expression 
in  numerous  material  and  spiritual  ways  and 
many  workers  in  distant  lands  were  cheered 
by     her     unflagging,   personal   interest.     Mrs. 


Haldeman  found  in  club  life  an  avenue  of  con- 
stant usefulness,  both  for  enthusiastic  study 
and  loyal  friendships.  She  early  appreciated 
the  value  of  women's  clubs  and  magnified  it. 
She  was  a  member  of  the  Ladies'  Reading 
Club  of  Girard  for  more  than  twenty  years, 
of  the  City  Federation  and  State  Federation 
of  Women's  Clubs.  In  1901  she  organized  the 
Twentieth  Century  Club  of  Girard  and  a  sim- 
ilar club  in  a  neighboring  town.  She  was 
president  of  the  third  district,  Kansas  Fed- 
eration of  Women's  Clubs,  1900-01 ;  was  a 
member  of  the  civic  committee  of  the  General 
Federation  of  Women's  Clubs,  1904-06;  was 
a  member  of  the  Topeka  (Kan.)  Chapter  of 
the  D.  A.  R.,  and  of  the  State  Board  of  Char- 
ities. Mrs.  Haldeman  made  a  delightful 
presiding  officer,  combining  the  requisite  par- 
liamentary knowledge  with  an  unusual  gra- 
ciousness  of  manner.  She  loved  to  exercise  hospi- 
tality and  had,  to  a  rare  degree,  the  gift  of 
sharing  with  her  friends  what  she  herself 
enjoyed.  Beautiful  pictures,  fine  laces,  and 
basketry  were  among  her  enthusiasms  and  in 
her  occasional  exhibitions  of  the  two  latter 
she  not  only  communicated  her  own  careful 
information  and  appreciation  concerning 
them,  but  evoked  a  real  interest  in  their  pos- 
sibilities. Her  hands  were  seldom  idle,  and  ^ 
in  the  homes  of  many  of  her  friends  are  ex- 
amples of  her  painting,  basketry,  and  needle- 
work. In  1905,  at  the  death  of  her  husband, 
whose  business  responsibilities  she  had  long 
shared,  Mrs.  Haldeman  became  actively  inter- 
ested in  local  banking  and  in  May  of  that 
year  reorganized  the  private  Bank  of  Girard 
into  the  State  Bank  of  Girard.  She  was  elect- 
ed its  president,  an  office  which  no  other  wom- 
an in  Kansas  had  previously  held,  and  served  in 
that  capacity  until  her  death.  In  1914  the 
Kansas  Ptate  Bankers'  Association  broke  a 
precedent  and  elected  her  a  vice-president. 
Mrs.  Haldeman  was  unusual  in  her  grasp  of 
affairs,  her  executive  capacity,  and  her  direct- 
ness of  purpose.  This  was  shown,  not  only  in 
her  successful  direction  of  the  bank  for  more 
than  ten  years,  but  also  in  the  scientific  man- 
agement of  a  large  stock  farm  in  Illinois, 
which  she  owned  and  operated  for  thirty  years. 
A  business  man,  who  spoke  of  her  business 
career. at  the  memorial  service  held  for  her  in 
Girard,  said:  "You  speak  of  her  as  a  business 
woman;  her  business  was  doing  good."  Her 
pastor,  on  the  same  occasion,  spoke  of  her 
horse  and  phaeton,  which  was  constantly  at 
the  service  of  the  sick  and  lonely  as  "  the 
chariot  of  the  Lord."  Her  active,  out-reaching 
love  toward  all  mankind  was  her  supreme  pos- 
session. A  woman  of  generous  proportions 
and  fine  nervous  energy,  Mrs,  Haldeman's 
physical  embodiment  seemed  a  fitting  abode  ; 
for  the  rare  spirit  within.  Her  countenance 
glowed  with  the  joy  of  living  and  of  hours  ■ 
spent  daily  in  God's  out-of-doors,  her  blue- 
gray  eyes  were  ever  alight  with  jollity  and 
sympathy  and  her  laugh  was  as  infectious  as 
irresistible — her  entire  personality  was  that 
of  a  big,  joyous  soul.  Young  with  the  youth 
w^hich  3'ears  cannot  age,  she  drew  all  near  91 
her,  from  every  walk  of  life  within  the  radius  ^ 
of  her  influence,  and  held  them  her  devoted 
friends.  The  troubled,  the  vexed,  the  worried, 
the  afflicted  came  to  her,  and,  aided  by  a  rare 
judgment,    she    gave    freely    of    kindness,    of 


280 


ADDAMS 


LADD 


sympathy,  and  of  advice,  and,  when  needed,  of 
financial  assistance,  possessing  such  an  ability 
to  enter  sympathetically  into  the  experiences 
of  others  and  to  give  of  her  own  strong,  serene 
spirit  that  the  recipient  experienced  an  uplift 
that  might  be  likened  to  a  new  birth.  Per- 
haps the  most  characteristic  quality  of  her 
many-sided  loving-heartedness,  which  im- 
pressed itself  most  strongly  upon  those  around 
her,  was  her  great  charity  of  judgment  to- 
ward others,  even  in  situations  where  bitter- 
ness and  personal  resentment  on  her  part 
would  have  been  natural  and  readily  excused. 
She  was  calmness  and  poise  itself,  even  amidst 
the  most  harassing  events.  One  could  only 
marvel  at  the  self-control  which  seemed  to  be 
the  index  of  a  perfect  inner  harmony. 
Strength  and  decision  she  had,  without  waste 
or  flurry,  and  she  impressed  all  who  knew 
her  as  a  person  whose  soul  was  at  peace  with 
itself. 

ADDAMS,  Jane,  sociologist,  b.  at  Cedarville, 
111.,  6  Sept.,  1860,  daughter  of  John  H.  and 
Sarah  (Weber)  Addams.  She  was  graduated 
at  Rockford  College  in  1881,  and  then  entered 
upon  the  study  of  sociology,  which  she  pur- 
sued (1883-5)  in  both  Europe  and  in  this 
country.  In  1889,  in  association  with  Ellen 
G.  Starr,  she  founded  the  famous  Hull  House, 
a  social  settlement  center,  on  South  Halsted 
Street,  Chicago,  of  which  she  has  since  been 
head  resident.  This  institution  is  unique  in 
its  scope,  and  of  immense  value  in  meeting 
the  problems  of  poverty  and  ignorance  in  the 
heart  of  the  foreign  quarter  of  the  city.  It 
provides  entertainment  and  educational  facili- 
ties for  old  and  young,  club  rooms  for  men 
and  women,  gymnasiums,  a  temporary  lodging 
house,  a  labor  bureau,  and  a  penny  savings 
bank.  Concerts,  lectures,  and  plays  are  also 
provided.  The  weekly  attendance  approxi- 
mates 10,000  persons.  Tlie  work  of  Hull 
House,  which  is  largely  supported  by  private 
subscriptions,  has  made  Miss  Addams  one  of 
the  most  prominent  women  in  America.  Her 
influence  has  thus  been  much  extended,  and 
she  has  been  enabled  to  inaugurate  several  no- 
table movements  for  social  betterment.  Her 
able  advocacy  of  women  suffrage  and  inter- 
national peace  is  well  known.  She  is  now 
(1917)  chairman  of  the  women's  peace  party 
and  president  of  the  National  Conference  on 
Charities  and  Correction.  Miss  Addams  has 
lectured  extensively  and  contributed  articles 
on  sociological  topics  to  the  periodical  press, 
notably:  "The  Subjective  Necessity  for  a  So- 
cial Settlement"  and  "The  Objective  Value 
of  a  Social  Settlement."  She  is  also  author 
of  several  important  books:  "Democracy  and 
Social  Ethics"  (1902);  "Newer  Ideals  of 
Peace "  ( 1907 )  ;  "  Spirit  of  Youth  and  the 
City  Streets  "  ( 1909 )  ;  "  Twenty  Years  at  Hull 
House"  (1910);  and  "A  New  Conscience  and 
an  Ancient  Evil"  (1912).  She  has  been  hon- 
ored with  the  degrees  of  LL.D.,  from  the 
University  of  Wisconsin  in  1904  and  of  A.M. 
from  Yale  University  in  1910. 

LADD,  George  Trumbull,  psychologist  and 
educator,  b  in  Painesville,  Ohio,  19  Jan.,  1842, 
son  of  Silas  T.  and  Elizabeth  (Williams)  Ladd.* 
He  is  of  Norman  ancestry,  the  first  Ladds  hav- 
ing gone  to  England  with  William  the  Con- 
queror. After  the  Norman  Conquest  the  name 
variously  spelled  de  Lad,  de  Lade,  Ladde,  and 


Ladd,  appears  among  landowners  of  Kent  and 
much  land  in  that  county  still  bears  their 
name.  Daniel  Ladd,  who  was  the  first  of  the 
name  to  come  to  America,  took  the  "  Oath  of 
Supremacy  and  Allegiance  to  pass  to  New  Eng- 
land in  the  *  William  and  Mary,' "  24  March, 
1633.  He  settled  first  at  Ipswich,  then  re- 
moved to  Salisbury,  thence  to  Haverhill,  and 
was  known  as  an  energetic,  enterprising  man, 
who  held  many  positions  of  trust,  and,  as  the 
records  show,  dealt  largely  in  land.  From  him 
George  T.  Ladd  traces  his  lineage  through  his 
son,  Samuel,  who  was  killed  by  the  Indians  in 
1698,  and  his  wife,  Martha  Corliss;  their  son, 
Jonathan,  and  his  wife,  Susanah  Kingsbury; 
their  son,  Jesse,  and  his  wife,  Rachel  Taylor; 
their  son,  Jesse,  Jr.,  and  his  wife.  Ruby 
Brewster,  a  lineal  descendant  of  Elder  William 
Brewster  of  the  "  Mayflower."  Through  this 
paternal  grandmother  he  is  also  a  descendant 
of  Governor  Bradford,  of  Connecticut.  All  four 
paternal  grandparents  justified  the  good  pio- 
neer stock  from  which  they  sprung  by  emigrat- 
ing from  Connecticut,  in  1810-11,  and  settling 
in  the  Western  Reserve.  Dr.  Ladd  was  grad- 
uated A.B.  at  the  Western  Reserve  College,  in 
1864;  and  received  the  degree  of  A.M.  from 
the  same  institution  in  1867.  He  continued 
his  studies  at  Andover  Theological  Seminary, 
where  he  was  graduated  in  1869.  In  1879  he 
was  awarded  the  degree  of  D.D.  by  Andover 
College,  and  of  LL.D.  in  1881  by  the  Western 
Reserve  College.  In  1881  his  eminent  attain- 
ments won  him  the  degree  of  A.M.  from  Yale 
College,  and  in  1896  Princeton  University  hon- 
ored him  with  the  degree  of  LL.D.  He  began 
his  pastoral  service  in  1869,  in  Edinburg, 
Ohio,  where  he  remained  for  two  years.  Fol- 
lowing this  he  was  pastor  of  the  Spring  Street 
Congregational  Church  at  Milwaukee,  Wis.,  un- 
til 1879,  when  he  was  made  professor  of  in- 
tellectual and  moral  philosophy  in  Bowdoin 
College.  While  occupying  this  position  he  de- 
livered lectures  on  church  polity  in  the  An- 
dover Seminary,  and  during  the  last  year  of 
his  service  lectured  to  graduate  students  of  the 
seminary  on  the  subject  of  systematic  theology. 
In  1881  Dr.  Ladd  was  called  to  the  professor- 
ship of  philosophy  in  Yale  College,  where,  in 
addition  to  his  duties  as  an  instructor,  he  de- 
livered his  lectures  on  church  polity  as  at 
Andover.  The  year  1892  saw  the  beginning  of 
his  distinguished  career  as  a  lecturer  of  in- 
ternational reputation,  when  he  first  went  to 
Japan  and  lectured  at  Doshisha,  and  in  the 
summer  schools  of  that  country  by  invitation 
from  the  Imperial  Educational  Society  and 
Imperial  University  of  Tokyo.  He  was  on 
many  occasions  lecturer  and  conducted  the 
graduate  seminary  in  ethics  at  Harvard  Uni- 
versity; was  lecturer  at  the  University  of 
Bombay,  and  at  Calcutta,  Benares,  and  Madras, 
India,  during  the  years  1800-1900,  and  was  a 
delegate  to  the  World's  Congress  of  Psycholo- 
gists held  in  Paris  in  1000  In  1906  he  was 
lecturer  at  the  Western  Reserve  University  and 
the  State  University  of  Iowa.  In  1005  hejvvas 
made  emeritus  professor  at  Yalo  In  1!)07  he 
returned  to  Japan,  where  he  lectured  at  the 
Imperial  universitioa.  oollegoa,  and  private  in- 
stitutions, and  during  this  tour  was  tlio  gtioat 
and  unoflicial  advisor  of  Prince  l(o  of  Korea. 
He  was  several  times  admitted  to  nudiencj 
with  the  Emperor  of  Japan,  once  at  His  Ma- 


281 


VAUGHN 


VAUGHN 


jesty's  special  request.  Later  Dr.  Ladd  lec- 
tured in  Honolulu;  at  the  Western  Reserve 
College  for  Women,  and  at  several  other 
American  colleges  and  universities.  In  1900 
he  was  decorated  by  the  Emperor  of  Japan 
with  the  Order  of  the  Rising  Sun,  third  class, 
and  with  the  second,  class  in  1907.  As  one  of 
the  foremost  psychologists  of  the  country  Dr. 
Ladd  has  written  many  books  and  articles 
along  the  lines  of  moral  and  mental  philosophy, 
as  well  as  many  works  upon  religious  sub- 
jects. Several  of  these  have  been  translated 
into  foreign  languages,  especially  Japanese, 
and  printed  in  raised  letters  for  the  blind.  He 
is  the  author  of  "  Principles  of  Church 
Polity"  (1882);  "Doctrine  of  Sacred  Scrip- 
tures" (2  volumes,  1884);  "  Lotze's  Outlines 
of  Philosophy"  (translation  in  six  volumes, 
1887);  "Elements  of  Physiological  Psychol- 
ogy" (1887)  ;  "What  Is  the  Bible?"  (1888)  ; 
"Introduction  to  Philosophy"  (1889);  "Out- 
lines of  Physiological  Psychology"  (1891); 
"Primer  of  Psychology"  (1894);  "Psychol- 
ogy, Descriptive  and  Explanatory"  (1894); 
"Philosophy  of  Knowledge"  (1897);  "Out- 
lines of  Descriptive  Psychology"  (1898); 
"Essays  on  the  Higher  Education"  (1899); 
"A  Theory  of  Reality"  (1899)  ;  "Lectures  to 
Teachers  on  Educational  Psychology"  (in 
Japanese  onlv)  ;  "Philosophy  of  Conduct" 
(1902);  "Philosophy  of  Religion"  (1905); 
"  In  Korea  with  Marquis  Ito "  ( 1908 )  ; 
"Knowledge,  Life,  and  Reality"  (1909); 
"  Raw  Days  in  Japan  "  (1910)  ;  "  Elements  of 
Physiological  Psychology "  ( revised  and  re- 
written, 1911);  "The  Teachers'  Practical  Phi- 
losophy" (1911);  "What  Can  I  Know?" 
(1914);  "What  Can  I  Do?"  (1915);  "What 
Should  I  Believe?"  (1915);  "  W^hat  May  I 
Hope?"  (1915)  ;  also  many  articles  in  various 
magazines.  After  the  outbreak  of  the  Euro- 
pean War  Dr.  Ladd  wrote  many  articles  on  the 
war  for  American  and  English  newspapers,  also 
circulated  in  France  and  Italy,  and,  with  espe- 
cial authority,  a  number  of  papers  on  the  re- 
lations between  Japan  and  the  United  States, 
and  on  the  affairs  of  the  Far  East.  Dr.  Ladd 
is  one  of  the  founders  of  the.  American  Psy- 
chological Association,  and,  at  its  meeting  in 
New  York  in  1893,  was  elected  as  the  second 
president  of  the  society.  He  is  a  gold  medalist 
of  the  Imperial  Educational  Society  of  Japan; 
a  member  of  the  American  Philosophical  So- 
ciety; American-Oriental  Society;  American 
Naturalists'  Society;  and  of  the  Society  of 
Psychology  and  Anthropology.  Dr.  Ladd  mar- 
ried 8  Dec,  1869,  Cornelia,  daughter  of  John 
Tallman  of  Bellaire,  Ohio.  On  9  Dec,  1895, 
he  married  Frances,  daughter  of  Dr.  George 
T.  Stevens,  of  New  York.  He  is  the  father  of 
four  children:  George  Tallman,  Louis  Wil- 
liams, Jesse  Brewster,  and  Elizabeth  Ladd. 

VAUGHN,  Robert,  pioneer,  b.  in  Montgom- 
eryshire, Wales,  5  June,  1836,  son  of  Edward 
and  Elizabeth  (Davis)  Vaughn.  He  was  the 
third  in  a  family  of  six  children  and  had  but 
limited  opportunities  for  an  education  in  his 
native  land.  Nevertheless,  he  became  an  intel- 
ligent and  well-informed  man,  and  at  the  age 
of  twenty  years,  he  showed  a  great  desire  to 
learn  EnglisTi.  He  went  to  Liverpool,  Eng- 
land, where  he  secured  employment  on  the  es- 
tate of  the  Hon.  Benjamin  Haywood  Jones  as 
gardener.     After   mastering  the   English   lan- 


guage well  enough  to  express  himself  fairly 
well,  he  took  passage  on  the  steamer  "  Vigo," 
bound  for  the  United  States,  reaching  New 
York  in  October,  1858.  He  spent  the  first 
winter  in  this  country  with  his  brother,  who 
was  working  on  a  farm  near  Rome,  N.  Y.,  and 
there  he  suffered  a  severe  attack  of  typhoid 
fever.  In  the  spring,  after  he  had  sufficiently 
recovered  to  travel,  he  went  to  the  home  of  an 
uncle  in  Palmyra,  Ohio,  and  was  employed  on 
thfe  farm  there  for  about  two  years,  and  next 
in  the  coal  mines  at  Youngstown,  three  years. 
Tiring  of  such  arduous  labors,  he  visited  a 
brother  who  was  a  farmer  in  McLean  County, 
111  On  4  March,  1864,  he  left  Illinois,  in  com- 
pany with  James  Gibb,  James  Martin,  John 
Jackson,  and  Sam  Demster  and  wife,  destined 
for  the  new  gold 
fields  in  Idaho, 
their  mode  of 
travel  being  four 
horses  and  a 
farm  wagon.  The 
greater  portion 
of  Illinois  and 
Iowa  through 
which  they  passed 
was  then  very 
thinly  settled. 
Council  Bluffs 
was  a  small 
frontier  settle- 
ment, and  Omaha 
had  scarcely 

1,200  population. 
At  Omaha  they 
met  a  train  of 
sixty  wagons  to 
cross   the  plains, 

with  an  average  of  four  men  to  the  wagon. 
Their  trail  was  on  the  north  side  of  the 
North  Platte  River  as  far  as  Fort  Lara- 
mie, following  most  of  the  way  the  sur- 
veyors' stakes  on  the  line  of  the  Union  Pa- 
cific Railway.  On  the  route  they  met  many 
Indians  of  the  Pawnee  tribe,  who  were  friendly 
to  the  whites.  At  Laramie  they  camped  three 
days  to  recruit  their  stock  and  make  arrange- 
ments for  completing  their  long  journey.  There 
they  met  the  noted  frontiersman,  Bozeman,  the 
founder  of  the  Montana  city  of  that  name.  He 
sought  to  organize  a  train  of  one  hundred 
wagons  to  take  a  cut-off  route  east  of  the  Wind 
River  Mountains,  but  Mr.  Vaughn  and  party 
had  already  joined  Joe  Knight's  train,  which 
was  to  skirt  these  mountains  on  the  west. 
Knight  was  a  famous  scout,  versed  in  the  lan- 
guage of  every  Indian  tribe  from  the  Platte 
to  the  Saskatchewan,  and  was  both  feared  and 
respected  by  all  of  them.  He  was  a  brave  and 
true  man,  whose  tact  and  courage  on  more  than 
one  occasion  resulted  in  avoidance  of  trouble 
with  the  hostile  Sioux,  Cheyennes,  and  Crows. 
After  many  hardships  and  dangers,  the  party 
arrived  at  Alder  Gulch,  June,  1864.  At  that 
time  no  one  had  the  least  idea  of  establishing 
a  home  in  Montana,  as  all  sought  for  gold  and 
nothing  else.  Nearly  everyone  had  made  up 
his  mind  as  to  the  amount  he  wanted,  after 
obtaining  which  he  w^ould  return  to  the  States 
to  enjoy  it.  Many  made  fortunes  and  carried 
out  precisely  their  program,  but  the  great  ma- 
jority was  not  so  fortunate.  Among  the  latter 
was  Mr.  Vaughn.     Being  an  observing  man,  he 


282 


VAUGHN 


CONRIED 


had  noticed,  with  others,  that  the  miners* 
ponies  and  oxen  fattened  readily  .on  the  native 
grasses  and  would  live  on  it  even  during  the 
winter,  without  care  or  shelter;  that  the  meat 
of  the  deer,  elk,  and  buffalo  was  in  prime  con- 
dition even  in  the  dead  of  winter;  that  experi- 
ments on  a  small  scale  in  raising  vegetables  and 
grain  in  the  valleys  were  highly  successful,  and 
that  the  climate  of  the  country  gave  health  and 
vigor  to  both  man  and  beast.  In  the  light  of 
these  observations  he  concluded  that  Montana 
was  a  country  good  enough  for  him  to  live  in, 
and  he  has  never  since  changed  his  mind.  Ac- 
cordingly, in  the  early  years  he  engaged  in  the 
live-stock  business,  selling  meat  to  miners.  In 
1869  he  located  a  farm  and  stock  ranch  in  Sun 
River  Valley,  twelve  miles  above  the  present 
city  of  Great  Falls,  and  near  the  town  of 
Vaughn,  which  is  named  in  his  honor.  That  he 
was  a  pioneer  in  Northern  Montana  is  shown  by 
the  fact  that  this  tract  of  land  was  the  first 
in  that  region  to  be  entered  at  the  U.  S.  land 
office.  He  was  also  the  first  in  that  region  to 
give  attention  to  the  raising  of  high-bred 
horses  and  cattle.  At  each  State  fair  his  stalls 
were  always  an  attraction,  and  usually  he  had 
one  or  two  winners  on  the  race  course.  He 
resided  on  this  farm  for  twenty  years,  and  in 
1890  sold  it  for  $45,000  to  Capt.  Thomas 
Couch.  He  then  took  up  his  residence  in  Great 
Falls.  From  the  beginning  of  the  enterprise 
by  Paris  Gibson,  of  building  a  town  at  the  falls 
of  the  Missouri  River,  Mr.  Vaughn  was  an 
enthusiast  as  to  the  future  of  the  place.  From 
the  very  start  he  was  one  of  Mr.  Gibson's 
[trusted  counselors  and  abettors,  showing  his 
faith  by  deeds  as  well  as  words.  Accordingly 
he  became  one  of  the  earliest  investors  in  Great 
Falls  property,  and  he  is  today  the  sole  owner 
of  a  splendid  block  which  he  has  had  erected 
in  the  heart  of  the  city.  His  faith  in  the  city's 
future  has  never  faltered,  and  he  is  an  enter- 
prising, progressive  citizen,  contributing  even 
more  than  his  share  to  promote  every  under- 
taking for  the  public  good.  He  was  once 
elected  county  commissioner  though  he  never 
sought  public  office.  Mr.  Vaughn  is  the  author 
of  many  poems  and  a  book  entitled  "  Then  and 
Now,  or  Thirty-Six  Years  in  the  Rockies,"  pub- 
lished in  1900.  Among  his  poems  are:  "To 
Montana  Pioneers"  (1909);  "Lewis  and 
Clark's  Trail"  (1905);  "The  Defeated  Chief- 
tains, after  the  Indian  War  of  1876-77" 
(1906);  "The  Unknown  Dead  Pioneer" 
(1900)  ;  "Montana's  Early  Days'  Stage  Driv- 
ers" (1911);  "To  Charles  M.  Russell  (The 
Artist)  "  (1911);  "Spare  the  Pioneer  Tree" 
(1911)  ;  "The  Pauper's  Grave"  (1903)  ;  "The 
Five  Patriots"  (1904);  "In  Memory  of  the 
Departed  Brothers"  (1903);  "My  Country 
Home"  (1907);  "The  Lost  Pet"  (1902); 
"To  a  Blind  Friend"  (1913);  "The  Baby's 
Good  Night"  (1890);  "Capital  and  Labor" 
(1912);  "Queen  of  the  West"  (1911);  "The 
Orphan  Child's  Thanksgiving"  (1900);  "On 
the  Birth  of  a  Baby  Boy";  "On  the  Birth  of 
a  Baby  Girl";  "My  Seventy-seventh  Birth- 
day" (1913);  "Which  One  is  the  Greatest 
Benefactor?"  (1913);  "Love  your  Fellow- 
man"  (1910).  On  25  Aug.,  1886,  he  married 
Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Matthew  and  Jane 
Donahue,  of  Toronto,  Can.,  who  died  on  13 
Jan.,  1888.  A  daughter  was  born  on  the  first 
day  of  the  same  month,  and  named  Arvonia 


Elizabeth.  During  his  great  grief,  he  ad- 
dressed a  loving  and  fatherly  letter  to  his  little 
infant  daughter,  giving  her  the  story  of  her 
birth  and  the  death  of  her  mother.  This  daugh- 
ter married  H.  M.  Sprague. 

CONRIED,  Heinrich,  actor  and  theatrical 
manager,  b.  in  Beilitz,  Austria,  13  Sept.,  1855; 
d.  in  Meran,  Austrian  Tyrol,  27  April,  1909, 
son  of  Joseph  and  Bertha  Conried.  He  at- 
tended the  Oberrealschule  at  Vienna  and 
learned  the  weaver's  trade,  but  a  determination 
to  follow  a  stage  career  soon  led  him  to  aban- 
don it.  He  first  appeared  as  an  actor  at  the 
Hoftheater  in  Vienna  in  1873,  and  thereafter 
rapidly  advanced  'in  the  profession.  Coming 
to  America  in  1878,  he  became  stage  manager 
in  the  Germania  Theater,  New  York.  He  also 
appeared  in  character  parts,  and  made  a  tour 
of  the  German  theaters  throughout  the  United 
States.  Successively  he  became  identified  with 
the  Casino  in  New  York  and  the  Conried  Opera 
Company,  which  toured,  with  success,  through 
many  large  cities.  In  1892  he  became  man- 
ager of  the  Irving  Place  Theater  in  New  York, 
and  there  inaugurated  a  series  of  dramatic 
performances  on  a  high  artistic  plane,  and 
along  the  lines  of  the  great  German  play- 
houses. He  introduced  as  "  guests "  such 
actors  as  Kainz,  Sonnenthal,  Possart,  and 
Agnes  Soma ;  staged  most  of  the  great  German 
classics,  including  Schiller's  "  Wallenstein " 
and  Goethe's  "  Faust,"  as  well  as  a  number 
of  successful  novelties.  Hia  fame  as  a  man- 
ager of  high  artistic  ideals  was  widespread, 
and  when,  in  1903,  Maurice  Grau  retired  from 
the  management  of  the  Metropolitan  Opera 
House,  there  was  a  real  public  demand,  voiced 
in  the  leading  metropolitan  newspapers,  for 
his  services  as  Grau's  successor.  Accordingly, 
he  took  the  reins  in  the  season  of  1903-04,  and 
at  once  introduced  a  new  order  of  things. 
German  opera,  especially  Wagner,  once  more 
came  into  its  own,  his  greatest  triumph  being 
the  first  performance  of  "  Parsifal,"  outside 
of  Bayreuth,  accomplished  against  the  wishes 
of,  and  after  a  legal  contest  with,  Frau 
Cosima  Wagner.  Under  his  direction,  also, 
"  Die  Meistersinger  "  received  a  new  and  mag- 
nificent staging,  as  well  as  the  entire  "  Ring 
des  Nibelungen "  cycle.  Humperdinck's 
"Hansel  and  Gretel,"  Gounod's  "Queen  of 
Sheba,"  Weber's  "  Freischutz,"  and  Beetho- 
ven's "  Fidelio "  were  revived,  and  Puccini's 
"  Madam  Butterfly "  and  Richard  Strauss' 
"  Salome "  had  their  first  American  produc- 
tions. Mr.  Conried  gave  special  attention  to 
the  orchestra,  which  under  the  leadership  of 
such  men  as  Felix  Mottl,  Gustav  Mahler,  and 
Alfred  Hertz,  attained  to  a  high  degree  of 
artistic  perfection,  and  to  magnificent  and 
realistic  stage  settings  and  lighting  ofTocfs 
Mr.  Conried  introduced  to  the  American  public 
such  singers  as  Lina  Cavaliori,  Goraldine 
Farrar,  Olive  Fremstad,  Edyth  Walker.  AloyR 
Burgstaller,  Carl  Burriam,  Enrico  Caruso,  and 
Otto  Goritz,  and  gave  an  opportunity  to  many 
young  American  artists  to  enter  upon  an 
operatic  career  Among  the  latter  was  Marie 
Rappold,  until  then  an  unknown  singer  in  ii 
Brooklyn  church.  He  was  also  instrumental 
in  establishing  the  Metropolitan  Opera  School. 
in  furtherance  of  his  plan  to  develoj)  Ameri- 
can talent.  Ultimately,  his  work,  though 
deeply  appreciated  by  the  general  public,  was 


283 


SHEVLIN 


SHEVLIN 


hampered  by  lack  of  sympathy  on  the  part  of 
the  directors.  The  performance  of  "  Salome," 
for  example,  he  was  enjoined  from  repeating, 
because  of  moral  objections,  which  meant  a 
great  financial  loss.  His  health  gave  way 
under  the  continuous  strain,  and  he  resigned 
his  post,  1  May,  1908,  soon  afterward  leaving 
for  Europe  in  an  unsuccessful  attempt  to  re- 
cuperate. After  his  death  a  great  tribute 
was  paid  to  Mr.  Conried  in  the  form  of 
funeral  services  in  the  Metropolitan  Opera 
House.  During  his  career  as  a  dramatic  man- 
ager he  lectured  on  the  drama  at  Columbia, 
Yale,  and  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  and 
at  Harvard  he  produced  Goethe's  *'  Iphigenie," 
^or  the  benefit  of  the  Germanic  Museum.  He 
received  decorations  from  the  emperors  of 
Germany  and  Austria.  Mr.  Conried  married 
in  1884,  Gusta  Spurling,  of  New  York,  and 
had  one  son. 

SHEVLIN,  Thomas  Henry,  lumberman,  b.  in 
Albany,  N.  Y.,  3  Jan.,  1852;  d.  in  Pasadena, 
Cal.,  15  Jan.,  1912,  son  of  John  and  Matilda 
(Leonard)  Shevlin,  both  of  Irish  descent.  He 
was  educated  in  the  public  schools  of  his 
native  city,  and  at  the  age  of  fifteen  began 
his  active  career  in  the  employ  of  John  Mc- 
Graw  and  Company,  lumber  dealers  of  Al- 
bany. During  the  next  twelve  years  he  con- 
tinued with  this  firm,  rising  by  repeated  pro- 
motions, until  he  became  manager  of  their 
branches  located  at  Tonawanda,  N.  Y.,  and  at 
Bay  City,  Mich.  Although  his  firm  was  an 
important  one,  having  wide  connections,  and 
doing  an  immense  business  in  lumber — thus 
affording  a  young  man  the  best  possible  train- 
ing in  the  details  of  this  important  industry — 
Mr.  Shevlin's  ambitions  contemplated  nothing 
less  than  to  become  his  own  master,  and  a 
participator  in  the  vast  lumbering  activities 
of  the  Middle  West.  Accordingly,  in  1879, 
he  removed  to  Chicago,  111.,  and  entered  the 
employ  of  T.  VV.  Harvey,  as  superintendent  of 
his  extensive  lumber  interests  at  Muskegon, 
Mich.  This  was  the  real  beginning  of  his 
memorable  career  as  one  of  the  lumber  kings 
of  the  West,  since,  within  a  year,  he  resigned 
from  the  employ  of  Mr.  Harvey,  and  formed  a 
partnership  with  Stephen  C.  Hall  in  the  busi- 
ness of  purchasing  logs,  lumber,  and  timber 
lands.  Their  success  was  marked  from  the 
start,  and  within  two  years  the  firm  was  suc- 
ceeded by  the  corporation,  known  as  the 
Stephen  C.  Hall  Lumber  Company,  of  which 
Mr.  Shevlin  was  made  treasurer  and  general 
manager.  In  the  following  two  years,  Mr. 
Shevlin  conducted  immense  operations  in  the 
white  pine  timber  lands  of  Minnesota,  which 
led  to  the  incorporation  in  1884  of  the  North 
Star  Lumber  Company  of  Minneapolis,  whose 
business  was  the  manufacture  of  lumber.  He 
removed  to  Minneapolis  in  1886,  and,  with  Mr. 
Hall  and  Patrick  A.  Ducey,  formed  the  Hall 
and  Ducey  Lumber  Company.  Upon  the  with- 
drawal of  Mr.  Ducey  in  1887,  the  style  was 
changed  to  the  Hall  and  Shevlin  Lumber  Com- 
pany, which  soon  after  began  the  erection  of 
the  largest  sawmill  in  Minneapolis,  later  ac- 
quired by  the  Shevlin-Carpenter  Company. 
After  the  death  of  Mr.  Hall  in  1889  Mr.  Shev- 
lin continued  the  business  until  1892,  when 
Elbert  L.  Carpenter  purchased  an  interest, 
and  the  style  became  changed  to  Shevlin-Car- 
penter Company,  with'  Mr.   Shevlin  as  presi- 


dent. This  firm  rapidly  increased  in  activity 
and  importance,  and  still  continues  in  busi- 
ness. In  the  meantime,  however,  Mr.  Shevlin's 
unfailing  energy  and  enterprise  led  him  into 
business  activities  and  associations  in  other 
important  lumber  regions.  In  1895,  in  asso- 
ciation with  John  Neils,  of  Sauk  Rapids,  Minn., 
he  formed  the  J.  Neils  Lumber  Company, 
which  built  a  sawmill  at  Sauk  Rapids,  having 
an  annual  output  capacity  of  15,000,000  feet 
of  sawn  timber.  In  1900  this  firm  completed 
a  band  "  re-saw  "  mill  at  Cass  Lake,  since  en- 
larged by  the  addition  of  a  modern  gang-saw, 
by  which  the  annual  output  capacity  of  the 
firm's  mills  have  reached  the  immense  total 
of  50,000,000  feet  of  sawn  timber.  But  even 
this  impressive  bulk  of  business  could  no* 
occupy  Mr.  Shevlin's  entire  attention,  nor 
satisfy  his  irrepressible  enterprise.  About  one 
year  after  forming  his  association  with  Mr. 
Neils,  in  1896  in  fact,  he  figured  as  an  or- 
ganizer of  the  great  St.  Hilaire  Lumber  Com- 
pany, in  association  with  Frank  P.  Hixon,  of 
La  Crosse,  Wis.,  owners  of  an  extensive  tim- 
ber grant  in  the  Red  Lake  Indian  reservation. 
This  concern  immediately  erected  a  sawmill, 
which  now  has  an  annual  output  capacity  of 
40,000,000  feet  of  sawn  timber  on  the  Clear- 
water River.  In  1897,  this  firm,  in  associa- 
tion with  Hovey  C.  Clarke,  purchased  the 
plant  and  timber  holdings  of  the  Red  River 
Lumber  Company  ot  Crookston,  Minn.,  and 
organized  the  Crookston  Lumber  Company, 
with  Mr.  Shevlin  as  president.  The  mill  pur- 
chased at  this  time  also  had  an  output  ca- 
pacity of  40,000,000  feet  of  sawn  timber,  which 
was  continued  in  operation  until  1902,  when 
the  two  companies  were  consolidated,  with 
Mr.  Shevlin  as  president  of  the  combination, 
and  erected  a  mill  at  Bemidji,  Minn.,  with  an 
annual  output  capacity  of  70,000,000  feet  of 
sawn  timber.  The  company  also  built  a 
twelve-mile  logging  spur  extending  into  their 
timber  region  to  the  east  of  Red  Lake  and 
connecting  with  the  Minnesota  and  Interna- 
tional Railway  at  Hovey  Junction,  thus  open- 
ing up  by  direct  rail  transportation  facilities 
a  broad  region  previously  accessible  only  by 
primitive  conveyances.  Two  years  later,  in  H 
1905,  they  built  another  railroad  line,  twenty-  " 
five  miles  in  length,  from  Wilton,  Minn.,  to 
Island  Lake,  thus  opening  up  a  still  more  ex- 
tensive lumbering  region.  The  total  estimated 
holdings  of  the  Crookston  Company  in  Minne- 
sota and  Wisconsin  now  equal  about  400,000,- 
000  feet  of  stumpage,  'which,  at  the  present 
rate  of  'felling  and  manufacture,  represents  a 
possibility  of  operations  for  many  years  in 
the  future.  With  his  associates  in  the  Crook- 
ston Company,  Mr.  Shevlin,  in  1903,  organized 
the  Shevlin-Clarke  Company  of  Ontario,  which 
acquired  from  the  Canadian  government,  tim- 
ber grants  aggregating  300,000,000  feet  of 
pine  stumpage,  and,  in  the  same  year,  in  asso- 
ciation with  Elbert  L.  Carpenter,  and  others, 
organized  the  Rainy  River  Lumber  Company, 
under  another  large  grant  from  the  Dominion. 
This  latter  company  erected  at  Rainy  River, 
Ontario,  a  mill,  which,  at  the  date  of  its  com- 
pletion, was  nearly  the  largest  and  best 
equipped  of  its  kind  in  the  world,  having  an 
annual  output  capacity  of  70,000,000  feet. 
Mr.  Shevlin  was  also  an  organizer,  and  prin- 
cipal  owner   of   the   Shevlin-Mathieu   Lumber 


284 


/  y 


/■'' 


PAXSON 


PAXSON 


Company,  founded  in  1906  at  Beaudette,  Minn., 
on  the  International  border,  for  which  another 
large  mill  was  built.  In  addition  to  these 
immense  holdings  in  the  Northern  States  and 
Canada,  Mr.  Shevlin  was  organizer  and  prin- 
cipal owner  of  the  Winn  Parish  Lumber  Com- 
pany of  Pyburn,  La.,  which  owns  white  pine 
timber  lands  carrying  nearly  1,000,000,000 
feet  of  stumpage,  and  was  a  large  shareholder 
in  a  lumber  company  in  British  Columbia, 
which  owns  immense  land  grants  from  the 
Dominion  government.  As  estimated  a  few 
years  before  his  death,  the  aggregate  annual 
output  of  the  various  mills  controlled  and 
operated  by  his  companies  was  close  to  300,- 
000,000  feet.  The  details  of  the  immense  en- 
terprises founded  and  managed  by  Mr.  Shev- 
lin were  all  arranged  by  him,  and  brought  to 
successful  operation  through  his  splendid 
organizing  ability  and  keen  sense  of  values, 
both  human  and  commercial.  It  might  be 
said  of  him,  as  of  many  another  who  has 
achieved  conspicuous  success,  that  he  was 
"  fortunate  in  his  associates,"  but,  behind  and 
beneath  any  such  statement,  must  be  recog- 
nized the  fact  that,  to  have  such  good  asso- 
ciates, one  must  be  an  excellent  judge  of  hu- 
man nature,  also  a  person  able  to  win  and 
keep  the  allegiance  and  co-operation  of  eflBL- 
cient  people.  In  addition  to  the  vast  lumber 
interests  founded  and  managed  by  him,  Mr. 
Shevlin  was  a  large  stockholder  and  director 
in  the  Security  National  Bank  of  Minneapolis ; 
president  of  the  Iron  Range  Electric  Telephone 
Company,  and  numerous  other  large  and  im- 
portant business  enterprises.  He  was  vice- 
president  of  the  Minnesota  State  Fair  in  1901, 
and  represented  Minneapolis  on  its  board  of 
managers.  Politically  he  was  an  active  and 
conspicuous  figure,  having  been  a  member  of 
the  Republican  National  Committee  for  many 
years,  and  an  earnest  worker  in  every  cam- 
paign, State  and  national.  Like  other  men  of 
large  activities  and  conspicuous  success,  he 
was  a  generous  supporter  of  philanthropic  ac- 
tivities, ever  willing  to  respond  to  the  call  of 
really  deserving  need.  Unlike  many  others, 
however,  he  made  no  public  display  of  his 
well-doing,  nor  allowed  his  charities  to  in- 
crease his  reputation.  In  1908  he  donated  a 
handsome  building,  Alice  Shevlin  Hall,  to  the 
University  of  Minnesota,  for  the  use  of  the 
women  students  of  the  institution,  and  in  the 
following  year  endowed  five  scholarships  with 
a  capital  of  $10,000  each  for  the  assistance 
of  needy  students.  Mr.  Shevlin  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Union  League  Clubs  of  New  York 
and  Chicago,  of  the  Minneapolis  Club  of  Min- 
neapolis, of  the  Minnesota  Club  of  St.  Paul, 
of  the  Manitoba  Club  of  Winnipeg,  and*  others. 
He  was  married  8  Sept.,  1882,  to  Alice  A. 
Hall,  daughter  of  his  partner,  Stephen  C.  Hall. 
They  had  one  son,  Thomas  Leonard  Shevlin, 
and  two  daughters,  Florence,  wife  of  David 
D.  Tenney,  and  Helen,  wife  of  George  C.  Beck- 
with. 

PAXSON,  Samuel  Edgar,  artist,  b.  in  Or- 
chard Park,  East  Hamburg,  N.  Y.,  April  25, 
1852.  He  is  the  son  of  William  Hambleton 
and  Christina  (Hambleton)  Paxson,  of  Buf- 
falo, N.  Y.  His  original  American  ancestors, 
of  English,  Scotch-Irish,  and  German  extrac- 
tions, were  among  the  settlors  who  located 
near  the  present  site  of  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  in 


1632.  It  is  said  that  a  maternal  great-aunt 
assisted  Betsy  Ross  in  making  the  first  Ameri- 
can flag,  and  herself  sewed  the  first  star  upon 
its  field.  The  father  served  with  the  Seventy- 
sixth  New  York  Regiment  at  Harrisburg  at  the 
time  of  the  Confederate  invasion  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, during  the  Civil  War.  Mr.  Paxson  was 
educated  in  the  public  school  of  his  native  town, 
attending  classes  in  the  log  schoolhouse  until 
he  was  twelve.  Thence  he  went  for  one  year 
to  the  Friends'  Institute  in  East  Hamburg, 
N.  Y.,  after  which  he  worked  until  he  was 
twenty  at  a  bench  in  his  father's  carriage 
shop,  learning  the  trade  of  carriage-maker, 
ending  his  term  of  service  there  with  a  sea- 
son in  the  paint  shop.  During  this  period  he 
was  continually  sketching  and  painting,  in- 
spired by  the  mere  love  of  the  art.  The  only 
lessons  he  had  ever  had  were  those  in  simple 
drawing  given  him  by  his  teacher  in  the  log 
schoolhouse.  In  1872  Mr.  Paxson,  inspired 
by  the  same  spirit  of  adventure  that  animated 
so  many  of  the  young  men  of  his  time  and 
locality,  went  West  and  came  to  Saginaw, 
Mich.,  which  was  then  only  a  lumber  camp 
in  the  wilderness.  Here  he  worked  at  his 
trade  at  intervals  and  hunted  big  game  and 
fished,  a  sport  to  which  he  has  been  keenly 
addicted  ever  since.  Two  years  later  he  re- 
turned East  and  came  to  New  York  on  a  visit 
to  his  native  town.  Here  he  married  Miss 
Laura  M.  Johnson  and  attempted  to  settle 
down  to  a  quiet  domestic  life,  making  a  liv- 
ing at  sign-painting,  but  occasionally  sketch- 
ing, in  oil  colors,  scenes  of  Western  life. 
The  fever  of  adventure,  however,  could  not  be 
quenched;  so,  leaving  his  wife  with  her 
mother,  he  went  West  again,  finally  reaching 
Wyoming  where,  for  a  while,  he  devoted  him- 
self entirely  to  his  favorite  sports  of  hunting 
and  fishing.  At  about  that  time,  in  1877,  the 
Nez  Perce  War  broke  out,  and  on  account  of 
his  familiarity  with  the  country  Mr.  Paxson 
was  employed  as  a  scout  by  the  settlers,  to 
warn  them  against  possible  raids  by  the  In- 
dians. Chief  Joseph  and  his  braves  were 
then  hovering  in  the  vicinity,  and  scouting 
parties  were  constantly  on  the  lookout  for 
unexpected  visits  from  this  wily  old  hostile. 
Mr.  Paxson  was  personally  acquainted  with 
Joseph  and  one  of  his  most  noted  works  is  a 
water-color  portrait  of  him,  sketched  from 
his  last  photograph  taken  in  exile  and  sent 
to  the  artist  by  Joseph  himself.  It  was  not 
long  afterward,  in  the  same  year,  when  Mr. 
Paxson  arrived  in  Deer  Lodge,  Mont.,  where 
he  found  employment  after  his  taste  in  paint- 
ing and  decorating  the  new  church.  Since 
then  he  has  become  a  continuous  resident  of 
Montana,  residing  for  twenty-six  years  (1880- 
1906)  at  Butte,  and  since  then  at  Missoula, 
and  has  come  to  regard  himself  as  virtually 
a  native  son  of  the  State,  in  which  ho  has 
met  with  his  professional  success.  In  the 
spring  of  the  following  year  ho  rontod  a  house 
and  sent  East  for  his  wife  and  his  littlo  son. 
Loren  Custer  Paxson,  who  joined  liim  soon 
after.  At  this  time  theatrical  oouipaiiios  be- 
gan arriving  in  Montana  and  tlicafcM's  woro 
built  in  all  the  towns  around.  By  this  t  iiiio, 
too,  Mr.  Paxson's  talout  as  a  i)aint('r  liad  Ito- 
come  known  and  ho  was  iji  const aiit  (Icinand 
by  the  managers  of  local  theaters  to  paint  the 
scenery.      He   also   painted   and   decorated    the 


285 


PAXSON 


BITTER 


first  opera  house  in  Butte,  and  worked  there 
for  ten  years  while  that  playhouse  was  under 
the  management  of  the  veteran  actor,  John 
Maguire.  He  had  his  studio  in  the  theater, 
where  he  painted  stock  sets  for  traveling 
troupes,  many  of  the  companies  being  headed 
by  actors  and  actresses  now  famous  to  the 
whole  American  public.  He  painted  two 
pieces  for  Joseph  Jetrorson  in  "  Rip  Van  Win- 
kle," and  they  were  carried  away  and  used 
in  other  places  by  that  famous  actor.  It  was 
at  this  time  that  he  began  to  plan  what  is 
undoubtedly  his  masterpiece — a  7  x  10  can- 
vas, entitled  "  Custer's  Last  Fight,"  which 
was  not  finished  until  181)9.  He  was  on  the 
field  shortly  after  the  fight  and  several  times 
he  visited  the  scene  of  that  famous  battle  and 
studied  its  topography  from  every  angle, 
often  being  accompanied  by  Indians  who  had 
participated  in  it  and  were  able  to  explain 
to  him  every  detail  of  the  fight.  This  paint- 
ing was  for  nine  years  on  exhibition  in  the 
principal  cities  of  the  East,  including  Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  where  it  was  endorsed  by  army 
officers  as  a  true  representation  of  the  battle, 
and  by  the  general  public  as  a  realistic  and 
spirited  work.  It  now  hangs  in  the  Montana 
State  University,  but  a  movement  is  on  foot 
to  purchase  it  for  the  State,  and  to  hang  it 
in  the  capitol  building.  With  this  success, 
Mr.  Paxson  found  it  possible  to  give  less  time 
to  scene  painting  and  to  devote  himself  more 
and  more  to  his  pictures.  There  were  not 
many  artists  who  knew  the  West  in  those  days 
as  he  did  and  his  paintings,  the  subjects  of 
which  were  always  of  the  life  around  him, 
found  a  ready  market.  Aside  from  the  gen- 
uine talent  obvious  in  his  work,  even  foreign 
critics  recognized  it,  as  native  art  of  the 
Great  West,  a  field  which  had  not  as  yet  been 
exploited  by  even  American  painters.  For 
ten  years  Mr.  Paxson  had  served  as  a  private 
and  lieutenant  in  the  First  Regiment  of  the 
Montana  National  Guard.  Consequently, 
when  the  Spanish-American  W'ar  broke  out 
he  was  with  the  first  Montana  infantry,  U.  S. 
Volunteers,  which  was  sent  to  the  Philippines. 
He  attained  the  rank  of  first  lieutenant,  but, 
after  eight  months  of  active  service,  his  health 
failed  and  he  was  invalided  home.  Later  he 
was  awarded  a  silver  medal  for  his  services  as 
a  soldier.  It  was  after  this  that  he  really 
began  devoting  himself  in  earnest  and  ex- 
clusively to  his  art.  His  first  exhibition  of 
note  was  at  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposi- 
tion, at  St.  Louis,  in  1904,  where  French  and 
German  artists  were  generous  admirers  of  his 
pictures.  Several  of  the  canvases  exhibited 
here  were  sold  and  brought  substantial  prices. 
In  1905  the  State  legislature  of  Montana 
passed  a  vote  of  appreciation  for  his  work 
and  display  at  the  Lewis  and  Clark  Exposi- 
tion, held  in  the  same  year  at  Portland,  Ore. 
Since  then  he  has  been  represented  in  various 
European  exhibitions  of  paintings,  notably  in 
London.  While  Mr.  Paxson's  talent  has  won 
him  general  recognition  all  over  the  country 
and  abroad  as  well,  it  is  in  his  home  State, 
Montana,  that  he  is  most  appreciated,  not 
only  as  a  painter,  but  as  one  of  her  early 
pioneers,  who  has  made  his  way  by  his  own 
native  genius  and  by  hard  work.  The  younger 
generation,  especially,  the  young  men  who 
have   been   born   and   bred   in   Montana,   have 


come  to  regard  his  career  as  an  example  of 
the  success  that  may  be  attained  in  their 
State  in  a  field  nowhere  notable  for  its  money 
prizes.  Recently  Mr.  Paxson  has  taken  up 
book  illustrating.  His  latest  work  of  this 
kind  is  '*  Custer's  Hill,"  an  illustration  of  a 
volume  on  early  pioneer  history  by  the  Rev. 
E.  J  Stanley.  Another  of  his  illustrations 
may  be  found  in  "  Wonderland,"  a  book  on 
Yellowstone  Park.  Mr.  Paxson  was  vice-presi- 
dent of  the  National  Society  of  Artists,  and  he 
is  also  a  member  of  the  Society  of  Illustrators 
and  Artists  of  Philadelphia  and  New  York. 
His  notable  works,  aside  from  "  Custer's  Last 
Fight,"  are:  "The  Tide  of  Emigration" 
( 1901 )  ;  "  Jumping  the  W^agon  Train  "  ( 1901 )  ; 
"  Saje-wea  "  (1902)  ;  "  El  Telegrafo  "  (1904)  ; 
"Mission  Falls"  (1913).  He  has  also  done 
eight  murals  for  the  Missoula  County  Court 
House  (1914)  and  six  murals  for  the  Montana 
capitol  building  (1902).  Mr.  Paxson  is  a 
member  of  the  Society  of  Montana  Pioneers; 
of  the  Yellowstone  Pioneers;  of  the  Veterans 
of  the  Spanish  War;  of  the  Sons  of  Veterans; 
of  the  Army  and  Navy  Union,  also  of  the  Elks 
and  the  Odd  Fellows. 

BITTER,  Karl  Theodore  Francis,  sculptor, 
b.  in  Vienna,  Austria,  6  Dec,  1867;  d.  in  New 
York  City,  9  April,  1915,  son  of  Carl  and 
Henrietta  (Reitter)  Bitter.  After  attending 
the  gymnasium  in  his  native  city,  where  he 
was  taught  Latin  and  Greek,  he  entered  the 
Vienna  Academy  of  Fine  Arts,  interested  him- 
self in  liberal  politics,  and  was  finally  expelled 
from  the  academy  because  of  speeches  objec- 
tionable to  the  authorities.  When  serving  his 
time  in  the  army  he  was  persecuted  by  a 
lieutenant,  and,  finally,  to  escape  persecution, 
deserted  and  fled  to  Halle,  Germany,  where  he 
entered  the  studio  of  Kaffsack,  the  German 
sculptor.  The  Austrian  government  moved  to 
seize  young  Bitter,  but  he  learned  of  the  pro- 
ceedings and  fled  to  America.  He  arrived  in 
New  York  in  1889,  applied  for  citizenship,  and 
set  to  work  as  an  assistant  with  a  firm  of 
house  decorators.  Here  he  worked  with  an 
earnestness  and  enthusiasm  that  attracted  at- 
tention. While  employed  with  this  firm  he 
competed  for  the  Astor  memorial  bronze  gates 
of  Trinity  Church  and  won.  The  best  men  in 
the  country  competed,  and  Mr.  Bitter  was  but 
twenty-one  years  of  age  at  the  time.  The 
work  gave  him  sufficient  capital  to  build  and 
establish  a  small  studio  in  Thirteenth  Street, 
New  York.  It  was  about  this  time  that  he  re- 
ceived an  introduction  to  Richard  Morris  Hunt, 
an  architect,  who  instantly  took  a  liking  to  the 
young  sculptor  and  his  work.  He  was  com- 
missioned to  make  the  sculptural  decorations 
for  the  principal  building  at  the  Chicago 
World's  Fair,  the  Administration  Building, 
of  which  Mr.  Hunt  was  the  architect,  and  the 
Liberal  Arts  Building.  Mr.  Bitter  was  a  be- 
liever in  the  union  of  architecture  and  sculp- 
ture; and  for  his  work  he  won  a  medal  that 
was  well  merited.  Many  commissions  fol- 
lowed, of  which  those  for  George  W.  Vander- 
bilt's  palatial  residence  at  Biltmore,  N.  C, 
were  perhaps  the  most  important.  In  the 
banquet  hall  of  this  house  is  contained  a 
carved  English  oak  frieze,  forty-five  feet  longj 
representing  the  Contest  of  the  Minstrels.  In 
the  same  hall,  over  the  fireplace,  there  is  an- 
other frieze  in  stone,  representing  the  Return 


i 


286 


BITTER 


BRANDEIS 


from  the  Chase.  Besides  these,  there  is  also 
in  this  house  the  heroic  statue  of  St.  Louis 
and  Jeanne  d'Are  in  stone,  and  a  fountain 
group  in  bronze,  representing  Boy  Stealing 
Geese,  for  the  palm-garden.  Mr.  Bitter  ex- 
hibited in  public  whenever  he  found  an  oppor- 
tunity, and  received  recognition  from  the  ar- 
tistic profession  by  being  elected  a  member 
of  the  National  Sculpture  Society,  the  Na- 
tional Academy,  and  the  Society  of  American 
Artists.  Thus  his  art  progressed  and  de- 
veloped. The  beautiful  pulpit  and  choir-rail 
in  stone,  made  for  All  Angels'  Church,  in 
New  York,  is  but  one  of  the  many  instances 
of  his  versatility.  When  the  Pan-American 
authorities  applied  to  the  National  Sculpture 
Society  for  a  director  of  their  department  of 
sculpture,  Mr.  Bitter  was  unanimously  elected 
to  fill  that  position.  It  was  a  high  tribute 
to  his  art  when  the  authorities,  upon  seeing 
his  plans  for  the  general  scheme  of  decora- 
tion, increased  the  appropriation  for  this  pur- 
pose from  $30,000  to  $250,000,  which  sum 
kept  about  thirty-five  artists  and  more  than 
100  assistants  busy  for  more  than  one  year. 
At  the  Pan-American  Exposition,  though  the 
great  part  played  by  Mr.  Bitter  as  director 
naturally  overshadowed  the  work  of  his  own 
hand,  no  one  who  attended  the  exposition 
will  forget  his  two  spirited,  colossal,  eques- 
trian statues  that  surmounted  the  bridge  piers. 
In  recognition  of  his  labors  as  director  of 
sculpture,  he  was  awarded  a  special  gold 
medal.  His  success  with  the  Pan-American 
Exposition  prompted  the  management  of  the 
St.  Louis  Exposition  to  obtain  his  services  as 
director  of  sculpture,  which  added  new  laurels 
to  his  already  considerable  fame.  He  com- 
pleted the  cycle  of  his  larger  opportunities  in 
his  decoration  of  exposition  buildings  by 
serving  as  chief  of  the  department  of  sculpture 
for  the  Panama  Pacific  Exposition  at  San 
Francisco.  Another  work  which  he  finished  in 
1911  was  the  model  of  the  figure  of  Henry 
Hudson,  which  was  planned  for  the  Hudson 
Monument  on  Spuyten  Duyvil  Hill.  Mr.  Bit- 
ter believed  that  sculpture  should  express  the 
highest  ideals  of  personal  and  national  life; 
that  the  artist  must  be  honest  and  uncom- 
promising in  his  work,  which  should  always 
aim  to  come  as  close  to  life  as  possible  with- 
out being  photographic.  One  needs  but  look 
at  his  monument  to  Chancellor  Pepper,  made 
for  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  to  realize 
how  true  this  is  of  his  own  work.  Among 
other  famous  sculptures  by  his  hand  are  the 
decorations  for  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad's 
Broad  Street  Station,  in  Philadelphia;  the 
three  colossal  caryatids  in  stone,  representing 
the  white,  the  negro,  and  the  Malay  races, 
executed  for  the  St.  Paul  Building,  New  York; 
an  epic  in  bronze  of  that  champion  of  liberty, 
Carl  Schurz;  the  statue  of  Thomas  Jefferson, 
at  the  University  of  Virginia;  the  Rockefeller 
Fountain  at  Pocantico  Hills,  N.  Y. ;  the  John 
G.  Kasson  memorial  at  Ithaca,  N.  Y. ;  the 
Thomas  Prehn  mausoleum  in  Passaic,  N.  J.; 
the  Thomas  Loury  memorial,  Minneapolis, 
Minn.;  the  memorial  to  Henry  Villard  over 
his  grave  in  Sleepy  Hollow  Cemetery;  the 
pediment  and  group  at  the  State  Capitol, 
Madison,  Wis.;  and  the  statue  to  Andrew  D. 
White  at  Cornell  University.  Mr.  Bitter  held 
that  art  should  interpret  the  spirit  of  an  age 


rather  than  record  the  whims  and  vagaries  of 
the  moment,  which  result  in  pettiness.  As  an 
artist  he  fought  steadily  for  freedom,  for  self- 
expression,  and  for  high  ideals.  There  is 
scarcely  a  city  in  the  land  but  is  adorned  by 
the  rhythmic  strength  of  Mr.  Bitter's  sculp- 
ture. Among  the  awards  won  by  Mr.  Bitter 
were  the  silver  medal  of  the  Paris  Exposition, 
1900;  the  gold  medal  of  the  Pan-American  Ex- 
position at  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  1901 ;  a  gold  medal 
at  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  1902;  and  the  gold 
medal  at  the  St.  Louis  Exposition,  1904.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  National  Institute  of 
Arts  and  Sciences,  vice-president  (1906-08 
and  1914-15);  the  National  Academy,  Play- 
ers' Club,  Century  Club,  and  vice-president  of 
the  Architectural  League  in  1904-06  and  1909- 
11,  and  member  of  the  Art  Commission,  New 
York,  from  1912-15.  His  useful  career  came  to 
a  sudden  ending  on  9  April,  1915,  as  the  result 
of  injuries  received  when  he  and  his  wife  were 
struck  by  an  automobile  after  leaving  the 
Metropolitan  Opera  House.  Mrs.  Bitter  owes 
her  life  to  her  husband,  whose  quick  thought 
and  courageous  action  threw  her  sidewise 
from  the  oncoming  automobile.  On  30  June, 
1901,  he  married  Marie  A.,  daughter  of  Ferdi- 
nand A.  Sherrill,  of  Cincinnati,  Ohio.  They 
had  three  children:  Francis  T.  R.  Bitter, 
Mariette  C.  E.  Bitter  and  John  F.  Bitter. 

BRANDEIS,  Louis  Dembitz,  associate  justice 
of  U.  S.  Supreme  Court,  b.  in  Louisville,  Ky., 
13  Nov.,  1856,  son  of  Adolph  and  Fredericka 
(Dembitz)  Brandeis.  He  began  his  education 
in  the  public  schools  of  his  native  city,  and 
continued  his  studies  at  the  Annen  Realschule, 
in  Dresden,  which  he  attended  from  1873  to 
1875.  He  then  entered  the  law  school  of  Har- 
vard University,  where  he  was  graduated  LL.B. 
with  the  class  of  1877.  After  another  year  of 
study  he  began  practice  in  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  but 
in  July,  1879,  removed  to  Boston,  where  he 
formed  a  partnership  with  his  classmate, 
Samuel  D.  Warren,  under  the  firm  style  of 
Warren  and  Brandeis,  which  continued  until 
1897,  when  the  firm  was  reorganized  as  Bran- 
deis, Dunbar  and  Nutter.  This  style  continued 
until  Mr.  Brandeis'  confirmation  as  Supreme 
Court  justice  in  1916.  Mr.  Brandeis  first  at- 
tained local  prominence  in  public  affairs  in 
the  extensive  investigations  of  the  public  in- 
stitutions of  Boston,  which  occupied  most  of 
the  year  1894.  From  1896  to  1902  he  was 
engaged  in  the  struggle  which  resulted  in 
establishing  Boston's  municipal  subway  sys- 
tem. In  1903  he  entered  upon  the  great 
Boston  gas  controversy.  For  many  years  pre- 
viously the  Boston  gas  situation  had  been  in 
constant  turmoil,  in  which  various  financiers 
and  speculators  and  some  legislators  had  been 
concerned.  Investors  in  the  securities  of  the 
Boston  gas  companies  had  lost  much  money, 
and  some  of  them  felt  that  they  had  boi'ti 
robbed.  Consumers  were  paying  from  $1.00 
to  $1,20  per  thousand  foot  for  gas  and  IIuto 
was  a  strong  feeling  on  the  part  of  tho  g(Mi- 
eral  public  that  it  was  being  rol)lHHl.  Tliorc 
had  been  several  legislative  invostigat  ions. 
one  of  which,  that  in  1900.  resolved  itself  into 
a  most  interesting  and  i)ieturesque  situation, 
recounted  by  Mr.  Lawson  in  preliminary 
chapters  of  'the  work  wliicli  later  gained  so 
wide  a  reading  under  the  title  "Frenzied 
Finance,"      iUii    none    of    these    investigations 


287 


BRANDEIS 


BRANDEIS 


had  had  any  tangible  result,  and  certainly  no 
relief  was  afforded  the  consumers  of  gas.  At 
last,  in  1903,  an  application  was  made  to  the 
legislature  to  consolidate  the  several  gas  com- 
panies, which  had  previously  been  acting  in 
combination.  Mr.  Brandeis  had,  meanwhile, 
been  active  in  organizing  the  Public  Fran- 
chise League  which  now,  under  his  leadership, 
took  a  prominent  part  in  the  controversy,  and 
eventually  forced  a  solution  of  the  problem  by 
its  powerful  influence.  It  was  as  leader  of 
this  organization,  representing  the  public  in- 
terests, that  Mr.  Brandeis  first  developed  and 
expounded  his  theories  of  efficiency  and  econ- 
omy in  industrial  enterprises  which  were,  some 
years  later,  to  play  so  prominent  a  part  in 
the  railroad  situation.  Public  sentiment  had 
been  strongly  sweeping  toward  municipal  own- 
ership, but  the  final  solution,  based  on  Mr. 
Brandeis'  theories,  was  the  sliding-scale  gas 
system  which  has  since  proved  satisfactory  to 
all  parties  concerned.  In  this  same  way,  as 
leader  of  the  Public  Franchise  League,  and  in 
the  interests  of  the  public,  he  also  took  the 
m»st  prominent  part  in  preserving  the  Boston 
municipal  subway  system,  which  had  also 
been  a  warm  topic  for  argument.  It  was  not 
until  1910,  however,  that  Mr.  Brandeis  began 
to  assume  the  proportions  of  a  national  im- 
portance. The  Ballinger  investigation  was 
then  in  full  stride.  Although  Mr.  Brandeis 
was  nominally  the  counsel  for  Glavis,  the  dis- 
charged special  agent  of  the  government,  who 
charged  that  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior, 
Ballinger,  had  favored  large  corporate  inter- 
ests in  the  disposal  of  the  Alaskan  coal  lands, 
it  was  soon  apparent  that  he  here  played  the 
same  role  as  he  had  played  in  the  Boston  gas 
situation;  as  the  representative  of  the  public. 
How  bitter  waxed  the  controversy  may  be 
judged  from  the  phraseology  employed  in  edi- 
torial attacks  on  Mr.  Brandeis.  "  He  occurs," 
wrote  one  editorial  critic,  "  to  us  as  a  mere 
specimen  of  consecrated  mugwumpery,  pos- 
sessed by  a  scorn  of  legal  limitations  and  de- 
voted to  the  deep  damnation  of  those  who  do 
not  happen  to  agree  with  him."  But  in  spite 
of  such  attacks,  the  newspaper  readers  of  the 
country  continued  intensely  interested  in  the 
facts  being  brought  forth  by  Mr.  Brandeis. 
With  never  the  least  show  of  heat,  he  con- 
tinued his  probe,  and  his  mind  had  a  question 
ready  to  meet  any  attempted  evasion  from  a 
hostile  witness,  and  a  silencing  answer  for 
any  retort  or  innuendo  by  opposing  counsel 
or  senators,  until  even  those  who  had  acquitted 
Secretary  Ballinger  of  any  intentional  wrong- 
doing had  to  deplore  the  manner  in  which  the 
Administration  met  the  charges.  From  that 
time  dated  the  beginning  of  the  "  problem  of 
conservation  "  as  a  political  issue  in  national 
campaigns,  and  as  a  topic  for  discussion  and 
editorial  comment.  Since  then  the  legal  cases 
with  which  Mr.  Brandeis  has  been  connected 
have  all  been  of  national  scope  and  popular 
interest.  In  1911  he  represented  the  shippers 
in  the  advanced  freight  rate  investigation  be- 
fore the  Interstate  Commerce  Commission. 
Two  years  later  he  was  special  counsel  of  the 
Interstate  Commerce  Commission  in  the  sec- 
ond advance  freight  rate  case.  He  has  also 
represented  the  people  in  the  proceedings  in- 
volving the  constitutionality  of  the  Oregon 
and  Illinois  women's  ten-hour  laws,  the  Cali- 


fornia eight-hour  law,  the  Ohio  nine-hour  law, 
and  the  Oregon  minimum  wage  law.  He  prob- 
ably attracted  most  attention,  however,  in  the 
fight,  covering  the  whole  of  this  period,  to  re- 
strain the  New  York,  New  Haven  and  Hart- 
ford Railroad  from  acquiring  a  monopoly  of 
transportation  in  the  New  England  States.  In 
his  various  cases  against  the  railroads  Mr. 
Brandeis  had  been  maintaining  that  the  waste 
through  inefficient  methods  was  causing  a  loss 
of  nearly  $300,000,000  a  year.  Railroad 
presidents  who  heard  the  testimony  which  Mr. 
Brandeis  presented  in  behalf  of  this  conten- 
tion were  almost  unanimous  in  their  assertion 
that  the  further  application  of  efficiency 
methods  in  the  business  of  railroading  to  the 
saving  of  anything  approaching  the  amount 
specified  was  a  wild  dream.  The  committee  of 
presidents  of  some  of  the  Western  lines,  how- 
ever, showed  themselves  sufficiently  impressed 
to  send  Mr.  Brandeis  a  telegram  to  the  effect, 
that  if  he  could  point  out  how  the  railroads 
could  save  any  substantial  part  of  the  million 
dollars  a  day  which  they  were  alleged  to  be 
losing  through  wasteful  methods,  they  would 
be  glad  to  give  him  instant  employment  at  his 
own  figures.  Mr.  Brandeis  replied  by  offer- 
ing to  meet  them  in  conference  at  which  he 
promised  to  point  out  how  scientific  manage- 
ment could  effect  such  a  vast  saving.  "  I 
must  decline,"  he  continued,  "to  accept  any 
salary  from  the  railroads  for  the  same  reason 
that  I  have  declined  compensation  from  the 
shipping  organizations  that  I  represent; 
namely,  that  the  burden  of  increased  rates, 
while  primarily  affecting  the  Eastern  manu- 
facturers and  merchants,  will  ultimately  be 
borne  in  a  large  part  by  the  consumer  through 
increasing  the  cost  of  living,  mainly  of  those 
least  able  to  bear  the  added  burdens.  I  desire 
that  any  aid  I  can  render  in  preventing  such 
added  burdens  shall  be  unpaid  services."  In 
those  few  lines  is  couched  the  economic  phi- 
losophy which  has  been  the  guiding  factor  in 
all  of  Mr.  Brandeis'  public  activities  for  the 
past  twenty  years  and  which  he  has  been  the 
first  to  expound  in  this  country,  or  at  least 
the  first  to  make  it  heard.  And  this  theory 
is  that  in  every  adjustment  of  interests  be- 
tween the  various  groups  of  capital,  the  ulti- 
mate consumer  is  directly  involved,  be  it  be- 
tween the  shippers  and  the  railroads,  or  be- 
tween manufacturers  and  merchants.  He  pre- 
sented a  full  exposition  of  this  theory  in  a 
series  of  articles  during  the  early  part  of 
1914,  which  were  published  in  "Harper's 
Weekly."  One  of  the  solutions  he  proposed 
in  these  articles  was  that  the  American  con- 
sumers should  follow  the  example  of  the 
Europeans,  especially  of  the  British,  in  estab- 
lishing in  this  country  the  Rochdale  system  of 
co-operation,  wherein  the  consumers,  organized 
through  their  local  co-operative  societies,  fed- 
erate and  own  and  operate  their  own  indus- 
tries, within  the  limits  of  food  supply  at  least, 
a  sort  of  voluntary  socialism  which  has  met 
with  a  tremendous  measure  of  success  in  all 
European  countries,  and  which  has  made 
astonishing  strides  during  the  past  few  year's. 
The  effort  to  get  at  the  facts  in  many  public 
matters,  and  to  set  them  forth  in  their  proper 
relationship,  has  been  to  Mr.  Brandeis  almost 
a  form  of  recreation.  From  the  time  that  he 
first    came    into    prominence    in   Boston   there 


288 


='  .,1 


Pl 


i 


^. 


^- 


KIHJV 


GOETHALS 


rl'y  been  a  year  or  a  ntontL 
t  been  connecte<l    - 
Indeed,   durir? 
,  leadership  in  one  • 
or  another  h.ss  '>»' 


wVi  "^^     '■"  'ihi'i    Cja. vany,    treaBurer    of    the    U      V. 

;,   of  Cleveland,  Ohio,  a  director 

■i    and    Wright    Rubber    Gooda 

iluiiag   (V>jnpany  of  New   York,  a  di- 

if   the  Wayne  County  and  Home  Sav- 

.  '  <i   vir>^ president  of   the  Detroit 

;>.     Ho   \nus   also   a   member  of 

-v"    '■  ,    ;f  the  Detroit  Fire  and 

.  .iT:y       Tliii^    body,    on 

I  iRHetl  a  set  of  reso- 

Kddy'a  qualities 

■■■A,   who   hod   the 

'ails,    vvjiioh 

of    obtain- 

inee  of 


mits,  afi'( 
■'.  the  liHb 
only  gi»  cunj.ijative  testimo'i 
in   a    "^se  At    law.     On   2^ 
m  9»rlected  Mr. 
..r  the  U    S: 


;tactiirer,    b. 
d.    Detroit, 


xtui   indufltri&l   pi 

■vj  IS  of  Jewish  extraeti»M     .,>,,, 

a  in  the  Zionist  movement,  and 

lu.  ..,x    vu.winian    of    the    provisional    com- 

JDVt^'.on  for  general  Zionist  affairs    (1914-15). 

O:     i3    March,    1891,    Mr,    Brandeif    married 

Ooldmark.  of  New  York  City. 

DY,     Frank     Woodman,     merchant     and 

Warsaw,    N.    Y.,    29    July, 

Mich.,    12   June,    1914,   son 

K'      "     '         •  lid  Malvina  II.    (Coehrjin) 

Awerifan    paiornal    an- 

•    Iddyt',  who  (!ame 

V    h'i    Sf'.V»    and 

of  No; 

decidinji^  ou  a.  pi.'S«*im»    .    i<; 

tent    him    to    the    Polyfecii  - 

Brookline,  Mass..  and,  later,  to  Vviiiiujn     C.-l 

lege.      But    already    before    he    had    toneiutK^-l 

his  collegiate  training  Mr.   Eddy  had  dt:cido<l 

■for  himself  that  he  would  prefer  the  life  of  a 

'>u«inoss   man.      Having   concluded    his   studies 

"^  college,  he  took  a  posit i.tn  with  ;>.  ni'Tcni 

ile    firm    in    N''w    York    T 'ty,    V.biU'ord    and 

(./rague,  wholewile  hardwH-f  deaj»TH      In  1S73 

♦    went    out    to    Saerauwifo     ('a I.,    v. hero    he 

<»k  a   (••»«iH«.Ti    iv    'J:r  Hojiu-   ]\no.  of  I>u3ine>it4. 

»'*•    y-iTrt;.     Theii,  in   1S75, 

jo  n    h\^   taTh»i. 

-    lir  it     liusijK'S-! 

.i         .!      .'•   ft'llovinj!:    >ear, 

(»f     }\      !>      KdnuP!^*  nrni 


u--:  .i :  p;-.  i:.it:ii  uuui  lie 
'  mr-ii!'  i*s  r.-\k<".i  aey  ionj,'er 
.1  .^r  T,'.'-  nv'A  i.i.  tr-iit  Atbtel>f>  '  iuh  was  or 
ganized  to  supplant  the  older  orgunizal  ion, 
Mr.  Eddy  became  one  of  ita  directors  ai^l  con- 
tinued as  such  until  the  time  of  his  dnath 
Hunting,  fishing,  and  boating  were  ab^o  amorj\j 
his  favorite  forma  of  recreati'n  and  no  gam*- 
of  baseball  of  any  signifi.ance  was  evi  r 
played  in  the  city  witliout  his  aitendanee 
Later  in  life,  as  his  mean«  be<'ame  -linple,  hr 
u-ns  one  of  the  foremost  ectntribiitorv  1^  char 


ity.  b<}ing  a  tni-tee  • 
Hospital.  In  yoiitic^  1 
iv.    Tcllf'f^li    h     ■*';■•■     y 


•)f    !  he    l>etr(/i^    Geut>ra: 


SUi 


Mjrrc/jnlj  >nai!st.      in 
•     f^i:im*>d     Flurt'uee     Tayl<ir. 

Shfs   frv-'Ufin -o,  Cal.     They  ii  id 
Kathiern     (Mi^.    William    0 


inaming  lh<  t 

ff,. 

■nt  to   .!»• 

(.ad     )<•(•;.. 

•tion    rhej 

•'.   It 

ith    the 

i'iYlJ 

.■■   ^yr^.  ^v 

nlhr.in 

'   •,                                                                          ••', 

•    S.    :,!■ 

(\\r. 

J    \r:r  :'.  :  M/.  ,         t  '    r  ,;  "y 

'  '. 

1  iJrux*  ni    >.' i ,    und    I'smiu'cs    Ai 

!      GOETKALS.    George    Was:- 

i  engineer,  b.  hi  Brooklyn,  N. 

1  goj.    of    Joliv:    Lou;.--    ai'd'  ^'   :■ 

1  ^io.'lhaU.      Hia    ir;r.t]i.  >     \r.'    t 

1  01   -'iurdv  llfyHaiMi  -.'■■■■  k.    <■.-' 

j  «;opth!iiH  family      .                ■.■•••• 

j  lard-*    f<ir    omd 

ld;s'lii;OKrdi;-d 

f..i<o};l    ^o   %.-;•:■ 

i  <'rn.-,.t<l»  ,  "     • 

ipr..iV..! 

'■':;.nder  ■ 
.•     I.-'. 

GOETHALS 


GOETHALS 


of  age  he  was  an  errand  boy  in  a  broker's 
office,  in  New  York  City,  and  at  fourteen  be- 
came cashier  and  bookkeeper.  He  also  entered 
the  College  of  the  City  of  New  York,  and 
Boon  made  his  mark  as  an  earnest  and  in- 
defatigable student.  His  early  ambition  was 
to  be  a  physician,  and  it  was  not  long  before 
he  matriculated  in  Columbia  University,  in- 
tending to  take  the  medical  course.  The  con- 
finement, together  with  the  close  application, 
always  characteristic  of  him  in  whatever  he 
has  undertaken,  caused  his  health  to  fail,  and 
he  was  obliged  to  abandon  his  studies.  But 
he  was  by  no  means  beaten.  The  fighting 
blood  of  his  Crusader  ancestors  asserted  it- 
self, and  he  resolved  to  go  into  the  navy, 
lacking  influential  friends,  however,  he  could 
not  obtain  an  appointment.  Then  he  turned 
to  the  army,  and  through  the  interest  of 
"  Sunset "  Cox,  at  that  time  a  powerful  po- 
litical leader  in  New  York  State,  he  obtained 
an  appointment  to  the  United  States  Military 
Academy  at  West  Point  on  21  April,  1876. 
He  was  graduated  12  June,  1880,  standing 
second  in  a  class  of  fifty-four,  and  was  one  of 
the  two  members  of  his  class  to  be  commis- 
sioned as  second  lieutenant  in  the  Corps  of 
Engineers,  a  selection  accorded  to  the  grad- 
uates who  rank  highest  at  that  time.  After  a 
short  period  as  instructor  in  astronomy  at 
the  academy,  he  was  stationed  with  the  en- 
gineers' battalion  at  Willet's  Point,  N.  Y.,  in 
1881-82,  attending  Engineer  School  of  Appli- 
cations. He  became  first  lieutenant  15  June, 
1882,  and  for  two  years  was  attached  to  the 
Department  of  the  Columbia  under  General 
Miles.  He  was  then  transferred  to  Cincinnati, 
Ohio,  as  assistant  to  Lieut. -Col.  W.  E.  Mer- 
rill, whose  work  involved  the  improvement  of 
the  Ohio  River  for  navigation.  It  was  here 
that  Colonel  Goethals  claims  that  he  obtained 
his  real  start  as  an  engineer.  He  told  Colonel 
Merrill  that  he  was  there  to  learn,  and  his 
superior  officer  took  him  at  his  word  by  put- 
ting him  to  work  as  a  rodman.  By  sheer 
ability  and  steady  application,  he  worked  his 
way  up  to  the  position  of  foreman.  Young 
Goethals  had  founded  his  life  upon  a  few 
broad,  solid,  simple  principles,  and  at  their 
root  was  the  quality  of  loyalty.  From  1885 
to  1889  he  served  as  instructor  and  assistant 
professor  in  civil  and  military  engineering  at 
West  Point,  and  in  1889  he  was  again  assigned 
to  the  work  of  improving  along  the  Ohio  River, 
but  a  month  later  was  transferred  to  Florence, 
Ala.,  to  do  similar  work  on  the  Tennessee 
River.  He  remained  there  until  1894,  when 
he  was  called  to  Washington  as  assistant  to 
the  chief  of  engineers,  U.  S.  A.,  Brig. -Gen. 
Thomas  Lincoln  Casey.  Subsequently,  he 
served  under  Brig. -Gen.  William  P.  Craig- 
hill  and  John  M.  Wilson  until  1898.  He  be- 
came a  captain  14  Dec,  1891,  and  when  the 
Spanish  War  broke  out  was  made  lieutenant- 
colonel  of  volunteers.  On  9  ]\Iay  he  was 
chosen  as  chief  engineer  of  the  First  Army 
Corps,  and  at  the  close  of  the  war  was  hon- 
orably discharged  from  the  volunteer  service. 
Again  he  entered  at  West  Point,  being 
assigned  to  duty  there  in  November,  1898,  as 
instructor  of  practical  military  engineering 
and  in  command  of  Company  E,  Battalion  of 
Engineers.  He  continued  there  until  August, 
1900.     On  7  Feb.,  1900,  he  received  his  com- 


mission as  major,  and  on  his  relief  from 
duty  at  West  Point  was  sent  to  Newport, 
R.  I.,  to  take  charge  of  the  fortifications  of 
Rhode  Island  and  Southern  Massachusetts, 
and  the  river  and  harbor  improvements  in 
that  locality.  On  the  organization  of  the  gen- 
eral staff  in  1903  he  was  assigned  to  duty  in 
Washington,  and  while  serving  on  the  general 
staff  was  graduated  at  the  Army  War  College, 
and  afterward  served  as  secretary  of  the  Taft 
Board  of  Fortifications.  He  was  made  lieu- 
tenant-colonel on  4  March,  1907,  and  on  the 
same  date  was  assigned  to  membership  of  the 
Isthmian  Canal  Commission,  of  which  he  be- 
came chairman  and  chief  engineer  on  1  April, 
1907.  It  was  at  a  critical  time  that  Colonel 
Goethals  assumed  charge  of  the  gigantic  work 
of  building  a  waterway  connecting  the  At- 
lantic and  Pacific  Oceans  through  the  Isthmus 
of  Panama.  As  early  as  1875  a  project  for 
such  a  canal  was  set  on  foot  in  France  at  the 
suggestion  of  Count  Ferdinand  de  Lesseps. 
In  that  year,  after  the  subject  had  been  dis- 
cussed at  length  by  the  CongrSs  des  Sciences 
G6ographiques  at  Paris,  a  provisional  com- 
pany was  formed  by  General  Turr  and  other 
individuals  for  the  purpose  of  securing  a  con- 
cession from  the  Republic  of  Colombia.  This 
syndicate  was  composed  of  speculators  whose 
sole  motives  were  of  a  commercial  nature. 
The  spirit  that  moved  them  in  the  promotion 
was  exhibited  by  their  successors  in  the  con- 
duct of  the  enterprise — ^at  least  until  it  fell 
into  the  hands  of  the  American  government — 
for  the  management  of  it  has  been  declared 
to  have  been  "  characterized  by  a  degree  of 
extravagance  and  corruption  that  have  had 
few%  if  any,  equals  in  the  history  of  the 
world."  The  Colombian  government  signed 
a  contract  giving  to  the  promoters  the  ex- 
clusive privilege  of  constructing  and  operating 
a  canal  through  the  territory  of  the  Republic 
without  any  restrictive  conditions,  excepting 
that  if  the  route  adopted  traversed  any  por- 
tion of  the  land  embraced  in  the  concession  to 
the  Panama  Railroad,  the  promoters  should 
arrive  at  an  amicable  understanding  with  that 
corporation  before  proceeding.  The  concession 
was  transferred  to  La  Compagnie  Universelle 
du  Canal  Interoceanique  de  Panama,  generally 
known  as  the  "  Panama  Canal  Company,"  and 
on  15  May,  1879,  the  International  Conference 
met  to  determine  the  route.  The  conference 
determined  that  the  canal  should  be  built 
from  the  Gulf  of  Limon  (Colon)  to  the  Bay 
of  Panama — a  route  which  has  been  followed 
in  a  general  way  through  all  the  enterprise 
from  that  day  to  1  April,  1907,  when  Colonel 
Goethals  took  supreme  command  and  in  due 
course  brought  it  to  a  successful  issue.  It 
was  at  the  meeting  of  the  conference  in  1875 
that  Ferdinand  de  Lesseps  made  his  first  pub- 
lic appearance  in  connection  with  the  Pan- 
ama project  Coming  with  the  prestige  of  his 
great  A\ork  of  building  a  waterway  through 
the  Isthmus  of  Suez,  as  well  as  the  part  he 
had  taken  in  the  construction  of  the  Corinth 
Canal,  it  was  logical  that  he  should  be  chosen 
to  assume  the  direction  of  the  Panama  ven- 
ture. He  asserted  confidently  that  "the  Pan- 
ama Canal  will  be  more  easily  begun,  finished 
and  maintained  than  the  Suez  Canal."  But 
De  Lesseps  seems  to  have  overestimated  his* 
own   powers,   for   the  work  under   his  regime 


290 


O^t^V.^CK- 


GOETHALS 


GOETHALS 


was  a  deplorable  failure.  He  was  not  an 
engineer  and  had  but  a  limited  knowledge  of 
the  science  of  engineering,  yet  he  undertook 
to  lay  out  the  work  himself,  acting  upon  data 
which  a  professional  engineer  would  have 
deemed  insufficient  or  unreliable.  Almost  to 
the  last  he  believed  that  he  enjoyed  the  un- 
bounded confidence  of  the  French  people,  and 
that  their  purses  never  would  be  closed  to  his 
demands.  The  company  collapsed,  bringing 
complete  ruin  to  many  stockholders  and  seri- 
ous loss  to  a  much  larger  number.  The  Paris 
Congress  had  estimated  the  cost  of  construct- 
ing the  canal  at  $214,000,000,  and  the  time 
necessary  for  its  completion  at  twelve  years. 
The  technical  commission  expressed  the  opin- 
ion that  the  entire  operation  might  be  finished 
in  eight  years  at  a  cost  of  $168,600,000.  De 
Lesseps  altered  the  sum  fixed  by  the  commis- 
sion to  $131,600,000,  which  he  insisted  would 
cover  the  entire  cost  of  building  the  canal. 
He  made  a  tour  of  the  United  States,  Eng- 
land, Belgium,  Holland,  and  France,  telling 
in  public  speeches  of  the  enormous  profits 
which  would  accrue  to  the  fortunate  inves- 
tors in  the  Panama  Canal  project.  Follow- 
ing this  campaign  $60,000,000  in  shares  of 
$100.00  denomination  were  quickly  taken  up 
by  the  public.  Extravagance  and  misman- 
agement characterized  the  operations  of  this 
company,  and  it  went  into  the  hands  of  a 
receiver  on  4  Feb.,  1889,  the  civil  court  of 
the  Seine  appointing  Joseph  Brunet  to  take 
charge  of  its  affairs.  It  was  a  grave  situa- 
tion, and  it  affected  not  less  than  200,000  per- 
sons who  had  invested  in  good  faith,  and  who 
were  stunned  by  the  catastrophe.  Some 
$90,000,000  had  been  expended,  none  of  which 
would  be  saved  imless  the  canal  were  built. 
It  was  estimated  that  a  lock  canal  might  be 
completed  in  eight  years,  at  a  further  cost  of 
$100,000,000.  A  new  agreement  was  signed 
10  Dec,  1890,  with  the  Colombian  government, 
which  granted  an  extension  of  ten  years  for 
the  completion  of  the  work.  Joseph  Brunet 
died,  and  he  was  succeeded  by  Achille  Monchi- 
court.  The  latter  procured  a  further  conces- 
sion by  which  Colombia  granted  an  extension 
until  31  Oct.,  1894,  for  the  organization  of  a 
new  company,  and  ten  years  from  that  date 
for  the  completion  of  a  canal.  The  capital 
of  the  hew  Panama  Canal  Company  consisted 
of  650,000  shares  of  $20.00  each,  60,000  of 
which  were  to  be  subscribed  for,  while  50,000, 
absolutely  unencumbered,  were  to  go  to  the 
Colombian  government  in  consideration  of  the 
contracts  granting  extension.  Thus,  five  years 
after  the  appointment  of  a  receiver  for  the 
Interoceanic  Canal  Company,  what  was  gen- 
erally known  as  the  "  New  Panama  Canal 
Company "  was  definitely  established.  Long 
before  Colonel  Goethals  became  a  member  of 
the  Isthmian  Canal  Commission,  there  had 
been  much  argument  in  the  United  States  Con- 
gress— and  out  of  it — as  to  the  relative  values 
of  the  Nicaragua  and  Panama  Canal  routes 
Men  whose  judgment  admittedly  demanded 
Berious  consideration  were  on  either  side.  The 
question  was  still  unsettled  in  the  public  mind 
when  the  commission,  in  November,  1901,  pre- 
sented a  report  of  its  finding  to  the  President. 
It  declared,  briefly,  that  the  "  total  amovint 
lor  which  the  Panama  Company  offers  to  sell 
and  transfer  its  canal  property  to  the  United 


States"  is  $109,141,500.  The  value  set  upon 
it  by  the  commission  was  $40,000,000.  This 
notwithstanding  that  the  receivers  of  the  old 
company  valued  the  assets  that  passed  into 
his  hands  at  about  $90,000,000  while  several 
million  dollars  had  been  expended  by  the  new 
company.  When  this  finding  became  known 
in  Paris,  the  directors  of  the  New  Panama 
Canal  Company  immediately  resigned,  and  at 
a  general  meeting  of  stockholders  it  was  de- 
cided to  offer  to  sell  out  to  the  commission 
all  assets,  rights,  and  interests  for  the  sum 
of  $40,000,000.  The  importance  of  a  water- 
way through  the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  both 
strategically  and  commercially,  had  long  been 
recognized  by  the  U.  S.  government,  and  it 
first  entered  into  a  treaty  with  New 
Granada,  the  then  possessor  of  the  isthmus  in 
1846.  In  course  of  time  New  Granada  gov- 
ernment split  up  and  the  Republic  of  Colombia 
took  its  place.  There  were  many  changes  of 
rule.  At  one  time  Panama  was  a  sovereign 
state,  at  another  a  mere  department  of  the 
consecutive  confederations  known  as  Co- 
lombia and  New  Granada.  During  fifty-seven 
years  fifty-three  revolutions  and  kindred  out- 
breaks took  place  in  the  isthmus.  One  civil 
war  lasted  three  years  and  another  nearly 
twelve  months.  Twice  Panama  attempted  to 
secede  from  the  confederations  in  which  she 
had  practically  no  voice,  and  six  times  United 
States  warships  were  forced  to  land  marines 
and  sailors  to  protect  property  and  to  see 
that  transit  across  the  isthmus  was  kept  clear. 
The  United  States  already  possessed  and  ex- 
ercised on  the  isthmus  certain  proprietary 
rights  and  sovereign  powers  that  no  other 
nation  had.  On  four  different  occasions  the 
government  of  Colombia  requested  the  land- 
ing of  troops  to  protect  its  troops  and  to 
maintain  order — the  order  which  it  was  itself 
incompetent  to  maintain,  and  more  than  once 
it  was  only  the  firm  attitude  of  the  United 
States  which  prevented  European  powers 
from  interfering  on  the  isthmus.  President 
Theodore  Roosevelt,  in  1903,  decided  that  the 
situation  had  become  intolerable  and  that  it 
was  the  duty  of  the  American  people  to 
themselves,  as  well  as  to  the  world,  to  take 
up  the  building  of  the  canal  forthwith.  The 
people  of  Panama  were  anxious  for  the  United 
States  to  do  the  work,  but  there  was  a 
general  feeling  that  first  of  all  they  must 
shake  off  the  yoke  of  Colombia.  Already 
dozens  of  leaders  on  the  isthmus  were  doing 
their  best  to  excite  revolution  Colombia  had 
failed  to  ratify  with  the  United  States  a 
treaty  under  the  provisions  of  which  the 
canal  would  be  built,  and  the  Panamanians 
were  understood  to  be  ready  to  rise  in  re- 
bellion as  soon  as  the  Colombian  Congress 
should  adjourn.  President  Roosevelt  at  once 
sent  several  naval  vessels  to  Panama,  the 
orders  to  the  officers  being  to  mainiain  free 
and  uninterrupted  transit  across  tlio  isthmus, 
and  to  prevent  the  landing  of  armed  forces 
at  any  point  within  fifty  miles  of  Panama. 
These  orders  were  preoiselv  such  as  had  been 
issued  in  1900,  1001.  and"  1902.  A  luuly  of 
Colombian  troops  landed  at  Colon  and  llireat- 
ened  to  kill  all  Amoricans  tlioro.  Captain 
Hubbard,  of  the  United  States  gunboat  "Nash- 
ville," acted  j)rom|)tly.  a)id  the  Colombians 
were  glad  to  give  up  their  murderous  project. 


291 


GOETHALS 


GOETHALS 


The  Republic  of  Panama  attained  its  inde- 
pendence without  bloodshed.  Having  come  to 
be  recognized  by  the  United  States,  the  Hay- 
Bunau-Varilla  treaty  was  made  in  the  autumn 
of  1903  and  fully  ratified  26  Feb.,  11)06.  This 
treaty  not  only  guaranteed  the  independence 
of  the  Republic  of  Panama,  but  provided  for 
the  payment  to  Panama  of  $10,000,000  in  gold 
coin,  and  an  annual  payment  beginning  nine 
years  from  above  date,  of  $250,000,  to  con- 
tinue so  long  as  the  convention  lasted.  It 
granted  to  the  United  States  all  rights  in  the 
New  Panama  Canal  Company  and  the  Pan- 
ama Railroad  Company,  and  provided  also 
that  the  United  States  shall  have  in  perpetuity 
the  "  use,  occupation,  and  control  of  a  zone 
of  land,  and  land  under  water,  for  the  con- 
struction, maintenance,  operation,  sanitation, 
and  protection  of  said  canal,  of  the  width  of 
ten  miles,  together  with  all  its  lands  within 
the  limits  of  the  zone  above  described,  and,  in 
addition  thereto,  the  group  of  small  islands 
in  the  Bay  of  Panama,  named  Perrico,  Naos, 
Culebra,  and  Flamenco.  The  zone  was  to  be 
known  as  the  Canal  Zone,  and  all  the  military, 
civil,  and  judicial  powers  essential  to  its  tem- 
porary government  were  to  be  exercised  as  the 
President  of  the  United  States  should  direct. 
When  the  United  States  Canal  Commission 
arrived  at  the  isthmus  in  April,  1904,  the 
only  work  in  progress  was  the  excavation  of 
the  Culebra  Cut,  where  a  few  French  ma- 
chines were  employed  with  a  force  of  about 
700  men.  Owing  to  the  long  lapse  of  time 
since  the  New  Panama  Canal  Company  had 
ceased  operations,  a  chaotic  condition  pre- 
vailed along  the  entire  line  of  the  canal,  and 
the  plant  and  equipment  was  in  such  a  de- 
teriorated and  scattered  state  as  to  require 
months  for  its  collection  and  repair.  The 
commission  valiantly  attacked  the  work  with 
John  F.  Wallace  as  engineer-in-chief  and 
Surg.-Col.  W.  C.  Gorgas  in  charge  of  the 
sanitation  department.  William  H.  Taft,  then 
Secretary  of  War,  assumed  general  supervi- 
sion. The  work  of  the  commission  proved 
unsatisfactory,  and  in  1905  President  Roose- 
velt obtained  the  resignation  of  the  entire 
body  and  placed  the  control  of  affairs  defi- 
nitely in  the  hands  of  an  executive  committee 
with  Engineer  Wallace  in  full  control  of  the 
construction.  Before  sixty  days  had  expired 
Mr.  Wallace  retired  and  his  place  was  filled 
by  the  selection  of  John  F.  Stevens,  who 
assumed  charge  in  August,  1905.  For  nearly 
two  years  Mr.  Stevens  supervised  the  work, 
and  in  April,  1907,  resigned.  It  was  then  that 
President  Roosevelt,  with  the  hearty  concur- 
rence of  Secretary  Taft,  decided  to  install  a 
military  organization.  A  new  commission 
was  created,  with  Colonel  Goethals  as  chair- 
man and  chief  engineer.  The  other  members 
were  Lieut. -Col.  H.  F.  Hodges,  assistant  chief 
engineer;  H.  H.  Rousseau,  assistant  to  the 
chief  engineer;  Lieut. -Col.  W.  L.  Sibert, 
division  engineer  of  the  Atlantic  division; 
Lieut. -Col.  D.  D.  Gaillard,  division  engineer 
of  the  central  division;  Col.  W.  C.  Gorgas, 
chief  of  the  department  of  sanitation,  and  J. 
C.  Blackburn,  in  charge  of  the  department  of 
civil  administration.  It  was  stipulated  that 
the  members  of  the  reorganized  commission 
were  to  dwell  on  the  isthmus  and  personally 
supervise  the  work  under  their  charge.    Among 

292 


the  disadvantages  against  which  Colonel 
Goethals  had  to  fight  was  the  prejudice  among 
the  men  against  a  military  administration. 
The  former  chief  engineer,  Mr.  Stevens,  had 
been  very  popular  and  there  was  a  feeling 
of  interrogation  with  regard  to  the  new  chief 
engineer  which  easily  might  have  become 
downright  antagonism.  All  this  made  Colonel 
Goethals  somewhat  indignant,  and  he  took 
occasion  to  say  that  the  army  was  not  in 
charge  in  a  military  sense;  that  there  was 
to  be  no  militarism,  no  salutes,  that  he  had 
left  behind  him  all  his  military  duties,  and 
would  command  the  army  of  Panama,  fight- 
ing nature  for  the  accomplishment  of  the  end 
that  had  brought  them  all  down  there.  The 
men's  cause  was  his,  he  reminded  them,  they 
had  common  enemies,  Culebra  Cut  and  the 
climate,  and  the  completing  of  the  canal 
would  be  their  victory.  Colonel  Goethals  said 
he  intended  to  be  the  commanding  officer,  but 
the  chiefs  of  divisions  would  be  the  colonels, 
the  foremen,  the  captains,  and  no  one  who 
did  his  duty  had  aught  to  fear  from  mili- 
tarism. In  the  army  the  commanding  officer 
was  the  father  of  his  men.  When  he  (Colonel 
Goethals)  commanded  a  company  he  knew  his 
men,  their  trials  and  troubles,  and  so  would 
he  treat  the  men  there  on  the  canal;  giving 
a  ready  ear  to  their  complaints  and  griev- 
ances. Anyone  could  come  to  him  at  any 
time,  or  detain  him  as  he  went  about  the 
work,  to  explain  their  particular  trials  or  to 
make  suggestions  as  to  the  work,  and  they 
could  be  assured  of  an  audience.  Colonel 
Goethals  made  his  word  good  by  setting  aside 
Sunday  mornings  as  the  time  for  his  hearing 
complaints  and  grievances  of  all  kinds  and 
descriptions.  In  a  very  short  time  the  men 
found  that  working  under  an  experienced, 
thoroughly  human  army  officer  meant  a 
smooth  running  labor  machine  such  as  the 
Panama  Canal  never  had  had  from  the  be- 
ginning until  Colonel  Goethals  took  charge. 
With  characteristic  military  promptitude. 
Colonel  Goethals  went  vigorously  to  work  at 
once.  Certain  alterations  in  the  plans  of  his 
predecessor.s  appeared  to  him  to  be  necessary, 
and  he  showed  no  hesitation  in  making  them. 
For  example,  the  dams  and  locks  which  were 
to  have  been  placed  at  La  Boca  were  located 
four  miles  further  inland,  at  Miraflores,  thus 
placing  them  beyond  eflFective  gunfire  from 
a  hostile  fleet.  Both  the  canal  and  the  locks 
were  widened,  and  the  Panama  Railroad  w^as 
relocated.  In  his  annual  report  of  1909 
Colonel  Goethals  estimated  the  probable  cost 
of  the  completed  canal  at  $375,000,000.  The 
number  of  workmen  employed  on  the  canal  in 
July,  1911,  was  47,740;  on  the  Panama  Rail- 
road 6,881,  and  the  rate  of  excavation  was 
more  than  two  and  one-half  million  cubic  j 
yards  per  month.  There  were  also  100  steam 
shovels  of  various  capacities,  and  eighteen, 
dredges,  the  latter  being  classified  as  sevenij 
ladder,  three  dipper,  six  pipe-line  suction,  andi 
two  sea-going  suction  dredges.  So  rapidly' 
did  the  work  proceed,  and  so  skillfully  and 
successfully  were  all  obstacles  surmounted, 
that  although,  originally.  Colonel  Goethals  did 
not  anticipate  completion  of  the  canal  before  r 
1915,  the  first  vessel  passed  in  August,  1914. 
The  steam  shovels  finished  their  work  on 
Culebra  Cut  on  10  Sept.,  1913,  and  water  was 


I 


GOETHALS 


GOETHALS 


admitted  into  the  cut  in  October,  1913. 
Colonel  Goethals  was  eminently  fitted  to  cope 
with  the  many  engineering  problems  which 
were  involved  in  the  digging  of  the  Panama 
Canal.  He  had  had  the  benefit  of  theoretical 
training  both  as  teacher  and  student,  and 
his  practical  experiences  in  canal  construc- 
tion had  been  varied  and  wide.  He  was  espe- 
cially familiar  with  the  lock  type  of  con- 
struction. His  experience  in  building  canals 
along  various  western  rivers  had  included  the 
supervision  of  the  Mussel  Shoals  Canal,  on 
the  Tennessee  River;  a  canal  near  Chatta- 
nooga, 14  miles  long,  70  to  100  feet  wide,  and 
6  feet  deep,  with  11  locks  and  an  aqueduct 
900  feet  long  and  60  feet  wide;  and  the  Col- 
bert Shoals  Canal.  In  all  of  these  under- 
takings, he  showed  extraordinary  ability  in 
handling  large  forces  of  men,  and  which, 
while  doubtless  due  in  part  to  his  training 
as  an  army  officer,  must  be  credited  largely 
to  some  personal  quality  in  himself  that 
closely  approached  genius.  When,  on  becom- 
ing chief  engineer  of  the  Panama  Canal,  he 
had  under  him  30,000  workmen  of  half  a 
dozen  nationalities,  exhibiting  a  diversity  of 
that  difficult  quality  called  "temperament," 
which  it  was  impossible  to  ignore,  his  tact, 
coupled  with  a  firmness  of  discipline  which 
never  relaxed,  and  yet  which  never  became  irk- 
some to  any  man  doing  his  ordinary  everyday 
duty,  enabled  him  to  manage  his  army  of 
civilian  laborers  as  easily  as  he  had  directed 
the  soldiers  of  his  regiment  in  other  days. 
As  soon  as  Colonel  Goethals  took  charge,  he 
made  a  thorough  study  of  the  conditions  be- 
fore him.  As  a  result  he  became  a  strong 
advocate  of  the  lock  canal,  as  against  the 
sea  level  type.  The  reported  sinking,  25  Nov., 
1908,  of  a  portion  of  the  Gatun  dam— the  key 
to  the  lock  level  canal — construction  of  which 
had  begun,  aroused  criticism  from  opponents 
of  this  plan,  although  it  had  been  definitely 
and  officially  approved  by  act  of  Congress. 
President  Roosevelt  also,  in  1906,  had  fav- 
ored a  lock  canal.  Nevertheless  he  now  ap- 
pointed an  advisory  committee  of  engineers, 
consisting  of  Arthur  P.  Davis,  John  R.  Free- 
man, Allen  Hazen,  Isham  Randolph,  James 
Dix  Schuyler,  and  Frederick  P.  Stearns,  to 
decide  whether  the  Gatun  dam  was  feasible 
and  safe,  and  once  more  to  pass  upon  the 
type  of  canal  to  be  built.  Colonel  Goethals 
caused  borings  to  be  made  on  the  site  of  the 
Gatun  dam  under  his  personal  supervision,  and 
the  result  was  that  the  board  were  convinced 
the  lock  type  of  canal  as  projected  was  entirely 
feasible  and  safe.  They  so  reported  to  the 
President,  while  Colonel  Goethals  fearlessly 
asserted  that  the  Gatun  dam,  in  resisting  the 
pressure  of  the  lake,  could  and  would  be  made 
as  safe  as  the  adjoining  hills.  In  his  annual 
report,  submitted  in  1909,  he  fixed  the  cost 
of  the  completed  canal  at  $375,000,000.  The 
number  of  employees  on  the  canal  at  that  time 
was  26,835,  and  on  the  Panama  Railroad, 
6,864.  From  the  beginning  of  the  work  under 
Colonel  Goethals,  he  was  everywhere  along 
the  line  of  the  canal.  His  yellow  motor  car, 
running  on  rails,  carried  him  rapidly  from  one 
part  of  the  work  to  another,  and  he  always 
grasped  the  details  of  any  work  he  inspected, 
on  the  instant.  He  had  no  false  notions 
about   his   position   as   chief   engineer   of   the 


greatest  engineering  work  the  world  had  ever 
seen.  He  realized  full  well  that  a  single 
blunder  on  his  part  might  bring  down  upon 
his  head  the  criticism  of  the  people  of  the 
United  States.  But  he  was  a  soldier,  as  well 
as  a  capable  engineer,  and  he  drove  straight 
ahead,  taking  risks  as  they  came,  with  his 
eye  always  on  the  object  of  the  battle — to 
complete  the  Panama  Canal  in  as  short  a 
time  and  at  as  low  a  cost  as  would  be  con- 
sistent with  perfect  accomplishment.  When 
Colonel  Goethals  had  completed  his  great 
work  he  saw  before  him  a  waterway  that  had 
been  made  in  the  face  of  almost  unbelievable 
difficulties.  He,  with  his  predecessors  and 
associates,  had  removed  mountains,  built  an 
inland  sea,  and  made  the  waters  of  the  canal 
a  connecting  link  uniting  two  oceans.  The 
amount  of  material  handled  in  the  construc- 
tion of  the  Panama  Canal  was  about  260,000,- 
000  cubic  yards.  The  completion  of  Culebra 
Cut  was  delayed  two  years  by  slides  of  earth 
and  stone  which  in  the  total  reached 
32,000,000  cubic  yards.  There  is  a  great  deal 
more  in  the  Panama  Canal  than  a  mere 
forty-mile  waterway,  wide  and  deep  enough 
for  the  passage  of  the  largest  ocean-going 
vessels.  Breakwaters,  fortifications,  Gatun 
Lake — the  largest  artificial  lake  in  the  world 
— where  the  ships  of  the  world  might  congre- 
gate and  ride  in  safety;  three  sets  of  locks, 
also  the  largest  in  the  world;  coal  storage 
basins,  where  hundreds  of  thousands  of  tons  of 
coal  is  stored;  mammoth  machine  shops, 
bakeries,  ice-plants,  docks  and  piers,  all  on 
a  scale  of  magnitude  corresponding  with  the 
size  and  importance  of  the  canal  itself.  There 
were  slides  perpetually,  and  only  constant 
vigilance  and  hard  labor  enabled  man  to  con- 
quer these  freaks  of  nature  at  last.  In  one 
slide  with  which  Colonel  Goethals  had  to  con- 
tend seventy-five  acres  of  the  town  of  Culebra 
broke  loose  and  moved  foot  by  foot  into  the 
canal,  carrying  with  it  large  hotels  and  club 
houses,  besides  many  smaller  structures.  It 
was  a  continual  fight  against  the  slides,  now 
with  dynamite,  again  with  hydraulic  exca- 
vators, and  at  other  times  with  dredges.  More 
than  19,000,000  pounds  of  explosives  were 
used  altogether.  It  was  estimated*  that  slides 
put  the  work  back  more  than  two  years. 
There  was  criticism  in  some  quarters,  but  it 
was  the  one-man  power  of  Colonel  Goethals 
that  built  the  Panama  Canal.  There  were 
about  5,000  Americans  employed  on  the  con- 
struction of  the  canal,  and  it  was  mainly 
through  the  influence  of  Colonel  Goethals  that 
they  enjoyed  the  benefit  of  the  eight-hour  law, 
making  eight  hours  a  recognized  day's  work. 
When  strikes  were  threatened  he  controlled 
the  situation  with  a  firm  hand.  He  told  the 
men  that  it  was  their  privilege  to  quit  work  if 
they  wanted  to  do  so,  but  if  they  did  so  they 
would  under  no  circumstances  be  reemployed. 
How  effectively  his  policy  worked  out  was 
shown  in  1910,  when  some  of  the  boiler- 
makers  struck  because  their  wages  were  not 
advanced  from  $5.20  to  $6.00  a  day.  Their  jobs 
were  taken  by  otlior  nion.  and  there  never  was 
another  strike  among  Americans  on  the  canal. 
What  a  real  intorost  tlic  colonel  took  in  his 
men  was  often  shown.  A  niemorablo  evidence 
of  it  was  in  Culebra  Cut  when  ateani  sliovel 
work    began    to    fall    off    because    of    lack    of 


203 


GOETHALS 


GOETHALS 


elbow-room.  Colonel  Goethals  ordered  that 
the  work  be  changed  to  a  two-shift  basis. 
This  enabled  the  men  who  would  have  been 
dismissed  to  continue  work  for  many  months, 
with  no  disadvantage  to  the  government. 
While  yellow  fever  had  been  pretty  well 
driven  out  of  the  Canal  Zone,  under  the  super- 
vision of  Dr.  William  Crawford  Gorgas,  there 
was  still  a  great  deal  to  be  done  to  keep  the 
rone  in  a  perfect  sanitary  condition  when 
Colonel  Goethals  became  chief  engineer  in 
1907.  Mosquitoes,  which  science  has  shown 
to  be  responsible  for  both  yellow  fever  and 
malaria  in  the  tropics,  had  to  be  fought,  and 
it  was  not  long  before  they  were  practically 
exterminated.  This  was  done  by  spreading 
oil  on  the  surface  of  waters  used  by  the  insect 
as  breeding  places.  A  strict  quarantine  was 
established,  with  stations  at  either  end  of 
the  canal.  Those  quarantine  stations  are  still 
there  under  the  permanent  organization  of 
the  zone.  Every  ship  is  carefully  inspected 
and  passengers  and  crew  examined.  During 
the  building  of  the  canal  the  government  fur- 
nished all  employees  with  free  medicines,  free 
medical  attendance,  and  free  hospital  and 
burial  services.  It  dispensed  about  a  ton  of 
quinine  a  year,  provided  camps  where  la- 
borers who  were  not  ill  enough  to  go  to  the 
hospital  could  rest  and  be  treated,  and  ran 
one  or  two  hospital  cars  on  every  passenger 
train  that  crossed  the  isthmus.  The  value 
and  importance  of  the  medical  care  given 
under  Colonel  Goethals'  supervision  can  be 
estimated  from  the  fact  that  in  1913  there 
were  48,000  patients  in  hospitals,  camps,  and 
quarters.  The  matter  of  feeding  the  army  of 
workers  was,  for  various  reasons — principally 
to  protect  the  men  from  the  rapacity  of  cer- 
tain food  dealers  in  Panama — placed  in  the 
hands  of  the  commissary  organization  of  the 
Panama  Railroad.  During  the  construction 
period  on  the  canal,  the  commissary  did  a 
business  of  $7,000,000  a  year.  The  commis- 
sary bakery  baked  more  than  6,000,000  loaves 
of  bread  a  year,  and  about  200,000  pounds  of 
cake;  its  ice-cream  freezer  made  more  than 
100,000  pounds  of  ice  cream  a  year,  and  its 
egg-testers  passed  more  than  30,000  eggs  a 
day.  One  of  the  first  reforms  Colonel 
Goethals  made  when  he  became  supreme  in 
authority  was  with  regard  to  amusement  for 
the  canal  worker  and  his  dependents.  He 
knew  that  the  most  efficacious  panacea  against 
the  homesickness  which  tormented  so  many 
of  the  Americans  was  to  provide  rational  and 
wholesome  recreation  for  them  after  working 
hours.  Several  Y.  M.  C.  A.  buildings  had 
been  erected  which  were  intended  to  serve  as 
clubhouses  for  the  men.  But  the  plan  had 
not  been  developed.  So  Colonel  Goethals 
caused  new  buildings  to  be  added  at  several 
places  and  a  liberal  policy  adopted  that 
brought  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.  largely  into  the 
everyday  lives  of  both  men  and  women  in  the 
Canal  Zone.  The  clubhouses  were  the  ren- 
dezvous of  nearly  all  the  organizations  of 
Americans.  Their  spacious  rooms  were  given 
over  to  a  meeting  of  the  woman's  club,  or 
devoted  to  a  dance  or  a  concert,  or  became 
the  scene  of  amateur,  or  even  professional, 
theatricals.  The  people  liked  the  liberalized 
Y.  M.  C.  A.  idea,  and  one  of  the  first  evidences 
of     its     usefulness    was     the     falling    off     of 


liquor  sales.  Baseball  made  its  usual  strong 
appeal  to  the  Americans  at  Panama.  Colonel 
Goethals — an  ardent  lover  of  the  "  national 
game " — with  the  commission,  encouraged 
ball-playing  in  every  way,  furnishing  grounds, 
special  trains,  and  opportunities  for  practice, 
and  many  big  games  between  isthmian  ball 
teams  were  hotly  contested  and  largely  at- 
tended. Like  the  average  American  officers, 
in  either  the  army  or  navy,  he  enjoys  rational 
amusement,  especially  with  music,  and  is  as 
much  at  his  ease  in  a  ballroom  as  on  a  re- 
viewing ground  or  battlefield.  An  important 
element  in  the  Panama  Canal,,  and  in  which 
Colonel  Goethals  as  an  engineer  took  the 
greatest  interest,  are  the  three  great  sets  of 
locks  by  which  ships  are  lifted  up  from  the 
sea  to  Gatun  Lake  and  back  down  to  the  sea 
again  after  a  thirty-seven-mile  sail  through 
fresh  water.  The  total  cost  of  the  Panama 
Canal  locks  approximates  $60,000,000.  With 
their  approach  walls,  their  aggregate  length 
is  nearly  two  miles.  There  are  three  steps  on 
each  side  of  the  isthmus,  by  which  ships  are 
lifted  up  85  feet  on  the  one  side  and  let 
down  85  feet  on  the  other.  Each  of  these 
steps  has  two  lock  chambers,  making  par- 
allel shipways  through  the  locks.  The  side 
walls  vary  from  45  to  50  feet  wide  at  the 
floor  of  the  locks,  and  at  a  point  24  1-3  feet 
above  the  floor  they  begin  to  step  in  six-foot 
steps  until  they  are  eight  feet  wide  at  the 
top.  The  total  width  of  the  locks  between  the 
two  side  walls  is  280  feet.  In  the  middle  of 
the  locks  and  running  parallel  with  the  side 
walls,  is  a  center  wall,  which  divides  the  locks 
into  two  chambers.  This  wall  is  60  feet  wide 
all  the  way  up.  At  a  point  421/2  feet  above 
the  floor  of  the  lock  the  solid  construction 
ceases,  and  a  U-shaped  opening  runs  the 
entire  length  of  the  wall.  This  serves  to  pro- 
vide three  long  tunnels  the  full  length  of  the 
center  wall,  one  above  the  other.  The  lowest 
of  these  tunnels  is  used  for  drainage,  the 
middle  one  for  the  electric  cable  conduits,  and 
the  upper  one  as  a  passageway  from  one  piece 
of  operating  machinery  to  another.  Three 
large  culverts,  18  feet  in  diameter,  carry  the 
water  from  the  lake  into  the  several  locks. 
The  passage  of  water  is  controlled  by  a  large 
number  of  valves.  The  steel  gates  operating 
the  several  chambers  of  a  flight  of  locks  are 
7  feet  thick,  and  range  in  height  from  47  to 
82  feet.  There  are  two  leaves  to  each  gate, 
each  leaf  65  feet  wide.  The  weight  of  the 
leaves  varies  from  390  to  730  tons.  The 
lock  gate  hinges  weigh  36,752  pounds  each, 
and  are  made  to  stand  a  strain  of  40,000 
pounds  before  stretching,  or  70,000  pounds 
before  breaking.  Under  an  actual  test  they 
did  not  break  until  a  strain  of  3,300,000 
pounds  had  been  put  upon  them.  Colonel 
Goethals'  extensive  experience  with  locks  had 
taught  him  that,  notwithstanding  their  enor- 
mous strength,  they  are  vulnerable  at  certain 
points  unless  the  engineers  are  almost  abnor- 
mally vigilant.  The  Panama  Canal  locks  are 
safe  so  far  as  human  foresight  and  ingenuity 
can  make  them  so.  There  are  more  safe- 
guards around  them  than  is  the  case  with  any 
other  locks  in  the  world.  Twenty-four  pon- 
derous fender  chains  are  swung  across  the 
locks  before  each  gate.  Each  chain  has  links 
of   three-inch   iron,   and  will   stop   within  70 


294 


GOETHALS 


BELASCO 


feet  a  10,000-ton  ship  moving  at  the  rate  of 
five  knots  an  hour.  Another  precaution  is 
that  no  ship  is  allowed  to  pass  through  the 
locks  under  its  own  power.  It  has  been  dem- 
onstrated that  the  majority  of  accidents  in 
the  operation  of  locks  are  caused  in  this  way. 
All  vessels  in  the  Panama  Canal  locks  are 
taken  through  by  electric  towing  engines  on 
shore.  Safety  gates  set  seventy  feet  from  the 
operating  gates  do  their  part  in  protecting 
the  locks.  Should  a  ship  approaching  the 
locks  by  any  chance  break  the  big  fender 
chain,  it  would  ram  the  safety  gates,  instead 
of  coming  into  collision  with,  and  perhaps 
seriously  injuring,  the  operating  gates.  In 
building  the  locks,  spillways,  and  dams  of  the 
Panama  Canal  upward  of  five  million  barrels 
of  concrete  was  used — enough  to  build  a  row 
of  houses  from  Chicago  to  St.  Louis.  The 
importance  of  military  protection  for  the 
canal  was  recognized  as  soon  as  Colonel 
Goethals  had  brought  the  great  work  within 
even  a  distant  view  of  completion.  There  are 
extensive  fortifications  at  both  the  Atlantic 
and  Pacific  outlets  of  the  canal.  At  the  At- 
lantic side  two  great  breakwaters  have  nar- 
rowed the  entrance  to  the  canal,  and  any 
hostile  ship  which  might  try  to  enter  would  be 
under  the  guns  of  Margarita  Island  on  one 
side  and  those  of  Toro  Point  on  the  other. 
No  ship  could  live  under  the  terrific  fire  of 
the  powerful  land  batteries  and  immense  mor- 
tars which  now  guard  the  entrance.  At  the 
Pacific  end  all  the  defenses  are  on  the  east 
side  of  the  channel.  Several  islands  in 
Panama  Bay  rise  precipitously  out  of  the  sea, 
affording  excellent  sites  for  heavy  armament. 
They  have  been  connected  with  the  mainland 
by  a  breakwater  from  Balboa  to  Naos  Island, 
which  in  its  turn  is  connected  with  the  islands 
of  Perico  and  Flamenco  by  stone  causeways. 
The  heaviest  armament  at  each  end  of  the 
canal  consists  of  a  sixteen-inch  gun.  These 
are  the  largest  weapons  in  possession  of  the 
United  States  if  not  the  largest  in  the  world. 
Each  gun  is  50  feet  long  and  weighs  284,000 
pounds.  It  hurls  a  projectile  6  feet  long, 
which  weighs  2,400  pounds  and  contains  140 
pounds  of  high  explosive.  The  secondary  de- 
fenses at  each  end  of  the  canal  consist  of  six 
14-inch  guns,  six  6-inch  guns,  sixteen  12-inch 
mortars,  and'  eight  4  7-10-inch  howitzers.  The 
mortars  have  a  range  of  more  than  eleven 
miles.  Surprise  attacks  are  guarded  against 
by  fourteen  searchlights,  each  with  a  sixty- 
inch  reflector,  capable  of  sweeping  the  entire 
horizon.  They  are  operated  from  electric 
plants  independent  of  the  main  plants  at 
Gatun  and  Miraflores.  A  supply  of  more 
than  $2,000,000  worth  of  ammunition  is  kept 
on  the  isthmus  at  all  times.  In  carrying  out 
the  law  providing  for  the  permanent  govern- 
ment of  the  Panama  Canal,  President  Wilson, 
on  24  Jan.,  1914,  nominated  Colonel  Goethals 
governor  of  the  Canal  Zone.  He  was  confirmed 
1  Feb.,  1914,  and  the  new  government  went 
into  operation  1  April.  Colonel  Goethals  had 
urged  that  the  change  from  the  construction 
government  to  the  operative  government 
should  be  made  in  such  a  way  as  to  cause  the 
least  possible  friction.  That  is  to  say,  that 
the  change  should  be  an  evolution,  and  that 
persons  who  had  "  made  good "  during  the 
construction  work  should  be  preferred  in  fill- 


ing positions  under  the  new  regime.  He  car- 
ried out  this  policy  conscientiously.  In  su- 
preme control,  subject  only  to  the  supervision 
of  the  Secretary  of  War,  Colonel  Goethals 
worked  hard  on  the  task  of  reorganization. 
In  accordance  with  his  recommendations,  a 
department  of  operation  and  maintenance, 
having  charge  of  the  completion  of  the  canal 
and  its  operation,  was  appointed.  Other  de- 
partments were  provided  for,  including  the 
important  health  department,  which  succeeded 
the  department  of  sanitation.  It  took  over 
the  operation  of  the  quarantine  service,  the 
sanitary  control  of  the  zone,  the  sanitary 
relations  between  the  United  States  and  the 
cities  of  Panama  and  Colon  under  the  treaty, 
and  the  operation  of  hospitals  and  charitable 
institutions.  Later  executive  orders  from 
President  Wilson  established  a  Washington 
ofiice,  laid  down  the  plan  for  the  organization 
of  the  new  judiciary,  provided  rules  for  the 
collection  of  tolls,  and  the  operation  of 
terminal  facilities,  etc.  By  1  Jan.,  1915,  af- 
fairs had  been  placed  on  a  permanent  basis; 
the  new  judiciary  system  was  in  operation, 
and  Colonel  Goethals  had  begun  the  tactful 
and  able  administration  which  up  to  the  time 
the  canal  was  finished  and  afterward  won  the 
admiration  of  the  world.  On  4  March,  1915, 
Colonel  Goethals  was  nominated  by  the  Presi- 
dent a  major-general.  His  aides,  Brigadier- 
General  Gorgas,  Col.  Henry  F.  Hodges,  Lieut. - 
Col.  William  L.  Sibert,  and  Civil  Engineer 
Harvey  H.  Rousseau,  were  all  promoted  at 
the  same  time.  The  nominations  were  all 
confirmed  by  the  Senate  the  day  they  were 
received,  an  unusual  honor.  Colonel  Goethals 
resigned  the  governorship  of  the  Canal  Zone 
in  January,  1917.  In  building  this  canal  he 
had  accomplished  the  greatest  construction 
and  engineering  feat  in  the  history  of  the 
world.  Both  in  that  and  in  the  operation  of 
the  canal  after  it  was  opened,  as  well  as  in  the 
administration  of  the  government  of  the  zone, 
he  showed  an  executive  genius  that  alone  en- 
abled him  to  carry  to  a  successful  outcome  the 
tremendously  responsible  task  entrusted  to 
him — a  task  more  onerous  and  many-sided 
than  ever  before  was  placed  on  the  shoulders 
of  one  man  since  records  have  been  kept  of 
human  achievement.  Colonel  Goethals  mar- 
ried in  1884  Effie  Rodman,  and  they  have  two 
sons,  George  R.,  a  second  lieutenant  of  en- 
gineers, and  Thomas  R.  Goethals. 

BELASCO,  David,  playwright  and  theatri- 
cal manager,  b.  in  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  25 
July,  1858,  son  of  Humphrey  and  Rena  (Mar- 
tin) Belasco,  of  English  origin.  He  was  grad- 
uated at  Lincoln  College  (California)  in  1875, 
and  even  in  childhood  evinced  a  marked  lean- 
ing to  dramatic  literature.  At  the  age  of 
fourteen  he  produced  in  a  music  hall  in  San 
Francisco  an  original  play  in  seven  acts,  en- 
titled "Jim  Black;  or  the  Regulator's  Re- 
venge," in  which  he  himself  played  the  title 
r(Me,  and  hired  genuine  ruffians  as  **  sujiors  " 
to  add  local  color.  His  actual  career  bcfxan 
very  humbly — as  call  boy  at  Baldwin's  theater 
in  San  Francisco  He  rose  rapidly  and  mak- 
ing known  his  genius  in  that  direction,  was 
made  stage  manager  at  the  age  of  nineteen. 
Simultaneously  he  filled  simihir  position.s  at 
two  other  theaters  and  so  came  in  contact  with 
many  actors  and  actresses  destined  to  become 


»95 


BELASCO 


PINDELL 


stars  later  on.  His  reputation  spread  rapidly, 
and  when,  in  1880,  he  shifted  the  scene  of  his 
activities  to  New  York,  the  foundations  of 
bis  fame  were  already  laid  The  Mallory 
brothers  at  once  engaged  him  to  manage  their 
productions  at  the  Madison  Square  Theater. 
Meantime  he  had  continued  playwriting. 
"  La  Belle  Russe,"  *'  Valerie,"  and  "  Hearts  of 
Oak  "  had  long  runs,  and  showed  that  a  new 
factor  had  entered  the  American  dramatic 
field.  In  1884  appeared  his  "  May  Blossom," 
a  cometly,  whose  dainty  and  irresistible  charm 
complete'ly  captured  the  audiences  and  which 
added  much  to  the  fame  of  the  Madison  Square 
Theater,  then  particularly  known  for  that  kind 
of  productions.  The  Mallory  brothers  in- 
trusted liim  with  their  Lyceum  Theater  produc- 
tions. A  number  of  plays,  written  in  collabo- 
ration with  Henry  C.  de  Mille,  including  "  The 
Wife,"  "The  Charity  Ball,"  and  "Lord 
Chumley"  (which  first  brought  E.  H.  Sothern 
into  general  notice ) ,  further  added  to  his 
laurels.  Then  came  "  Men  and  Women,"  pro- 
duced by  Charles  Frohman  at  Proctor's 
Twenty-third  Street  Theater;  "The  Girl  I  Left 
Behind  Me  "  ( in  collaboration  with  Franklin 
Fyles),  produced  at  the  Empire,  and  "The 
Heart  of  Maryland"  (1895),  in  which  he 
brought  forward  Mrs.  Leslie  Carter,  a  prot^g^ 
of  his.  His  d^but  as  an  independent  manager 
was  made  with  Francis  Powers'  "  The  First 
Born,"  a  most  successful  venture.  His  own 
"  Zaza,"  with  Leslie  Carter  as  star,  came  next; 
then  (1899)  "Naughty  Anthony,"  a  farcical 
comedy,  "  Madam  Butterfly,"  a  dramatized 
version  of  John  Luther  Long's  Japanese  story, 
and  "Madame  Du  Barry"  (1901),  one  of  his 
greatest  successes,  produced  at  the  New  Na- 
tional Theater,  Washington,  D.  C,  and  the 
Criterion  (New  York).  Meantime,  in  1900, 
his  two  latest  plays  were  given  in  London.  In 
1902  he  opened  the  Belasco  Theater  in  Forty- 
second  Street,  New  York  (now  the  Republic), 
with  "  The  Darling  of  the  Gods,"  another 
Japanese  subject  on  which  the  author  of  the 
first  collaborated  with  Mr.  Belasco,  as  he  did 
also  in  "  Adrea,"  a  classic  tragedy  brought  out 
in  1905.  Before  the  last-named  appeared 
"Sweet  Kitty  Bella irs"  (from  Egerton  Cas- 
tle's novel),  "The  Bath  Comedy,"  and  "The 
Music  Master,"  in  which  David  Warfield  made 
his  great  success  as  a  character  actor.  "  The 
Girl  of  the  Golden  West,"  a  romance  of  Cali- 
fornia gold-mining  days,  which  later  was  used 
for  an  opera  by  Giacomo  Puccini,  first  ap- 
peared as  a  drama  in  1905,  with  Blanche 
Bates,  and  "  The  Rose  of  the  Rancho,"  on  a 
similar  subject,  in  1906.  Another  theater, 
the  Stuyvesant,  one  of  the  most  beautiful  of 
New  York's  "  intimate  "  playhouses,  was  built 
by  Mr.  Belasco  in  1907,  the  opening  produc- 
tion being  "  The  Grand  Army  Man,"  with 
David  Warfield.  The  theater's  name  was  later 
changed  to  the  Belasco,  As  a  "  discoverer " 
of  playwrights  no  less  than  actors  Mr.  Belasco 
has  been  uncommonly  successful.  This  is  no 
doubt  due  in  some  measure  to  the  fact  that  he 
is  himself  both  playwright  and  actor — for 
early  in  his  career  he  appeared  in  youthful 
parts  in  "  Metamora,"  with  Edwin  Forrest, 
and  "  Pizarro,"  with  Charles  Keene,  and 
juvenile  parts  with  Booth  and  other  stars. 
His  keen  judgment  of  the  qualities  of  success 
in  both  departments  is  thus  explained.     "  The 


Easiest  Way,"  by  Eugene  Walter,  a  hitherto 
unknown  writer,  which  he  brought  forward 
with  Frances  Starr  in  the  leading  rOle,  is  a 
case  in  point.  It  proved  to  be  one  of  the  most 
significant  plays  illustrating  a  i)ha8e  of  metro- 
politan life  ever  produced  in  America.  "  The 
Lily"  (1909),  a  problem  play  by  himself; 
"The  Concert"  (1910),  "Nobody's  Widow" 
(1910),  "The  Return  of  Peter  Grimm" 
(1910),  "The  Woman"  (1910),  "The  Case  of 
Becky"  (1911),  "The  Governor's  Lady" 
(1911),  "Years  of  Discretion"  (1912),  "A 
Good  Little  Devil  "  (1912),  "  The  Auctioneer  " 
(1913),  "The  Temperamental  Journey" 
(1913),  "The  Secret"  (1913),  "The  Phantom 
Rival"  (1914),  "  Marie-Odille "  (1915),  and 
"The  Boomerang"  (1915)  are  among  Mr. 
Belasco's  noted  productions.  The  tutoring  of 
actors  has  been  a  feature  of  his  career,  and  he 
at  one  time  offered  to  develop  any  young  man 
who  should  prove  to  have  the  necessary  talent 
for  the  profession.  He  is  a  real  power,  and  in 
this  day  of  syndicates  and  combinations  he  is 
almost  the  only  one  who  has  maintained  his  in- 
dependence and  has  followed  his  artistic  ideals 
without  interference. 

PINDELL,    Henry    Means,    journalist    and 
publicist,  b.  in  St.  Joseph,  Miss.,  23  Dec,  1860, 
son    of   James    Morrison    and    Elizabeth    Pin- 
dell.     He   is  descended   from  a  distinguished 
Maryland  family:  his  father  was  born  in  Lex- 
ington, Ky.,  and  his  mother  in  Memphis,  Tenn. 
His    great-grandfather.    Dr.    Richard    Pindell, 
served  on  the  staff  of  George  Washington  in 
the    Revolution,    and    dressed    the    wounds    of 
Lafayette,   when  the   French  patriot   was   in- 
jured in  the  battle  of  Brandywine.     Twenty 
years  later,  when  Lafayette  revisited  America, 
he  was  entertained  in  Lexington,  Ky.,  at  the 
home  of  Maj.  Thomas  H.  Pindell,  the  doctor's 
son.     James  Morrison  Pindell  was  a  cousin  of 
Senator  Thomas  Hart  Benton,  of  Missouri,  and 
became  a  devoted  friend  of  Henry  Clay,  who 
was  his  guardian,  and  with  whom  he  was  in- 
timately associated  during  Clay's  political  ca- 
reer.     Dr.    Richard    Pindell    was    one    of    the 
original   members  of  the   Society  of   the   Cin- 
cinnati, and  one  of  the  most  distinguished  sur- 
geons of  his  time.    He  entered  the  Continental 
army  from  Anne  Arundel  County,  Md.,  in  the 
spring  of  1777,  and  served  as  a  surgeon  of  the 
Fourth  Maryland  Continental  troops  until   15 
Nov.,    1783.     He   died    in   Lexington,   Ky,,   20 
March,   1833,  leaving  three  children — Thomas 
H.  Pindell,  Elizabeth  Ross,  and  Mary  Pindell, 
wife  of  James  Shelby.     Dr.  Pindell's  wife  was 
Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Col.  Thomas  Hart,  who 
fought  at  Longmeadows  in  1789,  and  sister  of 
Lucretia    Hart,    who    married    Henry    Clay. 
Another    sister    married    James    Benton,    and 
was  the  mother  of   Senator  Thomas  H.   Ben- 
ton.     Colonel   Hart   resided   at   Hartford,    his 
county  seat,   in   Orange   County,  N.   C,   until 
1780,   when   he   removed   to   Hagerstown,   Md., 
and  engaged  in  business  with  Col.  Nathaniel 
Rochester,   founder   of   the   city   of   Rochester. 
In    1794    he    moved    to    Lexington,    Ky.      His 
daughter,  Nancy,  married  James  Brown,  who 
was  a  United  States  Senator  from  Louisiana 
and  minister  to  France  under  two  administra- 
tions.    Several  branches  of  the  Pindell  family 
are   established    in   the   South,   the   subject   of 
this  sketch  being  a  relative  of  the  late  Gover- 
nor Means  of  South  Carolina.    The  founder  of 


296 


4^.     ■  .,■'.  .^ 


<M 


ii  0 


<t  f 


PINDELL 


PINDELL 


the  family  in  America  was  Thomas  Pindell, 
who,  upon  his  arrival  from  England,  settled 
in  Prince  Georges  County,  Md.,  between  1680 
and  1705.  That  he  did  not  come  before  the 
former  date  is  evidenced  by  the  fact  his  name 
does  not  appear  in  the  lists  of  "  Early  Mary- 
land Settlers,  1653-80,"  a  compilation  of  many 
volumes,  preserved  in  the  Land  Record  office, 
Annapolis;  and  that  he  was  in  Maryland  prior 
to  1705  is  evidenced  by  a  deed  on  file  at 
Upper  Marlborough,  county  seat  of  Prince 
Georges  County.  In  this  record  is  shown  the 
sale  of  a  piece  of  property  called  "  Essing- 
ton "  by  Thomas  Larkin  and  his  wife  to 
Thomas  Pindell  and  Jonathan  Simmons,  of 
Prince  Georges  County,  "  planters,"  dated  29 
March,  1705.  The  children  of  Thomas  Pindell 
and  his  wife,  Mary,  were  Jane  Gladstone, 
Philip,  Mary,  Abraham,  Rachel  and  Isaac. 
It  is  not  unlikely  that  Thomas  Pindell  had 
another  son,  for  in  1710  one  Philemon  Pin- 
dell is  found  witnessing  a  will  in  Anne  Arun- 
del County,  but  his  name  never  appears  again 
in  any  of  the  known  records,  and  he  probably 
died  before  his  father's  will  was  written. 
Thomas  Pindell,  eldest  son  of  the  first  Thomas, 
lived,  as  did  his  father,  in  Prince  Georges 
County,  which  always  has  been  considered  one 
of  the  most  interesting  and  aristocratic  sec- 
tions of  Maryland.  It  was  formed  in  1698 
from  Charles  County,  which  was  settled  al- 
most entirely  by  emigrants  of  old  English 
lineage.  Many  names  which  have  been  lumi- 
nous in  the  pages  of  Maryland's  history  are 
associated  with  one  or  other  of  these  two 
counties.  Foremost  among  them  are :  Wheeler, 
Edmundson,  Greene,  Pindell,  Sprigg,  Belt  and 
Beall,  the  three  last  names  being  closely  asso- 
ciated with  that  of  Pindell.  Philip,  the  second 
son  of  the  first  Thomas,  removed  to  Anne 
Arundel  County  and  married  Elizabeth  Hol- 
land, of  good  old  Maryland  stock,  and  had  a 
numerous  family.  One  of  his  sons,  John,  set- 
tled in  Baltimore,  and  married  twice,  one  of 
his  wives  being  Eleanor  Gill.  The  second 
Thomas  Pindell  died  in  1734,  leaving  six  chil- 
dren: Edward,  Jacob,  Richard,  Thomas,  Philip 
and  Rachel.  His  son,  the  third  Thomas  Pin- 
dell, who  also  lived  in  Prince  Georges  County, 
married  Mary  (Belt)  Sprigg,  widow  of 
Col.  Edward  Sprigg  and  daughter  of  Col. 
Joseph  Belt,  presiding  justice  of  Prince 
Georges  County  (1726-28),  and  representative 
in  the  general  assembly  (1727-37),  and  by 
her  had  two  children — ^Dr.  Richard  Pindell,  to 
whom  reference  has  been  made,  and  a  daugh- 
ter, Mary.  Five  Pindells  served  in  the  War 
of  the  Revolution:  John  "  Pendall,"  served 
three  years;  Nicholas  Pindle  or  Pindell,  of  the 
First  Maryland  Regiment,  served  six  months 
and  died;  Philip  Pindell,  Captain  Bowie's 
.  muster-roll;  Philip  Pindell,  Sixth  Maryland, 
;  and  Dr.  Richard  Pindell.  Gassaway  Pindell, 
a  grandson  of  Thomas  I.,  when  sixteen  years 
of  age,  was  made  a  prisoner  of  war  and  taken 
to  England  in  1780.  There  he  was  confined  in 
the  famous  old  Mill  Prison.  The  late  Senator 
Henry  G.  Davis,  of  West  Virginia,  was  directly 
descended  from  the  Gassaways.  In  1746 
Thomas  and  Jacob,  sons  of  the  second  Thomas, 
joined  in  the  expedition  against  Canada.  In 
the  War  of  1812  the  Pindells  also  served  with 
distinction.  Richard  Pindell  was  a  sergeant 
in  Captain  Pinkney's  artillery,  Twenty-second 


Regiment;  John  Pindell  was  a  private  in  Cap- 
tain Shrim's  company.  Forty-sixth  Regiment; 
another  John  Pindell  was  a  private  in  Cap- 
tain Peter's  company.  Third  Cavalry  Regi- 
ment, and  Richard  Pindell  was  ensign  in  Cap- 
tain Yates'  company,  Sixth  Regiment.  Henry 
Means  Pindell,  the  subject  of  this  article,  was 
graduated,  in  1884,  at  De  Pauw  University, 
Greencastle,  Ind,,  and  entered  journalism,  a 
profession  which  he  has  followed  ever  since. 
His  first  post,  assumed  immediately  after 
graduation,  was  that  of  city  editor  of  the 
Wabash  (Ind.)  "Times."  Next  he  joined  the 
editorial  force  of  the  Chicago  "  Tribune," 
which  offered  him  a  wider  field,  and  gave  him 
valuable  newspaper  connections  in  Illinois. 
From  Chicago  Mr.  Pindell  went  to  the  State 
capital  at  Springfield  to  accept  service  as  city 
editor  of  the  "  Illinois  State  Register,"  which 
then,  as  now,  was  one  of  the  leading  news- 
papers of  Central  Illinois.  While  in  Spring- 
field, Mr.  Pindell  was  elected  city  treasurer, 
serving  from  1887  until  1889,  and  being  asso- 
ciated with  Charles  E.  Hay,  a  brother  of  the 
late  John  Hay,  Secretary  of  State  under 
President  McKinley.  He  removed  to  Peoria 
in  1889,  and  founded  the  Peoria  "Herald." 
Soon  thereafter  he  purchased  the  Peoria 
"  Transcript,"  and  the  Peoria  "  Times,"  dispos- 
ing of  the  latter  property  to  the  proprietor  of 
the  Peoria  "Journal."  Mr.  Pindell  consoli- 
dated the  "  Herald  "  and  "  Transcript  "  under 
the  title  "  Herald-Transcrip't,"  and  on  13 
July,  1902,  purchased  the  Peoria  "Journal." 
In  October  of  the  same  year,  he  sold  the 
"  Herald-Transcript "  to  a  group  of  business 
men.  Under  his  management,  the  Peoria 
"  Journal,"  an  afternoon  newspaper,  soon  re- 
acted to  his  energetic  and  progressive  man- 
agement and  became  the  leading  newspaper  in 
the  State  outside  of  Chicago.  On  21  July, 
1916,  Mr.  Pindell  purchased  the  Peoria 
"  Transcript,"  which,  in  the  meantime,  had 
changed  its  title  from  "  Herald-Transcript  "  to 
"  Transcript,"  and  he  is  now  operating  the 
"  Journal  "  and  the  morning  "  Transcript  " 
under  one  roof.  These  properties  represent  the 
strongest  and  most  influential  newspaper  com- 
bination in  the  State  outside  of  Chicago,  cov- 
ering both  the  evening  and  morning  field  and 
holding  exclusive  Associated  Press  franchises 
for  Peoria.  As  editor,  publisher,  and  owner 
of  the  "Journal"  and  "Transcript,"  Mr  Pin- 
dell has  become  the  dominant  political  leader 
of  Central  Illinois.  In  1912  he  took  the  lead 
in  his  State  in  the  campaign  for  Woodrow 
Wilson,  and  the  Sixteenth  (Peoria)  Congres- 
sional District  was  the  only  district  in  the 
State  which  was  carried  in  the  presidential 
primary  for  Mr.  Wilson.  Mr.  Pindell's  rela- 
tions with  President  Wilson  have  been  most 
intimate  and  cordial,  and  the  presidential  cam- 
paign of  1916  found  him  even  more  zealous  in 
his  advocacy  of  the  president's  ]iolicios.  In 
January,  1914,  Mr.  Pindell  was  nominated  for 
ambassador  to  Russia,  but  ho  resigned  soon 
after  the  Senate  had  confirmed  fhe  nomination. 
Upon  receipt  of  his  resignation,  President 
Wilson  wrote  the  following: 

"My  dear  Mr.  Pindell:  Your  letter  does 
great  credit  to  your  delicate  sense  of  propriety 
and  served  to  increase,  if  that  were  possible, 
my  admiration  for  you  and  my  confidence  in 
your  eminent  fitness  for  the  mission  which  you 


297 


PINDELL 


CRAIGHEAD 


now  decline.  I  can  but  yield  to  your  judgment 
in  the  matter;  because  it  is  clear  to  me  that, 
feeling  as  you  do,  whether  you  are  fully  justi- 
fied in  that  feeling  or  not,  you  would  not  be 
comfortable  or  happy  in  the  post.  I,  there- 
fore, cannot  insist.  You  will  allow  me,  how- 
ever, to  express  my  deep  regret.  1  know  your 
quality  so  well,  and  was  so  anxious  to  see  you 
at  St.  Petersburg,  that  I  feel  a  keen  disap- 
pointment. It  is  only  a  very  imperfect  con- 
solation that  I  may  now  again  express  my  un- 
qualified confidence  in  your  ability,  your  char- 
acter, your  discretion,  and  your  entire  suit- 
ability for  such  a  post. 

Cordially  and   sincerely  yours, 

WooDKOw  Wilson." 
In  explaining  Mr.  Pindell's  appointment,  the 
then  Secretary  of  State,  Mr.  Bryan,  said: 
"  The  ambassadorship  to  Russia  is  vacant,  and 
the  President  has  for  some  time  been  desirous 
of  filling  it  by  an  appointment  which  would 
be  entirely  worthy  of  the  great  dignity  and 
importance  of  the  post.  Knowing  Mr.  Pindell 
personally,  his  character,  his  ability,  and  his 
exceptional  fitness  for  the  duties  of  such  a 
place,  he  oflfered  him  an  appointment.  Mr. 
Pindell  did  not  seek  the  appointment.  It  vv^as 
tendered  to  him  not  only  without  any  solicita- 
tion on  his  part,  but  without  any  knowledge 
or  anticipation  on  his  part  that  it  would  be 
offered  to  him."  As  a  publisher,  Mr.  Pindell 
has  stood  resolutely  for  non-partisanship  in 
local  government,  and  was  a  progressive  long 
before  the  term  was  coined.  He  has  been  a 
consistent  champion  of  sound  money,  and  was 
largely  instrumental  in  forcing  the  repeal  of 
the  notorious  "  Allen "  and  "  Humphrey " 
street  railway  acts  which  gave  cities  of  the 
State  authority  to  grant  fifty-year  franchises 
on  a  five-cent  fare  basis.  Mr.  Pindell  was  also 
a  pioneer  in  the  "  commission  form  "  of  gov- 
ernment for  cities  in  his  home  State  and 
drafted  the  bill  which  placed  a  score  of  Illi- 
nois cities  upon  a  non-partisan  basis.  "  Mr. 
Pindell  was  one  of  the  organizers,  and  for  two 
years  was  president  of  the  Illinois  Daily  News- 
paper Publishers'  Association;  has  been  a 
member  of  the  Advisory  Board  of  the  Western 
Division  of  the  Associated  Press,  and  of  all 
the  leading  clubs  of  Peoria,  and  is  keenly  in- 
terested in  all  the  commercial  and  welfare 
movements  of  his  city,  to  the  development  of 
which  he  has  contributed  liberally  of  his 
genius  and  energy.  Mr.  Pindell  owes  much  of 
his  influence  to  an  equable  temperament  and 
a  quiet  urbanity  which  is  equally  at  home  in 
London,  Paris,  New  York,  Chicago,  or  Peoria. 
His  success  in  journalism  may  be  attributed 
in  large  part  to  a  stubborn  belief  in  the  ulti- 
mate triumph  of  decency  in  all  controversies 
affecting  local  government.  The  pressure  of 
his  circulation  departments  never  is  permitted 
to  push  him  across  the  line  he  has  circum- 
scribed about  his  ideal  of  wholesome  living, 
fair  play  and  man-to-man  justice.  For 
twenty-seven  years,  Mr.  Pindell  has  owned 
and  managed  newspapers  in  the  second  city 
of  Illinois.  In  that  time  he  has  been  viru- 
lently assailed  by  competitors,  and  although 
the  temptation  to  retaliate  in  kind  has  been 
maddening,  he  has  held  to  his  course  through 
good  report  and  evil  report,  finally  to  achieve 
eminence,  not  only  in  the  zone  of  his  imme- 
diate  influence,   but   in   State  and  nation  as 


298 


well.  Peoria  is  the  center  of  the  greatest  di8« 
tilling  district  in  the  world.  It  also  is  the 
former  home  of  Robert  G.  Ingersoll.  For 
years,  this  city,  now  emerging  from  provin- 
cialism, has  inherited  the  odium  which  at- 
taches to  the  liquor  business  and  the  preju- 
dice which  in  the  early  day  prevailed 
against  the  great  agnostic  whose  fame  was 
nation-wide.  In  this  field,  Mr.  Pindell,  with 
the  aid  of  his  newspapers,  developed  a  morale 
which  not  only  gave  progressive  Peorians  a 
rallying  point  at  home,  but  which  increased 
the  respect  and  esteem  in  which  the  city  was 
held  abroad.  Incidentally,  Mr.  Pindell's  poli- 
cies returned  to  him  a  measure  of  material 
prosperity  and  prestige  answerable  to  his  ef- 
forts. Although  a  progressive,  Mr.  Pindell  is 
in  no  sense  a  "crank"  His  conception  of  a 
newspaper  is  that  it  should  be  an  institution 
rather  than  an  organ  or  counting-house.  Yel- 
low journalism  is  distasteful  to  him,  yet  he  is 
intolerant  of  exploitation  of  the  people  by 
public  service  or  other  corporations,  and  does 
not  hesitate  to  hew  to  the  line  when  private 
greed  clashes  with  the  public  interest.  Opti- 
mism is  the  dominant  note  in  all  his  policies, 
and  it  is  a  pleasure  for  him  to  resolve  a 
doubt  in  favor  of  a  worthy  motive.  Mr.  Pin- 
dell's regard  for  President  Wilson  has  been 
almost  Platonic.  He  was  the  original  Wilson 
man  in  Illinois,  and  the  circumstance  that  the 
President  reciprocated  his  friendship  and 
recognized  his  ability  is  evidenced  by  his  nom- 
ination of  the  Peorian  for  ambassador  to 
Russia  in  1914.  It  was  the  greatest  national 
honor  ever  conferred  upon  a  citizen  of  Central 
Illinois.  A  Peoria  newspaper,  which  bitterly 
opposed  him,  professionally  and  politically, 
filled  the  channels  of  publicity  with  derogatory 
matter  which  was  eagerly  printed  by  Eastern 
newspapers,  but  he  kept  up  the  fight  until 
his  nomination  was  confirmed  by  the  U.  S. 
Senate,  and  his  right  to  represent  this  gov- 
ernment in  the  most  exacting  court  in  Europe 
had  been  won.  Mr.  Pindell  resigned,  how- 
ever, before  accepting  service.  The  controversy 
over  the  Russian  post  developed  evidences  of 
cordiality  on  the  part  of  the  progressive  press 
which  confirmed  the  high  opinion  in  which  he 
was  held  by  editors  and  publishers  who  had 
followed  with  interest  his  battle  for  better 
things  in  Peoria,  and  his  consistent  sanity  in 
the  treatment  of  national  and  State  issues. 
As  journalist,  publicist,  and  promoter  of  non- 
partisan and  clean  government,  Mr.  Pindell 
has  wrought  notably  in  his  field.  He  accepts 
defeat  with  equanimity  and  success  with  mod- 
eration, and  the  last  as  well  as  the  first  im- 
pression of  him  is  that  he  is  a  gentleman 
more  interested  in  results  than  in  methods. 
Mr.  Pindell  married  29  Oct.,  1890,  Eliza 
Adelia,  daughter  of  Hon.  D.  W.  Smith,  of 
Springfield,  111.,  a  pioneer  of  the  State  and 
a  member  of  a  distinguished  Southern  family. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Pindell  have  two  daughters. 

CRAIGHEAD,  Edwin  Boone,  educator,  b.  in 
Ham's  Prairie,  Mo.,  3  March,  1861,  son  of 
T.  O.  and  Fannie  (Payne)  Craighead.  He 
was  educated  at  Westminster  College,  Fulton, 
Mo.,  and  at  Central  College,  Fayette,  Mo., 
where  he  was  graduated  with  the  degree  of 
A.M.,  in  1883.  During  the  years  1883  and 
1885,  he  was  a  post-graduate  student  at 
Vanderbilt   University,   Nashville,   Tenn.,  and 


CRAIGHEAD 


SHEPARD 


the  years  1886  and  1887  he  spent  in  European 
universities.  His  natural  bent  was  toward 
the  classics,  and  soon  after  his  return  to  this 
country  he  became  professor  of  Greek  at  Wof- 
ford  College,  South  Carolina.  This  position  he 
held  until  1893,  when  he  became  president  of  the 
South  Carolina  Agricultural  and  Mechanical 
College,  remaining  there  until  1897.  He  then 
returned  to  his  native  state  to  accept  the 
presidency  of  Central  College.  In  1898  the 
University  of  Missouri  recognized  his  abilities 
and  attainments 
by  conferring  up- 
on him  the  degree 
of  LL.D.  In  1901 
Dr.  Craighead 

gave  up  his  work 
at  Central  Col- 
lege to  accept  the 
presidency  of  the 
Missouri  State 

Normal  School. 
In  1904  he  went 
to  New  Orleans, 
La.,  as  president 
of  Tulane  Univer- 
sity, remaining 
there  for  the  next 
eight  years.  In 
1912  he  became 
president  of  the 
University  of  Mon- 
tana, at  Missoula,  Mont.  Dr.  Craighead  is  well 
known  throughout  the  Middle  and  South- 
er I  States  as  one  of  the  most  scholarly 
educators  in  that  section.  A  talented  and 
magnetic  speaker  and  unusually  gifted  as  an 
organizer,  he  has  been  instrumental  in  bring- 
ing about  a  remarkable  raising  of  the  stand- 
ards of  Southern  colleges,  the  more  advanced 
work  of  which  has  given  an  impetus  to  high 
school  development  in  every  Southern  State. 
His  work  in  the  Tulane  University  of 
Louisiana  is  especially  worthy  of  comment. 
In  1904,  when  Dr.  t^Jraighead  became  president 
of  that  institution,  only  the  academic  col- 
leges were  located  on  the  uptown  campus, 
consisting  of  a  body  of  land  about  600  feet 
wide.  Under  his  administration  this  campus 
was  enlarged,  at  a  cost  of  over  $500,000,  to 
more  than  100  acres,  and  the  Law  College, 
Medical  and  Dental  Colleges,  and  School  of 
Pharmacy,  formerly  scattered  over  the  city, 
now  find  their  homes  on  the  uptown  campus. 
In  1906  a  post-graduate  school  for  practicing 
physicians  came  under  the  control  of  the 
university,  a  step  not  only  in  the  interest 
of  Tulane,  but  toward  sound  medical  educa- 
tion. In  1909  the  New  Orleans,  College  of 
Dentistry  came  under  the  absolute  control  of 
the  administrative  board  of  Tulane.  The  es- 
tablishment at  Tulane  of  a  School  of  Tropical 
Medicine  and  Hygiene  was  an  innovation  that 
won  the  interest  and  unanimous  indorsement 
of  the  medical  fraternity  of  the  United  States; 
and  in  view  of  the  growing  friendly  relations 
of  this  country  and  South  America  was  one 
of  the  most  foresighted  and  important  steps 
ever  taken  by  any  American  college.  The 
rapid  growth  of  the  university  during  Dr. 
Craighead's  administration  is  shown  by  the 
following  figures:  total  income  of  the  uni- 
versity for  the  year  1904,  $155,062.29;  total  in- 
come for  1911,  $392,549.84.    Dr.  Craighead  has 


been  a  member  of  the  Board  of  the  Carnegie 
Foundation  for  the  Advancement  of  Teaching 
since  the  organization  of  that  body.     He  is  af- 
filiated  with   other   educational   and   religious 
societies,  and  is  a  fellow,  American  Association 
for  the  Advancement  of  Science.     He  married 
6  Aug.,  1897,  in  Fayette,  Mo.,  Kate  Johnson. 
SHEPARD,   Elliott   Pitch,   journalist,  b.   in 
Jamestown,  N.  Y.,  25  July,   1833;   d.  in  New 
York  City,  24  March,  1893,  son  of  Fitch  and 
Delia     (Dennis)     Shepard,    and    grandson    of 
Noah  and  Irene    (Fitch)    Shepard.     He  came 
of    distinguished    New    England    ancestry,    of 
which  the  earliest  representative  in  America  was 
Thomas  Shepard,  who  emigrated  from  County 
Bedford,     England,    and    settled    at    Maiden, 
Mass.     Thomas  Shepard  was  a  relative  of  Rev. 
Thomas  Shepard,  of  Cambridge,  so  well  known 
in  the  history  of  that  commonwealth.    Through 
his    grandmother,    Irene    Fitch,    Mr.    Shepard 
was   a   descendant    in   the   direct    line   of   the 
family   that    founded    Fitchburgh,    Mass.,    and 
was  among  the  prominent  families  who  settled 
in  Norwich  and  Lebanon,  Conn.     Rev.  James 
Fitch,    the    first    American    representative    of 
the   family,   was   born   at   Dorking,   Essex,    in 
1622,      Maj.    James    Fitch,    his    son,    married 
a  granddaughter  of  William  Bradford,  second 
governor  of  Plymouth  Colony.     Dr.  Theodore 
May,   a    surgeon   in   the   Revolutionary   army, 
was  another  ancestor  of  Mr.  Shepard's  on  the 
maternal    side.      He   married    Elizabeth    Ellis, 
whose  mother  was  related  to  the  Bedlow  fam- 
ily, the  two  names  being  represented  by  Ellis 
and    Bedlow    Islands    in    New    York    harbor. 
When  Mr.   Shepard  was  twelve  years  of  age, 
his  father,  who  was  cashier  of  the  Jamestown 
National    Bank,    removed   to    New    York    City 
with    his    three    sons,    Burritt    Hamilton,    El- 
liott   Fitch,    and    Augustus    Dennis,    and    be- 
came   president    of    the    National    Bank    Note 
Company.     He   enjoyed   a   prominent   position 
among    the    leading    men    of    the    commercial 
metropolis   of   the   United   States.     Elliott   F. 
Shepard    decided   to    follow   the   profession   of 
the  law;   was  graduated  at  the  University  of 
the  City  of  New  York  in  1855,  and  began  his 
legal  studies  in  the  offices  of  Edwards  Pierre- 
pont,  U.   S.  Attorney-General  and  U.   S.  min- 
ister to  England.     Three  years  later  he  was 
admitted  to  the  bar.     About  the  time  that  he 
reached  his  majority,  in  1856,  the  Republican 
party  was  organized,  and  the  opening  of  the 
Fremont  campaign  was  at  hand.    Naturally  he 
became  interested  enthusiastically  in  the  con- 
troversies   of    those    stirring    times,    and    was 
one   of   the    founders   of   the    first    Republican 
campaign  club  in  New  York  City.     Since,  liow- 
ever,   at   the   time   of   its   foundation   he   still 
lacked  a  few  weeks  of   his   majority,  he  was   not 
eligible  as  the  president  of  the  club,  to  which 
position    of    honor    his    associates    desired    to 
elect   him.     He   was   in  his  younger  da.ys,   as 
well  as  in  his  later  years,  a  pleasing  speaker, 
which,  added  to  an  attractive  personality  and 
an    earnest    manner,     rendered     him     popular 
among  the  young  men  with  whom  ho  mingled. 
Mr.   Shepard  early  attracted  the  atieniion  of 
Gov.    E.    D.    Morgan,   of   New   York,    who   ap- 
pointed him  aide-de-camp  on  his  slafT  on   the 
outbreak   of    the    Civil    War.      Later,    lie    was 
placed  in  charge  of  the  recruiting  station   at 
Elmira,    N.    Y.,    where    47,000    men    were    en- 
rolled as  Union  soldiers  during  the  progress 


299 


SHEPARD 


CLEWS 


of  hostilities.  President  Lincoln  offered  him  a 
commission  as  brigadier-general,  which  he  de- 
clined, but  presented  a  flag  to  the  Fifty-first 
Regiment  of  New  York,  which  was  named  the 
"Shepard  Rifles"  in  his  honor.  Through  his 
indefatigable  elTorts  lie  promoted  the  passage 
of  laws  to  secure  payment  by  the  government 
to  families  of  soldiers  in  active  service,  and 
permitting  these  brave  men  to  vote  in  the 
field.  Colonel  Shepard  was  also  interested  in 
the  great  fair,  held  in  New  York,  by  means 
of  which  $1,300,000  was  added  to  the  funds  of 
the  Sanitary  Commission.  In  1868  he  put 
aside  military  affairs  for  the  profession  of  the 
law,  and  entered  into  a  partnership  with  Judge 
Theron  R.  Strong,  under  the  firm  name  of 
Strong  and  Shepard.  The  two  conducted  an 
active  law  practice,  and  appeared  conspicu- 
ously in  cases  involving  important  points  of 
mercantile  and  municipal  law.  Colonel  Shep- 
ard was  possessed  of  much  knowledge  of  laws 
pertaining  to  revenue,  admiralty,  and  bank- 
ruptcy. Upon  the  death  of  Judge  Strong, 
Colonel  Shepard  continued  his  practice  alone, 
and  was  chosen  counsel  for  the  New  York  Cen- 
tral, and  other  railroads  and  corporations.  In 
1880  he  was  appointed  by  the  board  of  alder- 
men, with  E.  B.  Shafer,  to  codify  the  munici- 
pal ordinances  of  New  York  City.  He  was 
also  instrumental  in  securing  the  court  of 
arbitration  for  the  chamber  of  commerce  of 
the  State  of  New  York,  in  1884.  Soon  after 
he  relinquished  his  law  practice  and  traveled 
abroad,  spending  three  years  in  Europe,  Asia, 
Africa,  and  Alaska,  the  results  of  which  were 
embodied  by  him  in  public  lectures.  Colonel 
Shepard  became  very  much  interested  in  the 
Indians  in  Alaska,  and  later  carried  on  a  cam- 
paign in  his  newspaper,  the  object  of  which 
was  to  have  reindeer  sent  to  Alaska  to  aid 
the  Indians  in  their  daily  work,  as  well  as  for 
food  supply.  Upon  his  return  to  New  York, 
Colonel  Shepard  published  250,000  copies  of 
a  pamphlet,  "  Labor  and  Capital  Are  One," 
which  was  translated  into  several  languages. 
In  it  he  extolled  the  railroads  and  advocated 
arbitration  in  all  disputes  between  employees 
and  employers.  In  March,  1888,  Colonel 
Shepard  purchased  the  New  York  "  Mail  and 
Express  "  from  Cyrus  W.  Field,  and  soon  after 
began  the  publication  of  sentiments  from  the 
Bible  applicable  to  various  events.  He  be- 
lieved that  a  newspaper  editor  should  exclude 
from  its  columns  anything  that  was  unfitted 
for  every  member  of  the  family,  and  he 
avoided  so-called  sensational  news.  Colonel 
Shppard  had  many  claims  upon  public  con- 
sideration and  admiration,  as  he  confessedly 
had  upon  the  private  affection  of  those  ad- 
mitted into  the  inner  circles  of  his  intimate 
friendship  and  confidential  intercourse.  He 
was  a  gifted  man,  possessing  rare  qualities 
both  of  mind  and  heart.  He  was  endow^ed 
with  the  power  both  of  acute  and  accurate 
perception.  The  question  of  the  observance 
of  Sunday  was  always  dear  to  his  heart,  and 
he  endeavored  to  abolish  travel  on  that  day. 
As  a  result  of  his  influence,  the  Fifth  Avenue 
<New  York)  stage  line  ceased  operation  on 
the  Christian  Sabbath.  Colonel  Shepard  was 
president  of  the  American  Sabbath  Union,  and 
a  member  of  the  Presbyterian  Union  and  the 
Congregational  Club.  His  happiest  moments 
seemed  to  be  when  he  was  devoting  himself  to 


some  work  in  which  he  believed  there  was 
some  great  moral  interest  and  value.  Colonel 
Shepard  was  a  liberal  contributor  to  all 
boards  of  the  Presbyterian  Church,  and  was 
especially  interested  in  the  Board  of  Aid  for 
colleges  and  academies.  Centre  College,  Dan- 
ville, Ky,,  was  one  of  the  institutions  in  which 
he  had  great  confidence,  and  one  of  those  to 
which  he  gave  his  financial  support.  He 
founded  scholarships  and  prize  funds  in  va- 
rious institutions,  among  them  the  College  of 
the  City  of  New  York.  Chauncey  M.  Depew 
spoke  of  his  recollections  of  Colonel  Shepard 
in  the  following  words  of  strong  tribute :  "  I 
first  met  Colonel  Shepard  when  he  became  a 
member  of  Governor  Morgan's  staff  as  an 
aide-de-camp  in  1860.  Colonel  Shepard  had 
decided  views  on  civic  and  religious  sub- 
jects, and  had  the  courage  of  his  convic- 
tions to  a  marked  degree.  No  amount  of 
argument  or  ridicule  could  swerve  him 
from  the  line  he  had  marked  out.  He  was  a 
devoted  friend,  and  when  he  became  attached 
to  a  man  and  gave  him  his  confidence  nobody 
but  the  man  himself  could  change  the  rela- 
tions between  them.  I  know  that  he  was  loyal 
in  his  friendships,  and  he  would  not  believe 
a  charge  or  take  stock  in  a  suspicion  cast 
against  any  one  whom  he  esteemed  a  friend. 
Colonel  Shepard  was  a  genial  companion.  He 
had  a  lovely  and  equable  temperament.  Noth- 
ing ever  rufHed  him.  He  was  an  excellent  con- 
versationalist, and  was  widely  informed  on 
all  subjects.  In  his  family  circle  Colonel 
Shepard  was  an  ideal  husband  and  father. 
A  more  faithful  husband,  a  more  tender,  affec- 
tionate, and  wisely  discriminating  father 
never  lived  Those  who  have  enjoyed  his  hos- 
pitality only  know  his  welcome,  aided  by  his 
cordiality,  added  to  the  perfection  of  the  en- 
tertainment." Colonel  Shepard  was  one  of  the 
organizers  of  the  New  York  State  Bar  Asso- 
ciation, and  one  of  the  founders  of  and  later 
president  of  the  Columljja  Bank,  and  the 
American  Savings  Bank.  Notwithstanding 
the  numerous  demands  on  his  time,  he  held 
membership  in  many  clubs  and  societies, 
among  them  the  Bar  Association,  American 
Museum  of  Natural  History,  National  Acad- 
emy of  Design,  Sons  of  the  American  Revolu- 
tion, New  York  Yacht  Club,  New  York  Ath- 
letic Club,  New  York  Press  Club,  Lawyers* 
Club,  Republican  Club,  Manhattan  Athletic 
Club,  Riding  Club,  Twilight  Club,  Union 
League,  New  England  Society,  Adirondack 
League  and  Union  League,  of  Brooklyn.  On 
several  occasions  his  name  was  mentioned  in 
connection  with  important  diplomatic  posi- 
tions. On  J8  Feb.,  1868,  he  married  Margaret 
Louisa,  eldest  daughter  of  William  H.  Vander- 
bilt,  of  New^  Y^'ork  City,  and  they  had  five 
children:  Maria  Louise,  wife  of  W.  J.  Schief- 
felin;  Edith;  Alice;  Marguerite;  and  Elliott 
F.  Shepard,  Jr. 

CLEWS,  Henry,  banker,  author,  and  orator, 
b.  in  Staffordshire,  England,  14  Aug,  1840. 
His  father  was  an  extensive  manufacturer  of 
goods  for  the  American  and  Russian  markets, 
and  his  grandfather  was  a  partner  in  business 
with  the  father  of  Sir  Robert  Peel.  The 
foundation  of  his  own  phenomenal  success  is 
found  in  his  liberal  preliminary  education,  the 
design  of  his  parents  having  been  that  he 
should  become  curate  of  the  parish  of  Wool- 


300 


I 


CLEWS 


CLEWS 


stanton,  of  which  his  cousin,  the  Rev.  Dr.  Ty- 
son, was  vicar.  A  visit  to  New  York,  however, 
determined  him  to  make  that  city  his  future 
home;  consequently  he  obtained  a  position  in 
the  large  importing  house  of  Wilson  G.  Hunt 
and  Company,  where  he  developed  ability  and 
ambition  for  the  larger  field  of  finance  which 
he  now  occupies.  Following  the  great  panic 
of  1857,  he  proved  equal  to  the  unusual  oppor- 
tunity which  opened  before  him,  by  organizing 
the  banking  firm  of  Stout,  Clews  and  Mason. 
The  new  firm  met  with  immediate  success,  and 
on  the  retirement  of  Mr.  Stout  and  Mr.  Maspn, 
who  were  succeeded  by  Charles  F.  Livermore, 
the  firm  became  Livermore,  Clews  and  Com- 
pany. The  business  ability  of  Mr.  Clews  soon 
won  national  recognition  in  his  appointment 
by  Hon.  Salmon  P.  Chase,  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury  under  Lincoln,  as  financial  agent  for 
the  sale  of  government  bonds  issued  to  carry 
on  the  Civil  War.  Owing  to  the  uncertainties 
of  the  war,  these  bonds  were  not  favorably 
received  by  the  business  world;  indeed,  they 
were  regarded  as  hazardous  securities;  but 
Mr.  Clews,  though  he  knew  the  treasury  was 
empty,  had  the  utmost  faith  in  the  strength 
and  ability  of  the  government  and  the  recup- 
erative power  of  the  North,  and  not  only  in- 
vested every  dollar  of  his  own  in  the  bonds, 
but  went  in  debt  for  millions  of  them  besides. 
Secretary  Chase  gave  well-deserved  credit  to 
Henry  Clews  for  the  success  achieved  in  float- 
ing his  loans.  He  was  unstinted  in  his  praise 
of  the  great  financier,  declaring,  "  If  it  had  not 
been  for  Jay  Cooke  and  Henry  Clews,  I  should 
never  have  been  able  to  sell  enough  of  the 
7-30  notes  and  5-20  bonds  to  carry  on  the  war." 
After  the  war  Mr.  Clews  made  banking  his 
specialty,  though  he  retained  his  valuable  com- 
mission business  in  government  bonds.  The 
revival  in  railroad  interests  that  followed  of- 
fered one  of  the  most  valuable  fields  for  in- 
vestments, and  his  house  negotiated  for  the 
sale  of  railroad  bonds  in  Europe,  a  line  of 
business  in  which  he  became  extensively  en- 
gaged. The  present  firm,  that  of  Henry  Clews 
and  Company,  was  formed  in  1877.  As  evi- 
dence of  the  extent  of  Mr.  Clews'  business,  125 
clerks  are  employed  in  his  banking-house,  and 
it  is  more  widely  connected  than  any  other 
banking-house  in  the  United  States.  The  way 
Henry  Clews  impresses  people  may  be  judged 
from  the  fact  that  the  late  Duke  of  Marlbor- 
ough, a  man  of  remarkable  intelligence  and 
varied  experience,  who  visited  this  city  sev- 
eral years  ago,  frequently  spoke  of  Mr.  Clews 
as  "  the  brightest,  smartest,  and  quickest 
man  "  he  had  ever  known.  General  Grant  al- 
ways spoke  of  Mr.  Clews  to  his  personal 
friends  as  "  a  level-headed  and  most  excellent 
business  man,  and  one  who  had  a  good  opinion 
of  his  own  judgment,"  which  he  considered  one 
of  the  essential  elements  of  a  successful  busi- 
ness life.  John  A.  Stewart,  when  president  of 
the  United  States  Trust  Company,  made  the 
following  statement :  "  Mr.  Clews  is  a  very  in- 
telligent and  energetic  man  who  has  made  his 
own  way.  I  would  take  Mr.  Clews'  statement 
implicitly  on  any  matter  he  presented  to  me. 
The  financial  letter  which  he  writes,  in  my 
judgment,  is  the  ablest  and  soundest  ever 
issued  on  Wall  Street  affairs.  I  have  known 
Mr.  Clews  since  he  was  a  very  young  man, 
before  he  had  any  idea  of  coming  into  Wall 


Street.  Personally,  he  is  a  very  courteous  and 
genial  man  and  deservedly  stands  very  high 
in  both  business  and  social  circles."  The  late 
Senator  Calvin  S.  Brice,  of  Ohio,  in  speaking 
of  Henry  Clews,  said,  "He  is  a  banker,  a 
broker,  an  author,  an  orator,  a  statesman  and 
a  politician,  and  a  success  at  all."  The  late 
Grover  Cleveland  said,  "  Henry  Clews  is  the 
most  remarkable  man  I  have  ever  known.  He 
has  the  power  of  keeping  back  the  wheels  of 
time  better  than  any  man  I  have  ever  met." 
Mr.  Clews  has  always  taken  a  deep  interest 
in  American  politics,  but  merely  to  the  extent 
of  promoting  and  securing  good  government, 
as  he  has  persistently  declined  official  position. 
He  is  not  known  as  a  partisan,  but  as  a 
patriot.  Twice  the  portfolio  of  the  Treasury 
Department  was  tendered  him,  and  as  often  the 
Republican  nomination  for  mayor  of  New 
York,  but  business  interests  in  each  instance 
forced  him  to  decline  these  proffered  honors. 
He  also  declined  the  post  of  collector  of  the 
port  of  New  York,  but  recommended  Gen. 
Chester  A.  Arthur  for  the  position,  who  re- 
ceived the  appointment  from  President  Grant. 
Mr.  Clews,  however,  was  appointed  fiscal  agent 
for  the  government  for  all  foreign  nations,  as  a 
recognition  by  the  Grant  Administration  of  his 
services  in  financing  the  government  during 
the  war.  In  matters  of  civic  and  social  reform 
he  has  ever  been  active.  To  him  was  due  the 
credit  of  originating  and  organizing  the  fa- 
mous New  York  Committee  of  Seventy,  and 
he  selected  and  nominated  sixty-five  of  the 
seventy  original  members  before  whose  assault 
the  Tweed  ring  went  down.  As  an  author,  Mr. 
Clews  has  developed  unusual  ability.  Among 
his  productions  are,  "  Twenty-eight  Years  in 
Wall  Street"  (1885)  ;  "The  Wall  Street  Point 
of  View"  (1900);  *^  Fifty  Years  in  Wall 
Street"  (1908);  and  "Speeches  and  Essays" 
(1909).  In  addition  to  his  activities  as  a 
banker  and  author,  Mr.  Clews  is  well  known 
as  an  orator  and  debater,  his  addresses  having 
been  given  in  all  the  chief  cities  of  the  country, 
before  conventions  of  bankers,  manufacturers, 
and  commercial  travelers,  universities,  schools 
of  finance  and  business,  economic  clubs,  and 
other  representative  audiences.  He  has  also 
made  notable  addresses  on  popular  subjects  in 
Cooper  Institute,  Madison  Square  Garden,  the 
Hippodrome,  and  the  Columbia  Theater  of 
Brooklyn,  and  has  occasionally  done  this  from 
the  pulpits  of  Plymouth  Church  in  Brooklyn 
and  the  Metropolitan  Temple  in  New  York. 
He  served  for  many  years  as  treasurer  of  the 
American  Geographical  Society,  and  the  So- 
ciety for  the  Prevention  of  Cruelty  to  Animals; 
and  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  L^nion 
League  Club.  He  is  one  of  the  seven  oldest 
members  of  the  Union  Club,  and  also  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Army  and  Navy  and  Turf  and  Field 
Clubs,  as  well  as  the  fifth  oldest  member  of 
the  New  York  Stock  Exchange,  a  nionibor  of 
the  New  York  Cotton,  Produoo,  and  Coffoe 
Exchanges,  also  of  the  Chicago  Board  of  Trad-. 
In  addition,  he  is  a  life  mombor  of  ilio  Metro- 
politan Museum  of  Art,  the  American  ^lusfMim 
of  Natural  History,  and  the  National  Aciub^niy 
of  Design;  trustoo  of  the  Civic  Forum  of  Now 
York,  director  and  treasurer  of  the  National 
Peace  League,  director  of  llic  Economic  Club 
of  New  York,  trustee  and  treasurer  of  the 
American  Civic  Alliance  of  New  York,  presi- 


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WOLCOTT 


WOLCOTT 


dent  of  the  National  Protective  Highways 
Association,  a  director  of  the  Japan  Peace  So- 
ciety, and  director  and  treasurer  of  the  Rich- 
mond Hill  Settlement,  besides  being  connected 
with  numerous  other  institutions.  In  May, 
1908,  the  Emperor  of  Japan  conferred  upon 
Mr.  Clews  the  imperial  decoration  of  com- 
mander of  the  most  distinguished  order  of  the 
Rising  Sun,  and  engraved  on  the  insignia  were 
the  words,  "  The  most  exalted  mark  of  merits 
and  services."  The  emperor  also  gave  Mr. 
Clews  a  diploma  bearing  his  own  signature 
and  imperial  seal.  This  was  in  recognition  of 
his  services  to  the  Japanese  government  in 
advising  and  aiding  it  to  organize  the  new 
financial  system  forty  years  ago,  he  having 
been  appointed  special  agent  in  connection 
therewith,  the  appointment  being  recommended 
by  General  Grant  while  President.  The  open- 
ing up  of  Japan  to  the  world  of  finance,  under 
the  preliminaries  thus  inaugurated,  was  de- 
clared by  Ambassador  Takahira  in  a  recent 
speech  at  a  '*  peace  "  banquet  to  have  been  an 
event  second  only  in  importance  to  Commo- 
dore Perry's  great  service  in  opening  the  ports 
of  Japan  to  the  world,  and  he  gave  the  credit 
therefor  to  Mr.  Clews.  As  a  man,  Mr.  Clews 
is  the  recognized  embodiment  of  business  prob- 
ity, stainless  integrity,  and  uniform  gentility. 
In  1874  Mr.  Clews  married  Lucy  Madison 
Worth  ington,  of  Kentucky,  grandniece  of 
President  Madison  and  great-granddaughter 
of  Gen.  Andrew  Lewis,  next  in  command  to 
Gen.  George  Washington  in  the  Revolutionary 
army.  Her  father.  Col.  William  Worthington, 
was  a  grandson  of  Governor  Slaughter,  of 
Kentucky. 

WOLCOTT,  Henry  Roger,  financier,  b.  in 
Long  Meadow,  Mass.,  15  March,  1846,  son  of 
Rev.  Samuel  and  Harriet  (Pope)  Wolcott.  He 
is  a  brother  of  Edward  Oliver  Wolcott,  U.  S. 
Senator  from  Colorado.  His  ancestors  were 
among  the  first  Puritans  who  left  England  in 
the  reign  of  Charles  I.  The  progenitor  of  all 
of  the  name  on  this  continent  was  Henry  W. 
Wolcott,  second  son  of  John  Wolcott,  of  Som- 
ersetshire, England,  who,  with  thirteen  others, 
embarked  20  March,  1638,  on  the  ship  "  Mary 
and  John,"  arrived  at  Nantasket  30  May,  fol- 
lowing, and  settled  at  Windsor,  Mass.  The 
Rev.  Samuel  Wolcott,  father  of  Henry  Roger 
Wolcott,  was  a  famous  theologian  and  orator 
of  the  Congregationalist  denomination,  a  grad- 
uate of  Yale  College,  and  an  ardent  champion 
of  the  Union  cause  during  the  Civil  War.  He 
was  successively  the  pastor  of  churches  at 
Long  Meadow,  Providence,  R.  I.,  Cleveland, 
Ohio,  and  Chicago,  111.,  and  his  son  attended 
the  schools  in  each  of  these  places.  Mr.  Wol- 
cott's  business  career  began  when  he  was  four- 
teen years  old,  and  during  the  next  four  years 
he  held  various  positions  in  Cleveland,  Ohio. 
In  1864,  when  he  was  eighteen,  the  call  for 
volunteers  incited  him  to  enlist  in  the  Cleve- 
land Regulars  for  100  days'  service,  and  he 
was  sent  to  aid  in  the  defense  of  the  National 
Capital.  At  his  own  request  he  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  140th  Ohio  Regiment,  and  served 
in  the  L^nion  army  until  mustered  out  with 
all  the  regulars  of  the  army.  He  then  en- 
gaged in  business  in  Springfield,  Mass.,  and  in 
Chicago.  In  1869,  fired  by  the  reports  of  for- 
tunes to  be  found  in  the  West,  he  removed  to 
Colorado,   locating  at  Black  Hawk,  where  he 


l'^^^  ^^(MHiyr^er^ 


I  engaged  in  mining.  In  1870  he  became  in- 
I  terested  in  the  Boston  and  Colorado  Smelting 
Works,  an  association  which  he  maintained  for 
seventeen  years,  during  the  last  several  years 
serving  as  manager.  He  was  also  responsible 
for  the  establishment  of  the  First  National 
Bank  of  Denver,  an  institution  which  quickly 
rose  to  prosperity  and  gained  a  national 
standing  for  credit  and  splendid  character, 
and  of  which  he  was  vice-president  for  a  num- 
ber of  years.  He  was  president  of  the  Rocky 
Mountain  National  Bank,  and  of  the  Mer- 
chants National  Bank  of  Denver.  In  1878  he 
was  elected  Republican  State  senator  from 
Gilpin  Coimty, 
Colo.,  and  two 
years  later  was 
re-elected  by  an 
increased  vote. 
During  the  last 
session  he  was 
elected  president 
pro  tern,  of  the 
senate,  winning 
distinction  for 
the  maintenance 
of  decorum,  for 
the  impartiality 
of  his  rulings, 
and  for  the  pro- 
motion of  so- 
cial intercourse 
among  the  mem- 
bers. By  reason 
of  the  death  of  Lieutenant-Grovemor  Robinson 
he  was  also  called  upon  to  act  as  governor. 
In  1888  he  served  as  chairman  of  the  delega- 
tion from  Colorado  to  the  National  Republican 
Convention  held  in  Chicago.  For  many  years 
past  he  has  refused  to  accept  office  of  any  kind. 
Mr.  Wolcott's  services  in  the  field  of  business 
have  been  a  vital  factor  in  the  industrial  and 
commercial  development  of  Colorado.  He  has 
from  the  first  taken  a  deep  and  unselfish  in- 
terest in  the  advancement  of  the  general  pros- 
perity of  the  State;  and  his  political  career 
was  dedicated  to  the  service  of  his  common- 
wealth rather  than  self-interest.  His  quiet, 
simple,  dignified  methods  won  him  success  in 
commercial  and  political  life  long  before  he 
approached  middle  life.  Besides  the  banking 
and  smelting  interests  mentioned  above,  he  is- 
identified  with  a  number  of  other  mining  and 
financial  concerns,  among  these  the  Yerba- 
Buena  Mining  Company,  of  which  he  is  vice- 
president.  He  was  for  a  time  director  of  the 
Equitable  Life  Assurance  Society;  was  for- 
merly president  of  the  Denver,  Utah  and  Pa- 
cific Railway;  and  has  large  private  holdings 
in  lands,  mines,  and  smelters.  He  donated  to 
the  Colorado  College,  Colorado  Springs,  a 
large  sum  of  money,  and  built  the  Wolcott 
Observatory  for  the  use  of  the  colleges  of  the 
State.  Mr.  Wolcott  spends  much  of  his  time 
in  New  York  City.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Union,  Union  League,  University,  Whist, 
American  Yacht,  Larchmont  Yacht,  New  York 
Athletic,  New  York  Yacht,  and  Racquet  and 
Tennis  Clubs,  all  of  New  York  City.  He  is 
also  a  member  of  the  Metropolitan  Club,  of 
Washington,  D.  C,  and  the  Denver  Club  of 
Denver,  which  organization  was  formed  in  Mr. 
Wolcott's  Denver  office  and  of  which  he  was 
president  for  the  first  twelve  years  of  its  ex- 


302 


DYCKMAN 


DYCKMAN 


istence.  He  has  been  practically  retired  for 
Bome  time  from  both  business  and  political 
life. 

DYCKMAN,  Isaac  Michael,  landowner,  b.  in 
Yonkers,  N.  Y.,  1  Jan.,  1813;  d  in  New  York 
City,  9  May,  1899,  son  of  Caleb  and 
Hannah  (Dyckman)  Smith.  Born  James 
Frederick  Dyckman  Smith,  his  name  was 
changed  to  Isaac  Michael  Dyckman  by  act 
of  legislature  in  1868,  when  he  inherited  the 
greater  part  of  the  Dyckman  estate  from  his 

uncles,  Isaac 
and  Michael 
Dyckman.  His 
father,  Squire 
Caleb .  Smith, 
was  one  of  the 
founders  of 

Yonkers,  jus- 
tice of  the 
peace,  and  al- 
together one  of 
its  most  nota- 
ble figures.  His 
mother  was  a 
daughter  of  Ja- 
.*  cobus  Dyckman, 
one  of  the 
ablest  men  of 
New  York  in 
his  day,  for  a 
A  ,  long     time     al- 

of  the  Constitutional  Convention  in  1821. 
Well  known  as  a  man  of  strong  character 
and  great  common  sense,  his  advice  was  sought 
by  people  from  all  parts  of  Westchester  County 
and  the  rapidly  growing  city  of  New  York: 
it  is  known,  for  example,  that  Madam  Jumel, 
who  became  Mrs.  Aaron  Burr,  often  came  to 
him  for  legal  advice.  He  was  long  the  head 
of  the  Dyckman  family,  which  from  the  begin- 
ning had  held  an  honorable  place  in  the  his- 
tory of  New  York.  The  first  of  the  name  in 
America  was  Jan  Dyckman  who  came  to  this 
country  from  Bentheim,  Westphalia,  in  1660, 
and  was  one  of  the  wealthiest  patentees  of 
New  Harlem.  He  was  a  benefactor  to  many, 
for  he  devised  a  far-seeing  plan  of  land  tenure, 
inducing  tenants  to  develop  his  farms  at  at- 
tractive rentals,  one  of  which  was  only  two 
hens  a  year!  Thus  practically  making  them 
presents  of  their  leaseholds.  He  built  a  house 
about  1675,  near  the  Harlem  River  on  what  is 
now  210th  Street.  During  the  War  of  the 
Revolution  his  great-grandsons  acted  as  guides 
to  Washington,  thus  incurring  the  enmity  of 
the  British  troops  who  were  encamped  on  the 
Dyckman  meadows  and  the  house  was  burned. 
A  new  house  was  built  about  1783  by  William 
Dyckman,  when  the  family  returned  to  their 
lands;  this  house,  located  near  what  is  now 
204th  Street,  close  to  the  Post  Road,  now 
Broadway,  was  strongly  built  and  still  stands 
as  an  interesting  relic  of  the  days  of  the 
Dutch  occupation  of  New  York.  In  1789  it 
passed  to  his  son,  Jacobus  Dyckman,  already 
mentioned.  Two  of  the  latter 's  sons  were 
graduates  of  Columbia  College — James  Dyck- 
man (1809),  a  lawyer,  and  Dr.  Jacobus 
Dyckman  (1811),  a  distinguished  physician, 
health  commissioner  of  New  York,  author  and 
scientist,  and  secretary  of  the  old  Philosoph- 


ical  Society  of  New  York.     These  sons  died 
early  and   their  brothers,   Isaac  and   Michael, 
inherited    the    Kingsbridge    estate.      In    their 
hands   it   prospered;    they  enlarged   it   on   all 
sides    until    Isaac     (the    survivor)     owned    a 
greater   tract   of   land   than   any   single   prop- 
erty   holder    in    Manhattan    Island    since    the 
earliest   days,   his   lands    stretching   from   the 
Harlem  River  beyond  Broadway,  and  in  places 
to  the  Hudson,  and  from  Fort  George  to  the 
extreme  north  of  the  island.     Isaac  Dyckman 
w'as  energetic  and  popular,   elected  for  many 
terms    alderman    of   the    upper    wards   of    the 
city.     Since  his  farm  lay  in  the  route  of  the 
great  herds  of  cattle  that  were  driven  to  New 
York  from  Westchester  and  Putnam  Counties, 
he  did  not  continue  to  live  in  the  old  Dyckman 
house,  but  moved  into  a  newer  one  at  225th 
Street.     Here  he  died  in  1868.     Isaac  Michael 
Dyckman,  nephew  and  principal  heir  of  Isaac 
Dyckman,  was  the  last  member  of  the  Kings- 
bridge  family  to  bear  the  name  and  hold  under 
individual     control     the     extensive     Dyckman 
properties,   and   he  bore  this   distinction  with 
honor.  *  His    grandfather    Jacobus,    impressed 
by   the   boy's   exceptional   intelligence   and   at- 
tractiveness,    had     practically     adopted     him 
when  a  youth  of  seven.     His  uncles  too  looked 
upon  him  as  their  successor  and  trained  him 
with  this  in  view,  for  the  extensive  estate  re- 
quired the  greatest  care  and  judgment,  espe- 
cially in  view  of  the  rapidly  changing  condi- 
tions  incidental   to   the   approach   of   a   great 
city.     Mr.  Dyckman  devoted  much  time  to  the 
management  of  his  property  but  more  to  pub- 
lic   improvements    and    philanthropic    benefac- 
tions.   He  was  noted  for  his  earnest  Christian 
character,    his    integrity,    sincerity    and    kind- 
ness of  heart,  his  genial  and  unselfish  nature, 
and   above   all   for   the   exceptional   gentleness 
of    his    disposition,    which    endeared    him    to 
everyone.     He  founded  in  Columbia  University 
the    Dyckman    Fund    for    the    Encouragement 
of  Biological  Research  and  was  trustee  of  the 
Dyckman   Library,   which   some   of   his   family 
had    located    on    Dyckman    land.      He    was    a 
member    of    the    New    York    Presbytery,    also 
treasurer  and  ruling  elder  of  the  Mt    Wash- 
ington   Presbyterian    Church,    to    the    support 
and    activities   of    which    he    was    a    generous 
contributor.     He  had   a  deep   love  for  litera- 
ture and  was  devoted  to  the  pursuit  of  horti- 
culture.    He  was  a  member  of  the  New  York 
Geographical     Society.       Mr.     Dyckman     was 
married  in  Yonkers,  18  Dec,  1867,  to  Fannie 
Blackwell   Brown,   daughter   of  Benjamin   and 
Hannah     (Odell)     Brown.      Of    this    marriage 
two  children  were  born:  Mary  Alice  Dyckman, 
who  married  Bashford  Dean,  a  member  of  the 
faculty  of  Columbia  University  and  a  curator 
of    the    Metropolitan    Museum    of    Art;    and 
Fannie     Fredericka     Dyckman,     who    married 
Alexander     McMillan     Welch,     a     well-known 
architect   in   New   York.      As  the   last   of   the 
Kingsbridge   Dyckmans,   Mrs    Dean   and    Mrs. 
Welch  have  preserved  the  old  Dyckman  house, 
above  mentioned,  as  a  memorial  to  their  par- 
ents,  presenting   it   to  the   city  togcihor   with 
the  neighboring  land,  as  a  museum  and  public 
park.     The  house  itself,  restored  to  its  eoiuli- 
tion   prior   to   the  year    1800,   eontains   family 
heirlooms,   and   will   long   show   the   last    house 
of  its  kind  in  Manhattan,  with  its  old-fashioned 
garden  and  ancient  belongings. 

303 


DYCKMAN 


BLAIR 


DTCKHAN.  Fannie  BlackwcU  (Brown), 
wife  of  Uaai-  Michael  Dyckman.  b.  in  Yonkers, 
N.  Y.,  10  March,  1H32;  d.  in  New  York  City, 
18  Dec.,  1014.  daughter  of  Benjamin  and  Han- 
nah (tMell)  Brown  She  was  a  granddaughter 
of  Kvert  and  Jemima  (Dyckman)  Brown,  and 
a  great-granddaughter  of  Jacobus  Dyckman,  of 
Kingsbridge.  New  York  City.  Her  father,  a 
prominent  citizen  of  Yonkers,  was  an  officer  m 
the  First  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  of  that 

city,  and  a  lib- 
eral contributor 
to     its    numer- 
ous     activities. 
He   was  an   in- 
timate      friend 
of  James  Black- 
well,     a     mem- 
ber of  the  well- 
known      family 
who       in      the 
early  days  were 
the    owners    of 
Blackwell's   Isl- 
and, and  it  was 
in      honor      of 
this  family  that 
he  bestowed  the 
name  of  Black- 
well    upon    his 
daughter     Fan- 
nie.      Through 
her         mother, 
whose      maiden 
name  was  Odell,  Mrs.  Dyckman  descended  from 
both  the  Odell  and  Tompkins  families.     An  early 
and  important  member  of  the  latter  family  was 
Daniel   D.   Tompkins,   fourth  governor   of  the 
State   of   New   York,   Justice   of  the   Supreme 
Court,  and  twice  vice-president  of  the  United 
States.      A    prominent    member    of    the    Odell 
family    is    the    Hon.    Benjamin    B.    Odell,    ex- 
governor  of  the  State  of  New  York.     Up  to 
the   time   of   her   marriage,    she   lived   at   the 
home    of    her    parents,    on    North    Broadway, 
Yonkers,  and  was  there  educated  at  the  Oak 
Grove  Female  Seminary.     She  was  a  devoted 
member    of    the    First    Methodist    Episcopal 
Church   of   Yonkers,   and   displayed   much   ac- 
tivity  and    interest    in   all    its   work.      On    18 
Dec,     1S07,     she     married     James     Frederick 
Dyckman    Smith,    son    of    Caleb    and    Hannah 
(Dyckman)    Smith,  of  Yonkers,  N.  Y.,  whose 
name    later    was    changed    to    Isaac    Michael 
Dyckman,    in    memory    of    two    uncles    from 
whom  he  inherited  a  large  estate  on  the  north- 
ern end  of  Manhattan  Island.    After  her  mar- 
riage Mrs   Dyckman  went  to  the  handsome  new 
home   which    her    husband    had    ])uilt    for    her 
on  this  beautiful  estate.     She  united  with  the 
Mount    Washington    Presbyterian    Church    in 
this  community  and  became  actively  identified 
with  its  work,  and  a  generous  contributor  to 
its  support  and  activities.     In  the  autumn  of 
1801    she  moved   to   the   residence   at    15   East 
Seventy-first    Street,    which    was    her    winter 
home    until    her    death.      Mrs.    Dyckman    was 
a  sustaining  and  an  honorary  member  of  the 
Young  Women's  Christian  Association  of  the 
City  of  New  York,  also  a  patron  of  the  Ameri- 
can Museum  of  Natural  History.     She  w-as  a 
woman  of  highly  cultivated  tastes,   and  of  a 
loyal,  sympathetic,  kind,  and  generous  nature. 
She  was  widely  known  for  her  practical  be- 


nevolence. In  her  home  life  she  was  exemplary, 
evincing  rare  unselfishness  and  thoughtfulness 
for  others.  She  was  steadfast  in  her  friendships, 
devoted  to  her  family,  an  ideal  wife  and  mother. 
She  is  survived  by  two  daughters:  Mary  Alice, 
wife  of  Bashford  Dean,  professor  at  Columbia 
University,  also  curator  of  arms  and  armor  at 
the  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art,  and  Fannie 
Fredericka,  wife  of  Alexander  McMillan  Welsh, 
a  well-known  New  York  architect. 

BLAIR,  Walter,  educator,  b.  in  Richmond, 
Va.,  10  Nov.,  1835;  d.  in  Atlantic  City,  N.  J., 
12  Sept.,  1909.    He  was  a  son  of  Walter  Blair, 
a  prominent  citizen  of  Richmond  in  the  first 
half  of  the  nineteenth  century;  a  grandson  of 
Rev.   John   D.   Blair    ("Parson"   Blair),   who 
labored  for  years  as  a  teacher  and  preacher  in 
Hanover  County,  Va.,  and  was  the  first  Pres- 
byterian    pastor     in     Richmond;     and     great- 
grandson  of  Rev.  John  Blair,  a  native  of  Ire- 
land, and  long  principal  of  the  famous  school 
founded  by  his  brother,  Rev.  Samuel  Blair,  at 
Fagg's  Manor,  Pa.,  which  educated  sucli  prom- 
inent men  as  Samuel  Davies,  and  others  prom- 
inent in  church  and  educational  work  in  both 
North   and   South.     He   was   educated   in   the 
schools  of  his  native  city,  and  under  Rev.  Dr. 
Robert  L.  Dabney,  pastor  at  Tinkling  Springs, 
Augusta  County,  Va.,  where  he  was  prepared 
for    college.      In    1853    he   entered    the    junior 
class  of  Hampden-Sidney  University,  where  he 
was   graduated   two   years   later   with    second 
honors..    After  graduation  he  served  for  two 
sessions    as    a    tutor    and    as    teacher    in    the 
grammar  school  connected  with  the  university, 
and  was  for  another  two  years  assistant  pro- 
fessor  of  ancient  languages   in  the   collegiate 
department.     In  1860  he  was  elected  professor 
of  Latin,  and  given  a  two  years'  leave  of  ab- 
sence to  study  abroad.     While  in   Europe  he 
spent  most  of  his  time  at  Berlin  and  Leipsig 
Universities,  and  then  returned  to  his  native 
country,  only  to  find  it  in  the  throes  of  civil 
war.     He  immediately  enlisted  in  the  famous 
company  known   as  the   Richmond  Howitzers, 
and  was   later  sergeant-major  in   Colonel   Ca- 
bell's artillery  battalion,  with  which  he  served 
until  the  close  of  the  war.     He  was  engaged 
in  most  of  the  battles  of  the  Confederate  army 
of  Northern  Virginia,  but  was  never  wounded. 
At    the    close    of    hostilities,    he    returned    to 
Hampden-Sidney  University,  and  assumed  his 
professorship  of  Latin.    Later  he  added  to  this 
also  instruction  in  German,  and  continued  at 
the    head    of    the    classical    department    until 
1896,  when  failing  eyesight  compelled  his  re- 
tirement.    After  1899  he  resided  in  Richmond. 
Though  literary  in  his  tastes.  Professor  Blair 
did  not  write  much.     There  were  several  arti- 
cles in  reviews  from  time  to  time  from  his  pen, 
and  a  small  work  on  Latin  pronunciation.    To 
him   and  Dr.  B.   L.   Gildersleeve   is   due  most^ 
largely  the  introduction  of  the  Roman  method: 
of  pronunciation  in  the  South.     His  book  on 
this  subject  is  still  considered  as  one  of  the 
best  authorities.    After  Professor  Blair's  death 
his  life-long  friend   and   fellow-alumnus,   Rev. 
Richard     Mcllwaine,     penned     the     following 
tribute    to   his    work    and    character :    "  As    a 
scholar  Professor  Blair  stood  in  the  front  rank, 
having  been  more  than  once  called  to  take  up 
work   wath   institutions    of   larger   endow^ment 
and    wider   reputation    than    Hampden-Sidney. 
Early  in  his  professional  career  he  published 


304 


I 


ZP-Z7 


-^'^-'^^^^^^^C.JZ^<^ 


HAYNES 


IIAYNES 


book  on  Latin  pronunciation,  which  re- 
•  approval,  exerted  a  large  influence, 
t  its  author  into  touch  with  many 


jiiost    scholarly    men 
liig  after  lie  received  thv 

■lor  of  I.iti  ;  !  L.tro  fro:.: 


•      "ouutry. 

degree 

n\  and 

Hctual, 

; -r^h,  de- 

0  srandard 

♦  he   college 

'ion  and 

.  s  aym- 

aguet;, 

L'nan<'e 

: ;..  of  such 

to  the  pro- 

dious  habits^ 

ted   to   *}Wr 


a  mixture  of  fused  cast  iron  and  powdered 
wolframite.  In  tli«*  fall  of  1878  he  entered  the 
WorccHJer  (Maeii.  I  Polytechnic  Institute, 
wheii.  he  was  graduated  with  high  standing  in 
1H81  U'hile  in  this  institution  he  conducted 
raany  original  exp«rijnents,  among  the  moat 
brilliant  of  which  were  those  made  in  prepara- 
tion i>  :  ^-i^  graduation  tbceis,  'The  KlTet't  of 
.ti  Iron  and  Sieci."  In  order  to 
«  f^tT.w.t   of  tuHgnten   unmixed   with 

'•/«d  to  dispense  with  graph- 
;  .  '     first,    clay,    which    was 

u--.      ;.   <-      i-t.  '      "-    ^    -      fu^-d,  and, 

t'  >   i'y.   iiroe.   '  uftd  success. 

iii-    alloy  of    ,.  ,..  waifi   readily 

drawn  inti»  vfivt  a«.  i  and  Mopn 

factory.      Dufiiii'.  :-   H.nii.'   '-?i- 

peiim^-nts   he    '  ,y 

•>*  I  run,  tuiiggf'  vi- 

■  blf  profn  •<  rv 

•hiJ•i^(e  A 


kO  survived  -him 
C.  Blair. 

ntist  and  inventor,  h. 

in  I.     J 4     Oct.,     1857,     son     of 

March    Haynei^     (1817-1903),   a 

-  ■  -  >r  thirty  years  a  judge  of 

and     Hilinda     Sophia 

'  u  i.i^r'^f:  ;.:.  -.f  \"pw  r'rig- 


':al    or    lechnical    pur-uiLa    -iijUiiny 
raiidfuther.    David    fiaynea    (1750- 
//(,  it  gold  and  silversmith  and  soldier   in 
;ie    Revolution,    and    his    gi  and  fat  her,    IToury 
laynes,    a    gunamith,    bratis-^oundtr    and    oar- 
age-builder.     AUhough    tjM?    »itnu-    i.H'-"'n;jme 

1(8  borne  by  both  parental  ivft  -..  r^f  «'.  > 
imilies   seem   to   be  unrelated.      Fv«tn    sr    h\^ 

>yhood,  Elwood  Haynes  evinced  soiiTifii'-- 
urn  of  mind.  He  conbtruotcd  blings  and  bov.H 
nd   arrows,   in   the  use   of   wliich   he   bcujanje 

pert;    his    k«»en 

\m    to   study    the 
lie   forest    rpp.ij'i 
!-ad  the  best    '^v  \ 

quaiiitance    v,  f' 

ind   was   at   ■ 

■  per  I  men  I H  wii 

;is  able  to  conHt,  i 

a  gas  hydrcr^pn, 

ral    other    clKmi'' 

irnace  and  Mower 
/)   which    he   fiTjc<'ef<ii  .i 
'on,  und   i  ven    lii^'b  cur' 

io\  ■'    .\   fH.pper  with  t.i: 
;>ted  to  pr'idu 


"■    »"   ••n'<7    (L       a:iitiiisg   itirf  fjiily  con- 
-»n3  to  the  indiHtry  were  a  vapor  ther- 
:  I    for   controlling   the   temperature   of   a 

rooif.  heat<jd  hy  natual  j^a.-,  and  u  devir-e  if,r 
•'cooling"  the  gas  m  winter  tiir.e,  by  forcing 
it  up  and  then  down  through  a  vertical  looped 
conductor,  thus  condensing  its  nioistiire  and 
rendering  it  comparatively  '*  dry  "  before  en- 
tering the  feeding  mains  In  1890  he  becaine 
field  superintendent  at  Grecntown,  Ind..  f  -r 
the  Indiana  Natriral  Gas  and  Oil  Company, 
which  was  then  entering  u})on  t\n 
structing 


pt)\ 

vortJ 

of    oljservati 

on 

led 

■A.r 

ir);.:i! 

and    plant 

life 

of 

nx^ 

-r^d 

his    hoaic;    i 

?id 

he 

*-r 

r.r»r» 

MaWine;  h 

s   1 

irat 

•ti, ---irv     :r     tV,|jrte 

'•I, 

his 

i\ 

be 

work  of  con- 
!U   pipe   fine  from   the   Indiana   ga.^ 

ai-U£>-        ^S"!;;'      --.^fiC'l    in    the    j/l.> 
'-■    yov)- 
-J— (lie 
■.ii^,.:^r..i^    •.-;;    /,.■:.,    .;^-    ,:         ..,  •  i  ...j*elled    ro^.^t 
vehiclesi.       AivvaVis   a    scieniist    by    instinct.    Ve 
attacked  the  problem  of  mechani'^a!  Ineojnet  i..i. 
on  Jii;^hwyy.s  qiiite   inde|)endently    '>f   nil   oih   - 
American   ujven^org.  and   v!i.b  rcgnir^  r^mk    i 
with  thv   ;'<'r«<.   i'.ebiovementH  of  otfrr   p\<>i\:-<.  ■ 
here  or  alir-vd      S:ruek  by    •  he  obvio-.i- 
.-ir-iing-."  of  horse     ;    .  t ion  ito  meet  t'.e 
-no-   ner.'s'.^ities  of  e.yitMided   travel,   \--       ■  i 

to    .-.'-. -k    -.ru''    ae-ent    (-f   propuisioji 
not    J  ire,    ready   {nv   VvdT'k   by   d;is' 
witliout   thmandin;^-   re.Ht   or   i':v.         •  i.i. 

v.'fi,,     ^om-'     inerli.-irjieiil     [w  iht-  .". 

nteam    enrrine    he   rejected    t,*-  •> 
uF  a  <;onfitant]^,    bufnir^e    •  r  . 
wion  ef  fiiini^er;    the  e'- ,    •  ■       i 
the  ;:r'^at   woi.Lrht  :.(ed    .:;i:.' 
of  tlu'  /)vt.rage  m1    r  ,'     ■' ' 
terTi;t.  I-ecnd.iim  in         .  'i  .•    i--^'  -i 
Hoj/ic    V'latil,-   ,in.'         ii        '      '  ' 
;.ra-«')liiw   -vvn-   '. 
\>n  bin  '  t  :r  .V  •  ' 


HAYNES 


DAVIS 


the  need  of  a  greater  strength  of  frame  than 
had  at  first  been  assumed,  he  constructed  a 
quadrangle  of  steel  tubing,  with  cast  steel 
corner  pieces,  upon  which  the  rear  axle  was 
hung,  along  with  the  motor  and  countershaft; 
the  front  axle  was  hung  on  a  swivel,  after  the 
manner  of  a  horse  vehicle.  The  complete  ma- 
chine weighed  alwut  820  pounds.  In  order  to 
meet  the  demands  of  eflicient  traction,  Mr. 
Haynes  conducted  an  elaborate  series  of  ex- 
periments on  the  behavior  and  proportions  of 
rublwr  tires.  With  a  bicycle  trailer  attached 
to  the  rear  of  a  buckboard,  he  determined  the 
draw-bar  pull  per  hundred  pounds,  and  there- 
from determined  the  proper  arrangements  for 
the  driving  gear  of  his  vehicle.  On  4  July, 
1894,  the  first  test  of  the  Haynes  horseless 
carriage  was  made  on  the  roads  outside  of 
Kokomo;  its  success  being  amply  demon- 
strated by  its  ability  to  carry  three  passen- 
gers at  an  even  speed  of  seven  miles  per  hour 
over  level  and  hilly  stretches  alike.  This  per- 
formance convinced  Mr.  Haynes  of  the  great 
future  of  the  automobile,  and  soon  after  he 
began  preparations  for  manufacturing  his  in- 
vention. In  1895  he  formed  the  Haynes- 
Apperson  Company,  which  built  his  machines 
for  several  years  thereafter.  In  the  early  days 
of  the  automobile  industry  in  America,  these 
were  justly  rated  in  first  place,  being  unex- 
celled for  speed  and  carrying  capacity.  It  was 
the  first  horseless  carriage  in  this  country 
to  use  the  horizontal,  two-cylinder-opposed 
type  of  engine  In  1902  the  business  was  re- 
organized as  the  Haynes  Automobile  Com- 
pany, which  still  (1913)  continues  to  pro- 
duce the  famous  Haynes  car.  Meantime  Mr. 
Haynes  continued  his  researches  in  metallurgy, 
which  have  made  his  name  even  more  con- 
spicuous among  engineers  than  have  his  auto- 
mobile inventions  with  the  general  public.  In 
1895  he  produced  an  aluminum-copper  alloy 
(aluminum  93  per  cent.;  copper  7  per  cent.) 
for  use  in  the  crank  case  of  his  automobile 
engine,  thus  achieving  the  first  recorded  in- 
stance of  the  use  of  aluminum  on  a  gasoline 
motor.  His  formula  has  since  become  the 
standard  for  crank  cases.  In  1896  he  intro- 
duced nickel  steel  in  automobile  construction, 
and  in  1898,  after  several  years  of  careful  ex- 
periment, he  succeeded  in  forming  an  alloy  of 
nickel  and  chromium,  which  is  capable  of  re- 
sisting all  atmospheric  influences  and  is  al- 
most insoluble  in  any  acid.  Alloys  of  cobalt 
and  chromium,  and  of  cobalt,  chromium,  and 
boron,  produced  some  months  later  and  show- 
ing an  extreme  hardness,  rendering  them  par- 
ticularly well  adapted  for  "  high-speed "  ma- 
chine tools,  were  perfected  by  him  for  use  in 
electrical  contacts  and  make-and-break  spark 
mechanisms,  basic  patents  issued  for  them  in 
1907.  Continuing  his  experiments  on  cobalt 
alloys  he  has  produced  a  metal  equaled  only 
by  the  metals  of  the  gold  and  platinum 
groups,  immunity  from  oxidation  under  at- 
mospheric conditions,  with  a  hardness  su- 
perior to  most  forms  of  tempered  steel.  Its 
superiority  to  steel  for  lathe  tools  is  already 
demonstrated.  Mr.  Haynes  was  married  20 
Oct.,  1887,  to  Bertha  Lanterman,  of  Portland, 
Ind.,  a  woman  of  broad  sympathies  and  large 
mental  grasp,  who  has  effectively  encouraged 
and  assisted  him  in  his  tireless  scientific  re- 
searches.   They  have  a  son  and  a  daughter. 


DAVIS,  Richard  Harding,  author  and  play- 
wright, b.  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  18  April, 
1864;  d.  at  Mt.  Kisco,  N.  Y.,  11  April,  1916, 
son  of  Lemuel  Clarke  and  Rebecca  Blaine 
(Harding)  Davis.  His  father  was  editor  of 
the  Philadelphia  "  Inquirer,"  and  later  of  the 
'*  Public  Ledger,"  and  published  many  essays 
and  one  novel.  Richard  Harding  Davis  re- 
ceived his  education  at  private  schools  and  at 
Lehigh  and  Johns  Hopkins  universities.  In- 
heriting his  father's  taste  for  writing,  he  took 
the  first  step  in  a  literary  career  by  working 
as  reporter  on  the  Philadelphia  "  Record " 
and  subsequently  on  the  "  Press."  During 
1889  he  was  in  England  as  correspondent  of 
the  Philadelphia  "  Evening  Telegraph,"  and 
returned  late  in  the  same  year  to  become  a 
reporter  on  the  New  York  "  Evening  Sun." 
While  on  the  latter  paper  he  contributed  a 
series  of  articles  describing  scenes  in  the  city 
police  courts.  But  his  most  successful  work 
was  in  gaining  the  confidence  of  notorious 
"  unhung "  criminals  and  writing  up  their 
lives  in  such  a  way  that  many  of  them  were 
forced  to  abandon  their  chosen  occupations. 
While  still  on  the  reportorial  staff  of  the 
"  Evening  Sun  "  his  "  Van  Bibber  "  sketches, 
dealing  with  the  humorous  side  of  society 
life  in  New  York,  appeared  in  the  columns  of 
that  paper.  During  this  period  Mr.  Davis 
was  also  contributing  short  stories  to  various 
magazines  From  1892  to  1894  he  was  man- 
aging editor  of  "  Harper's  Weekly "  and  in- 
creased his  reputation  by  a  number  of  notable 
contributions  to  this  periodical.  In  1894  Mr. 
Davis  determined  to  devote  most  of  his  time 
to  fiction,  and  severed  his  connection  with 
"  Harper's  Weekly "  that  he  might  work  sys- 
tematically on  the  novels  he  had  planned. 
Traveling  extensively  for  six  months  each 
year,  he  soon  gathered  a  vast  amount  of  ma- 
terial which  he  later  used  to  great  advantage 
in  descriptive  work  on  various  quarters  of  the 
earth.  Much  of  the  material  accumulated 
from  his  travels  he  also  used  in  his  novels, 
thus  imparting  a  vivid  impression  of  most 
of  them,  "  It  may  be  said  of  him,"  remarked 
Harry  Thurston  Peck,  in  the  "  Bookman," 
"  that  he  possessed  inherently  a  quick,  unerr- 
ing grasp  of  the  essential  as  distinguished 
from  the  non-essential  elements  of  a  scene  or 
of  a  situation;  that  he  was  born  with  a  selec- 
tive and  discriminating  mind;  he  w-as  naturally 
an  intellectual  impressionist.  But  it  may 
also  be  said  with  equal  truth  that  he  had  a 
distinctly  imaginative  side  to  his  mentalityJ 
a  sensitive  feeling  for  the  undercurrents,  and! 
a  romantic  strain  that  is  to  some  extent  un- 
usual in  a  mind  so  keenly  alive  to  the  existent  j 
and  the  actual."  Professor  Peck,  in  comment- 
ing on  Davis'  work  as  a  journalist,  continued: 
"  During  his  apprenticeship  to  the  mysteries^ 
of  journalism,  he  became  most  thoroughly  im* 
bued  with  the  journalistic  theory  of  writing. 
It  appealed  to  one  side  of  his  mentality — the 
practical,  effective  American  side — and  he  let 
it  master  him  and  become  his  predominating 
motive."  During  Mr.  Davis'  career  as  a  re- 
porter his  most  noteworthy  w^ork  was  his 
report  of  the  Johnstown  flood  of  1889.  His  ac- 
count of  the  coronation  of  Czar  Nicholas  II  in 
1896  also  attracted  much  attention.  After 
this  he  served  as  war  correspondent  for  the 
London   "Times"   and   New   York   "Herald" 


306 


MUIR 


MUIR 


in  the  Greek-Turkish  War  and  the  Spanish- 
American  War ;  and  for  the  London  "  Daily 
Mail "  and  New  York  "  Herald  "  in  the  Cuban 
Revolution,  the  Boer  War,  and  the  Russian- 
Japanese  War.  Mr.  Davis'  works  have  been 
translated  into  several  languages,  and  it  is 
probable  that  they  have  experienced  a  wider 
circulation  than  those  of  any  American 
author.  His  works  of  fiction  include  the  fol- 
lowing: "Cinderella  and  Other  Stories" 
(1886);  "Gallagher  and  Other  Stories" 
(1891);  "Van  Bibber  and  Others"  (1893); 
"The  Exiles"  (1894);  "The  Princess  Aline" 
(1895)  ;  "Soldiers  of  Fortune"  (1897)  ;  "The 
King's  Jackal"  (1898);  "In-  the  Fog" 
(1901);  "Ranson's  Folly"  (1902);  "Captain 
Macklin"  (1902);  "The  Scarlet  Car" 
(1908).;  "Vera,  the  Medium"  (1908);  "The 
Lion  and  the  Unicorn  "  ( 1899 )  ;  "  Episodes  in 
Van  Bibber's  Life"  (1899);  "The  White 
Mice"  (1910)  ;  "Once  Upon  a  Time"  (1910)  ; 
and  "  The  Man  Who  Could  Not  Lose  "  ( 1911 )  ; 
"The  Red  Cross  Girl"  (1912);  "The  Lost 
Road  "  ( 1913) .  Among  his  books  of  travel  are 
the  following :  "  The  West  from  a  Car  Win- 
dow" (1892)  ;  "Our  English  Cousins"  (1893)  ; 
"  Rulers  of  the  Mediterranean "  ( 1894 )  ; 
"About  Paris"  (1894);  "Three  Gringoes  in 
Venezuela"  (1895);  "Cuba  in  War  Time" 
(1897)  ;  "A  Year  from  a  Correspondent's  Note 
Book"  (1898)  ;  "The  Cuban  and  Porto  Rican 
Campaigns"  (1898);  "With  Both  Armies  in 
South  Africa"  (1900);  and  "The  Congo  and 
Coasts  of  Africa"  (1907)  ;  "With  the  Allies" 
(1914);  "With  the  French  in  France  and 
Salonika"  (1916).  After  1902  Mr.  Davis 
occupied  much  of  his  time  in  playwriting. 
The  following  is  a  list  of  his  plays :  "  The 
Taming  of  Helen"  (1902);  "Ranson's  Folly" 
(1903);  "The  Dictator"  (1904);  "The  Gal- 
loper" (1905)  ;  "Vera,  the  Medium"  (1906)  ; 
"The  Yankee  Tourist";  "Blackmail,"  and 
"  Who's  Who."  Mr.  Davis  had  also  much 
ability  as  a  musician,  and  composed  several 
songs.  Being  greatly  interested  in  athletics, 
he  contributed  football  tales  to  "  Harper's 
Weekly,"  the  "Evening  Sun,"  and  "St. 
Nicholas."  These  stories  have  been  highly 
praised.  Mr.  Davis  was  honored  by  decorations 
from  the  rulers  of  Venezuela,  Turkey,  Egypt, 
and  Russia.  He  married  first,  4  April,  1899, 
Cecil,  daughter  of  J.  M.  Clark,  of  Chicago, 
111.;    second,   Bessie  McCoy, 

MUIR,  John,  geologist,  inventor,  naturalist, 
and  explorer,  b.  in  Dunbar,  Scotland,  21  April, 
1838;  d.  in  Martinez,  Cal.,  24  Dec,  1914. 
Daniel  Muir,  his  father,  was  a  grain  merchant 
in  Dunbar.  The  ?Iuirs  trace  their  ancestry 
back  through  distinguished  Scottish  lines, 
while  the  family  of  Gilderoy,  through  which 
John  Muir  was  descended  through  his  mother, 
Ann  Gilderoy,  carried  in  its  veins  some  of  the 
best  and  bravest  blood  of  the  Highland  chiefs 
who  made  Scotland's  history.  In  his  native 
town,  by  the  stormy  North  Sea,  the  boy  first 
showed  that  love  of  nature  in  the  wild  which 
later  in  life  found  expression  in  books  that 
treated  of  trees,  flowers,  animals,  and  birds 
with  the  authority  of  a  scientist,  and  yet  with 
a  tenderness  that  always  revealed  his  love  of 
anything  and  everything  that  grew  or  lived 
in  the  forest,  the  fields,  and  particularly  in 
the  mountains  His  inborn  spirit  of  romance 
was  fostered  by  his  environment,  for  his  favor- 


ite playground  as  a  boy  was  the  famous  old 
Dunbar  Castle,  to  which  King  Edward  fled 
after  the  defeat  at  Bannockburn.  Built  more 
than  a  thousand  years  ago,  the  old  castle  has 
so  rich  a  legend  and  historic  story  that  it  was 
unavoidable  for  the  expressionable  boy  to  come 
deeply  under  its  influence.  In  1850,  when  he  was 
twelve  years  of  age,  he  came  to  America  with 
his  father,  a  sister,  and  a  brother.  His  mother 
and  three  younger  children  were  to  follow 
later,  when  a  home  had  been  made  for  them 
in  the  New  World.  The  sailing-ship  on  which 
they  crossed  the  Atlantic  was  six  weeks  and 
three  days  journeying  from  Glasgow  to  New 
York.  After  considerable  deliberation  and  al- 
most deciding  to  go  to  the  backwoods  of 
Upper  Canada,  the  father  took  the  little  family 
to  Wisconsin,  taking  up  a  farm  claim  in  the 
heart  of  the  wilderness  near  Fox  River.  The 
last  hundred  miles  from  Wisconsin  was  made 
by  wagon  over  the  trackless  prairie,  just 
after  the  spring  thaw,  and  John  Muir  never 
forgot  how  they  stuck  in  the  mud  again  and 
again,  and  how  doubtful  it  seemed  many  times 
whether  they  ever  would  reach  their  destina- 
tion. They  got  there  at  last,  however,  and 
the  boy  worked  on  the  farm,  besides  doing  his 
part  toward  clearing  the  forest,  with  a  vigor 
and  industry  that  were  a  matter  of  course  with 
the  sturdy  Scottish  lad.  But  his  mind  ex- 
tended far  beyond  the  borders  of  the  farm.  He 
had  access  to  good  books,  and  he  not  only 
devoured  them,  but  he  remembered  what  he 
read.  At  sixteen  he  turned  his  attention  seri- 
ously to  inventions,  having  early  shown  a 
bent  in  that  direction.  His  first  achievement 
in  this  way  was  a  self-setting  sawmill,  which 
he  made  with  tools  fashioned  by  himself — 
bradawls,  punches,  and  a  pair  of  compasses — 
out  of  wire  and  old  files;  and  a  fine-tooth  saw, 
which  had  formed  part  of  an  old-fashioned 
corset,  capable  of  cutting  hickory  and  oak. 
Afterward  he  invented  water-wheels,  curious 
door  locks  and  latches,  thermometers,  hy- 
grometers, pyrometers,  clocks,  a  barometer, 
an  automatic  contrivance  for  feeding  the  horses 
at  any  required  hour,  a  lamp-lighter  and  fire- 
lighter, an  early-or-late-rising  machine,  and  so 
forth.  All  these  things  were  done  either  in 
the  small  hours  of  the  morning,  which  he 
took  from  his  sleeping  time,  or  in  odd  moments 
during  the  day  when  farm  work  permitted  him 
to  use  his  whittling-knife  to  make  tangible 
realities  of  his  ingenious  ideas.  He  contrived 
to  obtain  an  appointment  as  school  teacher  in 
the  periods  when  farm  work  was  slack  and 
with  the  money  thus  earned  added  to  what  he 
made  in  farming,  he  entered  the  University  of 
Wisconsin,  in  1860,  for  a  scientific  course,  and 
paid  his  own  way  for  four  years.  At  the  end 
of  that  period  he  began  a  botanizing  tour 
which  continued  for  years  He  went  into  Can- 
ada, around  the  Great  Lakes  through  INIicliigan, 
Indiana,  and  Wisconsin.  Then  he  travorsed  the 
Southern  States,  visiting  Cuba,  and  finally 
striking  out  for  California.  The  Far  West 
had  always  held  a  fascination  for  him,  and 
when  he  arrived  there  in  Ai)ril,  18(58,  ho  was 
content  to  go  no  furtlior.  Ilo  made  the  Yo- 
semite  his  liomo.  Before  reaching  ihoro  and 
while  exploring  tlic  H\vam|)S  of  Florida  for 
certain  rare  plants,  lu'  was  smitten  with  ma- 
larial fevor.  This  illness  laid  him  up  for  some 
time  and  compelled  him  to  abandon  a  plan  he 


307 


MUIR 


MUIR 


had  formed  to  make  his  way  to  the  headwaters 
of  the  Amazon.  In  the  Yoaemite  he  supported 
himself  by  herding  sheep  and  working  in  a 
eawmill,  continuing  his  studies  in  natural  his- 
tory at  the  same  time  By  dint  of  stern  thrift, 
he  saved  a  few  hundred  dollars  and  then  set 
forth  on  a  systematic  survey  of  the  ;^ierra 
Nevada.  For  ten  years  he  led  an  isolated  life 
in  the  wilderness.  Hardship  and  peril  came 
to  him,  but  ho  never  minded,  and  only  when 
he  needed  bread  did  he  show  himself  in  civiliza- 
tion. He  studied  the  flora,  fauna,  and 
/  meteorology  of  the  region  minutely,  but  his  ac- 
'  complishments  as  a  geologist  were  far  more 
important.  lie  studied  the  effects  of  the  glacial 
period,  and  he  discovered  no  less  than  sixty- 
five  small,  residual  glaciers  on  the  High  Sierra. 
Declining  various  flattering  inducements  to 
prepare  himself  for  professorship  in  colleges, 
in  1876  he  became  one  of  a  party  connected 
with  the  geodetic  survey  in  the  Great  Basin, 
and  three  years  afterward,  in  1879,  made  a 
tour  of  exploration  in  Alaska,  where  he  not 
only  discovered  what  is  now  called  Glacier 
Bay  and  the  enormous  glacier  which  bears  his 
name,  but  pushed  on  to  the  very  headwaters 
of  the  great  Yukon  and  Mackenzie  Rivers.  In 
1881  he  went  still  further  north  as  a  member 
of  one  of  the  party  on  the  ship  "  Corwin," 
which  went  in  search  of  the  crew  of  the  lost 
Arctic  vessel,  "  Jeannette."  John  Muir's  love 
for  the  Yosemite  was  little  short  of  devotion, 
and  he  was  the  first  to  proclaim  to  the  world 
the  beauties  of  that  glorious  region.  He  wrote 
a  series  of  magazine  articles  on  "  The  Treasures 
of  the  Yosemite "  in  August  and  September, 
1890,  and  it  was  largely  through  the  interest 
awakened  by  those  papers  that  the  Sequoia 
and  Yosemite  national  parks  were  established 
by  the  United  States  government.  In  the  cause 
of  forest  preservation  he  was  a  vigorous  and 
life-long  worker,  and  his  slogan,  "  Save  the 
trees!  "  was  taken  up  all  over  the  land  with 
splendid  results.  His  published  volumes  are: 
"  The  ^lountains  of  California  "  (1894)  ;  "  Our 
National  Parks  "  ( 1901 )  ;  "  Stickeen,  the  Story 
of  a  Dog"  (1909)  ;  "  My  First  Summer  in  the 
Sierra"  (1011 ),  and  "  the  Yosemite  "  (1912). 
He  was  editor  of  "  Picturesque  California," 
and  most  of  the  text  of  that  work  describing 
mountain  scenery  came  from  his  hand.  In 
addition  he  was  the  author  of  some  150  de- 
scriptive articles  published  in  various  news- 
papers and  magazines,  including  the  "  Cen- 
tury," "  Atlantic,"  "  Harper's,"  "  Overland 
Monthly,"  "  Scrilmer's,"  etc.  John  Muir  was 
an  extensive  traveler.  Besides  exploring  the 
North  American  continent  ])retty  thoroughly, 
he  also  traveled  in  Russia,  Siberia,  ^lanchuria, 
India,  Australia,  South  America,  Africa,  and 
New  Zealand.  Among  his  magazine  contribu- 
tions which  are  recognized  as  of  more  than 
common  permanent  value  are  the  following^ 
"  On  the  Formation  of  Mountains  in  the 
Sierra,"  "  On  the  Post-Glacial  History  of 
Sequoia  Gigantea,"  "  Glaciation  of  Arctic  and 
Sub-Arctic  Regions,"  "  Alaska  Glaciers," 
"  Alaska  Rivers,"  "  Ancient  Glaciers  of  the 
Sierra,"  "  Forests  of  Alaska,"  "  Origin  of 
Yosemite  Valley,"  "  American  Forests,"  and 
"  Forest  Reservations  and  National  Parks." 
Honorary  degrees  were  bestowed  upon  Mr 
Muir  as  follows:  A.M.,  Harvard  University, 
1896;    LL.D.,  University  of  Wisconsin,   1897; 


L.H.D.,  Yale  University,  1911.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  American  Academy  of  Arts 
and  Letters;  Fellow  of  the  American  Associa- 
tion for  the  Advancement  of  Science;  member 
of  the  Washington  Academy  of  Sciences;  presi- 
dent of  the  Sierra  Club,  and  the  American  Al- 
pine Club.  John  Muir  was  married,  in  1879,  to 
Louise  Strentzel,  daughter  of  Dr.  John  Strent- 
zel,  of  Martinez,  Cal.  Mrs.  Muir,  having  in- 
herited, from  her  father,  a  fine  fruit  ranch 
near  Martinez,  Mr.  Muir  devoted  much  of  his 
time  in  the  latter  part  of  his  life  to  its  culti- 
vation, but  he  never  permitted  it  to  interfere 
with  the  scientific  investigations  which  had 
been  his  life-long  occupation.  Probably  the 
greatest  achievement  by  John  Muir  was  his 
successful  campaign  for  the  setting  apart  of 
the  Yosemite  National  Park,  in  1890.,  as  a 
great  public  playground.  His  name  has  al- 
ways been  associated  with  that  magnificent 
public  acquisition,  and  there  is  never  any 
question  that  it  was  his  skillful  and  sincere 
word-painting  of  the  natural  beauties  of  the 
Yosemite  that  caused  Congress  to  pass  the 
measure  which  gives  America  the  most  stu- 
pendous pleasure  ground  in  the  world — a  park 
absolutely  unique  in  its  primitive  grandeur  and 
diversified  scenery.  Long  before  the  Yosemite 
was  taken  in  charge  by  the  government  and 
held  to  be  a  people's  park,  John  Muir  knew  per- 
fectly its  mountains,  valleys,  canyons,  water- 
falls, and  wild  denizens.  He  had  been  through 
it  again  and  again.  So  he  was  well  equipped 
as  a  guide  when  Ralph  Waldo  Emerson  re- 
quested him  to  lead  the  way  through  the  Yo- 
semite Valley.  It  was  a  labor  of  love  for  John 
Muir,  and  for  days  he  took  a  delight  in  point- 
ing out  to  the  "  Sage  of  Concord  "  the  beauties 
of  this  Fairyland  of  the  West.  That  Emerson 
appreciated  both  the  place  and  the  man  was 
announced  in  the  emphatic  remark  he  made 
when  the  trip  was  over :  "  Muir  is  more  won- 
derful than  Thoreau."  The  unquenchable 
energy  and  physical  vigor  of  John  Muir  was 
well  shown  when,  at  the  age  of  seventy-four,  he 
returned  from  a  wilderness  journey  up  the 
Amazon  and  through  the  trackless  jungles  of 
Africa.  At  seventy-six  he  was  busy  on  a  new 
book,  and  had  he  lived  longer  there  was  every 
indication  that  he  would  write  many  more. 
After  his  passing  away  a  great  mass  of  literary 
material  was  found  that  obviously  he  had  in- 
tended to  turn  into  concrete  form  if  his  life 
had  been  longer.  Much  of  it  is  contained  in 
his  "  Life,  Letters,  and  Journals,"  compiled  by 
and  published  after  his  death.  In  1879,  when 
he  discovered,  in  Alaska,  the  great  glacier 
since  known  as  "  Muir  Glacier,"  his  erudition 
as  a  geologist  enabled  him  to  make  an  impor- 
tant prediction.  He  said  that  there  were  rich 
deposits  of  gold  along  the  Juneau  River,  which 
could  be  opened  up  without  much  diflficulty. 
Prospectors  taking  on  his  suggestion  set  to 
work  the  following  year.  The  result  was  the 
establishing  of  the  famous  Treadwell  mine — 
a  bonanza — which  soon  paid,  in  virgin  goid, 
the  purchase  price  of  the  territory  ten  times 
over.  Mr.  Muir  had  many  narrow  escapes 
from  death  in  the  course  of  his  mountain- 
climbing,  but  was  never  daunted.  On  one 
occasion  he  climbed  along  a  three-inch  ledge  to  r 

the  very  brink  of  the  sixteen-hundred-foot  peak        :  I 
of   the   Upper   Yosemite    Creek   "  to   listen   to  * 

the  sublime  psalm  of  the  falls."     Riding  on 


308 


POTTER 


i'OTTER 


"8,  crossing  crevasees  on  glacitrs,  $Md 
lUg  a  winter  storm  on  the  -iv.^^-iiv  <^* 
Ml.  iShaata,  freezing  on  one  side  an< 
ing  on  the  other  as  he  lay  by  the  acid 
steam  of  a  fumarole,  were  some  of  hi- 
sions  when  past   Beventy  years  of  ag^. 
while    explorinji    a    glacier-enameleti    -•-'■ 
^\ '  h    a   missionary   named   Young.    ' 
:•  I!  to  an  appuri'utiy  inaccessible  le^'^ 
i;t  8t('|t8  in  the  ice  to  the  woimded 
:i«!tnally  carried  him  to  safety  witii 
V  hiJe  he  clung  to  tlxe  cUif's  side  d^i^jM'i 
fh  finder*  and  toes.     Afterward  lie  br\ 
ntly  any  reference  t.-  'is  {«.;. 
t    it   was  a  m^'Tf   ](.<■.  iint. 
'It'  C'jurage  wa»  cj»a'».v:teri»tic  - 

._:.,  Jienry  Ci;<h>i;\n,  P.  E.  h^■•^hnT)  un 
.   b.   in   S  -,  N.  y  . 

in  Coop(-  Y    n    ' 

He     \va»«    edr; 

Academy  in    * 

at   the    I ' 

1857,    rt" 


Cathedral  in  Stant<:>n  Street,  in  order  to  see 

for  him*f»H  thf  conditions  of  the  poor  in  the 

'  'is.     From    that  day   till   his 

''  tenement  house  reform  had 

'auFichesc  champion,  and 

;^  existing  to<lay  are  in 

his  efforts.     His   iriflu- 

'!    the    agency    of    civic 

••>fary    of    the    State 

.-J  one  of  the  found- 

-ttinn  Society,  and 

iitical  reform 

ro*>nt    against 

■'•le  of  re- 

u.  rifliftCfp 


New  York  City,  and  it  was  here  that  his  high 
abilities  as  a  minister  and  preacher  were  most 
widely   noted.      Here,    too,    he    became    promi 
nently  identified  with  many  of  the  great  pbi- 
lanthrop'  nnte  of  the  tlay,  wielding  a 

strong    V  fifjbCtvt-roetitA    for    imr)roving 

rop- 
';   a* 

■ '  ■'■    .■*  ?^ 
he 

..    -     .  - iirac- 

CKuii  ChnstianiTy  wuich  was  ^pncii-making, 
both  in  church  work  and  sociology.  The 
chapel  in  Kast  r.>r;nT-*vj.(j|  8trc*rt  b*'cani<?  a 
useful  center  of  jjU-^-on  w^ri".  Crs.f'e  Viuwm, 
Grace  Church  Day  Xurj*,.-:  .'u  I  'h>>  Dtw 
chantry,  a  beautiful  group  '  f  bu^Min.^w  thflt 
"  '  '  added  to  the  church  during  hifi  in'-um 
y,  all  became  factors  in  the  cxtcn-icil 
..  ;k  of  the  parish.  In  1S83  Ri»hop  Horaiio 
Potter,  of  Now  York,  asketi  for  an  assistant, 
and  the  convention  rif  tha+  year  unanimously 
«i0«-^Ad  his  nephew,  1>t  Hfrtry  C.  Potter,  a.^ 
Bi^tHiit  bishop.  Hi-  "H'S  '>ns»/!^»  rated  in  Grace 
Church,  20  o. - 
forty -ibree  bi 
generw)  <it-»>'V»ri-  <  «. 
Pbilado!p!aa.  At  thr  i 
Potter  on  2  .Tan  **-- 
the  diocf  Kc,  The 
Grace  Church,  r 
limits  of  hi  J  pjM 
as  to  affect  the  •> 
ita  poorest  di^tri^'tr 
fortu  there;  duiiiuT  i 
summer    ho    made    his 


'nc>    p 

rcsence    of 

lished  (he  iorhv.;> 

o.i  (b<. 

clergy,  the 

T)eac<»TteK«eM   at    ]! 

,     I  hen    ill 

soR8ion    in 

"  'rhc    OitlCH    .»(     ?■; 

iith  of  iJj.^h 

»p  Rurilio 

and   S\Tifl  '■    .  r-iV' 

•■      ^iv.  amc 

•  )>,*hop   of 

(1877)  ;  -.  .. 

h  !»'  S:n 

1  Kegiui  in 

(ISMHS-' 

•      •.'    the 

SclioljiT    .','    .       ;  .       -: 

i*,0 

to    \V".f     r    1    .      .1   ■•  ■' 

('^.I 

'•T^i      '          ,       i.l-i 

)!»r      iri 

'   1.,                               ;.;»•;" 

i'j-,,                                  HI,., 

!.'■.'.!  (.iic.     r. 

-V     Pi-0- 

}>i'^lu.i;.         .    ^-.i       .\rJ: 

'Mcftjon. 
.<    upon   to 
lijpioyer   and 
v'lt-}:  the  coal 
f*nt     '<i    the 
..  j»     pl^ri    sug- 
"-      -  .•:'..».;<-     !••  c^M'vciL.       He    rcndfTcd 
ally  important   service   in  connection  with 
...    strike.^   of   the   marble    work.-rt,   lithogra- 
phers, and  other  serious  labor  dispiites.     Bishop 
Potter    administered    the    affairs    of    his    dio- 
cese wiseh  and  with  unusual  breaJtjj  of  vie.v 
till  the  time  of  his  death.     Hp  carried  to  suc- 
cess the  project  of  building  the  Cathedral  of 
St.  John  the  Divin^'  in  N^evv  York  ^^ity.  which 
was  the   dream  of   his   'Jtuli-,    Hir^hop   Horatio 
Potter.      ThJ«!    j*:vj*^i     '.voahi    have    ended    »n 
failure   hut   f4»r    hi**   charjictcristic   determina- 
tion and   executive   force.     Although  begun   ti^. 
1873,    it    progressed    slowly    until    th'     bib.'-.  •!> 
assTjmcd    active   charge.      On    St.   Johri's   'lhi\. 
1892,  he  laid   the  cornerstone,  and    tnereai  try 
pushed  the  work 'of  building  with  8uch     Mt  i-;:^- 
that     up     to     the     time     of     hi.'-j     d-'»;». il!     <  «    '■ 
$.3,500,000  had    been   lontributed       T 
dral    has   a    ••rucif'^ rm    jd.'i'^    520    5, 
in   extreme  dimoTjsions,   jind   a<c«;r'i  j- 

o*'pted  plans  will  be  -liia  ieoi:  hi-:-.'--  ".      .";- 

at  the  spire  surmonuting  the  g:*-" 
vvill  ra  i.v  v-.'t'A).  the  great  Cot)-  . 
PJurope,  a  h;ind3oino  vv->r»      '   ' 
an  appropriate  monm.  .;      •!'»  ■ 

capabiiitiea 


SCRIPPS 


SCRIPPS 


honorary  degrees  were  conferred  upon  him  by 
coUegeH  and  univerdities  in  the  United  States, 
Kngland,  ami  Cantidu;  Union  Collej?e  giving 
him  the  degrees  of  A.M.,  D.D.,  and  LL.D.,  in 
1863,  18«5,  and  1S77,  respectively;  D.D.  from 
Trinity  in  18S4;  LL.D.  from  the  University  of 
Cambridge,  Kngland;  D.D.  from  Oxford  Uni- 
versitv,  Kngland;  D.D.  from  Harvard  Uni- 
versity; LL.D.  from  Yale  University;  LL.D. 
from  *  St.  Andrews,  Scotland,  and  D.C.L. 
from  Bishops  College,  Canada.  Bishop  Pot- 
ter married,  in  1857,  Eliza  Rogers  Jacobs,  of 
Spring  (Jrove,  Lancaster,  Pa.,  who  died  29 
June,  1!)01.  He  was  married  a  second  time 
in  1902  to  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Scriven  Clark,  widow 
of  Alfred  Corning  Clark,  of  Cooperstown, 
N.  Y.  He  was  survived  by  four  daughters: 
Mrs.  Mason  C.  Davidge,  Mrs.  Charles  H.  Rus- 
sell, Mrs.  William  H.  Hyde,  and  Miss  Sarah 
Potter,  and  by  one  son,  Alonzo  Potter. 

SCRIPPS,  James  Edmund,  journalist,  b.  in 
London,  Kngland,  19  March,  1835;  d.  in  De- 
troit, Mich.,  29  May,  1906.  He  was  descended 
from  a  long  line  of  ancestors,  most  of  whom 
were  prominent  in  various  professions.  One 
ancestor  of  his,  about  the  middle  of  the  eight- 
eenth century,  rebuilt  the  famous  dome  and 
lantern  of  the  Ely  Cathedral,  A  son  of  this 
Scripps  emigrated  to  America  in  1791,  and 
settled  at  Cape  Girardeau,  Mo.  Another  son 
remained  in  England  and  itounded  the  London 
"  Daily  Sun  "  and  the  "  Literary  Gazette,"  the 
latter  being  the  first  English  journal  of  its 
kind.  A  son  of  this  pioneer  newspaper  pub- 
lisher became  a  bookbinder  and  was  the  father 
of  James  E.  Scripps.  When  Mr.  Scripps  was 
six  years  of  age  his  mother  died.  His  father 
later  remarried  and  altogether  had  thirteen 
children.  The  boy  had  been  in  a  private  school 
several  years  when  his  father  decided  to  emi- 
grate to  America.  The  family  set  out  in  a 
sailing-vessel  and  spent  six  weeks  in  making 
the  passage  across  the  Atlantic.  The  journey 
was  then  continued  westward  by  way  of  the 
Erie  Canal  and  finally  terminated  at  Rush- 
ville,  111.,  which  was  then  well  out  toward 
the  frontier  of  civilization.  Thus  the  boy, 
scarcely  ten  years  of  age,  began  to  assist  his 
father  in  making  a  home  in  the  wilderness. 
There  was  little  opportunity  for  schooling,  but 
such  as  there  was  he  used  to  the  utmost  ad- 
vantage, supplemented  by  the  close  reading  of 
such  books  as  he  could  obtain.  Before  he  was 
fifteen  he  had  prepared  himself  for  college,  but 
was  unable  to  enter,  because  of  his  father's 
limited  means.  It  is  an  indication  of  his  per- 
sistence in  the  pursuit  of  knowledge  that  be- 
fore he  had  reached  the  age  of  twenty-one 
years,  he  was  teaching  school  in  winter,  while 
continuing  to  work  on  the  farm  in  the  sum- 
mer. In  spite  of  all  discouragements,  how- 
ever, he  was  determined  to  break  through  the 
limitations  of  his  environment  and  seek  a 
wider  field  of  opportunities.  In  the  early  part 
of  1856  he  went  to  Chicago,  and  entered  a 
three-months  course  in  a  business  college. 
After  its  completion,  he  was  for  several 
months  engaged  as  a  bookkeeper  with  a  lum- 
ber company,  and  of  his  meager  salary  he  care- 
fully laid  aside  one-half.  He  scrupulously 
carried  out  this  rule  of  saving  half  his  salary, 
and  in  five  years  had  accumulated  enough  to 
buy  a  small  interest  in  the  business.  On  leav- 
ing the  lumber  trade,  he  entered  newspaper 


work  in  a  humble  capacity.  His  first  employ- 
ment was  on  the  Chicago  "Tribune,"  and,  as 
a  young  beginner,  he  was  assigned  to  the  mis- 
cellaneous tasks  of  collecting,  proofreading, 
and  making  himself  generally  useful  about 
the  office.  His  instant  comprehension  of  the 
demands  of  newspaper  work,  with  his  capacity 
and  industry,  soon  secured  him  an  appoint- 
ment as  commercial  and  marine  reporter.  At 
this  time,  however,  came  a  period  of  country- 
wide financial  depression,  in  which  the  "  Trib- 
une "  was  deeply  involved,  and  a  large  part 
of  the  oflBce  force  was  laid  off,  Mr.  Scripps 
included.  In  later  years  he  often  recalled  the 
phases  through  which  he  passed.  For  a  time 
he  attempted  to  make  a  living  by  buying  and 
selling  sheep  skins,  which  was  suddenly  ter- 
minated by  the  offer  of  a  position  as  commer- 
cial editor  of  the  Detroit  "  Daily  Advertiser." 
So  he  began  his  first  work  in  the  city  which 
was  to  be  the  scene  of  his  great  success.  Not 
long  after,  the  duties  of  news  editor  were 
added  to  those  of  commercial  editor.  At  the 
outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  he  determined  to 
enlist,  but  so  reluctant  were  the  proprietors 
of  the  "  Advertiser  "  to  lose  his  services,  that 
they  made  him  a  tempting  offer  of  partner- 
ship. He  had  already  resigned  his  position, 
but  this  offer  induced  him  to  remain  in  De- 
troit and  he  devoted  his  pen  to  patriotic 
writings.  Hardly  a  year  had  elapsed  when, 
in  1862,  he  brought  about  a  consolidation  of 
the  "  Advertiser  "  and  the  "  Tribune,"  becom- 
ing business  manager,  and  later  managing 
editor  of  the  new  enterprise.  The  "  Tribune  " 
was  an  afternoon  newspaper  and  the  "  Ad- 
vertiser," a  morning  newspaper.  From  this 
time  on  the  enterprise  was  operated  success- 
fully and  paid  large  dividends  throughout  the 
war.  Some  disagreements  with  his  partners 
caused  him  to  dispose  of  his  share  in  the  busi- 
ness, in  February,  1873,  after  which  he  founded 
the  "Evening  News,"  the  first  copies  of. which 
came  from  the  presses  in  the  old  "  Free 
Press"  Building.  The  subscription  list 
reached  10,000  before  the  first  edition  was 
issued.  At  first  some  difficulties  were  en- 
countered in  obtaining  adequate  facilities  of 
the  print  shops  of  that  period,  and  half  of  the 
subscribers  were  compelled  to  go  without  their 
daily  newspaper.  The  subscription  list  was 
divided.  The  mechanical  inability  to  supply 
the  required  number  of  copies  spurred  the 
owner  of  the  "  News "  to  greater  efforts  and 
soon  the  paper  was  installed  in  its  own  build- 
ing at  the  corner  of  Shelby  and  Congress 
Streets,  with  the  best  machinery  of  the  time 
at  its  command.  When  the  mechanical  diffi- 
culties had  been  overcome  the  subscription  list 
rose  by  leaps  and  bounds,  and  finally  the 
"  News "  became  the  most  important  daily 
newspaper,  not  only  in  Detroit,  but  also  in  the 
State  of  Michigan.  Mr.  Scripps,  conscious  of 
his  lack  of  early  training,  and  true  to  the  re- 
solve he  made  when  standing  on  the  threshold 
of  his  business  life,  made  no  compromises  with 
difficulties,  but  threw  his  entire  energy  into 
doing  one  thing  and  doing  it  well.  Nor  was 
it  a  work  without  difiiculties.  In  one  of  his 
writings  to  youth  on  "  How  to  Succeed  in 
Business,"  he  recalls  a  time  when  only  "  lack 
of  nerve  "  on  his  part  saved  him  from  going 
into  the  hands  of  a  receiver.  In  the  flush 
times  of  1864  to  1866  he  bought  real  estate 


310 


SCRIPPS 


SCRIPPS 


in  the  city,  and  when  the  reaction  came  in 
1866  with  the  depreciation  of  paper  dollars, 
its  high  rates  of  interest,  depression  in  busi- 
ness, his  resources  were  so  reduced  that  he 
was  in  sore  straits.  The  lots  on  Trumbull 
Avenue,  upon  which  the  present  splendid 
Scripps  home  now  stands,  were  a  part  of  this 
property  which  he  was  likely  to  lose  if  he 
went  into  bankruptcy.  "  I  got  behind  in  my 
payments,"  he  wrote.  "Had  it  come  to  this? 
The  man  from  whom  I  bought  threatened  to 
throw  me  into  bankruptcy.  After  all  my  toil- 
ing and  saving,  after  all  my  prudence  and 
care  and  self-denial,  the  threat  came  like  the 
last  straw.  I  resolved  to  give  up  the  fight  and 
join  the  ranks  of  the  98  per  cent."  He  asked 
a  friend  to  come  to  his  house,  intending  to 
request  him  to  act  as  assignee.  Conversation 
touched  upon  every  subject  but  the  one  upper- 
most in  the  mind  of  Mr.  Scripps.  "  My  spirits 
flagged  rather  than  gained,"  he  wrote,  "  and  to 
my  great  disgust  he  took  up  his  hat  and  de- 
parted, leaving  me  still  in  the  ranks  of  the 
2  per  cent."  He  sacrificed  heavily,  relieved 
himself  of  the  "terrible  incubus  of  debt,"  and 
went  ahead  with  the  same  determination  as 
before.  His  success  with  the  "  Evening  News  " 
encouraged  him  to  similar  enterprises  else- 
where. In  1878  the  "  Press  "  was  established 
at  Cleveland ;  the  "  Chronicle  "  at  St.  Louis, 
and  in  1881  the  "Post"  was  purchased  and 
reorganized  at  Cincinnati.  During  this  period 
Mr.  Scripps  had  the  aid  of  able  and  energetic 
assistants.  His  brother,  George  H.  Scripps, 
who  had  been  with  him  practically  from  the 
foundation  of  the  "  News,"  and  who  had 
brought  the  talent  of  careful  but  intelligent 
economy  to  the  task  of  supervising  the  busi- 
ness interest  of  the  paper,  was  long  his  con- 
fidential agent.  His  sister,  Miss  Ellen  B. 
Scripps,  was  also  a  valued  counselor  in  addi- 
tion to  being  a  most  efficient  member  of  the 
staff,  which  was  further  strengthened  by  the 
loyalty  of  another  brother,  E.  W.  Scripps,  who 
gained  his  first  knowledge  of  the  newspaper 
publishing  business  in  the  office  of  the  "  News," 
and  afterward  expanded  his  personal  ventures, 
until  he  became  one  of  the  largest  newspaper 
publishers  in  America.  From  that  time  on 
newspapers  founded  on  the  Scripps  idea,  and 
by  men  who  were  associated  with  the  "  News," 
continued  to  be  established  in  many  of  the 
principal  cities  of  the  country.  Perhaps  no 
better  idea  of  the  influence  and  enterprise  in 
the  newspaper  field  could  be  given  than  in 
the  following  list  of  papers  and  kindred  enter- 
prises which  were  the  direct  result  of  the 
foundation  venture  in  1873:  The  Detroit 
"  News,"  the  Cleveland  "  Press,"  the  Cincinnati 
"Post,"  the  St.  Louis  "Star-Chronicle,"  the 
Covington  (Ky.)  "Post,"  the  Akron  (Ohio) 
"Press,"  the  Toledo  "News-Bee,"  the  Grand 
Rapids  "  Press,"  The  Toledo  "  Times,"  the  Co- 
lumbus "  Citizen,"  the  Bay  City  "  Times,"  the 
Baltimore  "  World,"  the  Indianapolis  "  Sun," 
the  Kansas  City  "  World,"  the  Omaha  "  News," 
the  St.  Paul  "  News,"  the  Des  Moines  "  News," 
the  Minneapolis  "  News,"  the  San  Diego 
"  Sun,"  the  Los  Angeles  "  Record,"  the  Seattle 
"Star,"  the  San  Francisco  "News,"  the  Ta- 
coma  "Star,"  the  Fresno  (Cal.)  "Tribune," 
jhfc  Spokane  "  Press,"  the  Sacramento  "  Star," 
the  Denver  "  Express,"  and  added  to  these  was 
the  Scripps-McRae  Press  Association  and  the 


Newspaper  Enterprise  Association.  The  cir- 
culation of  these  newspapers  is  more  than 
1,000,000  copies  daily,  a  large  part  of  which 
is  in  Michigan.  The  policy  followed  in  the 
management  of  these  many  newspapers,  in- 
itiated by  the  Scripps  enterprise,  was  peculiar, 
at  that  time  at  least,  in  that  they  were  not 
permanently  partisan  in  politics.  Mr.  Scripps 
considered  it  the  function  of  every  news- 
paper to  champion  what  was  of  the  best  in- 
terest of  the  community  in  which  it  exercised 
its  influence,  and  that  could  not  always  rest 
with  one  party.  Therefore,  the  Scripps  news- 
papers supported  whichever  party  seemed  most 
closely  identified  with  local  interests.  In 
politics,  Mr.  Scripps  was  a  Republican,  hav- 
ing east  his  vote  for  Fremont  in  1856,  and 
adhered  to  the  party  loyally,  until  compelled 
to  part  with  it  on  the  question  of  coinage  in 
1896.  His  interest  in  practical  government 
was  always  keen,  and  many  of  his  writings 
dealt  with  the  political  problems  of  Detroit 
and  Michigan.  For  politics  followed  for  the 
sake  of  personal  gain,  he  had  only  the  most  pro- 
found contempt,  but  for  the  serious-minded  at- 
tempt to  solve  governmental  problems  through 
conference  and  votes  of  qualified  representa- 
tives he  had  a  deep  respect.  It  was  his  opin- 
ion that  no  citizen  of  Michigan  was  too  good 
to  hold  a  seat  in  the  State  legislature.  In 
1897  he  wrote  that  if  a  capable  man's  patriot- 
ism did  rise  to  the  height  of  a  seat  at  the 
State  Capitol,  he  had  no  right  to  aspire  to  a 
seat  in  Congress,  nor  in  the  U.  S.  Senate.  His 
first  campaign  for  public  office  was  in  1884, 
when  he  was  nominated  to  represent  his  dis- 
trict in  the  State  legislature.  At  this  day  it 
is  interesting  to  specify  the  reason  for  this 
campaign.  He  had  offered  large  sums  of 
money  and  priceless  paintings  to  establish  a 
public  art  gallery  in  Detroit.  There  was  no 
law  under  which  such  an  institution  could  be 
conducted  and  he  determined  that  if  elected 
to  the  legislature  he  would  be  instrumental 
in  having  one  passed.  Although  his  nomina- 
tion in  1884  was  made  by  Republicans  the 
bitterness  which  existed  in  1873,  when  he  re- 
fused to  allow  his  newspaper  to  degenerate 
into  a  party  organ,  caused  a  formidable  op- 
position to  him  and  he  was  defeated.  In  No- 
vember, 1902,  he  was  nominated  for  senator 
from  the  Third  Senatorial  District.  He  was 
endorsed  by  the  Democrats  and  his  election 
was,  therefore,  a  certainty.  It  was  his  inten- 
tion to  urge  beneficent  legislation  in  regard 
to  greater  liberty  of  home  rule  in  Detroit;  the 
incorporation  of  philanthropic  loan  associa- 
tions; the  improvement  of  the  Wayne  County 
jury  system,  and  to  promote  other  legislation 
for  the  welfare  of  the  people.  He  devoted 
himself  to  his  senatorial  duties  with  the  same 
energy  with  which  he  managed  his  i)rivato 
affairs.  He  refused  to  recognize  the  machine 
in  legislation,  and  the  machine  in  conseqnonco 
refused  to  recognize  him.  For  weeks  through- 
out the  session  of  1903  he  worked  conscious  of 
the  insurmountable  opposition  machine  poli- 
tics was  preparing  for  all  of  his  measures. 
Finally  stung  by  the  many  discourtesies,  ho 
arose  to  a  question  of  privilege  on  5  May, 
1903,  and  in  a  speech  that  was  not  soon  for- 
gotten he  exposed  the  machinations  of  the 
politicians  in  the  senate,  and  appealed  to  tlio 
State  for  a  sign  of  the  justice  of  his  measures. 


311 


BEVERIDGE 


BEVERIDGE 


Returning  to  his  home,  he  decided  to  enjoy 
the  immunity  from  care  to  which  his  age  and 
previous  labors  had  entitled  him,  and  he  left 
the  light  in  younger  hands.  He  did  not  cease 
writing,  however,  and  questions  of  taxation, 
civic  improvement,  and  street  railway  fran- 
chises engaged  his  pen  at  frequent  intervals. 
In  his  home  he  found  his  principal  pleasure 
and.  although  it  contained  art  treasures  and 
a  magniticent  library  and  was  sumptuously 
furnished,  the  home  atmosphere  was  never 
destroyed.  He  was  extremely  simple  in  his 
personal  tastes,  and  it  was  his  delight  to 
spend  his  time  in  the  company  of  his  faithful 
wife  and  his  devoted  family.  During  the  last 
two  decades  of  his  life  he  traveled  extensively 
abroad  always  with  Mrs.  Scripps,  and  col- 
lected art  and  literary  treasures.  No  account 
of  Mr.  Scripps'  life  however  brief  could  be 
complete  without  reference  to  his  connection 
with  the  Detroit  Museum  of  Art.  He  was  one 
of  the  first  trustees  and  founders  of  this 
museum,  to  which  he  presented  a  collection  of 
valuable  paintings,  including  many  of  the  old 
masters.  These  pictures  he  had  himself  sought 
out  on  his  travels  abroad  and  purchased  with 
infinite  care;  one  picture  alone,  the  "  Immacu- 
late Conception  "  by  Murillo,  cost  him  $24,000. 
For  a  while  Mr.  Scripps  served  as  park  com- 
missioner. During  his  administration  many 
of  the  admirable  features  of  the  Detroit  park 
system  were  completed,  besides  which  he  con- 
siderably enlarged  the  area  by  private  dona- 
tions. After  his  death,  in  1907,  Scripps  Park, 
at  Trumbull  and  Grand  River  Avenues,  was 
enlarged  by  a  further  extension  of  land  con- 
sisting of  the  magnificent  residence  and 
grounds  occupied  by  George  G.  Booth,  which 
was  remodeled  for  use  as  a  public  library, 
known  as  the  Scripps  Library.  Mr.  Scripps 
was  also  deeply  interested  in  architecture,  a 
taste  probably  inherited  from  his  great- 
grandfather, of  Ely  Cathedral  fame.  He 
erected  in  Trumbull  Avenue,  a  true  though 
somewhat  miniature  representation  of  the 
fourteenth  century  English  Gothic  Church, 
this  edifice  costing  him  upward  of  $75,000. 
Unfortunate  circumstances  made  its  comple- 
tion, as  he  had  planned  it,  impossible.  As  a 
book  collector,  Mr.  Scripps  was  scarcely  less 
active  than  as  an  art  collector.  What  he  did 
for  the  public  school  system  of  the  city  is 
testified  to  by  the  fact  that  one  of  the  public 
schools  is  called  the  "  James  E.  Scripps 
School."  On  16  Sept.,  1862,  Mr.  Scripps  mar- 
ried Harriet  J.,  daughter  of  Hiram  King  and 
Mary  Ann  (Warren)  Messinger,  who  came  to 
Detroit  from  New  England  in  1852.  Of  their 
six  children  four  survive:  Ellen  W.,  now 
Mrs.  George  G.  Booth;  Anna  V.,  now  Mrs. 
Edgar  B.  Whitcomb;  Grace  M,  now  Mrs.  Rex 
B.  Clark;  and  William  E.  Scripps,  upon  whom 
the  mantle  of  his  father  has  most  worthily 
fallen. 

BEVERIDGE,  Albert  Jeremiah,  U.  S.  Sen- 
ator, b.  on  an  Ohio  farm  on  the  border  of 
Adams  and  Highland  counties,  6  Oct.,  1862, 
son  of  Thomas  H.  and  Frances  E.  (Parkin- 
son) Beveridge.  After  the  Civil  War  the 
family  removed  to  Illinois,  where  a  life  of 
hardship  and  privation  made  up  the  years  of 
his  boyhood.  At  twelve  he  was  a  plowboy,  at 
fourteen  a  railroad  laborer,  and  at  fifteen  a 
logger  and  teamster.     Still  he  managed  to  at- 


tend school  and  even  high  school.  He  worked 
his  way  through  De  Pauw  University  (Ind.) 
and  was  graduated  Ph.B.  in  1885.  In  the 
same  year  he  took  the  first  prize  in  the  state 
and  interstate  collegiate  oratorical  contests. 
After  some  time  spent  on  a  Western  ranch  to 
regain  his  health,  impaired  by  overstudy,  he 
read  law  in  the  ofiice  of  Senator  McDonald, 
soon  after  becoming  managing  clerk.  He  "was 
admitted  to  the  bar  and  was  associated  with 
McDonald  and  Butler  at  Indianapolis,  until 
a  few  years  later,  when  he  began  practice  for 
himself.  He  became  identified  with  many 
important  cases,  and,  affiliating  himself  with 
the  Republican  party,  acquired  distinction  as 
an  orator  and  campaign  speaker.  On  17  Jan., 
1899,  he  was  elected  U.  S  Senator  to  succeed 
David  Turpee,  Democrat,  and  in  1905  was  re- 
elected for  the  term  ending  4  March,  1911. 
Soon  after  his  first  election  he  visited  the 
Philippines  and  China  to  investigate  condi- 
tions with  respect  to  American  politics,  and 
he  concurred  in  the  findings  of  the  Philippine 
Commission,  which  indorsed  the  policy  of  quell- 
ing the  insurrection  and  retaining  control  of 
the  islands.  His  first  speech  in  the  Senate,  9 
Jan.,  1900,  was  an  argument  for  co-operation 
with  the  administration  in  the  pursuit  of  this 
policy.  In  1906  he  introduced  in  the  Senate 
a  bill  to  prevent  the  employment  of  children 
in  factories  and  mines,  which  was  referred  to 
committee.  Soon  after,  a  bill  to  prohibit 
child  labor  in  the  District  of  Columbia,  al- 
ready passed  by  the  House,  was  reported  by  the 
committee,  and  Senator  Beveridge  endeavored 
to  amend  it  so  as  to  prohibit  interstate  com- 
merce in  the  products  of  factories  employing 
child  labor.  He  vigorously  supported  his 
amendment  against  persistent  opposition,  the| 
arguments,  supported  by  sworn  evidence,  ai  " 
copious  quotations  from  authorities,  occup] 
ing  three  days.  He  called  the  attention  oi 
labor  to  the  fact  that  "  child  labor  tends 
bring  down  manhood  wages  and  womanhoc 
wages  to  the  child-wage  level,"  and  abl] 
argued  the  constitutional  power  of  Congree 
to  ameliorate  labor  conditions  through  its  con- 
trol over  commerce.  He  explained  our  much- 
vaunted  "  free  institutions  "  to  mean  that  we 
are  "  free  to  correct  human  abuses  "  and  con- 
cluded: "To  see  this  Republic  of  free  and 
equal  men  and  women  grow  increasingly,  with 
each  and  every  year,  as  the  mightiest  power 
for  righteousness  in  the  world  has  been  and 
is  the  passion  of  my  life — a  nation  of  strong, 
pure  human  beings;  a  nation  of  wholesome 
homes,  true  to  its  holiest  ideals  of  man;  a 
nation  whose  power  is  glorified  by  its  justice 
and  whose  justice  is  the  conscience  of  scores 
of  millions  of  free,  strong,  brave  people.  .  .  . 
Mr.  President,  it  is  to  make  such  a  nation 
still  surer  of  this  holy  destiny  that  I  have 
presented  this  bill,  to  stop  the  murder  of 
American  children  and  the  ruin  of  future 
American  citizens."  Though  unsuccessful  in 
its  passage  the  bill  gave  impetus  to  other 
anti-child  labor  legislation  and  a  movement 
which  is  still  far  from  its  ultimate  end.  Senator 
Beveridge  was  active  in  promoting  a  number 
of  other  reform  measures,  including  pure  food 
legislation  and  the  income  tax  amendment.  A^ 
the  end  of  his  second  term  he  resumed  tie 
practice  of  law  in  Indianapolis.  He  is  ^he 
author   of   "The   Russian  Advance"    (190?); 


312 


k 


^"C/W^^ 


BARKER 


GROSVENOR 


"The  Young  Man  and  the  World"  (1905); 
"The  Meaning  of  the  Times"  (1807),  and 
several  contributions  to  nragazineg.  He  mar- 
ried, first,  in  1887,  Katharim*  lx)ng8dale,  of 
Greencaatle,  Ind.  (d.  1000),  and,  second,  in 
Berlin,  Germany,  1907,  Catherine  Eddy,,  of 
Cbii-ago,  a  sister  of  Spencer  Eddy  of  the  U.  S. 
diplouiatic  WTvic'e. 

BAEKEE,  John  Henr  facturer,  b.  in 

Michigan   City,   Ind ,  ^4 ;    d.   there 

:i    T>,.,.       i<.-.-.     ...M    .  .     (1814-78)     and 

*    '  -rker.     Hia    father 

*<t  ••t'^;         •■  .       y\io    of    liberalized 

New    Ei.ei  .fi-i     Puritans    v  no    figured    promi- 
nently iri  .i-,f'{oping  t.h<?  reHourceb  of  the  Mid- 
dle W'-'^s      lit  the  spring  of  1836,  John  Barker 
loc:Ur<i  in  Michigan  City,  Ind  ,  where  he  onomd 
i-    v'^  '    r^d    .-in/~      Mipplying   the 
.".;■<  ■  -       -',   !-   .  .tus  of  that  eai  . 
jirtii\vuv.-i  jiau   uoi  been   constrvi' 
ern  Indiana  up  t-o  that  tims 
furnished    the    i.Miv    $» .     , 
world  market 
farms  in  tl 

time    to 
of  grai^ 


i  pany.    From  this  period  up  to  the  time  of  Lih 

jd«ath,   he  devoted   his  energies  toward  Iniikl- 

I  5n>;   up    the    plant   until    it   occupied    approxi 

inately  ono  hundred  acres,  and  the  output  ^vas 

j  sixty  cars  per  day.     ISlr.  Barker  was  a  mnvt 

i  of  simple  tastes  and  quiet  demeanor,  but  whose 

strong  pera<.>nality  impressed  itself  upon  tbose 

who  knew  him,  emphasizing  in  a  miirked  <le- 

gree    precision,    prudence,    and    deienaitiniion. 

He  pofisessed  a  faculty  for  persisteut  fipnlica- 

tion,   and    displayed    the    intrinsic    worth    and 

force    of    liis    character,    cojnbiiii*d    with    go^d 

judgment,  making  his  advice  highly  valued  by 

all  who  came  in  contact  wiih  hi'U      Mr    Barker 

rt'veaie'l  ?»  great  lovv  tV>r  h-?.  ju'i  ve  city,  and.  as 

a  memori^k  l'>  /  •'   ;■  '  ^  •■Ujidr^.-i  who  died  in 


chnih-wi 


vjti,    'IrifJiy 


Upon   ' 

er,    eontjrming    until    1871 
^iir,    wi4M.i<-.o8    was    incorporated    as    the 
>r  ,  ^e^    and    Barker    Car    Company.       John 
'^  'j.ry    Barker    was    educated    in    the    public 
•     ools  of  hifl  native  town,  and  at  the  age  of  i 
;  •;    •te«'».  years  entered  Racine  College,  Racine,  I 
where    he    remainwl    two    and    one-hii!f! 
^m  *<*vt=A,i.  'i    f».>    nr'MMinl   aptitude  for  j 
of    eighteen  j 
^•h»T^    he  «>b- 
V3i»i*btitm*-  of  i 

<  'Mciigo,  and.  Hlu-y  .,<  . 
rf  'joved  to  SpnngUe  d. 
in   the  wholesale  grocery   t^ubu  t  h«.   p 
ahip   with   LaFayette   Smitli,     At    t)-.*- 
thrr-e   years,    he   sold   his   interesits   ia    oprnig  , 
fi-M  to  Mr.  Smith  and  Charles  M    Hay,  and' 
returned   to   Thicago-     Here  ho  age  in  Entered 
the   {jroccry    traib^   hs   .i    rruimber   of   the   f>rnx 
f    Meeker    and    Park 'r,    !ti    fiar;  n«'rshii.    \v»rh 
^Villiam   FT    M.'»«ker      '  u-.n   the  r^iirer-icTit  of 
"^18  father  from  i»o-.-^     •     ■-.  >;«  ,u   IHiy'.K  h:;  re! 
:nmed    to    Mifl.,^v  r.A       TTirt    father 

•f'-ed  him  ti.r  .i;-.  .   ,,>   of  yhoTfu-^-; 

and  Barker  ■■  ■    ■vhi'-h  t>ni.' 

I>ui!(li)ii:    ',t; 'i  .    -;      ■  -  ;    but 

cary   j.-.t    uJ\     r  . '      •..      '    i:  ■  rful 

■  .icres  of  j.:i«nni.i      ))"  ii.mMi  •  .-f  I 

-."t.Kjgenionf",   prf'frr'-;?!'?     ■  ^'^■,,i   as! 

■'Mt\i  AfU'T     fif'\'.M.(i      ••  ,>.!      u.TV-  ' 

' ''•..  be  aco'iircd  a  i'u  u  ,     i  .b-fMiJ  I 

«4,  in   ]8^'^.   \vh»T    J).    -.1,'  >r.v.   uitb.'r; 

i*  settjt'd     he   piiri  )<asr(i    • 'u-    ;»;••»      i   nf   Mr  ! 
'fell,   i»Jid    ■.'•at-    nnl^l^•   ]>?    r.,ii;  nt     d    lb'    r.n. 


ies  ,    i!*?   ,    lie 
.gh«i*-   ot    A?artin    Fhz- 

N      H       She    dif'd    in 

.■>.<,fc,i.  'ill  i,'.    >.ij*v,   il.HO.     '-' It':'y  •'■;!■(.}  one  son, 

)  thn    Henry,    Jr.,    who    died    "urly.    aru    on,^ 

daughter.   </rUherine  Barker,   uuw    'be   wv     of 

Howard  Henry  Spaulding,  Jr.,  of  Chi..:)^'0. 

GROSVENOE,  Gilbert  Hov-^y,  editor,  jiuihor. 
b.    in    Constautinople,    Turkey ,    2s    0.-^  ,    187  :v 
so  i  of  Edwin  Augustus  ami   IVllian    {VVHt"V'-; 
GrOi^venor      II*-   is  a  diroi-i   de^ict-udai'i  of   i\:\- 
ward    Wifislo^v,    nf-'cond    g'>\i'rnor    of    the    Piy- 
;nou(h  co'Ionv,    wb'>   -iiiMe  «.\er  to  l^l^  '"OifnUy 
in    shv».   '  .Mayiit.wcr,"    in    1»---'U       l-.-r    tJu-    f.r?', 
bfteen  yvai^s  oi  hiiJ  Imhood  \ir.  (h.  rv  "lor  r-;' 
iDaiiied   In   the  «\''y  oi    his  iiir!.b,  w  h.:-ro   hiy*  d- 
th'fr  v>:i-?  ovi   the  faeiiliv   uf   rbe   cf^Hc-c   .    li-^ 
I'l^hed    then'    by    phiian'.h.'o|'!.-     kwria^i.  ■    ttt,- 
■'   ■   ■■■''■  •■^Morj    < i    t!^e   Christ'un   ^otit.h>-   r-i"     •^' 
.\.-5r  -re        \;><?U"al!v    h>     thl-r*     •Mi••^-•I 
.iUy  ij':. '3  f'.j'i-  -rturilK's  t.<»  atAju'^     ■;. 
r-    ta    h's    tatvT    education        ^n     '•.  ' 
t'l  Thi-s  ccunrry  aiu-'  nfirr  '  ^r  hr-    ■ 
:  i''t5.    V     stif'iies     ev;i.ered     Atnli*'*  -      '    .- 
ir.^j-;>  ]>'    t<"  k  ih'-  /i ralsirrl}i".^  1T( ••.,',       ">   i   ' 
f»rizes  for  \^.-:ting,  as  w<';!  n-  !  h.    -X  •;  • 
for  i.'iarhernat  1!  .-5,  amour. tiii'j-  .  .■  *  . '• 
Diore  yen'-,  aral   'I;'  Hydt«  \,.-'  ■•      •    ■- 
())'atory.  senior  xvi.r      V     ■•     ■   -■ 
l.'-othf'r,  K<h\in  I',  ^'irxs..  !,-■. 
•  •nd   sof'honKtrt'  jr-"  c-^    "     ; 
year  h<;  was  '»;i  tin-   ■. -t  ,v    .  • 
hjH  fiiorjier  lie  w.--  t'  a:i'-  r:  <:■ 
seji!(»r   year       i>i    ■  ■.'  T  ,•     . 

decnee  of   V  A     c        •.      ■ 
'•enr.i     „l:    ■  \'\  ■■■ 

hxoyh',     ».v,-:. 


PAYNE 


INGERSOLL 


At  the  same  time,  in  1899,  he  became  director 
of  the  National  Geographic  Society,  of  whose 
activities  he  has  been  in  charge  ever  since. 
On  assuming  charge  the  membership  of  the 
society  amounted  to  900;  through  his  constant 
elForts  the  members  now  number  500,000,  so 
that  today  the  National  Geographic  Society  is 
the  largest  scientific  educational  association  in 
the  world.  Mr.  Grosvenor's  literary  activities, 
however,  have  by  no  means  been  confined  to 
e<iiting.  lie  is  also  known  among  a  wide  cir- 
cle of  readers  as  a  writer,  largely  of  articles 
and  books  on  travel  and  descriptive  of  foreign 
countries.  His  style  is  peculiarly  lucid  and 
graphic,  therefore  especially  adapted  to  this 
class  of  literature.  Most  of  his  articles  have 
appeared  in  such  magazines  as  "  Century," 
"  Popular  Science  Monthly,"  and  his  own  pub- 
lication, the  "  National  Geographic  Magazine," 
and  he  has  also  written  a  great  deal  for  the 
Smithsonian  Institution  Reports.  In  more 
permanent  form,  however,  he  has  written 
"  Russia  "  and  "  The  Land  of  the  Best."  He 
is  the  editor  of  "  Scenes  from  Foreign  Lands  " 
(in  four  series:  1907,  1909,  1912,  1916); 
"  Scientific  Report  of  the  Ziegler  Polar  Ex- 
pedition," and  associate  editor  of  "  The  Pro- 
ceedings of  the  Eighth  International  Geo- 
graphical Congress"  Besides  the  society  of 
which  he  is  director  Mr.  Grosvenor  is  also 
councilor  of  the  Archeological  Institute  of 
America;  chairman  of  the  executive  com- 
mittee of  the  board  of  directors  of  the 
American  Association  to  Promote  the  Teach- 
ing of  Speech  to  the  Deaf;  a  director  of  the 
American  Security  and  Trust  Company;  of 
the  Equitable  Co-operative  Building  Associa- 
tion; and  of  the  Associated  Charities.  By  the 
appointment  of  President  Wilson  he  is  also  a 
member  of  the  Board  of  Visitors  of  the  Govern- 
ment Hospital  for  the  Insane.  On  23  Oct., 
1900,  Mr.  Grosvenor  married  Elsie  May  Bell, 
daughter  of  the  celebrated  inventor  of  the 
telephone  and  educator,  Alexander  Graham 
Bell.  They  have  had  six  children:  Melville 
Bell,  Gertrude  Hubbard,  Mabel,  Lilian  Waters, 
Alexander  Graham  Bell,  and  Elsie  Alexander 
Grosvenor. 

PAYNE,  Cheals  W.,  landowner,  b.  in  Lin- 
colnshire, England,  11  Aug.,  1846,  son  of 
George  and  Eliza  (Cheals)  Payne.  His  early 
years  were  passed  in  his  native  country, 
where,  also,  he  acquired  his  education,  but 
in  1870,  at  the  age  of  twenty -three  years,  he 
came  to  the  United  States,  in  company  with 
his  brother,  George  Payne.  The  brothers,  hav- 
ing been  attracted  by  the  exceptional  oppor- 
tunities to  be  found  in  the  Middle  West,  jour- 
neyed at  once  from  the  coast,  and  settled  on 
a  farm  which  they  rented  in  Clinton  County, 
la.  With  characteristic  energy  they  took  up 
the  task  of  tilling  the  fields  and  raising  good 
crops,  and  for  seven  years  lived  upon  that 
place.  In  the  fall  of  1877  they  removed  to 
Crawford  County,  and  purchased  the  farm 
upon  which  Mr.  Payne  still  lives.  Believing 
that  the  land  must  necessarily  rise  in  value 
with  the  development  of  the  district  and  the 
settlement  of  the  county,  they  began  buying 
up  and  speculating  in  property,  and  were  also 
among  the  pioneers  in  raising,  feeding,  and 
shipping  stock.  They  continued  to  purchase 
land  in  this  county,  and  other  parts  of  the 
State,   until  at   the   present  time   Cheals  W. 


Payne  is  the  owner  of  several  fine  and  val- 
uable farms  in  Crawford  County,  and  is  asso- 
ciated with  a  partner  in  the  ownership  of 
14,000  acres  in  this  county  and  in  the  vicinity 
of  Sioux  City,  la.  They  also  own  40,000 
acres  in  Nebraska,  and  Mr.  Payne  owns  in- 
dividually 9,000  acres  in  Colorado.  He  has 
thus  become  one  of  the  most  extensive  land- 
owners of  Iowa,  and  in  all  his  investments  has 
shown  keen  dis- 
crimination and 
sound  judgment. 
Two  business 

blocks  in  the  vil- 
lage of  West  Side, 
together  with  an 
elevator  and  six 
lots  on  which  it 
stands,  are  also 
his  property.  He  M\ 
is  the  president  of  1% 
the  Valley  Bank 
of  West  Side,  and 
has  been  the  pro- 
moter of  various 
interests  of  a  pub- 
lic and  semi-pub- 
lic character.  He 
and  his  brother 
George  continued 
in  partnership  un- 
til 1884,  when  the  brother  sold  out  and  re- 
turned to  England  with  his  family.  While 
Mr.  Payne  has  prospered  in  the  conduct  of 
extensive  and  important  business  affairs, 
his  success  is  to  him  a  matter  of  grati- 
fication because  it  enables  him  not  only 
to  provide  handsomely  for  his  family, 
but  also  to  do  much  for  educational  ac- 
tivities, in  which  he  is  particularly  interested. 
He  has  contributed  $87,000  to  the  Morning- 
side  College  near  Sioux  City,  la.,  and  has  also 
been  a  generous  supporter  of  other  educational 
movements.  He  is  a  firm  believer  in  the  cause 
of  education  as  a  preparation  for  life's  prac- 
tical and  responsible  duties,  and  as  an  ele- 
ment in  the  development  of  high  and  honor- 
able character.  He  has  long  been  a  member 
of  the  board  of  trustees  of  Morningside  Col- 
lege. Mr.  Payne  married  18  Feb.,  1885,  Mary, 
daughter  of  John  S.  and  Emily  (Evison) 
Dannatt,  of  Clinton  County,  la.,  both  natives 
of  England.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Payne  have  had 
two  children:  Ethel  M.  (b.  15  Dec,  1886,  d. 
28  May,  1887)  and  Arthur  Cheals,  bom 
19  March,  1896.  The  family  are  members  of 
the  local  Methodist  Church,  of  which  Mr. 
Payne  is  a  trustee,  while  his  wife  is  one  of 
the  stewards.  They  are  interested  in  all  that 
pertains  to  the  educational  and  moral,  as  well 
as  the  material  progress  of  the  community, 
and  their  influence  is  always  on  the  side  of 
right,  progress,  reform,  and  truth.  In  all  of 
his  business  dealings  Mr.  Payne  has  never 
taken  advantage  of  the  necessities  of  a  fellow 
man,  but  has  always  achieved  his  success 
through  the  exercise  of  sound  judgment  and 
unfaltering  industry. 

INGERSOLL,  Robert  Green,  lawyer,  orator, 
b.  in  Dresden,  N.  Y.,  11  Aug.,  1833;  d.  at 
Dobbs  Ferry,  N.  Y.,  21  July,  1899,  son  of  the 
Rev.  John  and  Mrs.  Mary  (Livingston)  Inger- 
soll.  Of  his  paternal  ancestors  nothing  is 
known  except  that  they  were  of  English  origin ; 


314 


INGERSOLL 


INGERSOLL 


through  his  mother  he  was  a  member  of  the 
same  Livingston  family  which  was  represented 
during  Colonial  days  by  Robert  R.  Livingston, 
one  of  the  committee  of  five  which  drafted  the 
Constitution  of  the  United  States  and  who,  as 
chancellor  of  the  State  of  New  York,  admin- 
istered the  oath  of  office  to  Washington  on  his 
first  inauguration  as  President.  His  father, 
the  Rev.  John  Ingersoll,  was  an  orthodox 
Presbyterian  minister  of  aggressively  out- 
spoken abolitionist  views.  On  this  account 
he  was  never  able  to  hold  any  of  his  charges 
for  a  long  period  and  the  family  led  a  more 
or  less  itinerant  existence.  Within  three 
months  after  the  birth  of  Robert  they  removed 
to  New  York  City,  then  lived  for  brief  periods 
in  various  small  towns  in  Wisconsin,  Michi- 
gan, Indiana,  Kentucky,  Ohio,  and  Illinois. 
When  the  boy  was  about  three  years  of  age 
his  mother  died;  subsequently  the  father  mar- 
ried again.  Finally  the  father  found  a  perma- 
nent charge  in  Ashtabula,  111.,  and  here  it  was 
that  the  boy  spent  most  of  his  childhood.  At 
times  he  was  able  to  attend  the  public  schools, 
but  the  greater  part  of  his  early  education  was 
acquired  under  the  tuition  of  clergymen,  in- 
cluding his  father.  The  elder  Ingersoll  was  a 
strict  disciplinarian,  though  by  no  means  harsh 
or  unkind,  but  he  trained  his  children,  two  sons 
and  three  daughters,  in  the  strictest  precepts 
of  his  own  orthodox  creed.  Those  who  knew 
Robert  during  this  period  of  his  life  describe 
him  as  a  healthy,  restless,  mischievous,  but  a 
genial  child;  a  true  boy,  quick-witted  and 
intelligent,  but  by  no  means  studious.  Yet 
as  he  grew  somewhat  older  he  became  an 
omnivorous  reader,  being  especially  fond  of 
history,  philosophy,  science,  and  poetry  and 
even  of  fiction,  though  this  latter  class  of 
literature  was  not  easily  obtainable  then  and 
there.  Early  in  his  youth  he  discovered  Rob- 
ert Burns  and  Shakespeare,  and  these  two  ever 
remained  his  favorites.  When  Ingersoll  was 
nineteen,  in  1852,  his  education  was  considered 
completed ;  his  father  was  not  at  the  time  finan- 
cially able  to  give  him  a  collegiate  training, 
and  the  youth  began  teaching  school,  in 
Metropolis,  111.  This  vocation  he  only  fol- 
lowed for  a  brief  period,  however,  for  he  lost 
his  position  through  the  expression  of  those 
feelings,  or  opinions,  through  which  he  was 
later  to  become  famous  throughout  all  the 
civilized  world.  Already  at  the  age  of  eight 
or  nine  he  had  begun  to  doubt  the  doctrine  of 
eternal  punishment,  and  by  this  time  the 
doubt  had  developed  into  a  passionate  hatred 
of  the  institution  which  could  inculcate  such 
a  savage  creed  into  the  minds  of  the  masses. 
He  was  boarding  in  Ashtabula  at  a  house  in 
which  several  clergymen  were  also  residing 
for  a  time.  Religious  discussion  took  up  the 
greater  part  of  each  meal-time,  but  for  a  long 
time  young  Ingersoll  had  taken  no  part  in  it. 
Finally  one  of  the  clergymen  asked  him  di- 
rectly, what  was  his  opinion  concerning  bap- 
tism. "  I  should  think  it  was  very  beneficial — 
with  soap,"  replied  Ingersoll.  This  retort 
presently  cost  him  his  position;  the  local 
school  board  was  of  the  opinion  that  one 
holding  such  views  was  no  fit  person  to  teach 
the  young.  From  Ashtabula,  Ingersoll  went 
to  Marion,  111.,  where  his  father  then  held 
his  charge,  and  began  studying  law  in  the 
oflBce  of  the  Hon.  Willis  Allen  and  his  son, 


William  Joshua  Allen,  the  former  having 
been  a  United  States  Congressman  while  the 
son  was  a  representative  in  the  State  legisla- 
ture and  later  a  judge  of  the  U.  S.  Circuit 
Court.  While  pursuing  his  studies  here  In- 
gersoll earned  his  living  by  rendering  assist- 
ance on  the  records  in  the  office  of  the  clerk 
of  the  county  and  circuit  courts.  To  those 
who  knew  him  at  this  time  he  gave  the  im- 
pression of  being  rather  indolent;  certainly 
he  showed  no  extraordinary  ambition.  Much 
of  his  time  was  spent  with  the  village  sages  in 
the  general  store.  Nevertheless,  two  years 
later  he  successfully  passed  his  examinations 
and  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  together  with 
his  older  brother,  Ebon  Clark  Ingersoll.  He 
did  not  immediately  begin  to  practice,  how- 
ever, but  was  for  some  months  employed  in 
the  Federal  Land  Office,  at  Shawneetown,  111., 
then  as  deputy  to  John  E.  Hall,  clerk  of  the 
county  and  circuit  courts  It  was  here  that 
Ingersoll  became  interested  in  politics  and 
as  his  associates  were  Democrats  it  was  with 
that  party  that  he  first  affiliated  himself. 
When  Hall  was  shot  and  killed,  some  time 
later,  as  the  result  of  a  political  feud,  Inger- 
soll had  already  acquired  so  much  influence 
that  there  was  some  talk  of  electing  him  to 
the  vacant  office.  Before  the  end  of  the  year 
he  formed  a  partnership  with  his  brother  Ebon 
and  they  opened  a  law  office,  immediately 
gaining  a  successful  practice.  In  fact,  so 
successful  were  they  that  in  1857  they  were 
encouraged  to  remove  to  Peoria,  111.,  at  the 
suggestion  of  their  clients  in  that  city,  al- 
ready beginning  to  assume  some  importance 
as  a  manufacturing  center.  Here  Ingersoll 
came  into  contact  with  some  of  the  best  legal 
minds  of  the  Middle  West,  among  them  Lin- 
coln and  Douglas  and  at  one  time  he  had  as 
a  partner,  besides  his  brother  Ebon,  the  illus- 
trious Judge  Sabin  D.  Puterbaugh,  author  of 
"  Common  Law  Pleadings  and  Practice "  and 
"  Chancery  Pleading  and  Practice."  Mean- 
while his  interest  in  politics  continued.  In 
1860  the  Democrats  nominated  him  as  their 
candidate  for  Congress,  to  run  against  Judge 
William  Kellogg,  the  Republican  nominee.  It 
was  an  unusually  bitter  and  hard  fought 
campaign  and  is  still  remembered  by  some  of 
the  older  residents,  who  were  children  at  the 
time.  During  this  campaign  Ingersoll  shot  up 
into  prominence  as  an  extraordinary  orator; 
his  fame  spread  throughout  the  State  and  it 
was  generally  conceded  that  his  opponent 
made  a  poor  showing  by  contrast.  The  pe- 
culiar feature  was  that  it  was  the  Republican 
nominee  who  excused,  if  he  did  not  defend, 
slavery,  while  Ingersoll's  bitterest  sarcasm  and 
sharpest  darts  of  denunciation  were  directed 
against  the  institution  for  which  his  party 
was  supposed  to  stand.  Nevertheless,  he  was 
defeated;  Lincoln  swept  the  State  and  car- 
ried the  Republican  candidate  along  with  him. 
Nor  was  Ingersoll  to  remain  a  Democrat  for 
long.  When  the  first  shot  of  the  Rebellion 
was  fired  on  Sumter,  in  April  of  the  follow- 
ing year,  he  immediately  renounced  his  al- 
legiance to  his  party  and  joined  the  party  of 
Lincoln.  Shortly  before  that  event,  however, 
at  Pekin,  111.,  he  delivered  the  first  of  those 
anti-theological  lectures  which  were  later  to 
gain  him  such  wide  fame,  its  title  being 
"Progress."     Naturally,  being  already  widely 


315 


INGERSOLL 


INGERSOLL 


known  in  the  State  as  a  political  speaker  of 
unusual  talent,  this  speech  on  so  different  a 
subject  caused  a  great  deal  of  comment,  most 
of  it  adverse.  If  he  at  that  time  had  any 
ambitions  for  political  office  he  was  by  no 
means  furthering  them  by  following  this 
course,  but  whatever  his  ambitions,  there  can 
be  no  doubt  that  Ingersoll  placed  his  con- 
victions far  above  them.  Another  event  of 
great  importance  occurred  to  him  shortly 
afterward.  It  was  while  engaged  on  a  case 
in  Groveland,  111.,  that  he  made  the  acquaint- 
ance of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Benjamin  Weld  Parker, 
formerly  of  Boston,  a  family  of  extremely 
high  culture  and  education,  especially  noted 
throughout  that  section  of  the  country  on 
account  of  their  anti-religious  views,  for  in 
those  days  atheists,  or  agnostics,  were  ex- 
tremely rare  and  few  had  the  temerity  to 
express  their  radical  opinions.  With  this 
family  Ingersoll  became  very  intimate  and 
was  no  doubt  largely  influenced  by  them  to 
devote  more  thought  to  the  subject  upoh 
which  he  had  already  discoursed  in  "Prog- 
ress." In  their  daughter,  Eva  A.  Parker,  he 
found  the  object  of  his  first  romantic  attach- 
ment. On  13  Feb.,  1862,  they  were  married, 
rather  sooner  than  had  been  planned,  be- 
cause of  the  fact  that  Ingersoll  had  determined 
to  fight  for  the  Union  cause  and  his  de- 
parture for  the  front  was  imminent.  In  the 
summer  and  autumn  of  the  previous  year, 
shortly  after  the  beginning  of  hostilities,  he 
had  assisted  in  recruiting  and  organizing 
three  regiments  of  volunteers.  The  last  of 
these,  the  Eleventh  Illinois  Cavalry  Volun- 
teers, broke  camp  on  22  Feb.  and  went 
to  the  front,  with  Ingersoll  in  command  as 
colonel  of  the  regiment,  a  little  over  a  week 
after  his  marriage.  Ingersoll's  military  ca- 
reer was  brief,  but  extremely  creditable  to 
him.  He  distinguished  himself  in  the  Battle 
of  Shiloh,  the  first  big  engagement  of  the 
war,  and  took  a  prominent  part  with  his  regi- 
ment in  the  engagements  at  Bolivar  and  at 
Hatchie  River,  in  Tennessee,  his  command  suf- 
fering severe  losses.  In  December  of  that 
same  year,  1862,  Colonel  Ingersoll  was  sent 
by  his  superior  with  a  force  of  several  hun- 
dred of  his  own  men  and  two  guns  of  the 
Fourteenth  Indiana  Battery  to  intercept  a  raid 
which  the  Confederate  General  Forrest  was 
reported  to  be  making  into  Tennessee  toward 
Jackson.  Near  Lexington,  Ingersoll's  com- 
mand came  in  contact  with  the  enemy,  but 
in  such  overwhelming  numbers  was  the  latter 
that  there  could  have  been  no  question  as 
to  what  the  result  of  an  engagement  would  be. 
Yet  Ingersoll  determined  to  make  a  stand. 
The  disaster  which  resulted  to  his  force  was, 
however,  facilitated  by  the  neglect  of  an  officer 
to  destroy  a  bridge  which  Ingersoll  had  com- 
manded to  be  done.  His  men  were  scattered 
by  the  first  heavy  assault  of  the  enemy, 
Colonel  Ingersoll  being  taken  prisoner  while 
still  standing  beside  the  cannon  which  had 
been  pounding  the  enemy's  ranks  throughout 
the  engagement.  He  surrendered  to  General 
Forrest  personally  and  here  on  the  battle- 
field the  two  men  began  a  friendship  which 
lasted  throughout  the  rest  of  the  life  of  the 
famous  old  Confederate  cavalry  leader. 
Shortly  afterward  Ingersoll  was  released  on 
parole  and  went  to  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  waiting  to 


be  exchanged.  But  this  matter  was  delayed 
so  long  that  finally  he  resigned  and  returned 
to  Peoria  and  to  civil  life.  In  1867  Inger- 
soll was  appointed  attorney-general  of  Illinois 
and  served  in  this  office  for  two  years,  when 
it  was  made  elective.  During  this  period,  in 
May,  1868,  the  Republican  State  Convention 
was  held  in  Peoria  and  Ingersoll  was  nomi- 
nated Republican  candidate  for  governor  by 
a  choice  of  three-fourths  of  the  delegates. 
But  immediately  some  of  the  more  sagacious, 
remembering  Ingersoll's  expressed  views  on  re- 
ligious matters,  questioned  the  wisdom  of  that 
choice.  Accordingly  a  committee  was  ap- 
pointed to  confer  with  him  and  obtain  a  pledge 
from  him  to  the  effect  that  he  would,  in  brief, 
renounce  his  position  on  theology.  Meanwhile 
the  convention  adjourned  to  await  the  result. 
To  this  committee  Ingersoll  made  the  follow- 
ing reply:  "Gentlemen,  I  am  not  asking  to 
be  governor  of  Illinois.  ...  I  have  in  my 
composition  that  which  I  have  declared  to  the 
world  as  my  views  upon  religion.  My  posi- 
tion I  would  not,  under  any  circumstances, 
not  even  for  my  life,  seem  to  renounce.  I 
would  rather  refuse  to  be  President  of  the 
United  States  than  to  do  so.  My  religious 
belief  is  my  own.  It  belongs  to  me,  not  to 
the  State  of  Illinois.  I  would  not  smother  one 
sentiment  of  my  heart  to  be  the  emperor  of 
the  round  globe."  There  can  be  no  doubt  that 
with  his  natural  talent  for  politics,  his  re- 
markable abilities  in  speaking,  his  firm  grasp 
of  the  principles  of  law  and  government,  In- 
gersoll might  have  aspired  with  much  hope 
to  any  office  in  the  land.  Later  he  was  to 
become  one  of  the  most  popular  men  on  the 
political  platform,  drawing  greater  audiences 
than  presidential  candidates  themselves.  But 
those  few  words  spoken  to  the  committee  from 
the  Republican  State  Convention  in  Peoria 
forever  killed  whatever  career  the  future 
might  otherwise  have  held  open  to  him  in 
this  direction.  Rather  than  keep  silent  In- 
gersoll sacrificed  it.  He  now  continued  his 
law  practice,  but  still  gave  himself  up  a  great 
deal  to  lecturing.  The  most  notable  lectures 
he  delivered  during  the  few  years  that  fol- 
lowed were  "The  Gods"  (1874);  "Heretics 
and  Heresies"  (1874);  and  "The  Liberty  of 
Mali,  Woman,  and  Child."  In  1875  he  visited 
Europe  with  his  family.  It  was  in  the  year 
following,  in  1876,  at  the  Republican  National 
Convention,  held  in  June,  that  he  suddenly 
leaped  into  national  prominence  on  making 
the  nomination  speech  for  James  G.  Blaine  as 
presidential  candidate.  Not  only  were  hig 
immediate  hearers  deeply  impressed  by  his 
eloquence,  but  his  speech  was  reported  in  full 
by  the  press  throughout  the  country  and  much 
commented  upon.  During  the  rest  of  the  cam- 
paign he  continued  stumping  the  country  for 
Hayes,  though  mainly  in  New  York,  New 
Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Maine,  Ohio,  Illinois, 
Indiana,  and  Wisconsin.  Before  the  date  of 
the  elections  he  was  familiar  to  the  people 
of  the  nation  and  wherever  he  spoke  he  drew 
tremendous  crowds.  Perhaps  his  most  notable 
speech  was  the  one  he  gave  in  Indianapolis  on 
"  Visions  of  War,"  delivered  before  a  great 
open  air  meeting.  During  the  speech  a  heavy 
thunder  shower  began  beating  down  on  the 
assembled  crowds,  yet  not  a  person  moved  and 
every  person  present  must  have  been  drenched 


316 


INGERSOLL 


INGERSOLL 


to  the  skin.  As  Ingersoll  concluded  James 
Garfield,  who  was  present,  under  the  impulse 
of  his  strong  emotion,  leaped  to  his  feet  and 
embraced  Ingersoll  with  streaming  eyes.  After 
the  close  of  the  political  campaign  Ingersoll 
continued  with  his  anti-theological  lectures, 
and  where  formerly  he  had  awakened  noth- 
ing but  admiration,  he  now  excited  a  great 
deal  of  anger  and  bitter  retort.  His  tours 
now  extended  as  far  as  San  Francisco;  during 
this  period  he  delivered  "The  Ghosts,"  "My 
Reviewers  Reviewed"  (a  reply  to  the  clergy's 
attacks),  and  "A  Vindication  of  Thomas 
Paine."  Not  long  after  the  inaguration  of 
Hayes,  Ingersoll's  friends,  including  the  entire 
congressional  delegation  from  Illinois,  re- 
quested the  President  to  appoint  him  am- 
bassador to  Germany,  but  to  this  proposal, 
which  was  widely  discussed  in  the  press,  In- 
gersoll replied  that  "  there  was  no  place  in 
the  gift  of  the  administration  which  he  would 
accept."  At  about  this  time  he  took  up  his 
residence  in  Washington,  his  law  practice 
having  already  taken  on  a  much  wider 
scope.  Here  it  was  that  he  began  champion- 
ing another  cause  with  which  he  was  deeply 
in  sympathy,  woman's  suffrage.  It  was  not 
only  his  opinion  that  women  should  have 
the  vote,  that  they  should  have  an 
equal  voice  in  the  affairs  of  government 
with  the  men,  but  that  before  the  law  and 
in  the  home  they  should  be  the  equals  of  their 
husbands.  During  the  Garfield  campaign  In- 
gersoll again  toured  the  country,  speaking 
for  the  Republicans.  A  notable  event  of  his 
tour  was  the  meeting  held  on  30  Oct.,  in 
the  Academy  of  Music,  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y., 
where  Ingersoll  was  introduced  by  Henry 
Ward  Beecher,  who  said,  in  part:  "...  I  take 
the  liberty  of  saying  that  I  respect  him  as 
the  man  who,  for  a  full  score  and  more  of 
years,  has  worked  for  the  right  in  the  gr,eat 
broad  field  of  humanity  and  for  the  cause  of 
human  rights.  I  consider  it  an  honor  to  ex- 
tend to  him,  as  I  do  now,  the  warm,  earnest, 
right  hand  of  fellowship."  Later,  after  the 
death  of  Beecher,  Ingersoll  was  to  write  a 
memorial  to  that  great  divine  which  ranks 
with  the  most  eloquent  of  his  utterances.  In 
1887,  in  the  pages  of  the  "  North  American 
Review,"  Ingersoll  engaged  in  a  discussion  on 
"  Christianity  versus  Rationalism,"  in  which 
Gladstone  and  Cardinal  Manning  entered  the 
lists  against  him.  For  by  this  time  his  fame 
had  become  international.  The  controversy 
attracted  world-wide  attention  and  brought 
Ingersoll  a  letter  of  congratulation  from 
Huxley,  the  famous  scientist.  Shortly  before, 
in  1885,  he  had  moved  his  residence  to  New 
York,  thus  returning  in  the  autumn  of  his 
life  to  the  State  of  his  birth.  It  was  during 
this  period  that  he  began  that  close  and 
touching  friendship  with  Walt  Whitman,  who 
requested  before  his  death  that  Ingersoll 
should  deliver  the  burial  sermon  over  him. 
And  this,  in  fact,  Ingersoll  actually  did,  his 
words  on  this  occasion  forming  another  of  the 
brilliant  gems  of  prose  poetry  to  be  found 
throughout  his  collected  works.  In  1808  In- 
gersoll was  close  approaching  the  limit  of 
three  score  and  ten  in  age  and  knew,  too, 
that  he  was  in  the  grip  of  a  physical  dis- 
order which  might  terminate  his  life  at  any 
moment.     Yet  it  may  be  said  that  Ingersoll 


was  only  now  at  the  very  summit  of  Ms 
career,  of  his  fame.  In  this  year  it  was 
that  he  delivered  what  is  perhaps  his  most 
brilliant  lecture,  "  Superstition,"  in  Chicago. 
In  it  he  attacked  what  he  termed  the  "  key- 
stone of  the  arch  "  of  Christian  theology,  the 
Devil.  Never  before  had  he  stirred  up  such  a 
controversy,  among  the  clergy  itself.  In  re- 
sponse to  the  commotion  and  to  the  attacks 
on  himself,  he  published  another  lecture, 
"  The  Devil,"  which  still  stands  as  one  of  the 
most  representative  of  his  philosophy.  In 
June,  1899,  he  delivered  the  last  of  his  anti- 
theological  lectures,  "  What  is  Religion  ?  "  in 
Boston,  many  clergymen  being  present.  In  the 
following  month  he  died,  apparently  at  the 
very  height  of  his  mental  powers.  Much  as  he 
was  attacked  during  his  lifetime,  there  are 
very  few  of  those  who  were  his  enemies  who 
will  not  at  least  concede  him  the  virtue  of  sin- 
cerity, and  many  of  them  will  say  no  less  of 
him  than  did  Henry  Ward  Beecher;  that  he 
worked  "  for  right  in  the  great,  broad  field  of 
humanity."  So  aggressively  was  he  a  demo- 
crat that  he  was  bitterly  opposed,  not  only  to 
temporal  tyranny  and  oppression,  but  to  what 
he  considered  an  intellectual  tyranny:  the 
sway  of  priesthoods  over  the  masses.  Re- 
membering the  terror  with  which  he  had  been 
inspired  in  his  early  childhood  by  the  doctrine 
of  eternal  damnation,  he  held  that  it  was  by 
means  of  this  fear  that  the  priesthoods  and 
the  clergy  exercised  oppression  over  the  igno- 
rant masses.  This  inspired  his  keenest  in- 
dignation and  was  the  first  and  main  motive 
behind  his  life-long  campaign  against  religion, 
using  that  word  in  its  narrow  sense.  Un- 
doubtedly he  was  inspired  by  much  the  same 
motives  as  was  Thomas  Paine,  though  he  was 
much  better  armed  and  went  further  than 
Paine.  The  latter  was  by  no  means  an  atheist, 
possibly  not  even  an  agnostic,  for  he  firmly  be- 
lieved in  a  God.  He  denied  only  the  Bible, 
affirming  that  what  was  revelation  to  one 
man,  whether  he  be  Abraham  or  Moses,  could 
not  be  revelation  to  another  man.  Ingersoll 
denied  not  only  the  Bible,  but  denied  the 
existence  of  any  Supreme  Being  apart  from 
and  outside  the  universe  itself.  To  him  the 
universe  was  infinite,  therefore  could  never 
have  been  created  and  could  never  end.  In- 
gersoll's philosophy  was  based  on  the  revela- 
tions of  modern  science.  He  contended  that 
genuine  faith  could  only  rest  on  evidence 
which  was  presentable  to  the  human  mind. 
What  could  not  be  so  demonstrated  he  hold 
to  be  outside  the  sphere  of  human  knowledge. 
Therefore  he  contended  that  the  theologies  of 
the  priests  were  mere  superstitions  devised 
for  the  purpose  of  enslaving  the  human  mind. 
On  the  other  hand,  he  never  denied  the  i)os- 
sibility  of  a  continued  state  of  existence  after 
death:  immortality.  In  fact,  he  ardently 
hoped  for  it,  and  contended  tliat  it  was  this 
hope  in  the  breast  of  man  which  indicated  liis 
elevation  in  the  scale  of  evolution.  On  thi.s 
subject  he  was  thoroughly  an  agnostic;  ho 
took  the  attitude  "  we  do  not  know,"  that 
there  was  no  evidence  for  or  agaijist  a  belief 
in  immortality.  His  personal  ()i)ini()n  on  the 
matter  he  once  e.Kprossod  in  Ihoso  words: 
"First,  T  live,  and  that  of  ilsolf  is  infinitely 
wonderful.  Second,  thoro  wa.s  a  time  when  I 
was  not,  and  after  I  was  not.  1  was.     Third, 


317 


SWIFT 


SWIFT 


now  that  I  am,  I  may  be  again,  and  it  is 
no  more  wonderful  that  I  may  be  again,  if  I 
have  l)een,  than  that  I  am,  having  once  been 
nothing."  And  elsewhere,  he  again  remarked: 
"  It  is  natural  to  shun  death,  natural  to  de- 
sire eternal  life.  With  all  my  heart  I  hope 
for  everlasting  life  and  joy." 

8WIPT,  Oustavns  Franklin,  merchant,  b.  at 
West  Sandwich,  Cape  Cod,  Mass.,  24  June, 
1830;  d.  in  Chicago,  111.,  29  March,  1903,  son 
of  William  and  Sally  Sears  (Crowell)  Swift. 
His  father  was  an  extensive  landowner,  and  a 
man  of  influence  in  his  community.  The  Swift 
family  in  Massachusetts  is  traced  from  William 
and  Elizabeth  Swyft,  who  emigrated  to  this 
country  from  England  in  1630,  settling  in 
Sandwich,  Mass.  From  them  the  line  of  de- 
scent is  traced  through  Joseph  and  Rebecca 
Swift;  Thomas  and  Abigail  Swift;  Nathan  and 
Elizabeth  Swift,  and  William  and  Sally  S.  C. 
Swift.  One  of  the  family,  Gen.  Joseph  G. 
Swift,  was  the  first  graduate  of  the  United 
States  Military  Academy  in  1802,  and  in  the 
War  of  1812  commanded  several  successful 
expeditions  against  the  British.  Gustavus  F. 
Swift  was  brought  up  on  his  father's  farm, 
and  aside  from  the  Christian  training  of  his 
parents,  he  attributed  much  of  his  success  and 
happiness  in  life  to  the  habits  of  industry  and 
a  love  for  work  that  he  acquired  in  his  boyhood. 
After  a  common  school  education,  he  obtained 
employment  with  the  town  butcher  at  Sand- 
wich, Mass.  He  was  a  keen  observer  of  detail, 
and  in  that  position  developed  unusual  business 
ability,  the  existence  of  which  had  up  to  this 
time  been  unknown  to  himself.  In  1862  he 
opened  a  retail  butcher  shop  in  Barnstable, 
Mass.,  and  soon  after  engaged  in  the  business 
of  buying  and  selling  live  stock.  His  first 
transaction  as  a  cattle  buyer  involved  the 
purchase  of  a  heifer  for  $20.00,  which  he 
turned  into  dressed  beef  and  sold  at  a  net 
profit  of  $10.00.  It  was  not  long  before 
Gustavus  F.  Swift  became  a  familiar  figure 
at  the  Brighton  and  Watertown  yards  outside 
of  Boston,  then  the  principal  live-stock  mar- 
kets in  New  England.  He  bought  cattle  in 
considerable  numbers.  Some  he  sent  down  to 
his  store  at  Barnstable,  Mass.,  for  his  local 
meat  trade  there;  most  of  them  he  resold  at 
wholesale.  Gradually  his  trade  in  Barnstable, 
Mass.,  received  less  and  less  of  his  attention 
and  his  cattle  trade  more  and  more  of  it.  He 
earned  the  reputation  when  still  a  very  young 
man  of  being  one  of  the  best  judges  of  cattle 
in  Barnstable  County.  In  1872  he  formed  a 
partnership  with  James  A.  Hathaway,  a  young 
cattle  buyer  of  Boston,  Mass.,  under  the  name 
of  Hathaway  and  Swift,  with  lieadquarters  in 
Albany,  N.  Y.  His  well-directed  energy  and 
keen  foresight  developed  the  business  to  won- 
derful proportions,  and  in  the  succeeding  years 
he  became  one  of  the  most  active  buyers  in  the 
cattle  markets  of  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  and  Chicago, 
111.  About  this  time  the  cattle-buying  business, 
like  farming,  had  begun  to  migrate  to  the 
West.  Chicago  was  rapidly  developing  as  a 
railroad  center,  and  on  a  wider  and  wider 
scale  the  industries  of  the  country  were  gravi- 
tating to  the  localities  whkh  afforded  them  the 
best  facilities.  Gustavus  F.  Swift  was  awake 
to  the  opportunities  offered  in  the  West,  and  in 
1875  the  firm  removed  to  Chicago,  where  he 
engaged  in  the  business  of  buying  and  shipping 

318 


cattle.  Two  years  later  he  began  to  slaughter 
cattle  in  the  Union  Stock  Yards,  Chicago,  111., 
and  in  the  fall  of  the  same  year  began  shipping 
dressed  beef  to  the  Eastern  markets.  This  was 
at  first  considered  impracticable,  but  the  result 
proved  profitable,  and  within  a  brief  period 
he  established  a  large  and  lucrative  business. 
Upon  the  retirement  of  Mr.  Hathaway  from 
the  firm,  in  1878,  he  organized  the  firm  of 
Swift  Bros,  and  Company,  taking  as  a  part- 
ner his  brother,  Edwin  C.  Swift.  The  new 
firm  became  well  known  and  greater  facilities 
for  conducting  their  increasing  business  were 
soon  needed.  In  1885  the  firm  was  incorporated 
under  the  name  of  Swift  and  Company,  with 
a  capital  stock  of  $300,000,  and  he  was  elected 
president.  In  less  than  two  years  the  business 
had  so  grown,  and  competitive  expansion  had 
so  far  developed  that  the  capital  was  increased 
to  $3,000,000.  Since  that  time  the  original 
plant  of  a  few  small  buildings  with  1,600  em- 
ployees has  been  developed  into  an  establish- 
ment covering  243  acres,  employing  35,000  em- 
ployees, and  representing  an  investment  of 
$100,000,000.  The  one-horse  wagon  in  Barn- 
stable, Mass.,  over  the  tailboard  of  which 
Gustavus  F.  Swift  did  his  first  business,  grew 
to  be  a  train  of  many  thousands  of  refrigerator 
cars,  which  tells  only  a  part  of  the  history  of 
the  dressed  beef  business  since  it  began  forty 
years  ago.  Today  the  annual  sales  of  Swift 
and  Company  total  more  than  $425,000,000, 
and  its  shipments  are  made  to  all  parts  of  the 
United  States,  South  America,  Australia,  Eu- 
rope, and  New  Zealand.  It  required  men  built 
on  the  broad  lines  of  Gustavus  F.  Swift  to 
evolve  a  mechanism  of  commerce  big  enough 
to  meet  the  country's  expansive  possibilities 
in  the  way  of  demand  with  a  correspondingly 
vast  expansion  in  the  sources  of  supply.  Mr. 
Swift  built  up  a  reputation  because  he  thought 
he  would  need  it  in  his  business.  If  Swift  and 
Company  grew  to  enormous  dimensions,  so  did 
the  raw  material  producing  business  grow  to 
enormous  dimensions  and  also  to  enormous 
wealth.  The  introduction  of  the  refrigerator 
car  made  it  possible  to  avoid  shipping  of  the 
waste  remainder,  which  was  used  in  the  de- 
velopment of  what  is  now  a  great  by-product 
industry.  From  his  logical  and  well-ordered 
mind  have  sprung  many  ideas  and  plans  that 
are  in  common  use  today  in  the  industrial  and 
commercial  world,  and  that  operate  for  the 
benefit  of  the  public  at  large,  but  he  had  never 
been  willing  to  assume  the  titles  and  honors 
of  leadership,  and  had  always  refused  to  take 
the  personal  credit  for  results  he  was  mainly 
instrumental  in  achieving.  Mr.  Swift  was  of 
the  type  of  American  who  is  fit  to  lead  in  any 
great  transaction.  Beyond  his  high  capacity  as 
a  business  man  and  industrial  leader,  he  was 
a  model  citizen,  genial,  sympathetic,  tolerant, 
public-spirited,  upright,  and  optimistic.  He 
took  a  great  personal  interest  in  his  em- 
ployees, encouraging  and  assisting  them  in 
many  ways.  He  was  generous,  giving  largely 
to  the  many  charities  in  which  he  was  inter- 
ested, but  also  so  modest  that  he  refused  to 
allow  any  public  credit  for  what  he  considered 
his  private  and  personal  benefactions,  and  usu- 
ally stipulated  with  his  gifts  that  no  mention 
of  his  name  be  made.  Mr.  Swift  traveled 
abroad,  and  visited  England  many  times  before 
he    successfully    established    the    business    of 


\ 


/? 


f    c^ 


7 
■'f 


/'// 


4 


OWENS 


BROWNE 


Swift  and  Company  in  the  English  markets. 
On  3  Jan.,  1861,  he  married  Ann  M.  Higgins, 
of  Eastham,  Mass.  They  had  eleven  children: 
Louis  F.,  Edward  F.,  Lincoln  F.  (deceased), 
Annie  M.  (deceased),  Mrs.  Helen  Swift  Morris, 
Charles  H.,  Herbert  L.  (deceased),  George  H., 
Gustavus  F.,  Jr.,  Mrs.  Ruth  Swift  Maguire 
and  Harold  H.  Swift. 

OWENS,  George  Washington,  clergyman 
and  lumber  merchant,  b.  near  Wilcox,  Ala., 
25  March,  1852,  son  of  Samuel  and  Martha 
Matilda  (Jordan)  Owens.  The  family  lived 
on  a  farm,  and  were  on  the  way  to  prosperity 
when  the  Civil  War  broke  out.  When  Sher- 
man's column  swept  through  the  country  on 
its  march  to  the 
sea,  the  home- 
stead of  the 
Owens  family  lay 
right  in  its  path, 
and  their  belong- 
ings were  either 
destroyed  or  taken. 
But  even  a  greater 
misfortune  was  to 
overtake  them : 
later  in  the  war 
1^  the  father,  Sam- 
uel Owens,  was 
killed  and  George 
Owens  found  him- 
self, at  the  age  of 
^  eleven,  faced  with 

if    )/%  //^  ^^^     responsibility 

support  of  his  mother  and  eight  younger 
brothers  and  sisters.  For  some  years  they 
continued  struggling  onward  attempting  to  re- 
establish the  old  home,  but  finally,  in  1868, 
they  decided  to  remove  to  Texas,  where  they 
hoped  to  find  economic  conditions  more  prom- 
ising. They  arrived  at  Calvert,  Tex.,  with 
only  $6.00  in  their  possession  and  were  forced 
to  sleep  in  a  warehouse.  The  next  morning 
they  gave  the  $6.00  to  a  teamster  to  convey 
them  as  far  north  from  the  town  as  he  could 
afford  to  do  for  that  recompense.  He  set 
them  down  in  an  open  prairie  forty  miles  dis- 
tant. During  that  first  year  they  picked  cot- 
ton at  a  wage  of  a  dollar  a  hundred  pounds 
and  so  managed  to  eke  out  a  bare  existence. 
The  next  year  young  Owens  undertook  to  cul- 
tivate some  acres  of  cotton  on  shares  with  the 
owner  of  the  land,  the  result  being  that  at 
the  end  of  the  season  the  family  was  pos- 
sessed of  twenty  bales  of  cotton.  But  under 
pretense  of  hauling  it  to  town  there  to  be 
stored,  their  partner  sold  the  entire  amount 
and  absconded  with  the  money,  leaving  them 
with  a  debt  of  $150.00  on  their  hands.  For 
the  next  two  years  young  Owens,  who  was  be- 
coming more  and  more  capable  of  taking  care 
of  himself,  rented  land  and  farmed  it.  Grad- 
ually he  acquired  a  mule,  a  pony,  and  a  yoke 
of  oxen  and  by  the  time  he  was  twenty-one, 
what  with  his  savings  and  what  with  the 
profits  from  several  deals  he  had  made,  he 
found  himself  possessed  of  a  capital  of  $1,400. 
During  all  this  time  he  had  never  been  to 
school  and  was  unable  to  read  or  write.  He 
now  determined  to  obtain  some  schooling  and 
at  least  the  rudiments  of  an  education.  So 
he  entered  the  Military  Institute  at  Honest 


Ridge,  Tex.,  paying  for  his  tuition  with  serv- 
ice. Here  he  remained  for  four  years;  at  the 
end  of  that  period  he  had,  in  fact,  saved 
$200.00.  Furthermore,  he  was  prepared  to 
enter  the  ministry.  In  1876,  having  already 
joined  the  Northwest  Methodist  Conference,  he 
became  a  minister  at  Ferris,  Tex.  This  call- 
ing he  followed  continuously  for  eleven  years. 
In  1887,  together  with  J.  T.  Elliot,  he  opened 
a  lumber  yard  at  Lancaster,  Tex.,  and  so  be- 
gan that  business  career  in  which  he  has  suc- 
ceeded so  brilliantly.  From  the  very  first 
his  business  ventures  prospered  until  he  was 
at  the  head  of  eighteen  lumber  yards.  These 
he  has  since  disposed  of  in  part  so  that  at 
the  present  time  he  has  only  ten  lumber  yards 
under  his  control.  But  meanwhile  Mr.  Owens' 
interests  have  widened  and  entered  into  other 
fields.  He  is  now  a  director  of  the  American 
Exchange  National  Bank,  of  Dallas,  one  of 
the  largest  and  soundest  financial  institutions 
in  the  Southwest.  He  is  also  president  of  one 
of  the  local  street  railways  of  Dallas.  For 
years  he  was  a  trustee  of  the  Polytechnic  Col- 
lege, of  Fort  Worth,  Tex.,  to  which  institu- 
tion he  has  donated  the  girls'  dining-room. 
Meanwhile  he  has  continued  his  connection 
with  the  Northwest  Methodist  Conference, 
being  financial  advertising  manager  for  the 
"Texas  Christian  Advocate,"  in  Dallas.  He 
also  built  and  presented  to  the  Methodist 
Church  of  Dallas  a  church  building  costing 
$5,000,  in  1913.  ^  At  the  present  time  he  is 
one  of  the  most  influential  men  in  his  section 
of  the  country,  and  this  influence  is  one  that 
he  wields  very  conscientiously.  In  1896,  when 
it  was  planned  to  hold  the  Corbett-Fitzsim- 
mons  fight  in  Texas,  it  was  Mr.  Owens,  more 
than  any  other  man,  who  persuaded  the  gov- 
ernor to  prohibit  this  exhibition.  It  is  note- 
worthy that  the  fact  that  the  managers  of 
the  event  had  given  a  tentative  order  for  a 
million  feet  of  lumber  for  the  arena  to  one 
of  Mr.  Owens'  lumber  yards  had  not  the  least 
effect  in  deterring  him  in  his  efforts  to  have 
the  fight  prohibited.  In  spite  of  the  fact  that 
he  is  one  of  the  most  popular  men  in  the  State, 
Mr.  Owens  has  never  aspired  to  political 
office,  though  in  1906  he  was  solicited  to  offer 
himself  as  candidate  for  governor  of  Texas. 
In  1907,  and  again  in  1908,  he  was  president 
of  the  Texas  Lumbermen's  Association.  Mr. 
Owens'  most  salient  characteristic,  as  true  of 
his  private  as  well  as  of  his  business  life,  is 
his  almost  stern  integrity.  To  him  a  dollar  is 
not  always  a  dollar,  to  him  it  is  most  perti- 
nent to  know  whence  comes  every  dollar  he 
earns.  Possibly  this  quality  has  made  his 
early  progress  somewhat  slower,  but  the 
final  result  is  that  he  is  proportionately 
more  firmly  established.  In  a  very  literal 
sense  he  has  applied  the  doctrines  of  his  re- 
ligious beliefs  to  his  business  dealings,  and 
in  the  end  he  has  found  it  in  accordance  with 
the  soundest  of  business  policy.  On  4  Dec  , 
1877,  Mr.  Owens  married  Alice  Elizabeth, 
daughter  of  James  Petty  Apperson,  of  Dallas. 
They  have  had  seven  children,  of  whom  six 
survive:  Mrs.  R.  B.  Spurgin,  Mrs.  L.  W.  Blay- 
lock,  Mrs.  L.  Diamond,  Everett  S.,  J.  T.  and 
George  W.  Owens. 

BROWNE,  John  Jay,  lawyer  and  financier, 
b.  in  Greenville,  Stark  County.  Ohio.  2S  April, 
1843;  d.  in  Spokane,  Wash.,  25  March,  1912 


319 


BROWNE 


BROWNE 


Hie  parents  were  Andrew  and  Elizabeth 
(Goff)  Browne,  of  North  of  Ireland  and  Penn- 
sylvania German  stock,  respectively.  Hia 
grandfather,  James  C.  Browne,  a  native  of  the 
North  of  Ireland,  located  in  Pennsylvania, 
later  in  Indiana,  where  the  family  still  con- 
tinues to  reside.  Mr.  Browne  was  educated 
in  the  public  schools  of  Columbia  City,  Ind., 
and  at  the  age  of  eighteen  entered  Wabash 
College,  at  Craw- 
fordsville,  paying 
for  his  tuition  by 
working  in  spare 
hours  and  during 
vacations.  After 

his  graduation  in 
1865  he  became  a 
teacher  in  the  Co- 
lumbia City  high 
school,  of  which  he 
was  appointed  prin- 
cipal. He  was  also 
for  a  time  superin- 
tendent of  schools 
at  Goshen,  Ind.  In 
the  meantime  he 
entered  upon  the 
study  of  law,  and 
in  1868  was  graduated  at  the  law  school  of  the 
University  of  Michigan.  He  began  practice  at 
Columbia  City,  in  partnership  with  his 
classmate,  John  B.  Allen,  later  U.  S.  Senator 
from  the  state  of  Washington,  but  within  four 
years  removed  to  Oswego,  Kan.,  where  he 
formed  a  partnership  with  another  classmate, 
W.  B,  Glasse.  In  1874  he  again  removed,  this 
time  to  Portland,  Ore.,  where  he  resumed  pro- 
fessional practice,  but  in  1878  located  in  Spo- 
kane, Wash.,  where  he  continued  to  reside  dur- 
ing the  remainder  of  his  life.  Upon  his  ar- 
rival in  Spokane  he  purchased  a  quarter  in- 
terest in  the  townsite  in  the  development  of 
the  city.  He  promoted  the  first  street  rail- 
way in  Spokane,  and  was  active  in  founding 
some  of  the  leading  industries,  notably  the 
Spokane  Mill  Company,  and  the  Spokane 
Cracker  Company,  of  both  of  which  he  was 
president.  In  association  with  A.  M.  Cannon 
and  J.  N.  Glover  he  founded  the  Spokane 
"  Evening  Chronicle,"  which  he  later  sold,  but 
again  purchased  it  in  September,  1889,  and 
continued  it  for  the  next  seven  years.  In  1888 
he  founded  the  Browne  National  Bank,  one  of 
the  most  notable  financial  institutions  of  the 
Pacific  Coast,  which  was  the  first  of  several 
similar  institutions  founded  by  him.  Among 
these  were  the  Columbia  Valley  Bank  at  We- 
natchee,  founded  in  1890;  the  Coeur  d'Alene 
Bank  and  Trust  Company,  at  Coeur  d'Alene, 
Idaho,  founded  in  1903;  the  Cashmere  State 
Bank,  at  Cashmere,  Wash.,  founded  in  1905. 
The  present  capital  and  surplus  of  these  banks 
represents  a  total  of  $225,000.  Mr.  Browne 
was  an  extensive  holder  of  Spokane  reality, 
holding  title  to  large  blocks  of  city  property, 
as  well  as  to  farm  lands  in  the  country  ad- 
joining. He  also  owned  considerable  realty  in 
other  parts  of  the  Northwest.  His  interest 
in  the  city  was  manifest  in  his  gift  of  one- 
half  of  the  Coeur  d'Alene  park,  the  first  public 
park  in  Spokane.  He  was  also  largely  instru- 
mental in  the  early  days  in  securing  railway 
connection  to  the  city;  having  made  several 
trips  East  at  his  own  expense,  with  the  pur- 


pose of  urging  upon  the  great  railroad  com- 
panies the  desirability  of  reaching  Spokane. 
During  the  great  panic  of  1893,  when  so  many 
banks  throughout  the  country  were  forced 
into  bankruptcy,  Mr.  Browne  assumed  per- 
sonal charge  of  the  affairs  of  the  Browne  Na- 
tional, being  appointed  receiver  of  its  prop- 
erty by  the  controller  of  the  currency — a  most 
unusual  tribute  to  his  reputation  for  in- 
tegrity and  business  standing.  Although  the 
funds  of  the  bank  permitted  only  13  per  cent, 
payments  on  liabilities,  Mr.  Browne  repaid  all 
depositors  in  full  from  his  personal  property, 
although  he  held  only  51  per  cent,  of  the 
stock.  This  act  of  his  called  forth  a  letter  of 
high  commendation  from  the  controller  of  the 
currency,  who  praised  his  unusual  solicitude 
for  his  clients  in  no  uncertain  terms.  In  his 
later  years,  in  spite  of  the  pressure  of  his  vast 
business  interests,  Mr.  Browne  became  an  ac- 
tive advocate  of  the  great  cause  of  the  con- 
servation of  natural  resources,  a  subject  upon 
which  he  wrote  and  spoke  repeatedly  with 
telling  effect.  He  contended  that  the  water 
is  the  sole  property  of  the  States,  subject  to 
navigation  and  should  be  controlled  by  the 
States.  He  further  contended  that  the  water 
power  should  be  developed  and  used  as  soon  as 
possible  to  save  fuel;  also  that  one-third 
(25,000,000  h.p.)  of  the  water  power  of  the 
United  States  is  in  Oregon,  Washington, 
Idaho,  and  Montana,  and  that  at  the  present 
rate  of  development  will  take  more  than  2,500 
years  for  this  power  to  be  developed  and  put 
to  practical  use.  Further,  that  the  present 
system  discriminates  against  the  West  and  is 
in  favor  of  the  East,  for  every  cent  that  is 
paid  to  the  government  for  the  use  of  the  land 
adjoining  water  power  is  a  direct  tax  upon 
the  people  who  use  this  power.  Mr.  Browne 
was  always  deeply  interested  in  education. 
While  at  Oswego,  Kan.,  he  was  for  a  time 
county  superintendent  of  schools.  Later, 
while  a  resident  of  Portland,  Ore.,  he  was  for 
three  years  county  superintendent  of  schools, 
resigning  that  position  when  he  removed  to 
Spokane  in  1878.  Shortly  after  arriving  in 
Spokane,  when  the  question  of  building  a 
schoolhouse  was  brought  up,  it  was  found 
that  under  the  law  the  assessable  property  was 
$550.00  short  of  the  amount  necessary  to  make 
a  levy  for  building  purposes.  Mr.  Browne 
wrote  the  assessor  at  Colville,  then  the  county 
seat,  instructing  him  to  increase  his  assess- 
ment by  $550.00,  and  agreeing  to  pay  the 
taxes  on  that  additional  amount.  This 
brought  the  assessed  value  up  the  required 
figure,  so  that  the  schoolhouse  could  be  built. 
Mr.  Browne  was  for  a  number  of  years  county 
superintendent  of  schools  of  Spokane  County. 
In  1890  he  was  appointed  by  Governor  Ferry 
as  a  regent  of  the  State  University  at  Seattle. 
He  was  president  of  this  board  for  a  number 
of  years.  In  1899  he  was  appointed  by  Gov- 
ernor Rogers  a  trustee  of  the  State  Normal 
School  at  Cheney,  Wash.  In  1903  Gov- 
ernor McBride  appointed  him  a  regent  of 
the  Washington  State  College  located  at  Pull- 
man, W^ash.,  which  position  he  still  held  at 
the  time  of  his  death.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  Washington  State  Constitutional  Conven- 
tion in  1889,  and  as  chairman  of  the  com- 
mittee on  state,  county,  and  municipal  in- 
debtedness,   drafted    the    article    in    the    Con- 


320 


SCHLEY 


SCHLEY 


Btitution  under  that  head  which  was  adopted 
practically  without  change.  He  was  also  a 
member  of  the  National  Democratic  Convention 
at  Baltimore  which  nominated  Horace  Greeley 
for  president.  Mr.  Browne  was  married  at 
lola,  Kan.,  16  June,  1874,  to  Anna,  daughter 
of  Eev.  H.  W.  Stratton.  They  had  two  sons, 
Guy  C.  and  Earl  P.  Browne,  and  three  daugh- 
ters, Alta,  wife  of  Boyd  Hamilton,  Irma,  wife 
of  G.  M.  Ross,  and  Hazel,  wife  of  E.  M. 
Sweeley,  all  of  Spokane. 

SCHLEY,  Winfield  Scott,  naval  officer,  b.  in 
Frederick  County,  Md.,  9  Oct.,  1839;  d.  in 
New   York   City,    2   Oct.,    1911,    son   of   John 

Thomas  and 

Georgiana  Vir- 
ginia Schley,  who 
served  in  the  navy 
during  the  Mexi- 
can War.  He  was 
appointed  to  the 
Naval  Academy 
at  Annapolis  in 
1856;  was  grad- 
uated in  1860, 
and  later  served 
on  board  the 
frigate  "  Niag- 
ara." In  1861- 
62  he  was  at- 
to  the 
"  Poto- 
of       the 


^^-^==^ 


tached 
frigate 
mac," 

Western  Gulf 
squadron  and 
subsequently  took  part,  on  board  the  gun- 
boat "  Winona  "  and  the  sloops  "  Mononga- 
hela "  and  "  Richmond,"  in  all  the  engage- 
ments that  led  to  the  capture  of  Port  Hudson, 
being  promoted  lieutenant  in  July,  1862.  A 
few  months  later,  then  only  twenty-three  years 
old,  he  was  on  one  of  the  little  boats  of  the 
Union  navy,  which  rescued  another  vessel  an- 
chored in  the  Mississippi,  notwithstanding  the 
heavy  firing  of  Confederate  guns.  He  served 
on  the  "Wateree"  in  the  Pacific  in  1864-66, 
quelling  an  insurrection  of  Chinese  coolies  on 
the  Middle  Chincha  Islands  in  1865,  and  later 
in  the  same  year  landing  at  La  Union,  San 
Salvador,  to  protect  American  interests  dur- 
ing a  revolution.  He  was  instructor  at  the 
naval  academy  in  1866-69,  served  on  the 
Asiatic  station  in  1869-72,  taking  part  in  the 
capture  of  the  Korean  forts  on  Salee  River, 
after  two  days  of  fighting,  in  June,  1871, 
and  was  again  at  the  naval  academy  in  1874- 
76,  being  promoted  commander  in  June,  1874. 
In  1876-79  he  was  on  the  Brazil  station,  and 
during  the  cruise  sailed  in  the  "  Essex  "  to  the 
vicinity  of  the  South  Shetland  Islands  in 
search  of  a  missing  sealer,  and  rescued  a  ship- 
wrecked crew  on  the  islands  of  Tristan 
d'Acunha.  In  1884  he  commanded  the  relief 
expedition  that  rescued  Lieut.  Adolphus  W. 
Greely  and  six  of  his  companions  at  Cape 
Sabine  in  Grinnell  Land,  passing  through  1,400 
miles  of  ice  during  the  voyage.  He  was  com- 
missioned chief  of  the  bureau  of  equipment 
and  recruiting  at  the  Navy  Department  in 
1885,  and  promoted  captain  in  March,  1888, 
his  first  sea-service  with  that  rank  being  on 
the  "Baltimore,"  a  protected  cruiser  which 
was  placed  in  commission  in  1890.  He  re- 
tained command  of  this  vessel  for  three  years. 


and  then  for  the  same  period  was  a  lighthouse 
inspector.  In  1895  Captain  Schley  was  as- 
signed to  the  "  New  York,"  and'  he  remained 
in  charge  of  the  armored  cruiser  for  two  years, 
when  he  was  appointed  chairman  of  the  light- 
house board.  Early  in  1898  he  was  promoted 
to  the  rank  of  commodore,  and  when  war  was 
declared  against  Spain  he  was  selected  to  com- 
mand the  flying  squadron,  with  the  "  Brook- 
lyn "  as  his  flagship,  on  which  he  remained 
during  the  continuance  of  hostilities.  The 
decisive  naval  combat  of  the  war  occurred  on 
3  July.  The  Spanish  fleet,  attempting  to  leave 
the  harbor  of  Santiago,  was  met  by  the  Ameri- 
can squadron  under  command  of  Admiral 
Sampson,  then  temporarily  absent.  In  less 
than  three  hours  all  the  Spanish  ships  were 
destroyed  by  Schley,  second  in  command,  the 
two  torpedo-boats  being  sunk  and  the  "  Maria 
Teresa,"  "  Almirante  Oquendo,"  "  Vizcaya," 
and  "  Cristobal  Colon "  driven  ashore.  The 
Spanish  admiral  and  about  1,500  men  were 
taken  prisoners,  while  the  enemy's  loss  of  life 
was  deplorably  large,  some  600  perishing.  In 
the  American  squadron  but  one  man  was 
killed  on  the  "  Brooklyn,"  and  one  man  seri- 
ously wounded.  Although  the  American  ships 
were  repeatedly  struck,  not  one  was  seriously 
injured.  With  the  catastrophe  of  Santiago, 
Spain's  effort  upon  the  ocean  virtually  ceased. 
As  an  aftermath  of  this  battle,  a  bitter  con- 
troversy arose  between  the  friends  of  Schley, 
who  was  then  commodore,  and  of  Admiral 
William  T.  Sampson,  who  was  in  command  of 
the  Atlantic  squadron.  This  controversy,  the 
seeds  of  which  were  sown  before  the  battle, 
grew  to  be  very  bitter,  and  the  whole  country 
took  sides.  Schley  finally  asked  that  the 
questions  involved  be  submitted  to  a  court  of 
inquiry,  but  the  majority  of  the  court  handed 
down  no  verdict  on  the  two  points  which  ap- 
pealed most  strongly  to  the  popular  imagina- 
tion. Who  was  actually  in  command  at  the 
time  of  the  battle?  Was  it  Sampson,  or 
Schley?  When  Schley,  on  board  the  "Brook- 
lyn," made  the  famous  "  loop  "  during  the  bat- 
tle, was  he  running  away  out  of  cowardice  or 
was  he,  on  the  other  hand,  executing  a  remark- 
able naval  maneuver?  These  were  the  ques- 
tions the  public  wanted  answered,  but  the 
majority  of  the  court  had  nothing  to  say  on 
the  points.  Admiral  Dewey,  however,  as  one 
of  the  three  members  of  the  court,  gave  it 
as  his  opinion  that  Schley  was  in  command 
of  the  American  forces  at  the  time  of  the  bat- 
tle, and  that  he  was  entitled  to  full  credit  for 
the  great  victory.  When  the  war  began 
Schley  was  a  commodore  and  Sampson  a 
captain.  They  were  the  two  foremost  men  in 
the  navy,  for  Dewey's  elevation  was  taken  at 
a  bound  by  virtue  of  the  Battle  of  Manila. 
Everyone  in  navy  circles  wanted  to  know  who 
was  to  be  the  man  whose  reputation  was  to 
be  made  by  the  war,  and  when  Sampson  was 
made  acting  rear  admiral  in  conimaiid  of  the 
North  Atlantic  squadron  it  soomod  as  though 
the  question  were  settled  in  his  favor.  So  at 
the  very  beginning  the  material  for  ])rofoa- 
sional  jealousy  was  at  hand  and  the  friends 
of  the  two  men  argued  it  liolly.  FricMids  and 
partisans  of  Sampson's  causo  laid  stress  \\p(m 
the  fact  that  the  rear  admiral  had  bot<l(>d 
up  the  Spanish  fleet  and  planned  the  whole 
blockade,  and  insisted  that  it  made  no  differ- 


321 


SCHLEY 


EMERSON 


ence  if  he  was  not  on  the  spot  at  the  time. 
The  glory  was  his.  The  pro-Schley  men,  on 
the  other  hand,  pointed  out  that  he  was  the 
senior  officer  in  command  because  Sampson 
was  beyond  signaling  distance.  He  did  the 
fighting  and  his  was  the  glory.  Here  is 
Schley's  own  comment  on  the  matter,  con- 
tained in  his  report  to  Sampson,  written  three 
days  after  the  battle:  "I  congratulate  yon 
most  sincerely  upon  this  great  victory  to  the 
squadron  under  your  command,  and  I  am 
glad  that  I  had  an  opportunity  to  contribute 
in  the  least  to  a  victory  that  seems  big 
enough  for  us  all."  Later,  in  his  "  Forty-five 
Years  Under  the  Flag"  (1904),  he  wrote: 
"  From  a  confidential  document  under  the 
title,  'Executive  C,  Third  Session,  Fifty-fifth 
Congress,'  a  communication  by  Mr.  Long  re- 
specting *  advancements  in  the  navy,*  is  seen 
that  the  commander-in-chief's  movements  in 
Siboney  on  that  morning  were  under  orders 
from  the  department  to  meet  General  Shafter. 
This  order,  then,  furnishes  an  explanation  of 
the  commander-in-chief's  signi^l  and  subse- 
quent movements  eastward  on  3  July.  It  sup- 
plies, too,  evidence  of  temporary  assignment 
to  a  new  duty,  taking  him  on  shore  to  the 
headquarters  of  the  army.  It  fixes  incontest- 
ably  also  the  status  of  the  commander  of  the 
second  squadron  as  senior  officer  present  in 
command  before  Santiago  after  Sampson's 
withdrawal.  If  the  battle  here  related  had 
miscarried,  or  if  through  mismanagement  Cer- 
vera  or  any  of  his  ships  had  escaped  that  day, 
there  would  have  been  no  difficulty  whatever 
about  who  was  in  command,  or  who  would 
have  had  to  bear  the  censure.  It  is  as  certain 
in  that  event  that  there  would  have  been  no 
effort  to  prove  that  the  '  New  York  *  was 
within  signal  distance,  no  claim  that  it  was 
a  captain's  battle,  nor  any  other  of  the  soph- 
istries that  were  invented  in  the  aftermath 
of  controversy  about  this  great  victory.  No 
instance  is  recalled  where  great  success  was 
won  in  battle  where  every  participant  was  not 
anxious  to  share  in  the  glory,  but  no  instance 
is  remembered  where  any  subordinate  ever 
desired  to  share  with  his  superior  the  odium 
of  defeat.  Santiago  alone  \vould  be  unique  as 
one  of  the  world's  great  battles  won  without 
anybody  being  in  command.  If  defeat  had 
occurred  the  commander  of  the  second  squad- 
ron would  have  had  to  take  his  medicine  just 
the  same."  The  question  of  the  much  dis- 
cussed "  loop  "  was  not  referred  to  in  Schley's 
re|)ort  to  his  superior,  as  it  was  not  even 
raised  until  weeks  after  the  battle.  It  con- 
sisted in  a  detour  of  the  "  Brooklyn,"  which 
left  its  position  at  close  range  when  the  Span- 
ish vessels  started  out  of  the  harbor  and  later 
approached  from  another  point,  so  that  at 
first  the  "  Texas "  was  between  her  and  the 
Spanish  vessel  "  Teresa."  The  latest  decision 
in  Schley's  favor  comes  in  the  recently  pub- 
lished account  of  the  war,  written  by  Ad- 
miral Chadwick,  who  was  captain  at  the  time 
of  Sampson's  flagship  and  an  ardent  Sampson 
man  throughout  the  controversy.  It  is  diffi- 
cult to  conclude  from  his  description  that  the 
loop  was  other  than  a  good  naval  maneuver. 
He  quotes  from  the  Spanish  Captain  Concas 
to  show  that  it  was  Cervera's  plan  to  ram  the 
"  Brooklyn  "  as  the  only  vessel  supposed  to  be 
swift  enough  to  overtake  the  Spanish  squadron 


should  it  succeed  in  breaking  the  blockade, 
and  Concas  shows  that  Schley's  "  loop  "  foiled 
this  plan.  Other  points  of  criticism  against 
Schley  which  were  of  less  interest  to  the  pub- 
lic, but  more  heavily  emphasized  by  the  navy 
folk,  included  his  slow  progress  to  Santiago 
and  his  turning  away  from  that  port  for  a 
time  without  ascertaining  whether  Cervera  was 
there  or  not.  Later  Schley  was  appointed 
one  of  the  commissioners  to  superintend  the 
evacuation  of  Puerto  Rico,  returning  to  this 
country  in  November.  In  December  he  was 
presented  in  Philadelphia  with  a  diamond- 
hilted  sword,  when  he  said :  "  Let  me  hope, 
with  you,  that  in  God's  providence  it  may 
never  be  drawn  without  reason,  but  if  it  ever 
should  be  so  willed  that  it  must  be,  it  will 
never  be  sheathed  except  in  your  greater 
honor."  In  March,  1899,  he  was  advanced  to 
the  grade  of  rear-admiral,  and  in  September 
was  assigned  to  the  command  of  the  South 
Atlantic  squadron.  In  May  he  was  elected 
commander  of  the  New  York  State  command- 
ery  of  the  Military  Order  of  the  Loyal  Legion, 
and  presided  at  the  October  meeting  held  at 
Delmonico's.  On  9  Oct.,  1901,  he  retired  from 
active  service.  It  is  one  of  the  ironies  of  fate 
that  the  charge  of  cowardice  should  ever  have 
been  launched  against  Admiral  Schley.  It 
was  he  who,  in  1862,  went  out  with  a  little 
boat  to  rescue  a  beleaguered  boat  of  larger 
size  from  the  fire  of  Confederate  guns;  it 
was  he  who  charged  first  over  the  redoubt  at 
Korea,  and,  when  his  comrade  fell  dead  at 
his  side,  shot  the  slayer  in  the  head  and 
vaulted  over  the  embankment,  leaving  his  fel- 
low^s  to  follow;  it  was  he  who,  seeking  Greely 
in  the  Arctic  in  1884,  stood  in  the  crow's  nest. 
In  addition  to  his  Vook  "  Forty-Five  Years 
Under  the  Flag"  (1904),  Admiral  Schley  was 
the  author  of  an  interesting  volume  jointly 
with  James  Russell  Soley,  entitled  "The  Res- 
cue of  Greely"  (1886).  Admiral  Schley 
married  on  10  Sept.,  1863,  Annie  R.  Franklin, 
of  Annapolis,  Md. 

EMERSON,  Ealph,  pioneer  manufacturer  and 
philanthropist,  b.  in  Andover,  Mass.,  3  May, 
1831;  d.  in  Rockford,  111.,  19  Aug.,  1914,  son 
of  Rev.  Ralph  and  Eliza  (Rockwell)  Emerson. 
His  first  American  ancestor,  Thomas  Emerson, 
was  probably  born  in  Sedgefield  Parish,  County 
Durham,  England.  He  was  at  Ipswich  in  the 
Massachusetts  Bay  Colony  as  early  as  1638. 
The  ship  "  Elizabeth  Ann "  arrived  in  the 
colony  from  England  in  1635,  and  traditionally 
he  was  a  passenger.  In  1638  he  purchased 
from  Samuel  Greenfield  a  farm  of  120  acres, 
formerly  the  property  of  Thomas  Wise  of 
Ipswich,  which  remained  in  the  Emerson  family 
for  several  generations.  Thomas  Emerson  was 
a  commoner  in  1641,  and  one  of  the  "  seven 
men  "  to  whom  was  committed  the  fiscal  and 
prudential  affairs  of  the  settlement.  In  1646 
Joseph  Emerson,  second  son  of  Thomas  and 
Elizabeth  Emerson,  of  Ipswich  (b.  in  England 
about  1620;  d.  at  Concord,  Mass.,  3  Jan., 
1680),  married  about  1646  Elizabeth,  daughter 
of  Robert  Woodmansey,  a  schoolmaster  of 
Boston.  He  w^as  a  Puritan  clergyman,  proba- 
bly educated  in  England,  and  was  admitted  a 
freeman  at  Ipswich,  19  Dec,  1648.  The  same 
year  he  preached  in  York  County  on  the  Maine 
coast.  In  1653  he  was  a  resident  of  Wells  and 
took  the  freeman's  oath   there   4  July,    1653. 


322 


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EMERSON 


Through  the  political  dissensions  that  dis- 
turbed the  Church  he  lost  his  hold  on  the  affec- 
tions of  his  congregation,  which  in  1664  had 
dwindled  to  two  families.  He  then  became  the 
first  minister  at  Milton,  but  was  dismissed 
because  he  had  asked  for  an  increase  of  salary 
on  account  of  his  approaching  marriage.  He 
was  a  widower  at  this  time,  and  he  married 
as  his  second  wife,  7  Dec,  1665,  Elizabeth, 
daughter  of  Rev.  Edward  Bulkeley,  of  Con- 
cord, and  granddaughter  of  the  Rev.  Peter 
Bulkeley,  first  minister  of  Concord.  They  re- 
sided in  Milton  and  Mendon.  On  the  destruc- 
tion of  the  village  of  Mendon  by  the  Indians 
in  King  Philip's  War  he  retired  to  Concord, 
where  he  died  3  Jan.,  1680.  Peter  Emerson, 
fourth  son  of  Rev.  Joseph  and  Elizabeth 
(Bulkeley)  Emerson  (b,  at  Mendon  in  1673;  d. 
in  1751),  married,  11  Nov.,  1696,  Anna,  daugh- 
ter of  Capt.  John  and  Anna  (Fiske)  Brown, 
of  Reading.  They  lived  in  the  first  parish  of 
Reading  on  the  farm  inherited  by  Captain 
Brown.  Daniel  Emerson,  ninth  of  the  ten  chil- 
dren of  Peter  and  Anna  (Brown)  Emerson 
(b.  at  Reading,  Mass.,  20  May,  1716;  d.  at 
Hollis,  N.  H.,  30  Sept.,  1801 ) ,  married,  7  Nov., 
1744,  Hannah,  daughter  of  Rev.  Joseph  and 
Mary  (Moody)  Emerson,  of  Maiden,  Mass. 
Daniel  Emerson  was  graduated  A.B.  at  Har- 
vard in  1739,  and  became  pastor  of  the  newly 
erected  West  Parish  in  Dunstable.  In  1743 
the  town  of  Hollis,  N.  H.,  was  created  out  of 
the  West  Parish,  and  there  Mr.  Emerson  con- 
tinued as  minister  until  27  Nov.,  1793,  a  period 
of  more  than  fifty  years  without  a  change  or 
a  wish  to  change  his  place.  In  1755,  in  the 
old  French  War,  he  officiated  as  chaplain  of 
the  famous  rangers  of  which  Robert  Rogers  was 
captain  and  John  Stark  (afterward  general  in 
the  Continental  service)  was  lieutenant.  He 
also  served  as  chaplain  in  Col.  Joseph  Blanch- 
ard's  regiment,  of  Dunstable,  and  proceeded  with 
the  expedition  to  Crown  Point,  as  recorded  in 
his  interesting  "  journal  of  his  procedure  with 
the  Army  to  Crown  Point,  begun  8  July,  1755." 
The  Rev.  Daniel  Emerson  had  thirteen  children, 
of  whom  the  eldest  son  and  second  child  was 
Daniel  (b.,  Hollis,  N.  H.,  15  Dec,  1746;  d. 
there  4  Oct.,  1820),  a  leading  citizen  of  the 
town,  its  wealthiest  taxpayer,  and  a  deacon  of 
the  Church.  Under  the  charter  of  New  Ipswich, 
N.  H.,  he  was  one  of  the  eighteen  proprietors, 
and  preached  there  occasionally.  For  his 
service  as  preacher  he  demanded  that  his  taxes 
should  be  remitted,  but  this  was  refused.  He 
was  one  of  the  thirty-two  proprietors  of  the 
New  Ipswich  (N.  H.)  Academy,  founded  in 
1784,  and,  on  its  incorporation  in  1789,  was 
made  a  member  of  its  board  of  trustees. 
He  was  a  minuteman  at  the  outbreak  of 
the  American  Revolution,  and  marched  at 
the  head  of  his  company  to  the  relief  of 
Fort  Ticonderoga  in  1776,  but,  on  reach- 
ing the  Connecticut  River,  was  ordered 
home.  On  a  second  expedition  he  reached 
Cavendish,  Vt.,  before  his  company  was  sent 
back.  He  served  in  the  Rhode  Island  Cam- 
paign of  1778-79;  was  a  member  of  the  gov- 
ernor's council  in  1787;  a  representative  in  the 
New  Hampshire  legislature  for  nineteen  terms 
(1780-1812);  sheriff  of  Hillsboro  County; 
town  clerk  of  Hollis  (1780-81)  ;  selectman  for 
twelve  years,  and  town  treasurer  seven  years 
r  (1774-79  and  1798-99).    His  first  wife,  whom 


he  married  7  Nov.,  1768,  was  Anna,  daughter 
of  Joseph  and  Elizabeth  (Underwood) 
Fletcher.  They  had  seven  children,  of  whom 
the  sixth  was  Rev.  Ralph  Emerson  (b.  at 
Hollis,  N.  H.,  18  Aug.,  1789;  d.  at  Rockford, 
111.,  20  May,  1863),  graduated  at  Yale  in  1811 
and  at  Andover  Seminary  in  1814;  tutor  at 
Yale  (1814-16)  ;  pastor  of  the  Congregational 
Church,  Norfolk,  Conn.  (1816-29),  and  pro- 
fessor of  ecclesiastical  history  and  pastoral 
theology  at  Andover  (1829-54).  Rev.  Dr. 
Emerson  was  a  frequent  contributor  to  the 
"  Bibliotheca  Sacra,"  the  "  Christian  Spec- 
tator," and  other  religious  periodicals,  and 
was  author  of  "  Life  of  Rev.  Joseph  Emerson  '* 
(1834),,  and  of  a  translation,  with  notes,  of 
Wiggin's  "  Augustinianism  and  Pelagianism." 
He  married,  27  Nov.,  1817,  Eliza,  daughter  of 
Martin  Rockwell  (b.  at  Colebrook,  Conn.,  25 
March,  1797;  d.  at  Rockford,  111.,  11  Dec, 
1875).  Of  their  nine  children,  Ralph  Emer- 
son, of  Illinois,  was  the  fifth  son  and  sixth 
child.  He  was  educated  at  Andover  Academy, 
and  began  his  active  life  by  teaching  school. 
In  the  meantime  he  studied  law,  intending  to 
enter  practice.  In  1851  he  settled  in  Bloom- 
ington.  111.,  where  he  made  the  acquaintance  of 
Abraham  Lincoln,  at  that  time  the  leading 
lawyer  of  the  State.  Mr.  Lincoln  naturally 
looked  upon  the  law  as  synonymous  with 
politics,  and  believed  that  Yankee  thrift  and 
ingenuity  would  find  a  better  field  in  a  busi- 
ness career.  Mr.  Emerson  accordingly  followed 
the  counsel  of  his  friend,  the  future  President, 
and  in  1852  removed  to  Beloit,  Wis.,  where  he 
became  a  dealer  in  hardware,  in  partnership 
with  one  Jesse  Blinn.  Later  the  partners 
transferred  their  business  to  Rockford,  111.,  then 
becoming  an  important  manufacturing  center 
on  account  of  the  water  power  available  on 
both  sides  of  the  Rock  River.  Hither  in  1852 
John  H.  Manny  came  from  Stephenson  County, 
and  began  the  manufacture  of  Manny's  com- 
bined reapers  and  mowers  in  Clark  and  Utter's 
factory.  Blinn  and  Emerson  extended  liberal 
credit  to  Mr.  Manny,  taking  stock  in  his  busi- 
ness as  security.  On  4  March,  1854,  the  two 
brothers,  Waite  and  Sylvester  Talcott,  became 
associated  with  Mr.  Manny,  under  the  firm 
name  of  J.  H.  Manny  and  Company,  and  during 
that  year  1,100  machines  were  built.  In  the 
following  autumn  Jesse  Blinn  and  Ralph 
Emerson  were  added  to  the  firm,  which  then 
became  Manny  and  Company.  Their  growing 
success  brought  with  it  a  lawsuit  with  C.  H. 
McCormick,  a  rival  builder  of  mowing  and 
reaping  machines.  This  suit,  which  has  become 
historic,  was  tried  before  the  federal  court  in 
Cincinnati,  Ohio.  McCormick  sought  to  en- 
join the  Manny  Company  from  using  a  certain 
device,  which  he  claimed  belonged  to  him.  The 
trial  brought  together  lawyers  of  national  re- 
nown. Beverly  Johnson  and  E.  N.  Dickinson 
represented  C.  H.  McCormick,  and  Peter  H. 
Watson,  of  Rockford,  III.,  who  had  obtained 
Mr.  Manny's  patents,  was  given  full  charge  of 
the  defendants'  case.  Watson  associated  with 
himself  George  Harding,  Edwin  M.  Stanton, 
and  Abraham  Lincoln.  The  decision,  as  an- 
nounced 16  Jan.,  1856,  was  a  victory  for  the 
Manny  Company.  The  U.  S.  Supreme  Court 
affirmed  this  decision.  On  the  centenary  of  the 
birth  of  Abraham  Lincoln,  more  than  half  a 
century  after  the  trial,  Mr.  Emerson  gave  for 


323 


EMERSON 


EMERSON 


publication  an  interesting  reminiscence  of  Lin- 
coln and  Stanton  at  the  trial  in  Cincinnati  in 
these  words:  "When  tlie  case  came  on  for 
hearing,  as  Mr.  Lincoln  did  not  have  sufficient 
time  to  prepare,  he  did  not  speak,  but  he  was 
present  through  the  whole  hearing,  which  con- 
sumed several  days.  He  was  limited  to  two 
lawyers  on  a  side.  Edwin  M.  Stanton,  later 
the  celebrated  war  secretary,  was  one  of  those 
who  spoke  for  us.  He  delivered  a  speech  which 
he  had  spent  a  long  time  in  studying  up  and 
preparing.  So  intensely  interested  was  Lin- 
coln in  this  speech  that,  forgetting  the  dignity 
of  a  United  States  court,  he  stood  rapt  in  at- 
tention, or  else  was  seen  walking  back  and 
forth  in  the  court  room,  listening  intently.  It 
was  the  first  time  Lincoln  and  Stanton  met,  and 
from  what  Lincoln  said  to  me,  when  he  was 
president,  I  am  satisfied  that  it  was  that 
speech  which  made  him  choose  Stanton  as  his 
final  secretary  of  war.  Let  me  illustrate: 
There  was  talk  at  one  time  of  a  compromise 
with  the  other  side.  Stanton  was  a  man,  when 
excited,  of  a  lion-like  countenance.  The  mo- 
ment he  heard  the  subject  of  compromise 
broached  in  our  office,  he  was  ablaze  at  once, 
and  with  gestures,  as  though  he  held  a  sword 
in  his  hand,  he  exclaimed :  *  Compromise !  I 
know  of  but  one  way  to  compromise  with  an 
enemy,  and  that  is  with  a  sword  in  your  hand, 
and  to  smite  and  keep  smiting!  '  And  his 
countenance  was  a  blaze  of  wrath  as  he  spoke. 
What  wonder  that  Lincoln,  when  disappointed 
in  other  men,  sent  for  Stanton  as  his  final 
secretary  of  war."  Another  sidelight  was 
thrown  on  the  screen  by  Mr.  Emerson  in  an 
interview  with  Ida  M.  Tarbell,  when  she  was 
writing  her  life  of  Lincoln.  Mr.  Emerson  said: 
"  Mr.  Stanton  closed  his  speech  in  a  flight  of 
impassioned  eloquence.  Then  the  court  ad- 
journed for  a  day,  and  Mr.  Lincoln  invited  me 
to  take  a  long  walk  with  him.  For  block  after 
block  he  w^alked  rapidly  forward,  not  saying 
a  word,  evidently  deeply  dejected.  At  last  he 
turned  suddenly  to  me,  exclaiming,  '  Emerson, 
I'm  going  home !  .  .  .  I'm  going  home  to  study 
law.'  '  Why,'  I  exclaimed,  *  Mr.  Lincoln,  you 
stand  at  the  head  of  the  bar  of  Illinois  now! 
What  are  you  talking  about?'  'Oh,  yes,'  he 
said,  '  I  do  occupy  a  good  position  there,  and 
I  think  I  can  get  along  the  way  things  are 
down  there  now.  But  these  college-trained  men, 
who  have  devoted  their  whole  lives  to  study, 
are  coming  West,  don't  you  see?  And  they 
study  their  cases  as  we  never  do.  They  have 
got  as  far  as  Cincinnati  now.  They  will  soon 
be  in  Illinois.  ...  I  am  going  home  to  study 
law!  I  am  as  good  as  any  of  them,  and  when 
they  get  out  to  Illinois  I  will  be  ready  for 
them.' "  The  Manny  Company  paid  Mr.  Lin- 
coln $1,000,  which  was  the  largest  fee  that  he 
had  received  up  to  that  time.  In  his  last 
interview  with  Mr.  Lincoln,  during  the  darkest 
days  of  the  Civil  W^ar,  after  reciting  the 
story  of  Mrs.  Partington  sweeping  back  the 
tide,  Mr.  Lincoln  said:  "As  I  read  history  I 
see  how  we  cannot  tell  in  advance  what  God's 
plans  about  any  nation  are.  W^e  can  only 
find  out  by  seeing  what  the  result  really  is, 
when  it  is  all  over.  All  we  have  to  do  is  to 
do  the  best  we  can  with  what  we  have,  and 
trust  the  result  to  God."  The  firm  of  Manny 
and  Company  continued  for  many  years.  Sub- 
sequently it  was  changed  to  Emerson,  Talcott 


and  Company,  with  William  A.  Talcott  as  one 
of  the  principal  stockholders.  In  1895  the 
name  was  changed  to  the  Emerson  Manufac- 
turing Company,  manufacturers  of  agricul- 
tural implements.  At  this  time  Charles  S. 
Brantingham  of  the  Nelson  Knitting  Company 
became  secretary  and  manager.  At  this  time 
the  company  was  capitalized  at  $200,000,  later 
increased  to  $500,000,  and,  in  1898,  to  $1,000,- 
000.  In  October,  1909,  the  name  was  changed 
to  Emerson-Brantingham  Company,  and  the 
capital  was  increased  to  $3,000,000.  It  was 
further  increased,  on  17  July,  1912,  to  $50,- 
000,000.  The  corporation  also  acquired  by 
purchase  the  Gas  Traction  Company  of  Min- 
neapolis, Minn.;  the  Reeves  and  Company  Cor- 
poration of  Columbus,  Ind. ;  the  Geiser  Manu- 
facturing Company  of  Waynesboro,  Pa.;  the 
Newton  W^agon  Works  of  Batavia,  111.;  the 
La  Grasse  Hay  Tool  Company  of  Chicago 
Heights,  III.;  the  Rockford  Engine  Works; 
the  American  Drill  Company  of  Marion,  Ind.; 
and  the  Emerson  Carriage  Company  of  Rock- 
ford,  111.  Mr.  Emerson  founded  and  sustained 
the  Emerson  Institute  of  Mobile,  Ala.,  an  in- 
dustrial institute  for  colored  people.  The 
Rockford  Hospital  in  April,  1913,  received 
from  him  and  his  wife  a  gift  of  $60,000,  to 
build  and  equip  Emerson  Hall;  the  gift  being 
increased  before  the  completion  of  the  building 
to  $80,000.  They  also  erected  a  nurses'  home, 
known  as  the  Talcott  Memorial  Home  for 
Nurses,  a  memorial  for  Mrs.  Emerson's  father. 
Mr.  Emerson  was  also  an  inventor  of  agri- 
cultural machinery  and  of  a  knitting-machine, 
for  producing  seamless  hosiery.  He  main- 
tained two  Republican  newspapers;  originated 
the  City  Electric  Lighting  Plant  of  Rockford; 
was  one  of  the  organizers  and  an  officer  in 
two  national  banks,  and  a  director  and  trus- 
tee in  numerous  manufacturing,  benevolent, 
and  educational  institutions.  He  published,  at 
a  large  personal  expense,  a  "  Genealogy  of  the 
Emerson  Family,"  which  is  highly  prized  by 
all  genealogical  students.  Ralph  Emerson  was 
not  only  a  successful,  but  also  a  distinguished 
man.  The  fierce  struggles  of  the  earlier  days, 
before  which  so  many  men  went  down,  did  not 
daunt  him.  He  brought  to  his  work  a  genius 
for  organization  not  often  paralleled.  He  was 
a  student  of  his  business  and  of  the  elements 
on  which  its  success  was  founded.  His  far- 
sightedness, his  grasp  of  large  afi'airs,  and  his 
estimates  of  men  and  things  marked  him  as 
one  of  the  great  captains  of  industry  of  his 
time.  Reticent,  dignified,  and  concentrated 
upon  his  vast  interests,  he  was  regarded  by  his 
business  associates  as  a  strong  man,  mentally, 
physically,  and  morally,  who  never .  did  things 
by  halves.  In  the  organization  and  conduct 
of  the  company  with  which  his  name  is  asso- 
ciated, he  acquired  the  habits  of  thought  pecu- 
liar to  all  successful  men.  Mr.  Emerson's 
interest  in  the  community  in  which  he  lived 
has  been  one  of  the  live  forces  which  have 
sustained  its  most  important  advances.  He 
married  7  Sept.,  1858,  Adaline  Elizabeth, 
daughter  of  Waite  Talcott,  of  Rockford,  111. 
Her  father,  a  pioneer  of  Winnebago  County 
and  a  partner  in  the  firm  of  Manny  and  Com- 
pany, under  its  several  successive  changes  of 
name,  was  a  State  senator  in  1854,  and  a  col- 
lector of  internal  revenue  by  appointment  of 
President  Lincoln.    Mr.  and  Mrs.  Emerson  had 


324 


BRIGHAM 


BRIQHAM 


eight  children:  three  sons,  Joasep  and  Waits, 
(died  in  infancy),  Ralph  Emerson,  Jr.  (b.  25 
Sept.,  1866;  d.  25  Aug.,  1889),  whose  "Life 
and  Letters  "  was  published  by  his  mother  in 
1891;  and  five  daughters:  Adaline  Eliza,  wife 
of  Norman  F.  Thompson,  of  East  Orange, 
N.  J. ;  Harriet  Elizabeth,  wife  of  William  -E. 
Hinchliff,  of  Rockford;  Mary,  wife  of  Edward 
P.  Lathrop,  also  of  Rockford;  Charlotte  Belle, 
wife  of  Darwin  M.  Keith,  M.D.,  of  the  same 
place;  and  Dora  Bay,  wife  of  Prof.  William 
M.  Wheeler,  of  the  University  of  Chicago. 

BRIGHAM,  Johnson,  librarian  and  author, 
b.  in  Cherry  Valley,  N.  Y.,  11  March,  1846, 
son  of  Phineas  and  Eliza  (Johnson)  Brigham. 
He  is  of  English  descent  and  traces  his  Ameri- 
can ancestry  back  to  Colonial  days.  The  first 
of  the  name  to  come  to  this  country  was 
Thomas  Brigham,  who  migrated  from  the 
town  of  Brigham  in  Cumberland,  England,  to 
the  American  colonies  in  1635,  and  settled  at 
Charlestown,  Mass.  From  him  the  direct  line 
by  generations  runs  as  follows:  Capt.  Sam- 
uel Brigham  and  his  wife,  Elizabeth  How; 
Samuel  Brigham  and  his  wife,  Abigail  Moore; 
George  Brigham  and  his  wife,  Mary  Bragg; 
Phineas  Brigham  and  his  wife,  Susanna  Howe ; 
Timothy  Brigham  and  his  wife,  Patty  Demon; 
and  Phineas  Brigham  (1816-89),  father  of 
Johnson  Brigham.  Phineas  Brigham  was  a 
merchant;  enlisted  in  the  One  Hundred  and 
Fifty-third  New  York  Volunteers,  and  later 
served  in  the  Veteran  Reserve  Corps  at 
Washington.  Johnson  Brigham  was  edu- 
cated in  the  public  schools  of  Elmira  and 
Watkins,  N.  Y.  He  began  his  collegiate  work 
at  Hamilton  Callege,  Clinton,  N,  Y.,  class  of 
1871;  but  entered  Cornell  University,  class  of 
1870,  as  a  junior,  passing  examinations  in 
sophomore  studies.  Since  at  that  time  the 
junior  students  at  Cornell  recited  and  at- 
tended lectures  with  the  seniors,  he  did  not 
take  his  senior  year.  In  college  Mr.  Brig- 
ham's  chief  interest  had  centered  in  literature 
and  kindred  subjects.  Therefore,  when  called 
upon  to  decide  definitely  upon  his  life  career, 
he  settled  upon  journalism  as  the  most  con- 
genial occupation.  His  first  efforts  were  di- 
rected toward  the  management  of  the  Brock- 
port  "  Democrat,"  of  which  he  was  editor  and 
publisher.  Later  he  became  proprietor  of  the 
Watkins  (N.  Y.)  "Express."  After  a  time 
spent  in  that  capacity  he  became,  at  first,  part 
owner  of  the  Hornell  (N.  Y.)  "Times"  and 
later  assumed  full  proprietorship  and  manage- 
ment of  the  paper.  In  1892  Mr.  Brigham  re- 
moved to  Iowa  and  for  twelve  years  or  more 
was  editor  and  part  proprietor  of  the  Cedar 
Rapids  "Daily  Republican."  From  1894  to 
1897  he  was  editor  and  proprietor  of  the  "  Mid- 
land Monthly,"  a  publication  which  was  origi- 
nated in  Des  Moines,  but  which  was  later  re- 
moved to  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  where,  in  1898,  it  sus- 
pended publication.  In  1892  he  was  appointed 
U.  S.  consul  at  Aix-la-Chapelle,  Germany,  where 
he  discharged  his  mission  with  credit  to  him- 
self and  his.  government.  Since  1898  he  has 
been  state  librarian  of  Iowa,  and  has  acted 
as  president  of  the  Iowa  Library  Commission 
since  its  organization  in  1900.  For  many 
years  he  has  been  a  director  of  the  Commercial 
Savings  Bank  of  Des  Moines,  la.,  and  for 
several  years  has  been  vice-president  of  two 
Iowa  insurance  companies.     It  is  worthy  of 


note  in  this  connection  that  Mr.  Brigham  en- 
listed in  the  federal  army  in  1862,  but  since 
he  was  only  sixteen  years  of  age  was  rejected. 
Bent  upon  patriotic  service,  however,  the  year 
1864  found  him  acting  as  agent  of  the  U.  S. 
Sanitary  Commission  at  the  exchange  of  pris- 
oners near  Savannah,  Ga.,  when  he  was  said 
to  be  the  youngest  agent  in  the  service.  A 
scholar  of  wide  attainment,  a  keen  observer 
of  humanity,  and  a  student  of  the  funda- 
mental principles  underlying  human  action 
and  endeavor,  Mr.  Brigham  has  been  a  con- 
tributor to  such  publications  as  "  Forum," 
"  Century,"  "  Chautauquan,"  "  Review  of  Re- 
views," and  "  Iowa  Journal  of  History  and 
Politics."  In  1905  he  rounded  out  his  jour- 
nalistic career  by  writing  his  charming  book, 
"  An  Old  Man's  Idyl,"  which  was  published 
under  the  worn  de  plume  of  Wolcott  John- 
son and  which  was  received  favorably  by 
critics  and  public  alike.  Of  this  work  the 
St.  Louis  "  Globe-Democrat "  gave  the  fol- 
lowing criticism:  "The  art  of  the  writer 
gives  a  tender  and  personal  touch  to  the  un- 
eventful life  and  dreams  that  holds  the  read- 
er's interest  and  sympathy  and  almost  makes 
him  feel  himself  a  part  of  it."  The  Boston 
"  Transcript  "  said :  "  It  is  a  pretty,  pathetic 
record;  a  record  which  will  be  familiar  to 
many  ...  a  record  which  makes  the  heart 
beat  a  little  more  softly,  which  brings  out 
smiles  and  now  and  then  tears."  In  the  New 
York  "  Times "  the  following  occurs :  "  The 
Old  Man's  Idyl  has  a  peculiarly  reminiscent, 
speculative  flavor  which  now  and  then  recalls 
Ik  Marvel  and  George  William  Curtis,  and 
others  of  the  school  of  dearly  beloved  dream- 
ers." In  1910  he  brought  out  "The  Banker 
in  Literature,"  a  work  which  received  great 
favor  from  bankers  and  press.  To  quote  the 
"  Wall  Street  Journal,"  "  Mr.  Brigham,  by  his 
intimate  and  appreciative  knowledge  of  his 
subject  matter,  has  acquired  a  success  in  a 
field  which  hitherto  has  received  little  atten- 
tion." James  B.  Forgan,  president  of  the 
First  National  Bank  of  Chicago,  wrote :  "  I 
spent  yesterday  afternoon  and  evening  in  read- 
ing "  The  Banker  in  Literature,"  by  Johnson 
Brigham,  and  find  it  both  interesting  and  in- 
structive. Mr.  Brigham  shows  great  research 
in  collecting  so  much  literature  and  poetry 
produced  by  bankers.  It  raises  one's  ideas  of 
his  profession  to  find  that  so  many  successful 
bankers  have  contributed  so  much  to  litera- 
ture." Other  books  written  by  Mr.  Brigham 
were,  "Life  of  James  Harlan"  (1913)  ;  "His- 
tory of  Des  Moines"  (1911);  "  Iowa— Its 
History  and  Its  Foremost  Citizens"  (1915). 
Johnson  Brigham  is  a  man  whom  his  adopted 
State  delights  to  honor.  A  hard-working,  con- 
scientious, public  official  and  moderately  suc- 
cessful in  business,  he  embodies  in  his  own 
personality  the  qualities  he  gives  to  the  "  Ideal 
Banker  " — "  a  man  of  large  view,  constructive 
ability,  of  imagination  and  sympathy.  Mr. 
Brigham  has  often  been  called  upon  for  ad- 
dresses on  important  public  occasions.  One  of 
these,  "  Blaine,  Conkling  and  Garfield,"  pub- 
lished in  1915,  was  the  subject  of  much  favor- 
able comment.  He  was  president  of  the  Iowa 
State  Rei)ublican  League  in  1902;  ])ro8ident 
of  the  Iowa  Library  Association  in  1903; 
president  of  the  National  Association  of  State 
Libraries   in    1904.     He   was   member   of   the 


325 


SCOTT 


SCOTT 


Council,  American  Library  Association  for  ten 
years;  president  of  the  Grant  Club,  Des 
Moines,  in  1913-14;  president  of  the  Iowa 
Society  Archaeological  Institute  of  America, 
1914-16.  His  favorite  recreation  is  billiards, 
a  game  at  which  he  is  an  expert  player.  Mr. 
Brighara  married  in  Watkins,  N.  Y.,  in  1875, 
Antoinette,  daughter  of  Levi  M.  Gano.  In 
1892  he  married,  in  Ottumvva,  la.,  Lucy  H. 
Walker,  daughter  of  W.  W.  Walker.  His  chil- 
dren are:  Ann  Gano  Brigham,  wife  of  Charles 
P.  Hartley,  of  the  Agricultural  Department, 
Washington,  D.  C;  Ida  Wilkinson  and  Mary 
Walker  Brigham,  of  Des  Moines. 

SCOTT,  Harvey  W.,  editor,  b.  near  Peoria, 
111.,  1  Feb.,  1838;  d.  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  7  Aug., 
1910,  son  of  John  Tucker  and  Anne  (Roelof- 
son)  Scott.  His  great-grandfather,  and  ear- 
liest paternal  American  ancestor,  John  Scott, 

supposedly  a 
native  of  Eng- 
land, came  to 
South  Carolina 
shortly  before 
the  Revolution. 
His  wife  was 
Chloe  Riggs,  of 
North  Carolina. 
John  Tucker 
Scott  (1809- 
80),  father  of 
Harvey  W., 

was  a  native 
of  Washington 
County,  Ky., 
born  within 
eighteen  miles 
of  the  birth- 
place of  Abra- 
ham Lincoln,  and  just  six  days  before 
that  event.  At  the  age  of  fifteen  he 
accompanied  his  father,  James  Scott,  to 
Tazewell  County,  111.,  near  Peoria.  In 
1852  he  migrated  with  his  family  of  nine 
sons  and  daughters  by  ox  team  to  Oregon. 
The  wife  of  John  Tucker  Scott,  Anne  Roelof- 
son,  was  of  German  descent.  Their  son, 
Harvey  W.,  at  the  age  of  fourteen  went  with 
his  father's  family  to  Oregon,  arriving  at 
Oregon  City  on  2  Oct.,  1852.  In  the  spring 
of  1854,  following  a  year  and  a  half  spent  in 
the  Willamette  Valley,  he  accompanied  his 
father  to  Puget  Sound,  where  a  pioneer  home 
was  erected  on  land  still  known  as  "  Scott's 
Prairie."  During  the  following  year  a  war 
with  the  Indians  of  that  region  broke  out, 
and  young  Scott  enlisted  as  a  volunteer.  In 
1856  he  worked  as  a  laborer  in  the  Willamette 
Valley,  and,  while  contributing  his  share 
toward  the  support  of  the  family,  managed  to 
save  a  little  money  to  aid  him  in  securing  an 
education.  In  December  of  that  year  he  en- 
tered Pacific  University,  situated  at  Forest 
Grove,  but  four  months  later  was  obliged  to 
abandon  his  studies  temporarily,  because  of 
his  limited  financial  resources.  For  some 
time  he  worked  as  a  wood-cutter  and,  during 
the  winter  of  1858-59,  attended  the  Oregon 
City  Academy.  In  the  following  autumn  he 
resvimed  his  studies  at  Pacific  University, 
meantime  supporting  himself  by  securing  occa- 
sional work  at  wood-cutting,  team-driving 
and  school -teaching.  After  his  graduation  in 
1863,     he     endeavored     to     continue     school- 


teaching,  but   finally  abandoned  that  occupa- 
tion  to    study   law    in    the   office   of    the   late 
Judge   E.   D.    Shattuck,   at   Portland,   at   the 
same  time  acting  as  librarian  of  the  Portland 
Public  Library.     In  1865  Mr.  Scott  formed  an 
editorial    connection    with    the    "  Oregonian," 
and   his   first   contribution  to   its  columns   as 
editor,  appearing  on  17  April,  was  an  editorial 
on    the    assassination    of    President    Lincoln. 
Although   admitted   to   the  bar   of   the   State 
Supreme    Court    in    September    of    that    year^ 
Mr.    Scott    never    practiced,    having    accepted 
the  editorship  of  the  '*  Oregonian,"  except  for 
a  period  of  five  years,  during  which  he  served 
as  collector   of   the   customs  at   Portland,   h6 
retained   his  connection  with   that  newspaper 
until  his  death.    Toiling  with  great  enthusiasm 
and  rare  ability,  Mr.  Scott  finally  brought  the 
"  Oregonian  "   to  a  point  where   it  enjoyed  a 
continuous   success,   and   gained  the   favorable 
attention  of  many  prominent  men  in  all  sec- 
tions of  the  country.     Among  the  products  of 
Mr.  Scott's  pen  are  essays  on  literature,  the- 
ology,   and   history.      In    turning   to    the   eco- 
nomic  affairs   of   the   country,   the   subject   of 
currency    attracted    his    chief    attention,    and 
the  result  of  his  long  fight   in  behalf  of  the 
gold    standard    was    strongly    marked    in    the 
Oregon    elections    of    1896,    when    the    "  sound 
money  "  party  triumphed  in  the  face  of  great 
opposition    and    apparent    defeat.      Mr.    Scott 
lived  to  see  the  issue  of  free  silver  eliminated 
from     American     politics.       Another     subject 
which  called  forth  brilliant  editorials  from  his 
ever  active  pen  was  the  "  repudiation  "  of  the 
public  debt.     Replying  to  various  proposals  in 
favor  of  repudiation  Mr.  Scott  cited  the  fact 
that  the  same  arguments  that  were  then  being 
used  against  the  payment  of  government  obli- 
gations were  given  at  the  close  of  the  Revolu- 
tionary  War.     On   the  question  of  the  tariff 
Mr.   Scott  was  directly  opposed  to  the  views 
of  the  Republican  party.     Nor  did  he  uphold 
the   policy  of   the   Democrats.     Never,   he   de- 
clared,   would    the    question    be    settled    until 
every    vestige    of    protection     was    removed. 
From  1880-86,  during  a  period  when  outrages 
on  the  Chinese  were  very  prevalent,  Mr.  Scott 
incurred  the  enmity  of   the   authors  of   these 
acts  of  violence  by  his  vigorous  denunciation 
of  them.     At  one  time  numerous  threats  were 
made  against  his  life.     While  opposed  to  the 
forcible    ejection    of    the    Chinese,    Mr.    Scott 
was,    however,    in    favor   of    restricting    immi- 
gration.    Throughout  his  career,  also,  he  took 
a  determined   stand   against   Socialism,   which 
he  defined  as  *'  the  growing  disposition  to  sub- 
stitute  communism   for   individualism,   an   in- 
creasing desire  to  use  the  State  as  a  vehicle 
for   the   support   of   the   thriftless   by  levying 
upon    the    accumulation    of    the    thrifty."      In 
1904   the   initiative   and  referendum,   followed 
by  the  direct  primary,  became  a  part  of  the 
Oregon  law.     Mr.   Scott  was  the  most  relent- 
less   of    the    new    system's    many    foes,    even 
though  he  was  strongly  urged  to  use  it  to  his 
own  advantage,  in  the  way  of  having  himself 
elected    a    U.    S.    Senator;    for    it    had    been 
pointed    out    that    he   was    almost    certain   to 
succeed — he    would    not   consent.      Of    the   di- 
rect primary  he  said  that  while  it  was  a  blow 
to   "  boss "  rule,   it  meant  the  loss  to  public 
service  of  the  really  best  men  and  the  conse- 
quent selection  of  self-seeking  politicians.     He 


326 


t-/^^^<-^-^      < ,   a4^^ 


RICE 


RICE 


objected  to  the  initiative  and  rcfcrfn/'uTn  sp 
being   a   disturbing   and   dangc; 
every  election.     While  in  the  i; 
supporter    of    the    Republican 
never  desirous  of  obtaining  a 
During    1870    he    was    iud;^-    ■  (.-.lO 

post  of  collector  of  custo.i.  '.  and 

in  that  capaciry  proved  or  to  the 

gOvernmtMt,       '■•    1009,   \^ '  'lined   the 

Mexioai!       i-  oj-issadorshij.  him     by 

Pr,  at,  he  sa  'g  the  rea- 

s'  action:  ••  i  to  tangle 

!i  bpaper  with  i  am' convinced 

he  ownership   o  i.ip   of   a   nevva- 

t  "    •  itibie  wuit  jioiitieal  ambition  " 

y  (resident  of   the   Oregon    His- 

u,:  ,..,v     from    1898    until     I'fOI      -And 

;  :    -ji  (It  of  the  Lewis  and   Clark 
a!    Portland  during  100"  a?id  in04 
as  director  of  the  As 
until  his  death      Up 
following   ti'' 
other fl   in   a; 


f*fi^  treatise  entitled,  "What  is  Music?"  a 
•  among  books  of  its  kind,  which  latf-r 
d  in  the  popular  edition  of  the  *'  Huro- 
I  -iCit  J.ibrary  of  Science."  In  1878,  probalj/y 
by  reason  of  the  incentive  he  received  from 
his  classical  studies,  and  because  the  subject 
olfered  new  fields  for  exploration  to  his  in- 
defatigable energy  and  ambitious  spirit.  Dr. 
Rice,  without  interrupting  his  other  pursuits, 
entered  the  iaw  school  of  Columbia  Uni- 
verqty,  where  he  was  graduated  cum  lawle, 
tw(.  V  tira  later  receiving,  among  other  ptiiX'H, 
that  \iiT  the  Iwst  easay  on  the  «uKjei:t  of  Con- 
stiiutiuna)  and  Intornationai  I^-.v  In  1882 
he  Iwicatne  a  menibf-  •  '  '  I'y  of  Co- 
lumbia   University.  .     j^olitical 


York  City,  2  inov., 

Vlaier)    and   Fanny 

Hice.     In   185ti  his^  parents  emigrated 

prmany  to  the  United  States,  and  set- 

.'    in    Philadelphia,   Pa.,   where   he   received 

preliminarv  education  at  the  Central  High 

'  '  ly,  when  the  great 

activities    of    hi? 

u,  .    consideration,    hie 

ere    etrougly     rentered 

!'  .r,  and  he  exhibited   re- 

n  music,  literature,  and  art. 

or?  nnd  with  small  capital, 

'    entered    the   Con- 

v>  V/.r»'   h<»  i<x»k  up 

the   Btudy   of   musii,,  for  ^ 

several    year§,    and    i;  id»c«  '■ 

harmony   and    counterpi  i^. ■,    f  '  "'"     ■*  ■      ^ti.  r 

musical    instruments,    and    vocal    music       >Sr^  ; 

far  did  he  progress  in  his  chosen  profession 

that  he  made  a  concert  tour  through  Germany, 

and  paid  a  visit  to  England.     During  the  lat- 

t«r  part  of  his  stay  in  Paris,  he  acted  as  cor- 

>'e«pondent     for     the    Philadelphia     '*  Evening 

Bulletin  "     In    I860  he   rnturned    to   America, 

''here    he    continued    to    study,    and    taught 

Hie,  in  order  to  support  his  parents,  broth- 

and    .'"ivit.'r       In     i^ij/1i!ior.    to    the    daily 

hours'  U'.!i''hw-^,   hv    prodaccd   many  song* 

orchestral  and  riftno  r«jTn)v)si*i'»f»r',  Ml  <)t  j 

-'1      merit         V';th     1;i' !<;ris     Pi>-rvfv     hv 

and    Ivcanie    j  *"oficieM     'u    'nauy    lan- 

mfluding    fyBtm.    whi  h    f'o    rcs^    with 

uiMiOht    ease;     v^ri.tf'    ?.w.i.v    »>rTr'ii>"    and 

•al   rrs  lews,    which    v.,-     -.m  rilui' '<1    ^'   v%- 

magazines   and    iw^^]->^\ni'..   t\.A\\\    ]\rO' 

ng,    at    the    age    of    t  v  ►.s.i'.y  f<.ur,    *i.    »;  u;.n 


had    ^rc- 

V,  he  won 
sornpany, 
tl).-    rcr- 
i^seflsments 
i    and    the    company    enabled "  to 
by  voluntary  subscription    a  de- 
lu   the  management  of  large  corpora- 
at  had  hitherto  been  unknown  in  tlie 
A"i  '    i.f  finanre      Shortly  after  this  he  again 
had  an  opfH)rtun!ty  to  exercise  his  rr-markable 
ability  as  an  organizer  and   promoter   in   the 
rehabilitation    of    the    St     f-ouis    and    Soutli- 
western  and  the  Texas  Pacific  Railroads.     Suij- 
sequently  he   became  counsel   and   director   of 
the    Richmond   Terminal    Company,    Richmond 
and   Danville  and   Eastern   Tennessee   System, 
the  Georgia  Company,  and  otliors  which  no vv 
constittite    the    Southern    Railroad    Company. 
In  18S>n  Dr    Rice  becamt   oliairnia?)  of  the  feyn- 
d?eato   formed  to   purcha«<;   the  .-.^nt rolling  'in- 
terest  in  the  Philadelphia  and    Reading   R;;i'- 
road.     It  w^as  in  this  capacity  that  he  achJev  d 
perhaps  his  greatest  legal  atu'ccKS,  in  t]»c   jmli 
cious    settlement   of    the    many    ditficijUi'-.i    in 
which  the  Philadelphia  and  Heading  ConijiaTiv 
was  then  invohvd      He  also  formulated  -i  pi;'  ^ 
for  its  management   which   wns   hiubstaniiai!' 
adopted    when    the    final    organization    of    i'm- 
v-rnnany  was  efTected  in  IR^i      In  the  ,'  v 
t'f    W80,   during  one  of  his   frequent    !i 
Euro|ie.    Dr     Rice    became    groaily    ji)'-:-  .-< 
in   the   electric   storage    battery,      hi    1^'^  .    1- 
resided    in    Europe    an    f(j)-ci>.'n    t    •■••'•         m  • 
of  the  Reading  Company  and  .'  f! 

continued   his   invcstii,'!i!  :'>r.-' 
and  jioRsibilities  of  .  •- 
return  to  thii^  roun»i 
time  in  his  career,  hr 
in    his    businessi    n-i 
esinl.iirih  ilu'  .  ]»•;  i  • 
njxMi    ;i,    lirr,)    r-     .;         .)•-. 


ithMdi 

Ur<] 

Gornp 

of   h, 

UT1 

RICE 


RICE 


dustry  in  this  country  by  virtue  of  his  organ- 
ization  of   the   Electric   Vehicle   Company,   of 
which  he  became  president,  holding  this  oflBce 
for  the  three  ensuiiie:  years  when  he  declined 
re-election.     His  connection  with  this  industry 
is  historic,  for  he  brought  the  first  automobile 
to    New    York,    and    for    some    time    waged    a 
spirited  campaign  to  have  it  allowed  upon  the 
parkways.      Dr.    liice    was    one    of    the    first, 
probably  the  lirst,  of  the  business  men  in  the 
country  to  detect  the  possibilities  of  the  sub- 
marine   boat    industry,    his    foresight,    which 
amounted  to  prophetic  power,  having  enabled 
him  to  see  years  in  advance  of  the  rest  of  the 
world  the  efficiency  of  the  undersea  boat.     In 
181)8  his  genius  for  organization  directed  itself 
to    this   end    and    he    established   the    Electric 
Boat  Company,  of  which  he  was  president  and 
chairman  of  the  board  from  its  inception  until 
within  a  few  months  of  his  death.     Dr.   Rice 
was   a   pioneer   in   another   important   innova- 
tion, the  commercial  utilization  of  the  moving 
train  for  the  generation  of  electricity  to  light 
railway  trains.     The  first  attempt  in  this  line 
was  made  by  the  Consolidated  Car  Light  and 
Power    Company,    which    he    organized.      The 
principles  employed   in  this  early  work  have 
been  gradually  adopted  and  are  now  in  use  by 
all  the  leading  railway  systems  of  today.     He 
was  president  of  the  Holland  Submarine  Boat 
Company;     Siemans-Halske     Electrical     Com- 
pany of  America;  National  Torpedo  Company; 
Electric  Launch  and  Power  Company;   Indus- 
trial Oxygen  Company;   Consolidated  Railway 
Light  Equipment  Company;   Lindstrom  Brake 
Company;  New  Jersey  Development  Company; 
Railway    and .  Stationary    Refrigerating    Com- 
pany;   Soci^t^    Frangaise    de    Sous-Marins    of 
Paris,  France;  the  Casein  Company;  National 
Milk    Sugar    Company;    Rosemary    Creamery 
Company;     Casein    Manufacturing    Company; 
Quaker  City  Chemical  Company;  Water  Paint 
Company  of  America;  founder  of  the  Electri- 
cal Axle  Light  and  Power  Company;   director 
in  the  Heating  and  Power  Company;  Chicago 
Electric   Traction   Company;    Forum   Publish- 
ing Company;  the  Buckeye  Rubber  Company; 
and  the   Consolidated   Rubber   Tire   Company. 
Not  content  with  all  these  manifold  activities. 
Dr.  Rice  kept  up  his  interest  in  artistic  and 
literary  pursuits  to  the  end  of  his  life.     In 
1886  he  founded  the  "  Forum,"  one  of  the  fore- 
most periodicals  of  America.     As  president  of 
the  Forum  Publishing  Company  from  its  in- 
ception to  the  time  of  his  death,  and  owner 
of  the  greater  part  of  its  stock,  Mr.  Rice  al- 
ways took  a  lively  interest  in  this  publication. 
Although    his    professional    and    innumerable 
other   duties   made   it   impossible   for   him   to 
take  an  active  part  in  the  editing  of  the  maga- 
zine,   he    contributed    numerous    authoritative 
articles  to^  its  pages,  as  well  as  to  those  of 
other     prominent     periodicals,     such     as     the 
"  North    American    Review,"    the    "  Century," 
etc.     His  library  of  French  memoirs  and  his- 
tory was  one  of  the  most  complete  collections 
of   the   sort  in   existence,   and  has  been  pre- 
sented by  Mrs.  Rice  to  Bates  College,  Lewis- 
ton,  Me.,  as  a  memorial  to  her  husband.     In 
1902  this  institution  conferred  upon  Mr,  Rice 
the   honorary   degree   of   Doctor   of    Laws    in 
recognition  of  his  work   in   the   field  of   elec- 
trical industry.     In  1912  Mr.  Rice  was  elected 
a  life  member  of  the  Albany  Burgesses  Corps, . 


the  oldest  veteran  military  command  in  the 
United  States.  This  honor,  the  highest  within 
the  gift  of  the  Corps,  which  has  only  thirty 
life  members,  was  conferred  upon  him  in 
recognition  of  his  representing  *'  that  high 
type  of  American  citizenship  which  has  done 
so  much  to  develop  and  uplift  our  wonderful 
country,"  Dr,  Rice  was  a  member  of  the 
Franklin  Institute  of  Philadelphia,  Bar  Asso- 
ciation of  New  York;  Lawyers,  Harmonic, 
Lotos,  Columbia  Yacht,  and  Automobile  Clubs 
of  New  York;  Union  League  Club  of  Chicago, 
and  the  City  Liberal  Club  of  London.  Mr. 
Rice  was  an  enthusiastic  devotee  of  the  game 
of  chess,  in  which  he  gained  great  proficiency; 
his  name  became  famous  in  chess  circles  all 
over  the  world  by  his  invention  of  the  "  Rice 
Gambit,"  a  new  chess  opening  which  he  made 
known  some  twenty  years  ago,  and  which  has 
since  been  proved  incontestably  sound.  So 
keen  was  Dr.  Rice's  interest  in  the  royal  game, 
and  so  great  his  enthusiasm,  that  he  un- 
doubtedly became  one  of  the  most  generous 
patrons  of  chess  of  the  present  day.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  Franklin  Chess  Club  of  Phil- 
adelphia, Manhattan  Chess  Club,  and  St, 
George's  Chess  Club  of  England.  He  organized 
the  Triangular  College  Chess  League  for  the 
purpose  of  holding  international  university 
chess  tournaments,  and  for  many  years  gave 
the  trophies.  This  College  chess  was  very 
dear  to  his  heart  and  his  gift  of  the  inter- 
national trophy,  valued  at  $1,300,  which  was 
contested  for  in  many  matches  by  Oxford  and 
Cambridge,  representing  England,  and  at  va- 
rious times,  by  Columbia,  Yale,  Harvard,  Cor- 
nell, Princeton,  Brown,  and  Pennsylvania,  will 
ever  stand  as  a  monument  to  his  absorbing 
passion  for  promoting  and  encouraging  chess 
in  educational  institutions.  In  addition  to 
those  named,  other  colleges,  such  as  New  York 
University,  the  College  of  the  City  of  New 
York,  Hamilton  and  Johns  Hopkins,  as  well 
as  the  High  School  League  in  New  York,  were 
made  the  recipients  of  valuable  championship 
chess  tables,  on  which  were  placed  silver 
medals  to  receive  the  purple  inscriptions  as 
tournaments  were  decided  and  the  title  changed 
hands.  The  Cuban-American  Trophy,  the  gift 
of  this  generous  patron,  is  in  Havana,  await- 
ing the  advent  of  the  American  team  to  throw 
down  the  gauntlet  to  the  countrymen  of  Capa- 
blanca,  'Those  who  have  been  privileged  to 
enjoy  the  hospitality  of  this  ardent  devotee, 
will  long  remember  the  famous  chessroom  of 
the  Villa  Julia  on  Riverside  Drive,  hewn  out 
of  the  solid  rock  in  the  basement  and  acces- 
sible by  an  automatic  elevator,  which  com- 
municates with  the  floor  above.  In  the  hal- 
lowed confines  of  this  remarkable  under- 
ground chamber  Dr.  Rice  and  his  chess  asso- 
ciates gathered,  and  it  was  here  that  the  Rice 
Gambit  Association,  an  informal,  but  enthusi- 
astic and  devoted  band  of  players  and  analysts, 
came  into  being.  Here,  also,  several  of  the 
cable  matches  with  the  British  universities 
were  conducted,  and  members  of  the  Tri- 
angular College  Chess  League  held  their  meet- 
ings— occasions  never  to  be  forgotten  and  thor- 
oughly illuminative  of  the  spirit  which  moved 
Isaac  L.  Rice  into  benevolent  action.  Dr.  Rice 
w^as  indeed  a  man  of  most  extraordinary  gifts. 
The  possessor  of  an  alert  mind,  strong  per- 
sonality,  and  keen  judgment,  as  well  as  an 


328 


ALEXANDER 


DODGE 


original  thinker,  he  was  unique  among  the 
business  and  professional  men  of  his  day.  He 
was  widely  informed  on  many  subjects,  and 
used  his  great  executive  ability  and  tremen- 
dous energies  to  make  his  ideas  useful  to  the 
world  in  a  practical  way.  He  was  many  years 
ahead  of  his  generation  in  thought,  and  a 
pioneer  in  many  of  this  country's  most  im- 
portant industrial  enterprises,  all  of  which  he 
promoted  almost  single-handed  and  by  the  use 
of  his  own  capital.  A  lover  of  literature  and 
all  the  arts,  a  professional  man  by  education, 
and  an  organizer  and  financier  of  international 
repute,  he  represented  the  type  destined  by 
nature  to  prevail  and  dominate.  He  was  at 
all  times  generous  and  kind,  a  valuable  coun- 
selor, and  a  devoted  friend.  Dr.  Rice  married 
1  Dec,  1885,  Julia  Hyneman,  daughter  of  the 
late  Nathaniel  Barnett,  of  New  Orleans,  La., 
a  woman  of  such  unusual  personality  that  it 
was  undoubtedly  from  her  that  his  great  ener- 
gies, efforts,  and  enthusiasms  received  the 
greatest  help  and  encouragement.  One  of  the 
many  sides  of  this  man  of  genius  was  his  won- 
derful home  life,  where  he  derived  his  chief 
pleasure  and  relaxation  in  the  society  of  his 
wife  and  six  children.  As  a  tribute  to  her 
husband,  Mrs.  Rice  has  recently  given  a  Gate 
and  Fountain  to  be  erected  at  the  main  en- 
trance of  the  Betsy  Head  Playground,  Brook- 
lyn, one  of  the  most  important  public  play- 
grounds in  existence,  and  in  his  memory  she 
is  building  the  Isaac  L.  Rice  Memorial  Hos- 
pital for  Convalescents,  to  the  erection  and 
maintenance  of  which  she  has  set  aside  a  sum 
well  in  excess  of  $1,000,000.  An  ideal  site 
has  been  chosen  at  North  Tarrytown,  and  the 
hospital,  which  is  to  be  non-sectarian,  promises 
to  be  a  model  institution. 

ALEXANDER,  John  White,  painter,  b.  in 
Allegheny  City,  Pa.,  8  Oct.,  1856;  d.  in  New 
York  City,  1  June,  1915.  His  parents  died  when 
he  was  an  infant,  and  he  was  brought  up  by 
his  grandparents.  He  began  to  earn  his  liv- 
ing at  the  age  of  twelve  years  as  a  messenger 
boy  in  a  Pittsburgh  telegraph  office.  In  his 
spare  time  he  made  drawings  which  were 
clever  enough  to  arouse  the  interest  of  one 
of  the  directors  of  the  company,  who  adopted 
him.  He  made  a  trip  in  a  skiff  on  the  Ohio 
and  Mississippi  Rivers,  sketching  along  with 
Robert  Burns  Wilson,  who  became  known  as 
a  poet  and  painter.  At  the  age  of  eighteen 
years  he  came*  to  New  York  with  the  hope 
of  becoming  an  illustrator,  but  he  met  with 
little  encouragement,  due  to  his  lack  of  train- 
ing. He  succeeded  in  securing  a  position  as 
apprentice  in  the  art  department  of  "  Harper's 
Magazine.'*  After  serving  there  for  three 
years,  he  went  to  Europe  where  he  studied  in 
Munich  and  Polling,  Upper  Bavaria,  and 
Florence,  Italy.  On  his  return  to  New  York 
in  1881,  he  tried  illustrating  for  a  time,  and 
then  took  up  portrait  painting.  Among  his 
portraits  of  famous  persons  were  those  of 
Oliver  Wendell  Holmes,  Thurlow  Weed,  George 
Bancroft,  John  Hay,  Walt  Whitman,  John 
Burroughs,  and  Levi  P.  Morton.  He  spent  the 
summer  of  1885  in  England,  where  he  painted 
portraits  of  Robert  Louis  Stevenson,  Robert 
Browning,  Alphonse  Daudet,  Thomas  Hardy, 
and  Swinburne.  He  exhibited  three  of  his 
portraits  in  Paris  in  1894,  following  which  he 
was   dected   an    associate   of   the   Soci6t<5   Na- 


tionale.  In  1895  he  was  elected  a  soci6taire. 
In  1897  he  received  the  Temple  gold  medal  in 
Philadelphia;  in  1898  the  Lippincott  prize;  in 
1900  a  gold  medal  of  the  first  class  in  Paris; 
and  a  medal  in  Buffalo  in  1901.  Among  his 
principal  works  may  be  mentioned  the  "  Pot 
of  Basil"  and  "The  Mirror"  (1897);  "Pan- 
dora" (1898) ;  "Peonies,"  Society  of  American 
Artists  (1898)  ;  "  The  Green  Bow,"  exhibited  in 
the  Paris  Salon  (1900)  and  owned  by  the 
Luxembourg  Museum;  portrait  of  Walt  Whit- 
man, owned  by  the  Metropolitan  Museum  of 
Art,  "  In  the  Caf6,"  owned  by  the  Philadelphia 
Academy  of  Arts ;  "  Femme  Rose,"  owned  by 
the  Carnegie  Gallery,  Pittsburgh;  and  six 
mural  decorations  in  the  Congressional  Li- 
brary, Washington.  While  Mr.  Alexander  was 
widely  known  as  a  painter  of  portraits,  his 
pictures  of  figure  subjects  have  also  brought 
him  -a  high  reputation.  These,  consisting 
usually  of  a  single  female  figure  in  a  simple 
setting  as  to  background  and  accessories,  are 
distinguished  by  their  fine  effects  of  atmos- 
phere and  by  a  decorative  quality  in  line  and 
color  that  is  as  individual  as  it  is  excellent 
from  a  technical  point  of  view.  Mr.  Alex- 
ander was  president  of  the  National  Academy 
of  Design,  the  National  Institute  of  Arts  and 
Letters,  the  School  Art  League,  the  Mac- 
Dowell  Club,  and  trustee  of  the  Metropolitan 
Museum  of  Art  and  the  New  York  Public 
Library.  Mr.  Alexander  was  a  member  of  the 
Society  of  American  Artists,  Society  of  Mural 
Painters;  Architectural  League;  a  correspond- 
ing member  of  the  International  Society  of 
London;  member  of  the  National  Academy  of 
Design;  the  Secession,  Vienna;  the  Secession, 
Munich;  the  Austrian  Society  of  Painters;  the 
Society  of  American  Painters  of  France;  and 
a  chevalier  of  the  Legion  of  Honor.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  International  Jury  of  Awards 
at  Paris,  1900.  In  1905  he  was  honored  with 
the  degree  of  M.A.  at  Princeton  University, 
and  in  1909  received  the  degree  of  Litt.D,  He 
was  married  in  November,  1887,  to  Elizabeth 
W.  Alexander,  of  New  York,  and  has  one  son. 
DODGE,  Grace  Hoadley,  philanthropist,  b.  in 
New  York  City,  N.  Y.,  in  1856;  d.  there,  27 
Dec,  1914,  daughter  of  William  Earl  and 
Sarah  (Hoadley)  Dodge.  She  was  educated 
in  a  seminary  at  Farmington,  Conn.,  where, 
while  a  pupil,  she  first  heard  the  late  Dwight 
L,  Moody,  the  evangelist,  and  received  so  pro- 
found an  impression  that  it  influenced  the  rest 
of  her  life;  originating  her  determination  to 
devote  her  attention  to  bettering  the  condi- 
tion of  women  workers.  In  1886,  when  Miss 
Dodge  was  only  thirty  years  of  age,  she  was 
appointed  to  the  Board  of  Education  of  New 
York  City  by  Mayor  Grace,  being  the  first 
woman  to  occupy  such  a  position.  She  took 
an  active  part  in  the  founding  of  Teachers 
College,  at  Columbia  University,  and  was  for 
many  years  its  treasurer.  In  1006  she  took  a 
leading  part  in  the  organization  of  the  Na- 
tional Board  of  the  Young  Women's  Christian 
Association,  of  which  she  was  president  at  the 
time  of  her  death.  It  was  in  eonneetion  with 
this  institution  that  she  was  most  widely 
known.  She  was  one  of  the  largest  contribu- 
tors toward  the  fund  raised  for  the  building 
erected  at  000  Lexington  Avenue.  New  York 
City.  To  the  work  of  the  National  Board 
she"  devoted   most   of   her   energy,   but   lier   in- 


329 


HAYNES 


HAYNES 


tereuts  in  other  fields  were  many  and  varied, 
broadening  within  the  last  few  years.  She 
organized  the  Working  Girls*  Society,  and  also 
the  Travellers'  Aid,  the  work  of  the  latter 
organization  consisting  of  the  protection  of 
youTig  women  traveling  alone,  who  are  met  at 
railroad  stations  by  agents  of  the  society.  In 
November,  1913,  Miss  Dodge  was  elected  vice- 
chairman  of  the  committee  directing  the  cam- 
paign to  raise  $4,000,000  for  the  Young  Men's 
and  the  Young  Women's  Christian  Associa- 
tions, to  which  she  herself  contributed  $300,- 
000.  When  the  American  College  for  Girls 
was  founded  in  Constantinople,  Miss  Dodge 
took  an  active  part  in  making  it  a  success. 
She  was  a  member  of  the  board  of  trustees  of 
the  college,  and  at  the  time  of  her  death  was 
president  of  that  body.  In  March,  1914,  she 
became  a  director  of  the  Religious  Education 
Association;  was  vice-president  of  the  Indus- 
trial Education  Association,  and  for  many 
years  she  was  actively  interested  in  mission 
work  for  children  on  the  East  Side,  in  New 
York  City.  Miss  Dodge  was  one  of  that  small 
group  of  large-minded,  capable  women  who 
have,  during  the  past  twenty  years,  taken  a 
very  active  part  in  the  betterment  of  civic 
conditions  in  New  York  City.  She  was  not  a 
philanthropist  in  the  ordinary  sense  of  the 
word;  she  gave  no  financial  assistance  where 
she  did  not  give  herself  as  well.  She  was 
extremely  retiring,  and,  as  has  been  said,  had 
a  "  real  talent "  for  avoiding  publicity.  She 
was,  therefore,  never  featured  by  the  sensa- 
tional press.  Few  men  were  better  fitted  than 
she  to  deal  with  large  affairs,  and  to  take  the 
long  look  ahead.  Had  she  been  a  woman  of 
limited  means,  she  must  still  have  risen  to 
prominence  through  her  strong  personality 
and  her  vast  capabilities.  Few  men  or  women 
have  ever  showed  so  sensitive  a  realization  of 
the  responsibility  of  wealth  as  did  she.  Her 
life  was  wholly  given  to  others.  She  allowed 
herself  only  two  weeks  a  year  for  vacation; 
the  rest  of  her  time  was  completely  devoted 
to  the  many  civic  interests  to  which  she  gave, 
her  money,  incidentally,  and  her  devoted  labor 
at  all  times. 

HAYNES,  James  Clark,  lawyer  and  mayor 
of  Minneapolis,  b.  at  Van  Buren,  Onondaga 
County,  N.  Y.,  22  Sept.,  1848;  d.  in  Minne- 
apolis, Minn.,  14  April,  1913,  was  the  son  of 
James  Haynes,  a  farmer,  and  Eliza  Ann, 
daughter  of  Sereno  Clark,  who  represented 
Oswego  County  in  the  State  Constitutional 
Convention  held  at  Albany  in  1846.  On  the 
paternal  side  he  was  descended  from  Jonathan 
Haynes,  who  came  from  England  about  1630, 
and  settled  first  in  Newburyport,  Mass.,  and 
finally  in  Haverhill,  Mass.,  and  his  second 
wife,  Sarah  Moulton.  The  line  of  descent 
runs  through  Thomas  and  Hannah  (Harri- 
man)  Haynes;  Joseph  and  Elizabeth  (Clem- 
ent) Haynes;  Joseph  and  Anna  (Heath) 
Haynes;  David  and  Martha  (Wilson)  Haynes, 
the  grandparents  of  our  subject.  Several  of 
these  ancestors  played  prominent  parts  in  the 
history  of  Haverhill;  Joseph  (2d)  was  active 
in  the  Revolution,  and  as  a  member  of  the  first 
Provincial  Congress  at  Ipswich  and  Salem, 
Mass.,  in  1774,  helped  to  formulate  resolu- 
tions for  presentation  to  the  Congress,  sub- 
sequently serving  in  the  "svar  as  officer  in  a 
New  Hampshire  regiment.     James  C.  Haynes 


was  brought  up  on  his  father's  farm,  and  re- 
ceived his  early  education  at  home.    When  his 
father  removed  to  Baldwinsville,  the  boy  was 
sent    to   the   common    school,    but   during   the 
Civil  War  assisted  with  farm  work  because  of 
the  scarcity  of  help,  even  after  entering  the 
local  academy  and  teaching  school  while  pur- 
suing his  studies.    Later  he  attended  the  Onon- 
daga Valley  Academy  and  the  Cazenovia  Semi- 
nary, then  studied  law  in  the  offices  of  attor- 
neys   at    Syracuse 
and   Baldwinsville, 
and,    during    1874- 
75,  at  the  Colum- 
bia Law  School,  in 
New     York     City. 
He    was    admitted 
to      the      bar      in 
1875    and    entered 
upon    the   practice 
of    his    profession 
with    the    firm    of 
Pratt,   Brown   and 
Garfield,   at   Syra- 
cuse.    Three  years 
later  he  formed  a 
partnership      with 
R.  A.  Bill,  of  Eau 
Claire,    Wis.,    and 

when  the  latter  removed  to  North  Dakota 
in  1879,  Mr.  Haynes  settled  in  Minne- 
apolis to  practice  independently,  specializing 
in  corporation  law.  He  also  became  inter- 
ested in  commercial  enterprises,  and  with 
Alfred  T.  Williams  organized  the  A.  D.  T. 
Company  of  Minneapolis,  of  which  he  was 
president  until  the  business  was  sold  to  the 
A.  D.  T.  Company  of  Minnesota  in  1906.  Po- 
litically Mr.  Haynes  early  became  affiliated 
with  the  Democratic  party.  Though  in  a  Re- 
publican community  he  commanded  sufficient 
following  to  be  elected  in  1890  alderman  from 
the  second  ward,  as  the  first  Democrat  till 
then.  In  1892,  while  still  a  member  of  the 
council,  he  was  nominated  for  mayor,  and 
though  unable  to  overcome  the  Republican 
handicap,  ran  ahead  of  his  ticket  by  2,000 
votes.  After  an  interval  of  ten  years  he 
again  entered  the  lists,  as  the  nominee  of  his 
party  for  mayor,  and  at  the  election  of  1902 
was  elected  to  the  office  by  a  plurality  of  over 
5,900.  His  administration  was  essentially  one 
of  reform,  and  though  nominated  by  a  Demo- 
cratic organization  he  may  h^  properly  re- 
garded as  an  independent.  Already  as  alder- 
man he  advocated  such  measures  as  that  pro- 
viding for  transfers  on  street  cars,  the  re- 
duction of  the  price  of  gas  and  the  day  labor 
system  on  public  works.  In  his  inaugural 
message  as  mayor  he  recommended  the  adop- 
tion of  a  new  city  charter,  civil  service  in  all 
departments  and  general  measures  of  public 
economy.  At  the  following  election  he  was  de- 
feated by  a  close  margin  only  to  be  re-elected 
by  a  larger  plurality  (3,565)  in  1906;  again 
in  1908  and  in  the  three-cornered  fight  in  1910 
when  the  Socialist  candidate  ran  a  close  third. 
He-  steadfastly  safeguarded  the  people's  in- 
terests throughout  his  incumbency,  vetoing 
every  ordinance  not  in  line  with  his  policy, 
promoting  many  reform  measures  and  memo- 
rializing the  legislature  for  laws  w^here 
needed  to  carry  them  out,  as  in  the  case  of 
civil   service  for   the  police  department.     He 


330 


I 


MORTON 


MORTON 


was    eapeoialHy    active    in    bringiug 

the   local    gas   company,   advocan*.! 

chase  of  its  plant  by  the  city  v 

He  waa  finally  forced  to  nor;! 

purchase    clause,    though 

his    signature    to    the    o- 

question  of  social   rti' 

attention  and  particu. 

By  the  co-operation  «  ' 

departmeru:^    and    en 

has  b<*t'i»   "  '<■  '••  "■'!•■ 

an  ext 

ghow    t  ■ 

76  per  cent,  oi    ; 

become   valuable 

corporated   "  ch\'  • 

custom  in  Minn.  . 

committees    to    ' 

the  city  and  c<.t.  . 

1  .^,;.,l..f:.-,,       ;.,^,,, 


ti»    iermn  |  further  efforts  to  secure   a  liberal  education 

•  •-     i,,.,       jnd  for  two  years  thereafter  he  was  employed 

clerk    in   a   Boston   publishing-hous'i.      But 

^nv.    bad    resolved    on    being    a    physician; 

iho  somewhat  unsettled  period  bur- 

-    attainment   of   his   majority,   ho 

-'^  steadily  in  view.     About  ihe 

^rcd  the  Baltimore  Colk-ge  of 

y\ -■'■■--       it  this  time,  had 

iing  it-,  presejil 

f H    jii.rtiliru    ia 

i'-Hl  a.s  ti>y«  (tf  a 

.'■'Sa.     it     w  xf     a 

'  ■  Mi'ti  judgment :  Awi 

.•    ,ludv    with    rh)«*-- 


Wi'4    taken    by    all 
..  iir,    riaynes    was    a 

jmmercial,  St    Anthony,  and 
.' of  Minneapolis,  and  a  thirty- 
degree    Mason,    a    Shriner,    an    Elk, 
'>f  Pythias  and  a  member  of  the  Loyal 
He    w^as    a    dovoted    member    of    All 
niversalist  Church  of  Miniu?«po]is,  and 
;.ermit   any   secular   matter   to   in- 
.   hirt  religious  duties.     He  married 
«;    .■.Krti.-.n.-les,  N.  Y.,  4  Si'pt.,  1870,  Snra  E., 
daughter  of  Col.  Chester  Clark,  and  had  <^hree 
children:     Har.dd,    dert^rised;     Ruth,    wife    ot 
r.i'fc-iie  F.  riin)«^>it«,T,  ami  )hm\  f'hiik. 

IfORTOKT,  William  Thcm^is  Green  discov 
♦rer  of  anaesthesia,  !>.  ai  Ch:ui5i>n,  Ma«.-^ ,  *,) 
Aug.,  181U;  d.  in  New  York  Ciiy,  I.»  Inly. 
1868,  son  of  James  and  Rciiecca  ( KtM^iihum 
;!Morton.  His  earliest  American  aiice»f.>r -war* 
his  great-grandfather,  Robert  Morton,  a  mr. i\" 
f'f  Scotland,  who  settled  first  af  Mendi-r.. 
*.lajsft.,  and  lattT  in  Eosti'rn  New  Jer.-^ev,  wlar^' 
>n-  obtained  a  huge  j::rarit  nf  land.  Mis  grrinc]- 
.(i»tJier,   Tbomns   ^Jortoii,    v,,,h  a   ^oldiir    in   the 


A^mrican     licvoiiit  ion         (li.^ 
fuinner.      T>r.    Morf^yj    -,|>ii:  ,., 
Af    his  odufjitiot)    ■ 
»«vt:ivf    villKC'      ^ 

fafiif-r 

1     ill  '     '-n 

wr.  >      ?i, 
"'f    hhi 

wol!    !iilp<i 

WMi-l.     iimn 
flcvi'ipi    \\, 

•fltiT •-•.-,{.'   by                                i,!--<i. 

'  >i  I    !i\' 

■^iintry 

t...i!:      a 

IfHin'  y  and                        lu'Uiv 

)<\n.    )u-. 

fiifhor. 

(A-T      <•■»••■ 

-■•    •'  ::  '0  giv"   !,•:-.   b'-t\fv  o|,). 

.-i  i  .UM!  T 

,  ^,  <b- 

drjiw'ja- 

;•    '. !•»    mind,    -iorit     lii'u    ' 
''  ;!iy.   and   lat^-r   ♦      •«  ■ 
■.  Oxford,  Nor/' 

iM-i;' 

•.;ido- 
Tl.;- 

..     .■  Jr.- 
tu    ,  .  . 

M.ed     ntcauH    m; 
'    tt»  abandon,  at  i')-:  .< 

nr.y 

1  V:' 

.  ■'♦vUi     'hii*    «:•»»•,,     ."*•»     »JlH-     Wiitn. 

'.\  i-^sxii  ;  he  o}»purtujiuy  to 
he  .fts  w.jil  prepHrtMl  to  t.ak<' 
t  it.  Ak-ftnwhile  he  brought 
j.;/  ;;:*iitA.fiiy  studies  to  an  <-nd  an<l  l>egait 
•  actual  practice  of  dentistry  in  partnershi; 
\^!th  Horace  Wells,  of  Hartford,  Cona.,  open- 
ing? an  otfice  at  10  Tremont  Street,  Boston, 
whidi  he  retained  long  a^ier  the  partiu^rslii;; 
was  amicably  dissolved  in  1813.  VVell^,  a  r<!ati 
of  weak  but  afTable  disposition,  was  iau-r 
drawn  into  tlie  famous  controversy  regardta;:^ 
priority  of  discovery  of  surgical  anrcyiln^i^ia. 
So  thoughriul  and  independent  a  man  as  Mor- 
ton could  not  long  engage  in  the  denia}  (pro- 
fession without  perceiving  that  it  waa  far 
from  having  realized  ?;:-  jto^^Ihilitie.",  und  ibo-^ 
seeking  mt-ans  to  tipint  it.  tov.ard  the  idvj' . 
()th«.r«  had  perivlvetl  the  d('ti.'i<'ni'ie!ij,  a)"-.!  hud 
even  niado  t^jjuradlr  altcfnptt'  lo  r.  medv  b  v;- 
of  tht'in,  but  ti.>tning  ot  real  itri|»':i '  t.  .  '  r  .' 
been  dom  ,  uiuil  M(»rN!n  i^ntered  th'.'  *]r\i-       •     ' 

jit   was   n.)t   Ir^ng   Ijefore   h\<.   activity.   ,.: 
measure  'M  sih/i-'osR  v.)ti<-;i  went   Wi!n   '■' 
!o    unite    agjnnst    hiniKcdf    al"n'>    \hi'    V 
v.jiich   had  bj  i'ore   been   ,-^)'ri/;>(!   ;inp  .m.-   ;;;  . 

_  i'.  pi.f.'Mrt'd    a  I-    av.    innov;!  ii>. . 

I  a    in-rosy    wli.i'.h    'he.    erl'M 
(■('Uld     hot     e:isily     p-.iv  io,  . 
anic/Tig    hip    p;i(ieiits,    hi---.'     ^ 

crf'JiH.H!.   ;ij;d    liii'i  r-i'T' 
Ml:-    :r. 


MORTON 


MORTON 


to  be  solved  was:  could  the  pain  be  deadened 
or  annulled?  And  if  so,  how?  Morton  took 
the  affirmative  side  in  the  first  question,  and 
resolved  to  leave  no  means  untried  to  afl&rm 
the  latter.  Several  anodynes  were  already 
known  to  medical  science,  and  Morton  tried 
the  efTects  of  various  opiates,  and  even  of 
mesmerism;  nor  was  the  stupefying  influence 
of  alcohol  neglected.  But  nothing  satisfied 
him,  and  his  experiments  soon  convinced  him 
that  what  he  needed  was  a  thorough  training 
in  the  science  of  medicine.  This  would  seem  a 
vast  undertaking  for  a  young  dentist  just 
started  in  practice;  but  Morton  did  not  hesi- 
tate. He  first  began  medical  study  under  Dr. 
Charles  T.  Jackson,  in  March,  1844;  and  in 
November  of  the  same  year  he  was  matricu- 
lated in  the  Medical  School  of  Harvard  Uni- 
verHity,  where,  as  is  evidenced  by  certificates, 
he  entered  for  the  full  course  in  every  depart- 
ment during  two  years.  For  reasons  which 
will  presently  appear,  he  was  not  destined  to 
graduate;  but  the  medical  degree  was  after- 
ward conferred  upon  him,  honoris  causa,  by 
the  Washington  Medical  University  of  Balti- 
more, an  institution  since  merged  in  the  Balti- 
more College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons. 
Meanwhile,  Morton  had  access  to  Dr.  Jackson's 
laboratory,  and  there  he  happened  upon  a  sub- 
stance which  immediately  interested  him  by 
reason  of  its  properties  as  an  anodyne.  By 
applying  it  externally  to  the  region  of  a 
painful  tooth,  he  discovered  that  the  pain  was 
abated,  without  serious  after  eft'ects.  The 
revelation  set  him  on  fire;  but  he  kept  his  own 
counsel,  and  devoted  himself  to  unremitting 
experiment.  He  was  not  long  in  finding,  and 
certain  casual  remarks  of  Jackson  as  to  pre- 
vious experiences  of  his  own  confirmed  him  in 
the  conviction — that  the  inhalation  of  the 
vapor  of  sulphuric  ether  produced  an  insensi- 
bility to  pain  even  more  marked  than  did  ex- 
ternal applications.  He  had  the  resolution  to 
test  it  first  upon  himself,  and  become  com- 
pletely unconscious  for  several  minutes.  Ex- 
periments upon  animals  followed,  with  the 
same  result.  Was  it  possible  that  the  great 
secret  was  at  last  in  his  power?  A  great 
secret,  indeed,  for  it  meant  far  more  than 
success  in  dentistry.  It  meant  a  complete 
revolution  tbroughout  the  entire  field  of  sur- 
gical science.  Flushed  with  eagerness,  Mor- 
ton induced  a  certain  Eben  Frost,  suffering 
from  a  raging  tooth,  to  submit  to  the  opera- 
tion. The  outcome  was  triumphant.  Frost 
was  relieved  of  his  tooth  without  one  twinge 
of  suffering;  and  thus,  on  the  evening  of  30 
Sept.,  1846,  the  first  real  step  in  abolishing 
pain  was  successfully  taken.  It  so  happened 
that  this  was  no  haphazard  or  ignorant  piece 
of  good  luck,  but  a  result  arrived  at  by  in- 
telligent and  purposeful  study  and  experiment, 
a  scientific  theory  proved  by  practice.  The 
young  dentist  already  merited  the  title  of  one 
of  the  great  benefactors  of  the  human  race. 
No  one  could  realize  better  than  Morton,  how- 
ever, that  much  yet  remained  to  be  done,  and 
he  still  kept  his  discovery  to  himself;  he 
would  not  hasten  with  it  before  the  world  un- 
til he  was  entirely  certain  that  there  was  no 
mistake.  He  made  numerous  other  painless 
extractions  of  teeth  in  his  offices;  but  what 
was  needed  was  a  public  demonstration,  in  the 
presence  of  leading  physicians  and  surgeons, 


of  the  sovereign  value  of  the  inhalation  of 
sulphuric  ether  in  major  surgical  operations. 
And  the  faith  and  courage  of  the  young  dis- 
coverer are  established  by  the  fact  that  the 
theater  he  chose  for  his  demonstration  was 
nothing  less  than  the  operating-room  of  the 
Massachusetts  General  Hospital,  at  that  time 
the  leading  institution  of  its  kind  in  the 
United  States.  Dr.  John  Collins  Warren,  the 
senior  surgeon,  agreed  to  perform  the  opera- 
tion upon  a  hospital  patient  suffering  from  a 
vascular  tumor  in  the  neck,  after  unconscious- 
ness had  been  produced  by  the  new  anodyne 
(to  which  Morton  provisionally  gave  the  name 
of  "  Letheon," — not  revealing  its  true  nature 
even  to  the  distinguished  surgeon ) .  When 
everything  was  ready,  and  the  most  eminent 
physicians  and  surgeons  in  the  city  were  as- 
sembled, together  with  a  number  of  students, 
all  somewhat  skeptical  as  to  the  success  of  the 
experiment,  Morton  appeared  and  adminis- 
tered his  "  compound."  In  a  few  minutes  the 
patient  was  declared  insensible.  He  lay  there, 
to  all  outward  appearances  a  dead  man.  The 
situation  avouches  the  singular  intrepidity 
and  self-devotion  of  the  young  ungraduated 
doctor.  For  there  was  no  doubt,  as  was  after- 
ward admitted,  that  had  the  patient  died, 
Morton  would  have  been  arrested  for  man- 
slaughter. He  was  risking  his  own  life  upon 
the  hazard  of  the  die.  Yet  he  cannot  be  ac- 
cused of  recklessness;  he  knew,  so  far  as  hu- 
man knowledge  could  assure  him,  that  he  was 
right.  But  the  chapter  of  accidents  is  a  long 
one.  Warren  commenced  the  operation.  It 
was  effected  in  his  usual  masterly  manner,  and 
the  patient  lay  throughout  unconscious.  Af- 
ter the  tumor  had  been  removed,  he  revived, 
and  declared  that  he  had  felt  no  pain.  "  Gen- 
tlemen," said  Dr.  Warren,  in  his  characteristic 
grave  and  impressive  manner,  "  this  is  no  hum- 
bug." And  his  associate,  Dr.  Henry  J.  Bige- 
low,  added,  "  I  have  today  seen  something  that 
will  go  round  the  world."  He  was  right.  Be- 
fore six  months  had  passed,  every  surgeon  of 
civilization  knew  that  a  genuine  abolisher  of 
pain  had  revolutionized  what  Dr.  Oliver  Wen- 
dell Holmes  termed  the  "  art  of  pruning  one's 
fellow  man."  It  was  Dr.  Holmes  who  later 
suggested  the  name  "  anaesthetic,"  as  applied 
to  sulphuric  ether,  chloroform,  and  other  ano- 
dynes, and  this  was  substituted  by  Morton 
for  his  own  title  of  "  Letheon."  "  It  will  be 
repeated,"  wrote  Dr.  Holmes  to  Morton,  "  by 
the  tongue  of  every  civilized  race  of  man- 
kind." In  an  address  before  the  Boston  So- 
ciety of  Medical  Improvement,  4  Nov.,  1846, 
Dr.  Henry  J.  Bigelow  formally  announced  the 
advent  of  painless  surgery.  It  was  the  signal 
for  the  long  and  bitter  controversy,  extending 
over  a  score  of  years,  and  hardly  stilled  by 
the  premature  death  of  Morton  himself,  as  to 
whom  belonged  the  credit  for  the  discovery. 
Nor  was  Morton's  claim  attacked  merely;  but 
medical  conservatism  frowned  upon  the  new 
procedure  as  a  piece  of  quackery,  and  some  of 
the  leading  medical  journals  of  the  day  de- 
nounced it  as  dangerous  and  indefensible. 
When  Morton  realized  that  the  administration 
of  sulphuric  ether  was  open  to  abuses  in  igno- 
rant hands,  which  might  render  its  effects 
nugatory  or  injurious,  he  took  out  a  patent 
for  the  discovery,  not  more  to  protect  himself 
than  the  public.     This  was  an  error  of  judg- 


332 


MORTON 


CADWALADER 


ment,  though  not  of  principle;  and  he  com- 
mitted a  second  mistake  in  allowing  Dr. 
Charles  T.  Jackson  to  claim  association  with 
himself  in  the  presentation  of  the  new  ano- 
dyne. For  Jackson,  a  man  of  versatile  talents, 
and  wide  rather  than  deep  erudition,  had  dab 
bled  in  many  things,  but  accomplished  noth 
ing;  and  as  soon  as  he  recognized  the  value 
and  success  of  etheric  administration,  he 
claimed  the  entire  credit  for  its  discovery  and 
application;  Morton,  he  said,  was  "merely  my 
agent."  Jackson  had  local  reputation  and 
popularity  in  Boston,  while  Morton  was,  com- 
paratively, an  unknown  outsider.  Jackson  had 
already  tried  and  failed  to  wrest  from  Profes- 
sor Morse  the  honors  of  electric  telegraphy ;  he 
was  determined  not  to  fail  in  his  claims 
against  Morton.  Distinguished  scientists  in 
Europd*  were  among  his  friends  and  corre- 
spondents, and  he  now  turned  them  to  prac- 
tical use.  Dr.  Wells,  Morton's  former  partner, 
also,  who,  unsuccessful  in  dentistry,  had 
abandoned  it  for  other  pursuits,  joined  on  his 
own  account  in  the  attack;  and  still  other 
claimants  were  heard  from,  in  spite  of  previous 
silence.  The  case  was  fought  before  Congress, 
between  members  of  the  medical  profession 
here  and  abroad,  in  the  public  prints,  and  be- 
tween individuals;  and  the  result  of  the  long 
conflict  was  that,  while  every  attempt  to 
purloin  Morton's  honors  was  proved  to  be 
based  upon  error  or  malice,  Morton  himself 
was,  during  his  lifetime,  denied  full  recogni- 
tion for  the  greatest  benefit  ever  conferred 
upon  sufi"ering  humanity,  though,  at  the  same 
time,  his  discovery  was  saving  thousands  of 
lives  and  incalculable  sufferings,  and  was  en- 
abling surgeons  to  make  advances  in  their  call- 
ing which  would  otherwise  have  been  im- 
possible. Morton  died  a  poor  man,  in  the 
prime  of  his  manhood,  wronged  and  disap- 
pointed; yet  not  without  a  host  of  faithful 
friends  who  courageously  championed  his  cause 
to  the  last,  raised  testimonials  in  recognition 
of  his  deserts,  and,  after  his  death,  vindicated 
and  honored  his  memory.  His  discovery  was 
a  universal  blessing,  and  will  live  forever, 
but  to  the  man  himself  it  brought  mainly  con- 
tentions and  grief,  and  drove  him  to  a  prema- 
ture end.  Today,  however,  the  world  has  win- 
nowed the  chaff  from  the  wheat,  the  bogus 
claims  from  the  genuine,  and  has  laid  its 
hand  upon  the  true  man.  Morton  is  now  gen- 
erally recognized  as  the  one  to  whom  is  due 
the  exclusive  credit  for  the  immeasurable  gift 
of  painless  surgery.  Monuments  are  raised 
to  him,  his  achievement  is  blessed  in  public 
orations,  his  name  is  written  among  the  great 
benefactors  of  his  kind;  but  all  this  came  too 
late  to  solace  him.  After  two  and  twenty 
years  of  warfare  against  injustice,  and  after 
assiduous  service  as  a  volunteer  surgeon  on 
the  battlefields  of  the  Civil  War,  where  he 
personally  administered  ether  to  thousands  of 
the  wounded,  he  died  of  an  apoplectic  attack 
while  driving  with  his  wife  in  Central  Park, 
New  York,  at  the  age  of  forty-eight.  Morton 
occupies  a  place  in  the  surgical  world  of  the 
nineteenth  century  unrivaled  even  by  that  of 
Lister,  the  introducer  of  antisepsis.  He  eman- 
cipated mankind  from  pain.  His  discovery 
revolutionized  surgery,  banished  agony  from 
the  operating-room,  steadied  the  surgeon's 
hand,  and  saved  countless  lives.     In  an  eloquent 


and  heartfelt  poem  read  before  the  meeting 
at  the  semi-centennial  celebration  of  anaesthe- 
sia, 16  Oct.,  1896,  the  distinguished  physician 
and  poet.  Dr.  S.  Weir  Mitchell,  pronounced 
these  words: 

"How  did  we  thank  him?     Ah,  no  joy  bells 

rang, 
No  paean  greeted  and  no  poet  sang. 
No    cannon    thundered    from    the    guarded 

strand 
This  mighty  victory  to  a  grateful  land. 
We  took  the  gift — so  humbly,  simply  given, 
And  coldly  seltish,  left  our  debt  to  Heaven. 
How    shall    we    thank    him?      Hush  ...  a 

gladder  hour 
Has  struck  for  him;  a  wiser,  juster  power 
Shall  know  full  well  how  fitly  to  reward 
The  generous  soul  that  found  the  world  so 

hard" 

Dr  Morton  married  in  May,  1844,  Elizabeth, 
daughter  of  Edward  Whitman,  of  Farmington, 
Conn.  She  was  a  worthy  wife  of  her  heroic 
husband,  supporting  him  through  all  his  trials 
with  courage,  love,  and  constancy.  Of  their 
three  sons  and  two  daughters,  four  survive. 
Two  sons,  William  James  and  Bowditch, 
adopted  medicine  as  a  profession.  The  former 
still  practices  in  New  York;  Dr.  Bowditch 
Morton  died  in  1910. 

CADWALADER,  John  Lambert,  lawyer,  b. 
in  Trenton,  N.  J.,  17  Nov.,  1837;  d.  in  New 
York  City,  11  March,  1914,  son  of  Thomas  and 
Maria  (Gouverneur)  Cadwalader.  He  was  a 
descendant  of  John  Cadwalader,  who  came 
from  England  to  Pennsylvania,  soon  after  the 
founding  of  William  Penn's  colony,  and  be- 
came a  member  of  the  provincial  assembly. 
His  grandfather,  Col.  Lambert  Cadwalader, 
represented  New  Jersey  in  the  Continental 
Congress  from  1784  to  1787;  was  a  member  of 
the  Constitutional  Convention,  and  a  member 
of  Congress  from  New  Jersey  from  1789  to 
1795.  His  father,  Thomas  Cadwalader,  was  a 
major-general  in  the  U.  S.  army,  and  his 
mother,  Maria  C.  Gouverneur,  was  the  daugh- 
ter of  Nicholas  Gouverneur,  of  New  York. 
Mr.  Cadwalader  acquired  his  collegiate  edu- 
cation at  Princeton  University,  where  he  was 
graduated  with  the  class  of  1856.  In  1860  he 
entered  the  Harvard  Law  School,  and,  after 
completing  the  course  there,  was  admitted  to 
the  bar,  and  began  practice  in  New  York  City. 
He  became  a  member  of  the  law  firm  of  Bliss 
and  Cadwalader,  which,  later,  became  Eaton  and 
Cadwalader,  then  Strong  and  Cadwalader,  and 
finally,  in  1914,  shortly  before  his  death,  Cad- 
walader, Wickersham  and  Taft.  In  1874  Mr. 
Cadwalader  was  appointed  Assistant  Secretary 
of  State  under  the  late  Hamilton  Fish,  during 
President  Grant's  second  administration,  and 
this  post  he  held  until  1877.  He  then  re- 
turned to  his  law  practice,  and  never  again 
filled  public  office,  although  frequently  men- 
tioned for  places  of  prominence  in  the  federal 
government.  When  President  Taft  was  pick- 
ing his  ambassadors  it  was  repeatedly  rumored 
that  Mr.  Cadwalader  would  be  chosen  to  rej)- 
resent  the  country  at  the  Court  of  St.  James. 
He  discouraged  the  suggestion,  however.  Mr. 
Cadwalader  was  at  one  time  president  of  the 
Bar  Association  of  the  City  of  New  York,  but 
his  most  prominent  connection  in  the  minds 
of  the  public  was  with  the  New  York  Public 

333 


HOLCOMB 


CORNISH 


Library,  of  which  he  was  elected  president, 
as  the  successor  of  the  late  John  Bigelow. 
For  many  years  before  his  election  to  this 
oflSce  he  had  been  a  member  of  the  board  of 
trustees  and  of  the  executive  committee  of 
the  library.  He  probably  did  more,  in  the 
form  of  personal  activities,  for  the  library 
service  of  New  York  City  than  any  other  man. 
He  worked  out  the  plans  for  combining  the 
Astor,  Lenox,  and  Tilden  foundations  into  one 
great,  central  library,  and  was  instrumental 
in  the  material  carrying  out  of  this  concep- 
tion. He  also  devoted  a  great  deal  of  thought 
to  the  planning  out  of  the  present  magnificent 
building  which  stands  at  Fifth  Avenue  and 
Forty-second  Street.  Mr.  Cadwalader  was  not 
of  the  type  of  public  man  who  figures  largely 
in  the  news  columns  of  the  daily  newspapers, 
but  his  influence  was  a  power  which  permeated 
the  whole  of  the  body  politic  His  was  a  per- 
sonal, rather  than  a  popular,  influence,  for  his 
opinions  carried  weight  with  those  who  shaped 
the  affairs  of  the  State  or  the  nation.  His 
most  striking  personal  characteristic  was  his 
remarkable  power  of  concentration.  In  a  com- 
paratively short  space  of  time  he  could  grasp 
all  the  essential  facts  of  a  complex  problem 
and  then  simplify  it.  He  was  also  a  trustee 
of  Princeton  University,  to  which  institution 
he  made  several  large  gifts;  one,  made  the 
year  before  his  death,  amounting  to  $30,000; 
a  trustee  of  the  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art, 
to  which  he  devoted  almost  as  much  of  his 
time  and  energy  as  to  the  Public  Library,  and 
was  on  the  boards  of  the  New  York  Zoological 
Society  and  the  Carnegie  Institution  of  Wash- 
ington. He  was  a  member  of  the  Society  of 
the  Cincinnati,  the  Sons  of  the  Revolution,  the 
American  Fine  Arts  -Society,  and  the  Ameri- 
can Museum  of  Natural  History,  His  clubs 
included  the  L^nion  League,  Lawyers',  Union, 
Metropolitan,  Knickerbocker,  University, 
Princeton,  and  New  York  Yacht,  all  of  New 
York  City.     He  never  married. 

HOLCOMB,  Marcus  Hensey,  lawyer,  banker, 
governor  of  Connecticut,  b.  in  New  Hartford, 
Conn.,  28  Nov.,  1844,  son  of  Carlos  and  Adah  L. 
(Bushnell)  Holcomb.  His  earliest  paternal 
American  ancestor  was  Thomas  Holcomb,  who 
settled  in  Dorchester,  Mass.,  early  in  the  sev- 
enteenth century,  but  removed  to  Windsor, 
Conn.,  in  1635,  and  represented  that  com- 
munity and  Hartford  in  the  framing  of  the 
constitution  of  the  colony  of  Connecticut.  His 
father,  Carlos  Holcomb,  was  a  selectman  of 
his  town,  assessor  and  member  of  the  board 
of  relief  as  well  as  executor  of  numerous 
estates  and  trusts.  He  died  2  Jan.,  1895. 
Marcus  H.  Holcomb  spent  his  boyhood  on  his 
father's  farm  in  Litchfield  County,  attending 
public  and  private  schools.  He  was  to  have 
continued  his  education  at  college,  but  a  sun- 
stroke so  impaired  his  health  as  to  compel  a 
a  modification  of  these  plans.  Instead,  he 
entered  upon  a  private  course  of  law  study 
with  Judge  Jared  B.  Foster,  of  New  Hartford, 
which  he  pursued  so  diligently  that  he  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  at  Litchfield,  Conn.,  on 
15  Nov.,  1871,  at  the  age  of  twenty-seven. 
Throughout  this  time  he  had  been  supporting 
himself  by  teaching  school.  After  his  admis- 
sion to  the  bar,  he  removed  to  Southington, 
Conn.,  4  March,  1872,  where  he  has  main- 
tained   his    residence    ever    since,    with    law 


offices  there  and  in  Hartford  as  well.  During 
this  early  period,  covering  a  little  over  twenty 
years,  he  was  judge  of  the  town  court  at 
Southington,  a  commissioner  of  the  State 
Police  iSepartment  and  a  probate  judge,  re- 
taining this  last  honor  for  more  than  thirty 
years.  But  in  1893  he  was  persuaded  to  as- 
sume the  responsibilities  of  higher  offices  and 
was  chosen  State  senator  In  the  same  year 
he  became  treasurer  of  Hartford  County,  in 
which  office  he  continued  until  1908.  These, 
however,  were  only  the  preliminaries  to  fur- 
ther honors,  for  in  1902  he  was  chosen  a 
member  of  the  State  Constitutional  Conven- 
tion. In  1905  he  was  speaker  of  the  house 
of  representatives  From  January,  1907,  until 
September,  1910,  he  was  attorney-general  of  the 
State  of  Connecticut,  after  which  he  immedi- 
ately took  his  place  on  the  bench  of  the 
Superior  Court  of  the  State,  where  he  re- 
mained until  his  term  expired  by  constitu- 
tional limitation,  on  28  Nov.,  1914,  just  ten 
days  after  he  had  reached  the  age  of  seventy. 
He  continued,  however,  as  State  referee,  an 
office  which  he  holds  up  to  the  present  time. 
In  the  November  State  elections  of  1914,  the 
citizens  of  Connecticut  showed  their  apprecia- 
tion of  his  long  and  faithful  services  in  the 
various  offices  -he  had  held  by  electing  him 
governor  of  the  State  for  the  regular  term  of 
two  years,  into  which  high  office  he  was  in- 
augurated 7  Jan.,  1915,  and  which  he  still 
holds.  Until  1888  Judge  Holcomb  was  a  sup- 
porter of  the  Democratic  party,  but  at  that 
time  he  found  it  no  longer  possible  to  work 
in  harmony  with  the  changing  policies  of  the 
leaders  of  that  political  faith,  more  especially 
on  the  tariff  question,  so  finally  he  felt  com- 
pelled to  transfer  his  allegiance  to  the  Re- 
publicans, whose  platform  was  more  in  ac- 
cordance with  his  convictions.  It  was  by  them 
that  he  was  nominated  candidate  for  attorney- 
general  of  the  State  of  Connecticut  at  the 
State  convention  of  1906  and  elected  to  office 
with  a  plurality  of  21,000  votes.  Aside  from 
the  public  offices  he  holds,  Governor  Holcomb 
serves  as  president  of  the  Southington  Sav- 
ings Bank;  director  in  the  Southington  Na- 
tional Bank,  and  a  member  of  the  boards  of 
directors  of  several  manufacturing  corpora- 
tions. He  is  a  thirty-third  degree  Mason 
and  a  member  of  the  Elks,  the  Knights  of 
Pythias,  the  Red  Men  and  the  Foresters. 
Governor  Holcomb  is  a  regular  member  of  the 
Southington  Baptist  Church,  of  whose  Sunday 
school  he  is  superintendent.  In  June,  1915, 
he  was  awarded  the  honorary  degree  of 
LL.D.  by  Trinity  College.  On  16  Oct.,  1872, 
he  married  Sarah  Carpenter  Bennett,  daughter 
of  Joseph  L.  Bennett,  of  Hartford,  Conn.  She 
died  on  3  Dec,  1901.  Their  only  child,  a  son, 
died  in  early  infancy. 

CORNISH,  Edward  Joel,  lawyer  and  manu- 
facturer, b.  in  Sidney,  la.,  15  Dec,  1861,  son 
of  Col.  Joel  Northrup  and  Virginia  (Ray- 
mond) Cornish.  He  was  educated  in  the  pub- 
lic schools  of  Sidney  and  Hamburg,  la.,  and 
later  attended  Tabor  College,  Iowa,  for  three 
years.  In  1878  he  entered  the  State  Uni- 
versity of  Iowa,  and  was  graduated  in  1881 
with  the  degree  of  A.B.  The  following  year 
he  entered  the  law  department  of  the  State 
University,  and  was  graduated  in  1882,  with 
the   degree   of   LL.B.     On   attaining   his   ma- 


334 


r 


&-^. 


/n 


0 


CORNISH 


CORNISH 


jority  in  December,  1882,  he  engaged  in  the 
practice  of  his  profession  in  Omaha,  in  the 
office  of  Edmund  M.  Bartlett,  then  assistant 
U.  S.  district  attorney  for  the  State  of 
Nebraska.  The  firm  remained  Bartlett  and 
Cornish  until  1889,  when  Mr.  Bartlett  re- 
tired. Mr .  Cornish  then  became  associated 
with  Bernard  N.  Robertson  under  the  firm 
name  of  Cornish  and  Robertson.  After  1894 
he  continued  practice  without  partners,  until 
his  retirement  in  1906.  From  1892  until 
1896  he  served  as  assistant  city  attorney  of 
the  city  of  Omaha — all  cases  triable  by  jury, 
to  which  the  city  was  a  party,  being  under  his 
charge.  From  1896  to  1912  he  was  a  member 
of  the  board  of  park  commissioners  of  the 
city  of  Omaha,  a  purely  honorary  position 
During  his  membership  on  the  board,  River 
view  and  Bemis  Parks  were  enlarged,  Deer 
Park,  Miller  Park,  Kountze  Park,  and  Cur- 
tice Turner  Park,  and  the  boulevards  from 
Riverview  Park  to  Bemis  Park,  and  those 
from  Fontenelle  Park  to  Military  Avenue,  and 
from  Elmwood  Park  northeast  to  the  city 
limits,  were  acquired  The  proceedings  to  con- 
demn the  land  necessary  for  laying  out  boule- 
vards from  Bemis  Park  to  Fontenelle  Park 
were  commenced,  and  the  plan  for  a  boulevard 
from  Elmwood  Park  to  Hanscom  Park  was 
prepared.  Levi  Carter  Park,  containing  265 
acres  and  surrounding  Carter  Lake,  a  distance 
of  three  and  a  half  miles  on  the  Nebraska  side, 
was  acquired — the  money  to  pay  for  the  same 
($100,000)  being  donated  by  Mrs  Levi  Carter, 
widow  of  Levi  Carter,  who  later  became  the 
wife  of  Mr.  Cornish  All  of  the  lands  ac- 
quired, that  were  not  donated,  were  paid  for 
from  funds  raised  by  special  assessment  of 
property  benefited,  based  upon  land  values, 
exclusive  of  improvements,  a  radical  depar- 
ture from  the  customary  methods  of  the  time, 
since  extensively  adopted  by  other  cities.  In 
1903  as  the  attorney  for  the  estate  of  Levi 
Carter,  deceased,  and  charged  with  the  duty 
of  disposing  of  its  properties,  he  became  the 
president  of  the  Carter  White  Lead  Company, 
and  afterward  sold  all  of  the  capital  stock  of 
this  company  to  the  National  Lead  Company 
In  1905  he  built  and  became  the  controlling 
owner  of  the  plant  of  the  Carter  White  Lead 
Company  of  Canada,  Limited,  operating  the 
first  white  lead  corroding  works  in  Canada 
In  1906  he  accepted  the  proposal  of  the  Na- 
tional Lead  Company,  previously  refused,  to 
become  permanently  associated  with  it — first 
as  president  of  the  Carter  White  Lead  Com- 
pany, later,  in  1908,  as  a  member  of  its  board 
of  directors  and  manager  of  the  Chicago 
branch,  and  finally,  in  1910,  as  vice-president 
and  member  of  the  executive  committee,  with 
offices  in  New  York  City.  He  had  general 
charge  of  manufacturing  The  development 
of  the  Carter  process  of  corroding  white  lead, 
and  the  remarkable  improvement  in  the  sani- 
tary conditions  of  the  lead  manufacturing 
plants,  has  been  under  his  general  supervision. 
Mr.  Cornish  was  elected  president  of  the  Na- 
tional Lead  Company  on  21  Sept.,  1916 
While  in  college  he  was  on  the  State  Uni- 
versity of  Iowa  baseball  team  for  three  years, 
during  which  period  it  was  champion  of  all 
the  Iowa  colleges.  He  was  one  of  the  charter 
members  of  the  Delta  Tau  Delta  chapter  in 
that  institution,  and  an  honorary  member  of 


the  Irving  Institute.  He  is  a  Mason,  a  mem- 
ber of  Capitol  Lodge,  No.  3,  A.  F.  &  A.  M.; 
of  the  Omaha  Chapter,  No.  1,  Royal  Arch 
Masons;  of  Mount  Calvary  Commandery,  No. 
1,  and  of  Tangier  Temple,  all  of  Omaha.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  Sleepy  Hollow  Country 
Club,  the  Siwanoy  Country  Club,  the  New 
York  Athletic  Club,  the  Bankers  Club  of 
America,  the  City  Lunch  Club,  all  of  New 
York,  and  the  Union  League  of  Chicago.  He 
is  on  the  General  Administrative  Council  of 
the  American  Association  for  Labor  Legisla- 
tion. Although  a  Republican  in  politics,  he 
believes  that  future  legislation  will  be  greatly 
influenced  by  the  teachings  of  Henry  George. 
He  is  an  "  Anti-Imperialist "  and  a  "  Paci- 
fist," and  advocates  female  suffrage.  On  21 
July,  1909,  he  married  Mrs.  Selina  C.  (Bliss) 
Carter,  daughter  of  George  H,  Bliss,  of  Chi- 
cago, and  widow  of  Levi  Carter. 

CORNISH,  Joel  Northrup,  lawyer  and 
banker,  b.  in  Lee  Centre,  N.  Y.,  28  May,  1828; 
d  in  Omaha,  Neb.,  7  June,  1908,  son  of  Allen 
and  Clarissa  Cornish.  His  father,  a  man  of 
strong  character,  emigrated  from  Plymouth, 
Mass.,  to  Lee  Centre,  N.  Y.,  in  1812,  with  his 
wife  and  four  small  children  in  a  wagon 
drawn  by  oxen.  The  earliest  American  an- 
cestor was  Samuel  Cornish,  who  emigrated 
from  Cornwall,  England,  in  1691,  and  located 
at  Plymouth,  Mass.,  later  marrying  Susannah, 
granddaughter  of  Thomas  Clarke,  a  mate  on 
the  "  Mayflower  "  and  granddaughter  of  Judge 
Barnabus  Lothrop,  prominent  in  Colonial  his- 
tory. The  line  of  descent  is  traced  through 
his  son,  Thomas  Cornish,  who  served  in  the 
Revolutionary  War,  and  his  son,  Josiah  Cor- 
nish, who  was  the  father  of  Allen  Cornish. 
Through  maternal  lines  relationship^  is  traced 
to  Rhoda  Swift,  aunt  of  Benjamin  Franklin, 
and  to  Richard  W^arren,  of  the  "  Mayflower." 
Joel  N.  Cornish  was  educated  in  the  public 
schools  of  his  native  town  and  of  Rome,  N,  Y., 
and  at  the  State  Normal  School,  Albany, 
N.  Y.,  which  he  attended  in  1848.  He  taught 
school  in  the  villages  of  Lee  Centre,  Rome, 
and  Cuba,  N.  Y.,  studying  law  in  the  mean- 
time. In  1854,  with  his  young  wife,  he  re- 
moved to  Iowa  City,  then  the  capital  and  most 
important  city  in  Iowa,  where  they  kept  a 
hotel  for  two  years,  Mr.  Cornish,  meantime, 
continuing  his  law  studies.  In  1856,  after 
being  admitted  to  the  bar,  he  removed  to 
Sidney,  Freemont  County,  la.,  and  began  prac- 
tice. His  library,  one  of  the  largest  at  the 
time  in  western  Iowa,  consisted  almost  en- 
tirely of  text-books  and  elementary  treatises. 
Unlike  the  precedent-bound  lawyer  of  the  later 
generation,  the  pioneer  lawyer  was  wont  to 
start  with  the  major  premise  that  "  the  law 
is  the  perfection  of  human  reason  "  and  de- 
velop his  conclusion  by  showing  what  was  the 
better  reason  as  applied  to  the  facts  of  the 
particular  case  The  result  was  the  develop- 
ment of  a  unique  type  of  lawyer  that  for 
breadth,  forcefulness,  and  fitiiosa  to  grapple 
with  the  problems  of  a  new  commonwoaKh  has 
never  been  equaled.  Mr.  Cornish  rapidly  ac- 
quired a  large  law  praotico  oxtoiulin;,'  ovor  a 
radius  of  fifty  miles  from  his  honuv  In  a  com- 
munity where  the  amounts  involved  in  litigation 
were  small  his  annual  income  for  niaiiy  years 
was  from  $10,000  to  $20,000.  r|)()n  th«^  out- 
break  of   the   Civil    War,   he   was   appointed 


33: 


McCLAIN 


McCLAIN 


draft  commissioner  of  the  Fifth  Iowa  Congres- 
sional District,  with  the  rank  of  lieutenant  of 
cavalry,  and  later  was  commissioned  colonel 
of  the  Iowa  cavalry.  In  1873,  owing  to 
trouble  with  his  eyes,  he  retired  from  the 
aetive  practice  of  law  and  founded  the  First 
National  Bank  of  Hamburg,  la.  In  1890 
he  again  took  up  active  business  as  president 
of  the  National  Bank  of  Commerce  of  Omaha, 
Neb.,  for  the  purpose  of  winding  up  that  in- 
stitution, which  had  become  seriously  involved. 
As  a  banker,  while  liberal  in  extending  credit, 
he  had  a  remarkable  ability  in  distinguishing 
between  those  who  were  and  those  who  were 
not  entitled  to  credit.  Both  as  a  lawyer  and 
banker,  Mr.  Cornish  achieved  a  merited  repu- 
tation for  ability,  integrity,  and  forcefulness. 
He  was  a  Republican  in  politics,  always  active 
though  never  a  candidate  for  office.  Of  splen- 
did physique,  great  personal  magnetism,  demo- 
cratic in  thought  and  action,  he  was  beloved 
and  trusted  by  all  who  knew  him.  He  was 
very  loyal  to  his  friends  and  was  wont  to  say 
that  he  never  had  any  friend  prove  disloyal  to 
him.  While  principal  of  the  high  school  at 
Cuba,  N.  Y.,  Mr.  Cornish  married  Miss  Vir- 
ginia Raymond,  one  of  his  teachers.  She  was 
the  daughter  of  Daniel  Raymond,  whose  an- 
cestors for  several  generations  had  lived  in 
New  York  and  Massachusetts,  having  come 
originally  from  England.  On  her  mother's  side 
she  was  of  Scottish  descent.  Mrs.  Cornish  was 
a  woman  of  rare  grace  and  culture.  In  the 
early  fifties  she  delivered  a  graduating  address 
advocating  woman  suflFrage  and  throughout 
her  life  was  an  active  propagandist  in  behalf 
of  equal  suffrage,  being  a  friend  and  corre- 
spondent of  Susan  B.  Anthony.  They  had 
four  children:  Mrs.  Ada  L.  Hertsche,  Mrs. 
Anna  V.  Metcalf,  Judge  Albert  J.  Cornish, 
and  Edward  J.  Cornish  (q.v.). 

McCLAIN,  Emlin,  jurist,  educator,  b.  in  Sa- 
lem, 0.,  26  Nov.,  1851;  d.  in  Iowa  City,  la.,  25 
May,  1915,  son  of  William  and  Rebecca 
(Harris)  McClain.  His  father  was  of  Scotch 
and  his  mother 
of  English  descent, 
and  both  were 
Quakers.  The  fa- 
ther was  a  teacher 
by  profession  and 
at  the  time  of 
Emlin's  birth  was 
principal  and  pro- 
prietor of  the  Sa- 
lem Institute.  In 
1855  he  was  ad- 
vised to  abandon 
teaching  for  a 
while  and  seek 
outdoor  occupa- 
tion. This,  not 
(T^ff  %/^ri^    •  unmixed,    perhaps, 

Cl*<.^C.^.^^  /^'CZ-^^i^i-u,.-^  with  a  spirit  of 
adventure,  was  the 
cause  of  the  family's  joining  the  emigrants 
then  thronging  westward  over  the  prairies 
in  their  canvas-hooded  wagons.  Crossing 
the  Mississippi  they  finally  reached  Cedar 
County,  la.,  and  there,  for  the  next  ten  years, 
lived  on  a  farm.  Finally  farming  was  again 
abandoned  and  the  father  resumed  teaching 
once  more,  becoming  head  of  the  public  school 
system  of  the   community.     Emlin  McClain's 


early  education  was  obtained  under  the  in- 
struction of  his  mother,  who  taught  him  the 
rudiments  of  the  essential  studies,  and  some- 
thing of  French  and  drawing  as  well,  the 
former  so  thoroughly  that  sometimes  the  con- 
versation at  home  was  carried  on  in  that  lan- 
guage. When  about  twelve  years  of  age  the 
boy  was  sent  to  an  academy  at  Wilton,  sev- 
eral miles  away,  and  there  he  continued  the 
studies  begun  at  home.  At  the  age  of  fifteen 
he  matriculated  as  a  senior  in  the  scientific 
course  of  the  preparatory  department  of  the 
State  University  of  Iowa  At  about  that  time 
his  father  and  mother  removed  to  Iowa  City, 
where  the  elder  McClain  later  became  head  of 
the  Iowa  City  Commercial  College,  where 
Emlin  occasionally  acted  as  instructor  during 
his  term  at  college.  In  1872  he  was  graduated 
A.B.,  and  then  entered  the  law  department 
of  the  university.  On  completing  his  law 
course  he  received  a  degree  that  permitted  him 
to  practice  in  the  State  without  further  ex- 
amination. He  now  entered  the  office  of 
Gatch,  Wright  and  Runnels,  one  of  the  best 
law  firms  in  the  capital  of  the  State.  When, 
in  1875,  George  G.  Wright,  one  of  the  part- 
ners, became  a  U.  S.  Senator,  he  appointed 
young  McClain  his  secretary,  and  took  him  to 
Washington,  where  he  served  during  the  two 
sessions  of  the  Forty-fourth  Congress,  not  only 
as  secretary  to  Mr.  Wright,  but  also  as  clerk  to 
the  Senate  Committee  on  Claims.  On  his  re- 
turn Mr.  McClain  settled  at  Des  Moines, 
where  his  father  had  established  a  commercial 
college  of  his  own,  and  here  began  to  practice 
on  his  own  account.  It  was  shortly  afterward 
that  his  father  died.  Although  Mr.  McClain 
obtained  his  full  share  of  law  practice,  he 
was  by  temperament  more  of  a  scholar  than  a 
court-room  lawyer,  for  as  he  himself  expressed 
it,  he  was  "  never  quite  satisfied  with  the 
rough  and  tumble  of  trial  work."  Following 
his  natural  inclination,  he  began  to  write, 
first  short  articles  for  law  magazines,  then 
works  of  more  permanent  value.  Recognizing 
that  the  bar  needed  one  compact  volume  con- 
taining all  the  statutory  law  with  annotations 
of  the  Supreme  Court  decisions,  Mr.  McClain 
made  a  thorough  digest  of  fifty-seven  volumes 
of  the  "  Iowa  Reports "  and  then,  in  1880, 
brought  forth  the  first  edition  of  his  "  Anno- 
tated Statutes  of  Iowa,"  in  two  volumes.  For 
eight  years  he  continued  his  practice,  and 
then  accepted  an  appointment  as  professor  of 
law  in  the  law  department  of  the  university. 
This  honor  was  largely  due  to  his  first  work, 
which  was  now  practically  regarded  by  the 
bar  and  the  bench  as  virtually  the  code  of  the 
State,  In  1882  the  general  assembly  passed  a 
law  providing  that  it  should  be  "  received  in 
all  courts  and  proceedings,  and  by  all  officers 
in  this  State,  as  evidence  of  the  existing  laws 
thereof,  with  like  effect  as  if  published  under 
the  authority  of  the  State."  In  1887  Mr.  Mc- 
Clain was  made  vice-chancellor  of  the  law 
school,  a  title  which  gave  him  virtual  control 
of  the  institution.  Such  aptitude  did  he  dis- 
play as  an  executive  and  law  instructor  that 
in  1890  the  board  of  regents  promoted  him  to 
the  head  of  the  school.  Mr.  McClain  had  com- 
pleted nearly  a  score  of  years  in  the  service  of 
the  State  at  its  highest  educational  institution 
when  many  of  his  former  students,  now  promi- 
nent in  the  public  life  of  the  State,  singled 


336 


BURNETT 


LOWELL 


him  out  as  a  highly  desirable  candidate  for 
a  position  on  the  bench.  By  them  he  was 
persuaded  to  accept  the  nomination  as  candi- 
date of  the  Republican  State  Convention,  in 
1900,  with  the  result  that  he  was  elected  a 
justice  of  the  Supreme  Court.  During  the  last 
year  of  his  term  he  served  as  chief  justice. 
In  1906  the  voters  once  more  returned  him  to 
the  bench,  and  with  the  year  1912,  when  he 
was  again  chief  justice,  he  closed  twelve  years 
of  continuous  judicial  service.  He  had  not  yet 
retired  when  he  received  a  telegram  from  Le- 
land  Stanford  University  inquiring  whetfier  he 
would  be  willing  to  consider  an  ofifer  tor  a 
professorship  again.  The  correspondence  which 
followed  resulted  in  his  becoming  professor 
of  law  in  the  California  institution,  where  he 
remained  for  a  year  and  a  half.  But  Iowa 
soon  called  him  back  again.  In  June,  1914,  he 
was  recalled  by  his  old  alma  mater  and  re- 
quested to  become  again  dean  of  the  law 
school,  a  position  he  had  held  just  fourteen 
years  before.  Homesick  for  Iowa,  he  could  not 
refuse  this  offer,  so  he  resigned  his  professor- 
ship in  California  and  returned  to  his  native 
State,  where  he  remained  until  his  death.  As 
an  educator  and  a  jurist  Judge  McClain  stood 
in  the  first  ranks,  not  only  within  his  own 
State,  but  in  the  whole  country.  As  a  writer 
he  can  be  fully  appreciated  only  by  those  of 
his  own  profession,  but  that  appreciation,  lim- 
ited as  it  must  be,  on  account  of  the  subject, 
is  deep.  Aside  from  the  many  short  articles 
he  has  written,  he  is  also  the  author  of  some 
verse  and  a  novel  of  pioneer  life  in  Iowa, 
while  his  translations  from  Greek,  Latin, 
French,  and  German  are  numerous.  Among 
his  more  permanent  publications  are:  "  Mc- 
Clain's  Annotated  Statutes  of  Iowa"  (1880); 
"McClain's  Annotated  Code  of  Iowa"  (1888)  ; 
"  Outlines  of  Criminal  Law  and  Procedure " 
(1884);  "McCIain's  Criminal  Law"  (2  vols., 
1897 )  ;  "  Constitutional  Law  in  the  United 
States"  (American  Citizen  Series,  1905,  2d 
edition,  1910).  On  19  Feb.,  1879,  Mr.  McClain 
married  Ellen,  daughter  of  Henry  Holcomb 
Griffiths,  of  Philadelphia,  Pa.  They  had  three 
children:  Donald,  practicing  law  in  Iowa 
City;  Henry,  a  mining-engineer,  and  Gwen- 
dolyn McClain,  a  student  at  the  State  Uni- 
versity of  Iowa. 

BURNETT,  Charles  Henry,  otologist  and 
medical  writer,  b.  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  28  May, 
1842;  d.  in  Bryn  Mawr,  Pa.,  2  Jan.,  1902,  son 
of  Eli  S.  and  Hannah  Kennedy  (Mustin)  Bur- 
nett. Having  completed  his  common  school 
education,  in  1860,  he  entered  Yale  College, 
where  he  was  graduated  with  the  class  of 
1864.  He  immediately  enrolled  as  a  student 
in  the  medical  department  of  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania,  from  which  he  received  the 
degree  of  M.D.  in  1867.  Soon  after  he  was 
appointed  resident  physician  in  the  Episcopal 
Hospital,  of  Philadelphia.  Having  completed 
his  full  term  of  service  here,  he  went  abroad, 
in  1868,  and  spent  ten  months  studying  in  the 
laboratories  and  hospitals  of  Europe.  Even 
during  his  student  days  Dr.  Burnett  had  al- 
ways been  especially  attracted  by  the  study 
of  otology.  This  interest  continued  through 
the  period  of  his  first  visit  abroad  and  during 
the  year  of  practice  that  followed,  in  Phila- 
delphia. In  1870  he  gave  up  his  practice  and 
went  abroad  again  and  for  a  whole  year  de- 


voted himself  to  a  study  of  his  specialty  in 
the  laboratories  of  such  illustrious  men  as 
Helmholtz,  Virchow,  and  Politzer.  With  these 
three  prominent  scientists  he  formed  an  inti- 
mate friendship  which  lasted  throughout  his 
life.  The  research  work  which  Dr.  Burnett 
conducted  under  the  auspices  of  these  men  at 
once  gave  him  a  standing  among  the  most  emi- 
nent investigators  into  the  physiology  of  hear- 
ing. In  1872  he  returned  to  Philadelphia  and 
again  took  up  his  practice,  specializing  in  dis- 
eases of  the  ear.  His  profound  knowledge  and 
his  talents  won  immediate  recognition  among 
his  colleagues  and  he  soon  acquired  a  large  and 
lucrative  practice.  In  the  later  years  of  his 
life  there  were  very  few  aurists  in  the  United 
States  who  approached  him  in  the  amount  of 
consultation  work  which  fell  to  his  share. 
Throughout  his  life  he  continued  his  investi- 
gations, pursuing  not  only  his  own  independ- 
ent researches,  but  keeping  well  abreast  of 
the  investigations  of  others,  both  at  home  and 
abroad.  In  1882  Dr.  Burnett  was  elected 
professor  of  diseases  of  the  ear  in  the  Phila- 
delphia Polyclinic  Hospital  and  College  for 
Graduates  in  Medicine,  and  upon  resigning 
some  years  later  he  was  made  professor 
emeritus  in  the  same  institution.  At  various 
times  he  was  clinical  professor  of  otology  in 
the  Women's  Medical  College;  aural  surgeon 
to  the  Presbyterian  Hospital ;  consulting  aurist 
to  the  Pennsylvania  Institution  for  the  Deaf 
and  Dumb;  and  the  same  to  the  Convent  of 
the  Holy  Child,  at  Sharon  Hill,  Pa.,  the  Bap- 
tist Orphanage,  St.  Timothy's  Hospital,  the 
West  Philadelphia  Hospital  for  Women,  the 
Dispensary  of  the  Alumni  of  the  Women's 
Medical  College,  the  Philadelphia  Hospital  for 
Epileptics  and  the  Bryn  Mawr  Hospital.  In 
1876  he  was  a  delegate  to  the  International 
Medical  Congress.  In  spite  of  his  active  life 
he  was  also  a  prolific  writer  on  medical  sub- 
jects, especially  on  those  bearing  on  his  spe- 
cialty. His  "Text-book  of  Diseases  of  the 
Ear,  Nose  and  Throat,"  which  he  wrote  in  col- 
laboration with  Dr.  E.  Fletcher  Ingalls,  of 
Chicago,  and  Dr.  James  E.  Newcomb,  of  New 
York,  and  which  was  published  only  a  few 
months  before  his  death,  is  still  regarded  as 
the  most  advanced  work  of  its  character  in  the 
English  language.  For  many  years  he  edited 
the  department  of  "  Progress  of  Otology "  in 
the  "  American  Journal  of  the  Medical 
Sciences."  Dr.  Burnett  was  a  fellow  of  the 
College  of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia  and 
active  in  the  organization  of  the  Section  on 
Otology  and  Laryngology,  of  which  he  was 
chairman  for  several  terms.  He  was  vice- 
president  and  later  president  of  the  American 
Otological  Society.  He  also  served  as  chair- 
man of  the  Section  on  Otology  and  Laryn- 
gology of  the  American  Medical  Association. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  Philadelphia  County 
Medical  Society,  the  Pathological  Society,  the 
Pediatric  Society,  and  the  Pennsvlvania  State 
Medical  Society.  On  18  June.  IS74.  Dr.  Bur- 
nett married  Anna  Lawrence  Davis,  the  daugh- 
ter of  William  Henry  Davis,  a  prominent  busi- 
ness man  of  Philadelphia.  They  hnve  had 
three  daughters  and  one  son:  May  Talnian, 
Maud  Lawrence,  Emily  (Mr.s.  Ke<,nnald  T. 
Wheeler),  and  Charles 'I'^inTingham   Burnett. 

LOWELL,  Abbott  Lawrence,  educator,  b.  in 
Boston,  Mass.,  13  Dec,  1856,  son  of  Augustus 


337 


SMITH 


SMITH 


and  Katherine  Bigelow  (Lawrence)  Lowell, 
and  a  descendant  of  Percival  Lowell,  who  came 
from  Worcestershire,  England,  and  settled  at 
Newbury,  Mass.,  in  1639.  Among  his  ances- 
tors were  Francis  Cabot  Lowell,  one  of  the 
pioneers  in  the  Massachusetts  cotton  industry; 
John  Lowell,  Jr  ,  the  founder  of  Lowell  Insti- 
tute; John  Amory  Jewell,  its  first  trustee,  and 
James  Russell  Lowell,  the  poet.  His  mater- 
nal grandfather  was  Abbott  Lawrence,  a 
U.  S.  minister  to  England.  Dr.  Lowell  was 
educated  at  the  public  school  and  at  Harvard 
College,  where  he  was  graduated  in  1877.  He 
studied  law  at  the  Harvard  Law  School  and 
in  the  office  of  Russell  and  Putnam,  being  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1880.  He  formed  a  part- 
nership with  Francis  Cabot  Lowell,  a  relative, 
and  after  eleven  years'  successful  practice  the 
firm  added  to  its  membership  Frederick  Jesup 
Stimson.  In  1897  Mr.  Lowell  retired  from 
practice  and  was  appointed  lecturer  at  Har- 
vard. He  was  made  professor  of  the  science 
of  government  in  1899.  Ten  years  later,  upon 
the  retirement  of  President  Eliot,  he  was 
elected  to  succeed  him  as  president  of  the 
university.  He  entered  upon  his  duties,  6 
Oct.,  1909.  His  forceful  personality  soon 
gained  for  him  great  influence  among  the 
students  and  his  elementary  course  in  govern- 
ment was  regarded  as  the  most  popular  in  the 
college.  One  of  his  important  acts  was  the 
limitation  of  the  system  of  "  electives  " — pro- 
viding for  a  certain  amount  of  obligatory  work 
in  a  definite  direction  and  an  apportionment 
of  other  studies  with  the  advice  of  the  faculty, 
this  being  in  line  with  his  idea  of  a  liberal 
education.  President  Lowell's  writings  have 
been  along  the  line  of  history  and  science  of 
government,  in  which  field  he  is  internation- 
ally recognized  as  an  authority.  He  published, 
in  conjunction  with  Francis  Cabot  Lowell, 
''Transfer  of  Stock  in  Corporations"  (1884); 
and  alone  "Essays  in  Government"  (1889); 
•*  Governments  and  Parties  in  Continental 
Europe"  (1896);  "The  Influence  of  Party 
Upon  Legislation  in  England  and  America " 
(1902);  "The  Government  of  England" 
(1908),  and  "Public  Opinion  and  Popular 
Government"  (1913).  "Colonial  Civil  Serv- 
ice" (1902)  was  written  in  collaboration  with 
Prof.  H.  Morse  Stevens.  President  Lowell  has 
been  a  member  of  the  Boston  School  Commit- 
tee, and  the  executive  committee  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts Institute  of  Technology.  He  belongs 
to  the  Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  the 
American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  and 
is  a  trustee  of  the  Lowell  Institute,  since 
1900  having  full  charge  of  the  funds  and 
management  of  that  institution.  He  married, 
in  1879,  Anna  Parker,  daughter  of  George  G. 
Lowell,  of  Boston,  Mass. 

SMITH,  Frederick  Augustus,  lawyer  and 
jurist,  b  at  Norwood  Park,  Cook  County, 
111.,  11  Feb.,  1844,  son  of  Israel  Grover  and 
Susan  (Pennoyer)  Smith.  His  father,  a 
native  of  New  York  State  (b.  in  1818),  came 
to  Chicago,  "  then  only  a  village  on  the  lake 
shore,"  when  he  was  but  seventeen  years  of 
age.  Having  been  trained  to  the  duties  of 
farming,  he  immediately  took  the  necessary 
steps  toward  securing  a  grant  of  land  for  him- 
self, and  selected  a  tract  of  prairie  land  in 
the  northwest  corner  of  Cook  County,  which 
was  secured  to  him  by  grant  of  the  United 


States  government  in  1839.  To  this  locality, 
which  was  afterward  known  as  Norwood  Park, 
he  brought  his  young  wife,  a  daughter  of 
John  Pennoyer,  a  native  of  Connecticut,  and 
there  they  built  their  first  small  dwelling, 
which  was  later  enlarged  by  consecutive  addi- 
tions: it  is  now  one  of  the  oldest  and  largest 
homesteads  in  the  suburbs  of  Chicago.  Fred- 
erick A.  Smith  spent  his  youth  on  the  farm, 
attending  district  schools  in  the  winter 
months.  Being  ambitious  to  prepare  himself 
for  the  profession  of  a  lawyer,  he  diligently 
supplemented  his  school  studies  by  constant 
reading  at  home,  and  completed  his  prepara- 
tion for  college  at  the  preparatory  school  of 
Chicago  University.  He  was  matriculated  in 
the  collegiate  department  in  1862,  and  was 
duly  graduated  A.B.  in  1866.  During  his 
sophomore  year,  like  so  many  other  patriotic 
college  students,  he  determined  to  serve  his 
country  first,  and  to  complete  his  college 
course  at  the  close  of  the  war.  The  134th 
Illinois  Infantry  regiment  was  recruiting  in 
Chicago  in  1863,  and  he  enlisted  as  a  private 
in  Company  G.  This  command  saw  active 
service  in  the  campaigns  in  Kentucky  and 
Missouri  during  1863-64.  On  the  expiration 
of  his  term  of  enlistment,  in  1864,  he  was 
mustered  out,  and  at  once  resumed  his  studies 
at  the  University  of  Chicago.  After  gradua- 
tion, he  began  the  study  of  law  at  the  Union 
College  of  Law  in  Chicago,  subsequently 
known  as  the  Law  School  of  the  Northwestern 
University,  and  was  graduated  LL.B.  in  1867. 
The  diploma  that  announced  his  degree  car- 
ried with  it  his  right  to  be  admitted  to  the 
bar  without  further  examinations.  He  be- 
gan practice  at  once  in  partnership  with 
Christian  Cecil  Kohlsaat,  later  a  judge,  and 
a  brother  of  Herman  Henry  Kohlsaat,  the 
well-known  editor  and  newspaper  publisher. 
This  partnership  continued  until  1872,  when 
Mr.  Kohlsaat  withdrew.  In  1890  Mr.  Smith 
formed  the  firm  of  Smith,  Helmer  and  Moul- 
ton,  which  soon  after  became  Smith,  Helmer, 
Moulton  and  Price,  and  continued  as  its  senior 
member  to  June,  1903,  when  he  withdrew  to 
assume  the  duties  of  judge  of  the  Circuit 
Court  of  Cook  County  for  the  term  ending 
in  June,  1909,  being  one  of  the  three  Repub- 
licans chosen  that  year  out  of  the  fourteen 
candidates  of  his  party  for  a  seat  on  the 
circuit  bench.  In  1898  he  had  been  the  un- 
successful Republican  candidate  for  judge  of 
the  Superior  Court.  He  was  re-elected  in 
1909  for  a  second  term  expiring  in  June,  1915, 
and  was  then  re-elected  for  a  third  term  to 
expire  in  June,  1921.  In  December,  1903,  he 
was  chosen  by  the  members  of  the  Supreme 
Court,  one  of  the  justices  of  the  Branch 
Appellate  Court,  First  District  of  Illinois, 
sitting  in  Chicago.  He  proved  himself  a  judge 
possessed  of  dignity,  unpartiality,  unbending 
integrity,  and  a  broad  knowledge  of  the  law. 
He  served  as  president  of  the  Chicago  Law 
Club  in  1887,  and  in  1890  was  president  of 
the  Chicago  Bar  Association.  He  holds  mem- 
bership in  the  Hamilton  Club,  of  which  he 
has  served  as  president;  in  the  Union 
League  Club  of  Chicago;  the  Marquette 
Club,  and  in  the  Chicago  Literary  Club. 
He  was  a  trustee  of  Rush  Medical  College 
and  of  the  University  of  Chicago  from  its 
foundation.     His  trusteeship  of  the  University 


338 


PUGSLEY 


WATTERSON 


of  Chicago  has  been  active  and  helpful, 
and  his  personality  on  the  board  did  much  to 
encourage  and  help  forward  the  remarkable 
growth  of  that  great  educational  institution. 
Judge  Smith  married  26  July,  1871,  Frances 
B.,  daughter  of  Rev.  Reuben  Boyman-Morey, 
of  Merton,  Wis.  She  died  in  Chicago,  III.,  in 
December,  1910.     They  had  no  children. 

PUGSLEY,  Cornelius  Amory,  banker,  con- 
gressman, b.  in  Peekskill,  N.  Y.,  17  July,  1850, 
son  of  Gilbert  Taylor  and  Julia  Butler 
(Meeker)  Pugsley.  In  the  annals  of  West- 
chester County,  N.  Y.,  the  Pugsleys  appear  as 
an  old  and  honored  family,  dating  from  1680, 
when  James  and  Matthew  Pugsley  emigrated 
to  this  country  from  England  and  settled  in 
the  Manor  of  Pelham.  From  John,  a  son  of 
James,  are  descended  the  Pugsleys  of  West- 
chester. Of  the  descendants  today,  who  be- 
long to  a  branch  of  the  family  that  sympa- 
thized with  the  king  and  w^ent  to  Canada  at 
the  outbreak  of  the  Revolutionary  War,  is 
Hon.  William  Pugsley,  of  St.  John,  N.  B.,  a 
member  of  the  Canadian  Parliament  and 
former  minister  of  Public  Works  in  the 
Laurier  Cabinet.  Samuel  Pugsley,  a  soldier  in 
the  American  Revolution,  the  great-grandfather 
of  Cornelius  A.  Pugsley,  married  Elizabeth, 
daughter  of  Jeremiah  Drake,  also  a  Revolu- 
tionary soldier  and  a  brother  of  Col.  Samuel 
and  Col.  Gilbert  Drake,  who  held  commissions 
in  the  Continental  army.  Samuel  Pugsley's 
son,  Jeremiah,  a  captain  in  the  War  of  1812, 
was  Mr.  Pugsley's  grandfather.  Mr.  Pugsley's 
mother  was  a  daughter  of  Cornelius  Meeker, 
of  New  Jersey,  son  of  Benjamin  Meeker  and  a 
descendant  of  William  Meeker,  who  came  to 
Massachusetts  Bay  about  1630,  and  was  one 
of  the  founders  of  Elizabeth,  N.  J.,  in  1660. 
Mr.  Pugsley  was  born  in  the  old  Drake  home- 
stead, near  Peekskill.  He  was  educated  in  the 
schools  of  his  native  town,  supplemented  by 
extensive  reading,  and  by  travel  through  all 
the  countries  of  Europe,  Palestine,  Egypt, 
Canada,  Alaska,  and  practically  every  State 
of  the  Union.  At  the  age  of  seventeen,  he  ob- 
tained a  clerical  position  in  the  Peekskill  post 
office,  and  in  the  following  year  was  made 
assistant  postmaster.  In  1870  he  became  a 
clerk  in  the  Westchester  County  National 
Bank  of  Peekskill,  N.  Y.,  whose  president  at 
that  time  was  Charles  A.  G.  Depew,  an  uncle 
of  former  U.  S.  Senator  Chauncey  M.  Depew. 
Strict  attention  to  details  won  for  him  rapid 
promotion,  and  in  1879  he  was  made  cashier 
of  the  bank.  Subsequently  he  became  vice- 
president  and  then  president  of  the  institution. 
The  Westchester  County  Bank  was  founded  in 
1833,  becoming  a  national  bank  under  the 
federal  act  in  1865.  In  its  more  than  eighty 
years  of  history,  it  has  held  a  high  position 
among  the  financial  institutions  of  the  State 
and  nation,  but  its  greatest  prestige  has  been 
won,  and  its  greatest  growth  attained  under 
the  administration  of  Mr.  Pugsley.  He 
is  regarded  as  an  authority  on  banking 
subjects,  and  his  ability  is  recognized  among 
bankers  and  financiers  throughout  the  coun- 
try. He  was  made  chairman  of  Group  VII, 
New  York  State  Bankers'  Association,  when  it 
was  organized,  and  he  has  been  three  times 
elected  to  the  executive  council  of  the  Ameri- 
can Bankers'  Association.  He  was  elected 
president    of    the    New    York    State    Bankers' 


Association  in  1912.  In  1900  Mr.  Pugsley  was 
elected  to  the  Fifty-seventh  Congress  as  the 
Democratic  representative  of  the  Sixteenth 
District  of  New  York,  at  that  time  probably 
the  largest  as  well  as  the  richest  in  the  coun-, 
try,  the  district  being  then  composed  of  the 
Borough  of  the  Bronx  (New  York  City)  and 
Westchester  County,  Upon  the  convening  of 
Congress  he  was  appointed  to  the  Banking  and 
Currency  Committee.  His  attitude  upon  the 
floor  of  the  House,  relative  to  currency  legis- 
lation, has  always  been  considered  especially 
meritorious.  He  was  a  firm  believer  in  a 
sound  and  elastic  currency,  for  which  he  in- 
troduced a  number  of  bills;  an  earnest  advo- 
cate of  a  moderate  tariff;  a  defender  of  the 
army  in  the  Philippines;  a  strong  supporter 
of  the  Constitution  and  the  flag;  and  con- 
stantly urged  an  adequate  navy  and  the  re- 
building of  the  American  merchant  marine. 
He  was  also  greatly  interested  in  the  building 
of  a  sea-level  Isthmian  Canal,  and  introduced 
a  bill  for  the  San  Bias  Route,  which  was 
heartily  favored  by  General  Serrell,  of  New 
York,  and  other  eminent  engineers  of  the 
country.  In  his  own  party  Mr.  Pugsley  is 
recognized  as  generous  and  liberal  in  his 
views,  and  a  close  student  of  the  economics 
of  the  nation.  In  1908  his  name  was  prom- 
inently mentioned  for  the  vice-presidential 
nomination  on  the  Democratic  ticket;  while 
his  activities  in  Congress  and  his  services  to 
his  party  have  also  led  to  the  consideration 
of  his  name  at  different  times  for  governor  of 
the  State  of  New  York.  Mr.  Pugsley  has  been 
active  for  many  years  in  the  Society  of  the 
Sons  of  the  American  Revolution,  because  of 
its  splendid  work  in  leading  immigrants  and 
those  of  foreign  birth  to  a  better,  more  loyal 
citizenship  through  the  teachings  of  the  great 
principles  that  underlie  our  government.  He 
was  unanimously  elected  president-general  of 
the  National  Society  in  Faneuil  Hall,  Boston, 
in  1906,  and  in  the  following  year  presided  at 
the  National  Congress  held  in  Denver,  Colo. 
He  is  a  naturally  gifted  and  polished  speaker, 
logical  in  statement  and  forceful  in  argument. 
He  has  made  addresses  in  nearly  every  State 
of  the  Union,  and  many  of  his  speeches  have 
been  published  and  republished  throughout  the 
country.  He  has  always  been  keenly  inter- 
ested in  educational  affairs,  and  for  many 
years  has  been  president  of  the  Field  Library 
of  Peekskill  and  a  trustee  and  treasurer  of 
the  Peekskill  Military  Academy.  On  7  April, 
1886,  Mr.  Pugsley  married  Emma  C,  daughter 
of  John  H.  Gregory,  a  retired  banker,  of  New 
York  City.  They  have  one  son,  Chester 
DeWitt  Pugsley,  a  lawyer  of  New  York  City, 
a  graduate  of  Harvard  University. 

WATTERSON,  Henry,  newspaper  publisher, 
b.  in  Washington,  16  Feb.,  1840,  son  of  Hon. 
Harvey  Magee  and  Tabitha  (Black)  Watter- 
son.  His  father  entered  Congress  in  1838  as 
the  youngest  member  of  the  House,  sucoooding 
James  K.  Polk,  tenth  President  of  the  Ignited 
States,  as  a  Representative  from  Tonnosaoe. 
During  the  next  twenty  years  he  was  an  active 
figure  in  public  life,  and,  conseqiieiilly.  his 
son  spent  much  of  his  time  in  the  national 
Capital,  living  upon  terms  of  intimacy  with 
the  party  leaders  of  tliat  interesting  period, 
and  by  actual  contact  with  the  operations  of 
the  government,  and  familiar  intercourse  with 


339 


WATTERSON 


WATTERSON 


its  oflScials,  laying  the  foundation  for  the 
elaborate  knowledge  of  affairs  which  later  on 
showed  itself  in  his  own  career.  Owing  to 
serious  defect  of  vision,  his  education  had  to 
be  largely  intrusted  to  private  tutors.  He 
passed  four  years,  however,  at  the  Academy 
of  the  Diocese  of  Pennsylvania  in  Philadel- 
phia, presided  over  by  the  eminent  Dr.  George 
Hamlin  Hare,  and  making  his  mark  there  as  a 
lad  of  unusual  promise.  He  early  developed 
strong  taste  and  talent  for  music,  which  he 
continued  with  assiduity  and  encouragement 
until  an  accident,  which  lost  him  full  action 
of  his  left  hand,  cut  short  his  musical  studies 
The  War  of  Secession  of  1861  found  young 
W'atterson  pursuing  a  successful  course  of 
journalism  and  letters  in  the  national  Capi- 
tal. He,  at  once,  sided  with  his  section, 
although,  with  his  father,  he  had  strongly 
opposed  the  disunion  movement.  He  returned 
to  his  home  in  Tennessee  and  entered  the  Con- 
federate service,  to  which,  in  various  capacities, 
broken  by  a  newspaper  interlude  of  ten  months, 
he  devoted  the  ensuing  four  years.  He  was 
an  aide  to  the  cavalry  general,  Forrest,  and 
afterward  served  on  the  staff  of  Bishop - 
General  Polk.  In  the  famous  Johnston-Sher- 
man campaign,  he  acted  as  chief  of  scouts  of 
the  army.  The  journalistic  episode  referred 
to  (Oct.,  1862-Sept.,  1863)  was  the  establish- 
ment at  Chattanooga  of  a  semi-military  daily 
newspaper,  called  "  The  Rebel."  This  achieved 
instant  and  great  popularity.  It  became  an 
indispensability  to  the  Western  Department 
and  exerted  a  potent  influence  upon  events. 
Although  an  immense  favorite  with  the  sol- 
diers, its  young  editor  was  the  friend,  and 
his  journal  became  the  organ,  of  the  able 
commanders  of  the  time.  It  was  a  brisk,  newsy 
sheet,  bristling  with  fresh  and  novel  features, 
some  of  which,  stereotyped  themselves  on  mod- 
ern journalism,  and  though  an  irrepressible 
warrior,  as  its  name  implied,  not  a  servile 
plodder  of  beaten  tracks,  but  an  outspoken 
and  independent  force,  forecasting,  in  many 
things,  the  famous  "  Courier-Journal,"  a  kind  of 
lineal  descendant  which  was  a  few  years  later 
to  follow  it.  The  story  that  "  The  Rebel  "  be- 
came a  camp  follower  upon  the  fall  of  Chatta- 
nooga is  an  error.  Mr.  Watterson  returned 
to  the  military  service  with  that  event,  and 
after  a  few  months  of  existence  in  a  Georgia 
village,  the  publication  of  "  The  Rebel "  was 
discontinued.  At  the  close  of  the  war  Mr 
Watterson  was  engaged  for  a  time  in  journal- 
ism at  Nashville,  the  capital  of  Tennessee,  but 
in  the  winter  of  1867-68,  having  accepted  an 
offer  of  the  Louisville  Journal  Company,  by 
which  he  became  owner  of  one-third  of  the 
capital  stock,  he  took  up  his  residence  in  the 
Kentucky  metropolis.  Having  negotiated  a 
consolidation  between  the  Louisville  "  Jour- 
nal "  and  the  Louisville  "  Courier,"  involving 
the  purchase  of  the  Louisville  "  Democrat," 
the  result  of  this  master-stroke,  the  "  Courier- 
Journal,"  made  its  appearance  8  Nov.,  1868. 
It  was  the  first  of  the  great  newspaper  com- 
binations, and  was  from  the  beginning  pre- 
eminently prosperous.  During  its  life  it  has 
had  no  rival,  either  in  influence  or  circulation, 
in  the  Southern  States.  Mr.  Watterson  had 
succeeded  the  celebrated  George  D.  Prentice 
as  editor  of  the  Louisville  "Journal,"  but  Mr. 
Prentice    was    retained    upon    the    "  Courier- 


Journal,"  and  whilst  he  lived  the  younger 
journalist  preferred  to  remain  in  the  back- 
ground. But  with  the  death  of  Mr.  Prentice 
in  1870,  Mr.  Watterson  was  forced  to  the 
front.  He  took  the  leadership  of  the  liberal 
and  progressive  elements  which  circumstances 
had  placed  in  his  hands,  and  after  a  struggle 
of  five  or  six  years,  in  which  the  reactionists 
were  very  stubborn  and  bitter  the  primacy 
which  has  since  been  conceded  him  was  ad- 
mitted by  all  parties  in  Kentucky,  of  which 
he  is  often  styled  the  "  Dictator  "  and  "  The 
Uncrowned  King."  Like  Henry  Clay  he  was 
not  a  native  of  the  State  and  encountered  sav- 
age opposition  before  he  was  finally  accepted; 
but,  once  in  the  saddle,  he  has  found  riding 
comparatively  easy.  On  all  the  great  ques- 
tions which  divided  the  Democratic  party  the 
last  forty  years,  the  results  have  vindicated 
Mr.  Watterson's  sagacity,  though  he  was 
often,  and  indeed  generally,  far  in  advance 
of  his  party.  He  stood  for  national  fellowship, 
almost  alone  against  radicalism.  North  and 
South.  He  stood  for  honest  money  and  the 
national  credit,  when  his  party  was  almost  a' 
unit  for  irredeemable  paper  currency.  From 
the  outset  he  led  the  cause  of  Free  Trade, 
finally  forcing  upon  his  party  the  shibboleth, 
"A  Tariff  for  Revenue  Only."  He  has  either 
written  or  exercised  a  decisive  influence  in 
shaping  the  platform  of  the  Democratic  party 
from  1872  to  1892.  In  the  National  Conven- 
tion of  1892,  he  reversed  the  report  of  the 
Platform  Committee,  adopted  in  committee  by 
an  almost  unanimous  vote,  securing  in  op- 
position to  the  report  of  the  committee,  a  vote 
of  two  to  one,  in  the  convention.  In  1896, 
foreseeing  the  adoption  of  the  declarations  in 
the  Chicago  platform,  he  declined  to  take 
part  in  the  convention  and  refused  to  accept 
the  platform.  He  supported  the  Sound 
Money  Democratic  movement  as  a  protest 
against  what  he  considered  the  radical  meas- 
ures of  the  regular  organization.  Mr  Watter- 
son has  resolutely  declined  ofiice.  In  response 
to  the  wishes  of  Mr.  Tilden,  with  whom  he 
was  closely  allied,  he  accepted  a  seat  in  Con- 
gress during  the  crisis  of  1876-77;  refusing  a 
re-election  he  was  made  a  member  of  the  Ways 
and  Means  Committee,  as  a  recognition  of  his 
position  as  a  publicist  and  political  economist, 
and  was  also  a  member  of  the  joint  Committee 
of  Advisement,  a  body  charged  with  the  con- 
trol of  the  Democratic  plan  of  campaign.  He 
sat  for  the  State  of  Kentucky  at  large  in 
all  the  national  conventions  of  his  party  from 
1872  until  1892,  presiding  over  that  which 
nominated  Mr.  Tilden  in  1876,  and  acting  as 
chairman  of  the  Platform  Committee  in  those 
of  1880  and  1888.  The  way  to  high  official 
advancement  has  been  at  all  times  open  to 
him.  But  in  declining  to  stand  for  the  Senate 
in  1883,  he  said,  "  I  shall  stay  where  I  am. 
Office  is  not  for  me.  Beginning  in  slavery  to 
end  with  poverty,  it  is  odious  to  my  sense 
of  freedom."  Mr.  Watterson  speaks  as  effec- 
tively as  he  writes,  and  is  a  familiar  and 
popular  personality  on  the  hustings,  and  in 
the  lecture-room.  He  ranks  among  the  first  of 
the  American  orators,  his  fame  in  this  re- 
gard having  reached  its  culmination  in  the 
address  delivered  by  him  on  the  occasion  of 
the  dedication  of  the  Columbia  Exposition, 
Chicago,    when   with   the    Hon.    Chauncey   M. 


340 


BATES 


BATES 


Depew,  he  appeared  as  the  oflScial  spokesman 
of  the  government.  In  recent  years  he  has 
been  in  great  demand  for  the  lecture  platform, 
and  among  others  his  lectures  on  "  Money  and 
Morals "  and  "  Abraham  Lincoln  "  have  been 
delivered  in  every  large  city  and  educational 
center  in  the  United  States.  He  has  writ- 
ten or  compiled  several  books.  Among  these 
a  volume  of  Southern  humor,  "  Oddities  of 
Southern  Life  and  Character,"  "The  Spanish- 
American  War,"  written  concurrently  with  the 
events ;  and  his  latest  work,  "  Compromises  of 
Life,"  a  compilation  of  his  lectures  and  ad- 
dresses and  numerous  editorials  from  the 
"  Courier- Journal  "  that  attracted  more  than 
ordinary  attention.  Mr.  Watterson's  home  life 
is  ideal.  Loving  the  freedom  and  "  elbow 
room "  of  the  country,  his  desire  for  long 
years  was  to  possess  a  place  to  which  he 
could  retire  in  old  age  from  the  noise  and 
rush  and  bustle  of  the  city.  About  twenty 
years  ago  he  discovered  his  ideal  place  in  a 
plantation  of  about  one  hundred  acres  near 
Jeffersontown,  twelve  miles  south  of  Louisville. 
He  purchased  the  property,  beautified  it  to 
suit  his  own  ideas  and  moved  out  from  Louis- 
ville. Here,  at  "  Mansfield,"  he  does  most  of 
his  writing,  coming  usually  to  the  "  Courier- 
Journal  "  office  every  day  or  every  other  day 
when  occasion  demands.  In  late  years  he  has 
been  spending  his  summers  abroad  and  his 
winters  at  his  home  in  Florida  He  married, 
20  Dec,  1865,  Rebecca,  daughter  of  Hon. 
Andrew  Ewing,  of  Nashville,  Tenn.  They 
have  had  five  children,  three  sons  and  two 
daughters. 

BATES,  Linden  Wallace,  Jr.,  consulting  en- 
gineer, b.  in  Portland,  Ore.,  17  July,  1883;  d 
at  sea  off  Cape  Fastnet,  Ireland,  7  May,  1915, 
son  of  Lindon  Wallace  and  Josephine  (White) 
Bates.  Through  his  mother  he  was  a  lineal 
descendant  of  Simeon  Cole,  who  served  in  the 
Revolution  as  captain  of  .the  Seventh  Company 
of  the  First  Bristol  County  (Mass.)  Militia. 
Beginning  with  Nathaniel  Bates,  who  emigrated 
from  London  to  Virginia  in  1663,  and  later 
settled  in  New  York  City,  he  traced  his  pa- 
ternal ancestry  through  seven  generations, 
through  Thomas  and  his  wife,  Elizabeth 
Stewel;  Benjamin,  a  wealthy  real  estate  holder 
in  New  York;  John  and  his  wife,  Elizabeth 
Skinner;  Thomas  and  his  wife,  Ann;  Stephen, 
a  shipbuilder  by  trade,  and  his  wife,  Elizabeth 
Wallace.  Their  son,  William  Wallace  Bates, 
was  a  naval  architect,  who  served  from  1889 
until  1892  as  U.  S.  Commissioner  of  Naviga- 
tion, and  was  the  author  of  numerous  books 
on  the  American  marine;  he  married  Marie 
Cole.  Their  son,  Lindon  Wallace  Bates  (1st) 
was  a  consulting  engineer  whose  work  has  won 
him  great  prominence,  and  was  a  member  of 
the  executive  committee  of  the  Commission 
for  Relief  of  Belgium  during  the  early  part  of 
the  European  War.  Lindon  W.  Bates,  Jr.,  at- 
tended the  Chicago  high  school,  after  which 
he  was  prepared  for  college  in  England  at  the 
Harrow  School,  also  taking  an  elective  course 
in  the  Sheffield  Scientific  School.  In  his  junior 
year  he  received  honors  in  history,  was 
awarded  the  second  prize  in  political  economy 
the  next  year,  and  was  also  given  honors  in 
history  and  political  science.  He  was  gradu- 
ated PhB.  by  Yale  University  in  1902.  In 
June,   1903,  he  began  his  professional  career 


in  partnership  with  his  father.  His  first  im- 
portant work  after  completing  his  engineering 
course  was  on  the  New  York  Barge  Canal,  in 
which  work  he  was  engaged  for  several  years. 
Later  he  went  to  Galveston,  Tex.,  where  as 
secretary  of  the  United  States  Engineering 
Company,  he  had  supervision  over  the  grade- 
raising,  intended  to  protect  the  city  from  the 
ravages  of  future  floods.  His  professional 
work  now  assumed  such  importance  that  it 
became  necessary  for  him  to  spend  much  of  his 
time  on  the  continent  of  Europe,  and,  in  the 
interests  of  engineering  projects  in  which  he 
was  engaged,  he  was  located  at  various  times 
in  Egypt,  Russia,  Spain,  Italy,  Greece,  Eng- 
land, Switzerland,  and  Panama.  At  the  time 
of  his  death  he  was  vice-president  of  the  Bates 
Engineering  Company  of  New  York  City,  and 
acted  as  consulting  engineer  for  a  number  of 
important  concerns,  including  the  Western  En- 
gineering Corporation,  the  Denver  Mining  In- 
vestment Company,  th^e  Laguintes  Oil  Com- 
pany, the  Maikop  Areas  and  the  Trinidad 
Cedros  Oil  Company.  The  achievements  of 
Lindon  W.  Bates,  Jr.,  during  the  short  time 
covered  by  his  career,  are  remarkable,  not  only 
because  of  their  number,  but  also  for  their 
versatility.  After  1904  he  was  active  in 
politics,  and,  in  1908,  was  elected  to  the  New 
York  State  legislature,  being  re-elected  the 
following  term.  His  special  attention  during 
this  period  was  given  to  condemnation  and 
civil  service  reform  measures,  and  to  direct 
nomination  and  employers'  liability  bills,  in 
all  of  which  legislation  he  was  a  conscientious 
worker  in  the  interest  of  the  people  whom  he 
represented.  In  1909  he  was  appointed  by 
Mayor  McClellan  a  member  of  the  General 
Commission  on  Water  Supply,  his  special  duty 
being  to  report  on  a  $25,000,000  water  tunnel 
for  Manhattan,  and  he  later  served  as  a  member 
on  the  National  Conservation  Congress.  In  1912, 
and  again  in  1914,  he  was  a  candidate  for  Con- 
gress from  the  Seventeenth  District,  a  Dem- 
ocratic stronghold,  where,  although  defeated, 
his  popularity  was  such  that  he  ran  far  ahead 
of  his  ticket.  In  addition  to  his  professional 
and  political  activities  Mr.  Bates  wrote  much 
on  technical  and  economic  subjects,  contribut- 
ing numerous  articles  to  scientific  and  other 
magazines,  and  was  the  author  of  several 
books,  among  which  were:  "The  Political 
Horoscope,"  written  in  1904,  in  collaboration 
with  Charles  A.  Moore,  Jr. ;  "  The  Loss  of 
Water  in  New  York's  Distribution  System" 
(1909);  "The  Russian  Road  to  China" 
(1910),  and  "The  Path  of  the  *  Conquista- 
dores  '  "  (1912).  As  secretary  of  the  class  of 
1902,  Sheffield  Scientific  School,  an  office  which 
he  held  until  1913,  he  edited  the  Triennial  and 
Sexennial  Class  Records.  Mr.  Bates  was  a 
member  of  the  Western  Society  of  Engineers, 
the  Society  Beige  des  Ing^nieurs  et  dos  Indus- 
triels,  and  a  junior  member  of  the  American 
Society  of  Civil  Engineers.  He  took  great 
delight  in  exploration,  and  accompanied  sev- 
eral hunting  and  exploring  expeditions,  notably 
a  midwinter  sledge  journey  through  Mongolia 
and  Siberia  in  1908.  Mr.  Bates  was  much  in- 
terested in  the  relief  work  of  the  European 
War,  and  gave  effective  service  on  the  (\)mmi8- 
sion  for  Relief  of  Belgium,  of  which  his  father 
was  vice-chairman  and  was  a  momher  of  the 
executive  committee  of  the  London  Board.    His 


341 


TORREY 


WIDENER 


Co^*****-^^^  ^<^ 


death  occurred  in  the  "Lusitania"  disaster, 
while  he  was  on  his  way  to  Belgium  to  assist 
in  organizing  more  effectively  the  work  of  the 
commission.  He  was  a  trustee  of  the  Fifth 
Avenue  Presbyterian  Church. 

TORREY,  Franklin,  merchant,  b.  in  Scitu- 
ate,  Mass.,  25  Oct.,  1830;  d.  in  Florence,  Italy, 
16  Nov.,  1912,  son  of  David  and  Vesta  (How- 
ard)  Torrey.     His  earliest  American  ancestor 

was  Lieut. 
James  Torrey, 
who  emigrated 
to  this  coun- 
try from  Somer- 
setshire in  Eng- 
land, and  set- 
tled at  Scitu- 
ate,  Mass.,  in 
1632.  From 
him  the  line 
of  descent  is 
traced  through 
his  son,  Josiah 
Torrey  (1658)  ; 
Capt.  Caleb 
Torrey  ( 1695- 
1772);  George 
Torrey  (1758- 
18  13),  and 
David  Torrey 
(1787  -  1877). 
M  r  .  Torrey's 
parents  took 
unusual  pains 
in  the  education  of  their  son.  His  evi- 
dent artistic  talent  led  him  to  the  study 
of  sculpture,  which  he  pursued  in  the  in- 
tervals of  his  general  studies.  In  1849, 
and  again  in  1851,  he  visited  Italy,  where 
he  completed  his  art  studies.  He  resided 
in  Leghorn,  being  engaged  in  the  export  of 
marble  and  other  Italian  products  to  the 
United  States,  and  at  one  time  was  manager 
of  more  than  thirty  quarries.  In  1898  Mr. 
Torrey  retired  from  active  business  and  settled 
in  Florence,  where  he  became  at  once  a  prom- 
inent member  of  the  American  colony.  He 
was  noted  for  his  conservatism  in  business 
and  for  his  energy,  wisdom,  and  caution.  He 
possessed  the  unqualified  respect,  confidence, 
and  regard  of  all  his  contemporaries.  He  was 
independent  and  self-reliant,  not  only  in  mat- 
ters of  importance  but  also  in  the  smaller 
affairs  and  conventionalities  of  life.  A  public- 
spirited  man,  of  great  activity  and  extreme 
generosity,  his  passing  was  deeply  mourned  in 
all  sections  of  the  Anglo-American  community 
in  Italy.  He  was  the  moving  spirit  in  building 
the  beautiful  Episcopal  Church  in  Florence, 
which  he  lived  to  see  dedicated.  Besides  con- 
tributing generously  toward  the  building  fund, 
Mr.  Torrey  presented  the  massive  iron  railings 
with  two  gates  which  inclose  the  church  in 
Via  Bernardo  Rucellai,  and  he  and  Mrs.  Torrey 
gave  the  altar  window.  Mr.  Torrey  served  the 
United  States  for  more  than  twenty  years  as 
consul  at  Carrara,  Italy.  On  24  May,  1855,  he 
married  Sarah  Lincoln  Spinney,  of  Boston, 
Mass  They  had  two  children:  Charles  F 
Torrey,  of  London,  and  Mrs.  Edward  J.  Ber- 
wind,  of  New  York. 

WIDENER,  Harry  Elkins,  bibliophile,  b.  in 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  3  Jan.,  1885;  d.  at  sea,  in 
the  "Titanic"  disaster,  15  April,  1912,  son  of 
George  Dunton  and  Eleanor  (Elkins)  Widener. 

342 


He  was  a  member  of  the  Widener  family  of 
Philadelphia,  whose  work  in  the  organization 
and  management  of  that  city's  street  railway 
system  form  an  important  chapter  in  civic 
history.  His  maternal  grandfather,  William 
L.  Elkins,  organized  the  Philadelphia  Traction 
Company,  finally  acquiring  possession  of  Phil- 
adelphia's entire  system  of  street  railways. 
Peter  A.  B.  Widener,  his  paternal  grand- 
father, who  was  closely  associated  with  Mr. 
Elkins  in  his  traction  enterprises,  was  a  prac- 
tical philanthropist,  and  deeply  interested  in 
art.  His  son,  George  D.  Widener,  early  be- 
came recognized  as  a  traction  expert,  and  soon 
came  into  the  management  of  his  father's 
great  traction  interests.  With  his  son,  he 
died  chivalrously  and  heroically  on  the  fatal 
voyage  of  the  "  Titanic."  Harry  E.  Widener 
was  prepared  for  college  at  Hill  School,  and 
entered  Harvard  University  in  1903,  being 
graduated  in  1907.  Immediately  afterward 
he  became  connected  with  the  extensive  busi- 
ness and  railway  interests  which  the  genius  of 
his  father  and  grandfathers  had  built  up. 
Like  them,  however,  he  was  not  of  a  nature 
to  be  contented  wholly  with  the  mere  amassing 
of  wealth,  but  was  keenly  desirous  to  give  to 
the  world  something  of  value — something  it 
would  not  willingly  let  die.  He  inherited  a 
love  for  books  and  art;  and  in  him  the  tastes 
of  his  family  found  their  highest  expression. 
At  the  time  of  his  death,  which  occurred  when 
he  was  but  twenty-seven  -years  of  age,  he  was 
identified  with  many  interests,  social,  athletic, 
business,  and  philanthropic,  yet  had  lived  in 
books  as  few  men  have  ever  lived.  He  had 
acquired  a  library  of  valuable  works  which 
has  the  distinction  of  being  the  finest  library 
ever  collected  by  so  young  a  man;  had  few 
peers  as  a  collector;  and  was  known  among 
dealers  as  the  most  intelligent  and  discrimi- 
nating of  all  American  bibliophiles.  Mr. 
Widener  had  been  surrounded  with  fine  books 
all  hia  life,  and  he  began  his  own  remarkable 
collection  while  in  college.  The  Hasty  Pud- 
ding Club  plays  appealed  to  him,  and  he  went 
on  a  search  for  books  with  pictures  of  period 
costumes.  Incidentally  he  discovered  many 
old  colored  plates,  some  of  which  he  purchased, 
notably  several  by  Rowlandson  and  the  Cruik- 
shanks,  and  these  formed  the  nucleus  of  hia 
fine  collection  of  the  better  works  of  the  same 
character.  He  began  his  collection  of  books 
with  first  editions  of  such  standard  authors 
as  Thackeray,  Dickens,  Tennyson,  and  Brown- 
ing, and  soon  owned  rare  and  desirable  copies 
of  nearly  everything  they  had  written.  His 
knowledge  of  books  was  truly  remarkable.  He 
was  intimately  acquainted  with  the  annals  of 
English  literature,  w^hile  his  intense  enthu- 
siasm, painstaking  care,  and  devotion  to  his 
chosen  subject,  and  wonderful  memory,  aided, 
as  he  says  in  the  introduction  to  his  cata- 
logue, "  by  the  interest  and  devotion  of  hia 
grandfather  and  parents,"  enabled  him  in  com- 
paratively few  years  to  secure  a  collection  of 
3,000  volumes,  the  possession  of  which  could 
make  any  collector  proud.  Mr.  Widener  early 
began  to  realize  where  his  fondness  of  in- 
teresting copies  of  famous  books  would  lead 
him  He  enjoyed  intimate  acquaintance  and 
friendship  with  some  of  the  greatest  collectors 
of  books,  and  determined  to  be  one  of  them. 
While  he  stood  modestly  aside  for  those  who, 


\ 


WIDENER 


WIDENER 


like  J.  Pierpont  Morgan,  he  thought  had  a 
prior  claim  to  first  choice  at  sales,  he  never- 
theless keenly  studied  the  market  and  books 
with  a  view  to  laying  the  foundations  upon 
which  to  base  his  claim  to  the  greatest  treas- 
ures in  the  years  to  come.  He  was  fortunate 
in  securing  the  co-operation  of  Dr.  S.  W. 
Rosenbach,  of  Philadelphia,  who  became  his 
friend  and  mentor,  and  Mr,  Bernard  Quaritch, 
of  London;  while  his  sincere  enthusiasm  and 
winning  personality  gained  him  easy  access  to 
the  treasures  of  many  of  the  great  antiquarian 
.booksellers.  He  was  better  known  in  New 
York  than  in  Philadelphia  for  his  enthusiastic 
devotion  to  his  quest,  and  better  known  in 
London  than  in  New  York.  His  policy  in 
.buying  was  marked  by  an  unusual  degree  of 
prudence  and  wisdom.  When  at  sales,  such  as 
the  Robert  Hoe  sale  in  New  York  and  the 
Huth  sale  in  London,  he  was  compelled  to  let 
many  famous  books  go  to  those  whom  he 
granted  a  prior  claim,  he  drew  upon  his  in- 
exhaustible fund  of  book  lore  and  included 
among  his  purchases  volumes  which  he  felt 
confident  would  be  famous  when  better  known, 
books  often  unheard  of  by  the  ordinary  col- 
lector, but  which  would  delight  the  heart  of 
the  scholar.  His  library  was  a  young  man's 
library,  the  result  of  the  use  of  large  means, 
rare  judgment,  and  an  inborn  instinct  for  dis- 
covering the  best.  Primarily  a  library  of  Eng- 
lish literature,  it  includes  first  editions  of 
Shakespeare,  Milton,  Spencer,  Johnson,  Gold- 
smith, Gray,  Keats,  Shelley,  Dickens,  Thack- 
eray and  Meredith.  The  first  folio  of  Shake- 
speare included  in  this  collection  was  the  Van 
Antwerp  copy,  formerly  Locker-Lampson's, 
one  of  the  finest  copies  extant;  also  a  copy 
of  "Poems  Written  by  William  Shakespeare, 
Gent,  1640,"  in  original  sheepskin  binding. 
Mr.  Widener  was  particularly  fascinated  by 
Stevenson,  and  his  Stevenson  collection  is  a 
monument  to  his  industry  and  patience,  and 
probably  the  finest  in  existence.  He  possessed 
holograph  copies  of  the  Vailima  letters  and 
other  priceless  treasures;  while  he  secured  and 
J)ublished  privately  for  Stevenson  lovers  an 
edition  of  an  autobiography  written  by  Steven- 
|son  in  California  in  the  early  eighties.  He 
possessed  a  superb  "  Pickwick,"  presentation 
copies  of  "  Martin  Chuzzlewit "  and  "  Oliver 
Twist " ;  dedication  copy  to  Macready  of 
"Nicholas  Nickleby";  Boswell's  "Life  of 
Johnson,"  and  Burton's  "Anatomy  of  Melan- 
choly "  in  original  binding ;  and  presentation 
copy  of  Butler's  "  Hudibras."  One  of  his  chief 
delights  was  his  search  for  volumes  which  had 
belonged  to  famous  people,  and  he  was  re- 
warded by  having  in  his  possession  a  number 
of  notable  volumes  of  this  kind,  also  books  in 
which  the  author  had  inscribed  his  name. 
Among  these  was  the  Countess  of  Pembroke's 
copy  of  Sir  Philip  Sidney's  "Arcadia";  the 
Rev.  Samuel  Purchas's  "  Pilgrimes,"  which 
continues  Hakluyt's  record  of  English  foreign 
travel ;  the  copy  of  Thackeray's  "  Henry  Es- 
mond "  given  with  "  grateful  regards "  to 
Charlotte  Bronte;  an  inscribed  copy  of 
"  Romola,"  and  a  copy  of  the'  extremely  rare 
Bible,  printed  in  1550,  formerly  the  property 
of  King  Edward  VI.  The  collection  of  Row- 
landson  water  color  drawings  which  Mr 
Widener  began  in  college  grew  to  number  150, 
the  finest  collection  of  its  kind  in  the  world. 


The  Cruikshank  drawings  included  the  illus- 
trations of  "  Oliver  Twist,"  upon  which  Cruik- 
shank based  his  claim  that  he  supplied  the 
ideas  which  Dickens  exploited  and  elaborated 
in  his  novels.  Other  drawings  in  this  collec- 
tion included  William  Blake's  "  America ;  a 
Prophecy";  an  original  water  color  drawing, 
"The  Reunion  of  the  Soul  and  Body,"  by 
Blake,  and  published  in  Blair's  poem,  "The 
Grave " ;  and  a  number  of  interesting  draw- 
ings by  Aubrey  Beardsley.  Harry  E.  Widener 
was  a  young  man  of  brilliant  attainments,  in- 
satiable in  his  thirst  for  knowledge,  and  as 
the  result  of  his  wonderfully  retentive  mem- 
ory, which  never  let  him  forget  a  date  or  a 
fact  once  imbedded  in  his  mind,  was  incon- 
ceivably well  informed  on  every  subject.  He 
had  a  way  of  saying:  "...  if  I  get  it  in  my 
head,  I  will  put  it  where  it  can't  be  lost,  that 
is — so  long  as  I  keep  my  head."  He  won 
friends  easily  and  he  had  every  opportunity 
that  attaches  to  ideal  environment,  and  social 
prestige.  Yet  he  lived  in  and  for  his  books. 
He  was  of  a  retiring,  studious  disposition, 
considerate  of  others  and  unfailing  in  cour- 
tesy; amiable  and  lovable  by  temperament, 
and  devoted  to  his  friends  Yet  another  one 
of  his  strongest  characteristics  was  his  love 
for  his  mother.  When  displaying  his  treas- 
ures to  his  intimates,  his  devotion  to  her  al- 
ways led  him  to  show  among  the  first  his  copy 
of  Cowper's  "  Task,"  a  book  which  once  be- 
longed to  Thackeray,  and  under  the  frontis- 
piece, which  shows  Cowper  looking  at  a  por- 
trait of  his  mother,  the  novelist  had  inscribed, 
"  A  great  point  in  a  great  man,  a  great  love 
for  his  mother."  Mr.  Widener  was  a  member 
of  many  clubs,  including  the  Grolier  Society 
of  New  York,  for  which  he  was  named  by 
Mr.  Morgan  He  was  ambitious  to  be  known 
as  something  more  than  a  mere  collec1;or  of 
books,  and  longed  to  identify  himself  with 
some  great  library,  so  that  his  books  could  be 
at  the  disposal  of  scholars  In  the  spring  of 
1912,  shortly  before  he  started  on  his  last 
voyage  to  London,  he  sat  late  into  the  night 
planning  for  the  future  disposal  of  his  books. 
He  said,  "  I  do  not  wish  to  be  remembered 
merely  as  the  collector  of  a  few  books,  no 
matter  how  fine  they  may  be.  I  want  to  be 
remembered  in  connection  with  a  great 
library."  And  in  order  to  gain  more  perma- 
nent results  than  his  own  satisfaction,  he 
transferred  in  his  will  his  collection  to  the 
Harvard  Library.  In  the  light  of  future 
events  his  remark  and  plans  seemed  prophetic. 
On  this  trip  to  London  Harry  E.  Widener 
bought  his  last  book — a  rare  copy  of  Bacon's 
"  Essaies,"  edition  of  1508,  which  Quaritch 
secured  for  him  at  the  Huth  sale.  After  giv- 
ing instructions  as  to  the  final  disposition  of 
his  purchases,  he  said:  "I  think  I'll  take  tjiat 
little  Bacon  with  me  in  my  pocket,  and  if  I 
am  shipwrecked  it  will  go  witli  nio."  As  a 
friend  remarked,  "  in  all  the  history  of  book 
collecting,  this  is  the  most  touching  story." 
The  same  friend  also  beautifully  said:  "  When 
Shelley's  body  was  cast  up  by  the  waves  on 
the  shore  near  Viarcggio  ho  had  a  vohnne  of 
Keats  in  his  pocket  doubled  back  at  '  The  Eve 
of  St  Agnes'  And  in  ])oor  Harry  W'idcnor's 
pocket  there  was  a  Bacon,  and  in  this  Bacon 
we  might  have  read:  "The  same  man  that 
was  envied  while  he  lived  shall  be  loved  when 


343 


COTTERILL 


COTTERILL 


he  is  gone."  The  Harry  Elkins  Memorial 
Library  at  Cambridge  was  dedicated  2  June, 
1915.  It  is  essentially  a  memorial,  a  mother's 
tribute  to  her  son,  and  more  completely  a 
memorial  since  it  is  the  fulfillment  of  his 
strongest  desire.  From  the  central  doorway, 
which  opens  from  a  portico  formed  by  lofty 
Corinthian  columns,  the  visitor  may  look 
straight  ahead,  through  a  vista  of  marble 
columns,  up  a  broad  marble  stairway  to  the 
VVidener  Memorial  rooms,  which  are  the  par- 
ticular feature  of  the  building,  and  where 
Harry  E.  Widener's  precious  books  are  stored. 
Within  view  from  the  doorway,  on  the  south 
wall  of  the  library  room,  over  a  marble  framed 
fireplace,  hangs  a  portrait  of  Harry  VVidener, 
done  by  Ferrier,  of  Paris,  in  1913.  On  either 
side  of  the  entrance  are  two  tablets  inscribed 
to  the  memory  of  Harry  E.  Widener  by  his 
mother;  while  a  further  tribute  on  a  slab  in 
the  entrance  hall   reads  as   follows: 

"  Harry  Elkins  Widener,  A.B.,  1907,  loved 
the  books  which  he  had  collected,  and  the 
college  to  which  he  bequeathed  them.  *  He 
labored  not  for  himself  only,  but  for  all  those 
who  seek  learning.'  This  memorial  has  been 
placed  here  by  his  classmates." 

A  superb  building,  the  Widener  Library  was 
planned  by  Horace  Traumbauer,  of  Philadel- 
phia, and  erected  under  the  personal  super- 
vision of  Mrs.  George  D.  Widener.  Its  total 
capacity  may  be  placed  at  1,900,000  volumes, 
with  a  possible  capacity  of  nearly  2,400,000 
volumes,  placing  it  well  ahead  of  all  other 
university  storehouses  for  books,  and  only 
slightly  behind  the  New  York  Public  Library 
and  the  Congressional  Library  at  Washington, 
while  it  considerably  surpasses  the  Boston 
Public  Library  in  capacity.  Briefly  it  is  a 
house  of  beauty,  utility,  and  service  to  Har- 
vard, .the  country,  and  the  world. 

COTTERILL,  George  Fletcher,  civil  engineer 
and  public  official,  b.  in  Oxford,  England,  18 
Nov.,  1865,  son  of  Robert  and  Alice  (Smith) 
Cotterill.  His  fa- 
ther was  a  land- 
scape gardener  and 
subsequently  a  flo- 
rist, following  his 
occupation  in  Lei- 
cestershire, Oxford- 
shire, and  Glou- 
cestershire, in  Eng- 
land, until  1872, 
when  he  brought 
his  wife  and  the 
five  children  to 
America.  For 
twelve  years  he 
conducted  a  florist's 
^establishment  at 
Montclair,  N.  J., 
but  in  the  early 
part  of  1884  went 
West,  to  the  Pu- 
get  Sound  country  of  Washington  Territory. 
Three  years  later  he  removed  his  family  to 
the  W^est,  and  located  on  a  farm  at  Redwood, 
near  Seattle,  where  he  continued  to  reside  un- 
til his  last  illness  compelled  his  removal  to 
Seattle,  to  the  home  of  his  son,  George  Fletcher 
Cotterill  Here  he  died  28  Dec,  1908.  George 
F.  Cotterill  obtained  his  primary  and  sec- 
ondary   education    in    the    public    schools    of 


Montclair,  where  practically  all  his  boyhood 
was  spent,  and  was  class  valedictorian  in  the 
high  school,  in  June,  1881.  Immediately  after 
he  took  up  a  course  in  surveying  and  civil 
engineering,  obtaining  his  practical  experi- 
ence as  assistant  to  James  Owen,  county  engi- 
neer of  Essex  County,  N.  J.,  and  town  engineer 
of  Montclair.  Under  his  tuition,  and  in  his 
employment,  Mr.  Cotterill  remained  until 
1883,  when  he  became  assistant  landscape 
engineer  in  Arlington  Cemetery,  Hudson 
County,  N.  J.,  where  he  remained  until  he 
accompanied  his  father  to  Washington  Terri- 
tory in  1884.  For  the  two  years  following  he 
found  various  employments  in  general  sur- 
veying about  Tacoma  and  Seattle.  During 
1886  and  1887  he  was  instrument  man  in  the 
construction  of  the  Northern  Pacific  Railway 
over  the  Cascade  Mountains,  after  which  he 
became  assistant  engineer  with  the  Seattle, 
Lake  Shore  and  Eastern  Railway,  being  also 
connected  with  the  opening  of  the  Issaquah 
coal  mines  during  this  period.  In  1888  Mr. 
Cotterill  began  a  private  surveying  and  engi- 
neering practice  in  Seattle,  which  he  continued 
until  1892,  when  he  became  assistant  city 
engineer  of  Seattle.  In  1900  he  resumed  his 
private  practice,  opening  an  office  in  Seattle, 
specializing  in  landscape  planting  and  as  an 
expert  in  litigation  involving  problems  of 
engineering.  In  this  practice  he  has  continued 
until  the  present  time  (1917),  except  when 
interrupted  by  the  services  he  was  compelled 
to  devote  to  the  various  public  offices  he  has 
filled.  Mr.  Cotterill,  always  a  close  student 
of  social  problems  and  public  affairs,  has  par- 
ticipated actively  in  the  political  life  of  the 
community,  especially  as  a  writer  and  a  pub- 
lic speaker.  While  a  Lincoln  Republican 
through  home  influence  and  early  environment, 
he  has  never  allowed  himself  to  be  bound  by 
party  affiliations.  To  him  the  evil  of  in- 
temperance has  always  been  a  paramount 
issue,  even  in  politics.  It  was  largely  on  ac- 
count of  this  that  he  left  the  Republicans  and 
cast  his  first  vote,  in  1892,  for  the  Prohibition 
candidate.  Gen.  John  Bidwell.  In  1896  he 
became  an  enthusiastic  supporter  of  the  "  New 
Democracy,"  under  the  leadership  of  William 
J.  Bryan,  with  whose  activities  he  has  ever 
since  been  associated.  It  was  the  members 
of  this  party  who,  in  1900,  nominated  Mr. 
Cotterill  as  a  candidate  for  presidential  elector 
and  for  mayor  of  Seattle.  Two  years  later  he 
was  again  nominated  for  public  office,  as 
Congressman-at-large,  but  again  failed  to  be 
elected.  In  1906,  however,  he  was  elected  to 
the  State  Senate,  where  he  served  through  two 
legislatures.  In  1908  he  received  the  nomina- 
tion for  candidate  to  the  U.  S.  Senate  at  the 
direct  primaries  and  again  in  1910,  but  in 
both  cases  the  legislature  was  Republican  and 
was  able,  on  a  joint  ballot,  to  send  a  Re- 
publican to  W'ashington.  In  1914  the  Demo- 
crats nominated  him  as  candidate  for  mayor 
of  Seattle,  and  this  time  he  was  elected,  serv- 
ing as  chief  executive  of  the  municipality 
until  1914.  In  summing  up  Mr.  Cotterill's 
career,  both  private  and  political,  it  would 
be  unfair  not  to  dwell  somewhat  on  what  has 
been  his  guiding  incentive  in  his  many  social 
interests.  From  early  manhood  he  has  been, 
not  only  a  total  abstainer,  but  an  energetic 
advocate  of  temperance  reform.     In   relation 


344 


PLANTZ 


PLANTZ 


I 


to  this  particular  field  of  social  reform,  he 
has  always  been  an  active  member  of  the  Order 
of  Good  Templars,  a  world-wide  temperance 
organization.  In  1889,  when  only  twenty-three 
years  of  age,  he  was  elected  grand  secretary 
of  the  Washington  Grand  Lodge  and  as  such 
devoted  himself  energetically  to  the  campaign 
for  constitutional  prohibition  when  Washing- 
ton was  admitted  to  statehood.  In  1893  he 
attended  the  International  Supreme  Lodge  of 
Good  Templars  at  Des  Moines,  la.,  and  has 
since  been  present  at  every  international  meet- 
ing of  the  order:  at  Boston,  in  1895;  at 
Zurich,  Switzerland,  in  1897;  at  Toronto, 
Canada,  in  1899;  at  Stockholm,  Sweden,  in 
1902;  at  Belfast,  Ireland,  in  1905;  at  Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  in  1908;  at  Hamburg,  Germany, 
in  1911,  and  at  Christiania,  Norway,  in  1914. 
In  1899  he  was  elected  to  the  second  executive 
position  in  the  organization:  international 
counselor,  and  held  that  office  for  three  terms. 
He  was  elected  first  national  chief  templar  of 
the  National  Grand  Lodge  of  the  United  States 
at  its  organization  in  Chicago,  in  1905,  in 
which  office  he  continued  for  eight  terms,  being 
re-elected  each  year,  until  1913.  Then  he  was 
compelled  to  refuse  election  to  his  ninth  term 
on  account  of  the  demands  made  on  his  time 
and  energies  by  his  duties  as  mayor  of  Seattle. 
That  Mr.  Cotterill's  zeal  for  the  cause  of  tem- 
perance was  recognized  by  those  outside  the 
movement  itself  is  evident  from  the  fact  that 
two  Presidents  of  the  United  States,  of  op- 
posite political  faiths.  President  Taft  and 
President  Wilson,  each  appointed  him  a  mem- 
ber of  the  American  delegations  to  two  inter- 
national congresses  against  alcoholism;  the 
one  to  the  congress  held  in  London,  in  1909, 
and  the  other  to  the  congress  held  in  Milan, 
Italy,  in  1913.  Nor  has  Mr.  Cotterill  con- 
fined his  energies  in  this  direction  to  his  own 
State;  in  1907  he  participated  in  the  prohibi- 
tion campaign  in  Oklahoma,  when  an  eflFort 
was  made  to  include  it  in  the  provisions  of  the 
new  State's  Constitution.  In  .1911  he  was 
speaking  in  Maine  against  the  repeal  of  the 
prohibition  law  in  that  State.  Mr.  Cotterill 
has  also  lectured  on  other  subjects,  principally 
on  the  experiences  gained  and  the  observations 
made  during  his  extensive  travels  abroad,  cov- 
ering Great  Britain,  Germany,  the  Scandi- 
navian countries,  Holland,  Belgium,  France, 
Switzerland,  Austria  and  Italy.  These  lec- 
tures, however,  have  not  been  of  a  professional 
nature,  but  were  given  on  request  and  from 
a  desire  to  render  public  service,  especially  in 
the  fields  of  those  reforms  that  were  so  close 
to  his  heart.  Mr.  Cotterill  is  also  a  charter 
member  of  the  Pacific  Northwest  Society  of 
Engineers,  of  which  he  was  the  first  secretary, 
covering  a  term  of  two  years  He  is  like- 
wise a  member  of  the  Seattle  Chamber  of 
Commerce,  the  Commercial  Club,  the  Munici- 
pal League,  and  a  number  of  other  civic  or- 
ganizations. On  19  Feb.,  1890,  Mr.  Cotterill 
married  Cora  Rowena,  daughter  of  Henry 
Gormley,  a  resident  of  Seattle,  originally  of 
Wisconsin,  where  Mrs.  Cotterill  was  born. 
Their  only  child  was  Ruth  Eileen  Cotterill,  b. 
in  1892,  d.  in  1900. 

PLANTZ,  Samuel,  college  president,  b.  in 
Gloversville,  N.  Y.,  13  June,  1859,  son  of 
James  and  Elsie  Ann  (Stollar)  Plantz.  Ac- 
cording to  family  tradition,  the  first  of  the 


name  to  settle  in  this  country  was  Adam 
Plantz.  The  farm  which  he  occupied  has  re- 
mained continuously  in  the  possession  of  the 
family  for  more  than  200  years,  and  is  now 
owned  by  John  P.  Plantz,  of  Johnstown,  N.  Y. 
Peter  Plantz,  son  of  Adam,  married  Betsy 
Van  Meter  and  their  son  was  James  Plantz 
(1833-1909).  Samuel  Plantz  was  reared  on 
the  Plantz  farm,  and  attended  the  district 
schools.  In  1874,  at  the  age  of  fifteen,  he 
entered  Milton  College,  where  he  remained 
for  four  years  He  then  attended  Lawrence 
College,  Appleton,  Wis,  and  was  graduated 
A  B.  in  1880.  He  received  his  scientific  de- 
gree from  Boston  University,  in  1883,  and  the 
degree  of  doctor  of  philosophy  from  the  same 
institution  in  1888.  The  years  1889-90  were 
spent  in  study  at  the  University  of  Berlin, 
Germany.  In  1894  he  received  the  degree  of 
doctor  of  divinity  from  Albion  College,  Albion, 
Mich ,  and  in  1902,  LL  D.  from  Baker  Uni- 
versity. Dr.  Plantz  joined  the  Detroit  Con- 
ference of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  in 
1883.  His  first  station  was  at  Plymouth, 
Mich  In  1885  he  became  pastor  in  Detroit, 
where  he  remained  until  1889;  two  years  later 
he  was  recalled  to  the  Detroit  pastorate,  and 
officiated  there  until  1894,  when  he  was  elected 
president  of  Lawrence  College,  Appleton,  Wis., 
a  position  which  he  still  retains.  Dr.  Plantz 
is  one  of  the  foremost  leaders  of  religious  edu- 
cation in  the  United  States.  An  accomplished 
scholar  and  a  preacher  of  wide  note  he  has  ex- 
erted a  strong  influence  upon  the  more  im- 
portant policies  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church  for  the  last  twenty  years  He  has 
also  been  for  a  number  of  years  a  regular  con- 
tributor to  current  religious  and  educational 
magazines.  Among  his  writings  are:  "The 
Church  and  the  Social  Problems"  (1904)  ;  an 
article  for  Hasting's  "  Dictionary  of  Christ 
and  the  Apostles,"  and  has  contributed  chap- 
ters to  a  number  of  other  books  He  has  also 
written  articles  for  the  "  Methodist  Review," 
the  "  Homiletic  Review,"  and  many  periodicals 
of  note.  But  all  of  these  interests  have  been 
secondary  to  his  work  in  the  cause  of  religious 
education.  This  work  began  with  his  accept- 
ance of  the  presidency  of  Lawrence  College, 
which  was  then  a  small,  struggling  institution 
with  a  totally  inadequate  endowment,  no  edu- 
cational standards  or  prestige  to  speak  of  and 
less  than  100  students.  Its  new  president  was 
not  only  a  ripe  scholar  but  a  practical  man 
of  affairs,  with  the  added  advantage  in  his 
ability  to  impress  himself  and  the  value  of  his 
mission  upon  others.  During  the  administra- 
tion of  Dr.  Plantz  the  enrollment  of  the  col- 
lege has  grown  to  650  students;  the  endow- 
ment has  grown  to  nearly  $1,000,000;  and  the 
institution  has  taken  its  place  among  the 
standard  colleges  of  the  United  States.  In  the 
educational  work  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  President  Plantz  has  served  for  a 
number  of  years  in  the  Education  Association 
and  in  the  University  Senate  As  a  mem- 
ber of  these  bodies,  his  work  has  been  di- 
rected mainly  toward  the  standardization  of 
the  colleges  and  secondary  schools  under  the 
control  of  the  Church  IIo  is  recognized  as  an 
educational  expert  in  inspecting  academics  and 
colleges  for  the  board  of  e(lucation  of  the 
Church.  He  was  a  member  of  the  General  Con- 
ference of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  in 


345 


DAVIS 


BERGNER 


1900,  1908,  1912,  and  1916,  and  one  of  the 
organizers  of  the  Epworth  League.  He  has 
also  acted  as  president  of  the  Methodist  Edu- 
cation Society,  and  is  trustee  of  the  Carnegie 
Foundation  for  the  Advancement  of  Reading. 
Dr.  Plant/  is  a  member  of  a  number  of  learned 
societies,  including:  Victoria  Institute,  Lon- 
don, England;  the  Wisconsin  Academy  of 
Arts,  Science  and  Letters,  of  which  he  was 
at  one  time  president;  the  Wisconsin  Archeo- 
logical  Society;  the  Wisconsin  Historical  So- 
ciety; the  Peace  Society;  and  the  League  for 
Social  Service.  Dr.  Plantz  married,  in  In- 
dianapolis, Ind.,  16  Sept.,  1885,  Myra  Ann, 
daughter  of  Rev.  Thomas  A.  Goodwin,  D.D., 
late  of  Indianapolis,  Ind.  They  have  two 
daughters:  Florence  Ethel  Plantz  and  Elsie 
Content  Remley. 

DAVIS,  Byron  Bennett,  surgeon,  b.  in  Fay- 
ette, Lafayette  County,  Wis,  14  June,  1859, 
son  of  William  and  Martha  (Heywood)  Davis. 
He  was  graduated  in  the  medical  department 
of  the  Nebraska  State  University  in  1882. 
Thereafter,  until 
1884,  he  was  con- 
nected with  the 
Minnesota  College 
Hospital.  On  his 
return  to  Nebras- 
ka, in  1885,  he  en- 
tered upon  the 
practice  of  medi- 
cine and  surgery 
at  McCook,  Neb., 
where  he  resided 
until  1893.  Hav- 
ing become  am- 
bitious of  being 
"  something  more 
than  a  country 
doctor,"  he  went 
to  Europe  for 
special  study,  and  spent  a  year  and  a  half 
in  the  University  of  Berlin.  In  the  fall  of 
1894  he  located  at  Omaha,  Neb ,  where  he  still 
resides,  having  been  chief  surgeon  of  Imman- 
uel  Hospital;  surgeon  to  the  Wise  Memorial 
Hospital,  since  1901;  and  for  many  years 
professor  of  the  principles  of  surgery  and  clin- 
ical surgery  at  the  University  of  Nebraska 
College  of  Medicine,  Dr.  Davis  has  a  well- 
established  reputation  as  a  surgeon  through- 
out the  West.  He  is  well  known  to  a  larger 
circle  by  reason  of  his  exhaustive  researches 
on  the  subject  of  abdominal  surgery,  the  re- 
sult of  which  study  he  has  given  to  the  public 
in  a  series  of  more  than  sixty  important  pa- 
pers. He  is  a  member  of  the  Douglas  County 
Medical  Association,  the  Nebraska  State  Medi- 
cal Association,  the  Medical  Society  of  the 
Missouri  Valley,  Western  Surgical  and  Gyne- 
cological Society,  Omaha  Medical  Society,  and 
American  Medical  Association.  He  is  affiliated 
with  a  number  of  social  and  fraternal  organi- 
zations, including  the  Omaha  Club  and  Omaha 
Field  Club,  and  is  a  Knight  Templar.  From 
1887  to  1893  he  acted  as  regent  of  the  State 
University  of  Nebraska.  Dr.  Davis  married 
7  June,  1887,  Sophie,  daughter  of  Philip  J 
Myers,  of  Beatrice,  Neb.  He  has  one  son, 
Herbert  Hay  ward  Davis. 

BERGNER,  Charles  William,  president  of 
the  Bergner  and  Engel  Brewing  Company  of 
Philadelphia,  and  Belgian  consul,  b.  in  Phila- 


O/lTlyO 


delphia.  Pa.,  20  Dec,  1854;  d.  at  his  country 
home,  Ambler,  Pa.,  4  May,  1903,  son  of 
Gustavus  William  (1832-83)  and  Catharine 
Christine  (Wehn)  Bergner.  The  Bergners 
came  into  prominence  in  mediceval  Europe  as 
early  as  the  First  Crusade,  and  the  subsequent 
history  of  the  family  can  be  traced  through 
a  line  of  distinguished  ancestors,  dating  from 
that  time.  The  first  member  of  the  family 
to  come  to  America  was  Charles  William 
Bergner,  grandfather  of  the  subject  of  this 
review.  He  was  a  woolen  goods  manufacturer, 
the  owner  of  extensive  dye  factories,  and  the 
Burgomeister  (mayor)  of  Crimmitzschau,  Sax- 
ony, Germany,  where  he  lived.  In  1849  he 
visited  America.  While  in  Philadelphia  he 
loaned  a  sum  of  money  to  a  brewing  establish- 
ment, and  the  firm  becoming  insolvent  soon 
afterward,  he  found  himself,  as  chief  creditor, 
obliged  to  assume  control  of  the  business. 
Thrust  by  accident  into  a  vocation  about  which 
he  knew  nothing  and  being  in  a  strange  coun- 
try, this  man,  who  possessed  the  loftiest  ideals 
and  who,  by  inheritance  and  training,  was  of 
the  highest  type, — could  not  adapt  himself  to 
the  vastly  changed  conditions  of  his  life,  and 
soon  succumbed  under  the  strain  and  died. 
He  had  succeeded,  however,  in  laying  the 
foundation  of  the  house  of  Bergner  and  Engel. 
Gustavus  William  Bergner,  son  of  Charles 
William  and  Johanne  Fredericka  (Richter) 
Bergner,  was  ambitious  for  a  mercantile 
career,  and  at  the  age  of  sixteen  entered  a 
chinaware  firm  in  Philadelphia,  and  on  ac- 
count of  his  exceptional  ability  was  soon  after- 
ward offered  a  partnership  in  the  business. 
The  death  of  his  father,  however,  prevented 
his  acceptance  of  this  opportunity  and  made 
him  the  head  of  the  brewing  enterprise. 
Under  his  successful  management  it  became 
one  of  the  large  establishments  of  its  kind. 
His  son,  Charles  William  Bergner,  and  the 
second  of  the  name  to  assume  the  manage- 
ment of  the  business,  received  his  early  edu- 
cation in  the  private  schools  of  Philadelphia, 
and  was  prepared  at  Lawrenceville,  N.  J.,  to 
enter  Princeton  College,  but  completed  his 
studies  in  Germany,  after  which  he  entered 
the  celebrated  brewing  schools  of  Munich 
and  Augsburg,  in  order  to  perfect  his 
knowledge  of  the  practical  part  of  the  indus- 
try. He  returned  to  America  in  1873.  He, 
however,  had  little  predilection  for  an  indus- 
trial career  and  wished  to  adopt  a  profession, 
preferring  that  of  the  law.  Soon  after  his 
father's  health  failed  and  the  son,  prompted 
by  motives  of  filial  duty  and  affection,  took 
his  place  in  the  firm  of  Bergner  and  Engel 
in  a  modest  capacity.  Naturally  an  able 
business  man,  he  did  not  long  remain  in  this 
subordinate  position,  but  \fas  soon  promoted 
to  a  clerkship  and  later  made  head  bookkeeper. 
On  the  death  of  his  father,  6  May,  1883,  and 
later  that  of  Charles  Engel  and  his  son, 
Theodore,  Charles  William  Bergner  (2d)  as- 
sumed the  entire  management  of  the  business. 
In  1890,  upon  the  formation  of  a  stock  com- 
pany, he  was  elected  president  of  the  Bergner 
and  Engel  Brewing  Company,  an  office  which 
he  filled  with  unvarying  success  until  his 
death  Because  of  his  unusual  knowledge  of 
every  branch  of  the  business,  his  untiring 
energy  and  active  interest  in  all  matters  per- 
taining to  the  brewing  industry,  and  the  high- 


346 


<Ci^l-ik/ 


7f^a4'^''i)e4^^. 


...  /^  <* 


FOLLANSBEE 


FOLLANSBEE 


r 


minded  persistence  with  which  he  carried  out 
the  splendid  moral  standards  and  business 
traditions  of  his  ancestors,  Mr  Bergner  came 
to  be  regarded  as  one  of  the  foremost  figures 
in  his  line  of  industry  in  the  United  States. 
For  five  successive  years  he  was  elected  presi- 
dent of  the  Philadelphia  Brewers'  Association, 
and  in  1896  was  made  president  of  the  United 
States  Brewers'  Association,  of  which  organ- 
ization he  had  served  as  president  of  the 
board  of  trustees  for  many  years.  He  was 
actively  associated  with  various  other  indus- 
trial and  commercial  enterprises,  and  was  a 
director  of  the  National  Bank  of  Northern 
Liberties  and  the  Delaware  Insurance  Com- 
pany. He  was  also  interested  in  a  number  of 
charitable  and  educational  institutions.  In 
1895  he  was  appointed  Belgian  consul  in 
Philadelphia;  and  as  a  mark  of  appreciation 
for  his  services  at  the  International  Exposi- 
tion, held  in  Brussels  in  1896,  King  Leopold 
of  Belgium  bestowed  upon  him  "  The  Order 
of  Leopold,"  He  was  a  man  of  great  culture 
and  was  passionately  fond  of  music  and  all 
the  fine  arts.  He  was  a  bibliophile,  and  pos- 
sessed a  very  fine  library  and  also  had  a  large 
and  valuable  collection  of  rare  engravings 
and  etchings.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Grolier 
Society,  the  Fine  Arts  Club,  the  Historical 
Society,  and  the  Union  League  Club  of  Phila- 
delphia. Charles  William  Bergner  was  mar- 
ried to  Ella  Annear,  daughter  of  John  and 
Anne  (Wotton)  Annear,  in  Philadelphia,  9 
March,  1874.  Of  this  marriage  there  were 
four  children:  Gustavus  William  Bergner, 
who  is  now  president  of  the  Bergner  and 
Engel  Brewing  Company;  Catharine  Christine, 
deceased,  who  married  Charles  K.  Bispham; 
Anita  Ella,  and  Otto  William,  both  deceased. 
FOLLANSBEE,  Benjamin  Gilbert,  financier 
and  manufacturer,  b.  in  Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  15 
May,  1851,  son  of  Gilbert  and  Maria  Jackson 

(Haynes)    Follans- 
bee.       His     father 
(b.     in     1821),     a 
prominent     manu- 
facturer  of   Phila- 
delphia,    was      at 
one    time    a    mem- 
ber   of    the    firms 
of  W.  E.  Schmertz 
and  Company,  and 
of     Willing,     Fol- 
lansbee    and    Com- 
pany,      both       of 
Pittsburgh,        was 
one  of  the  strong- 
est   business    men 
of     his     day     and 
was    an    organizer 
of    the    Pittsburgh 
Bank    for    Savings 
and   a   member   of 
its  board  of  trus- 
tees      for       many 
years.      He     is    a 
descendant    of    Robert    Follansbee,    of    Derby- 
shire, England,  who  came  to  America  between 
the  years  1634  and  1638,  and  settled  at  West 
Newbury,  Essex  County,  Mass  ,  where  the  fam- 
ily   has    since    been    prominent.      His    grand- 
father, John  Follansbee,  was  a  soldier  in  the 
War    of     1812.      Through     his     mother     Mr. 
Follansbee     was     descended     from     Jonathan 


Haynes,  born  in  England  in  1616,  who  ar- 
rived in  New  England  between  1633  and  1635, 
and  settled  at  Newburyport,  Mass.  He  and 
his  son,  Jonathan,  were  both  captured  by  the 
Indians,  16  Aug.,  1691,  but  escaped;  were  cap- 
tured again  in  1698,  when  the  father  was 
killed;  the  son,  having  become  a  favorite  of 
the  chief,  was  spared,  and  afterward  re- 
deemed by  his  friends.  John  Haynes,  brother 
of  this  Jonathan  Haynes,  was  governor  of 
Massachusetts  and  Connecticut.  Other  an- 
cestors in  the  Haynes  line  were  Thomas 
Haynes  and  Amos  Hunting,  who  were  among 
the  patriots  at  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill;  the 
latter  being  also  one  of  the  witnesses  at  the 
execution  of  Major  Andre.  Benjamin  G.  Fol- 
lansbee attended  the  public  schools  and  the 
Newell  Institute  of  Pittsburgh.  He  made  his 
entrance  into  business  life  in  1868,  at  the  age 
of  seventeen.  A  little  later  he  went  into  the 
employ  of  the  railroads,  and  held  a  position 
for  nearly  nine  years  in  the  general  offices  of 
the  Union  Line,  the  authorized  fast  freight 
operating  over  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  and 
the  tracks  of  affiliated  lines.  For  a  time  he 
served  as  chief  clerk  to  the  supply  and  equip- 
ment agent  of  this  line,  and  at  another  period 
acted  as  chief  clerk  to  the  superintendent. 
Mr.  Follansbee's  real  rise  to  a  position  of 
leadership  among  the  financiers  of  the  day 
began  in  October,  1878,  with  his  acceptance 
of  an  unsolicited  offer  from  Park,  Scott  and 
Company,  manufacturers  of  sheet  and  bolt 
copper,  and  dealers  in  tin,  lead,  zinc,  tin 
plate,  and  kindred  metal  products,  becoming, 
in  a  comparatively  short  time,  by  reason  of 
his  executive  ability  and  genius  as  an  or- 
ganizer, confidential  agent  of  the  firm,  ranking 
in  authority  next  to  its  members.  When  the 
firm  dissolved  and  a  company  was  formed, 
under  the  name  of  James  B.  Scott  and  Com- 
pany, Mr.  Follansbee  was  given  a  contingent 
interest,  which,  two  years  later,  developed  into 
a  full  partnership.  Among  its  members  was 
also  his  own  brother,  William  U.  Follansbee. 
In  February,  1894,  Mr.  Scott,  the  senior  mem- 
ber of  the  firm,  died,  and,  following  that 
event,  another  reorganization  took  place,  fol- 
lowed by  the  incorporation  of  a  stock  com- 
pany under  the  name  of  Follansbee  Bros. 
Company,  with  a  Pennsylvania  charter.  The 
officers  of  the  new  corporation  were  Benjamin 
G.  Follansbee,  president,  and  William  U.  Fol- 
lansbee, secretary  and  treasurer.  A  number 
of  other  financially  prominent  men  were  asso- 
ciated with  the  Follansbee  brothers  in  the 
enterprise,  and  at  the  time  of  its  incorpora- 
tion the  company  was  capitalized  at  $60,000,- 
000.  From  its  original  status  as  wholesale 
dealers  in  metal  products,  the  firm  now  en- 
larged its  operations  to  cover  the  importing 
and  manufacturing  of  tin  plate,  and  consoli- 
dated under  the  Follansbee  Bros.  Company  the 
entire  product  of  two  American  mills,  one 
manufacturing  tin  plate  and  the  other,  shoot 
iron.  They  also  marketed  largo  i)r()portiona 
of  tho  entire  product  of  numerous  other  mills 
making  tin  plate,  sheet  stool,  and  copper.  Tlio 
business  has  grown  to  imnioiiso  i)roporliona. 
the  present  paid-in  capital  nmounting  lo 
$2,000,000,  with  a  8uri)lus  of  $1,000,000. 
Since  its  formation  several  brnnoh  oalablish- 
ments  have  been  erected  in  connootion  with 
the  main  plant.     In  1896  a  tin  plate  tinning 


347 


HOPKINS 


HOPKINS 


house  was  built  on  the  North  Side,  Pittsburgh,  l 
and  in  1902,  a  site  for  a  tin  plate  and  sheet 
steel  mill  and  tinning  house  was  made  in 
Brooke  County,  Va.,  forty-five  miles  from 
Pittsburgh,  where  operations  were  begun  in 
1904.  A  land  company  financed  by  Follansbee 
Bros.  Company  was '  incorporated,  and  the 
town  of  Follansbee  was  provided  for,  and  its 
construction  put  under  way.  Later  a  basic 
open  hearth  steel  works  was  added  to  the 
plant  and  the  finishing  mills  increased.  An 
adjacent  plant  controlled  by  the  Follansbee 
Bros.  Company  has  been  incorporated  as  the 
Sheet  Metal  Specialty  Company,  and  has  wit- 
nessed the  same  solid  and  steady  growth  as 
the  original  firm.  In  addition  to  the  im- 
mense interests  which  he  controls  as  chair- 
man of  the  Follansbee  Bros.  Company,  and  its 
subsidiary  enterprises,  Mr.  Follansbee  is  a 
member  of  the  board  of  directors  of  the 
Brooke  County  Improvement  Company,  and 
of  the  Sheet  Metal  Specialty  Company.  He 
is  also  vice-president  of  the  Pittsburgh  branch 
of  the  Tariff  Commission  League.  While  not 
interested  in  politics  or  known  as  an  office- 
seeker,  he  is  public-spirited,  and  is  always 
found  in  the  front  ranks  of  men  who  are  will- 
ing to  devote  their  capital,  and,  what  is  more 
valuable,  their  time  and  personal  service  to 
any  movement  that  makes  for  better  civic  and 
social  conditions.  For  some  years  Mr.  Fol- 
lansbee was  a  director  of  the  chamber  of 
commerce  of  Pittsburgh,  where  he  served  as 
chairman  of  the  Finance  Committee.  He  was 
also  vice-president  of  the  Pittsburgh  Asso- 
ciation for  the  Improvement  of  the  Poor,  but 
on  account  of  his  numerous  other  engagements 
and  duties  was  compelled  to  resign  from  both 
these  offices.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Historical 
Society  of  Western  Pennsylvania,  the  Penn- 
sylvania Society  of  the  Sons  of  the  American 
Revolution;  is  a  life  member  of  the  Academy 
of  Science  and  Art  of  Pittsburgh;  a  founder- 
member  of  the  Navy  League  of  the  United 
States,  and  a  member  of  a  number  of  civic 
and  charitable  organizations.  He  is  also  on 
the  rolls  of  the  Duquesne  Club  and  Pitts- 
burgh Athletic  Association,  both  of  Pitts- 
burgh, the  Oakmont  Country  Club,  Chamber 
of  Commerce  of  Pittsburgh,  and  Chamber  of 
Commerce  of  the  U.  S.  A.  Mr.  Follansbee 
married  6  Oct.,  1887,  Frances  S.  Wright, 
daughter  of  Capt.  Edward  Smith  Wright,  of 
Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  who  for  forty-three  years  was 
warden  of  the  Western  Penitentiary  of  Penn- 
sylvania, located  at  Riverside,  Pittsburgh. 

HOPKINS,  Stephen,  signer  of  the  Declara- 
tion of  Independence,  b.  in  Providence,  R.  I., 
7  March,  1707;  d.  there,  13  July,  1785.  He 
was  brought  up  as  a  farmer,  and  inherited 
an  estate  in  Scituate.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  assembly  in  1732-34  and  1735-38,  and  in 
1736  was  elected  a  justice  of  the  peace  and 
one  of  the  justices  of  the  court  of  common 
pleas.  He  was  the  first  town  clerk  of  Scituate. 
During  his  whole  life  he  was  largely  em- 
ployed as  a  land  surveyor.  In  1741  he  was 
again  chosen  to  represent  the  town  of  Scituate 
in  the  assembly,  and  was  elected  speaker.  In 
1742  he  sold  his  farm  and  removed  to  Provi- 
dence, where  he  made  a  survey  of  the  streets 
and  lots,  and  afterward  began  business  as  a 
merchant  and  ship-builder.  The  same  year 
he  was  sent  to  the  assembly  from  Providence, 


and  was  again  chosen   speaker.     In    1751   he 
was    elected    for   the    fourteenth    time   to   the 
general  assembly,  and  later  in  the  year  elected 
chief  justice  of  the  Superior  Court.     He  was 
a  delegate  from  Rhode  Island  to  the  conven- 
tion that  met  at  Albany  in  1754  for  the  pur- 
poses  of   concerting   a   plan   of   military   and 
political  union  of  the  colonies  and  arranging 
an  alliance  with  the  Indians,  in  view  of  the 
impending  war  with  France.     He  was  one  of 
the  committee  that  drafted  a  plan  of  colonial 
union,  which  was  accepted  by  the  convention, 
but  objected   to   in   the   various  colonies  and 
in  Great  Britain.     Beginning  with   1755,  Mr. 
Hopkins  served  ten  times  as  governor  of  the 
colony,   his   latest   term   being   from    1767    to 
1768;   and  this  service  was  very  nearly  con- 
tinuous,  the   intervening   periods   being   filled 
by    William    Greene    and    Samuel    Ward.      In 
October,   1767,  he  renounced  further  candida- 
ture  for   the  sake  of  uniting  the  contending 
factions  and  putting  an  end  to  a  party  strife 
that    distracted    the    colony.      While    he    was 
governor,    Hopkins    had    a    controversy    with 
William  Pitt,  prime  minister  of  England,  in 
relation    to    the    contraband    trade    with    the 
French  colonies.     He  was  one  of  the  earliest 
and    most    strenuous    champions    of    colonial 
rights  against  the  encroachments  of  the  Eng- 
lish parliament.    In  1765  his  pamphlet  entitled 
"The  Rights  of  Colonies  Examined"  was  is- 
sued   in    Providence;     and    in    1766    it    was 
reissued  in  London  with  the  title  "  The  Griev- 
ances of  the  American  Colonies  Candidly  Ex- 
amined."    In    1765   he  was  elected  chairman 
of  a  committee  appointed  at  a  special  town- 
meeting  held  in  Providence  to  draft  instruc- 
tions to  the  general  assembly  on  the   stamp 
act.      The    resolutions    reported    and    adopted 
were  nearly  identical  with  those  that  Patrick 
Henry  introduced  into  the  house  of  burgesses 
of  Virginia.     In  1770  he  was  again  elected  to 
the   general   assembly.     He   was   appointed   a 
member   of   the   committee   on  correspondence 
the  following  year,  and  was  successively  re- 
elected to  the  assembly  till  1775.     While  hold- 
ing a  seat  in  the  assembly,  and  afterward  in 
the   Continental   Congress,   he   filled   the   office 
of  chief  justice  of  Rhode  Island  as  well,  being 
appointed  for  the  second  time  to  that  station 
in  1770.     In  1774  he  brought  forward  a  bill 
in  the  assembly  which  prohibited  the  importa- 
tion   of    negroes    into    the    colony.      He    was 
elected,  with  Samuel  Ward,  to  represent  Rhode 
Island  in  the  General  Congress  in  June,  1774, 
and  was  appointed  on  the  first  two  committees. 
In  the  beginning  of  the  Revolution  he  was  one 
of   the    committee    of    safety   of   the   town    of 
Providence,  and  in  December,  1775,  was  elected 
to  the  Second  Congress.    In  the  Third  Congress 
he  had  William  Ellery  as  his  colleague.     The        J 
signature   of    Hopkins   to   the    Declaration   of        " 
Independence  is  written  with  a  trembling  hand 
for  the  reason  that  he  had  suffered  for  several        ' 
years   from    a   paralytic   affection   which   pre- 
vented  him   from   writing   except   by   guiding 
the  right  hand  with  the  left,  though  in  early        i 
life  he  had  been  famed  for  the  elegance  of  his 
penmanship.     He  was  a  delegate  from  Rhode 
Island  to  the  commission  that  was  appointed 
by  the.  New  England  States  to  consult  on  the 
defense    of    their    borders    and    the    promotion 
of  the  common   cause,  and  presided  over  the 
meetings  in  Providence  in  1776  and  in  Spring- 


348 


MILLETT 


MILLETT 


field,  Mass.,  in  1777.  He  was  not  a  member 
of  the  Congress  in  1777,  but  in  the  following 
year  was  a  delegate  for  the  last  time.  Mr. 
Hopkins  Avas  a  powerful  and  lucid  speaker, 
and  used  his  influence  in  Congress  in  favor 
of  decisive  measures.  He  worshiped  with 
the  Friends,  but  professed  religious  views  so 
latitudinarian  that  he  was  called  by  his  ene- 
mies an  infidel.  His  knowledge  of  the  business 
of  shipping  made  him  particularly  useful  in 
Congress  as  a  member  of  the  naval  committee 
m  devising  plans  for  fitting  out  armed  vessels 
and  furnishing  the  colonies  with  a  naval  arma- 
ment, and  in  framing  regulations  for  the  navy. 
He  was  also  a  member  of  the  committee  that 
drafted  the  articles  of  confederation  for  the 
government  of  the  States.  In  1777  he  was  a 
member  of  the  general  assembly  of  Rhode 
Island.  He  was  a  founder  of  the  town  library 
of  Providence  in  1753,  which  was  burned  in 
1758,  but  re-established  through  his  instru- 
mentality. Besides  the  work  already  men- 
tioned, he  was  the  author  of  a  "  History  of 
the  Planting  and  Growth  of  Providence," 
which  appeared  in  the  Providence  "  Gazette " 
in  1762  and  1765.  See  "Stephen  Hopkins,  a 
Rhode  Island  Statesman,"  by  William  F. 
Foster    (Providence,   1884). 

MILLETT,  Stephen  Caldwell,  b.  in  Janes- 
ville,  Onondaga  County,  N.  Y.,  10  May,  1840; 
d.  in  Columbia,  N.  C,  24  Feb.,  1874,  son  of 
Rev.  Stephen  Caldwell  and  Sarah  Fuller  (Ap- 
pleton)  Millett.  His  father  (1810-67),  a 
clergyman  of  the  Episcopal  Church,  was  a 
native  of  Salem,  Mass.,  who  removed  with 
his  family  to  Wisconsin  in  the  early  days  of 
the  settlement  of  the  Northwest  country.  His 
mother  was  a  daughter  of  Gen.  James  Apple- 
ton,  of  Portland,  Me.  The  first  of  the  family 
in  America  was  Thomas  Millett,  of  Salem. 
From  him  and  his  wife,  Mary  Greenway,  the 
line  of  descent  is  traced  through  their  son, 
Nathaniel  and  his  wife,  Ann  Lyster;  their  son, 
Nathan  and  his  wife,  Mary  Babson;  their  son, 
Jonathan  and  his  wife,  Mary  Henfield;  their 
son,  Joseph  and  his  wife,  Elizabeth  B.  Mock; 
their  son,  Daniel  and  his  wife,  Elizabeth  Cald- 
well; their  son,  Stephen  Caldwell  and  his  wife, 
Sarah  Fuller  Appleton.  Stephen  C.  Millett's 
career,  which  was  destined  to  end  at  the  early 
age  of  thirty-three  years^  was  one  of  unusual 
interest  and  achievement.  When  a  very  young 
man  he  had  accomplished  what  others  had 
spent  a  lifetime  in  attempting.  He  opened  a 
new  country  to  capital,  developed  the  stagnant 
resources  of  a  part  of  the  country  old  in  set- 
tlement, but  backward  in  enterprise;  and 
established  new  avenues  of  trade  and  industry 
in  an  impoverished  and  isolated  community. 
In  other  words  the  great  work  of  Stephen  C. 
Millett's  life  was  the  building  of  what  was 
known  as  the  Port  Royal  Railroad,  a  line 
running  from  Augusta,  Ga.,  to  Port  Royal, 
S.  C,  an  exceptionally  deep  harbor,  known 
during  the  Civil  War  as  Hilton's  Head.  When 
a  very  young  man,  he  began  the  exercise  of  his 
indomitable  energy  and  perseverance,  his  su- 
perior force  of  character  to  what  seemed  the 
hopeless  dream  of  an  enthusiast.  He  im- 
parted his  own  energy  to  others,  and  by  his 
power  of  conviction  and  strength  in  argu- 
ment brought  both  labor  and  capital  to  an 
enterprise  that  still  stands,  when  time  and 
circumstance    are    considered,    as    one    of    the 


great  achievements  in  the  history  of  the  State. 
The  work  that  Mr.  Millett  had  undertaken  in 
building  his  railroad  from  Augusta  to  Port 
Royal  was  interrupted  by  the  Civil  War. 
Being  a  strong  Unionist,  he  volunteered  for 
service  as  a  private  in  the  Seventy-first  New 
York  Regiment,  but  was  soon  promoted  to  the 
rank  of  first-lieutenant.  The  following  open 
letter  written  by  W.  J.  A.  Fuller  to  the  New 
York  "  Evening  Post,"  in  June,  1863,  is  an 
interesting  specimen  of  war  journalism,  and 
tells  its  own  story :  "  '  Tiger  '  attempts  to  come 
to  the  rescue  of  the  commissioned  officers  of 
Company  A,  Seventy-first  Regiment,  and  de- 
preciates the  very  just  censure  of  the  '  Evening 
Post '  and  the  '  Tribune '  upon  their  conduct 
by  speaking  of  the  past  services  of  the  regi- 
ment and  the  number  of  officers  it  has  fur- 
nished for  the  war.  This  is  all  true,  but  it 
begs  the  question  at  issue,  and  the  public 
should  keep  in  mind  these  simple  facts :  First — 
Every  commissioned  officer  of  Company  A  re- 
fused to  go  with  the  regiment;  second — Cap- 
tain Tompkins  gave  his  name  to  the  reporters 
as  in  command  of  his  company,  leaving  them 
and  the  public  falsely  to  believe  he  had  gone; 
third — Nearly  all  the  privates  refused  to  go 
because  their  officers  staid  at  home;  fourth — 
Stephen  C.  Millett  declared  that  it  was  a  dis- 
grace to  the  company,  and  declared  that  he 
would  go  as  a  private  if  he  had  to  go  alone. 
His  spirit  and  energy  were  infused  into  a  few 
of  the  men  who  elected  him  first-lieutenant  on 
the  spot.  Lieutenant  Millett  then  went  to 
work  and  recruited  the  company,  and  went  in 
command,  because  the  captain  stayed  at  home; 
fifth — After  the  first  severe  criticism  of  the 
'  Evening  Post,'  Captain  Tompkins  started  to 
join  his  regiment,  because  he  was  shamed  into 
it  by  public  exposure.  In  conclusion,  let  me 
say,  that  Lieutenant-Captain  Millett  ought  to 
have  command  of  the  company,  and  Captain 
Tompkins  should  return  to  his  business."  The 
writer  goes  on  to  say,  "  Lieutenant  Millett 
went  into  the  regiment  when  it  was  first  or- 
dered to  Washington,  in  1861,  and  served  out 
his  time  to  the  serious  injury  of  his  business, 
and  the  detriment  of  his  health,  which  was 
so  shattered  that  he  sent  in  his  resignation, 
which  was  not  accepted.  He  obeyed  the  call 
of  the  President  with  cheerful  alacrity,  and 
but  for  him  Company  A  would  not  have  gone 
at  all.  Lieutenant  Millett  is  a  young  man  of 
fine  abilities  and  unusual  energy,  and  should 
be  rewarded  for  his  patriotic  conduct.  He  is 
of  tried  courage,  perfectly  competent  to  com- 
mand the  company,  and  means  fight."  In  1866, 
on  being  mustered  out  of  the  army,  Mr.  Mil- 
lett revived  the  project  of  building  a  railroad 
from  Augusta  to  Port  Royal.  He  found  the 
inhabitants,  always  incredible,  now  impatient; 
but  he  imparted  his  faith  and  energy  to  others, 
called  for  capital,  and  it  came;  never  faltered, 
and  finally  the  road  was  completed.  In  priv- 
ate life,  Mr.  Millett  was  noted  for  his  rare 
conversational  powers,  his  brilliant  wit,  his 
boldness  of  speech,  and  earnest  oondomnation 
of  wrong.  His  charity  was  large;  no  man 
ever  questioned  his  integrity;  he  was  admired 
by  his  enemies  and  loved  bv  his  friends.  He 
married,  in  New  York  City,  10  Doc,  1860, 
Emma,  daughter  of  Alonzo  Cliild,  of  New 
York.  They  had  throe  chihlroii:  Mary  G..  Kate 
C.  (Mrs.  J.  B.  Gibson)  ;  and  Stephen  C.  Millett 


349 


KANE 


CONVERSE 


KANE,  Orenville,  banker,  b.  in  New  Ro- 
chelle,  N.  Y.,  12  July,  1854,  eldest  son  of 
Pierre  Corn6  (1828-70)  and  Edith  (Brevoort) 
Kane.  The  family  of  Kane  was  known  in 
Ireland  as  O'Cahane  or  O'Cahan,  there  being 
no  K  in  the  Irish  alphabet.  When  the  Eng- 
lish government  took  measures  for  the  repres- 
sion of  the  Irish  nationality  and  the  abolition 
of  the  Celtic  language,  the  written  form  of 
the  name  was  changed  to  O'Kane.  The  0'  was 
dropped  by  some  members  of  the  family  who 
removed  to  England  in  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury, but  it  was  retained  by  those  in  Ireland. 
The  O'Kanes  were  among  the  first  of  the  ruling 
or  powerful  families  to  adopt  surnames.  Ac- 
cording to  a  family  authority,  in  Queen  Eliza- 
beth's later  years  and  the  early  part  of  the 
reign  of  James  I,  "The  O'Kane^'  was  able 
"  to  maintain  in  time  of  war  800  foot  and  140 
horse  of  the  most  warlike  in  the  north  of  Ire- 
land." John  Kane  (1734-1808)  the  American 
ancestor,  was  a  son  of  Rose  O'Neil,  and  came 
to  this  country  in  November,  1752,  settling  in 
Dutchess  County,  N.  Y.  He  acquired  valuable 
land  possessions  and  was  one  of  the  foremost 
citizens  of  his  town,  serving  in  the  assembly 
before  the  Revolution.  He  adhered  to  his 
mother  country  during  the  war,  and  following 
its  conclusion  his  property  was  forfeited  to 
the  State.  John  Kane  then  removed  to  Eng- 
land, but  returned  to  Red  Hook,  N.  Y.,  where 
he  died  on  15  March,  1808.  He  married  Sybil 
Kent,  daughter  of  Rev.  Elisha  and  Abigail 
(Moss)  Kent.  The  line  of  descent  is  then 
traced  through  their  son,  John  and  Maria 
(Codwise)  Kane;  their  son,  Oliver  Grenville 
and  Eliza  Corn6  (De  Gironcourt)  Kane,  and 
their  son,  Pierre  Corn6  and  Edith  (Brevoort) 
Kane,  who  were  the  parents  of  Grenville 
Kane.  Pierre  C.  Kane  served  as  lieutenant- 
colonel  of  the  Forty-seventh  New  York  Vol- 
unteers during  the  Civil  War.  He  died  in 
1870  from  effects  of  wounds  received  in  battle. 
On  his  maternal  side,  Grenville  Kane  traces 
his  descent  from  Henry  Brevoort  (1791-1874) 
of  old  Holland  Dutch  stock,  w^ho  inherited  a 
large  landed  estate  on  Manhattan  Island 
which  became  extremely  valuable  as  the  city 
increased  in  population.  He  was  a  life-long 
friend  of  Washington  Irving,  with  whom  he 
traveled  in  Europe  and  corresponded  for  half 
a  century.  Grenville  Kane  spent  the  years 
of  his  youth  in  New  York  City  and  was  edu- 
cated in  Trinity  School,  and  at  St.  Paul's 
School,  Concord,  N.  H.,  supplementing  that 
training  later  at  Trinity  College,  Hartford, 
Conn.,  where  he  was  graduated  in  1875  with 
the  degree  of  M.A.  He  then  entered  the  Co- 
lumbia Law  School  and  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1878.  In  1906  he  gave  up  his  law  prac- 
tice to  engage  in  the  banking  business  as  a 
member  of  the  firm  of  Tailer  and  Company,  in 
New  York  City.  Outside  the  responsibilities 
of  managing  a  successful  banking  business, 
Mr.  Kane  has  few  and  simple  interests.  While 
his  hours  of  recreation  are  few,  he  is  an  en- 
thusiastic golfer  and  yachtsman;  has  sailed 
twice  across  the  Atlantic  in  yachts,  hunted 
big  game  in  Canada,  and  ascended  Mount  Popo- 
catepetl, Mexico,  and  several  Swiss  peaks. 
Socially,  he  is  a  member  of  the  Union  Club; 
for  thirty  years  treasurer  and  governor  of  the 
Tuxedo  Club ;  fleet  captain  for  six  years  of  the 
New  York  Yacht  Club,  and  a  life  member  of 


the  American  Geographical  Society  and  the 
New  York  Zoological  Society.  On  28  April, 
1881,  he  married  Margaret  Adelaide,  daugh- 
ter of  John  Wolfe,  a  retired  merchant,  of  New 
York  City.  Their  five  children  are:  Sybil, 
wife  of  A.  Stewart  Walker;  Edith  Brevoort,  wife 
of  George  F.  Baker,  Jr.;  Brozonella,  wife  of 
Henry  L.  McVickar;  Rose  O'Neil,  wife  of  Car- 
roll D.  Winslow,  and  Dorothy  Kane. 

CONVERSE,  Frederick  Shepherd,  composer, 
b.  at  Newton,  Mass.,  5  Jan.,  1871,  is  the  son 
of  Edmund  Winchester  and  Charlotte  Augusta 
(Shepherd)  Converse.  His  father  was  a  suc- 
cessful merchant,  and  president  of  the  Na- 
tional Tube  Works  and  the  Conanicut  Mills. 
The  family  is  descended  from  Deacon  Edward 
Converse,  who  came  to  America  from  North- 
umberland County,  England,  and  landed  at 
Charleston,  Mass.,  in  1630,  subsequently  set- 
tling in  Woburn,  Mass.,  where  he  became  a 
selectman  and  a  commissioner  from  the  church 
to  settle  the  business  of  the  town.  The  sub- 
ject of  this  sketch  received  his  education  at 
Harvard  College,  where  he  came  under  the 
influence  of  the  well-known  composer.  Prof. 
John  K.  Paine.  He  had  already  received  in- 
struction in  piano  playing  and  now  the  study 
of  musical  theory  became  a  most  important 
part  of  his  college  course.  Upon  his  gradua- 
tion in  1893,  a  violin  sonata  from  his  pen 
(op.  1 )  was  performed,  winning  him  highest 
honors  in  music.  This  determined  his  future 
career,  and  after  six  months  of  business  life, 
for  which  his  father  had  intended  him,  he 
returned  to  the  study  of  his  art,  Carl  Baer- 
mann  being  his  teacher  in  piano,  and  George 
W.  Chadwick  in  composition.  He  then  spent 
two  years  at  the  Royal  Academy  of  Music  in 
Munich,  where  he  studied  with  Joseph  Rhein- 
berger,  completing  the  course  in  1898.  His 
symphony  in  D-minor  had  its  first  perform- 
ance on  the  occasion  of  his  graduation.  Dur- 
ing 1899-1902  Mr.  Converse  taught  harmony  at 
the  New  England  Conservatory  of  Music  in 
Boston.  He  then  joined  the  faculty  of  Har- 
vard University  as  instructor  in  music,  and 
was  appointed  assistant  professor  in  1905. 
Two  years  later  he  resigned  and  has  since 
devoted  himself  exclusively  to  composition. 
Before  his  return  from  Europe  he  had  pro- 
duced a  suite  for  piano  (op.  2)  ;  a  string 
quartette  (op.  3)  ;  two  sets  of  waltzes  for 
piano,  four  hands  (op.  4-5)  ;  and  "Youth,"  a 
concert  overture  for  orchestra  (op.  6).  In 
all  of  these  he  adhered  to  classical  forms,  fore- 
shadowing his  future  tendencies  only  in  the 
originality  of  the  material.  A  distinct  de- 
parture from  these  early  works  came  with 
his  "Festival  of  Pan"  (op.  9),  a  romance 
for  orchestra,  which  the  Boston  Symphony 
Orchestra  brought  out  in  1899.  His  thorough 
technique,  acquired  in  years  of  rigorous  study 
and  formal  composition,  here  bears  brilliant 
fruit,  while  the  manner  of  his  treatment,  his 
use  of  harmonic  effects,  and  his  brilliant  and 
suggestive  orchestral  coloring  proclaim  him 
one  of  the  modern  school  of  symbolists,  whose 
tone  poems  supersede  the  symphonies  of  the 
classic  and  romantic  schools.  "  The  Festival 
of  Pan "  was  followed  by  "  Endymion's  Nar- 
rative"  (op.  10)  which,  like  its  predecessor, 
illustrates  a  phase  of  Keats'  poem.  Two  tone 
poems,  "Night"  and  "Day"  (op.  11),  sug- 
gested by  verses  of  Walt  Whitman,  came  next, 


350 


/ 


^"  -^//M 


y''j^//'^r--/.:Z 


CONVERSE 


CONVERSE 


and  then  a  setting  of  Keats'  "  La  Belle  Dame 
Sans  Merci,"  for  baritone  and  orchestra 
(op.  12).  After  two  groups  of  songs  and  a 
string  quartette  (op.  18)  published  in  1904, 
he  produced  "  The  Mystic  Trumpeter,"  a  fan- 
tasy for  orchestra,  after  Whitman,  the  most 
ambitious  of  his  symphonic  works.  It  was 
first  played  by  the  Philadelphia  Symphony 
Orchestra  in  1905,  and  subsequently  by  a 
number  of  other  leading  organizations,  meet- 
ing with  unequivocal  praise  from  critics  and 
public.  The  music  is  remarkably  successful 
in  following  the  symbolic  essence  of  the  poem, 
subtly  reproducing  its  atmosphere,  eloquently 
translating  its  emotions  and  scenes  by  the  use 
of  skillfully  varied  motives.  This  may  be 
said  in  a  measure  of  the  preceding  composi- 
tions of  this  order,  though  _  the  latter  work 
shows  a  great  advance  in  the  technique  of 
construction  and  greater  freedom  of  treatment, 
and  a  more  brilliant  handling  of  the  resources 
of  the  orchestra.  Mr.  Converse  next  applied 
his  genius  to  serious  opera.  Whatever  the 
ultimate  judgment  of  his  achievements,  which 
must  rest  with  posterity,  his  name  will  stand 
as  one  of  the  pioneers  in  this  field,  for  though 
previous  works  of  this  class  had  been  pro- 
duced in  America,  none  have  aroused  the 
serious  consideration  of  the  musical  world 
to  which  American  music  now  aspires.  His 
first  operatic  work,  "  The  Pipe  of  Desire " 
(op.  23),  set  to  the  text  of  George  Edward 
Barton,  had  its  initial  presentation  at  Jordan 
Hall,  Boston,  31  Jan.,  1906.  It  was  at  once 
apparent  that  composer  and  librettist  had 
produced  a  work  of  genuine  merit.  The  Bos- 
ton "  Transcript "  enthusiastically  hailed  it 
as  "real  opera,"  and  remarked:  "Mr.  Con- 
verse's music  is  almost  intoxicating."  Un- 
like other  American  composers  he  is  said  to 
have  the  "  feeling,  instinct,  and  imagination  " 
for  the  theater.  "  There  are  twenty  tokens  of 
it  throughout  the  opera — in  his  power  of  dra- 
matic climax,  in  his  ability  to  make  the  vivid, 
emphasizing,  illuminating  phrase  in  voice  or 
orchestra  at  the  poignant  moment,  in  the 
steady  variety  of  treatment,  in  -the  weaving 
of  voices,  instruments,  speech,  and  action  into 
a  significant,  moving,  and  musically  beautiful 
whole;  in  his  skill  to  summon  and  maintain 
communicating  atmosphere  and  mood.  He 
feels  his  characters  and  their  emotions  in- 
timately. He  moves  in  the  atmosphere  in 
which  they  move.  Then  he  translates  all 
these  things  into  his  music  and  straightway 
his  listeners  grasp  and  feel  them.  To  do  this 
is  the  first  concern  of  opera  as  we  under- 
stand it  nowadays.  Earlier,  perhaps,  than 
we  had  reason  to  expect,  there  is  an  Ameri- 
can composer  with  an  unmistakable  aptitude 
for  it."  On  18  March,  1910,  the  opera  was 
presented  at  the  Metropolitan  Opera  House, 
New  York  City,  and,  after  several  repetitions, 
became  a  part  of  the  repertoire  of  the  Boston 
Opera  House,  where  it  was  produced  6  Jan., 
1911.  On  both  occasions  the  first  impression 
with  regard  to  the  music  was  confirmed.  The 
New  York  "  Tribune "  said :  "  There  is  no 
doubt  but  that  it  is  a  strong  step  forward  in 
the  movement  toward  better  things  and  better 
conditions  in  American  music,"  and,  according 
to  Louis  C.  Elson  in  the  Boston  "  Advertiser," 
"  the  delicacy,  the  fitness  of  every  touch  of 
tone  coloring,  remind  one  of  the  best  side  of 


Debussy,  a  Debussy  without  eccentricitieB." 
"  The  Pipe  of  Desire  "  is  in  one  act  and  has  a 
legendary  subject,  of  Celtic  origin.  It  is 
based  upon  the  mingling  of  the  old  Pagan  na- 
ture worship  and  the  incoming  Christian 
morality.  The  story  rests  upon  the  principle 
that  man  may  force  the  way  of  his  desires 
against  the  divine  order  but  that  he  pays  the 
penalty.  The  work  is  an  avowed  fantasy  and 
its  authors  purposely  avoided  a  realistic  sub- 
ject, believing  that  there  is  a  place  for  poetry 
and  idealism  as  well  as  for  crude  realism  upon 
the  operatic  stage.  This  point  of  view  seems 
to  have  been  ignored  by  some  critics  who  have 
taken  exception  to  the  book  on  account  of  its 
subject  as  well  as  the  verse.  In  that  respect 
Mr.  Converse's  second  opera,  "  The  Sacrifice," 
of  which  he  himself  wrote  the  book,  is  in 
striking  contrast  with  the  first.  The  scene 
is  laid  in  California  at  the  time  of  the  Mexi- 
can War,  and  the  characters,  some  of  whom 
are  Americans,  enact  a  modern  tragedy.  It 
is  in  three  acts,  full  of  local  color  and  action, 
the  third  in  particular  presenting  strong  dra- 
matic climaxes,  powerfully  sustained  by  the 
music.  To  quote  the  Boston  "  Transcript " 
after  the  first  performance  at  the  Boston  Opera 
House  (4  March,  1911):  "He  has  conceived 
and  fashioned  a  drama  that  has  the  operatic 
virtues  of  simplicity,  large  lines,  concern  with 
elemental  passions  and  relations,  and  oppor- 
tunities for  expansion."  The  music,  like  that 
of  the  former  work,  is  "  insistently  sonorous 
and  declamatory,  unless  he  turns  aside  de- 
liberately for  a  lighter  contrasting  moment." 
It  is  replete  with  charming  melodies,  and  full 
of  powerful  contrasts  intensified  by  prismatic 
changes  of  orchestral  coloring.  His  manner  of 
composition  is  in  a  general  way  in  accordance 
with  that  of  the  Wagnerian  music  drama. 
"  He  devises  a  relatively  small  number  of 
'  motives '  representative  of  his  personages, 
their  emotions  and  relations,  or  the  more  gen- 
eral aspects  of  his  drama.  He  repeats  and 
transforms  these  motives  at  significant  mo- 
ments; and  he  intertwines  and  contrasts  them 
in  his  orchestral  voices.  At  the  same  time, 
he  makes  much  of  his  music  out  of  wholly  in- 
dependent but  appropriate  melodic  ideas, 
which  melodies  are  oftener  orchestral  than 
vocal.  He  conceives  his  orchestra,  not  as  a 
minute  mirror  of  every  reflection  of  the  text, 
but  as  a  stream  that  shall  flow  with  the 
drama,  taking  course,  speed,  contour,  sub- 
stance, and  color  from  it.  Above  this  or- 
chestral stream,  now  rising,  from  it,  now  sub- 
siding into  it,  run  the  voices  of  the  personages, 
in  sustained  arioso,  set  tune  or  melodious 
declamation."  Mr,  Converse  has  been  espe- 
cially commended  for  his  choral  writing.  As 
further  evidence  of  this  ability  should  be  men- 
tioned his  "  Laudate  Domine,"  motet  for  male 
chorus,  organ,  and  brasses  (op.  22);  "Job," 
an  oratorio  (op.  24);  and  a  "Serenade"  for 
male  chorus,  soprano  solo,  and  small  orchestra 
(op.  25).  These  as  well  as  "  Ilagar  in  der 
Wiiste,"  dramatic  narative  for  contralto  and 
orchestra,  and  three  songs  for  iiKMlium  voice 
(op.  28)  preceded  the  second  (ipora,  since 
which  he  has  published  a  "  Melody "  for 
violin  and  piano  (op.  29).  llo  alno  wrote  an 
overture,  (Mitr'actes  and  incidental  music  to 
Percy  MacKaye's  "Jeanne  d'Arc  "  (op.  25), 
which  was  produced  by  Miss  Julia  Marlowe  In 


361 


N0RCR08S 


NORCROSS 


1906,  and  several  minor  compositions  for  thj 
piano.  Both  by  virtue  of  what  he  has  achieved 
and  the  promise  which  his  genius  and  bril- 
liant ability  hold  out  for  the  future,  Mr.  Con- 
verse is  a  significant  figure  in  the  history  of 
American  music.  While  on  the  one  hand  he 
has  not  allied  himself  with  those  who  would 
base  an  American  school  on  the  musical  be- 
quests of  certain  native  elements  which  are 
alien  to  our  essentially  European  culture,  he 
has  kept  aloof  from  the  tradition  of  the  old 
world  sufficiently  to  render  his  work  dis- 
tinctive in  color  as  well  as  original  m  sub- 
stance. He  believes,  in  his  own  words,  "that 
we  shall  be  able  to  build  up  a  school  of  musi- 
cal composition  second  to  none  and  of  which 
Americans  can  well  be  proud."  Mr.  Converse 
is  a  trustee  of  the  New  England  Conservatory 
of  Music;  a  member  of  the  National  Society 
of  Arts  and  Letters,  the  Tavern,  Union,  St. 
Botolph,  and  Tennis  and  Racquet  Clubs  of 
Boston,  the  Harvard  Club  of  New  York,  and 
the  Norfolk  Country  Cliib  of  Dedham,  Mass. 
He  was  active  in  organizing  the  Boston  Opera 
Company  in  1907-08,  and  is  now  its  vice-presi- 
dent. He  married,  6  June,  1894,  Emma, 
daughter  of  Frederic  Tudor,  of  Brookline,  and 
has  five  daughters. 

NORCROSS,  Pliny,  lawyer  and  merchant,  b. 
in  Templeton,  Mass.,  16  Nov.,  1838;  d.  in 
Janesville,  Wis.,  11  July,  1915,  son  of  Frank- 
lin and  Lydia  (Powers)  Norcross.  His  father 
was  a  farmer.  On  his  paternal  side  he  is 
a  descendant  from 
Jeremiah  Norcross, 
one  of  four  broth- 
ers, who  emi- 
grated to  this 
country  from  Eng- 
land in  1636,  set- 
tling in  Boston, 
Mass.  On  his  ma- 
ternal side  he  is 
a  descendant  from 
Puritan  stock  of 
early  Colonial  ori- 
gin. One  of  his 
ancestors,  Daniel 
Norcross,  served 
as  corporal  of  the 
"Minute  Men"  at 
Concord  and  Lex- 
ington, during 
the  Revolutionary 
War.  Franklin 
Norcross  removed 
with  his  family  to  La  Grange,  Wis.,  in  1855, 
where  he  engaged  in  farming.  His  son,  Pliny, 
was  educated  in  the  public  schools  of  his  native 
town,  and  at  the  Milton  Academy  in  Southern 
Wisconsin,  remaining  there  two  years.  In  1860 
he  entered  the  Wisconsin  State  University,  but 
his  student  days  were  abruptly  ended  in  the 
following  spring  by  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil 
W^ar.  He  was  the  first  university  student  to 
respond  to  the  call  for  volunteers,  and  en- 
listed 16  April,  1861,  in  Company  K,  of  the 
First  Wisconsin  Infantry  under  Capt.  (after- 
ward Gen.)  Lucius  Fairchild.  He  was  ap- 
pointed corporal  at  the  request  of  his  fellow 
students  and  participated  in  the  battle  of 
Falling  Waters.  At  the  expiration  of  his  term, 
he  re-enlisted  in  Milton,  Wis.,  and  became  cap- 
tain of  Company  K,  of  the  Thirteenth  Wis- 


consin   Infantry,    in    which    he    served    three 
years.     Two  of  his  brothers  served  with  him, 
and  one  died  at  the  front.     In  the  winter  of 
1863-64   he   commanded   a   special   detachment 
in    charge    of    ordnance    stores    at    Nashville, 
Tenn.     At  the  close  of  the  war  he  settled  in 
Janesville,  Wis.,  where  he  engaged  in  the- prac- 
tice of  law  in  February,  1866,  in  partnership 
with  the  late  Judge  John  R.  Bennett,  and  for  a 
short  time  with  the  late  Hon.  A.  A.  Jackson. 
Subsequently  he  formed  the  law  firm  of  Nor- 
cross and  Dunwiddie,  having  as  a  partner  the 
late  Judge  B.  F.  Dunwiddie.    They  established 
a  large  and  lucrative  clientele  in  the  succeed- 
ing years,  and  in  1883,  Mr.  Norcross  retired 
from  the  firm  to  engage  in  commercial  pur- 
suits.    His  first  venture  was  the  organization 
of    the    International    Tile    Company,    located 
at  Brooklyn,  N.  *Y.,   of  which   he  was  presi- 
dent for  a  short  time.     In  August,   1883,  he 
sold  out  his  interest  in  that  company  and  re- 
turned   to    Janesville,    Wis.,    where    he    pur- 
chased land  and  erected  the  buildings  known 
as  the  Phoebus  Block  and  the  Norcross  Block, 
and  established  the  first  electric  light  plant  in 
Janesville,  furnishing  light  for  the  streets  and 
private  buildings.     In  1888  he  engaged  in  the 
manufacture   of    ladies'    shoes    in    partnership 
with     Alexander   Richardson   under   the   firm 
name  of  Richardson  and  Norcross,  a  connec- 
tion which  continued  until  Mr.  Norcross  with- 
drew from  the  firm  in  1896.     In  1892  he  pur- 
chased  the  mills   and   water-power   plants   at 
Fulton  and  Indian   Ford,   a  few  miles   above 
Janesville,  and  emploj^ed  them  in  the  extension 
of  his  operations  for  supplying  electric  light 
and  power.    During  the  later  years  of  his  life. 
Captain    Norcross    disposed    of    his    principal 
business  interests  in  Janesville,  and  thereafter 
spent  the  winter  months  in  Florida,  making  his 
home  in  the  city  of  Orlando.     While  visiting 
Janesville,  Wis.,  he  met  an  accidental  death  by 
drowning    in    the    raceway    near    the    electric 
plant.     Upon  his  death,  memorial  resolutions 
were  spread  upon  the  records  of  the  State  as- 
sembly and  of  the  Rock  County  Bar  Associa- 
tion,    Captain  Norcross  was  a  member  of  the 
assembly  in  1867,  1885,  1905,  and  1907,  and  was 
always  a  recognized  leader  in  this  body,  both  in 
committee  and  on  the  floor.     During  the  last 
two  sessions  he  maintained  a  home  in  Madison, 
and  both  he  and  his  wife  were  social  favor- 
ites in  that  city.    Captain  Norcross  served  his 
city  as  mayor  for  two  terms,  and  also  as  city 
attorney.     In  his  earlier  career  at  the  bar  he 
was  twice  elected  district  attorney.     In  June, 
1904,  he  was  elected  department  commander  of 
the  Wisconsin  Department  of  the  Grand  Army 
of  the  Republic.     This  position  was  attractive 
to  him,  and  he  derived  much  pleasure  in  going 
about  the  State,  attending  camp  fires  and  meet- 
ing the  old  veterans  in  the  agreeable  social  re- 
lations of  the  order.     Governor  Davidson  ap- 
pointed him  a  member  of  the  board  of  regents 
of    the    Wisconsin    State    University,    and    he 
served    actively    in    this    capacity   for    several 
years.     All  of  his  contemporaries  at  the  Rock 
County  bar,  of  whom  a  few  are  still  in  prac- 
tice, attributed  to  him  unusual  qualities  as  an 
advocate.     His  early  life,  the  normal  period  of 
preparation    for    a    professional    career,    was 
quite  broken  up  by  his  service  in  the  army,  and 
it  was  said  that  he  never  acquired  the  habits 
of  a  close  student;  but  his  natural  gifts  as  an 


352 


PUTNAM 


PUTNAM 


orator,  his  keen  business  judgment,  his  intel- 
h^ctual  activity,  his  sound  integrity,  and  above 
all  his  tireless  industry,  were  such  that  he  was 
enabled  to  succeed  where  even  greater  lawyers 
failed.  His  career  at  the  bar,  therefore,  was 
most  worthy,  useful,  and  honorable.  Captain 
Norcross  was  a  man  of  winning  personality, 
and  of  eloquent  speech.  In  every  activity  in 
which  he  engaged  his  efforts  were  marked  by 
the  sincerity  of  his  efforts,  the  steadfastness  of 
his  purpose,  and  by  indomitable  courage.  He 
was  a  public-spirited  citizen,  a  faithful  public 
servant,  a  devoted  family  man,  and  a  cher- 
ished friend  and  neighbor.  While  in  the  legis- 
lature, he  was  a  faithful  attendant,  and  kept 
himself  so  well  informed  on  all  pending  legis- 
lation that  he  was  always  ready  for,  and  equal 
to,  any  emergency  of  debate  upon  the  floor  or 
in  committee.  His  genial  and  cordial  manners 
toward  the  younger  men  of  the  legislature  es- 
pecially endeared  him  to  them.  Upon  the  organi- 
zation of  the  Janesville  Business  Men's  Associ- 
ation, he  was  chosen  one  of  its  first  presidents. 
He  served  also  as  trustee  for  the  State  Institu- 
tion for  the  Education  of  the  Blind  and  as 
aide-de-camp  on  the  staff  of  Governor  Smith. 
In  politics  he  was  an  active  Republican.  He 
had  a  wide  acqifaintance  with  public  men  of 
the  State.  Captain  Norcross  was  reared  in  the 
communion  of  the  Congregational  denomina- 
tion, and  he  died  in  the  membership  of  the 
First  Congregational  Church  of  Janesville. 
The  funeral  was  held  in  that  church,  and  was 
largely  attended.  The  local  Post  of  the  G.  A. 
R.,  of  which  he  was  a  devoted  member,  had 
general  charge  of  the  services.  On  4  Jan., 
1865,  he  married  Phoebe  A,  Poole,  of  Beloit, 
Wis.  They  had  four  children:  Frederic  F.  and 
John  V.  Norcross,  who  are  successful  lawyers 
in  Chicago;  Elizabeth  L.,  who  married  George 
A.  Mason,  a  Chicago  lawyer.,  and  Edward  P. 
Norcross,  a  physician,  of  Chicago.  Mrs.  Nor- 
cross died  in  Janesville,  Wis.,  28  Dec,  1900. 
Later,  Captain  Norcross  married  Mrs.  Frances 
Spaulding  Redington,  of  Troy,  Pa.,  who  sur- 
vived him. 

PUTNAM,  George  Haven,  soldier,  author, 
publisher,  b.  in  London,  England,  2  April, 
1844,  second  son  of  George  Palmer  and  Vic- 
torine  (Haven)  Putnam.  His  father  was  a 
son  of  Henry  (1778-1822)  and  Katherine  Hunt 
(Palmer)  Putnam  (1791-1869)  and  a  descend- 
ant of  John  Putnam,  who  settled  in  Salem, 
Mass.,  in  1640,  with  his  wife,  Priscilla 
(Goulds)  Putnam.  George  Palmer  Putnam 
(1814-72)  was  a  celebrated  bookseller  and  pub- 
lisher of  New  York  City  and  London,  England 
(q.v).  He  traces  his  descent  from  Gen.  Joseph 
Palmer  (1742-1904),  who  was  chairman  of  the 
Committee  of  Safety,  1774,  and  leader  of  the 
"  Indians,"  who  threw  the  tea  overboard  in 
Boston  Harbor  after  assembling  at  Chairman 
Palmer's  house  and  arranging  for  boarding 
the  British  tea  ships,  continued  to  serve  the 
patriot  cause  in  the  Continental  army  through- 
out the  Revolution  and,  at  its  close,  held  the 
rank  of  brigadier-general.  When  George 
Haven  Putnam  was  four  years  of  age  his 
parents  packed  up  their  household  belong- 
ings, took  ship  for  New  York  on  the  "  Mar- 
garet Evans,"  a  sailing  packet  of  the  Black 
Star  Line,  On  reaching  New  York  the  father 
selected  as  the  first  American  home  for  his 
family,  a  pleasantly  located  house  at  Staple- 


ton,  Staten  Island,  overlooking  the  New  York 
Bay.  George  Haven  Putnam  was  instructed 
at  home  by  his  mother  and  nurse.  The  elder 
Putnam,  as  was  the  custom  of  that  day,  enter- 
tained as  his  guests  at  his  home,  the  authors 
of  the  works  he  published,  and  as  a  boy, 
Haven  remembered  Miss  Bremer,  the  Swedish 
authoress ;  Susan  Warner,  the  author  of  "  The 
Wide,  Wide  World";  Wendell  Phillips,  the  lec- 
turer and  publicist,  and  Mr.  Fabans,  the 
traveler,  who  made,  possibly,  the  first  sug- 
gestion in  regard  to  a  railroad  across  the 
Isthmus  of  Panama.  Haven  was  prepared  for 
college,  previously,  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  Stephen 
H.  Tyng,  who  had  a  class  of  boys  at  St. 
George's  Church,  of  which  Dr.  Tyng  was  rec- 
tor and  his  son,  Stephen  H.  Tyng,  Jr.,  in- 
structor of  a  company  of  cadets.  He  next  en- 
tered Starr's  Military  Academy,  Yonkers, 
N.  Y.  In  1857  he  attended  Prof.  John  Mac- 
Mullen's  school  in  upper  New  York  and  the 
Columbia  Grammar  School  conducted  by  Dr. 
Anthon  after  1859.  In  1861  he  matriculated 
at  Columbia  College,  but  the  condition  of  his 
eyes  led  his  father  to  send  him  abroad  to 
consult  oculists  in  Paris  and  Berlin.  He 
sailed  from  New  York,  as  the  only  passenger 
on  board  the  bark  "  Louisa  Hatch  "  bound  for 
Bristol,  England,  and  from  London  he  went 
to  Paris  and  thence  to  Berlin,  where  he  placed 
himself  under  the  skill  of  Baron  von  Graefe, 
then  the  leading  oculist  of  Europe.  At  his 
sight  improved,  he  attended  courses  of  lectures 
at  the  Sorbonne,  Paris,  devoted  to  French  lit- 
erature and  the  literature  and  history  of 
Rome.  At  the  advice  of  Baron  von  Graefe,  he 
discontinued  lectures  after  reaching  Berlin 
and  sought  open-air  environments  as  necessary 
to  complete  his  treatment.  He  visited  Bayard 
Taylor  at  Gotha  and  en  route  visited  the 
galleries  at  Dresden,  tramped  through  Saxon, 
Switzerland,  studied  Bohemian  life  at  Prague, 
passed  through  the  Black  Forest  region,  saw 
the  toymakers  of  Nuremberg,  continued  the 
tramp  through  the  pleasant  region  of  the 
Thuringer-wald  and  finally  reached  Gottingen, 
where  he  took  up  his  studies  at  the  university. 
Here  he  attended  lectures  by  Ewald,  the  dis- 
tinguished Hebrew  scholar.  He  also  took  a 
course  in  German  history  and  botany.  At 
the  close  of  the  lectures  in  the  beginning  of 
July,  1862,  he  was  one  of  a  group  of  students 
that  took  a  vacation  trip  through  the  moun- 
tains of  the  Hartz  and  this  closed  his  univer- 
sity course  at  Gottingen,  although  he  did  not 
realize  that  he  was  bidding  a  final  farewell  to 
the  old  university.  He  was  going  home  to 
help  put  down  the  rebellion,  but  at  its  close 
to  return  within  the  coming  year,  complete 
his  work,  and  secure  his  doctorate.  In  August, 
1862,  he  boarded  the  steamer  "  Hansa "  at 
Bremen  and  returned  to  offer  his  services  to 
the  Union  army.  The  Young  Men's  Christian 
Association  was  recruiting  a  regiment  that 
was  mustered  into  service  as  the  One  Hun- 
dred and  Seventy-sixth  Regiment,  New  York 
Volunteers.  In  this  regiment  he  served  as 
quartermaster-sergeant.  The  regiment  ^ya8 
assigned  to  the  General  Banks'  exi)edition 
ordered  to  New  Orleans,  La.,  to  take  pos- 
session of  the  city  recently  captured  by 
Admiral  Farragut.  They  embarked  on  the 
chartered  whaler  "Alice  Corence "  and  in 
crowded     quarters,     with     almost    continuous 


353 


PUTNAM 


POEHLMANN 


storms  for  forty  days,  reached  New  Orleans 
and  after  taking  military  possession  of  the 
city  the  regiment  encamj>ed  at  Brasier  City. 
They  were  nine  months'  men  and  on  the  ex- 
piration of  their  term  of  service  they  were 
duly  mustered  out  at  Bonnet  Carrie  and  al- 
most to  a  man  they  re-enlisted  for  three  years' 
service  or  until  the  close  of  the  war.  Quarter- 
master-Sergeant Putnam  was  commissioned 
second-lieutenant  and  a  few  months  later,  first- 
lieutenant.  He  served  as  quartermaster  of  the 
regiment  for  about  six  months  and  was  then 
made  adjutant.  He  served  in  the  Red  River 
campaign  in  Louisiana.  The  One  Hundred  and 
Seventy-sixth  New  York  was  assigned  to  Grov- 
er's  Division  of  the  Nineteenth  Army  Corps 
and  reached  Alexandria  on  25  March,  1864, 
and  constituted  a  part  of  the  rear  guard  when 
the  army  marched  to  Shreveport.  His  regi- 
ment was  next  in  the  Nineteenth  Army  Corps 
with  Sheridan  in  the  Shenandoah  Valley,  Va. 
Major  Putnam  w^as  a  prisoner  of  war  at  Libby 
Prison  and  subsequently  at  Danville,  but 
upon  being  exchanged  he  served  under  General 
Emery  in  the  final  campaign  that  led  to  the 
surrender  of  the  Confederate  forces  under  Gen. 
Joseph  E.  Johnston  to  General  Sherman  in 
North  Carolina.  His  term  of  service  in  the 
Union  army  as  non-commissioned  officer,  com- 
manding officer,  in  hospital  recovering  from 
swamp  fever,  and  as  prisoner  of  war  in  loath- 
some prisons  as  Libby  and  Danville,  made  up 
exactly  three  years  from  the  time  he  enlisted 
as  "  a  small  student  just  from  Germany,"  to 
his  landing  an  honorably  discharged  soldier  in 
the  Civil  War,  at  the  Whitehall  wharf  in 
New  York  City.  On  5  Oct.,  1865,  he  registered 
his  name  for  his  first  legal  vote,  after  having 
so  fairly  earned  his  citizenship.  He  was 
deputy  U.  S.  collector  of  internal  revenue 
under  his  father  who  was  appointed  by  Presi- 
dent Lincoln  collector  of  the  Eighth  District 
of  New  York  in  1862,  and  he  served  under 
his  father,  1865-66.  His  father  resumed  the 
book-publishing  business  in  1866  and  made  his 
son  his  partner  under  the  firm  name  G.  P. 
Putnam  and  Son.  His  father  died  in  1872, 
and  his  sons,  George  Haven,  John  Bishop,  and 
Irving  Putnam  continued  the  business  as  G. 
P.  Putnam's  Sons,  which  business  was  subse- 
quently incorporated  as  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons, 
publishers,  with  George  Haven  Putnam  as  presi- 
dent. They  also  established,  in  1875,  a  printing 
and  binding  plant  above  the  Harlem  River 
equipped  with  the  latest  machinery  for  manu- 
facturing books,  known  as  the  Knickerbocker 
Press;  and,  on  its  incorporation,  George  Haven 
Putnam  was  made  a  member  of  its  board  of 
directors.  He  was  active  in  reorganizing  the 
American  Copyright  League  in  1887,  originally 
organized  in  1851  by  his  father.  He  was 
secretary  of  the  league  during  the  contest  for 
international  copyright,  resulting  in  the  bill 
of  March,  1891.  This  service  was  recognized 
in  France  the  same  year,  when  he  was  deco- 
rated with  the  cross  of  the  Legion  of  Honor. 
He  received  the  honorary  degree  of  A.M.  from 
Bowdoin  College  in  1895  and  that  of  Litt.  D. 
from  the  W'estern  University  of  Pennsylvania 
in,  1897.  He  became  a  member  of  the  Common- 
wealth Club  of  New  York,  the  Century  Asso- 
ciation, and  the  Authors'  Club  and  the  Aldine 
Clubs  of  New  York.  He  was  one  of  the  found- 
ers of  the  City  Club  and  of  the  Reform  Club 


of  New  York  City;  the  National,  Liberal,  and 
Cobden  Clubs  of  London  made  him  an  hon- 
orary member,  and  the  Swiss  Club  of  London 
elected  him  to  membership.  He  was  a  founder 
of  the  Society  for  Political  Education  and  a 
member  of  the  executive  committee  of  the 
Civil  Service  Reform  Association.  The  Free 
Trade  Club  of  New  York,  the  National 
Free  Trade  League,  and  the  Honest  Money 
League  of  1876-78  elected  him  to  membership. 
He  is  the  author  of :  "  Authors  and  Pub- 
lishers"  (1883)  (seventh  edition  rewritten 
with  additional  material,  1916)  ;  "Questions  Of 
Copyright"  (1891)  (second  edition  brought 
down  to  March,  1896);  "Authors  and  Their 
Publications  in  Ancient  Times"  (1893) 
(second  edition  revised);  "The  Artificial 
Mother,  A  Fantasy  (1894)  ;  "Books  and  Their 
Makers  During  the  Middle  Ages,"  (2  vols., 
1896)  ;  "The  Little  Gingerbread  Man";  "The 
Censorship  of  the  Church  of  Rome"  (2  vols., 
1907 )  ;  "Abraham  Lincoln — The  People's  Lea€ler 
in  the  Struggle  for  National  Existence  "  ( 1909 ) ; 
"  A  Prisoner  of  War  in  Virginia,  1864-65 " 
(19 — );  "A  Memoir  of  George  Palmer  Put- 
nam" (19 — ).  He  married,  first,  on  7  July, 
1869,  Rebecca  Kettell  Shepard^  of  Boston,  Mass. 
She  died  in  July,  1895,  and  he  married,  second, 
on  27  April,  1899,  Emily  James,  daughter  of 
Judge  James  C.  and  Emily  Ward  (Adams) 
Smith,  of  Canandaigua,  N.  Y.  She  was  born 
15  April,  1865;  graduated  at  Bryn  Mawr  Col- 
lege, 1889;  studied  at  Girton  College  Univer- 
sity of  Cambridge,  England,  1889-90;  taught 
Greek  at  Parker  Collegiate  Institute,  Brook- 
lyn, N.  Y.,  1891-93;  Fellow  in  Greek,  Univer- 
sity of  Chicago,  1893-94;  dean  of  Barnard 
College,  New  York,  1894-1900,  and  trustee, 
1901-05;  vice-president  and  manager  Women's 
University  Club,  New  York,  1907-08;  president 
of  the  League  for  Political  Education,  1901-04. 
She  is  the  author  of  "  Selections  from  Luccan  ** 
(1891). 

POEHLMANN,  John  William,  wholesale 
florist,  b.  in  Milwaukee,  Wis.,  21  June,  1867; 
d.  in  Chicago,  111.,  14  July,  1916,  son  of  John 
George  and  Caroline  (Haffermeister)  Poehl- 
mann.  His  father,  John  George  Poehlmann, 
b.  in  Ahenberg,  in  Bavaria,  Germany,  came  to 
this  country  as  a  young  man  and  established  a 
grocery  business  in  Milwaukee,  Wis.  John 
was  the  second  of  three  brothers.  As  a  boy  he 
attended  the  public  schools  of  his  native  city. 
At  the  conclusion  of  his  school  training  his 
father  took  him  into  his  business.  Here  he 
remained  until  he  was  twenty-three  years  of 
age,  when  the  course  of  his  career  changed  in 
a  very  different  direction.  Some  years  pre- 
viously, in  1879,  his  brother,  Adolph,  who  was 
seven  years  older  than  himself,  had  gone  to 
Niles  Center,  111.,  where  he  was  employed  for 
three  years  with  a  large  florist  and  learned 
that  business  thoroughly.  In  1885  Adolph  had 
gone  into  business  as  a  florist  with  a  partner. 
This  partnership  lasted  two  years,  when 
Adolph  bought  out  his  partner's  business  and 
continued  by  himself,  at  Morton  Grove,  a 
small  town  fourteen  miles  outside  Chicago. ' 
He  had  prospered,  so  much,  in  fact,  that  he 
needed  capital  with  which  to  enlarge  his  plant 
to  meet  the  growing  demands  of  his  trade.  It 
was  in  1890  that  a  partnership  between  John, 
August,  and  Adolph  was  formed.  John  Poehl- 
mann devoted  himself  largely  to  the  salesman- 


354 


'1/     '¥  P  V 


POEHLMANN 


POEHLMANN 


ship  end  of  the  enterprise,  applying  himself 
to  developing  the  trade  Taking  up  his  resi- 
dence in  the  city  of  Chicago,  he  established 
a  distributing  station  in  a  basement  at  1309 
North  Clark  Street.  At  the  end  of  ten  years, 
in  1900,  the  partnership  was  dissolved  for  a 
time,  John  and  his  brother,  August,  buying 
the  interest  of  their  brother,  Adolph,  in  the 
old  plant,  while  the  latter  set  to  work  build- 
ing himself  a  new  plant.  A  year  later  they 
decided  to  consolidate  the  two  plants  and 
then  they  founded  the  present  corporation  of 
Poehlmann  Bros.  Company,  John  Poehlmann 
being  elected  president,  Adolph,  vice-president, 
and  August,  secretary  and  treasurer.  From 
that  time  forward  the  growth  of  the  business 
was  truly  phenomenal  The  corporation  be- 
gan business  with  a  capitalization  of  $90,000. 
Soon  afterward  the  Chicago  distributing  sta- 
tion was  moved  to  more  commodious  quarters 
at  30  East  Randolph  Street.  With  great 
energy  John  pushed  the  trade  until,  shortly 
before  his  death,  he  had  not  only  extended  it 
all  over  the  country,  but  to  Canada  as  well 
By  that  time  the  plant  had  assumed  gigantic 
dimensions;  it  was  the  biggest  of  its  kind 
in  the  country,  if  not  in  the  w^orld.  There 
were  eight  miles  of  greenhouses,  averaging 
twenty-seven  feet  in  width,  a  veritable  glass- 
covered  street  that  would  have  stretched  from 
one  end  of  Chicago  to  the  other.  From  three 
to  four  hundred  men  were  now  employed  in 
caring  for  the  many  acres  of  growing  flowers 
and  shrubs  under  glass,  the  payroll  amounting 
to  nearly  a  quarter  of  a  million  dollars  per 
annum.  The  yearly  consumption  of  coal 
needed  for  the  furnaces  to  heat  this  vast 
acreage  of  roofed-in  land  was  136,000  tons 
Then  the  company  went  into  the  palm-growing 
business  and  presently  they  had  the  largest 
stock  of  palms  east  of  Philadelphia.  The 
orchid  department  alone  required  eight  large 
greenhouses,  each  250  feet  in  length,  to  house 
their  treasures.  To  supply  this  department 
collectors  were  sent  to  the  jungles  of  South 
America  to  seek  rare  specimens  of  this  exotic 
and  strangely  beautiful  vegetation.  To  the 
Philippines  also  a  collector  was  dispatched 
to  collect  such  specimens  of  tropical  plants 
as  are  native  to  that  climate.  Cut  flowers, 
however,  form  the  main  article  of  trade.  Two 
million  square  feet  of  glass  is  required  to 
cover  this  important  department  of  the  busi- 
ness. In  addition  the  supply  department, 
which  was  added  several  years  ago  as  a  matter 
of  accommodation  to  the  many  customers  of 
the  firm  throughout  the  country,  has  grown  to 
tremendous  proportions.  It  is  not  merely  in 
size,  however,  that  the  business  of  the  Poehl- 
mann Bros.  Company  stands  out  remarkably 
Its  reputation  for  integrity  and  fair  dealing 
is  equally  worthy  of  remark.  Indeed,  it  is 
this  element  that  has  had  not  a  little  to  do 
with  the  remarkable  success  of  this  tremendous 
establishment.  In  John  Poehlmann  as  well  as 
his  brothers  was  incarnated  this  sterling  in- 
tegrity. How  he  was  regarded  by  other  mem- 
bers of  the  florist  trade  is  indicated  by  the 
following  resolution,  or  tribute,  which  was 
passed  by  the  Society  of  American  Florists,  of 
which  he  was  a  member,  on  the  occasion  of  his 
death:  "In  the  death  of  Mr.  Poehlmann  the 
Society  of  American  Florists  has  lost  one  of 
its  most   successful   members.      Starting  only 


a  few  years  ago  with  very  limited  means,  he 
was  largely  instrumental  in  the  development 
of  his  firm's  splendid  business,  said  to  be  the 
largest  of  its  kind  in  existence.  He  was  a 
hard  worker,  constantly  at  his  post  and  al- 
ways kindly  to  his  associates  and  employees. 
Mr.  Poehlmann's  industry  has  left  deep,  last- 
ing imprints  on  the  sands  of  American  flori- 
culture and  his  many  friends  deeply  mourn  the 
early  passing  of  one  so  gifted  and  so  un- 
assuming." In  1898  Mr.  Poehlmann  married 
Frieda  Ottenbacher,  of  Morton  Grove.  Four 
years  later  she  died.  In  1904  he  married 
Emma  Parker,  a  sister  of  Mrs.  Guy  French. 
By  his  first  marriage  he  had  two  children: 
John  and  Frieda. 

POEHLMANN,  Adolph  H.,  florist,  b.  in  Mil- 
waukee, Wis ,  24  May,  1860,  son  of  John 
George  and  Caroline  (Haffermeister)  Poehl- 
mann. His  father,  originally  a  baker  by  trade, 
and  a  native  of  Ahenberg,  in  Bavaria,  Ger- 
many, came  to 
this  country 

early  in  the  last 
century  and  set- 
tled in  Milwau- 
kee, where  he 
went  into  the 
grocery  business. 
Adolph  was  the 
eldest  of  three 
brothers,  with 
whom  he  was 
later  to  found 
an  establishment 
which  has  since 
become  the  larg- 
est in  the  world. 
His  early  educa- 
tion was  ac- 
quired in  the 
Milwaukee  public 
schools.  Having 
concluded  his 
studies,  he  was  for  a  while  employed  in  Mil- 
waukee, but  when  he  was  nineteen  years  of 
age,  he  went  to  Niles  Center,  111 ,  where  he 
found  employment  in  the  greenhouses  of  a 
large  florist  business  Here  he  remained  for 
three  years,  acquiring  a  thorough  and  prac- 
tical knowledge  of  floriculture.  Afterward 
he  w^orked  a  year  in  Boston  and,  later,  a  year 
in  Hoboken,  N.  J,  part  of  this  time  with 
Peter  Henderson,  at  that  time  the  largest 
florist  in  the  East.  At  the  end  of  that  period 
he  had  managed  to  save  up  several  hundred 
dollars,  and  the  ambition  came  over  him  to 
enter  the  business  on  his  own  account.  The 
opportunity  came  presently  when  he  was  in- 
vited to  form  a  partnership  with  Otto  Mail- 
ander,  a  florist  in  a  small  way,  at  Morton 
Grove,  111.,  who  at  that  time  had  two  green- 
houses, each  45  x  10  feet.  Mailandor  con- 
tributed $270  00  and  Poehlmann  $320  00,  and 
together  they  built  themselves  a  duelling. 
The  business  met  a  fair  degree  of  success. 
At  the  end  of  two  years,  in  18S7,  Poehlmann 
bought  out  his  partner's  interest  for  $1,270. 
For  the  next  three  years,  until  1890,  Mr. 
Poehlmann  continued  the  enterprise  alone. 
During  this  time  he  prospered.  In  fact,  so 
rapid  was  his  success  that  he  was  brought 
face  to  face  with  that  difliculty  which  besets 
many   an   energetic   business   man    who   starts 


356 


POEHLMANN 


POEHLMANN 


in  a  Bmall  way;  his  trade  developed  faster 
than  his  capital  could  increase  and  he  was 
hampered  bv  his  inability  to  meet  the  new 
business  on 'account  of  the  limited  size  of  his 
plant.  It  was  at  this  time  that  he  suggested 
to  his  two  brothers,  August  and  John,  that 
they  join  him  in  the  enterprise,  an  invitation 
to  which  they  readily  responded.  At  this 
time  Adolph's*  plant  consisted  of  one  green- 
house, 20  X  125  feet,  another  12  x  125  feet,  a 
third  tt.Kl25  feet,  and  six  others  of  smaller 
dimensions.  The  plant  was  then  valued  at 
$4,200,  which  included  buildings  and  stock  on 
hand,  1  June.  The  other  two  brothers  sup- 
plied $3,000  in  cash  toward  working  capital, 
a  large  part  of  which  was  loaned  them  by 
their  father;  Adolph  himself  having  a  surplus 
of  $1,200.  The  partnership  was  based  on  a 
verbal  agreement,  whereby  they  were  to  share 
equally  in  the  profits  of  the  business,  each 
drawing  what  amounted  to  a  nominal  salary: 
Adolph,  on  account  of  his  long  experience  in 
the  florist  business,  drawing  $35.00  a  month; 
August,  $25.00  a  month,  and  John  $15.00  a 
month.  For  ten  years  the  brothers  continued 
working  under  this  agreement.  From  the  very 
beginning  the  business  prospered,  the  previous 
commercial  experience  of  John  and  August 
supplementing  the  technical  training  of 
Adolph.  One  year  after  the  termination  of 
this  agreement  the  brothers  formed  a  corpora- 
tion, capitalizing  the  organization  at  $90,000, 
John  Poehlmann  being  president,  Adolph  vice- 
president,  and  August  secretary  and  treas- 
urer. Under  the  new  arrangement  the  growth 
of  the  business  became  phenomenal.  It  is  now 
the  largest  of  its  kind  in  the  world,  its  trade 
extending  even  to  foreign  countries,  to  Canada, 
and  to  the  greater  part  of  the  United  States. 
There  are  now  close  to  eight  miles  of  green- 
houses, and  the  firm  sends  its  collectors  to 
South  America  and  the  Philippines  for  rare 
orchids  and  other  exotics  from  tropical  climes. 
The  orchid  department  alone  requires  eight 
large  greenhouses,  each  250  feet  in  length. 
Not  a  little  of  Mr.  Poehlmann's  success  has 
been  due  to  his  genuine  love  of  the  commodity 
in  which  his  establishment  deals.  It  was  this 
love  of  the  most  beautiful  products  of  nature 
that  attracted  him  toward  floriculture  as  a 
boy.  It  is  for  this  reason,  too,  that  the  prac- 
tical management  of  the  details  within  the 
plant  itself  has  been  left  more  largely  to  his 
care,  while  his  brothers  were  more  specially 
responsible  for  the  extension  of  the  trade  and 
actual  business  management.  On  10  March, 
1891,  Mr.  Poehlmann  married  Katherine  C. 
Ulbright,  the  daughter  of  a  prominent  Mil- 
waukee merchant.  They  have  had  four  chil- 
dren: Walter  G.,  Vera  E.,  Edna,  and  Morton 
Poehlmann. 

POEHLMANN,  August  Franklin,  wholesale 
florist,  b.  in  Milwaukee,  Wis.,  21  Oct.,  1869, 
son  of  John  George  and  Caroline  (Haff'er- 
meister)  Poehlmann.  His  father,  John  G. 
Poehlmann,  a  native  of  Ahornberg,  in  Bavaria, 
Germany,  was  at  first  a  baker  by  trade,  but 
after  coming  to  this  country  as  a  young  man, 
he  settled  in  Milwaukee  and  there  went  into 
the  grocery  business.  As  a  boy  August  at- 
tended the  public  schools  of  Milwaukee,  then, 
having  concluded  his  studies,  he  dedicated 
himself  to  a  business  career.  It  was  not  till 
he  was  twenty-one,  however,  that  he  entered 


!      ^^.t*/-'   -^^^^.-u 


the  field  in  which  he  was  to  attain  his  large 
measure  of  success,  but  even  before  that  time 
he  had  gained  a  great  deal  of  practical  ex- 
perience. When  August  was  ten  years  of  age, 
his  older  brother,  Adolph,  then  nineteen,  had 
gone  to  Niles  Center,  111.,  and  there  entered 
the  employ  of  a  large  florist.  Later  he  had 
gone  into  business  for  himself  and  had  met 
with  success.  In  1890,  when  August  Poehl- 
mann was  twenty-one,  he  induced  his  brother 
John  to  engage  in  the  florist  business.  This 
was  the  idea  which  crystallized  and  later 
formed  the  Poehlmann  Bros.  Company. 
Adolph's  capital  was  largely  represented  by 
his  plant.  August  Poehlmann  and  his  brother 
John  had  been 
saving  their  earn- 
ings and  they 
were  able,  be- 
tween them,  to 
put  another  $3,000 
into  the  business. 
Verbally  they 

agreed  that  they 
should  share 

equally  with  each 
other  the  profits 
of  the  business. 
From  the  begin- 
ning the  business 
prospered,  the 

commercial  experi- 
ence of  John  and 
August  supple 
menting  the  tech-  ^^ 
nical  training  of  /^ / 
Adolph.  Added  to  this  they  had  confi- 
dence, youth,  energy,  and  unlimited  de- 
termination. For  ten  years  they  continued 
as  partners,  then  organized  into  a  cor- 
poration with  a  capital  of  $90,000  in  1901, 
assuming  the  title  of  the  Poehlmann  Bros. 
Company.  August  was  elected  secretary  and 
treasurer.  His  brother,  John,  who  was  made 
president,  attended  to  the  Chicago  end  of  the 
business,  developing  the  selling  end,  and 
Adolph  had  charge  of  the  management  of  the 
plant.  From  now  on  the  success  of  the  firm 
was  truly  remarkable.  The  establishment  is 
now  the  largest  of  its  kind  in  the  world. 
From  three  to  four  hundred  men  are  em- 
ployed in  the  greenhouses,  of  which  there  are 
about  eight  miles,  averaging  twenty-seven  feet 
in  width.  The  cut  flower  department  alone 
requires  2,000,000  square  feet  of  glass  to  cover 
it.  Eight  large  greenhouses,  each  250  feet  in 
length,  are  required  to  house  the  orchids,  many 
of  which  have  been  gathered  from  the  malarial 
swamps  and  jungles  of  South  America  by  col- 
lectors sent  especially  for  the  firm.  Meanwhile 
the  trade  has  been  extended  all  over  the 
United  States,  into  Canada,  and  even  into 
foreign  countries.  August  was  unusually 
quick  of  perception;  quick  to  estimate  the 
value  of  an  opportunity  that  presented  itself 
and  daring  enough  to  take  a  risk.  Of  the 
three  brothers  he  was  the  most  aggressive,  the 
first  to  insist  on  the  development  of  any  new 
idea-  that  promised  to  be  of  advantage  to  the 
business.  But  though  he  acted  quickly,  some- 
times with  apparent  rashness,  his  judgment 
was  nevertheless  cool,  for  his  mistakes  were 
few.  The  foreign  department  of  the  firm 
stands  out  pre-eminently  as  one  of  the  best 


I 


356 


CARTER 


CARTEJl 


I 


results  of  his  ability  as  an  executive.  That 
the  citizens  of  Morton,  111.,  where  the  vast 
plant  of  the  firm  is  located,  appreciate  the 
sound  business  judgment  of  August  Poehlmann 
is  obvious  from  the  fact  that  in  1908  they 
elected  him  mayor  of  the  town,  and  he  has 
been  mayor  ever  since.  On  18  April,  1905,  Mr. 
Poehlmann  married  Lulie  Virginia  Miller, 
daughter  of  John  C.  Miller,  a  successful  manu- 
facturer of  paper  boxes  in  Chicago.  They 
have  had  three  children:  Earl  Franklin,  Ro- 
land Morton,  and  Lulie  Virginia. 

CARTER,  Levi,  manufacturer  and  Nebraska 
pioneer,  b.  in  New  Hampton,  N.  H.,  30  Nov., 
1829;  d.  in  Omaha,  Neb,  7  Nov,  1903.  He 
was  one  of  a  family  of  sixteen  children,  hence 
was  obliged  to  assume  the  responsibilities  of 
life  at  a  very  early  age.  His  youth  was  spent 
on  his  father's  farm,  where  he  worked  hard  in 
the  summer  months,  and  attended  the  common 
schools  of  the  district  in  the  winter.  Later,  in 
addition  to  his  farm  duties,  he  also  worked  as 
a  carpenter  and  housebuilder  in  the  summer 
and  taught  the  district  school  in  the  winter. 
Then,  for  two  years,  he  traveled  through  the 
country  with  his  brother,  Eliphalet,  taking 
daguerreotype  portraits  for  the  people  in  the 
scattered  Western  settlements.  Finally,  he  re- 
moved to  Nebraska  City,  then  very  far  west, 
and  found  employment  at  cutting  and  stacking 
hay.  The  business  of  freighting  was  then 
highly  profitable,  and  he  entered  into  it  in 
partnership  with  Isaac  Coe,  under  the  name 
of  Coe  and  Carter  Since  none  of  the  great 
trans-continental  railroads  had  yet  been  built, 
this  firm  soon  becqjne  extensively  engaged  in 
freighting  supplies  between  the  Missouri 
River  towns  and  the  mining  settlements  of  the 
mountains  of  the  Far  West,  their  primitive 
equipment  consisting  of  large  numbers  of 
wagons,  drawn  by  oxen,  and  conveying  all 
sorts  of  merchandise  When  the  Union  Pacific 
and  Oregon  Short  Line  Railroads  were  built, 
Mr.  Carter  and  his  partner  turned  their  at- 
tention to  cutting  and  furnishing  ties  for  a 
large  part  of  the  construction  work  on  these 
lines.  They  were  not  slow  in  grasping  the 
opportunities  that  the  West  then  offered  to 
young  men  of  ability  and  enterprise,  and,  in 
connection  with  their  freighting  business,  soon 
became  the  owners  of  large  cattle  ranges,  pos- 
sessing at  one  time  about  750,000  acres  upon 
which  grazed  5,000,000  head  of  cattle.  In 
1878  Mr.  Carter  became  a  minor  stockholder 
in  the  Omaha  White  Lead  Company,  the  plant 
of  which  was  located  in  Omaha,  Neb.,  and  in 
that  capacity  became  interested  in  the  proc- 
esses for  the  manufacture  of  white  lead,  to  the 
extent  of  finally  becoming  engaged  in  that  in- 
dustry In  1886  he  organized  the  Carter 
White  Lead  Company,  and  when  the  Omaha 
White  Lead  Company  became  involved  in  diffi- 
culties, took  over  its  business,  thereafter  giv- 
ing his  entire  attention  to  the  business  In 
1890  the  plant  was  burned  to  the  ground,  but 
was  rebuilt  in  the  following  year.  In  1895  an 
additional,  and  much  larger,  factory  was 
erected  by  the  company  at  West  Pullman, 
near  Chicago,  111.  Previous  to  actually  en- 
gaging in  the  manufacture  of  white  lead,  Mr 
Carter  had  no  knowledge  whatever  of  its 
processes  and  requirements  With  other 
prominent  and  enterprising  men,  he  had  been 
induced  to  invest  in  the  stock  of  the  Omaha 


White  Lead  Company,  in  order  to  assist  in  the 
founding  of  a  new  industry,  but,  having  be- 
come actively  engaged  in  the  business,  he  pon- 
dered upon  improved  methods  The  result  was 
the  notable  contribution  to  the  industry,  now 
known  as  the  '*  Carter  process  "  of  manufactur- 
ing white  lead,  which  soon  demonstrated  its 
superiority  over  all  others  At  the  time  of  the 
failure  of  the  Omaha  White  Lead  Company,  he 
was  certain  that  its  misfortune  arose  from  the 
practice  of  adulterating  its  products,  a  cus- 
tom which  was  then  quite  common  with  all 
corroders  of  white  lead;  and,  in  order  to  es- 
cape from  this  injurious  reputation,  he  organ- 
ized the  new  company  bearing  his  own  name, 
never  afterward  permitting  any  adulterating 
ingredients  to  be  brought  into  his  factory. 
The  distinctive  feature  of  the  "  Carter  proc- 
ess "  was  the  so-called  "  atomizing  "  of  metal- 
lic lead,  preparatory  to  treatment,  the  lead 
being  subjected  to  the  action  of  the  corroding 
gases  in  the  form  of  a  fine  powder  instead  of 
the  small  perforated  sheets,  known  as 
"  buckles,"  which  were  used  in  other  processes. 
The  use  of  lead  in  powdered  form  permitted 
mechanical  operation  to  bring  the  lead  and 
corroding  gases  into  contact  as  was  impos- 
sible in  any  other  system.  The  splendid  re- 
sults achieved  justified  Mr.  Carter's  deter- 
mination to  give  his  whole  attention  to  the 
perfecting  and  development  of  his  ideas  How 
well  he  succeeded  may  be  understood  from  the 
following  facts:  The  original  Omaha  White 
Lead  Company's  plant  had  a  capacity  (nomi- 
nal) of  5,000  tons  per  annum,  and  employed 
about  250  men.  The  first  plant  built  by  Mr. 
Carter  had  a  capacity  of  10,000  tons,  employ- 
ing 100  to  150  men;  while  the  new  plant 
built  at  West  Pullman  had  a  capacity  of 
20,000  tons,  and  employed  from  80  to  100 
men.  Progress  along  the  line  of  work  begun 
by  Mr.  Carter  was  not  stopped  at  his  death, 
for  a  new  factory  has  recently  been  erected  at 
West  Pullman,  which  will  manufacture  1,000 
tons  of  white  lead  to  every  man  employed  in 
the  manufacture  Mr  Carter  was  not  only  an  in- 
dustrial pioneer  of  the  highest  type,  but  one  of 
the  best  illustrations  of  the  hardy  courageous 
manhood  that  built  up  the  great  Middle  West. 
He  seemed  never  to  know  fatigue  or  fear. 
When  conducting  his  wagon  route,  his  party 
was  not  infrequently  attacked  by  Indians,  and 
they  were  compelled  to  make  barricades  of  their 
wagons,  and  wait  for  relief.  It  has  been  said 
that,  at  such  times,  when  every  day's  delay 
involved  large  losses,  and  every  night  might 
bring  the  destruction  of  both  lives  and  prop- 
erty, Mr.  Carter  was  always  cool  and  collected, 
took  his  regular  sleep  undisturbed,  and  by  his 
apparent  confidence  in  the  successful  outcome, 
kept  up  the  courage  of  his  employees  His 
foresight  was  one  of  his  most  remarkable  at- 
tributes, and  at  no  time  did  his  camps  lack 
necessary  supplies;  nor  were  they  ever  over- 
provided  He  was  an  original  thinker,  and 
had  the  courage  of  his  convictions,  qualities 
which  brought  about  his  complete  revolution 
of  white  lead  manufacture  and  laid  the  foun- 
dation of  the  improved  processes  now  in  use. 
He  never  took  time  <o  consider  misfortunes  or 
reverses,  for  his  pliilosophy  was  always  con- 
structive On  the  day  of  the  burning  of  his 
first  factory,  friends  calling  to  ext(>nd  their 
sympathy  found  him  engaged  in  making  plans 

357 


MACBRIDE 


GABLE 


for  a  new  building.  He  was  generous,  some- 
times to  an  absurd  degree,  but  for  some  un- 
accountable reason,  his  borrowers  always  vol- 
untarily repaid  his  loans,  so  that  he  was  sel- 
dom a  loser.  His  kindness  to  his  employees 
was  well  known,  and  it  was  characteristic  of 
him  that  the  last  letter  he  wrote,  and  the  last 
check  ho  signed,  were  sent  to  an  employee  who 
had  embezzled  a  large  sum  from  the  company. 
In  his  broad-minded,  tolerant  way,  Mr.  Carter 
gave  him  his  check,  with  the  friendly  advice 
that  he  steal  no  more.  Personally,  Mr  Carter 
was  a  fine  specimen  of  manhood,  temperate  in 
his  habits,  mild  in  speech,  and  deliberate  in 
thought  and  action.  The  Levi  Carter  Park, 
containing  700  acres  and  including  Carter 
Lake,  located  near  the  plant  of  the  Carter 
White  Lead  Company  at  East  Omaha,  Neb , 
was  given  to  the  city  of  Omaha  by  Mrs.  Carter 
as  a  memorial  to  her  husband. 

MACBRIDE,  Thomas  Huston,  botanist  and 
university  president,  b.  in  Rogersville,  Tenn., 
31  July,  1848,  son  of  Rev.  James  Bovard  and 
Sarah  Maclenathan  (Huston)  Macbride.  His 
father  (1820-1910)  was  a  noted  teacher  and 
pioneer  in  early  days  of  Iowa,  and  was  an 
active  minister  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  for 
more  than  fifty  years.  His  earliest  American 
progenitor,  Robert  Macbride,  who  came  to 
this  country  from  Belfast,  Ireland,  and  settled 
in  Bellefonte,  Pa  ,  was  a  scholar  of  broad  cul- 
ture, a  teacher  by  profession,  and  founder  of 
the  Bellefonte  (Pa  )  Academy,  which  is  still 
a  successful  institution.  Dr.  Macbride  had  the 
benefit  of  excellent  educational  opportunities 
which  he  used  to  advantage.  He  began  his 
collegiate  education  at  Lenox  College,  at 
Lenox,  la,  but  later  became  a  student  of 
Monmouth  College,  Monmouth,  111.,  where  he 
was  graduated  A  B  in  1869.  He  afterward 
went  to  Germany  to  complete  his  education  at 
the  University  of  Bonn  Always  most  inter- 
ested in  the  natural  sciences,  he  devoted  him- 
self especially  to  biological  research  and  gen- 
eral science  Upon  his  return  to  the  United 
States,  he  accepted  the  professorship  of  mathe- 
matics at  Lenox  College,  in  1870.  He  served 
in  this  capacity  until  1878,  when  he  became 
assistant  professor  of  natural  science,  at  the 
University  of  Iowa,  thus  becoming  identified 
with  the  institution  with  which  his  name  has 
been  associated  for  nearly  forty  years  He  be- 
came professor  of  botany,  in  1884,  a  position 
which  he  filled  until  his  elevation  to  the  presi- 
dency of  the  university  in  1914.  During  his 
connection  with  the  institution  as  the  head 
of  the  botanical  department.  Dr.  Macbride  was 
a  close  student  of  fungi  of  every  known  va- 
riety; and  of  the  flora,  physiography,  and  sur- 
face geology  of  Iowa.  In  connection  with  his 
researches  he  has  published  many  valuable 
papers  in  the  form  of  bulletins  from  the 
laboratories  of  the  natural  history  department 
of  the  University  of  Iowa  His  articles  have 
also  been  published  in  the  reports  of  the  Iowa 
Geological  Survey,  and  in  various  scientific 
journals  throughout  the  country.  He  is  also 
the  author  of  a  book  entitled  "  North  Ameri- 
can Slime  Molds,"  published  in  1900  Dr 
Macbride's  character  is  many-sided  and  his 
genius  nobly  versatile  He  presents  the  rare 
combination  of  the  profound  scholar,  the  pains- 
taking investigator,  the  inspiring  teacher,  the 
public-spirited    citizen,    and    the    strong    and 


truly  cultured  man.  As  a  scholar  he  pos- 
sesses a  breadth  of  vision  and  an  appreciation 
of  varied  interests  of  unusual  character  in 
this  age  of  narrow  specialization.  As  an  in- 
vestigator, he  is  patient,  persevering,  and  ex- 
act in  the  determination  of  material  facts, 
which  he  has  demonstrated,  especially  in  his 
work  on  slime  molds,  on  which  he  is  a  world 
authority,  and,  withal,  is  endowed  with  a 
power  of  interpretation  which  illuminates 
every  subject  to  which  he  gives  his  attention, 
and  which  led  an  old-time  comrade  and  col- 
league to  describe  him  as  "  the  sweetest  and 
most  charming  of  the  prophets  and  inter- 
preters of  nature."  As  a  teacher,  he  has  made 
the  training  of  specialists  secondary  to  the 
building  of  character  and  the  development  of 
a  broad  appreciation  of  life,  and  thousands  of 
students  have  carried  the  inspiration  of  his 
teaching  into  every  walk  in  life.  As  a  citizen, 
he  has  taken  a  keen  interest  in  public  affairs, 
and  his  activity  in  urging  civic  improvements, 
such  as  the  beautifying  of  our  cities  and  our 
homes,  has  been  especially  fruitful.  As  a 
man,  he  has  especially  endeared  himself  to 
those  who  know  him,  for  he  combines  a  charm- 
ing, modest  personality  with  a  deeply  sym- 
pathetic nature,  and  his  entire  life  has  been 
dominated  by  the  ideal  of  service  to  his  fellow 
men.  The  combination  of  all  these  noble 
qualities  makes  him  a  just  and  broad-minded 
executive,  alive  to  all  the  varied  interests  of 
the  institution  over  which  he  presides.  Dr. 
Macbride  is  a  member  of  the  Delta  Tau  Delta 
and  Sigma  Xi  College  Fraternities;  the 
A  A.  A.  S.,  of  which  he  ^^s  vice-president  in 
1904;  the  Botanical  Society  of  America,  and 
the  American  Paleontology  Society;  and  a 
Fellow  of  the  Geological  Society  of  America. 
He  married  31  Dec ,  1874,  Harriet,  daughter 
of  Jacob  Grosch  Diffenderfer,  of  Hopkinton, 
la.  Of  this  union  four  children  were  born, 
two  of  whom,  Jean  and  Philip  D.  Macbride, 
still  survive. 

GABLE,  William  Francis,  merchant,  b  in 
Upper  Uwochla,  Chester  County,  Pa.,  12  Feb., 
1856,  son  of  Isaac  and  Hjinnah  Mercer  (Wol- 
lerton)  Gable.  His  mother  was  a  daughter 
of  John  Wollerton,  of  Reading,  Pa.,  and  a  de- 
scendant of  George  Smedley,  of  Derbyshire, 
England,  who,  in  1682,  came  to  America  with 
William  Penn,  and  settled  on  the  bank  of  the 
Great  River  (as  the  Delaware  was  then 
called).  Later  he  purchased  from  William 
Penn  250  acres  of  land;  about  1700,  he  re- 
moved to  Middletown,  Pa.,  and  while  there, 
with  his  son,  Thomas,  received  a  grant  of  land 
in  Chester  County,  also  an  original  grant  of 
a  lot  or  the  tract  of  land  that  afterward 
became  the  city  of  Philadelphia  His  son, 
George  (1692-1766),  married  first,  Jane 
Sharpless,  and  second,  Mary  Hammans,  who, 
as  the  records  show,  was  honored  by  her 
appointment  to  sit  at  the  Ministers'  Meeting 
of  the  Society  of  Friends  His  son,  William 
(1728-66),  married  Elizabeth  Taylor.  Their 
son  George  (b.  11  March,  1758),  came  into 
possession,  in  1785,  of  170  acres  of  land  at 
Uwochla,  Pa.,  which  remained  in  the  posses- 
sion of  the  Smedley  family  until  it  passed 
into  the  hands  of  William  F  Gable;  he  mar- 
ried Hannah  Mercer.  His  daughter,  Betty 
(1791-1855),  married  John  Wollerton  and  her 
daughter,  Hannah  Mercer    (1825-96),  married 


358 


m 


m  i^ 


► 


GABLE 


GABLE 


Isaac  Gable  (1822-1903)  and  became  the 
mother  of  William"  F.  Gable.  The  Smedley 
family  coat-of-arms  consists  of:  ermine  shield, 
a  chevron  lozenzy  of  azure  and  gold;  crest, 
an  eagle  head  erased,  black.  Isaac  Gable  was 
a  farmer  and  his  son  passed  a  happy  child- 
hood in  the  green  fields  and  shady  groves  of 
Upper  Uwochla.  As  he  grew  older  he  assumed 
his  share  of  responsibility  and  spent  much  of 
his  time  in  hard  work  on  the  farm.  The 
constant  outdoor  life  contributed  to  the  up- 
building of  the  strong  physique  which  has 
always  been  one  of  his  distinctive  character- 
istics. Even  in  boyhood  he  gave  evidence  of 
great  mental  capacity,  fine,  canny  business  in- 
stincts, and  an  intensely  energetic  nature,  all 
of  which  traits  were  augmented  by  the  in- 
dustrious habits  and  powers  of  persistence  en- 
gendered by  his  early  surroundings  and  train- 
ing. He  was  educated  in  the  district  schools 
of  Chester  County,  but  in  1869,  his  father 
removed  to  Reading,  Pa.,  where  he  was  given 
excellent  educational  advantages  in  the  high 
schools  of  Reading  and  Chester,  afterward 
preparing  himself  for  a  business  life  at  Farr's 
Commercial  College  in  Reading.  That  he  is 
not  a  graduate  of  any  of  the  great  centers  of 
learning  has  no  doubt  been  one  of  the  secrets 
of  his  successful  career.  Although  an  ardent 
student  he  was  not  a  young  man  who  would 
follow  blindly  the  paths  worn  by  tradition 
and  convention,  but  insisted  upon  taking  men- 
tal short-cuts  into  untrodden  places  where  he 
made  his  search  for  knowledge  by  himself.  A 
scholar  by  instinct,  he  became  by  means  of 
these  "  little  journeys  "  a  man  of  wide  learn- 
ing and  superior  culture.  Mr.  Gable  began 
his  business  apprenticeship  in  1874,  at  the 
age  of  eighteen,  in  the  employ  of  Boas  and 
Rauderbush,  lumber  merchants  in  Reading, 
Pa.  He  remained  in  their  employ  four  years, 
and,  in  1878,  entered  the  department  store  of 
Dives,  Pomeroy  and  Stewart,  a  step  that  had 
much  to  do  with  determining  his  future  career, 
and  by  which  he  gained  the  |)ractical  experience 
which  was  partially  instrumental  in  making 
him  the  originator  and  upbuilder  of  the  great- 
est commercial  enterprise  in  Central  Pennsyl- 
vania. On  1  March,  1884,  occurred  the  most 
important  event  of  his  business  career,  namely, 
the  opening  of  his  store  in  Altoona,  Pa.  The 
beginning  was  modest,  the  little  store  located 
at  the  corner  of  Eleventh  Avenue  and  Thir- 
teenth Street  having  but  a  dozen  clerks  and 
a  complete  stock,  which,  as  a  whole,  was  many 
times  less  than  the  amount  of  merchandise 
now  carried  in  any  single  department.  The 
firm  was  known  as  Sprecher  and  Gable.  It 
was  Mr.  Gable,  however,  who  was  at  all  times 
the  guiding  genius  in  the  conduct  of  the  store 
He  had  natural  far-sighted  Imsiness  sagacity, 
a  talent  for  organization,  and  the  faculty  of 
choosing  and  developing  ability  in  his  sul)- 
ordinates  while  at  the  same  time  he  promoted 
their  best  interests  as  well  as  his  own.  His 
cheerful  disposition  and  friendly  attitude 
toward  all  brought  him  a  prosperous  trade,  and 
as  his  opportunities  widened  he  was  shrewd 
enough  to  take  advantage  of  them.  The  little 
store  developed  rapidly  and  in  a  short  time  the 
business  was  removed  to  its  present  location 
at  102  Eleventh  Avenue,  and  the  firm  name 
changed  to  William  F.  Gable  and  Company. 
The  celebration  of  the  twenty-fifth  anniversary 


of  this  enterprise,  which  took  place  in  March, 
1909,  was  a  memorable  incident  in  the  history 
of  the  store  and  an  event  in  the  business  life 
of  Altoona.  On  this  occasion,  Mr.  Gable  waa 
the  recipient  of  many  sincere  tributes  as  the 
founder  of  a  great  business  enterprise,  and  as 
a  man  who  places  human  values  before  prop- 
erty values.  At  a  banquet  given  the  em- 
ployees of  the  store  he  was  presented  with  a 
silver  loving-cup,  on  which  was  inscribed 
his  favorite  business  maxim :  "  There  is  no 
line  drawn  in  my  mind  or  heart  between  em- 
ployer and  employee."  Addresses  were  made 
by  the  late  Elbert  Hubbard,  of  East  Aurora, 
N.  Y.,  Horace  Traubel,  literary  executor  and 
biographer  of  Walt  Whitman,  and  others 
prominent  in  official,  business,  and  literary 
circles  of  Pennsylvania.  There  were  present 
also  many  former  employees  who  had  found  in 
Mr  Gable's  efficient  business  methods  and 
generous  encouragement  the  inspiration  and 
equipment  with  which  they  had  gone  forth  to 
win  distinction  in  their  chosen  line  of  work. 
In  this  connection  it  is  fitting  to  quote  the 
following  lines  from  a  poem  composed  and 
recited  on  this  occasion  by  his  life-long  friend 
Luther   Frees: 

"  I  take  my  privilege  of  years  and  read  this 

friend  of  mine; 
Read  him  as  one  whose  scope  of  life  looks 

past  the  dollar  sign; 
Read  him  as  one  who  places  worth  beyond 

the  mask  of  grace; 
Read  him  as  one  who  holds  the  man  above 

the  pomp  of  place; 
Read  him  with  scorn  of  cant  and  sham  and 

outworn  thought — and  then, 
In  brightest  text,  read  him  as  one  who  loves 

his   fellow  men." 

The  Gable  system  of  merchandising,  the  store's 
original  methods  of  trade  organization,  of  dis- 
tribution of  manufactured  products,  and  its 
translation  into  everyday  action  of  the  eco- 
nomic principles  which  govern  commerce,  form 
a  text-book  of  commercial  education  open  to 
the  merchants  of  the  world.  The  Gable  store 
has  the  old-time  air  of  refinement,  elegance, 
and  comfort.  Here  each  section  is  a  special- 
ized store,  many  of  them  the  largest  and  finest 
in  that  section  of  the  country.  Here  shop- 
ping may  be  done  unhurried,  uncrowded,  un- 
disturbed, in  roomy  salons.  Comfort  and  con- 
venience— not  condensation — are  the  first  con- 
siderations, and  spaces  are  never  permitted  to 
be  congested  to  the  discomfort  and  incon- 
venience of  customers,  nor  is  merchandise  ever 
shown  in  any  deceptive  ways.  One  of  the 
ideals  of  the  Gable  business  has  always  been 
the  education  of  its  employees — the  training 
of  all  the  people  in  the  store  "  family "  to 
greater  usefulness  and  self-developniont.  It 
must  be  apparent  that  whatever  good  may 
have  come  to  individuals  who  have  profiled 
through  large  business  storo-kcoping  it  is  al- 
together insignificant  when  (•()iii|)iire(l  with  the 
good  brought  to  the  people  as  a  whoh*  .Vside 
from  his  aucoessful  business  career,  Mr  (JiiMo 
is  a  noteworthy  citi/.en.  True  to  his  (,)uiikt'r 
ancestry  he  is  a  man  of  pcixco — opposed  <o 
militarism  in  any  form — his  whole  system  of 
philosopliy  being  eonstruetive  rather  tlrm  de- 
structive;* is  pul)lie-ai)irited  and  i)hil:mt liropic 
in  a  quiet,  practical  way.     It  is  natural  that 


359 


GABLE 


SCOTT 


political  honors  should  lie  in  the  path  of  a  man 
of  Mr.  Gable's  prominence,  but  he  never,  in  any 
sense  of  the  word,  has  been  a  politician,  his 
only  public  olfice  having  been  that  of  park 
commissioner  of  Altoona,  in  which  capacity 
he  served  two  years.  He  has,  however,  a 
reputation  as  an  able  public  speaker  and  has 
made  some  notable  addresses  on  various  occa- 
sions. From  his  early  youth  he  has  been  a 
lover  of  books,  an  exhaustive  reader,  and  a 
student  of  history  as  well  as  of  events.  The 
unusually  well-organized  and  selected  book  de- 
partment in  his  store  has  always  been  one 
of  his  greatest  pleasures,  while  in  his  home  he 
has  an  extensive  library  of  valuable  books. 
When  a  very  young  man  he  began  the  col- 
lection of  autographs  and  letters  of  literary 
and  other  celebrities  and  these  have  now 
grown  into  an  accumulation  of  considerable 
proportions  and  interest.  He  also  possesses 
a  number  of  historical  documents  of  more 
than  ordinary  importance.  His  chief  per- 
sonal characteristics  are  his  independence  and 
his  democracy.  While  imbued  with  the  deep- 
est respect  for  the  opinions  of  others,  he  has 
always  steadfastly  refused  what  appeared  to 
him  as  time-worn  creeds  and  outlived  faiths 
of  men  who  were  in  bondage  to  their  environ- 
ment and  heredity.  It  is  much  to  his  credit 
that  throughout  his  life,  he  has  many  times 
fearlessly  advocated  unpopular  controversies 
for  the  reason  that  he  thought  he  was  right. 
He  was  an  admirer  and  associate  of  Walt 
Whitman  many  years  before  public  recognition 
of  the  poet's  genius  came  about;  and  he  was 
an  advocate  of  the  doctrines  of  Robert  Inger- 
soll,  giving  him  strong  support  at  a  time 
when  for  a  less  strong  and  able  man  the  pen- 
alty of  his  loyalty  would  have  been  ostracism. 
What  he  believes  is  truth  and  right  he  ac- 
cepts; dogmatism  in  any  form  he  rejects;  and 
he  is  the  friend  of  all,  defending  the  victim 
and  condemning  the  oppressor.  The  demo- 
cratic phase  of  his  character  is  exemplified  in 
his  business  as  well  as  social  life  and  his 
hopes  for  its  future  were  well  expressed  in  his 
anniversary  speech,  when  he  spoke  of  his 
dream  of  the  "  store  beautiful."  He  said  in 
part :  "  The  mad,  wild,  greedy  rush  of  com- 
petition forces  us  to  use  some  methods  that 
I  would  instantly  dispose  of  were  it  not  that 
we  must  protect  ourselves  under  present  con- 
ditions. .  .  .  We  can  do  what  we  can  to  make 
things  better  and  hope  for  the  day  when  the 
competitive  system  will  be  no  longer  in  the 
way  of  a  higher  and  better  civilization,  and 
under  a  co-operative  commonwealth  we  can 
get  nearer  the  ideal  store."  An  episode  illus- 
trative of  Mr.  Gable's  fine  sense  of  moral 
values  is  related  by  one  of  his  friends,  A 
shabbily  dressed  boy  picked  up  a  book, 
"  Heroes  of  Revolution  "  from  the  store  coun- 
ter and  walked  out  without  paying  for  it 
When  the  boy  was  apprehended  and  brought 
before  Mr.  Gable,  the  latter  remarked :  "  I 
always  like  to  help  people  who  w^ant  to  read 
the  right  books,"  and  with  that  returned  the 
twenty-five  cent  book  to  the  shelves  and  gave 
the  astonished  boy  a  dollar  book  with  the  in- 
struction to  return  for  another  when  he  had 
finished  that.  The  result  of  this  unique  treat- 
ment of  the  oflFense  was  that  the  boy,  w^ho  was 
sent  home  wondering,  was  a  safer  member  of 
society  than  he  would  have  been  if,  according 


to  the  time-honored  rules,  he  had  been  sent 
to  jail  weeping.  Mr.  Gable  finds  his  chief 
relaxation  in  his  country  home,  **  Glen  Gable 
Farm,"  located  at  Wyebrook,  Chester  County, 
Pa.  Here  he  has  a  dairy  of  unsurpassed  ex- 
cellence and  is  a  well-known  breeder  of  thor- 
oughbred Guernsey  cattle  and  horses.  He  is 
a  member  of  the  American  Guernsey  Cattle 
Club.  At  the  international  milk  and  cream 
show  at  the  Panama  Exposition,  one  of  the 
largest  shows  of  the  kind  ever  held,  the  Glen 
Gable  Farms  exhibit  was  awarded  the  me4al 
of  honor  as  winner  of  the  highest  score  in 
the  market  class.  He  holds  no  affiliation  with 
any  secret  societies  or  church;  is  a  life  mem- 
ber of  the  Historical  Society  of  Pennsylvania, 
the  Thomas  Paine  National  Historical  Asso- 
ciation, and  the  Altoona  Robert  Burns  Club. 
He  married  on  7  May,  1879,  Kate  Elizabeth, 
daughter  of  B.  Frank  Boyer,  a  prominent  at- 
torney of  Reading,  Pa.  Of  this  union  there 
were  born  nine  children,  namely:  Edna 
Luella  Gable,  wife  of  James  H.  Powers;  Bay- 
ard Wollerton  Gable,  deceased;  Lowell  Boyer 
Gable,  manager  of  *'  Glen  Gable  Farms " ; 
Elizabeth  Smedley  Gable,  deceased;  Gertrude 
Pellman  Gable,  wife  of  George  Pomeroy  Stew- 
art; Robert  Clair  Gable,  manager  of  the 
photo  department  of  W.  F.  Gable  and  Com- 
pany; Anna  Katherine  Gable;  George  Pomeroy 
Gable,  and  Mary  Virginia  Gable 

SCOTT,  James  Wilmot,  journalist,  b.  in  Wal- 
worth County,  Wis.,  26  June,  1849;  d.  in  New 
York  City,  14  April,  1895,  son  of  David  Wil- 
mot and  Mary  _ 
(Thompson)  Scott. 
His  father,  an 
old-time  printer, 
was  editor  and 
publisher  of  news- 
papers in  Galena, 
111.,  for  thirty- 
five  years  preced- 
ing his  death,  in 
1888.  James  W. 
Scott,  when  old 
enough  to  begin 
work,  learned  the 
printing-trade  in 
his  father's  office 
at  Galena,  attend- 
ing the  local  pub- 
lic school  at  the 
same  time.     Later 

he  was  a  student  at  the  Galena  high 
school,  and  on  completing  the  course  in 
that  institution,  entered  the  college  at 
Beloit,  Wis ,  where  he  studied  for  two 
years.  He  was  unable,  because  of  his  restless 
desire  to  be  engaged  in  some  calling  on  his 
own  account,  to  complete  his  college  course, 
and  went  to  New  York,  where  for  a  time  he 
was  engaged  in  floriculture.  His  interest  in 
this  fascinating  business  was  great,  and,  in 
addition  to  his  active  work  in  business  hours, 
although  then  very  young,  he  became  an  in- 
telligent contributor  to  the  papers  devoted  to 
it.  Many  of  his  articles  showed  a  good  lit- 
erary style,  as  well  as  an  enthusiastic  interest 
in  the  subject.  Later  abandoning  this  busi- 
ness to  take  a  position  in  the  government 
printing-office  at  Washington,  Mr.  Scott  served 
as  a  proofreader  until  1872,  when  he  with- 
drew  from   the   office   to    establish   a   weekly 


360 


SCOTT 


BROOKER 


newspaper  in  Prince  Georges  County,  Md. 
This  was  Mr.  Scott's  first  effort  as  a  pro- 
prietor, and  his  success,  while  not  glitter- 
ing, was  sufficient  to  confirm  him  in  the  be- 
lief that  it  was  his  proper  sphere  in  life. 
The  Maryland  paper,  however,  did  not  afford 
him  sufficient  scope,  he  was  a  young  man  with 
progressive  ideas,  many  of  which  he  could  not 
put  into  effect  on  a  country  weekly,  and  espe- 
cially one  in  so  contracted  a  territory  as 
Prince  Georges  County.  Leaving  Maryland,  he 
returned  to  Illinois,  and,  with  his  father, 
started  "  The  Press,"  at  Galena.  Here  the 
same  troubles  faced  him;  he  wanted  a  larger 
and  better  opportunity.  One  year  in  Galena 
satisfied  him  that  he  could  do  better  in  Chi- 
cago, and  thither  he  went  in  1875  Mr.  Scott's 
first  venture  in  Chicago  journalism  was  to 
purchase  "  The  Daily  National  Hotel  Re- 
porter." Under  his  management  its  success 
was  immediate,  and  he  made  arrangements  to 
change  it  from  a  class  daily  to  a  general 
newspaper.  From  this  intention,  however, 
Mr.  Scott  afterward  receded,  and  having  an 
able  and  trusty  partner  in  F.  VV.  Rice,  he  de- 
cided to  let  him  have  the  control  of  the  jour- 
nal. In  this  he  was  wise  as  it  became  the 
source  of  great  profit  to  both  of  them.  It  was 
the  ambition  of  Mr.  Scott  to  become  identified 
with  a  high-class  daily  newspaper,  and  in 
May,  1881,  he,  in  company  with  several  young 
men,  who  had  been  successful  in  their  work 
on  other  Chicago  dailies,  organized  The  Chi- 
cago Herald  Company.  Lack  of  sufficient 
capital  retarded  the  proper  development  of 
the  enterprise,  until  1882,  when  J.  R.  Walsh, 
president  of  the  Chicago  National  Bank,  hav- 
ing full  faith  in  Mr.  Scott's  ability  and  judg- 
ment to  make  the  paper  a  success,  purchased 
the  stock  of  the  other  shareholders,  and  con- 
centrated the  control  in  the  hands  of  Mr. 
Scott.  With  abundant  means  at  his  command, 
and  at  the  same  time  possessing  the  judgment 
necessary  to  the  economical  *but  wisely  directed 
use  of  his  capital,  Mr.  Scott  accomplished  the 
supreme  wish  of  his  life  in  building  up  to  a 
profitable  existence,  a  great  metropolitan  daily 
newspaper.  Every  department  of  the  "  Her- 
ald "  bears  the  impress  of  his  executive  ability. 
He  surrounded  himself  with  the  best  men  he 
could  find,  both  in  the  editorial  and  business 
branches,  and  insisted  upon  a  liberal  policy 
in  the  gathering  of  the  news,  as  well  as  in  its 
preparation  for  publication.  The  result  of 
this  was  seen  in  the  "  Herald "  every  day, 
that  it  had  "  the  largest  morning  circulation 
in  Chicago."  He  spared  no  outlay  of  time  or 
money  to  make  his  paper  one  of  the  best  in 
the  country,  and  the  result  was  highly  satis- 
factory, both  to  Mr.  Scott  himself,  and  to 
every  one  of  his  aids.  The  American  News- 
paper Publishers'  Association  is  a  powerful 
combination  for  the  mutual  benefit  and  pro- 
tection of  all  the  leading  newspaper  publishers 
in  the  United  States,  and  of  this  organization 
Mr.  Scott  was  president  for  three  terms,  his 
counsel  and  executive  direction  being  of  great 
value  in  accomplishing  the  objects  of  the  asso- 
ciation. He  also  served  for  three  terms  as 
president  of  the  Chicago  Press  Club,  and  much 
of  the  prestige  of  this  now  flourishing  organi- 
zation is  due  to  his  wise  administration.  As 
president  of  the  United  Press,  which  expends 
$500,000   annually   in   the   collection   and   dis- 


tributing of  the  news  by  wire  over  leased 
wires,  to  daily  papers  in  all  parts  of  the  United 
States  and  Canada,  Mr.  Scott  wielded  no 
small  power.  The  telegraphic  news  service 
of  this  country  on  the  association  plan  is  a 
recognized  institution,  and  the  agents  em- 
ployed in  preparing  the  reports  are  often  more 
influential  than  men  high  up  in  public  office. 
To  properly  handle  a  corps  of  this  kind,  and 
obtain  from  it  the  best  results,  while  at  the 
same  time  repressing  whatever  tendency  there 
may  be  to  abuse  of  its  high  power,  requires 
something  akin  to  generalship,  and  the  pres- 
ent highly  organized  service  of  the  United 
Press  is  in  this  respect  a  testimonial  to  Mr. 
Scott's  genius.  When  the  prospect  of  securing 
the  World's  Fair  for  Chicago  was  first 
broached,  Mr.  Scott  was  made  chairman  of  the 
press  committee  of  the  preliminary  organiza- 
tion, and  it  was  largely  due  to  his  work  that 
the  public  opinion  to  which  Congress  finally 
yielded  was  formed.  When  the  permanent 
organization  was  perfected,  he  was  made  a 
director,  and  he  was  unanimously  tendered  the 
position  of  president  at  the  annual  election 
of  1891,  but  the  pressure  of  his  private  busi- 
ness compelled  him  to  decline  the  honor.  He 
did,  however,  accept  the  chairmanship  of  the 
Committee  on  Press  and  Printing,  and  the 
same  sensible  direction  which  made  his  pre- 
vious efforts  so  acceptable  was,  in  this  im- 
portant branch  of  the  World's  Fair  machinery, 
made  noticeable  from  the  moment  he  was  se- 
lected. Mr.  Scott  also  started  the  Chicago 
"  Evening  Post,"  another  newspaper  which  at- 
tained a  phenomenal  success.  It  built  for  itself 
one  of  the  finest  newspaper  offices  at  that  time 
in  the  country.  While  not  so  active  in  its  man- 
agement, he  made  it  prosperous  and  influen- 
tial. He  had  a  keen  supervision  over  all  the 
details  of  the  business,  being  well  seconded 
by  an  able  staff  of  assistants.  In  personal 
appearance,  Mr  Scott  was  a  well  formed  man, 
of  robust  physique;  his  face  was  kindly 
molded,  and  he  had  keen  but  twinkling  eyes, 
which  well  showed  his  good  nature.  Intensely 
social  and  jovial  in  his  disposition,  he  was  a 
member,  either  active  or  honorary,  of  nearly 
every  prominent  club  in  Chicago,  as  well  as 
of  the  famous  Clover  Club  of  Philadelphia 
and  the  Press  Club  of  New  York  City.  He 
was  a  typical  Western  American  of  un- 
bounded energy,  keen  business  foresight  and 
rare  courage.  In  1873  he  married  Caroline 
Greene,  daughter  of  Daniel  M.  Greene,  of 
Lisle,  111. 

BROOKER,  Charles  Frederick,  manufac- 
turer, b.  in  Litchfield,  Conn  ,  4  March,  1847, 
son  of  Martin  Cook  Brooker  and  Sarah  Maria 
(Seymour)  Brooker.  He  is  of  English  extrac- 
tion on  both  sides  of  the  family.  His  earliest 
paternal  ancestor  in  this  country  was  John 
Brooker,  a  shipwright,  who  loft  England  in 
the  latter  part  of  the  sixteenth  century,  and 
took  up  his  residence  in  Boston;  in  1(505  he 
removed  from  Boston  to  Guilford,  Conn.,  and 
became  a  central  figure  in  the  history  of  that 
city.  The  father  of  Cliarlo.^  F  Hrookor  wns 
a  New  England  farmer  and  tho  boy  s|)ont  his 
early  youth  in  the  licalthy  activiiy  wliioh  with 
simple  but  comfortable  living  laid  the  founda- 
tion for  the  vigor  and  energy  necessary  for 
his  future  active  career.  He  enjoyed  the  ex- 
ceptional educational  advantages  afforded  eveu 


361 


CHALMERS 


CHALMERS 


in  the  modest  schools  of  small  New  England 
communities.     He  first  attended  the  common 
schools  of  Litchfield,  and  later  continued  his 
studies  at  Torrington,  Conn      In  1864,  at  the 
age  of  seventeen,  he  entered  upon  business  life 
as  accountant  of  the  Coe  Brass  Manufacturing 
Company,  located  at  Torrington.     He  showed 
remarkable  aptitude  not  only  in  the  adjust- 
ment of  the  company's  accounts  but  soon  made 
himself  familiar  with  all  the  departments  of 
the  factory,  which  was  even  then  one  of  the 
most  important  manufacturing  concerns  of  the 
country.      In    1869    he    was   promoted    to    the 
secretaryship  of  the  company,  a  position  which 
he  filled  with  such  efficiency  that  in  1893  he 
became    its    president.      After    Mr.    Brooker's 
election    as    chief    executive,    the    Coe    Brass 
Manufacturing    Company    developed    with    re- 
markable rapidity  as  the  direct  result  of  his 
rare   executive   ability   and   boundless   energy. 
In  1889  the  American  Brass  Company,  located 
at  VVaterbury,  Conn.,  acquired  the  plant  of  the 
Coe  Brass  Manufacturing  Company  with  sev- 
eral   other   companies   of   prominence   in   that 
line  of  industry.     As  the  man  who  probably 
knew   more    than    any   other   man   concerning 
the   manufacture   of   brass,   Mr.   Brooker  was 
elected  president  of  the  American  Brass  Com- 
pany, an  honor  which  practically  placed  him 
at  the  head   of  the  brass  and   copper  manu- 
facturing industry  in  the  United  States.     His 
business    affiliations    extend    to    a    number    of 
other  enterprises,  including  the  Ansonia  Land 
and  Water  Power  Company,  Ansonia,  Conn.,  of 
which  he  is  president;  director  of  the  Torring- 
ton Water  Company ;  director  of  the  Turner  and 
Seymour  Manufacturing  Company  of  Torring- 
ton;   director   of  the   United   States   Smelting 
and  Refining  Company;  president  and  director 
of  the  Ansonia  National  Bank.     Mr.  Brooker 
has  been  prominently  and  actively  interested 
in  politics  for  many  years,  and  has  served  in 
each  branch  of  the  Connecticut  General  Assem- 
bly;  in  the  House  in  1875  and  in  the  Senate 
in    1893.      A    stanch    Republican,    he    was    a 
member  of  the  Republican  National  Commit- 
tee (1900-01)  and  a  member  of  the  Republican 
State    Central    Committee    for    a    number    of 
years.     He  is  a  member  of  a  number  of  clubs 
noteworthy  for  their  remarkably  varied  field  of 
interest,    among    which    are:     Union    League 
Club  of  New  York,  of  which  he  has  been  a 
member  since  1876,  and  vice-president  in  1910; 
New  England  Society,  of  which  he  was  at  one 
time  a  director;    Railroad  Club;    Chamber  of 
Commerce;    Bankers'   Club;   Drug  and  Chemi- 
cal Club;   American  Geographical  Society,  all 
of   New   York;    the   National    Geographic    So- 
ciety,  Washington,   D.   C,  Metropolitan  Club, 
Washington,    D.    C,    Connecticut    Society    of 
Colonial   W^ars,  of  which  he  is  governor,  and 
Connecticut  Society  of  the  Sons  of  the  Ameri- 
can Revolution.     Mr.  Brooker  has  always  been 
a  generous  supporter  of  meritorious  charitable 
Mork    and    is    president    of    the    New    Haven 
County     Anti-tuberculosis     Association,     New 
Haven,  Conn.     In  1911  he  received  from  Yale 
University  the  honorary  degree  of  master  of 
arts.     He   was   married   in   London,    England, 
30  Oct.,  1891,  to  Mrs.  Julia  E.  Clark  Farrel, 
of    Ansonia,    Conn.,    daughter    of    Wilson    H. 
Clark,  of  New  Haven,  Conn. 

CHALMERS,     Hugh,    manufacturer,     b.     in 
Dayton,  Ohio,  3  Oct.,  1873,  son  of  Thomas  and 


Jeanette  (Bell)  Chalmers.  He  is  descended 
from  Thomas  Chalmers,  who  came  from  Scot- 
land to  this  country  early  in  the  nineteenth 
century,  and  settled  in  Dayton.  As  a  boy  he 
attended  the  public  schools  of  his  native  city. 
Even  at  this  early  age,  however,  he  had  al- 
ready determined  on  a  business  career,  and, 
with  characteristic  impatience,  did  not  wait 
to  finish  his  public  school  course  before  fitting 
himself  by  taking  a  short  course  in  a  business 
college.  He  then,  at  the  age  of  fourteen,  ob- 
tained employment  as  office  boy  in  the  Day- 
ton salesrooms  of  the  National  Cash  Register 
Company.  During  the  same  period  he  con- 
tinued his  business  studies  by  attending  night 
classes  in  stenography  and  bookkeeping.  There 
remained  very  little  time  for  play,  for,  after 
having  made  his  choice  of  life  work,  Mr. 
Chalmers  devoted  his  whole  time  to  the  busi- 
ness of  succeeding.  The  same  energy  and  per- 
sistence which  caused  him  to  sacrifice  his 
hours  for  recreation  to  night  school  were  not 
slow  to  win  the  recognition  of  his  employers. 
His  advancement  was  steady.  When  he  was 
not  yet  eighteen  he  was  taken  into  the  office 
and  made  a  bookkeeper.  But  Mr.  Chalmers 
was  not  of  the  temperament  which  accepts 
sedentary  occupation  with  resignation.  Busi- 
ness experience  he  had  gained,  and  was  still 
gaining.  To  this  he  determined  to  add  a  spe- 
cial knowledge  of  cash  registers,  and  while  he 
worked  in  the  office  he  made  himself  an  ex- 
pert on  this  subject.  But  it  is  one  thing  to 
gain  knowledge;  it  is  quite  another  matter  to 
make  use  of  it.  To  Mr.  Chalmers,  knowledge 
which  could  not  stand  the  practical  test  of 
utility  was  irrelevant.  His  knowledge  of  cash 
registers  he  used  to  the  immense  advantage  of 
the  National  Cash  Register  Company,  which 
realized  that  a  young  man  who  could  combine 
such  quickness  of  comprehension  with  such  de- 
termination and  energy  was  wasted  poring 
over  ledgers.  Mr.  Chalmers  did  not  remain 
long  a  bookkeeper.  At  the  age  of  twenty- 
four  he  was  made  district  manager  of  Ohio, 
with  twenty-four  salesmen  under  his  direction, 
nearly  every  one  of  whom  was  older  than  him- 
self. The  vital  force  that  he  was  in  the  Na- 
tional Cash  Register  Company  was  felt,  not 
only  locally,  but  throughout  the  country,  and 
had  a  great  deal  to  do  with  the  prominence 
that  that  company  attained  in  the  eyes  of  the 
consuming  public.  Mr.  Chalmers  did  not  long 
remain  confined  within  the  limits  of  a  dis- 
trict. He  began  to  participate  in  the  nation- 
wide advertising  campaigns  of  the  company, 
then  gradually  assumed  control.  From  his 
earliest  identification  with  the  business  he  was 
a  firm  believer  in  the  importance  of  advertis- 
ing, properly  prepared,  and  upon  these  points 
he  was  most  active  and  zealous  in  spreading 
information  regarding  the  National  cash  regis- 
ter. At  the  age  of  twenty-nine  he  was  general 
manager  of  the  company  and  its  vice-president. 
In  this  position  he  later  drew  a  yearly  salary 
of  $72,000.  Mr.  Chalmers  remained  with  the 
National  Cash  Register  Company  until  1907. 
The  business  organization  of  the  company  was 
now  one  of  the  huge  successes  in  the  country, 
and  its  name  known  to  every  shopkeeper  and 
every  tradesman  in  America.  In  a  sense 
achievement  was  complete.  To  a  man  of  Mr. 
Chalmers'  energetic  temperament  would  come 
a  desire  to  achieve  a  similar  gigantic  success 


362 


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-^ .  < 


1 


/i      ^^ 


— ti---' — -x-.^ 


CHALMERS 


LINDSAY 


in  other  fields;  to  develop  some  enterprise  with 
which  he  might  be  associated  from  the  very 
inception.  For  this  reason,  rather  than  with 
any  idea  of  bettering  his  situation  financially, 
he  left  the  National  Cash  Register  Company 
and  went  to  Detroit  as  president  of  the  E.  R. 
Thomas  Detroit  Motor  Company.  He  was  now 
in  the  prime  of  life,  ready  to  pour  his  vital 
energy  into  the  new  enterprise.  His  achieve- 
ment in  the  automobile  industry  has  been  no 
lesa  phenomenal  than  his  development  of  the 
National  Cash  Register  Company.  He  became 
successively  president  of  the  Chalmers  Detroit 
Company,  and  then  of  the  Chalmers  Motor 
Company.  When  he  entered  the ,  business,  in 
March,  1908,  the  plant  of  the  company  con- 
sisted of  only  one  building,  three  stories  in 
height.  Today,  the  plant  covers  thirty  acres. 
There  are  four  four-story  buildings,  twenty 
smaller  buildings,  and  a  manufacturing  floor 
space  of  818,000  square  feet.  During  the  past 
year  (1916)  the  output  of  the  Chalmers 
Motor  Company  totaled  $30,000,000.  Finan- 
cially the  progress  has  been  no  less  astounding. 
From  the  beginning  the  company  was  so  in- 
creasingly prosperous  that  it  was  able  to  offer 
investments  for  sale,  rather  than  pose  as  a 
borrower.  In  August,  1910,  it  declared  a  900 
per  cent,  dividend,  and  increased  its  common 
stock  from  $300,000  to  $3,000,000.  In  October, 
1912,  a  33  1-3  per  cent,  dividend  brought  the 
total  investment  up  to  $4,000,000,  and  a  25 
per  cent,  dividend  in  June  of  the  following 
year  made  it  $5,000,000.  The  preferred  stock, 
amounting  to  $1,500,000,  was  created  in  1913, 
which  the  company  now  persists  in  redeeming, 
so  that  at  the  beginning  of  1916,  $1,100,000 
was  still  extant,  selling  at  102i/^.  The  com- 
pany is  now  out  of  debt,  paying  its  preferred 
stock  and  10  per  cent,  dividends  on  its  com- 
mon shares.  As  chief  executive  Mr.  Chalmers 
is  exacting  and  a  disciplinarian,  always  re- 
quiring the  sincerest  and  greatest  efforts  from 
his  subordinates.  He  is  a  master  of  the  art  of 
securing  team-work,  but  he  asks  no  more  than 
he  gives,  and  his  indefatigable  energy  and 
determination  always  predominate.  He  is  ever 
on  the  alert  for  trade  innovations,  and  looks 
upon  business  as  a  world-wide  school,  in  which 
there  is  always  something  to  learn.  In  the 
business  world,  Mr.  Chalmers  is  a  national 
figure,  not  only  because  of  his  phenomenal 
success,  but  because  of  his  characteristic 
vitality.  His  influence  is  felt  from  coast  to 
coast,  even  outside  of  his  special  line.  Not  a 
little  of  his  prominence  is  due  to  his  ability  as 
a  speaker  on  subjects  relating  to  salesman- 
ship and  advertising,  and  here  again  it  is  his 
pervading  vitality,  which  moves  his  hearers, 
rather  than  any  smooth-phrased  oratory.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  executive  committees  of 
the  Automobile  Trade,  the  Detroit  Board  of 
Commerce,  the  Detroit  Society  of  Automobile 
Engineers;  he  is  vice-president  of  the  World's 
Salesmanship  Congress,  of  the  National  Asso- 
ciation Sales  Managers,  the  Ohio  Society  of 
Detroit.  He  is  also  a  member  of  the  Dayton 
(Ohio),  the  Sphinx,  the  Pen,  the  Detroit 
Country,  the  Automobile,  and  the  Golf,  Hunt- 
ing and  Fishing  Clubs.  He  is  also  a  Mason. 
On  22  Aug.,  1901,  he  married  Frances  Houser, 
of  Dayton,  Ohio.  They  have  four  children: 
Helen,  Hugh,  Bruce,  and  Margaret  Lydia 
Chalmers. 


LINDSAY,  John  Douglas,  lawyer,  b.  in  New 
York  City,  31  Dec,  1865,  son  of  Dr.  William 
F.  and  Sarah  (Vredenburg)  Lindsay.  His 
first  American  ancestor  was  Christopher  Lind- 
say, a  grandson  of  Robert  Lindsay,  of  Pitt- 
scottie,  in  Fifeshire,  Scotland,  the  chronicler 
who  was  popularly  known  among  his  con- 
temporaries as  "  The  Gentle  Pittscottie."  Chris- 
topher Lindsay  emigrated  to  this  country  in 
1629,  settling  first  in  Salem,  Mass.,  and  later 
in  Lynn.  The  line  of  descent  is  traced  through 
his  son,  Eleazer  and  Sarah  (Alley)  Lindsay; 
their  son  Ralph  and  Mary  (Breed)  Lindsay; 
their  son  Capt.  Eleazer  and  Lydia  (Farring- 
ton)  Lindsay;  their 
son  Daniel  and 
Deborah  ( Ingalls ) 
Lindsay;  their  son 
Rev.  John  and  Lucy 
( Nourse )  Lindsay ; 
and  their  son  Dr. 
William  Francis 

Lindsay.  John  D. 
Lindsay  attended 
the  public  schools  of 
New  York  City,  and 
in  1880,  at  the  age 
of  fourteen,  entered 
the  law  office  of 
Van  Dyke  and  Van 
Dyke,  afterward 

Lord,  Van  Dyke  and 
Lord,  as  an  office 
boy  at  a  salary  of 
$3.00  a  week.  In 
1882  _  he     accepted 

a  position  as  a  clerk  in  the  district  attorney's 
office  under  the  late  John  McKeon.  Pursuing 
his  legal  studies  in  that  office,  and  after  at- 
tending lectures  for  two  months  at  the  New 
York  University  Law  School,  he  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  New  York  in  February,  1887. 
He  at  once  began  the  practice  of  his  profes- 
sion, in  which  he  has  since  risen  to  distinction 
as  a  successful  advocate.  In  June,  1887,  he 
was  made  deputy  assistant  district  attorney, 
and  in  1894  was  appointed  assistant  district 
attorney.  During  the  twelve  preceding  years 
he  had  been  in  charge  of  the  indictment 
bureau  and  acquired  a  national  reputation  as 
an  expert  drafter  of  indictments,  and  as  an 
authority  on  matters  of  interstate  and  foreign 
extradition.  From  1894  to  1898  he  represented 
the  district  attorney's  office  in  all  cases  be- 
fore the  appellate  division,  Court  of  Ap- 
peals, and  U.  S.  Supreme  Court,  and  argued  a 
great  number  of  cases,  many  of  which  in- 
volved important  and  far-reaching  questions 
of  constitutional  law.  Resigning  office,  Mr. 
Lindsay  on  1  Jan.,  1898,  entered  into  part- 
nership with  ex-District  Attorney  De  Lancoy, 
Nicoll,  and  Courtland  V.  Anablo  under  the 
firm  name  of  Nicoll,  Anable  and  Lindsay  (now 
Nicoll,  Anable,  Lindsay  and  Fuller.  On  1 
Jan.,  1903,  Mr.  Lindsay  was  elect ed  pr(>sidont 
of  the  New  York  Society  for  the  Prevent  ion 
of  Cruelty  to  Children,  which  position  he  still 
occupies  This  society  is  a  prosecuting  agent 
of  the  State,  so  far  as  ofTenscs^  against  cliil- 
dren  are  concerned.  Ti  shelters  at  its  own 
expense  children  who  have  been  the  snbjccts 
of  crime  or  neglect,  destitute.  altan(lon«Hl  or 
lost  children,  and  juvenile  delinquents,  pend- 
ing the  action  of  the  courts.     In   1915  nearly 


363 


FOSTER 


FOSTER 


11,000  children  were  clothed,  fed,  and  cared 
for  in  the  society's  rooms.  Mr.  Lindsay  is 
also  vice-president  of  the  American  Humane 
Association.  He  served  as  a  member  of  the 
State  commission  to  investigate  the  question 
of  pensions  for  widowed  mothers  (1913-14), 
and  was  appointed  State  delegate  to  the  tenth 
annual  conference  of  the  National  Child  Labor 
Committee  held  in  New  Orleans,  in  1914.  Mr. 
Lindsay  is  the  author  of  numerous  legislative 
measures  in  the  interest  of  children,  promi- 
nent among  them  being  the  statute  of  1903 
providing  for  the  release  of  children  charged 
•with  certain  petty  offenses  on  the  written 
promise  of  their  parents  or  custodian  to  pro- 
duce them  in  court  when  required,  and  the 
subsequent  amendment  extending  it&  opera- 
tion to  all  juvenile  offenders  except  those  ac- 
cused of  the  most  serious  crimes;  the  amend- 
ment to  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  (1905), 
changing  the  rule  of  privileged  communica- 
tions, so  as  to  require  physicians  and  nurses  to 
disclose  information  acquired  in  professionally 
attending  children  who  have  been  victims  or 
subjects  of  crime,  and  the  act  of  1909,  as  the 
result  of  which  children  committing  acts, 
which,  if  committed  by  adults  would  be  mis- 
demeanors or  felonies  (other  than  capital  of- 
fenses and  those  punishable  by  life  imprison- 
ment ) ,  are  no  longer  deemed  guilty  of  a  crime, 
but  of  juvenile  delinquency  only.  Notwith- 
standing his  many  activities  Mr.  Lindsay  has 
found  time  to  contribute  various  articles  to 
law  publications,  among  them:  "History  of 
the  Court  of  Star  Chamber  " ;  "  Extradition 
and  Rendition  of  Fugitive  Criminals  in  the 
American  Colonies  " ;  and  "  An  Account  of  the 
Boston  Massacre."  Mr.  Lindsay  has  attained 
distinction  in  his  profession  mainly  by  the 
thoroughness  of  his  work  and  careful  atten- 
tion to  matters  of  detail.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  American  Bar  Association,  New  York  State 
Bar  Association,  and  the  Bar  Association  of 
the  City  of  New  York,  the  American  Society 
of  International  Law,  the  American  Academy 
of  Political  and  Social  Science,  the  American 
Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science, 
the  Institute  of  Criminal  Law  and  Criminol- 
ogy, the  ]\Iedico-Legal  Society,  the  Society  of 
Colonial  Wars,  the  Sons  of  the  Revolution, 
the  New  York  Historical  Society,  the  St. 
Nicholas  Society,  the  Downtown  Association, 
the  Metropolitan  Club,  the  Manhattan  Club, 
the  City  Club,  the  Calumet  Club,  the  Knoll- 
wood  Country  Club,  and  the  Fort  Orange  Club 
of  Albany;  also  of  the  Lindsay  Family  Asso- 
ciation, the  Clan  Lindsay  Society,  and  the 
Scottish  Text  Society  of  Edinburgh.  On  3 
June,  1895,  he  married  Stella,  daughter  of 
Dr.  Elisha  Hall  Gregory,  of  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

FOSTER,  John  Watson,  diplomatist,  b.  in 
Pike  County,  Ind.,  2  March,  1836,  son  of 
Matthew  Watson  and  Eleanor  (Johnson) 
Foster.  He  was  graduated  at  the  Indiana 
State  University  in  1855,  and,  after  one  year 
at  Harvard  Law  School,  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  and  began  practice  in  Evansville.  He 
entered  the  national  service  in  1861  as  major 
of  the  Twenty-fifth  Indiana  Infantry.  After 
the  capture  of  Fort  Donelson  he  was  promoted 
to  lieutenant-colonel,  and  subsequently  was 
made  colonel  of  the  Sixty-fifth  Indiana  Mounted 
Infantry.  Later  he  w^as  appointed  colonel  of 
the  136th  Indiana  Regiment.     During  his  en- 


tire service  he  was  connected  with  the  western 
armies  of  Grant  and  Sherman.  He  was  com- 
mander of  the  advance  brigade  of  cavalry  in 
Burnside's  expedition  to  East  Tennessee,  and 
was  the  first  to  occupy  Knoxville  in  1863. 
After  the  war  he  became  editor  of  the  Evans- 
ville "  Daily  Journal,"  and  in  1860  was  ap- 
pointed postmaster  of  that  city.  He  was  sent 
as  U.  S.  minister  to  Mexico  by  President 
Grant  in  1873,  and  reappointed  by  President- 
Hayes  in  1880.  In  March  of  that  year  he  .was 
transferred  to  Russia,  and  held  that  mission 
until  November,  1881,  when  he  resigned  to 
attend  to  private  business.  On  his  return  to 
this  country,  Colonel  Foster  established  him- 
self in  practice  in  international  cases  in  Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  acting  as  counsel  for  foreign 
legations  before  courts  of  commissions,  in  ar- 
bitrations, etc.  President  Arthur  appointed 
him  minister  to  Spain,  and  he  served  from 
February,  1883,  till  March,  1885,  when  he 
resigned  and  returned  to  the  United  States, 
having  negotiated  an  important  commercial 
treaty  with  the  Spanish  government.  This 
treaty  elicited  general  discussion  and  was 
strongly  opposed  in  the  Senate.  That  body 
failed  to  confirm  it,  and  it  was  afterward 
withdrawn  by  President  Cleveland  for  recon- 
sideration. Some  weeks  later  General  Foster 
was  instructed  to  return  to  Spain  to  reopen 
negotiations  for  a  modified  treaty.  This  mis- 
sion, however,  was  unsuccessful,  and  Mr. 
Foster  remained  abroad  but  a  few  months. 
In  November,  1890,  he  was  appointed  special 
plenipotentiary  for  the  negotiation  of  rec- 
iprocity treaties  with  Brazil  and  other  South 
American  countries,  Spain,  Germany,  the 
British  West  Indies,  France,  and  Austria. 
These  were  successfully  negotiated.  He  also 
assisted  Secretary  Blaine  in  the  Chilean  af- 
fair, as  well  as  in  the  negotiations  on  trade 
relations  with  the  Canadian  commissioners. 
In  the  Behring  Sea  controversy  he  rendered 
important  services  to  President  Harrison,  who 
appointed  him  U.  S.  agent  to  conduct  the 
case  of  the  United  States  before  the  arbitra- 
tion tribunal  at  Paris.  He  was  engaged  in 
this  work,  when,  in  1892,  he  was  appointed 
Secretary  of  State  in  President  Harrison's 
Cabinet.  As  no  one  could  be  found  to  take 
his  place  in  the  arbitration  case,  he  concluded 
his  work,  while  acting  as  head  of  the  State 
Department  (1893).  As  a  statesman  of  high 
international  standing  Mr.  Foster  was  in- 
vited by  the  Emperor  of  China  to  participate 
in  the  peace  negotiations  with  Japan,  which 
service  he  fulfilled.  He  was  again  sent  as 
ambassador  on  a  special  mission  to  Great 
Britain  and  Russia.  In  1898  he  w-as  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Anglo-Canadian  Commission.  He 
acted  as  the  agent  of  the  United  States  before 
the  Alaskan  Boundary  Tribunal  in  London  in 
1903,  and  in  1907  was  the  representative  of 
China  at  the  second  Hague  Conference.  Gen- 
eral Foster  is  an  authority  on  diplomacy  and 
international  law.  Besides  a  "  Biography  of 
Matthew  Watson  Foster,"  (1896),  he  has  pub- 
lished "  A  Century  of  American  Diplomacy " 
(1900)  ;  "American  Diplomacy  in  the  Orient" 
( 1903 )  ;  "  Arbitration  and  The  Hague  Court  " 
(1904);  "The  Practice  of  Diplomacy" 
(1906)  ;  and  "Diplomatic  Memoirs"  (2  vols.) 
(1909).  He  is  said  to  have  a  larger  intimate 
acquaintance    among    foreign    diplomats    and 


364 


ANKENY 


FROST 


European  statesmen  tlian  any  other  American 
of  his  generation.  The  degree  of  LL.D.  was 
conferred  upon  him  by  Princeton  in  1895,  by 
Wabash  College  in  1895,  by  Yale  in  1896,  and 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1907.  Mr. 
Foster  married,  in  1859,  Mary  Parke  McFer- 
son. 

ANKENY,  levi,  banker,  ex-U.  S.  Senator, 
b.  in  Gentry  Coimty,  Mo.,  1  Aug.,  1844,  son 
of  John  Quincy  Smith  and  Charity  (Geer) 
Ankeny.  His  earliest  American  ancestor  was 
a  Belgian  nobleman,  Johann  Jacobus  D'Aerls, 
Lord  of  Opdorp  and  Immersed,  who  came  to 
this  country  about  1721  and  settled  in  Mil- 
ford,  Pa.,  where  he  changed  his  name  to  Smith, 
the  better  to  assimilate  himself  with  the 
people  of  his  adopted  country.  His  grandson, 
the  father  of  Mr.  Ankeny,  John  Quincy  Smith, 
became  possessed  of  that  pioneer  spirit  which 
moved  so  many  young  men  of  that  day,  and 
emigrated  westward,  to  Gentry  County,  Mo., 
which  was  then  quite  on  the  outskirts  of 
civilization.  By  profession  he  was  a  sur- 
veyor, but  for  many  years  he  fille;^  the  oflSce 
of  county  sheriff,  a  position  which  in  those 
turbulent  and  lawless  times  was  not  sought 
by  any  great  num- 
ber of  candidates. 
In  this  rugged  en- 
vironment it  was 
that  Mr.  Ankeny 
spent  his  early 
childhood.  But 

the  spirit  of  the 
pioneer  seems  to 
have  been  again 
awakened,  for  by 
the  time  the  son 
was  of  school  age 
the  family  had 
crossed  the  conti- 
nent and  was  set- 
tled on  the  shores 
of  the  Western 
ocean,  in  Port- 
land, Ore.  Here  he 
attended  the  pub- 
lic schools  and 
later  studied  in  the 
Portland  Academy.  Mr.  Ankeny  began  his 
business  career  in  1861,  at  the  age  of  seven- 
teen, doing  a  general  mercantile  business  at  the 
Oro  Fino  mines,  in  Idaho,  where  he  was  in 
partnership  with  his  brother.  With  that  qual- 
ity of  sterling  integrity  required  in  such  an  en- 
vironment, where  primitive  conditions  brought 
men  face  to  face,  Mr.  Ankeny  gradually  made 
his  way  up  the  commercial  ladder  until,  in 
1878,  when  only  thirty-four  years  of  age,  he 
became  president  of  the  First  National  Bank 
at  Walla  Walla,  Wash.  Already,  in  1868, 
while  still  a  mere  youth,  he  had  been  mayor 
of  Lewiston.  In  Walla  Walla  he  was  chosen 
by  the  fellow  citizens  of  his  ward  to  represent 
them  in  the  city  council.  Then,  in  1893,  came 
the  great  financial  panic,  followed  by  a  period 
during  which  some  of  the  oldest  commercial 
firms  and  banks  of  the  West  went  to  the  wall. 
Mr.  Ankeny's  institution,  however,  never  once 
issued  receivers'  certificates  or  asked  a  de- 
positor to  come  twice  for  his  money.  Con- 
vinced of  his  capacity,  as  well  as  of 
his  integrity,  Mr.  Ankeny's  fellow  citi- 
zens    chose     him     for     the     highest     dignity 


tsLCn 


OU'VO'A^'^--^^ 


within  their  power  to  grant  him:  in  1903  he 
was  elected  to  represent  them  in  the  U.  S. 
Senate,  where  he  served  for  six  years.  On 
2  Oct.,  1867,  Mr.  Ankeny  married  Jennie 
Nesmith,  daughter  of  the  Hon.  James  W. 
Nesmith,  U.  S.  Congressman  and  Senator  from 
Oregon.  They  have  had  six  children:  Levi 
Nesmith,  John  D'Aerls,  Robert  McArthur, 
Charity  Pauline,  Harriet,  and  Mary  Ridpath 
Ankeny. 

FROST,  Charles  Sumner,  architect,  b.  in 
Lewiston,  Me.,  31  May,  1856,  the  son  of  Albert 
Ephraim  and  Eunice  M.  (Jones)  Frost.  He 
is  a  direct  de- 
scendant of  Elder 
Edmund  Frost,  of 
Ipswich,  Suffolk 
County,  England, 
who  settled  at 
Cambridge,  Mass., 
in  1635.  The 
family  was  also 
well  represented 
in  the  first  volun- 
teer companies 
which  initiated 
the  struggle  of 
the  Revolution,  for 
in  the  first  mus- 
ter-roll of  the 
minute  company 
from  Tewksbury, 
who  marched  to 
Lexington  under 
the  command  of  Capt.  John  Trull,  on  19  April, 
1775,  there  were  included  four  of  the  Frost  fam- 
ily: Jonathan,  Joseph,  Jacob,  and  Ephraim, 
and  in  the  South  East  Company,  commanded  by 
Capt.  Jonathan  Brown,  appeared  the  name  of 
Benjamin  Frost,  while  Samuel  Frost  was  a 
member  of  the  militia  company.  On  com- 
pleting the  course  at  the  Lewiston  high  school, 
Mr.  Frost  entered  an  architect's  office,  in 
which  he  obtained  three  years'  practical  ex- 
perience. This  was  followed  by  a  special 
course  of  study  in  architecture  at  the  Massa- 
chusetts Institute  of  Technology,  at  Boston, 
whereupon  he  again  entered  an  architect's  of- 
fice for  another  three  years'  practical  experi- 
ence. In  1881  he  removed  to  Chicago  and  in 
the  following  January  entered  into  partner- 
ship with  Henry  I.  Cobb  and  began  a  private 
practice  of  architecture  in  Chicago.  Seven 
years  later  this  partnership  was  dissolved  by 
mutual  consent  and  Mr.  Frost  continued  his 
practice  alone  until  1898,  when  he  formed  a 
business  connection  with  Alfred  H.  Granger, 
which  resulted  in  the  establishment  of  the 
firm  of  Frost  and  Granger.  In  1910  the 
partnership  was  again  dissolved,  Mr.  Granger 
removing  to  Philadelphia,  while  Mr.  Frost 
continued  alone  in  Chicago.  During  his  long 
private  practice  Mr.  Frost  has  had  charge 
of  some  of  the  most  important  building  opera- 
tions that  have  taken  place  in  Cliieago  during 
these  years.  Among  the  important  institu- 
tional buildings  which  he  has  erected  are  the 
Chicago  Home  for  the  Friendless;  the  James 
C.  King  Home  for  Old  Men;  the  (kH)rge  Sniitli 
Memorial  St.  Luke's  Hospital;  and  the 
Memorial  Institute  for  Infeeiioua  Diseases. 
His  important  eommereial  struettires  include 
the  General  Office  Building  of  the  Chicago 
and     Northwestern     Railroad     Company,     in 


365 


FROST 


WARREN 


Chicago;  and  that  same  corporation's  General 
Office  Building  in  St.  Paul,  Minn.;  the  General 
Office  Building  of  the  Northern  Pacific  Rail- 
road Company  at  St.  Paul;  the  General  Office 
Building  of  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  and 
Pacific  Railroad  Company,  in  Chicago;  and 
the  Hibhert  Spencer  Bartlett  Wholesale  Store 
Building,  in  Chicago  Pie  has  also  superin- 
tended the  construction  of  the  following  large 
railroad  stations:  the  La  Salle  Terminal 
Building,  in  Chicago;  the  Chicago,  West- 
chester Railway  Terminal,  in  Chicago;  the 
Great  Western  Railroad  Station,  in  Minne- 
apolis, Minn.,  and  all  the  important  station 
buildings  along  the  lines  of  the  Chicago  and 
North  Western  Railroad.  His  more  important 
buildings  are  those  of  the  Northern  Trust 
Company,  Chicago;  the  First  National  Bank, 
St.  Paul,  Minn.;  and  the  North  Western 
Trust  Company.  One  of  his  most  recent  and 
distinguishing  achievements,  however,  is  the 
Chicago  Municipal  Pier,  recently  opened  to 
the  public.  This  structure  extends  into  Lake 
Michigan  a  distance  of  over  half  a  mile,  with 
a  width  of  292  feet.  It  is  divided  into  three 
sections,  considered  from  an  architectural 
point  of  view:  the  administrative  building, 
at  the  shore  end  of  the  pier,  the  freight  and 
passenger  building,  and  the  units  comprising 
the  recreational  group  at  the  end  of  the  pier. 
The  first  of  these  contains,  in  addition  to 
various  offices  and  utilities,  ramps  leading  to 
the  passenger  decks  of  the  freight  and  pas- 
senger building  and  to  the  board  walks,  at 
a  higher  level.  The  freight  and  passenger 
building  consists  of  two  sections,  each  2,340 
feet  long  and  100  feet  wide,  divided  by  a 
roadway  eighty  feet  in  width.  The  lower,  or 
freight,  deck  extends  six  feet  beyond  the  build- 
ing line,  forming  a  freight  wharf  nearly  a 
mile  in  length.  The  upper  deck  is  used 
exclusively  by  boat  passengers  and  pier  visi- 
tors; street  cars  transferring  on  a  single  fare 
from  all  parts  of  the  city,  enter  the  pier  at 
this  upper  level,  run  to  the  extreme  end  of  the 
building,  where  they  loop  to  the  opposite  side, 
giving  equal  service  to  both  sections.  Pier 
visitors,  or  those  embarking  on  the  smaller 
excursion  boats,  leave  the  cars  at  the  loop 
where  they  enter  the  so-called  terminal  build- 
ing unit  of  the  recreation  end  of  the  pier, 
which  terminates  the  half  mile  trip  into  the 
lake  and  is  used  for  general  circulation  to 
various  levels.  Here  are  located  information 
bureaus,  public  comforts,  an  emergency  hos- 
pital, and  a  restaurant.  The  terminal  build- 
ing and  concert  halls  are  connected  by  the 
shelter  building,  which  is  entirely  open  at 
the  sides,  its  decks  giving  protection  from  the 
sun,  forming  one  of  the  most  popular  features 
of  the  pier.  Flanking  the  concert  halls  are 
two  towers,  open  at  various  levels,  from  which 
an  unobstructed  view  may  be  had  in  all  di- 
rections. The  concert  hall  proper  has  a  seat- 
ing capacity  of  4,000,  which  is  greatly  in- 
creased by  the  open  loggias  extending  entirely 
around  the  hall  at  three  levels.  Surrounding 
the  recreational  buildings  are  broad  terraces 
of  concrete,  descending,  at  the  extreme  end  of 
the  pier,  to  a  level  only  four  feet  above  the 
water,  the  elevation  of  the  pier  floor  itself 
being  nine  and  a  half  feet.  On  occasions  the 
pier  has  comfortably  accommodated  a  quarter 
of  a  million  of  people.    Mr.  Frost  is  a  member 


of  the  Union  League  Club  of  Chicago,  and  for 
three  years  has  been  one  of  its  directors;  he 
is  a  Fellow  of  the  American  Institute  of 
Architects;  and  a  member  of  the  Province  of 
Quebec  Association  of  Architects  and  the 
Manitoba  Association  of  Architects.  On  7 
Jan.,  1885,  he  married  Mary,  daughter  of 
Marvin  Marvin  Hughitt,  a  prominent  rail- 
road man,  of  Chicago.  Their  three  children 
are:  Margaret,  Marvin  Hughitt,  and  Virginia 
Frost. 

WARREN,  Charles  Beecher,  lawyer,  b.  at 
Bay  City,  Mich.,  10  April,  1870,  son  of  Robert 
L.  and  Caroline  (Beecher)  Warren.  Both 
parents  were  natives  of  Michigan,  and  their 
respective  families  came  from  New  England 
and  New  York,  and  were  among  the  pioneers 
of  the  State.  His  father,  a  graduate  of  the 
University  of  Michigan,  and  a  prominent  edi- 
tor and  publisher,  was  a  conspicuous  agent  in 
the  upbuilding  of  the  Saginaw  Valley,  where 
he  edited  some  of  the  earliest  daily  news- 
papers. He  founded  the  Bay  City  "  Journal," 
and  the  Saginaw  "  Daily  Enterprise,"  and  at 
a  later  period  was  owner  and  editor  of  the 
daily  newspapers  in  the  city  of  Ann  Arbor, 
where  he  consolidated  several  competitive 
journals  under  the  ownership  of  a  single 
company.  During  the  Civil  War  he  served 
in  the  army,  having  left  the  university  to 
enlist  in  the  defense  of  his  country,  but  re- 
turned later  and  continued  his  studies  until 
graduation.  He  has  always  taken  an  active 
part  in  Republican  politics.  In  1908  he  was 
a  delegate  from  the  Second  Congressional  Dis- 
trict to  the  Republican  National  Convention. 
For  many  years  he  has  served  as  president  of 
the  board  of  trustees  of  the  Michigan  School 
for  the  Deaf  at  Flint.  Charles  B.  Warren, 
when  about  fourteen  years  of  age,  removed 
with  his  parents  to  Albion,  where  he  studied 
in  both  the  preparatory  and  the  academic  de- 
partments of  Albion  College.  He  was  presi- 
dent of  the  freshman  class,  and  during  the 
sophomore  year  was  managing  editor  of  the 
college  paper.  In  1889  he  entered  the  junior 
class  of  the  University  of  Michigan  where  he 
specialized  in  history,  philosophy,  and  con- 
stitutional law,  and  was  graduated  Ph.B.  in 
1891.  He  was  the  first  editor  of  "The  In- 
lander," the  literary  magazine  of  the  uni- 
versity, and  a  member  of  Phi  Beta  Kappa. 
After  graduation  he  read  law  in  the  office  of 
Hon.  Don  M.  Dickinson,  in  Detroit,  and  also 
attended  lectures  in  the  Detroit  Law  School, 
then  under  the  management  of  Prof.  Floyd 
Mechem,  who  was  later  so  prominently  identi- 
fied with  the  law  department  of  the  university. 
On  completion  of  his  course  in  1893  Mr.  War- 
ren was  admitted  to  the  bar.  During  the  suc- 
ceeding four  years  he  continued  in  the  office 
of  Mr.  Dickinson,  and  in  1897  was  admitted 
to  partnership  with  his  distinguished  pre- 
ceptor in  the  firm  of  Dickinson,  Warren  and 
Warren,  one  of  the  most  successful  and  strong 
law  firms  in  the  city  of  Detroit.  In  January, 
1900,  he  associated  himself  with  John  C.  Shaw 
and  William  B.  Cady,  in  organizing  the  firm 
of  Shaw,  Warren  and  Cady,  which,  after  Mr. 
Shaw's  death  in  1911,  assumed  the  present 
style  of  Warren,  Cady,  Ladd  and  Hill,  now 
one  of  the  best  know^n  and  strongest  firms  of 
the  State.  W^hile  Mr.  Warren  has  partici- 
pated  in   many   notable   cases   and   been   dis- 


366 


m^^AVr^Sd^ 


•  nr'fS-i  < 


WARREN 


BARNARD 


tinctly  successful  in  the  general  practice  of 
his  profession,  he  has  earned  a  well -merited 
reputation  as  one  of  the  leading  American 
authorities  in  international  law.  On  two  im- 
portant occasions  he  has  represented  his  coun- 
try in  great  international  controversies.  In 
1896,  when  twenty-six  years  of  age,  he  was 
appointed  associate  counsel  for  the  United 
States  in  the  controversy  affecting  the  rights 
of  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain  in  the 
Behring  Sea.  In  this  capacity  he  delivered 
one  of  the  important  arguments  before  the 
Joint  High  Commission,  which  adjudicated  the 
claims  of  British  subjects  against  the  United 
States.  Subsequently  President  Roosevelt  ap- 
pointed him  one  of  the  counsel  to  represent 
the  United  States  in  the  controversy  with 
Great  Britain  over  the  north  Atlantic  waters 
and  fisheries.  The  two  great  po\Yers  subse- 
quently agreed  to  submit  the  matter  in  dis- 
pute to  the  permanent  court  of  arbitration 
at  The  Hague,  before  which  tribunal  Mr.  War- 
ren, in  1010,  made  one  of  the  ablest  arguments 
in  behalf  of  his  country.  Mr.  Warren  is  a 
member  of  the  Executive  Committee  of  the 
American  Society  of  International  Law,  an 
honor  which  demonstrates  his  standing  as  an 
authority  in  both  legal  and  diplomatic  affairs 
affecting  international  relations.  He  is  a  di- 
rector of  many  industrial  and  financial  cor- 
porations for  which  he  is  counsel.  Mr.  War- 
ren's eminent  success  in  the  practice  of  his 
profession  is  ample  evidence  of  his  complete 
mastery  of  the  principles  of  law  and  precedent. 
He  is  also  a  man  of  rare  mental  capacity; 
easily  grasps  the  points  of  a  legal  situation, 
and  is  able  to  state  them  clearly,  fully,  and 
convincingly.  His  wide  personal  popularity, 
unfailing  courtesy,  simple  manners,  ready 
sympathy,  and  absolute  integrity  are  other  im- 
portant elements  that  have  contributed  to  his 
well-deserved  prominence.  For  some  years  Mr. 
Warren  has  been  one  of  the  most  influential 
Republicans  in  Michigan.  He  is  recognized  as 
one  of  the  stalwart  leaders  of  the  party;  a 
conservative  without  reaction  and  a  progres- 
sive without  radicalism.  In  1908  he  was  a 
delegate-at-large  from  the  State  to  the  Na- 
tional Convention,  in  which  his  father  also 
sat  as  a  delegate,  and  was  later  chosen  the 
Michigan  member  of  the  Republican  National 
Committee.  He  is  now  a  member  of  the  ex- 
ecutive committee  of  the  Republican  National 
Committee,  and  was  made  chairman  of  the 
committee  on  revision  of  the  rules  regulating 
the  organization  and  basis  of  representation 
in  future  national  conventions.  He  drafted 
the  new  rules  and  the  resolutions  cutting 
down  the  Southern  representation,  and,  in  the 
reorganization  of  the  party,  has  always  stood 
for  the  progressive  and  liberal  policy.  He  was 
chairman  of  the  committee  to  draft  the  ad- 
dress to  all  the  State  Republican  Conventions 
requesting  the  ratification  of  the  changes 
recommended  by  the  National  Committee. 
The  address  was  given  wide  circulation  and 
resulted  in  the  plans  of  the  National  Com- 
mittee being  almost  unanimously  ratified  by 
both  Northern  and  Southern  States.  From 
1912  to  1914  he  was  a  potent  factor  in  smooth- 
ing the  factional  disagreements  in  the  ranks 
of  the  party.  Mr.  Warren  has  for  many  years 
been  a  leader  in  the  civic  affairs  for  the  bet- 
terment of  his  city.-  and  was  honored  in  1914 


by  being  elected  president  of  the  Detroit 
Board  of  Commerce,  the  consolidation  of  many 
of  the  old  organizations  covering  special  fields 
of  civic  activity.  He  is  a  member  of  the  De- 
troit, Country,  Yondotega,  and  University 
Clubs  of  Detroit;  the  University  Club  of  New 
York  City,  and  the  Metropolitan  Club  of 
Washington,  D.  C.  He  was  married  2  Dec, 
1902,  to  Helen  Hunt,  daughter  of  Charles 
Wetmore,  of  Detroit,  and  a  niece  of  the  late 
U.  S.  Senator  James  McMillan.  They  have 
four  sons:  Wetmore,  Charles  Beecher,  Jr., 
Robert,  and  John  Buel   Warren. 

BARNARD,  George  Grey  Grubb,  sculptor, 
b.  at  Bellefonte,  Center  County,  Pa.,  24  May, 
1863,  son  of  Joseph  H.,  a  Presbyterian  min- 
ister, and  Martha  Grey  (Grubb)  Barnard. 
While  he  was  yet  a  child  his  parents  moved  to 
Chicago  and  shortly  after  to  Muscatine,  la. 
Young  Barnard  early  cultivated  his  artistic 
talent,  and,  entirely  unaided,  modeled  a  bust 
of  his  sister.  The  work  was  so  cleverly  ex- 
ecuted that  an  examination  by  his  friends 
resulted  in  his  serving  an  apprenticeship  with 
a  jeweler,  in  whose  shop  he  became  a  skillful 
engraver.  Ambitious,  however,  to  succeed  in 
a  higher  line  of  art,  he  removed  to  Chicago, 
while  but  sixteen  years  of  age,  and  applied 
to  Leonard  Volk,  the  sculptor,  to  be  taken  as 
a  pupil.  His  request  refused,  he  at  once  en- 
tered the  Chicago  Art  Institute,  where  he 
studied  for  more  than  a  year;  in  the  meantime 
defraying  his  expenses  with  the  money  he  had 
saved  while  working  at  his  trade.  While 
there  he  received  the  sum  of  $350.00  from 
a  Chicago  lady  for  modeling  a  portrait  bust 
of  her  young  daughter.  Hp  was  thus  enabled 
to  pay  his  way  abroad  and  continue  his  studies 
in  an  art  institute  of  Paris.  After  three  years 
of  hard  study  he  left  the  institute  and  began 
work  upon  his  "  Boy,"  which  he  finished  in 
1885.  He  followed  this  with  a  heroic-sized 
statue,  "  Cain,"  completed  in  1886,  and  two 
years  later  brought  forth  his  "  Brotherly 
Love,"  done  in  marble,  and  also  his  life-size 
"Walking  Man."  In  1890  Mr.  Barnard  fin- 
ished in  clay  a  group  called  "  Two  Natures," 
on  which  he  had  begun  work  two  years  earlier. 
This  group  was  done  in  marble  in  1894.  In 
1891  he  modeled  a  clock  with  twenty  or  thirty 
figures  and  reliefs  "  Evolution  of  Life  "  for 
Norway  and  carved  it  in  oak  in  1894.  Late 
in  1894,  his  work  was  placed  on  public  ex- 
hibit for  the  first  time  and  pronounced  the 
most  noteworthy  of  the  year,  and  he  was 
at  once  elected  to  the  Soci^te  Nationale  des 
Beaux-Arts.  Of  the  figures  he  exhibited, 
the  group  called  "  I  Feel  Two  Natures  Strug- 
gling Within  Me  "  attracted  the  warmest  com- 
mendation. The  art  critic  of  "  Le  Temps," 
M.  Thibault-Sisson,  said  of  this  group :  "  It 
has  movement  and  life  and  the  execution  is  as 
bold  as  it  is  finely  shaded.  All  is  said  with 
majestic  energy — an  energy  that  knows  its 
power  and  scorns  useless  details."  In  the 
autumn  of  189G  Mr.  Barnard  oxliibitod  his 
work  in  New  York  City,  and  the  vordiet  of 
the  Paris  critics  was  ui)hold.  In  achlilion  to 
the  work  already  mentioned,  Mr.  Barnard  has 
modeled  the  following:  "The  God  Pan."  "The 
Hewer,"  "Urn  of  Life"  (nineteen  figures  in 
marble),  "Brotherhood  in  SufTering,"  "De- 
spair and  Hope,"  "  Youth,"  "  Mother  and 
Angel,"  "  Lone   Woman,"  "  Prodigal  Son  and 

367 


Mccormick 


Mccormick 


Father,"  "  Adam  and  Eve  "  (large  group ) ,  "  La- 
bor and  Rest"  (relief  twenty-two  feet  high), 
"Christ,"  "Baptism"  (group),  "Love  and 
Labor,"  "  The  Brothers,"  the  sculptural  groups 
for  the  Pennsylvania  state  capitol,  and  busts 
of  Collis  P.  Huntington,  Blair  Thaw,  the  poet, 
Abram  S.  Hewitt,  Dr.  Leeds,  of  Stevens  In- 
stitute, etc.  In  the  fall  of  1916  he  finished  in 
bronze  his  Lincoln  statue  heroic,  in  size.  This 
he  completed  for  the  city  of  Cincinnati. 
Karly  in  the  year  of  1917  he  modeled  in  clay 
the  gigantic  head  of  Lincoln  fourteen  feet  in 
height.  In  1917  he  also  brought  out  his 
"Venus  and  Cupid"  in  marble.  To  Mr.  Bar- 
nard were  awarded  gold  medals  at  the  Paris 
Kxposition  (1900),  and  at  the  Pan-American 
Exposition  at  Buffalo  (1901).  He  was  pro- 
fessor of  sculpture  in  the  Art  Students' 
League  of  New  York,  and  he  is  an  asso- 
ciate of  the  National  Academy.  Mr.  Bar- 
nard has  often  been  compared  to  the  great 
Rodin,  for  he  has  gone  far  beyond  the  age  in 
which  he  lives,  driven,  as  it  were,  by  the  im- 
pulse of  humanity  to  create  in  marble  his  im- 
pressions of  the  sorrows  and  yearnings  as  re- 
flected from  the  heart  of  man.  He  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  National  Institute  of  Arts  and  Let- 
ters. In  1895  he  married  Edna  Monroe,  of 
Boston,  Mass. 

Mccormick,  Robert  lalrd,  lumberman,  b. 
near  Lock  Haven,  Pa.,  20  Oct.,  1847 ;  d.  in  Ta- 
coma.  Wash.,  in  1911.  He  was  of  Irish  de- 
scent,  the  great- 
grandson  of  John 
McCormick  who 
came  to  this  coun- 
try from  Ireland 
lat  an  early  age, 
and  served  in  a 
Pennsylvania  regi- 
ment during  the 
Revolution,  in 
which  he  won  the 
rank  of  ensign,  or 
third  lieutenant. 
Both  of  Mr.  Mc- 
cormick's pater- 
nal grandfathers 
served  during  the 
War  of  1812,  and 
the  famous  Col. 
Hugh  White  was 
also  a  relative  of 
his.  He  was  ac- 
tually brought  up  in  the  lumber  industry, 
Lock  Haven  being  a  place  of  great  im- 
portance in  the  business  during  his  early 
years.  He  had  good  educational  advan- 
tages, attending  the  public  schools,  and  later 
the  Saunders  Institute,  a  Presbyterian  mili- 
tary school  near  Philadelphia.  He  afterward 
attended  Tuscarora  Academy  at  Mifflin,  Pa., 
but  did  not  finish  the  course.  His  first  em- 
ployment was  railroading  in  the  employ  of  the 
Philadelphia  and  Erie  Railroad  as  station 
clerk.  After  holding  a  number  of  other  cler- 
ical positions  in  Pennsylvania,  he  determined 
to  seek  his  fortune  in  the  West.  Accordingly, 
in  1868,  he  went  to  Minnesota,  where  he  set- 
tled in  Winona,  and  obtained  employment  in 
the  office  of  Laird,  Norton  and  Company,  lum- 
ber dealers.  This  position  he  held  for  the  next 
six  years.  In  1874,  with  the  aid  of  Laird  and 
Norton,  he  went  into  the  lumber  business  on 


^^^^-Vf;^-^ 


his  own  account  at  Waseca,  Minn.,  and  there 
conducted  a  retail  lumber  yard  until  1881. 
He  also  dealt  in  grain,  and  in  timber,  stone, 
and  iron  properties.  After  his  first  year's  res- 
idence in  Waseca,  he  was  elected  mayor  of 
the  town  and  held  that  position  for  the  next 
seven  years.  During  part  of  the  time  he  acted 
as  auditor  for  Laird,  Norton  and  Company, 
visiting  their  yards  in  Minnesota  and  Dakota 
and  establishing  new  yards  as  the  railroads 
were  built  along  the  line.  In  1881  Mr.  Mc- 
Cormick became  associated  in  business  with 
Frederick  Weyerhaeuser,  and  with  Mr.  Weyer- 
haeuser, W.  G.  Laird,  and  M.  G.  and  James 
L.  Norton,  organized  the  North  Wisconsin. 
Lumber  Company,  becoming  its  secretary  and 
treasurer.  This  company  made  large  invest- 
ments in  timber  lands,  purchasing  fifteen 
townships,  and  built  a  mill  at  Hayward,  Wis., 
Mr.  McCormick  being  closely  connected  with 
its  management.  He  also  organized  the  Saw- 
yer County  Bank  and  was  its  president.  He 
was  also  actively  interested  in  the  welfare  of 
his  fellow  citizens.  During  various  years  of 
his  residence  at  Hayward  he  served  as  presi- 
dent of  the  school  board  and  of  the  Library 
Association  and  as  president  of  the  Ashland 
Academy  at  Ashland.  His  great  interest  in 
the  cause  of  education  for  the  Indians  led  him 
to  influence  the  Indian  office  to  establish  a 
school  for  them  near  Hayward.  In  1899  Mr. 
McCormick  had  become  well  known  as  a  cap- 
italist and  a  man  of  large  affairs.  W^ith  his 
associates  in  the  North  Wisconsin  Company 
and  other  prominent  business  men  of  Wiscon- 
sin and  Illinois,  he  participated  in  the  or- 
ganization of  the  Weyerhaeuser  Timber  Com- 
pany, of  which  he  was  made  a  director  and 
secretary.  The  company  purchased  most  of 
the  unsold  timber  lands  belonging  to  the 
Northern  Pacific  Railway  Company  in  W^ash- 
ington  and  Oregon,  and  established  headquar- 
ters at  Tacoma,  Wash.,  where  Mr,  McCormick 
afterward  made  his  home.  The  Weyerhaeuser 
Timber  Company  has  now  grown  into  one  of 
the  most  extensive  enterprises  in  the  lumber 
industry,  and  probably  owns  more ,  standing 
timber  than  any  other  single  concern  in  the 
world.  Although  it  has  built  mills  it  has 
never  gone  extensively  into  manufacture,  its 
policy  being  only  to  utilize  the  burned  or 
fallen  timber  at  the  present  time.  Although 
not  a  seeker  of  office,  Mr.  McCormick  always 
took  a  strong  interest  in  politics  and  legisla- 
tion as  affecting  the  interests  of  the  people 
of  the  comtnunities  where  he  had  made  his 
home.  While  engaged  in  business  at  Waseca, 
Minn.,  he  was  elected  to  the  State  senate  of 
Minnesota,  serving  through  two  regular  terms 
and  two  extra  sessions  of  the  legislature.  He 
was  a  delegate  from  Wisconsin  to  the  Repub- 
lican National  Convention  in  1900,  and  from 
the  State  of  Washington  to  that  of  1908.  He 
was  nominated  by  the  Republicans  of  Tacoma 
for  mayor  of  the  city  in  1906,  but  was  defeat- 
ed. He  was  also  Republican  National  Com- 
mitteeman for  the  State.  Mr.  McCormick 
was  a  close  student  of  history,  both  national 
and  local,  and  was  for  a  long  time  a  member 
of  the  Wisconsin  Historical  Society,  serving 
as  its  president  from  1901  until  1904.  On 
his  removal  to  Washington  he  became  a  mem- 
ber of  the  State  Historical  Society  and  was 
influential  in  securing  the  marking  of  histor- 


368 


STONE 


STONE 


ical  places  by  enduring  monuments.  He  was  a 
thirty-second  degree  Mason,  a  member  of  the 
Mystic  Shrine  and  a  Knight  Templar,  and 
during  his  residence  in  Minnesota  was  grand 
commander  of  the  Templars.  He  was  also  a 
member  of  the  Sons  of  Veterans,  Sons  of  the 
American  Revolution,  and  the  Society  of  the 
War  of  1812,  and  of  the  Union  and  Commer- 
cial Clubs  of  Tacoma.  At  the  time  of  his 
death  he  was  president  of  the  First  National 
Bank  of  Tacoma,  trustee  of  the  First  Congre- 
gational Church,  vice-president  of  Puget  Sound 
University,  and  president  of  the  Ferry  Mu- 
seum. He  married,  in  1870,  Anna  E.  Good- 
man, of  Ohio.  They  had  two  sons,  William 
Laird  and  Robert  Allen  McCormick. 

STONE,  John  Stone,  physicist,  electrical 
engineer,  and  inventor,  b.  in  Dover,  Goochland 
County,  Va.,  26  Sept.,  1869,  son  of  Gen.  Charles 
Pomeroy  and  Annie  Jeannie  (Stone)  Stone. 
His  father,  born  in  Greenfield,  Mass.,  30  Sept., 
1824,  was  graduated  from  the  Military  Acad- 
emy at  West  Point  in  1845,  and  had  a  dis- 
tinguished career  as  a  soldier.  He  served  in 
the  Mexican  War  as  officer  of  artillery,  and 
was  twice  promoted  for  gallant  conduct  on 
the  battlefield.  At  the  close  of  the  Mexican 
War  he  was  appointed  chief  of  ordnance  of  the 
Division  of  th"!  Pacific,  but  subsequently  re- 
signed from  military  service.  On  the  open- 
ing of  the  Civil  War  he  volunteered  and  be- 
came colonel  of  the  Fourteenth  Infantry,  and 
was  promoted  to  brevet  brigadier-general.  In 
the  early  part  of  the  war,  through  some  mis- 
take which  never  was  satisfactorily  explained, 
he  was  arrested  and  imprisoned  in  Fort  Lafay- 
ette, New  York  Harbor.  He  was  soon  released, 
however,  without  court-mart'al,  and  assigned 
to  duty  as  chief  of  staff  of  the  Department  of 
the  Gulf.  In  1870  he  resigned  from  the 
United  States  army  and  became  brigadier-gen- 
eral and  chief  of  staff  of  the  Egyptian  army, 
serving  until  1883.  He  was  promoted  to  the 
rank  of  lieutenant-general  (Ferik  Pasha). 
Dc  rations  were  conferred  upon  him  by  the 
Sultan  of  Turkey,  the  Khedive  of  Egypt,  and 
the  King  of  Italy.  In  addition  to  his  mili- 
tary service  in  Egypt,  he  held  several  im- 
portant civil  commissions  in  that  country, 
being  for  long  periods  head  of  the  Department 
of  Public  Works,  of  the  Department  of  Agri- 
culture, etc.  He  was  president  of  the 
Khedivial  Geographical  Society  and  the  Insti- 
tute of  Egypt,  and  an  honorary  or  corre- 
sponding member  of  many  of  the  geographical 
societies  of  the  world.  Returning  to  the 
United  States  in  1883,  he  became  chief  engi- 
neer in  charge  of  the  construction  of  the 
pedestal  and  the  erection  of  the  Statue  of 
Liberty  in  New  York  Harbor.  In  1886  he 
was  grand  marshal  of  the  Grand  Army  of  the 
Republic  in  New  York  City.  John  Stone  Stone  is 
descended  through  his  mother  from  William 
Stone,  Colonial  governor  of  Maryland.  Her 
father  was  Dr.  John  Wilmer  Stone,  son  of 
William  Murray  Stone,  Protestant  Episcopal 
bishop  of  Maryland,  who  in  turn  was  fifth  in 
descent  from  the  Colonial  governor.  On  his 
father's  side  Mr.  Stone  traces  his  ancestry 
back  to  Deacon  Gregory  Stone,  who  was  born 
in  Nayland,  Suffold  County,  England,  in 
1590,  and  landed  in  America  in  1634.  He  set- 
tled in  Cambridge,  Mass.,  and  was  one  of  the 
original  proprietors  of  Watertown,  Mass.     He 


died  in  1672.  John  Stone  Stone  was  inter- 
ested in  physics  and  chemistry  even  as  a  boy, 
thus  at  an  early  age  foreshadowing  the  notable 
work  he  was  destined  to  do  in  later  years. 
Most  of  his  childhood  was  spent  in  Egypt, 
where  his  education  progressed  under  private 
tutors  until  1883.  From  that  year  until  1886 
he  attended  Columbia  Grammar  School,  New 
York  City.  In  1886  he  entered  Columbia  Uni- 
versity, devoting  himself  mainly  to  mathe- 
matics, physics,  and  chemistry,  for  the  two 
years  he  remained  there.  He  studied  mathe- 
matics, physics,  and  theoretical  and  applied 
electricity  at  Johns  Hopkins  University, 
Baltimore,  from  1888  to  1890.  This  was  prac- 
tically a  post-graduate  course,  although  ^  no 
actual  degree  was  required  for  admission.  'He 
entered  the  research  laboratory  of  the  Ameri- 
can Bell  Telephone  Company  in  Boston  in 
1890,  and  remained  with  that  company  as  ex- 
perimentalist until  February,  1899.  From  that 
time  until  1902  he  was  consulting  electrical 
engineer,  with  offices  and  laboratory  in  Bos- 
ton, and  was  retained  by  the  American  Bell 
Trlephone  Company  as  an  expert  in  regard 
to  patent  litigation.  In  1902  he  became  vice- 
president  and  chief  engineer  of  the  Stone 
Telegraph  and  Telephone  Company  of  Boston, 
and  in  1908  took  office  as  its  president.  For 
a  number  of  years  during  the  period  from 
1897  to  1904  he  was  special  lecturer  at  the 
Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology  on  the 
subject  of  Electrical  Oscillations  and  Their 
Applications.  In  1910,  when  the  Stone  Tele- 
graph and  Telephone  Company  went  out  of 
business,  he  again  took  up  his  practice  as  con- 
sulting engineer  in  Boston  and  New  York  City. 
John  Stone  Stone  has  been  granted  more  than 
120  United  States  patents  for  electrical  in- 
ventions and  a  correspondingly  large  number 
in  foreign  countries.  These  inventions  relate 
chiefly  to  telegraphy  and  telephony,  and  to 
radio-telegraphy  and  radio-telephony.  They 
include  an  invention  for  centralizing  the 
energy  in  telephone  systems,  which  he  per- 
fected in  1893,  and  which  came  into  general 
use  in  America  and  abroad,  and  in  1894  a  sys- 
tem by  which  the  induction  coil  could  be  used 
at  telephone  subscribers'  stations  in  the  cen- 
tralized energy  system,  thus  for  the  first  time 
adapting  the  centralized  energy  system  to  use 
over  long  distances,  as  well  as  for  short  dis- 
tance communication  to  which  the  system  was 
at  first  confined.  This  invention  is  now  in 
practically  universal  use.  About  1894  Mr. 
Stone  devised  a  system  of  telegraph  and  te- 
lephony employing  high  frequency  currents, 
which  since  has  been  called  "  Wired  Wireless." 
United  States  patents  have  been  granted  to 
Mr.  Stone  for  these  inventions,  and  though  the 
system  of  high  frequency  telegraphy  and  to- 
lephony  never  came  into  commercial  use,  it 
later  awakened  the  keenest  interest  as  being 
the  immediate  precursor  of  wiroloas  or  radio- 
telegraphy  and  telephony.  This  ao-callod 
"  Wired  Wireless "  contains  all  the  OHaonlial 
elements  of  the  radio-telegraph  and  telephone 
stations  of  today,  and  consists,  indeed,  essen- 
tially of  a  num})er  of  radio-telegraph  stations 
connected  by  a  line  wire,  each  receiver  being 
tuned  by  electrical  resonance  to  the  particular 
transmitter  from  which  it  is  to  receive  mes- 
sages to  the  exclusion  of  the  messages  of  all 
the    other    transmitters,    just    as    are    Ihe    re- 


300 


STONE 


BECKER 


ceiving  stations  of  modern  radio-telegraphy 
and  telephony.  This  is  notable  as  the  first 
practical  application  of  electrical  resonance 
to  useful  arts,  an  application  which  later 
found  its  full  development  and  utilization 
in  radio-telegraphy  and  telephony.  In  1897 
Mr.  Stone  was  granted  a  United  States 
patent  for  a  method  of  increasing  the 
efficiency  of  telephone  lines  by  increasing 
the  inductance  of  the  line.  This  method 
has  been  superseded  in  the  United  States 
by  a  method  of  loading  lines  with  in- 
ductance patented  by  Prof.  M.  I.  Pupin,  but 
is  used  to  a  considerable  extent  in  foreign 
countries,  particularly  in  connection  with  sub- 
marine cables.  In  1902  and  1903  he  was 
granted  a  group  of  United  States  patents  for 
a  system  of  selected  radio-telegraphy  and  te- 
lephony based  upon  the  use  of  electrical  res- 
onance and  employing  the  same  general  prin- 
ciples of  electrically  tuning  the  apparatus  as 
were  embodied  in  his  earlier  so-called  "  wired 
wireless  "  system.  The  most  important  feature 
of  this  system  of  selective  radio-telegraphy  and 
telephony  is  the  immunity  it  gives  to  radio 
stations  from  interference  by  waves  from 
neighboring  stations,  from  which  communi- 
cation is  not  desired,  and  which  would  other- 
wise interfere  with  the  successful  reception  of 
the  messages  intended  to  be  received.  Other 
important  inventions  of  this  system  have  been 
made  as  follows:  1.  The  "Direction  Finder," 
an  apparatus  by  means  of  which  wireless  tele- 
graph equipment  of  a  vessel  may  be  employed 
by  the  navigator  to  determine  the  direction 
from  which  wireless  telegraph  signals  are 
coming,  thus  enabling  him  to  locate  the  bear- 
ing or  direction  from  his  vessel  of  any  wire- 
less telegraph  station  or  another  ship,  or  on 
shore,  and  enabling  him  to  determine  his  bear- 
ings in  the  thickest  weather  at  a  far  greater 
distance  from  shore  than  he  could  hear  a  fog 
signal  or  even  see  a  light  in  clear  weather. 
This  apparatus  has  been  used  to  indicate  the 
bearing  of  a  wireless  telegraph  station  seventy- 
five  miles  distant  with  a  precision  two-thirds 
of  a  point.  2.  A  system  by  which  messages 
are  automatically  rendered  secret  or  illegible 
except  at  the  station  at  which  they  are  in- 
tended to  be  received.  3.  A  system  by  means 
of  which  radio  stations  may  be  used  for 
simultaneous  transmission  and  reception  of 
messages.  4.  The  system  called  "  automati- 
cally relaying  radio-telegraph  messages."  5. 
A  system  by  means  of  which  radio-telegraph 
messages  may  be  more  or  less  directed  so  that 
they  shall  not  go  out  in  all  directions  as  they 
usually  do  at  present,  but  shall  go  out  prin- 
cipally in  one  direction.  6.  A  system  for 
multiplex  wireless  radio-telegraphy.  The  Stone 
radio  telephone  United  States  patents  were 
purchased  at  an  early  date  by  the  Radio 
Telephone  Company,  whose  chief  engineer,  Dr. 
Lee  de  Forest,  as  early  as  1907,  made  suc- 
cessful use  of  the  invention  over  distances  as 
great  as  fifty  miles.  Within  ten  years  of 
that  time  the  bulk  of  the  Stone  radio  tele- 
graph United  States  patents,  about  one  hun- 
dred in  number,  were  purchased  by  the  De 
Forest  Radio  Telegraph  and  Telephone  Com- 
pany, and  a  license  under  these  patents  was 
purchased  from  that  company  by  the  American 
Telephone  and  Telegraph  Company  and  the 
Western    Electric    Company.      Mr.    Stone    has 


written  numerous  papers  published  in  the 
scientific  and  technical  press,  and  has  read 
many  papers  before  scientific  and  technical 
societies.  By  invitation  of  the  International 
Electrical  Congress  at  St.  Louis  in  1904,  he 
read  a  paper  before  that  body  on  "  The 
Theory  of  Wireless  Telegraphy."  It  was  pub- 
lished in  the  transactions  of  that  congress. 
His  presidential  address  to  the  Society  of 
Wireless  Telegraph  Engineers  in  Boston,  in 
1908,  on  "The  Periodicities  and  Damping  Co- 
efficients of  Coupled  Oscillators,"  was  pub- 
lished in  the  "  Electrical  Review  and  Western 
Electrician,"  and,  in  1909,  in  the  "  Jahrbuch 
du  Drahlosen  Telegraphic  und  Telephonic," 
and  in  "  La  Lumi^re  Electrique."  His  paper, 
"  Interference  in  Wireless  Telegraphy,"  was 
read,  by  invitation,  before  the  Electrical  Sec- 
tion of  the  Canadian  Society  of  Civil  Engi- 
neers, in  Montreal,  March  9,  1905,  and  pub- 
lished in  the  journal  of  that  society.  Mr. 
Stone  read  a  presidential  address  before  the 
Institute  of  Radio  Engineers  on  "The  Eflfect 
of  the  Spark. on  the  Oscillations  of  an  Electric 
Circuit,"  in  New  York  City,  in  February,  1915. 
It  appeared  afterward  in  the  published  proceed- 
ings of  the  Institute.  The  Edward  Longstreth 
medal  was  conferred  on  him  by  the  Franklin 
Institute  for  a  paper  contributed  to  its  journal 
on  "  The  Practical  Aspects  of  the  Propagation 
of  High  Frequency  Currents  Along  Wires,"  in 
October,  1912.  This  paper  related  chiefly  to  the 
practical  aspects  of  the  so-called  "  wired  wire- 
less "  telephone.  John  Stone  Stone  is  presi- 
dent of  the  Institute  of  Radio  Engineers,  past 
president  of  the  Society  of  Wireless  Telegraph 
Engineers,  Fellow  of  the  Institute  of  Radio 
Engineers,  Fellow  of  the  American  Academy 
of  Arts  and  Sciences,  Fellow  of  the  American 
Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science, 
member  of  the  American  Electrochemical  So- 
ciety, Associate  of  the  American  Institute  of 
Electrical  Engineers,  member  of  the  Franklin 
Institute,  Associate  of  the  United  States  Naval 
Institute,  Associate  of  the  Society  of  Arts  of 
the  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology, 
member  of  the  Mathematical  and  Physical 
Club  and  of  the  Boston  Scientific  Society.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  International  Electrical 
Congress  in  1906.  He  is  a  life  member  of  the 
Aztec  Club  of  184^,  member  of  the  Johns 
Hopkins  Alumni  Association  of  New  England, 
member  of  the  Alpha  Delta  Phi  Fraternity, 
and  literary  member  of  the  Papyrus  Club  of 
Boston.  He  belongs  to  a  number  of  social 
clubs.  They  are  the  St.  Botolph  Club  of 
Boston,  the  National  Arts  Club  of  New  York, 
the  Cosmos  and  Army  and  Navy  Clubs  of 
Washington,  D.  C,  the  Duxbury  Yacht  Club 
of  Duxbury,  Mass.,  and  the  Marine  and  Field 
Club  of  Gravesend  Bay,  Long  Island.  Mr. 
Stone  is  not  married.  While  the  main  portion 
of  his  time  is  devoted  to  the  profession  in 
which  he  has  gained  such  enviable  eminence, 
he  is  ai^  ardent  yachtsman,  and  takes  a 
healthy  interest  in  other  outdoor  recreations. 
Although  he  has  never  been  a  soldier,  he  takes 
a  warm  interest  in  military  aflFairs,  and  has 
a  number  of  close  friends  in  the  army  and 
navy, 

BECKER,  Benjamin  Vogel,  lawyer,  b.  in 
Warsaw,  Ind.,  20  June,  1871,  son  of  Leopold 
and  Caroline  (Vogel)  Becker.  His  father,  a 
well-known  and  highly  respected  merchant  in 


370 


BECKER 


PORTER 


Northern  Indiana,  met  reverses  shortly  after 
the  close  of  the  Civil  War,  which  made  it 
necessary  for  his  sons,  of  whom  Benjamin  V. 
was  the  youngest,  to  help  support  the  family. 
Mr.  Becker  was  educated  in  the  public  schools 
of  Warsaw  and  Fort  Wayne,  Ind.,  and  in 
1887  came  to  Chicago.  At  an  early  age  he 
developed  a  craving  for  historical  and  Biblical 
literature,  and  his  reading  aroused  in  him  the 
desire  to  enter  the  profession  of  law.  He  en- 
countered, and  overcame,  many  discouraging 
obstacles,  and  no  one  was  more  helpful  dur- 
ing these  trying  years  than  his  mother  and 
sister,  and  it  was  largely  due  to  his  mother's 
forceful  mind  and  yet  gentle  character  that 
in  1890  he  began  the  study  of  law.  In  the 
same  year  he  entered  the  office  of  Jacob  New- 
man, and  was  admitted  to  the  Illinois  bar  in 
1892,  and  to  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United 
States  in  1900.  In  1898  he  became  a  partner 
in  the  firm  of  Newman,  Northrup,  Levinson 
and  Becker,  and  has  continued  with  them  or 
their  successors  until  the  present  firm.  Levin- 
son,  Becker,  Cleveland  and  Schwartz,  was 
formed.  He  is  considered  a  close  student  of 
"the  law  and  his  professional  work  has  been  in 
almost  every  branch  of  civil  law.  He  has 
represented  large  interests  and  been  an  active 
participant  in  important  litigation,  not  only 
in  his  own  State,  but  in  the  courts  in  almost 
every  part  of  the  country.  He  was  appointed 
by  the  Supreme  Court  of  this  State  as  a  com- 
missioner to  pass  upon  applicants  for  admis- 
sion to  the  bar,  and  it  was  largely  due  to  his 
work  and  recommendations  that  the  old  system 
of  admitting  lawyers  to  the  bar  was  abandoned 
and  a  permanent  commissioner  was  estab- 
lished, which  has  raised  the  standard  of  his 
profession.  Mr.  Becker  is  a  good  judge  of 
human  nature,  most  sympathetic  and  con- 
siderate of  others,  and  has  the  rare  faculty  of 
getting  the  best  out  of  other  people,  a  quality 
of  great  service  to  his  associates.  He  has  a 
mind  of  great  clearness  and  penetration.  He 
seems  to  be  able  to  see  things  as  they  are, 
without  those  errors  of  refraction  due  to  pro- 
fessional bias  or  blindness,  occasioned  by  look- 
ing at  one  side  or  aspect  of  a  complicated 
matter.  He  also  has  natural  aptitude  for 
looking  deeply  into  an  intricate  situation  and 
far  enough  ahead  to  avoid  taking  a  narroAV 
and  superficial  view.  His  judgments,  there- 
fore, in  large  and  complex  matters,  where 
strong  interests  are  arrayed  against  each 
other,  is  of  great  value  and  his  influence  with 
both  clients  and  others  in  negotiations  and 
conferences  is  necessarily  very  great.  He  now 
seldom  appears  in  court.  In  fact,  with  the 
able  men  of  the  profession  in  large  centers, 
this  seems  to  be  more  and  more  the  rule. 
Pjobably  many  of  them  feel  that  they  are 
unwilling,  even  if  they  had  the  time,  to  spend 
it  in  the  petty  and  tedious  wrangles  which  so 
often  mark  the  progress  of  litigation,  and 
indeed  are  a  standing  reproach  to  the  mod- 
ern administration  of  justice  Most  of  the 
ereat  financial  controversies  today  are  ad- 
justed out  of  court.  Litigations,  except  those 
between  public  authority  and  large  interest, 
like  either  public  service  corporations  or 
alleged  unlawful  combinations,  are  compara- 
tively infrequent.  The  truth  about  it  is  that 
the  average  intelligent  man  of  business  and 
affairs    feels    unwilling    to    trust    matters    of 


large  moment  to  the  arbitrament  of  the  law, 
in  view  of  the  publicity,  expense,  annoyance, 
delay,  and  uncertainty  attendant  upon  the  ad- 
ministration of  justice.  In  all  such  adjust- 
ments (of  large  and  difficult  pecuniary  mat- 
ters) Mr.  Becker's  services  are  invaluable. 
He  is  a  man  of  great  diligence,  always  loyal 
and  devoted  to  his  clients,  yet  of  sufficient 
character  to  give  them  the  full  benefit  of  his 
independent  opinions.  He  makes  many  friends 
and  few  enemies  and  realizes,  more  than  some 
men  do,  the  importance  not  only  of  dealing 
justly  with  those  with  whom  you  are  in  dis- 
agreement, but  of  satisfying  them  that  this 
is  your  purpose.  He  is  a  very  genial,  agree- 
able companion,  charitable,  generous,  and  lib- 
eral, and  almost  universally  popular,  especially 
with  those  who  know  him  best.  While  he 
must  still  be  regarded  as  a  young  man  in  the 
profession,  in  a  large  and  important  field,  he 
stands  among  the  leaders  with  a  future  prom- 
ising a  success  of  which  what  he  has  already 
accomplished  is  the  best  assurance.  Mr. 
Becker  has  a  large  historical  library  and  has 
collected  some  valuable  and  rare  historic 
manuscripts  and  original  letters  of  George 
Washington,  Thomas  Jefferson,  Abraham  Lin- 
coln, John  Quincy  Adams,  James  K.  Polk, 
James  Buchanan,  Franklin  Pierce,  and  many 
others,  some  of  which  adorn  the  walls  of  his 
private  office.  He  is  a  director  in  the  National 
Bank  of  the  Republic  of  Chicago,  the  Union 
Switch  and  Signal  Company  of  Pittsburgh, 
and  of  many  other  large  corporations.  He  is  a 
life  member  of  the  Chicago  Historical  Society, 
the  Chicago  Art  Institute,  and  the  Artists' 
Club,  and  is  also  a  member  of  the  Chicago, 
Illinois  State,  and  the  American  Bar  Asso- 
ciations, the  Ravisloe  Country  Club,  the  Lake 
Shore  Country  Club,  and  a  number  of  other 
clubs.  Mr.  Becker  is  interested  in  music  and 
the  arts,  and  his  favorite  recreations  are 
traveling  and  golf.  He  married  at  Jackson, 
Mich.,  20  June,  1900,  Elizabeth  Loeb,  the 
daughter  of  Jacob  L.  and  Rachel  Loeb.  From 
this  union  was  born,  11  Dec,  1901,  one  son, 
John   Leonard  Becker. 

PORTER,  William  Sidney  (0.  Henry), 
author,  b.  in  Greensboro,  N.  C,  11  Sept., 
1862;  d.  in  New  York  City,  5  June,  1910,  son 
of  Algernon  Sidney  and  Mary  Jane  Virginia 
(Swaim)  Porter.  His  paternal  grandfather, 
Sidney  Porter,  came  to  North  Carolina  from 
Connecticut  in  1823  as  salesman  for  a  New 
England  clock  company,  and  is  said  to  have 
been  a  "  jolly,  good-natured  "  person,  although 
by  no  means  possessed  of  those  qualities  which 
make  for  business  prosperity.  He  married 
Ruth  Worth,  whose  brother,  Jonathan,  was 
later  to  become  governor  of  the  State.  Ap- 
parently, Sidney  Porter's  remarkable  literary 
abilities  were  inherited  from  his  maternal 
grandfather,  William  Swaim,  whose  ancestor, 
also  named  William  Swaim,  came  from  TTol- 
land  to  New  York,  about  1700,  and  whose  de- 
scendants removed  to  North  Carolina  some 
ten  years  before  the  Revolution.  William 
Swaim,  Sidney  Porter's  grandfather,  a  Quaker, 
was  editor  of  the  Greensboro  "Patriot"  after 
1827,  and  through  its  columns  uttered  his 
vehement  protests  against  the  institution  of 
slavery  Mr.  Porter's  mother  di(>d  when  he 
was  <)nly  three  years  of  age,  so  that  it  is 
doubtful     whether    he    ever    remembered    her. 


371 


PORTER 


PORTER 


His  father,  Dr.  Algernon  Sidney  Porter,  was 
for  many  years  the  most  popular  physician  in 
Guilford  County.  Unfortunately  he  became 
possessed  of  the  idea  of  inventing  various  con- 
trivances, among  them  a  perpetual  motion 
water  wheel,  to  which  he  devoted  his  time  and 
energy  to  the  neglect  of  his  profession.  Al- 
ready in  his  very  early  childhood  young  Por- 
ter showed  himself  possessed  of  that  imagina- 
tive quality  which  distinguished  his  writings 
later  in  life.  In  a  bunch  of  bedraggled  turkey 
feathers  he  saw  an  Indian  war  bonnet;  in  a 
litter  of  barnyard  pigs  he  saw  the  game  which 
he,  as  an  Indian  chief,  hunted  variously  as 
grizzlies,  deer,  buffalo  or  panthers.  His  taste 
was  all  for  outdoor  amusements.  As  he  grew 
slightly  older  his  favorite  recreation  was  to 
wander  about  the  fields  and  woods  with  a  con- 
genial companion.  An  outing  with  a  set  object 
in  view  was  never  to  his  liking.  In  those  days 
the  raids  of  the  Ku-klux  Klan  were  still 
fresh  in  the  memories,  even  of  the  older  chil- 
dren, and  often  young  Porter  would  lead  his 
playmates  on  such  imaginative  expeditions 
into  the  negro  section  of  the  town,  the  negroes 
humoring  the  play  by  a  feigned  terror  of  the 
youthful  avengers.  Porter  never  attended 
public  schools.  His  teacher  was  •  his  aunt, 
Evalina  Maria  Porter,  who  from  his  infancy 
took  the  place  of  his  mother.  She  had  estab- 
lished a  private  school  during  the  "  recon- 
struction "  period,  in  which  she  was  assisted 
for  a  while  by  her  mother,  and  under  her  tui- 
tion it  was  that  young  Porter,  together  with 
most  of  his  playmates,  attained  the  equivalent 
of  a  common  school  education.  Miss  Porter 
also  taught  drawing  in  her  classes,  but  from 
the  very  beginning  her  young  nephew  was  able 
to  sketch  so  much  better  than  she  that  his 
drawings  were  selected  as  the  models.  But 
more  significant  from  the  point  of  view  of  the 
early  influences  that  were  to  leave  a  lasting 
impression  on  the  boy's  life  were  the  readings 
from  the  classics  which  Miss  Porter  made  an 
im^.ortant  feature  of  her  school.  She  had  an 
intense  appreciation  of  good  literature,  which 
she  attempted  to  transmit  to  her  pupils.  She 
did  not  teach  the  history  of  literature,  but  she 
labored  in  season  and  out  of  season  to  have  the 
children  assimilate  the  spirit  of  literature. 
Scott  and  Dickens  were  her  favorite  novelists. 
She  used  regularly  to  gather  them  about  her 
and  read  to  them  from  her  favorite  authors. 
When  she  saw  she  had  caught  their  interest 
she  would  announce  a  Friday  night  meeting 
in  the  schoolroom  at  which  they  could  also 
pop  corn  and  roast  chestnuts  while  she  con- 
tinued her  reading.  Thus  it  was  that  young 
Porter  acquired  a  taste  for  reading.  "  I  did 
more  reading,"  said  Mr.  Porter  in  later  life, 
"  between  my  thirteenth  and  nineteenth  years 
than  I  have  done  in  all  the  years  since,  and 
my  taste  at  that  time  was  much  better  than 
it  is  now,  for  I  used  to  read  nothing  but  the 
classics.  Burton's  '  Anatomy  of  Melancholy,' 
and  Lane's  translation  of  the  '  Arabian 
Nights '  were  my  favorites."  Porter  attended 
his  aunt's  school  until  fifteen.  It  was  then 
that  he  began  the  business  of  earning  his  liv- 
ing by  entering  the  drug  store  of  his  uncle, 
Clark  Porter,  as  clerk.  This  seems  to  have 
been  the  social  center  of  the  male  population 
of  the  town  and  many  of  the  characters  in  the 
short  stories  of  0.  Henry  can  be  traced  to  the  I 


habitues  whose  acquaintance  he  made  during 
this  period  of  his  life.  It  was  then  that  he 
developed  his  talent  as  a  cartoonist;  clever 
sketches  of  the  people  with  whom  he  came  in 
contact  and  which  caused  much  amusement  in 
the  little  town.  Many  of  these  sketches,  which 
have  been  preserved,  betray  talent,  if  not 
genius.  They  so  impressed  Col.  Robert  Bing- 
ham, a  relative  by  marriage  and  superintend- 
ent of  the  Bingham  School,  then  located  at 
Mebane,  N.  C,  that  he  offered  to  educate  the 
boy  free  of  charge.  "He  would  not  accept 
my  oflfer,"  writes  Colonel  Bingham,  at  a  later 
date,  "  for  lack  of  means  to  provide  for  his 
uniform  and  books,"  a  reason  that  must  seem 
rather  incomprehensible.  For  five  years  Por- 
ter remained  behind  the  counter  of  his  uncle's 
drug  store,  dispensing  pills  and  filling  pre- 
scriptions, an  employment  which  was  to  the 
utmost  degree  irksome  to  him,  not  only  on 
account  of  the  uninteresting  nature  of*  the 
occupation,  but  also  because  of  the  limited 
opportunities  which  it  presented.  Ambition 
within  him  seemed  dead;  certainly  it  lay  dor- 
mant, unawakened  and  likely  so  to  remain. 
His  health  suffered  and  during  the  last  year- 
of  this  period  he  developed  a  hacking  cough 
which  probably  indicated  the  early  stages  of 
consumption,  a  disease  from  which  several  of 
his  family  had  died.  Relief  came  suddenly 
and  unexpectedly.  The  three  sons  of  a  local 
practitioner,  Dr.  James  K.  Hall,  had  previously 
gone  to  Texas  in  search  of  wider  opportunity. 
Lee,  the  eldest,  was  even  then  famous  as  a 
Texas  ranger,  being  known  along  the  border 
as  "Red  Hall."  In  March,  1882,  Dr.  and 
Mrs.  Hall  decided  to  visit  their  sons  in  Texas. 
Young  Porter's  state  of  health,  for  some  time, 
had  been  worrying  Dr.  Hall,  who  had  been  a 
sort  of  a  foster  father  to  the  boy.  "  Will," 
he  said,  a  few  days  before  starting,  "  I  want 
you  to  come  with  us.  Ranch  life  will  build 
you  up."  And  those  words  awakened  that 
wanderlust,  which  was  so  marked  a  character- 
istic of  O.  Henry  during  his  later  years,  and 
sent  his  imagination  actively  to  work.  Porter 
was  twenty  years  of  age  when  he  went  to  Texas 
and  became  a  part  of  that  Western  environ- 
ment which  he  has  pictured  in  so  many  of  his 
stories.  Here,  on  Dick  Hall's  ranch,  he  was 
to  remain  for  two  years,  at  times  herding 
sheep  and  again  mingling  with  the  cowboys 
as  one  of  them.  But  he  lived  with  the  Halls 
as  a  guest,  not  as  an  employee.  Says  Joe 
Dixon,  who  had  written  a  book  at  that  time 
and  who  was  looking  for  an  illustrator  (for 
Porter  enjoyed  local  fame  in  Texas  also  as  an 
artist ) ,  "  I  found  Porter  to  be  a  young,  silent 
fellow,  with  deep,  brooding,  blue  eyes,  cynical 
for  his  years,  and  with  a  facile  pen,  later  to 
be  turned  to  word  painting  instead  of  picture 
drawing."  Evidently  at  this  time  Porter  had 
already  made  his  first  attempts  at  writing,  for 
this  same  writer  remarks:  "One  night  Mrs. 
Hall  said  to  me,  '  Do  you  know  that  that  quiet 
boy  is  a  wonderful  writer?  He  slips  in  here 
every  now  and  then  and  reads  to  me  stories  as 
fine  as  any  Rider  Haggard  ever  wrote.'  ...  He 
had  no  confidence  in  himself  and  destroyed  his 
stories  as  fast  as  he  wrote  them."  In  the 
early  part  of  1884  Dick  Hall  moved  to  a  new 
ranch  in  Williamson  County,  and  then  Porter 
decided  to  give  up  ranch  life  and  remove  to 
Austin.    He  was  too  essentially  a  social  being 


372 


PORTER 


PORTER 


to  long  endure  a  solitary  life,  as  his  existence 
on  the  prairie  often  was.  In  Austin  he  ob- 
tained a  position  as  bookkeeper  with  a  real 
estate  firm  at  a  salary  of  $100.00  a  month, 
and  held  it  for  two  years.  Toward  the  end 
of  that  period  Dick  Hall  was  elected  land 
commissioner  of  Texas,  with  the  result  that 
Porter  received  an  appointment  as  assistant 
compiling  draftsman.  He  remained  in  the 
General  Land  Office  for  four  years,  from  1887 
to  1891.  It  was  during  this  period  that  he 
met  his  first  wife,  Athol  Estes,  the  seventeen- 
year-old  daughter  of  Mrs.  G.  P.  Roach,  whom 
he  married  5  July,  1887.  It  marked  a  turning 
point  in  his  life,  for  his  wife  seems  to  have 
inspired  him  with  a  new  zest  in  life,  to  have 
supplied  that  incentive  to  effort  which,  pre- 
viously, he  had  lacked.  For  now  he  began  to 
turn  toward  the  road  which  was  to  lead  to  his 
ultimate  great  success:  to  writing.  His  loss 
of  employment  also  had  something  to  do  with 
that.  In  1891  Dick  Hall  ran  for  governor  of 
Texas  and  was  defeated  by  a  slight  jnargin. 
His  term  of  office  as  land  commissioner  ex- 
pired at  this  time  and  Porter  resigned  his 
position  in  the  land  office.  Soon  after  he 
entered  the  First  National  Bank  of  Austin 
as  paying  and  receiving  teller,  a  change  which 
was  to  bring  a  deep  element  of  tragedy  into 
his  life  a  few  years  later.  In  December,  1894, 
he  resigned  this  position,  shortly  after  he  had 
begun  to  edit  the  "  Rolling  Stone,"  a  humor- 
ous weekly,  which  brought  him  more  pleasure 
than  remuneration.  "It  rolled  for  about  a 
year,"  he  said  in  later  years,  "  and  then  showed 
unmistakable  signs  of  getting  mossy.  Moss 
and  I  never  were  friends,  so  I  said  good-by  to 
it."  His  contributions  to  it  were  humorous 
sketches  and  squibs,  as  yet  he  had  not  at- 
tempted the  short  story.  In  these  early  at- 
tempts is  plainly  visible  the  influence  of  Bill 
Nye,  of  whom  Porter  was  a  keen  admirer. 
After  leaving  the  bank  Porter  turned  definitely 
toward  writing  as  a  means  of  livelihood, 
though  only  as  a  free  lance  contributor  to 
newspapers.  Finally  he  was  offered  a  perma- 
nent position  on  the  Houston  "Daily  Post," 
one  of  the  most  prominent  dailies  in  the  South- 
west. Some  of  the  paragraphs  which  he  con- 
tributed to  this  paper  as  a  reporter  attracted 
wide  attention.  "  The  man,  woman,  or  child," 
exclaimed  an  exchange,  "who  pens  'Post- 
scripts '  for  the  Houston  *  Post '  is  a  weird, 
wild-eyed  genius  and  ought  to  be  captured  and 

gut  on  exhibition."  The  Bill  Nye  style  of 
umor  was  very  marked  at  this  time.  When 
Porter  left  Houston,  in  the  middle  of  1896,  it 
was  to  begin  that  period  of  his  life  which  M^as 
to  bring  him  such  bitterness  as  comes,  for- 
tunately, only  to  a  comparatively  few  men  in  a 
lifetime.  Until  long  after  his  death  the  ex- 
perience which  was  now  to  come  to  him  re- 
mained an  unwritten  chapter  of  his  biography; 
the  facts  were  only  mude  known  with  the 
publication  of  "  0.  Henry  Biography,"  by  C. 
Alphonso  Smith,  in  1916,  the  first  really  com- 
prehensive biography  of  the  short-story  writer 
which  has  so  far  appeared.  He  had  been  sum- 
moned to  Austin  to  stand  trial  for  alleged  em- 
bezzlement of  funds  while  acting  as  paying  and 
receiving  teller  of  the  First  National  Bank  of 
Austin.  Putting  aside  as  far  as  possible  the 
prejudices  in  his  ffl,vor  of  those  who  have 
since  presented  the  facts,  there  seems  to  be  lit- 


tle doubt  that  here  was  a  case  of  an  innocent 
man  suffering  for  the  guilt  of  others.  So  loose 
was  the  business  management  of  the  bank  as 
to  seem  incredible,^  even  to  those  not  accus- 
tomed to  the  practices  of  business.  Patrons 
were  allowed,  both  before  and  after  Porter's 
incumbency,  to  go  behind  the  counter  and 
help  themselves  to  the  cash,  leaving  a  memo- 
randum behind,  or  possibly  forgetting  to  do  so. 
"  The  affairs  of  the  bank,"  says  Hyder  E. 
Rollins,  of  Austin,  "  were  managed  so  loosely 
that  Porter's  predecessor  was  driven  to  re- 
tirement, and  his  successor  attempted  suicide." 
Had  Porter  gone  to  Austin  and  stood  trial 
when  summoned,  there  can  be  little  doubt  that 
he  would  have  been  acquitted.  Nor  can  there 
be  any  doubt  that  he  boarded  the  train  with 
the  intention  of  going  there.  But  when  the 
train  reached  Hempstead,  about  a  third  of  the 
way,* his  courage  failed  him;  he  did  the  weak 
thing;  he  boarded  a  train  for  New  Orleans 
and  fled.  He  could  not  face  the  disgrace  to 
his  family,  to  his  wife,  then  dying  of  con- 
sumption. At  New  Orleans  he  took  the  first 
available  steamer  to  Honduras,  arriving  at 
Puerto  Cortez.  Here  he  led  the  life  of  a  fugi- 
tive from  justics  for  some  months,  associating 
with  another  refugee  who  has  since  become 
famous,  the  noted  desperado,  Al  Jennings. 
Finally  he  seems  to  have  recovered  his  mental 
balance  and  he  returned,  arriving  in  Austin  in 
February,  1897,  where  he  gave  himself  up  to 
the  law.  After  many  postponements  Porter's 
case  came  up  for  trial,  a  year  later,  and  dur- 
ing the  intervening  period  he  had  been  out 
under  heavy  bonds.  He  was  found  guilty  and 
sentenced  to  imprisonment  in  the  Ohio  Peni- 
tentiary at  Columbus  for  five  years.  As  has 
since  developed,  one  of  the  indictments  charged 
him  with  having  embezzled  a  certain  sum  of 
money  from  the  bank  on  a  date  when  he  was 
already  living  in  Houston,  but  at  the  time 
this  error  seems  to  have  escaped  the  notice 
of  both  sides.  "  O.  Henry  was  an  innocent 
man,"  later  wrote  the  foreman  of  the  grand 
jury  which  indicted  him.  There  seems  to  be  no 
doubt  that  it  was  his  flight,  and  not  the  evi- 
dence, which  decided  the  jury.  Porter  spent 
a  little  over  three  years  in  confinement,  his 
term  being  shortened  by  good  behavior. 
Physically  he  did  not  suffer  during  this  period, 
for  his  knowledge  of  pharmacy  gained  him  the 
position  of  drug  clerk  of  the  prison.  This  not 
only  gave  him  comparative  freedom  outside  the 
walls,  but  also  the  leisure  to  write.  Possibly 
it  was  out  of  this  suffering  that  his  later 
success  was  to  be  born;  he  was  not  the  first 
great  writer  who  first  realized  his  talent 
within  prison  walls.  Here  it  was  that  he  be- 
gan to  write  his  short  stories,  his  first  works 
of  fiction,  under  the  nom  de  plume,  "  O. 
Henry,"  which  has  since  become  known  to  all 
classes  of  people  in  the  whole  English-speaking 
world,  and  to  the  people  of  many  foreign  na- 
tions as  well.  His  letters  to  his  friends  and 
relatives  to  whom  he  wrote  at  this  timo,  lim- 
ited to  very  few,  show  the  dos])air  that  came 
over  him  at  times.  At  first  ho  lived  in  con- 
stant hope  of  a  pardon,  but,  when  tliis  failed 
him,  ho  throw  himself,  whole-heartedly,  into 
short-story  writing.  Some  of  his  most  noted 
stories  wore  written  during  this  period  of 
trial;  practically  all  he  wrote  was  aoeepted 
and  published  by  the  Eastern  magazines.    And 

378 


PORTER 


HONORE 


even  before  his  term  had  expired  the  fame  of 
O.  Henry  was  beginning  to  spread  over  the 
country.  Another  aiHiction  that  struck  him 
at  this  time  was  the  death  of  his  wife,  who 
had  stood  loyally  by  him  during  all  his  mis- 
fortunes. Some*  of  the  most  appealing  char- 
acters in  his  fiction  were  taken  from  those 
he  met  in  the  penitentiary;  in  this  environ- 
ment was  lK)rn  *'  The  Gentle  Grafter "  and 
,Iimmy  Valentine,  the  hero  of  "  A  Retrieved 
Reformation."  On  24  July,  1901,  Porter 
emerged  from  prison  and  immediately  went  to 
Pittsburgh,  where  his  little  daughter  Margaret 
was  Jiving  with  her  grandparents,  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Koach.  In  the  8j)ring  of  the  following 
year  he  was  urged  by  Gillman  Hall,  formerly 
associate  editor  of  "  Everybody's  Magazine," 
but  at  that  time  associate  editor  of  "Ainslee's," 
to  come  to  New  York.  Even  while  in  prison  he 
had  received  appreciative  letters  from  Mr.'Hall 
through  a  friend  in  New  Orleans,  for  the  latter 
naturally  was  then  unaware  that  the  writer 
of  the  brilliant  stories  he  was  publishing  was 
a  convict  in  an  Ohio  penitentiary.  Now  Por- 
ter responded  and  went  to  New  York,  thus  be- 
ginning that  stage  of  his  life  during  which 
his  genius  was  to  flower  in  its  fullest  bloom. 
But  by  this  time  he  had  gained  confidence  in 
himself  as  a  writer;  this  much  his  suffering 
was  to  give  him.  The  eight  years  which  now 
followed  were  perhaps  the  most  fruitful  to 
Porter  the  writer.  There  are  many  who  judge 
his  stories  of  New  York  life  the  best  that  he 
wrote;  certainly  no  writer  has  ever  pictured 
the  life  of  the  great  city,  "  Bagdad-on-the- 
Subway,"  as  he  termed  it,  so  sympathetically. 
These  were  his  years  of  observation,  when  he 
"  bummed "  about  the  streets  and  night  res- 
taurants of  the  city,  drinking  in  its  cosmopoli- 
tan life,  sometimes  alone,  sometimes  with  a 
congenial  companion.  Those  who  knew  him 
during  this  period  picture  him  as  a  sophisti- 
cated, yet  a  reserved,  almost  a  timid  man, 
warm-hearted,  ever  responsive  to  a  story  of 
ha  d  luck  and  misfortune.  No  writer  ever 
wrote  so  little  like  Dickens  as  O  Henry,  yet 
he  possessed  that  same  sympathy  for  the  down- 
trodden classes  as  did  the  great  English  novel- 
ist. This  quality  in  him  is  perhaps  best  illus- 
trated by  what  is  perhaps  his  best  story,  "  The 
Unfinished  Story."  It  is,  probably,  too  early 
to  obtain  a  true  estimate  of  0.  Henry's  place 
in  literature;  all  the  reviews  of  himself  as  a 
story  writer  and  liis  works  that  have  been 
published  since  his  death,  most  of  them  by 
his  personal  friends,  not  excluding  even  his 
biography  by  Professor  Smith,  are  mere 
eulogies  Yet  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  he 
was  the  foremost  American  short-story  writer 
of  his  time.  His  is  unmistakably  the'work  of 
true  genius,  not  of  mere  talent  or  imagination. 
But  that  his  work  equals  the  best  of  Poe  or 
de  Maupassant  or  of  Kipling  is  not  quite  so 
sure.  Nor  was  he  the  finished  artist  thjyt  Bret 
Harte  was.  However  much  his  stories  may 
stir  the  emotions,  however  deep  his  flashes  of 
humor  may  strike,  he  was  not  a  portrayer  of 
life,  though  probably  nobody  had  known  a 
more  varied  life  than  he,  or  seen  it  in  such 
various  phases.  One  critic  of  note  has  even 
remarked  that  his  stories  are  not  stories  at 
all,  but  anecdotes  prolonged,  in  which  there 
is  a  certain  element  of  truth.  Yet  this  criti- 
cism cannot  be  reconciled  with  the  fact  that 


one  of  the  chief  characteristics  of  his  stories 
is  the  strong  element  of  humanity  which  per- 
vades them.  Professor  Smith  remarks  that  he 
has  humanized  the  short  story,  and  this  is  not 
far  wide  of  the  truth.  But  apparently  he 
lacked  the  capacity  for  the  long  narrative  of 
sustained  interest.  The  few  books  he  has 
written,  such  as  "  Cabbages  and  Kings,"  are 
merely  collections  of  short  stories  hung  to- 
gether with  obvious  eflfort.  This  ability  might 
have  come  to  him  later,  had  he  lived;  he  died 
at  an  age  when  most  great  writers  are  only 
beginning  to  find  themselves.  Possibly  there 
died  with  him  the  long-sought  writer  of  the 
great  American  novel,  still  unwritten,  for  no- 
body knew  American  life  better  than  he.  He 
wa3  essentially  an  American  writer.  His 
writings,  aa  they  have  appeared  in  book  form, 
are:  "Cabbages  and  Kings"  (1904);  "The 
Four  Million  "  (1906)  ;  "  The  Trimmed  Lamp  " 
( 1907 )  ;  "  Heart  of  the  West  "  ( 1907 )  ;  "  The 
Voice  of  the  City"  (1908);  "The  Gentle 
Grafter^'  (1908);  "Roads  of  Destiny" 
( 1909 )  ;  "  Options  "  ( 1909 )  ;  "  Strictly  Busi- 
ness "  (1910);  "Whirligigs"  (1910);  "Sixes 
and  Sevens"  (1911);  and  "Rolling  Stones" 
(1913),  the  latter  being  chiefly  a  collection  of 
early  material  gathered  by  his  friend,  the  late 
Harry  Peyton  Steger.  On  27  Nov.,  1907,  Mr. 
Porter  married  his  second  wife,  Sallie  Coleman, 
of  Asheville,  N.  C. 

HONOEE,  Henry  Hamilton,  financier,  b.  in 
Louisville,  Ky.,  19  Feb.,  1824;  d.  in  Chicago, 
HI.,  16  Aug.,  1916,  son  of  Francis  and 
Matilda  (Lockwood)  Honors.  He  was  of  dis- 
tinguished French  ancestry,  his  grandfather, 
Jean  Antoine  Honors,  having  come  to  America 
from  Paris  in  1781.  His  was  an  old  and 
strongly  Catholic  family  with  firmly  estab- 
lished convictions  and  traditions  handed  down 
from  generation  to  generation.  In  accordance 
with  these,  being  a  younger  son,  his  parents 
destined  Jean  Antoine  for  the  priesthood  and 
washed  him  to  take  the  training  necessary  to 
prepare  for  it.  Having  no  inclination  for  the 
monastic  life  he  resisted  the  family  plan  and 
thus  found  himself  predisposed  to  accept  with 
boyish  enthusiasm  the  aspirations  toward 
fuller  human  liberty  and  justice  at  that  time 
being  promulgated  in  France.  This  senti- 
ment was  stimulated  in  France  by  the  brave 
struggle  being  made  by  the  young  American 
colonists  to  attain  the  full  realization  of 
their  high  ideals  of  freedom,  both  religious 
and  civil,  v>^hich  they  had  crossed  the  sea  to 
establish  firmly  in  a  new  world.  The  French 
government  was  aiding  the  colonies  in  their 
struggle  and  many  influential  men,  among 
them  Lafayette  (who  show-ed  life-long  zeal 
and  enthusiasm  for  the  American  patriots), 
visited  America  to  put  themselves  in  direct 
relation  with  Washington  that  they  might 
know,  understand,  and  so  best  assist  him. 
Jean  Antoine  Honors,  a  young  personal  friend 
of  Lafayette's,  was  greatly  influenced  by  him, 
with  the  result  that  when  he  attained  his 
majority  and  was  free  to  act  for  himself,  he 
decided  to  leave  behind  him  family,  friends, 
and  the  rich  and  attractive  civilization  of  his 
native  land  to  cast  his  lot  with  the  brave  and 
free  men  of  the  newly  established  Republic. 
He  sailed  for  America  and  settled  in  Balti- 
more. Although  his  family  disapproved  and 
regretted  his  purpose  there  was  no  alienation 


374 


r 


I 


HONORE 


HONORE 


between  them,  and  on  the  death  of  his  father 
he  went  to  Paris  to  receive  his  patrimony. 
He  was  not  tempted  to  remain  there,  however, 
but  faithful  to  his  convictions  returned  and 
threw  himself  with  renewed  ardor  into  the 
congenial  life  of  his  adopted  country.  He 
brought  from  Paris  his  library,  many  family 
portraits,  relics  and  records,  furnishings,  sil- 
ver, china,  etc.  (These  were  preserved  with 
care  by  his  descendants  but  were  all  subse- 
quently swept  away  in  the  great  Chicago  fire 
of  1871.)  He  purchased  a  country  estate  near 
Baltimore,  on  which  he  built  a  handsome  stone 
mansion  which  still  exists  and  is  now  occu- 
pied and  in  excellent  condition.  After  living 
in  Baltimore  some  years  in  active  touch  with 
the  vital  issues  of  the  day,  he  was  stirred  as 
were  other  residents  of  the  Eastern  coast  by 
the  enthusiastic  reports,  coming  back  from  set- 
tlers and  explorers,  describing  the  wonderful 
beauty  and  inexhaustible  richness  and  fer- 
tility of  the  interior  country.  After  making 
full  investigations  he  decided  to  remove  to  the 
West.  He  therefore  sold  his  holdings  in  and 
near  Baltimore  and  went  to  Louisville,  Ky. 
Here  he  again  established  himself  in  great 
comfort  in  a  new  city  residence  erected  by 
himself.  He  also  bought  and  improved  much 
business  property  to  aid  in  creating  a  suitable 
commercial  center  for  the  town.  His  wide 
experience,  broad  and  progressive  views,  varied 
activities  and  interests,  together  with  his 
large  capital,  made  him  a  prominent  and  in- 
fluential citizen.  He  bought  also  a  large 
country  estate  near  Bow^ling  Green,  which  he 
developed  and  cultivated.  There  he  spent 
much  time,  for  though  he  enjoyed  city  life  and 
its  many  duties  and  activities,  yet  he  loved 
even  more  the  agricultural  and  horticultural 
development  of  his  country  home,  and  the  fox 
hunting,  big  game  shooting,  and  other  sports. 
One  of  his  notable  achievements  was  his  open- 
ing up  commerce  on  the  Mississippi  River, 
immediately  after  the  Louisiana  Purchase, 
with  our  new  French-speaking  citizens-  He 
must  have  felt  an  especial  interest  in  estab- 
lishing communication  with  the  old  French 
town  of  New  Orleans,  for  he  sent  to  it  the 
first  boatload  of  merchandise  that  ever 
passed  down  the  Mississippi.  This  was  on  a 
flatboat  and  was  an  experiment,  but  when 
it  proved  successful  he  built  and  had  operated 
the  first  line  of  steamboats  that  initiated  this 
valuable  interior  water  traffic,  and  linked  up, 
through  the  wilds,  two  important  but  widely 
separated  sections  of  the  country.  To  meet 
Lafayette  on  his  last  visit  to  this  country  he 
returned  to  Baltimore  and  took  part  in  the 
many  great  public  demonstrations  and  func- 
tions given  in  his  honor.  Jean  Antoine 
Honor6  lived  to  old  age  greatly  respected  and 
honored  by  all  who  knew  him  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  his  only  son,  Francis  Honors,  who 
was  born  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  in  1792,  and 
went  to  Louisville,  Ky.,  with  his  parents  wlien 
fourteen  years  old.  He  became  one  of  that 
city's  influential  citizens,  but  preferred  to  de- 
vote himself  to  tlie  life  of  a  country  gentle- 
man, being  fond  of  hunting  and  always  keep- 
ing a  pack  of  hounds  on  his  plantation  in  the 
vicinity  of  Louisville.  He  married  Matilda, 
the  beautiful  and  accomplished  daughter  of 
Capt.  Benjamin  Lockwood  of  the  U.  S.  army. 


As  a  young  officer  Captain  Lockwood  had 
been  stationed,  with  his  wife  and  little  family, 
at  the  block-house  of  "  Fort  Dearborn,"  then 
the  frontier  outpost  of  civilization  in  the 
Northwest,  but  fortunately  he  left  there  be- 
fore the  great  Indian  massacre.  This  post 
was  located  at  a  point  near  what  is  now  the 
center  of  the  city  of  Chicago.  It  was  while  he 
was  stationed  here  that  his  daughter  Matilda 
was  born.  After  the  death  of  Captain  Lock- 
wood,  his  widow,  who  was  of  French  ancestry, 
was  married  to  Capt.  John  Cleves  Symmes, 
also  of  the  American  army.  In  her  old  age 
Mrs.  Symmes  visited  her  grandson,  Henry 
Hamilton^  Honore,  in  his  northside  residence 
in  the  then  large  city  of  Chicago,  where  after 
a  lapse  of  nearly  fifty  years,  in  the  center  of 
a  large  city,  she  saw  again,  still  standing 
in  its  original  position  near  the  mouth  of 
the  Chicago  River,  the  old  Fort  Dearborn 
block-house  in  which  she  had  lived  for  a 
time  in  her  young  days  during  the  excite- 
ments and  dangers  of  Indian  incursions  and 
warfare  but  from  which  her  husband  had  for- 
tunately been  transferred  to  another  com- 
mand prior  to  the  Indian  massacre  of  1812. 
The  life  of  one  individual  thus  measured  a 
wonderful  span  in  our  civilization.  Mrs.  John 
Cleves  Symmes  was  a  gifted  woman  and  re- 
mained remarkably  vivacious  to  the  end  of  her 
days.  Family  traditions  recount  that  at  the 
age  of  ninety-three  she  opened  a  State  ball 
with  the  commanding  officer  and  was  one  of 
the  gayest  and  most  animated  of  a  brilliant 
company.  In  this  maternal  branch  of  the 
family  were  many  other  patriotic  army  of- 
ficers in  a  day  when  army  life  was  strenuous 
and  demanded  much.  Henry  Hamilton  Honors 
first  attended  private  schools  and  divided  his 
boyhood  days  between  extended  visits  to  his 
grandfather  in  Louisville  and  the  home  life 
upon  his  father's  plantation.  He  finished  his 
education  at  Hanover  College.  He  married 
soon  after  reaching  his  majority  and  engaged 
in  the  wholesale  hardware  business  in  Louis- 
ville, where  he  became  one  of  that  city's  pro- 
gressive merchants.  Tales  told  by  his  grand- 
father, Captain  Lockwood,  who  had  been  sta- 
tioned at  Fort  Dearborn,  and  by  his  father, 
who  had  passed  through  Chicago  on  his  way 
to  Galena  in  1840,  aroused  Mr.  Honore's  in- 
terest and  in  1853  he  visited  Chicago  himself. 
His  farseeing  mind  was  able  to  grasp  the  op- 
portunities offered  by  the  then  undeveloped 
city  and  he  returned  to  Louisville  so  enthusi- 
astic as  to  the  future  of  Chicago,  that  his 
friends  were  greatly  impressed  and  ultimately 
many  of  them  either  sent  funds  to  Chicago 
for  investment,  or  followed  him  after  his  re- 
moval there  in  1855.  The  first  investment  Mr. 
Honore  made  in  Chicago  was  the  purchase  on 
the  north  side  of  the  city  of  a  residence  in  the 
center  of  a  square,  coniprising  an  entire  block 
on  North  Clark  Street.  ])etween  Krie  and 
Ontario  Streets,  then  a  favorite  residence  lo- 
cality. Near  bv  were  the  equally  extensive 
grounds  of  William  H.  0«2:den,  Mr^.  K.  B. 
McCagg,  Isaac  N.  Arnold,  i:.  H.  Sheldon,  and 
many  other  prominent  citizens.  Later  becom- 
ing "largely  interest  (h1  in  propiMiy  on  tlie 
West  Side,  he  Imilt  for  his  family  a  spacious 
residence  in  the  center  of  a  whole  sipniro 
fronting   on    Reuben    Street,    between    ,lackson 

375 


HONORE 


BURCHARD 


and   Van    Buren    Streets.     Reuben   Street   he 
caused   to   be   widened   and   renamed   Ashland 
Avenue.     In   this  vicinity  he  developed  many 
subdivisions,  notably  Ashland  I  and  Ashland 
II  Additions  to  Chicago.     Honor6  Street  was 
named  for  him.     After  a  few  years'  residence 
on  the  West  Side,  having  disposed  of  most  of 
his    holdings    in    that    section,    Mr.    Honor6 
bought  a  residence  at  the  northwest  corner  of 
Michigan    Avenue    and    Adams    Street.      The 
present  business  section  of  the  city  appealed 
to    Mr.    Honor6'8   shrewd    foresight.      He    felt 
that  Dearborn   Street,  which  then  ran  south 
only  as  far  as  Madison  Street,  should  be  cut 
through    and    extended    as    it    is    today.      He 
bought  property  on  the  line  of  this  extension 
and  had  the  street  opened  through.     He  then 
built  up  with   large  and  handsome  buildings 
the   entire    block    on   the   west    side   of   Dear- 
born  Street,   from  Monroe  to  Adams   Streets. 
He    had    previously    erected    a    bank    building 
further    north    on    Dearborn.      His    prediction 
that   this   was  to   become   one   of   the   leading 
office   streets   of  the  city  was  amply  verified. 
His  Dearborn  Street  buildings,  together  with 
others  which  he  had  acquired  on  State  Street 
and   Fifth   Avenue,   as   well   as   his   handsome 
residence   on   the   corner   of   Michigan  Avenue 
and  Adams  Street,  were  all  destroyed  in  the 
great    fire   of    1871.      Through    the    failure    of 
most  of  the  insurance  companies  involved,  his 
insurance    realized    almost   nothing,    but    with 
remarkable  courage  and  unflagging  energy  he 
reconstructed    his   various    buildings,    and   his 
cheerfulness    and    optimism    encouraged    many 
others,  who  feared  Chicago  was  destroyed  for- 
ever, to  follow  his  example  and  rebuild.     He 
had,    however,    bought   very    heavily   of    prop- 
erty in  the  vicinity  of  the  South  Parks.     The 
shrinkage   in   values   of   this   property,   owing 
to   the   panic  of    1873,  coming  on   top  of  the 
great    losses    he    had    sustained    by    the    fire, 
swept  away  the  greater  part  of  his   fortune, 
but   his  spirit   was   undaunted,  and   with   the 
energy   which   ever   characterized   his   actions, 
he  turned  again  to  the  reparation  of  his  for- 
tune, for  he  believed   in   Chicago,  and  he  be- 
lieved   in    himself.      He    was    always    a    large 
operator  and  a  leader  among  men.     The  mag- 
nificent   system   of   parks   and   boulevards   en- 
circling   Chicago,    known    collectively    as    the 
North,  South,  and  West  Park  systems,  are  very 
largely  the  result  of  Mr.  Honore's  good  taste, 
foresight,  and  public  spirit.     He  was  a  most 
potent    influence    in    the    committee    sent    to 
Springfield  to  secure  the  legislation  necessary 
for  this  wonderful  addition  to  Chicago's  beauty 
and  healthfulness.     At  a  banquet  held  about 
the  time  of  the  opening  of  tlie  Columbian  Ex- 
position,  D.   H.   Burnham,  the  architect,   said 
of   Mr.    Honors :    "Too   much    cannot    be    said 
of    what    he    has    contributed    to     Chicago's 
growth.      Wherever    his   hand    appeared    there 
has  been  big,  broad  development.     He  has  ever 
looked  into  the  future,  planned  for  the  future, 
acted   for   the   future.      He   is   a   grand,   good 
man.      Chicago   owes   him   a   monument."     Of 
Henry  Hamilton  Honors  it  is  difficult  to  speak 
too  highly,  for  he  appears  to  have  had  every 
desirable  attribute  of  a  man  and  a  citizen  of 
absolutely  upright   character,   and   aside   from 
what    he    accomplished    in    a    public    way,    he 
Avas  honored  and  loved,  not  only  in  his  family 

376 


but  by  a  large  circle  of  warm,  personal 
friends.  Mr.  Honors  married,  in  1846,  Eliza, 
daughter  of  Capt.  John  Carr,  of  Oldham 
County,  Ky.,  and  they  had  six  children, 
namely:  Adrian  C,  Bertha,  Harry  H.,  Jr., 
Ida  M.,  Nathaniel  K.,  and  Lockwood.  His 
eldest  daughter,  Bertha,  is  the  widow  of  the 
late  Potter  Palmer,  while  his  youngest  daugh- 
ter, Ida,  is  the  widow  of  the  late  Maj.-Gen. 
Frederick  Dent  Grant,  a  son  of  Gen.  U.  S. 
Grant,  and  for  four  years  U.  S.  Minister 
to  the  Court  of  Austria-Hungary.  Mr. 
Honor6's  grandchildren  are  Maj.  Ulysses  S. 
Grant  (3rd)  and  Princess  Cantacuzene,  of 
Petrograd,  and  Honors  and  Potter  Palmer, 
Jr.,  of  Chicago,  and  Bertha  Honors,  a  daugh- 
ter of  Judge  Lockwood  Honors.  He  had  eleven 
great-grandchildren,  three  children  of  Major 
Grant,  three  children  of  Princess  Cantacuzene, 
two  children  of  Honors  Palmer,  and  three 
children  of  Potter  Palmer,  Jr.  During  the 
years  from  1855  until  his  death,  Mr.  Honor6 
made  his  home  in  Chicago.  He  saw  so  many 
changes  take  place  in  that  city  that  a  record 
of  them  would  read  like  a  fairy  tale  to  one 
not  conversant  with  the  facts.  Mr.  Honors 
passed  away  peacefully  and  serenely  in  his 
ninety-third  year,  his  faculties  and  mind  un- 
impaired to  the  end,  his  joy  of  life  unabated, 
leaving  the  highest  reputation  for  unblem- 
ished personal  character.  Forceful  evidences 
of  his  foresight  and  efficiency  are  written  large 
in  many  parts  of  the  city  he  so  greatly  loved. 
BURCHARD,  Henry  McNeil,  lawyer,  b.  in 
Oneida  County,  N.  Y.,  18  Nov.,  18*25;  d.  in 
Marshall,  Minn.,  18  July,  1898.  He  was  a 
son  of  the  Rev. 
Ely  Burchard,  a 
graduate  of  Yale 
University  and  a 
Presbyterian  di- 
vine of  consider- 
able note  in  his 
day.  His  line  is  a 
distinguished  one. 
The  founders  of 
the  family  in 
America  arrived 
in  the  earliest  Co- 
lonial days,  were 
located  in  Massa- 
chusetts, Rhode 
Island  at  various 
periods,  and  at 
one  time  owned 
Martha's  Vine- 
yard.      Three     of        

Mr.         Burchard's       '  ~ 

ancestors  served  in  the  Revolutionary  War. 
His  grandfather,  a  major-general,  was  in 
charge  of  the  New  York  militia,  being 
commander-in-chief  of  the  force  during  sev- 
eral of  the  '  Indian  wars ;  was  Indian  com- 
missioner for  the  State  of  New  York,  and  ne- 
gotiated a  number  of  the  Indian  treaties,  and 
also  served  as  State  senator  in  Now  York  for 
several  terms.  H.  M.  Burchard  was  gradu- 
ated from  Hamilton  College,  at  Clinton,  N.  Y., 
and  three  years  later  from  the  Harvard  Law 
School.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  the 
State  of  New  York  in  1850  and  practiced  law 
at  Clinton  and  Utica  for  a  number  of  years. 
He  served  eight  years  as  judge  of  the  Sur- 
rogate  Court,   Oneida   County,   at  JJtica,  and 


//   ^  ^/O^c/^U^O 


BURCHARD 


CHESTER 


during  that  time  also  owned  and  conducted 
a  private  bank  at  Clinton.  He  took  an  ac- 
tive part  in  the  politics  of  the  State  and  was 
closely  identified  with  all  the  leaders  of  the 
party.  On  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  he 
was  aide-de-camp  on  the  staff  of  Governor 
Morgan,  holding  the  rank  of  colonel.  As  a 
descendant  of  a  long  line  of  patriotic  an- 
cestors, who  served  their  country  during  the 
Revolutionary  War  and  the  Indian  wars,  he 
was  proud  to  be  commissioned  by  his  gov- 
ernor to  raise  a  regiment  for  the  Union  army, 
and  was  one  of  the  first  to  receive  the  com- 
mission of  colonel  from  the  State  of  New 
York.  Before  he  could  fulfill  his  desire  to 
participate  in  the  war,  his  health  failed,  and 
for  a  long  time  it  was  thought  that  he  would 
never  renew  his  former  vigor.  He  was  com- 
pelled to  retire  from  the  practice  of  law  and 
other  active  business,  and  especially  was  un- 
able to  accept  this  commission.  His  health 
not  improving,  and  his  wife's  health  being  in 
a  precarious  condition,  he  came  West  in 
search  of  health  and  located  at  Winona, 
Minn.,  where  his  brother-in-law,  Judge  Water- 
man, had  already  established  himself.  On  the 
improvement  of  his  health  he  became  inter- 
ested in  political  matters  in  Winona  County, 
and  in  1870  was  elected  to  represent  the 
county  in  the  State  legislature.  At  the  time 
of  the  Greeley  campaign  he  severed  his  con- 
nections with  the  Republican  party  and  was 
elected  chairman  of  the  Democratic  State 
Convention.  In  that  year,  also,  he  was 
elected  to  the  legislature  from  Winona 
County,  and  was  the  Democratic  candidate 
for  speaker.  Soon  after  his  arrival  in 
Winona,  he  became  associated  with  the  Chi- 
cago and  Northwestern  Railway  Company, 
and  in  1875  was  appointed  general  land  agent 
of  the  Winona  and  St.  Peter  Railroad  Land 
Department,  having  charge  of  all  of  the  land 
grants  and  the  town  sites  between  Sleepy 
Eye  and  Fort  Pierre,  on  the  Dakota  Central, 
and  Tracy  and  Redfield  on  the  Northwestern 
system.  He  continued  to  reside  in  Winona 
until  1885,  when  the  headquarters  of  the  rail- 
road land  department  were,  at  his  request, 
removed  to  Marshall;  the  idea  being  to  have 
the  office  located  near  the  scene  of  operations, 
Marshall  then  being  the  largest  town  on  the 
railroad  grant.  Mr.  Burchard  resided  in 
Marshall  until  his  death.  He  was  buried  in 
the  family  burial  ground  at  Clinton,  Oneida 
County,  New  York.  In  addition  to  the  terms 
he  spent  in  the  State  legislature,  he  was  an 
active  participant  in  the  Democratic  politics 
of  the  State,  and  campaigned  for  years  in 
behalf  of  the  party.  While  connected  with 
the  Northwestern  road  he  became  identified 
with  the  agricultural  development  of  Minne- 
sota. He  was  president  of  the  Northwestern 
Dairymen's  Association,  and  of  other  farmers' 
organizations,  and  spent  considerable  time  de- 
livering lectures  throughout  the  Northwest  on 
the  advantage  of  stock-raising  and  dairying, 
in  connection  with  the  ordinary  farming  pur- 
suits. He  was  a  member  of  the  Sons  of  the 
American  Revolution,  and  was  actively  inter- 
ested in  that  organization.  On  18  Nov.,  1850, 
he  married  Eliza  H.  Clark.  Three  children 
survived  him:  James  C.  Burchard,  of  Mar- 
shall, Minn.,  who  succeeded  him  as  general 
land  agent  of  the  Winona  and  St.  Peter  Rail- 


9l^0^^.,.acz 


road;  Mrs.  Elizabeth  B.  Woodbury,  now  re- 
siding in  Chicago,  and  John  E.  Burchard,  who 
resides  in  St.  Paul.  Minn. 

CHESTER,  John  Needels,  civil  engineer,  b. 
in  Groveport,  Ohio,  24  Sept.,  1864,  son  of 
Hubert  and  Melvina  Sophia  Needels.  His 
father  (1840-96),  a  pioneer  of  Central  Illinois, 
was  one  of  the  successful  farmers  in  that  re- 
gion. His  earliest  American  ancestor,  Samuel 
Chester,  came  from 
Blaby,  England, 
and  settled  in 
Boston,  Mass., 

prior  to  1663. 
John  N.  Chester 
was  educated  in 
the  country  school 
in  Tolono  Town- 
ship, 111.,  and  at 
the  Champaign 
high  school,  where 
he  completed  the  ''f^| 
course  in  1884. 
After  spending  the 
following  summer 
on  the  farm,  he 
taught  in  coun- 
try schools  in 
Champaign  Coun- 
ty, III.,  during  the 
winter  months. 
In  the  spring  of  1886  he  entered  the  em- 
ploy of  D.  H.  Lloyde  and  Son,  book  dealers, 
as  a  salesman.  The  desire  to  pursue  his  col- 
lege studies  overcame  him  after  one  year, 
but  he  continued  in  the  employ  of  this 
firm,  selling  books,  principally  to  students 
during  the  winter,  and  pianos,  organs,  and 
sewing-machines,  to  farmers,  during  the 
summer,  so  as  to  make  sufficient  money 
to  pay  his  way  through  college.  At  the  age 
of  twenty-three  years  he  entered  the  Uni- 
versity of  Illinois,  in  the  college  of  civil  engi- 
neering, and  was  graduated  B.S.,  in  1891.  His 
alma  mater,  in  1909,  conferred  on  him  the  hon- 
orary degree  of  C.E.  and,  in  1900,  that  of  M.E. 
In  his  profession  as  a  civil  engineer,  his  first 
employment  was  in  the  capacity  of  contract- 
ing agent  for  the  Boughen  Engineering  Com- 
pany of  Cincinnati.  The  general  business  de- 
pression, which  prevailed  in  the  fall  of  1891, 
made  it  necessary  for  him  to  accept  a  posi- 
tion as  superintendent  of  construction  for  the 
National  Water  Supply  Company,  engaged  in 
putting  in  underground  water  supplies  for 
Sioux  City,  la.,  and  Fort  Crook,  Neb.  Here 
he  remained  until  June,  1891,  when  he  became 
assistant  engineer  for  the  American  Debenture 
Company  of  Chicago,  which  position  he  held 
two  years.  During  that  time  he  was  engaged 
in  building  a  large  reservoir  and  a  natural 
sand  filter  for  Mount  Vernon,  N.  Y.,  and  in  tlie 
maintenance  of  the  water  supply  for  Astjibula, 
Ohio.  He  also  made  plans  for  the  bettenuont 
of  the  water  supply  for  Eufala,  Ala.  In  July, 
1894,  Mr.  Chester  was  chosen  chief  engineer 
of  the  American  Debenturo  C()ni|)any,  but  soon 
after  resigned  to  enter  the  employ  oi  ITonry  R. 
Worthington  of  New  York,  a  corporation  at 
that  time  engaged  in  the  niaimfacturc  of 
pumping  machinery.  He  was  giv(Mi  the  title 
of  division  aal(>H  manager  and  asHigncd  the 
territory  of  huliana  and  Kcnturky.  in  which 
he  worked  for  two  years;  being  then  promoted 
to  a  more  fertile   field,  with   headquarters  at 


377 


SAHLER 


SAHLER 


Pittsburgh.     After  two  years  in  this  position 
he    was   called    to   the   general   office    in   New 
York    and    given    the    position    of    contracting 
agent    for    the    heavy    machinery,    consisting 
principally   of   water-works   engines   for    large 
cities,   mills,   etc.     This   position   he   held   for 
one   year,   during   which   time   he   traveled   in 
every    State    in    the    Union    and    most   of   the 
provinces  of  Canada.     In  May,   1899,  he  was 
offered   a  position   with   the   American   Water 
Works   and    Guarantee   Company,    a    company 
serving  and  operating  forty -two  water  works 
located    in   eighteen    States   of   the   Union,   as 
chief    engineer,    beginning    work    on    1    June, 
While  in  this  position  he  was  in  charge  of  the 
construction  work  and  the  operation  of  machin- 
ery;   his  duties  included  the  design  and  con- 
struction of  filter  plants  for  the  water  supply 
svstems    of    Birmingham,    Ala.,    Connellsville 
and    New    Castle,    Pa.,    East    St.    Louis,    111., 
Huntington,  W.  Va.,  Joplin,  Miss.,  Mount  Ver- 
non  and   Muncie,   Ind.,   Meridian,   Miss.,   and 
Shreveport,  La.;  also  of  the  betterment  of  the 
water    supply    for    Clinton   and   Keokuk,    la.. 
Granite    City,    111.,    Kearney,    Neb.,    Kokomo, 
Ind.,   Sioux   Falls,   S.   D.,  Wichita,  Kan.     In 
addition  to  this  he  made  examinations  of  and 
reports    on    a    large    number    of    water-works 
properties,  with  the  view  of  their  purchase; 
besides  superintending  the  installation  of  over 
thirty-five  pumping  engines,  together  with  the 
rebuilding  and  repair  of  plants,  the  construc- 
tion  of  many  reservoirs   and   settling  basins, 
and  the  laying  of  hundreds  of  miles  of  water 
mains.     He  served  in  this  capacity  until  1906, 
when  he  resigned  to  become  sales  manager  of 
the  Epping-Carpenter  Company,  manufacturers 
of    pumping    machinery,    at    Pittsburgh,    Pa. 
Mr.    Chester   extended   the    field   for   the    dis- 
posal of  the  company's  product,  from  a  radius 
of  about  ninety  miles  around  Pittsburgh,   to 
the  entire  country,  and  when  he  resigned  his 
position,   five  years   later,   more  than   75   per 
cent,  of  the  company's  customers  were  located 
outside  of  the  Pittsburgh  district.     On  1  Jan., 
1911,  Mr.  Chester  formed  a  partnership  with 
Thomas  Fleming,  Jr.,  for  the  practice  of  engi- 
neering  in   Pittsburgh,   Pa.,   and   in   the   suc- 
ceeding  years   they   established    a    large   and 
lucrative     business;      specializing     in     water 
works,  water  purification,  sewerage,  and  sew- 
age disposal.    Among  the  principal  works  com- 
pleted under  the  direction  of  Mr.   Chester  in 
recent  years  was  the  rebuilding  of  the  Erie, 
Pa.,  the  Alliance,  Ohio,  and  the  East  Liverpool, 
Ohio,  water-works  systems,  together  with  more 
than   100  other  commissions.     Mr.   Chester   is 
president     of     the     Upper     Sandusky     Water 
Works  Company;  vice-president  of  the  Capital 
City  Water  Company  of  Jefferson  City,  Mo.; 
and  is  also  financially  interested  in  and  presi- 
dent of  the  Edgeworth  (Pa.)   Water  Company. 
He  holds  membership  in  many  professional  so- 
cieties   and    social    bodies,    among    them    the 
American   Society  of   Civil   Engineers,   Ameri- 
can  Society  of  Mechanical   Engineers,   Ameri- 
can   Water     Works     Association,     Engineers 
Society    of    Western    Pennsylvania,    American 
Public  Health  Association,  Historical   Society 
of   Western   Pennsylvania,   and   the   Duquesne 
and  University  Clubs  of  Pittsburgh,  Pa.     He 
is  unmarried. 

SAHLER,  Daniel  Du  Bois,  clergyman,  b.  in 
Kingston,  N.  Y.,  7  July,  1829 ;  d.  in  New  York 


^.<9.a^/^ 


City,  11  Nov.,  1882,  son  of  Abraham  Du  Boi8 
(1795-1839)  and  Eliza  (Hasbrouck)  Sahler, 
of  Kingston,  N.  Y.  His  earliest  paternal 
American  ancestor  was  Louis  Du  Bois  (1626- 
96),  who  emigrated  to  this  country  from 
Wicres,  near  Lisle,  French  Flanders,  1661,  set- 
tling in  Kingston,  N.  Y.  He  was  one  of  the 
twelve  patentees  of  the  new  Paltz  Patent,  and 
as  a  Huguenot  sought  an  asylum  in  the  new 
world  where  he  could  worship  according  to 
the  dictates  of  his  conscience.  Louis  Du  Bois 
was  for  many  years  overseer  and  justice  in 
the  community. 
He  fought  against 
the  Indians  in  the 
second  Esopus 

War.     On  the  ma- 
ternal    side,     Mr. 
Sahler   was   a   de- 
scendant of  Abra- 
ham      Hasbrouck, 
who  served  as  rep- 
resentative  in   the 
Colonial    Assembly 
from  1689  to  1699 
and     in     1700-01 ; 
as     road     commis- 
sioner in  1703;  as 
captain     and     ma- 
jor of  militia,  and 
as    justice    in    Ul- 
ster County,  N.  Y. 
In  early  childhood 
Mr.  Sahler  became 
deeply  interested  in  religious  work,  and  after 
his  graduation  with  honors  at  Princeton  Col- 
lege, in   1853,  entered  the  Princeton  Theolog- 
ical Seminary.     His  first  pastoral  charge  was 
in  the  Presbyterian  Church  of  Red  Bank,  N.  J. 
Later  he  responded  to  -a  call  to  a  Congrega- 
tional Church,  at  Sheffield,  Mass.    His  success 
with  the   Sunday   schools   connected   with   his 
churches  led  to  frequent  requests  to   address 
assemblies  on  the  subject  of  temperance,  and 
he  displayed  courage  and  self-sacrifice  in  his 
work  for  that  cause.     A  few  years  later  Mr. 
Sahler  removed  to  Carmel,  N.  Y,,  as  pastor 
of  the  Gilead  Presbyterian  Church,  and  there 
continued  to  the  time  of  his  death.     He  was 
regarded  even  in  the  early  period  of  his  min- 
istry  as   one   of   the   ablest   preachers  of   the 
Presbyterian    Church    in    this    section    of    the 
country.     His  discourses  showed  a  breadth  of 
vision,  a  sweep  of  imagination,  and  a  spiritual 
fervor    that    inspired    all    who    heard    him    to 
nobler  living.     A  man   of  broad  culture   and 
cheerful   disposition,   he   exerted   his  good   in- 
fluence in  every  movement  for  the  benefit  of 
the  community.     He  was  greatly  interested  in 
the  intellectual  development  of  the  young  peo- 
ple of  his  parish.    Always  liberal  in  his  views, 
his   wartime   sermons   showed   a  magnanimity 
of    spirit   quite    unusual    in   the   North.     The 
new  church  at  Carmel,  N.  Y.,  contains  a  me- 
morial window  given  in  his  memory  by  his  old 
parishioners.     In  1863  he  married  at  Orange, 
N.    J.,    Adeliza    F.,    daughter    of    Benjamin 
Wheeler  Merriam,   of  New  York  City.     They 
had  three  daughters:   Mrs.  Arthur  H.  Dakin, 
Mrs.  Alfred  B.   Merriam,  and  Miss  Helen  G. 
Sahler,    a    sculptor,    whose    works    have    been 
shoAvn  in  all  the  leading  exhibitions;    notably 
of  the  Academy  of  Design,  the  Sculpture  So- 
ciety, and  the  Panama-Pacific  Exposition. 


378 


}mlH.%H 


ir 


TAYLOR 


DE  FOREST 


TAYIOE,  John  Metcalf,  insurance  preii<lent,  i  Ludlow,  the  Colonial  Law-maker  "  {1000}  ; 
b.  at  Cortland,  Cortland  County,  N.  Y.,  18  Feb.,  "  IVIaxirailian  and  Carlolta,  a  Story  of  Im- 
1845,  son  of  Charles  Culver  and  Maria  Jane  I  perialibm  "   (lt<.^4M  and  "The  Witchcraft  De- 


<Gifford)    Taylor.     He  tra< 
Stephen   Goodyear,  who  car 
from  London,  England,  in   i' 
the  founders  of  N' 
magistrate,  coi^nii; 
nies,    and    deput;. 
Colony,    By  th«*  p' 


to  j  lusion  in  Col' 
:itry   Taylor  i*  a  u: 
-  of    Association . 
;..  and  v^a-a  a    ciety,    thr    C 
f'nittyl  Colo-    AsH<x^JRli:>n,   • 
Haven  [  the    Bt?i'' 
ancestor,  \  plary-.     1 
ho  early  j  Goll  Cliifv   . 
Hadley,  |  a  direcfor     ?' 


man    of  j  has   Imm;»< 
in    the  \  estant  V; 

-.-,  trustee  of  I  often  ho 

treasurer  and  trustee    of  variof 
cliool,  president  of  the    ciples  nui 
trustees,    and    other    offices    ceptis:  " 
■h  distinction.     Mr.  Taylor's    a  cienv  ' 
early  ycaio  were  spent  on  the  farm,  which  gave    tow  , 
him  sound,  healthy  physical  development,  and  j  Cu<' 
was  in  itself  an  pv;    >;     •       •  •    *:  -     •;    , 

observation,  and  ^ 
winter    f"''^>";n''- 
Bible,  hi. 


■ut"    (1008).     Mr. 

merioan  Historical 

H?-3toricaJ    So- 

^  vic»»    Reform 

•!  VVari*,  and 

Ha;*N-d 


.     ..     :.ngh- 

A'uliamaburg  Col- 

•  led   A.B.   in    1867. 

M   cuiivgt;  iie  atudifd  with  particvilar  zeal  the 

•Jreek,  Latin,  and  English  classicsfi,  which  gY»ve 

him  a  most  admirable  style  of  "expression,  both 

.>i>oken  and  wTittcn.     Of  all   professions  that 

t  attractive  to  him  and 

to  its  study.     In  1870 


i      IVtOT- 

uf    in- 
<g  court 

m fit*' -TV 


memory  . 

profession   ,tiia 
insurance  law. 


hini  V'-;' 

:!f;    ;,lt'k^.^.'^^  lvvi;rj. 

In  1S72  he  eij*.=rH 


the  field  of  insurance,  ix'C':>niif;fj  ideafjHeil  wi;!; 
the  Connecticut  Mutual  Life  Insurance  C'«  mj- 
pany  of  Hartford,  Conn.,  as  .-issisttint  secrf»t;u-y, 
in  1878  he  became  secretary;  in  1884  'vice- 
president,  and  in  lliOf),  upon  the  death  of 
Colonel  CireoTie,  l)eeame  president  of  llif  com- 
pany He  Holds  Hinonj.;  f.'tht-r  oIlic»'s  that  of 
trustee  of   \'nv  C'.nf.octi'.uT  Trust  iind  S.ifc  De- 


utiT-ru    «:ai4?^v:s.       ii.    unv    i^vis^-c.   nu    :ut-u    iia,*''    .-^u^.•- 

ceeded,  and  in  another  ail  have  faiied  to  do 
what  they  hoped  to  do  in  lif*:-;  and  I  oannui 
see  how  a  study  «f  failures  can  be  bi'lpful  to 
young  people.  A  book  might  btv  writ  +  mi  on 
the  broad  question  of  what  will  confribiit* 
most  to  the  strengthening  of  ideals  that  nre 
sound  and  will  most  help  young  people  lo 
obtain  true  success."  iMr.  Tavlor  married  1 
Oct.,  1871,  Edith  Emerson.  -»f  I'Ttlsfield,  Mass. 
They  have  oLe  son,  EincrriOa  Gifford  Taylor 
who  hasi  ,  inhtriten  his  father's  literary  and 
iicholf*r!y  tastt  -.  and  is  a  member  ol  the  f.uul^v 
ni  \fi\(-  '(''tiversity. 

BE    FOKEST,    Lee,    inventor,    h.    at    '     •.  = 
Blutfs,   la  ,  2()  Aug.,   1873,   son  of   l\r\       ;   riry 
Swift     and     Anna     Margn.ret     (RobhJj.sj     iK 
Fore,yt.      Tlis   f;!th'r,    u    Congr':'VC>>n=»na  •    '■•i.^r^ry. 
'-■''■[  a>aM.    was    t'lu'ii     ;c;>-st»:*d  iU 

C.  unrii    H'wd*',    i'i' .    It:    i> .  .       • 

,oi  ■.•.^.    --  ;  l>^-{iid:»:f:i,    Alij.,   ^»-iK'rc    h*-   rj..^--.    ■ 

I  !-"*or'.>l  :>  n;<.<M\''r  wna  h  daugli'.  .t  .  ■  .  .. 
li'.'.M'SiM.  '  jjt;  f  !hf  original  '  T<t\VH  (•:•,;.]'  f 
I  mil. inters.  .* '>  ^^et'Iivl  iti  (;.\>,i  i-iv^.>->,  '■- 
j  r<-c(  iv.  d  !iis  t-aj'lv  C'lufH;  i'ln  ;H.  'J'al  "^i  l>-..  v>  ' 
1  prfpavci  for  c«>iK-t"-  a'  Mt.  iiorio  ••  ■-■  •.•■  • 
1  Ma^-isarhusetts.      In    18:^;    ho    -■   ••■!« 


posit  Cijinf-arjy;  -i 
tional  Bank;  djre* 
Company;  ^  ir^  i-rc: 
Loomis  Itjsf  Jtt'tf 
the  Bi",lio]i',-  Pr.ii'i  ■ 
Since  Mr.  Tvtyl<.r  ;. 


••(.•i'*r  01  tlx 
^r  of  the  N' 
d«-T\i  tiM<i  pr 
.>\  ifu^t.'  u; 

A  alvvjivs  « 


Ph<;pnix  Na 
.'  York  l>iifk 
udori!    '■  I    the 


S<'io!iiih<'  Scl 
UH ted    in    18!M;    i 


I.  Ya!"  T'l! 


bent  and  \\Tn\o  w.rh  aimiruldv  r-vvi.:  a*..;  .1.. - 
tiou,  it  is  n.'itiuaJ  iJnl  oiit  <.i  !ii->  fvTfsj.'i- 
hensjve  reading  of  fj;rly  Cijloiiiul  It'story  rind 
the  eta  of  the  Civil  \\\;i"  Mliould  l.avi'  levclv.j.tid 
aeveral  liooi's  that  )i;iv,-  !«••' n  j^hi-cd  -'fiuU'i  'f;  • 
BtaJidiird  auihoriti<:3.     /Voimtg  ti.-cs*;  hic  "  f^'*g'''" 


M(.!i}hi\.' 
!j:r:i(]'iaT(' 
ii.iati.s.   r 

l.:-.,,h.)     i 


H 


DE  FOREST 


CHISHOLM 


On  leaving  the  university  he  went  to  Chicago 
and  secured  a  position  in  the  Telephone  Ex- 
perimental Laboratory  of  the  Western  Electric 
Company,  where  he  had  opportunity  to  ex- 
periment at  night  upon  a  new  wireless  tele- 
graph receiver  which  he  was  engaged  in  per- 
fecting. In  1900  he  left  that  company,  and 
devoted  his  entire  time  to  developing  at  Ar- 
mour Institute  the  rudiments  of  what  later 
became  the  De  Forest  wireless  telegraph  sys- 
tem. In  New  York  in  1901  this  work  was 
amplified,  his  first  commercial  undertaking 
being  to  report  the  International  Yacht  Races 
of  that  summer.  In  1902  the  American  De 
Forest  Wireless  Telegraph  Company  was  or- 
ganized. During  this  early  period  (1900-02) 
Mr.  De  Forest  was  first  in  America  to  use 
a  self-restoring  wireless  detector,  in  place  of 
the  Marconi  coherer;  the  telephone  receiver, 
in  place  of  the  relay  and  Morse  inker;  and  the 
alternating  current  generator  and  transformer, 
in  place  of  the  induction  coil  and  interrupter. 
These  radical  improvements  have  since  been 
embodied  in  every  system  of  wireless  telegraph 
here  and  abroad,  and  to  them  chiefly  was  due 
the  rapid  strides  of  the  new  art  in  the  first 
decade  of  the  new  century.  The  great  advantages 
of  the  new  system  were  first  demonstrated 
abroad  in  1903  in  the  now  historic  tests  for 
the  British  Post  Office  between  Holyhead  and 
Howth,  across  the  Irish  Sea.  In  1904  the  De 
Forest  system  achieved  world  recognition 
through  the  spectacular  success  of  the  London 
"  Times "  war  correspondent,  Capt.  Lionel 
James,  in  reporting  the  naval  maneuvers 
around  Port  Arthur  in  the  Russian-Japanese 
War.  In  the  summer  of  that  year  the  first 
commercial  overland  wireless  service  was 
opened,  between  the  St.  Louis  Exposition  and 
Chicago.  As  the  result  of  this  progress  the 
United  States  navy  in  1905  authorized  Mr.  De 
Forest  to  construct  for  it  its  first  high-powered 
wireless  stations  at  Colon,  Guantanamo,  Porto 
Rico,  Key  West,  and  Pensacola.  In  1906  Mr. 
De  Forest  made  public  what  has  since  proven 
his  greatest  invention  and  one  which  has  since 
made  possible  transcontinental  telephony,  by 
wire  as  well  as  wireless.  This  was  the  audion, 
or  thermionic  detector  and  relay  of  minute 
electric  currents.  He  first  applied  it  as  the 
detector  for  use  in  the  successful  radio  tele- 
phone system,  to  which  he  devoted  all  of  his 
efforts  from  1906  to  1909.  In  1908  all  of 
the  battleship  fleet  of  Admiral  Evans  was 
equipped  with  the  De  Forest  radio  telephone, 
and  the  success  attained  at  that  time  was 
largely  due  to  the  efficiency  of  the  audion  de- 
tector. In  1908  warships  of  the  British  and 
Italian  navies  were  also  equipped  with  the 
De  Forest  telephone.  But  difficulties  inherent 
to  the  arc  type  of  transmitter  which  was 
then  employed  led  De  Forest  to  abandon  this 
type,  and  from  1909  to  1911  most  of  his  efforts 
were  devoted  to  development  of  the  "  quenched 
spark  "  type  of  wireless  telegraph  transmitter, 
the  germ  of  which  he  brought  here  from  Ger- 
many. Here  again  the  success  achieved  by 
his  new  company,  the  Radio  Telephone  Com- 
pany, resulted  in  the  imitation  and  adoption 
of  the  quench-spark  transmitter  by  all  other 
American  wireless  companies.  The  American 
De  Forest  Wireless  Telegraph  Company  had 
in  1907  become  the  United  Wireless  Company 
which  was,  in  turn,  bought  up  by  the  Mar- 


coni Company.  Due  largely  to  such  issues  the 
Radio  Telephone  Company  was  forced  to  sus- 
pend, and  in  1911  Dr.  De  Forest  became  chief 
research  engineer  for  the  Federal  Telegraph 
Company  in  San  Francisco.  There  he  de- 
veloped the  first  practical  automatic  high- 
speed transmitting  and  recording  system  for 
wireless  telegraphing — using  the  Poulsen  arc 
transmitter,  and  the  telegraphone  and  audion 
amplifier  as  recorder.  Also  the  "  diplex " 
method  of  sending  two  messages  simulta- 
neously. This  company  now  uses  the  De  For- 
est method  of  duplex  sending  and  receiving, 
where  the  transmitter  and  receiver  stations 
are  separated  by  several  miles,  and  connected 
by  a  telegraph  wire — since  adopted  by  the 
United  States  navy  and  the  Marconi  Company. 
In  1912  Dr.  De  Forest  exhibited  his  audion 
relay  or  telephone  repeater  to  the  engineers 
of  the  American  Telegraph  and  Telephone 
Company,  Which  one  year  later  purchased  the 
exclusive  wire  telephone  rights  under  twelve 
audion  patents.  As  a  result  of  this  that 
company  was  enabled,  early  in  1915,  to  open 
up  the  transcontinental  telephone  service  be- 
tween New  York  and  San  Francisco.  In  1913 
Dr.  De  Forest  returned  to  New  York,  reor- 
ganized and  established  the  De  Forest  Radio 
Telephone  and  Telegraph  Company.  The 
audion  amplifier,  the  ultraudion  detector,  the 
oscillion,  or  oscillating  audion,  as  generator 
of  alternating  currents  of  any  frequency,  were 
rapidly  perfected  and  marketed.  In  1915  the 
American  Telegraph  and  Telephone  Company, 
using  the  oscillating  audion  and  amplifier  in 
large  sizes  and  quantities,  succeeded  in  tele- 
phoning without  wires  from  the  United  States 
Navy  Station  at  Arlington  to  Honolulu.  The 
De  Forest  inventions  were  used  throughout 
this  work — as  transmitter,  detector,  and 
amplifier  at  the  receiver.  The  latest  work  of 
Dr.  De  Forest  is  the  oscillion  radio  telephone 
system,  which  transmits  speech  and  music 
with  greater  clearness  than  is  possible  over 
a  wire.  This  transmitter  is  a  large  incan- 
descent lamp,  and  as  simple  and  reliable  as 
the  latter.  It  at  la'st  makes  possible  a  small 
practical  wireless  telephone  which  can  be 
quickly  installed  on  shipboard,  in  isolated 
points,  and  a  thousand  places  where  wires  are 
impractical  and  where  the  cost  of  a  Morse 
operator  is  prohibitive.  For  such  purposes 
and  the  broadcast  distribution  of  music, 
amusement,  and  news,  the  radio  telephone 
bids  fair  shortly  to  fill  a  field  of  even  greater 
utility  than  the  wireless  telegraph.  Dr.  De 
Forest  has  taken  out  over  one  hundred  patents 
in  the  United  States  and  foreign  countries,  all 
on  radio  inventions,  many  of  them  being 
pioneer  and  basic  in  scope.  He  now  resides  at 
Spuyten  Duyvil,  New  York  City,  and  spends 
his  entire  time  in  his  laboratory  at  High- 
bridge,  New  York  City.  The  oscillion  tele- 
graph and  telephone  for  aeroplanes  and  por- 
table military  sets  are  among  his  latest  crea- 
tions. The  European  War  has  established  a 
demand  for  these  abroad,  as  well  as  in  this 
country. 

CHISHOLM,  Hugh  J.,  manufacturer  and 
financier,  b.  at  Niagara  Falls,  Canada,  2  May, 
1847;  d.  in  New  York,  8  July,  1912,  son  of 
Alexander  and  Mary  Margaret  (Phelan) 
Chisholm,  of  Scotch  ancestry.  His  father,  an 
author  and  writer,  born  near  Inverness,  Scot- 


380 


CHISHOLM 


CHISHOLM 


land,  came  to  America  in  1829,  and  died  in 
1859.  He  attended  the  local  schools  until  the 
age  of  twelve  years,  when  the  death  of  his 
father  compelled  him  to  engage  in  some  occu- 
pation that  should  contribute  to  his  own  sup- 
port. He  became  early  accustomed  to  business 
life,  beginning  his  career  as  trainboy,  selling 
candies,  newspapers,  and  similar  articles  on 
passenger  trains.  His  earnings  were  not  spent 
in  the  idle  fashion  of  most  youths  of  his  age, 
and  at  the  age  of  sixteen  years  he  had  saved 
sufficient  to  purchase  from  his  employer  the 
entire  business,  and  he  at  once  established  a 
railway  news  business  which  he  added  to  and 
increased.  He  formed  a  partnership  with  his 
brother,  and  within  four  years  they  had  prac- 
tical control  of  the  vending  privileges  on 
trains  from  Halifax  to  Chicago,  and  on  steam- 
boat lines  in  New  York,  New  England,  and 
Canada.  During  his  residence  at  Toronto, 
Canada,  he  pursued  a  course  in  the  Toronto 
Business  College.  At  the  close  of  the  Civil 
War,  he  sold  his  business  in  Canada  to  his 
brothers  and  in  1872  bought  out  their  interests 
in  the  New  England  States,  settling  in  Port- 
land, Me.,  which  thereafter  became  his  per- 
manent residence.  In  1876  he  established  a 
publishing-house  in  Portland,  Me.,  and  it  was 
through  his  connection  with  the  publishing- 
business  that  he  became  interested  in  the  wood- 
pulp  industry.  The  manufacture  of  pulp,  as 
well  as  the  publishing-business,  naturally 
made  him  interested  in  the  making  of  paper, 
and  in  1887  he  organized  the  Otis  Falls  Paper 
Company,  which  began  the  manufacture  of  pa- 
per at  Livermore  Falls.  In  time  this  became  one 
of  the  constituent  plants  of  the  International 
Paper  Company,  in  whose  organization  Mr., 
Chisholm  participated  in  1898,  and  of  which 
he  was  president  for  nearly  ten  years  from 
its  organization.  Subsequently  he  organized 
the  Oxford  Paper  Company,  whose  plant  is 
located  at  Rumford  Falls,  Me.,  and  built  up 
an  extensive  and  profitable  trade.  The  enter- 
prise in  which  he  took  the  most  pride,  and 
justly  so,  was  the  building  up  of  the  Rumford 
Falls  Power  Company,  and  the  development  of 
the  city  of  Rumford  Falls.  With  his  usual 
foresight,  he  early  recognized  the  great  possi- 
bilities in  the  development  of  the  water  power 
at  Rumford  Falls,  and  he  began  acquiring 
property  for  this  purpose  as  early  as  1883. 
Seven  years  later  he  organized  the  Rumford 
Falls  Power  Company  for  the  purpose  of  de- 
veloping the  great  water  existing  in  the  An- 
droscoggin River  at  that  point.  At  this  time 
he  had  acquired  the  entire  territory  occupied 
by  the  power  company,  and  he  at  once  laid 
plans  for  a  city,  which  would  necessarily  grow 
up  around  the  manufacturing  industries  there 
located.  Realizing  that  a  contented  and  com- 
fortable population  was  necessary  to  the  up- 
building and  maintenance  of  an  ideal  city,  he 
set  aside  a  portion  of  the  town  for  the  con- 
struction of  model  homes,  where  people  of 
small  means  might  enjoy  some  of  the  comforts 
of  life.  This  portion  of  the  town  he  had  laid 
out  in  oval  form,  with  broad  streets,  having 
parks  in  their  center.  Along  these  streets 
were  erected  substantial  brick  cottages,  whose 
rental  would  come  within  the  means  of  the 
families  for  whom  they  were  intended,  and 
this  has  become  one  of  the  distinctive  features 
of    the    town,    known    as    Strathglass    Park. 


Through  Mr.  Chisholm's  efforts  and  influence, 
various  manufacturing  industries  and  other 
business  enterprises  were  located  at  Rumford 
Falls,  and  here  was  built  up  a  city  which  is 
at  once  the  pride  of  its  citizens  and  of  the 
State.  One  of  the  necessary  elements  in 
prompting  this  happiness  and  prosperity  was 
the  development  of  transportation  facilities. 
Mr.  Chisholm  purchased  a  defunct  railroad 
property,  which  extended  over  a  part  of  the 
route  now  occupied  by  the  line  from  Rumford 
Falls  to  a  connection  of  the  Main  Central 
Railroad.  This  was  extended  and  developed 
until  it  became  one  of  the  most  prosperous 
railroads  in  the  State,  and  was  ultimately 
leased  to  the  Maine  Central  Railroad  System, 
of  which  Mr.  Chisholm  was  a  director.  Mr. 
Chisholm  was  president  and  director  of  the  Ox- 
ford Paper  Company,  the  Rumford  Falls  Power 
Company,  the  Rumford  Lumber  Company, 
Montmorency  Lumber  Company,  the  Rumford 
Falls  Realty  Company,  the  Rumford  Falls  and 
Rangley  Falls  Railway,  and  the  Portland  and 
Rumford  Falls  Railway;  director  Maine 
Central  Railroad,  Rumford  Falls  Light  and 
Water  Company,  Rumford  National  Bank. 
As  another  means  of  promoting  the  welfare 
and  comfort  of  Rumford  Falls,  he  started  the 
movement  for  the  establishment  of  a  Me- 
chanics' Institute,  along  plans  which  would 
attract  every  class  of  citizens  in  the  manu- 
facturing community,  and  would  not  incon- 
venience the  humblest  of  its  members.  Al- 
though the  most  charitable  of  men,  Mr.  Chis- 
holm fully  realized  the  truth,  that  the  best 
means  of  aiding  people  is  to  teach  them  how 
to  help  themselves,  and  thus  avoid  any  feeling 
of  condition  of  dependence.  Therefore  he  ar- 
ranged the  construction  and  equipment  of  this 
clubhouse  by  the  citizens  themselves,  to  which 
he  contributed  his  share.  He  was  determined 
that  the  institution  should  enjoy  all  the  com- 
forts, conveniences,  and  even  luxuries  which 
could  be  maintained  by  people  of  moderate 
means,  embodying  the  characteristics  of  the 
best  social  cjubs  and  also  educational  features 
along  scientific  and  industrial  lines.  This  was 
regarded  as  one  of  the  most  important  achieve- 
ments of  his  life,  and  his  pride  was  fully  justi- 
fied by  the  success  of  the  institution,  which 
had  involved  on  his  part  much  thought  and 
labor.  It  is  not  strange,  therefore,  that  he 
enjoyed,  in  the  highest  degree,  the  confidence 
and  respect  and  good  will  of  all  who  were 
so  fortunate  as  to  be  brought  into  contact  with 
him.  Concerning  Mr.  Chisholm's  character- 
istics, Frederick  M.  Dow,  president  of  the 
Casco  National  Bank  of  Portland,  Me.,  said: 
"  In  his  early  days  he  was  industrious,  ener- 
getic, and  strictly  attentive  to  business,  and 
in  these  particulars  giving  promise  of  progress, 
but  few  of  us  who  knew  him  then  could  have 
anticipated  for  him  the  successful  and  useful 
life  he  led.  .  .  .  His  career  was  remarkable 
then  in  this  country  of  groat  suocessoH.  Few 
men  of  his  age,  and  at  that  limo  limited 
means,  would  have  the  foresight,  the  ability, 
and  courage  to  penetrate  a  wilderness  and 
arrest  a  mighty  river,  as  ho  did  tho  Andros- 
coggin in  its  linshacklod,  useless  How  toward 
the  sea,  and  compel  it  to  render  service  and 
create  wealth  for  man.  .  .  .  Aside  from  his 
greatness  as  a  business  man.  that  trait  of  his 
character    which    perhai)s    impressed    one    as 


381 


PARRISH 


DICKINSON 


much  as  any  was  his  high  appreciation  of 
assistance  rendered,  however  slight,  and  his 
intense  loyalty  to  his  friends.  .  .  Mr.  Chis- 
holin,  his  life  and  services  may  well  be  cited 
far  and  wide  as  an  exemplar  for  young  men 
everywhere."  Notwithstanding  his  many  busi- 
ness* activities,  he  served  for  many  years  as 
trustee  of  the  New  York  Zoological  Society, 
and  held  membership  in  the  New  York,  New 
York  Yacht,  Metropolitan,  City,  Mid-day  Clubs, 
and  the  Bramhall  League  of  Portland,  Me. 
For  many  years  the  business  headquarters  of 
Mr.  Chisholm's  industries  were  located  in 
New  York  City,  and  he  maintained  a  residence 
on  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York,  and  here  his  most 
valuable  life  came  to  an  end  on  8  July,  1912, 
in  his  sixty-fifth  year.  On  5  Sept.,  1872,  he 
married  Henrietta,  daughter  of  Dr.  Edward 
Mason,  of  Portland,  Me.,  and  they  had  one  son, 
Hugh  J.  Chisholm,  Jr. 

PARRISH,  George  Randall,  author  and  lec- 
turer, b.  in  Kewanee,  III.,   10  June,  1858,  son 
of    Rufus    Parker    (1816-1903),    and    Frances 
Adeline       (Hollis) 
Parrish  ( 1816- 

1911).  On  the 
paternal  side  he 
is  a  descendant  of 
John  Parrish,  a 
native  of  Notting- 
hamshire, Eng- 
land, who,  in  1632, 
settled  at  Groton, 
Mass.,  and  served 
through  King  Phil- 
ip's War,  in  which 
his  son,  Samuel, 
was  killed  by  th^ 
Indians.  Others 
of  his  direct  an- 
cestry served  with 
distinction  in  the  French  and  Indian  War, 
and  in  the  Revolution.  On  the  maternal 
side  he  is  a  direct  descendant  of  Elder  William 
Brewster,  the  "  Mayflower "  Pilgrim.  His 
father  (1816-1911),  a  resident  gf  Boston,  be- 
fore removing  to  Illinois  in  1855,  was  in  anti- 
slavery  days  an  active  co-worker  with  William 
Lloyd  Garrison,  and  Wendell  Phillips,  and 
assisted  in  the  liberation  of  the  negro  Latimer. 
He  was  a  personal  friend  of  Henry  Wadsworth 
Longfellow,  and  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes,  be- 
came prominent  in  underground  railroad  op- 
erations for  assisting  runaway  slaves  to  Can- 
ada, and  was  among  the  founders  of  the  first 
Y.  M.  C.  A.  in  America.  George  R.  Parrish 
received  his  education  in  the  Kewanee  public 
schools,  completing  the  course  in  the  high 
school  in  its  second  class  (1875),  afterward 
attending  Lake  Forest  Academy,  Griswold 
College,  Davenport,  la.,  the  Iowa  State  Uni- 
versity, and  Union  College  of  LaAv,  Chicago. 
Following  his  graduation  he  removed  to 
Wichita,  Kan.,  first  entering  the  law  office  of 
William  C.  Little,  but  later  forming  a  partner- 
ship with  a  lawyer  named  Martin.  A  lucrative 
practice  followed,  but  the  desire  for  a  more 
active  life  soon  led  Mr.  Parrish  to  abandon 
his  professional  work.  The  next  year  or  two 
vi^ere  passed  prospecting  and  mining  in  New 
Mexico,  Arizona,  and  Sonora,  Mexico.  Meet- 
ing with  no  brilliant  success  in  this  field  he 
finally  entered  newspaper  work  in  Denver,  and 
later    served    in    various    capacities   on    daily 


ofcA^  CPcA.^^^^.:.,>c 


papers  in  Omaha,  Sioux  City,  and  Chicago, 
also  managing  a  weekly  paper  at  Grafton, 
Neb.  At  the  time  of  the  publication  of  his 
first  novel,  *'  When  Wilderness  was  King,"  he 
was  engaged  in  special  commercial  journalism 
in  Chicago.  Since  this  date  (1903)  Mr.  Par- 
rish has  made  his  home  in  Kewanee,  111.,  de- 
voting his  entire  time  to  literary  work,  hav- 
ing since  then  published  eighteen  books  of 
fiction,  and  two  of  history.  The  sales  of  these 
have  largely  exceeded  1,000,000  copies.  He 
has  also  become  popular  as  a  lecturer  on 
topics  relating  to  history  and  good  govern- 
ment. The  editor  of  the  Kewanee  "  Star- 
Courier,"  writes  of  Mr.  Parrish :  "  The  stir- 
ring stories  that  come  from  his  pen  are  not 
more  interesting  than  the  work  of  their  author 
to  bring  to  pass  in  his  own  environment  the 
things  which  will  make  for  better  conditions. 
Obstacles  are  encountered  only  to  be  sur- 
mounted; perseverance  is  accompanied  by  tact, 
and  behold  the  thing  is  done.  He  is  always  a 
leader  in  thought  and  deed.  But  Randall 
Parrish's  eflforts  outside  his  comfortable 
studio,  whence  come  the  tales  that  have  made 
his  name  famous,  are  not  confined  merely 
to  his  own  home  city,  close  as  is  that  city  to 
his  affections.  A  patriotism  that  had  its 
genesis  in  Revolutionary  sires  manifests  itself 
in  many  different  ways  in  his  life.  A  popular 
public  speaker,  his  voice  constantly  carries  a 
message  to  keep  alive  those  national  traits  that 
have  exalted  America.  Ingrained  deeply  in 
all  his  life  is  the  love  of  the  land  for  which 
his  fathers  have  fought  in  war  and  peace. 
Randall  Parrish  is  a  cheerful,  friendly,  com- 
panionable man,  interested  in  the  problems  of 
life,  willing  to  go  far  to  aid  the  unfortunate, 
and  broad  in  all  his  sympathies."  The  breadth 
of  Mr.  Parrish's  activities  is  evidenced  by  the 
positions  he  has  held.  Among  these  may  be 
mentioned  vice-president  and  director  of  the 
Civic  Club  of  Kewanee;  vice-president  of  the 
Welfare  Council;  president  of  the  Kewanee 
League  Ball  Club;  past  president  of  the 
Alumni  Association  of  the  State  University  of 
Iowa;  national  councilor  of  United  States 
Chamber  of  Commerce;  past  exalted  ruler  and 
district  deputy  grand  exalted  ruler  of  the 
B.  P.  O.  Elks;  and  director  of  the  Society  of 
Midland  Authors,  Chicago.  He  also  holds 
membership  in  the  White  Paper  and  Uni- 
versity Clubs  of  Chicago;  the  Kewanee  Club; 
The  Mississippi  Valley  Historical  Society;  the 
Luther  Burbank  Society  and  the  Authors' 
League  of  New  York.  Besides  these  he  is 
identified  with  a  number  of  patriotic  organiza- 
tions, including  the  Society  of  Colonial  Wars, 
Sons  of  the  American  Revolution,  and  the  So- 
ciety of  the  Descendants  of  the  Mayflower.  Mr. 
Parrish  has  been  twice  married:  first  to  Mary 
A.  Hammon,  of  Howells,  Neb.;  second,  in  1902, 
to  Rose  Tynell,  of  Kewanee,  111.  Of  the  first 
marriage  two  sons,  Robert  and  Philip,  survive. 
DICKINSON,  Don  (Donald)  McDonald,  law- 
yer, ex-postmaster-general,  b.  Ontario,  N.  Y., 
17  Jan.,  1846,  son  of  Col.  Asa  C.  and  Minerva 
(Holmes)  Dickinson.  He  is  a  direct  descend- 
ant of  John  Dickinson,  who  lived  in  Leeds, 
England,  in  1525,  but  it  was  not  till  some 
generations  later  that  the  first  member  of  the 
family  in  this  country  emigrated,  settling  in 
Massachusetts.  Among  his  posterity  was 
John  Dickinson,  a  member  of  the  Continental 


I 


382 


DICKINSON 


BIXBY 


Congress  of  1774,  president  of  the  executive 
council,  and  one  of  the  founders  of  Dickinson 
College,  in  Carlisle,  Pa.  Another  early  mem- 
ber of  the  family  was  Jonathan  Dickinson, 
chief  justice  of  the  P^vince  of  Pennsylvania, 
in  1719.  The  father,  Col.  Asa  Dickinson,  was 
a  civil  engineer  who  at  first  lived  in  Stoning- 
ton,  Conn.,  then  spent  some  years  exploring 
the  shores  of  Lakes  Erie,  Huron,  and  Michi- 
gan in  a  birch  canoe.  In  1848  he  removed  to 
Michigan,  where  he  settled  in  St.  Clair  County. 
Mr.  Dickinson's  mother  was  the  daughter  of 
the  Rev.  Jesseriah  Holmes,  of  Pomfret,  Conn. 
Don  M.  Dickinson  began  his  education  in  the 
public  schools  of  Detroit,  but  this  course  was 
supplemented  by  studies  under  private  tutors. 
Before  reaching  his  majority  he  had  grad- 
uated from  the  law  department  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Michigan.  He  now  applied  himself 
to  a  special  study  of  the  management  of  cases 
and  the  practical  application  of  the  philosophy 
and  logic  of  law.  In  1867  he  began  a  private 
practice  and  already  in  the  first  year  was  con- 
nected with  all  the  leading  cases  under  the 
bankruptcy  act.  From  1875  to  1880  he  was 
associated  with  Levi  T.  Griffin,  forming  the 
firm  of  Griffin  and  Dickinson;  from  1880  to 
1883  the  firm  was  known  as  Griffin,  Dickinson, 
Thurber  and  Hasmer.  It  was  not  long  before 
Mr.  Dickinson  had  built  up  a  reputation  in 
the  Middle  West  as  one  of  its  leading  lawyers 
and  had  developed  one  of  the  most  lucrative 
practices,  extending  as  far  as  New  York  and 
Washington.  As  typical  of  the  many  im- 
portant cases  with  which  he  was  connected 
may  be  mentioned  the  great  telephone  case,  in 
which  Mr.  Dickinson  and  Senator  Edmunds 
together  acted  as  counsel  for  Drewbaugh,  in 
1887.  But  already  before  this  time  Mr.  Dick- 
inson had  become  interested  in  politics  and 
was  widely  known  as  a  leader  of  the  Michigan 
Democracy.  As  early  as  1872  he  had  been 
chairman  of  the  Democratic  State  Central 
Committee  of  Michigan.  The  action  of  the 
party,  however,  in  voting  against  Horace 
Greeley,  of  whom  he  was  an  ardent  admirer, 
caused  him  to  announce  his  withdrawal  from 
the  ranks  of  the  party.  In  1876  S.  J.  Tilden 
had  an  interview  with  him,  the  result  of  which 
was  that  he  resumed  the  management  of  the 
party  in  the  State  and  maintained  an  intimate, 
personal  friendship  with  Mr.  Tilden  till  the 
latter's  death.  In  1880  he  became  a  member 
of  the  Democratic  National  Committee,  after 
which  his  political  activities  began  to  assume 
a  national  aspect.  In  1884  he  was  appointed 
a  member  of  a  committee  which  was  to  visit 
Grover  Cleveland  at  Buffalo,  for  the  purpose 
of  holding  a  conference  with  him.  It  was  said 
that  on  this  occasion  Mr.  Cleveland  was  very 
strongly  impressed  by  Mr.  Dickinson,  espe- 
cially his  apparent  reluctance  to  give  advice. 
Certainly  he  did  not  forget  him,  for  on  being 
elected  to  the  presidency,  Mr.  Cleveland  immedi- 
ately called  on  Mr.  Dickinson  for  his  opinion  in 
matters  relating  not  only  to  Michigan,  but  the 
entire  Middle  West.  During  that  period  there 
was  probably  no  appointment  made  in  Michi- 
gan, or  of  Michigan  men,  to  any  considerable 
place,  in  which  Mr.  Dickinson  was  not  at  least 
consulted.  It  was  observed  that  the  men  who 
had  stood  in  the  closest  relationship  with 
Mr.  Dickinson  during  the  political  campaigns 
were    appointed    to    high    positions:    one    was 


made  commissioner  of  patents,  another  was 
sent  as  minister  to  Russia,  a  third  was  ap- 
pointed judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Utah, 
a  fourth  was  made  governor  of  Alaska,  and 
still  another  became  collector  of  customs  of 
Port  Huron.  Many  of  these  appointments 
were  made  in  the  face  of  the  active  opposition 
of  the  Michigan  Congressional  delegation. 
The  result  was,  naturally,  that  the  young 
leader,  who  now  began  to  attract  national  at- 
tention, made  many  enemies  even  within  the 
ranks  of  his  own  political  party.  Finally  it 
was  announced  that  the  President  had  offered 
Mr.  Dickinson  a  portfolio  in  his  Cabinet, 
which  was  presently  followed  by  the  state- 
ment that  he  had  accepted  and  was  to  as- 
sume the  post  of  Postmaster-General.  This 
office  he  entered  into  in  1887  and  filled  for 
two  years,  until  the  end  of  Mr.  Cleveland's  term 
of  office  in  1889.  Mr.  Dickinson  now  again 
resumed  his  private  law  practice,  though  he 
also  continued  his  interest  in  national  politics. 
In  1892  he  was  chairman  of  the  Democratic 
National  Campaign  Committee  and  when  Mr. 
Cleveland  was  again  elected,  he  was  once  more 
offered  a  place  in  his  Cabinet,  but  on  this 
occasion  he  declined  the  honor.  In  1896  he 
was  senior  counsel  of  the  United  States  before 
the  International  High  Commission  which  had 
been  appointed  to  arbitrate  on  the  Behring 
Sea  dispute  between  the  British  government 
and  the  United  States.  In  1902  he  was  a 
member  of  the  court  of  arbitration  which  was 
appointed  to  adjust  the  controversy  between 
the  United  States  and  the  Republic  of  Salva- 
dor, in  which  he  sat  as  a  colleague  with  Sir 
Henry  Strong  and  Don  Rosa  Paca.  Of  late 
years,  however,  Mr.  Dickinson  has  gradually 
retired  from  active  life  and  spends  his  time 
in  quiet  retirement  in  his  home  near  Detroit, 
chiefly  devoting  his  time  to  literary  recrea- 
tions. On  15  June,  1869,  he  married  Frances 
Piatt,  daughter  of  Dr.  Alonzo  Piatt.  Their  two 
children  are:  Frances  C.  (Mrs.  George  H.  Bar- 
bour, Jr  )  and  Don  McDonald  Dickinson,  Jr.). 
BIXBY,  Samuel  Merrill,  manufacturer,  b.  at 
Haverhill,  N.  H.,  27  May,  1833;  d.  at  Ford- 
ham,  New  York  City,  11  March,  1912,  son  of 
George  and  Sabina  (Merrill)  Bixby.  His  an- 
cestors beginning  with  his  grandparents  were: 
George  and  Sarah  (Annis)  Bixby,  Benjamin 
and  Anne  (Bradstreet)  Bixby,  George  and 
Mary  (Bailey-Porter)  Bixby,  Benjamin  and 
Mary  Bixby,  Joseph  and  Sarah  (Wyatt- 
Heard)  Bixby.  Joseph  Bixby  came  to  America 
from  Suffolk,  England,  and  settled  in  Ipswich, 
Mass  ,  before  1647.  Anne  Bradstreet  Bixby,  his 
great-grandmother,  was  a  descendant  of  Anne 
(Dudley)  Bradstreet,  the  earliest  American 
poetess,  daughter  of  Gov.  Thomas  Dudley, 
and  wife  of  Gov.  Simon  Bradstreet  of 
Massachusetts  Bay  Colony.  His  mother  died 
soon  after  his  birth,  and  his  father  having 
married  again,  he  was  brought  up  by  his  uncle 
and  his  sister.  In  1848  he  went  to  Boston, 
walking  a  good  part  of  tlie  way.  and  at  first 
finding  employment  in  a  men's  furnishing 
store,  winch  he  afterward  pnrcliasod  Inability 
to  stand  the  climate  of  Hoston  led  liini  to  go 
West.  He  spent  some  time  in  Chicago,  and 
later  went  on  and  ostahlislied  a  gcMieral  store 
at  Cedar  Rapids,  Ta.  Tho  unrerfain  cliarncter 
of  currency  at  that  time  made  him  dissatisfied 
with    the    West,    and    he    sold    his    store    and 

383 


BIXBY 


BIXBY 


started  for  New  York  with  ample  funds,  as 
he  thought,  to  pay  his  way  there  and  pay  his 
board  until  he  could  obtain  a  situation,  but  his 
funds  were  in  State  bank  bills,  and  owing  to 
failures  of  the 
banks,  he  arrived 
in  New  York  City, 
about  1858,  nearly 
penniless.  With 
characteristic  en- 
ergy he  took  the 
first  opportunity 
to  earn  a  living 
that  presented  it- 
self, which  hap- 
l^";^  pened  to  be  ped- 
k  dling  goods,  until 
he  could  get  a 
position  in  a 
store.  He  then 
went  into  the  shoe 
business  with  a 
roommate  and  af- 
terward became 
sole  proprietor  of 
the  store.  He  began  to  make  and  sell  shoe- 
blackingi  about  1860,  and  gave  a  box  away 
to  each  customer.  In  order  to  help  a 
friend  in  straitened  circumstances,  be  bought 
a  horse  and  wagon  and  sent  him  out  to  sell 
blacking  to  the  retail  trade.  The  ven- 
ture proved  a  success.  The  first  whole- 
sale house  to  order  blacking  was  H.  B. 
Claflin  and  Company,  their  initial  order 
being  one  barrel.  This  was  followed  by  an 
order  for  twenty  barrels.  Perceiving  that  in 
the  manufacture  of  blacking  he  might  create 
an  important  business,  Mr.  Bixby  disposed  of 
his  shoe  store  in  1865,  and  devoted  himself  to 
the  manufacture  and  sale  of  blacking.  He 
was  without  connection  with  the  trade,  and 
without  experience  in  that  line  of  business. 
His  capital  of  about  $30,000,  the  proceeds  of 
the  sale  of  the  shoe  store,  did  not  last  long. 
Money  was  needed  for  experiments,  for  ad- 
vertising, equipment,  etc.  The  struggle  for 
success  was  severe.  To  obtain  capital  he  ad- 
mitted one  partner  and  then  another,  but  it 
was  not  until  after  many  years  of  persistence 
that  a  profitable  demand  was  created  for  his 
goods.  A  determined  effort  was  made  to  make 
his  product  known  at  the  time  of  the  Cen- 
tennial Exposition  at  Philadelphia  in  1876, 
but  at  a  cost  so  great  that  in  the  following 
period  of  business  depression  the  firm  failed. 
A  year  or  two  later  Mr.  Bixby  again  started 
business  with  $75  in  cash,  without  partners, 
with  little  or  no  stock,  with  some  machinery, 
and  a  considerable  indebtedness.  Push  and 
persistence  won,  however.  The  business  con- 
stantly increased,  was  eventually  reorganized 
as  a  corporation  in  1898,  and  is  now  one  of 
the  largest  and  most  prosperous  of  its  kind  in 
America.  Mr.  Bixby  was  president  of  the 
company  from  1876  until  1909,  when  he  re- 
tired from  active  management  and  occupied 
the  honorary  position  of  president  emeritus. 
Notwithstanding  this,  he  was  at  the  office 
nearly  every  day,  and  continued  his  interest 
in  the  progress  of  the  business.  Both  Mr. 
Bixby  and  his  wife  have  been  faithful  workers 
in  the  church,  and  especially  interested  in  the 
Sunday  school.  In  Chicago,  Mr.  Bixby  helped 
organize  the  Railroad  Mission,  and  ever  since 


coming    to    New    York    has    been    active    in 
church  work;  having  filled  the  offices  of  super- 
intendent   of     Sunday    school,    choir     leader, 
deacon,  etc.     He  was  especially  interested   in 
church    music    and    ha^  written    many    hymn 
tunes  which  have  become  popular.     He  com- 
piled   three    books,    the    "  Church    and    Home 
Hymnal "  and  "  Evangel  Songs,"  published  by 
himself,  and  "  Gloria  Deo,"  published  by  Funk 
and  Wagnalls,  New  York.     Samuel  M.  Bixby 
married,  2  Sept.,   1862,  Mary  Elizabeth  Trap- 
hagen,  daughter  of  William  D.  and  Mehitable 
(Manney)     Traphagen,    of    New    York    City. 
Mrs.  Bixby  lives  at  Fordham,  New  York  City. 
BIXBY,  Willard  Goldthwaite,  inventor  and 
manufacturer,    b.    at    Salem,   Mass.,    13   July, 
1868,     son     of     Henry     Merrill    and     Eliza 
Shatswell    (Symonds)    Bixby.      His   ancestors 
beginning      with      his      grandparents      were: 
Samuel     Bradstreet     and     Nancy      (Martin) 
Bixby,    a    sister    of    Gov.    Noah    Martin    of 
New  Hampshire,  George  and   Sarah    (Annis) 
Bixby,     Benjamin     and     Anne      (Bradstreet) 
Bixby,     George     and     Mary      (Bailey-Porter) 
Bixby,  Benjamin  and  Mary  Bixby,  Joseph  and 
Sarah     ( Wyatt-Heard )     Bixby,    who    came    to 
America  from   Suffolk   County,   England,   and 
settled   in  Ipswich,  Mass.,   before    1647.     Mr. 
Bixby  received  his  education  in  the  public  and 
high  schools  of  Salem,  and  entered  the  Massa- 
chusetts Institute  of  Technology,  where  he  was 
graduated    S.B.    in    1889,    with    the    highest 
honors.    After  graduation  he  remained  at  the 
institute  as  an  instructor  in  mechanical   en- 
gineering until  he  became  associated  with  the 
Pneumatic   Dynamite   Gun    Company   of  New 
York,  after  which  he  became  connected  with 
the    American    Bell    Telephone    Company    in 
Boston.     In   1891   Mr.  Bixby  entered  the  em- 
ploy  of    S.    M.    Bixby   and    Company,    manu- 
facturers of  shoe  blacking.     Soon  after  enter- 
ing the  business,  it  became  evident  that  the 
shoe  blacking  business  was  in  a  state  of  transi- 
tion;   that  the  goods  on   which   it   had   been 
built  were  going  out  of  use  and  newer  kinds 
were  taking  their  place;   that  the  production 
of    new    goods    required    other    methods    than 
those  that  had  produced  the  old,  and  that  the 
efforts   then  being  made 
to    get    them    had    met 
with  but  a  small  meas- 
ure    of      success.        Mr. 
Bixby,      although      very 
young    in    the    business, 
went    to    work    to    pro- 
duce the  new  goods,  and, 
after  three  or  four  years' 
work,  succeeded,  but  not 
till     S.     M.     Bixby    and 
Company  had  gone   into 
the  hands  of  a  receiver. 
He     interested     men     of 
means     outside     to    buy 
the  business  at  receiver's 
sale,    and    became    treas- 
urer  of   a   new   corpora- 
tion,   also    called    S.    M. 
Bixby     and     Company,     in     1898.       In     1911 
he    became    vice-president,  and,    during    1916, 
acting   president.      Mr.    Bixby   has    for   many 
years   been    interested    in    church    work.     For 
seven   years    he   was   president    of    the    Chris- 
tian   Endeavor    Society    of    the    Fordham    Re- 
formed   Church,    and    for    a    longer    period 


384 


LEWISOHN 


WILLIAMS 


a  teacher  in  the  Sunday  schooL  He  is  now  an 
elder  in  the  Bay  Ridge  Presbyterian  Church, 
Brooklyn.  He  has  played  clarinet  in  a  number 
of  New  York  amateur  orchestras.  He  has 
taken  out  two  patents  on  metal  working 
lathes.  In  1908  he  fell  heir  to  a  manuscript 
history  of  the  Bixby  family  which  had  been 
begun  in  1885  by  a  member  of  the  family,  and 
which  had  been  in  possession  of  three  mem- 
bers, each  of  whom  had  added  to  it.  He  inter- 
ested two  of  his  relations  to  supply  the  funds 
so  that  what  help  could  be  utilized  might  be 
employed  for  searching  records,  recording  and 
arranging  facts,  etc.,  Mr.  Bixby  supplying  the 
inspiration  and  taking  the  difficult  problems. 
This  work  has  now  been  partly  printed,  and, 
after  an  expenditure  of  several  thousand  dol- 
lars, bids  fair  to  be  one  of  the  largest  and 
most  complete  family  histories  ever  compiled. 
Mr.  Bixby  has  married  twice:  first,  7  June, 
1898,  Genevieve  Cole,  of  Fordham,  N.  Y.,  who 
died  29  Nov.,  1901;  second,  6  June,  1911,  Ida 
Elise,  daughter  of  Frederick  and  Elise 
( Schwanewedel )  Tieleke,  of  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 
He  has  one  son,  Willard  Frederick  (b.  2  May, 
1913),  and  one  daughter,  Katherine  Elise  (b. 
20  May,  1915). 

LEWISOHN,  Adolph,  b.  in  Hamburg,  Ger- 
many, 27  May,  1849,  son  of  Samuel  and 
Julia  Lewisohn.     He  was  educated  in  private 

schools  in  Ham- 
burg, receiving  a 
general,  thor- 
ough education. 
While  proficient 
in  nearly  all 
branches  of 

study,  he  dis- 
tinguished him- 
self particularly 
in  mathematics. 
He  emigrated  to 
America  in  1867, 
settling  in  New 
York  City,  where 
his  brother,  the 
late  Leonard 

Lewisohn  had 
preceded  him,  and 
they  together  a 
few  years  later 
established  the  firm  of  Lewisohn  Bros., 
which  they  carried  on  for  about  thirty 
years.  They  early  displayed  an  aptitude 
and  capacity  for  business  that  distin- 
guished their  ■  subsequent  careers;  and  plans 
for  the  development  of  the  company  soon  en- 
gaged his  attention.  These  resulted  in  the 
firm  of  Lewisohn  Bros,  later  being  taken 
over  by  the  United  Metals  Sellings  Company, 
and  the  absorption  of  this  company  some  years 
afterward  by  the  Anaconda  Copper  Company. 
Mr.  Lewisohn  is  head  of  the  firm  of  Adolph 
Lewisohn  and  Sons,  including  many  subsidiary 
copper  companies;  president  and  director  of 
the  General  Development  Company;  presi- 
dent and  director  of  the  Miami  Copper  Com- 
pany; vice-president  of  the  Utah  Consolidated 
Mining  Company;  president  and  director  of 
the  Kerr  Lake  Mining  Company.  He  is  also 
a  director  of  the  Importers'  and  Traders' 
National  Bank.  Although  highly  successful 
in  business  afTairs,  Mr.  Lewisohn,  with  a  fine 
perception  of  the  rights  of  others,  never  per- 


mitted himself  to  take  advantage  of  another's 
mistake.  To  the  constant  application  of  this 
principle  together  with  his  masterful  adminis- 
tration of  the  companies  and  the  rare  con- 
structive ability  he  displayed  in  their  various 
reorganizations,  may  be  attributed  his  rise 
to  the  important  position  he  now  (1917)  holds 
in  the  business  world.  He  is  sympathetic  and 
charitable,  but  his  modesty  causes  him  to  con- 
ceal his  many  benefactions.  However,  several 
of  these  have  become  public;  principally,  his 
donation  of  the  School  of  Mines  Building  of 
Columbia  University,  the  Stadium  of  the  Col- 
lege of  the  City  of  New  York,  and  the  Patho- 
logical Laboratory  of  Mount  Sinai  Hospital. 
Notwithstanding  the  numerous  demands  on  his 
time  occasioned  by  his  extensive  business  in- 
terests, Mr.  Lewisohn  is  actively  interested 
in  other  charitable,  constructive  and  educa- 
tional undertakings.  He  is  president  and  a 
contributor  to  the  Hebrew  Sheltering  Guardian 
Orphan  Asylum,  honorary  president  of  the 
Hebrew  Technical  School  for  Girls,  and  direc- 
tor in  many  other  similar  institutions.  He 
is  also  identified  with  the  National  Committee 
on  Prisons,  of  which  he  is  president,  a  director 
in  the  National  Child  Labor  Committee  and 
the  International  Child  Welfare  League,  is  in- 
terested in  education  generally,  horticulture, 
music,  science  and  art.  As  chairman  of  the 
National  Committee  on  Prisons,  he  advocated 
and  caused  to  be  introduced  many  prison  re- 
forms. An  essay  by  him,  "  Prisoners :  Some 
Observations  of  a  Business  Man,"  appeared  in 
"The  Survey"  (Columbia  University,  April, 
1914).  So  practicably  and  with  such  fine  con- 
sideration did  it  expound  the  principles  of  hu- 
manitarianism  as  applied  to  all  phases  of 
penality,  that  this  comprehensive  and  illum- 
inating article  was  afterward  printed  in  pam- 
phlet form  and  widely  circulated.  Mr.  Lewisohn 
is  a  member  of  the  Engineers',  Chemical,  Arts, 
Lotos,  Republican,  City,  Harmonic,  Recess, 
Midday,  Bankers',  and  Century  clubs  of  New 
York.  On  26  June,  1878,  he  married,  in  Phil- 
adelphia, Pa.,  Emma  M.,  daughter  of  Abraham 
Cahn,  and  they  have  four  children. 

WILLIAMS,  George  Henry,  lawyer  and 
statesman,  b.  near  Lebanon,  Columbia  County, 
N.  Y.,  26  March,  1823;  d.  in  Portland,  Ore., 
4  April,  1910,  son  of  Taber  and  Lydia  (Good- 
rich) Williams.  He  was  of  Welsh  extraction 
on  the  paternal  side,  and  English  on  that  of 
his  mother.  Both  parents  were  of  New  Eng- 
land ancestry,  and  both  of  his  grandfathers 
served  in  the  Continental  army  during  the 
War  of  the  Revolution,  He  was  reared  in 
Onondaga  County,  N.  Y.,  and  received  his 
academic  education  at  Pompey  Hill  Academy, 
working  for  his  tuition.  He  then  studied  law 
and  in  1844,  at  the  age  of  twenty-one,  was 
admitted  to  the  Syracuse  bar.  The  next  year 
he  started  West  to  seek  his  fortune  in  a  new 
country,  traveling  by  way  of  the  Erie  Canal 
to  Buffalo,  the  Ohio  Canal  to  Pittsbur«,-h,  down 
the  Ohio  River  to  St.  Louis,  and  up  the  IMis- 
sissippi  River  to  Fort  Madison,  la.  There  ho 
landed  without  a  penny,  with  a  few  law  books 
and  New  York  statutes,  and  some  bank  ac- 
counts of  New  York  State  banks.  Almost  im- 
mediately he  found  a  friend  in  the  person  of 
Daniel  F.  Miller,  who  became  his  security  for 
board  and  lodging,  and  the  end  of  his  first 
lawsuit  made   him   a   partner   of  Mr.   Miller. 


385 


WILLIAMS 


WILLIAMS 


In  1847,  with  the  admission  of  Iowa  as  a 
State,  he  was  elected  district  judge.  At  that 
time,  while  attending  an  Internal  Improve- 
ment Convention  at  Chicago,  he  met  Abraham 
Lincoln,  and  at  about  the  same  time  Stephen 
A.  Douglas.  Although  then  a  Democrat  po- 
litically, he  conceived  an  extraordinary  affec- 
tion for  Mr.  Lincoln,  between  whom  and  him- 
self there  always  existed  a  warm  personal 
friendship  and  strong  bond  of  sympathy.  He 
was  one  of  the  pallbearers  at  the  funeral  of 
Lincoln,  and  one  of  the  escort  of  honor  that 
accompanied  his  remains  from  Washington  to 
Springfield.  As  an  anti-slavery  Democrat, 
Judge  Williams  canvassed  the  State  of  Iowa 
for  Franklin  Pierce,  and  was  one  of  the  presi- 
dential electors  on  the  Democratic  ticket.  In 
185.3,  at  the  age  of  thirty  years,  he  was  ap- 
pointed by  President  Pierce  as  chief  justice  of 
the  Northwest  Territory,  and,  leaving  his 
prospects  in  Iowa  with  much  reluctance,  re- 
moved to  Oregon.  In  1858  he  resigned  from 
the  bench  and  entered  upon  the  practice  of 
law  in  Portland.  He  was  elected  a  delegate 
to  the  State  constitutional  convention  and 
appointed  chairman  of  the  judiciary  commit- 
tee. In  this  capacity  he  vigorously  opposed 
the  introduction  of  slavery  in  the  State,  and 
made  a  strong  canvas  in  behalf  of  an  anti- 
slavery  clause  to  be  inserted  in  the  consti- 
tution. By  his  force  of  argument  and  elo- 
quence he  greatly  aided  in  having  a  free  con- 
stitution adopted  by  the  State.  In  1860  he 
joined  the  Union  party,  formed  by  the  amalga- 
mation of  the  Anti-Slavery  War  Democrats 
with  the  Republicans,  and  by  this  transi- 
tion became  a  Republican.  Subsequently 
he  canvassed  the  country  for  Lincoln,  and 
aided  the  Union  cause  with  all  the  strength 
at  his  command.  In  1864  he  was  elected  to 
the  U.  S.  Senate.  Judge  Williams  went  to 
Washington  at  the  most  critical  time  in  the 
nation's  history,  and  his  public  life  and 
achievements  are  well  known,  w^hile  his  serv- 
ices to  the  State  of  Oregon,  of  which  he  was 
the  chosen  representative,  were  incalculable. 
Some  of  the  measures  which  he  introduced  as 
directly  affecting  the  Northwest  were:  an  act 
creating  a  new  land  distribution  in  Oregon; 
amendment  to  the  act  granting  lands  to  the 
State  of  Oregon  for  the  construction  of  a  mili- 
tary road  from  Eugene  to  the  eastern  boundary 
of  the  State;  various  acts  securing  post-roads; 
the  tenure  of  office  act,  passed  over  the  veto 
of  President  Johnson;  amendment  to  the 
judiciary  act  of  1789;  amendment  to  the  act 
granting  lands  to  aid  in  the  construction  of  a 
railroad  from  the  Central  Pacific  in  California 
to  Portland,  Ore.,  and  an  act  to  strengthen 
public  credit.  His  services  to  his  nation  were 
conspicuous  and  productive  of  splendid  re- 
sults. The  part  he  played  as  a  member  of 
the  Joint  High  Commission,  which  met  in 
Washington  to  settle  the  northern  boundary 
dispute  with  Great  Britain  through  Puget 
Sound,  and  the  claims  for  the  depredations  of 
the  Confederate  cruiser  "  Alabama."  In  the 
latter  case  his  services  were  more  important 
than  generally  recognized,  there  being  no 
doubt  that  his  tact,  ability,  and  wisdom  se- 
cured a  settlement  favorable  to  the  contention 
of  the  United  States.  He  was  a  leader  in 
the  Senate  during  the  trial  for  impeachment 
of  Andrew  Johnson,  and  was  chosen  by  General 


Grant  and  his  advisers,  as  one  to  campaign  the 
South  explaining  the  Reconstruction  Act,  and 
the  policies  of  the  Administration,  and  plead- 
ing for  Southern  co-operation.  The  Recon- 
struction Act  he  drew  up  himself  as  a  tenta- 
tive measure  to  bring  the  South,  which  was 
really  conquered  territory,  where  had  been  dis- 
banded a  great  army,  back  into  harmonious 
relations  with  the  Union.  When  finished  he 
handed  it  about  among  some  of  his  senatorial 
associates  who  remarked,  "  Williams,  this  is 
the  very  thing  we  have  been  looking  for,"  and 
passed  it  practically  as  he  wrote  it.  At  the 
expiration  of  his  term  as  Senator,  Judge  Wil- 
liams was  appointed  Attorney-General  of  the 
United  States  by  President  Grant.  In  this 
capacity  he  had  to  meet  the  responsibility  of 
forcing  law  and  order  by  civil  remedies,  proved 
himself  a  keen,  resourceful,  and  logical  ad- 
viser and  demonstrated  the  highest  qualities 
of  statesmanship.  His  record  in  the  cabinet 
was  an  honor  to  his  state  and  to  himself.  He 
brought  the  same  thoughtful  attention  to  all 
important  questions  brought  to  him,  evinced 
great  dignity  and  tact  in  solving  the  intri- 
cate questions  and  various  conflicts  arising 
from  the  War,  including  the  Ku-Klux-Klan, 
the  two  governments  in  Louisiana,  Alabama, 
and  Arkansas,  controversies  which  he  decided 
in  favor  of  the  Republicans  in  Louisiana,  of 
the  Democrats  in  Arkansas,  and  by  a  compro- 
mise in  Alabama.  In  1874  the  name  of 
Judge  Williams  was  presented  by  General 
Grant  to  the  Senate  as  successor  to  Salmon 
P.  Chase,  Chief  Justice  of  the  United  States. 
But  great  opposition  to  his  confirmation  ex- 
isted, due  to  his  partisanship  in  the  Recon- 
struction work;  social  antagonism  to  his  sec- 
ond wife,  who  was  supposed  to  be  ambitious 
to  become  a  Washington  society  leader;  and 
opposition  even  in  Oregon,  because  he  had 
naturally  failed  to  please  everyone.  Much  to 
the  regret  of  President  Grant,  who  was  hia 
warm  friend  and  admirer,  he  withdrew  his 
name  in  the  interest  of  harmony.  In  1881  he 
returned  to  Portland,  and  resumed  the  prac- 
tice of  law.  Judge  Williams  was  the  first  to 
outline,  through  the  Washington  "  Star,"  the 
policy  ultimately  adopted  by  Congress  for  the 
adjustment  of  the  historical  presidential  con- 
tests of  1876.  The  essential  features  of  the 
famous  Electoral  Committee  Act,  under  which 
Gen.  Rutherford  B.  Hayes  was  made  President, 
were  embodied  in  an  article  which  he  sent 
to  the  "  Star,"  and  the  credit  for  the  plan 
outlined,  and  soon  afterw^ard  adopted,  is  con- 
ceded to  belong  to  him.  On  his  return  to 
Oregon,  Judge  Williams  became  the  head  of  the 
law  firm  of  Williams,  Durham  and  Thompson. 
In  1887  he  dissolved  this  partnership,  and  be- 
came connected  with  the  firm  of  Williams,  Ach 
and  Wood,  later  Williams,  Wood  and  Linthi- 
cum,  in  which  association  he  continued  until 
his  death.  In  1902,  at  an  advanced  age,  he 
was  elected  mayor  of  Portland  and  served  two 
terms.  The  following  personal  tribute  was 
included  in  the  resolution  adopted  by  the 
circuit  court  of  Oregon  on  the  occasion  of  his 
death :  "  In  all  that  he  did  Judge  Williams 
was  clear-sighted  with  that  vision  called  com- 
mon sense.  He  was  full  of  the  spirit  of  jus- 
tice. As  a  judge  he  was  calm,  impersonal  and 
impartial,  sensible,  passionless,  and  just.  As 
a   lawyer,   he   was   forceful,   eloquent,    sincere, 


1 


386 


GOODWIN 


GOODWIN 


,  „„  :  _  Ai,  the  justice  of  a  m. 

ob8cus«d  from  him  by  technical 
learned  in  the  law,  but  his  r   : 
calm   good    sense.     The  t» 
with  him  an  appewl   i.^  t> 
No  one  who  had  ' 
impressive    earnr 
dressed  a  jtit"^ 
eloquence,  b' 

Ec 
an 


Ur 

pop   ...,    ..,. 
mul'  itude. 
tion,    either 
would   rather  yi 
engage  in  hoati^ 
of  a  simple 
he  had  a  v 
cence  ]v.>' 
trustee 


■u  all  . 

\Q   COl 

'is  \v 


brother    Francis    under 

and  F.  Goodwin  for  the 

♦he  management  of  hi« 

•>rivate  affairs ; 


fi( 


hi^  death 
Connect- 
.  the  Con- 

apany,  tlv; 
the   Erie 


>rganizai  •• 
?tions  he 


••>  ■.  riuR  ol  Jaar-.  -ud  i.xicy   '.vi'-rgan) 

His   family   had   been   resident    in 

d    since    its   settlement.      His    earliest 

ai  ancestor,  Ozias  Goodwin,  emigrated 

.ngland  on  the  ship  "Lion,"  which  ar- 

'd  in  Boston  on  12  Sept.,  1632,  and  shortly 

^nrnr-!    r'^moved   to   Hartford.      His   fath^^r 

the  Connecticut  Mutual  lAfi: 


:  m-tii   Vj.>   ttie  cum 

-    ,  r  its  literary  institu- 

..-,  ov,  L-3  miur   (o  iiiti  timely  and  generous 

la.      Mr.    Goodwin   was    a   member    of    the 

>  olonel    Jeremiah   Wadsworth   Branch   of   tho 

Sons  of  the  Revolution,  the  Society  of  Colon ia! 

Wars  in   Connecticut,   of  which  he   was   on-'. 

president,  and  the  Sons  of  the  Revf^.lntion  iu 

New  York.    He  was  a  member  of  the  Hartford 

Club,  and  in  New  York  of  the  twenty ry.  Al^itro- 

politan,   Union,  City  snd  Chnr^-h  Clubs.     The 


hoa<  r«iry  6*gry 


of  l.LiJ.  w;ii  eonferrod   \r 
C^'ilc;^:,    Hartford.    ;►      *' 

.ooinitmioanc    o* 
as    junior    w.'firii*- 

■■■    '   -   w 


i  ya.fly  (;Spen<:cTi 
;niu8  Spencer  Morg;   •. 
»She  was  a  descendant  of  i  ap 
of  Bristol,  England,  who  arr'iv- 
'>ril,  1636.     James  J.  Goodwin    tus  r  ;Jv-.'>     2    lu 

private  schools  and  at  the  Hartford  h!;L^h    acii^r 
s'Tiool.     After  a  brief  business  e.-^^perience  at 
Hartford  bo  went  abroad  for  travel  and  study, 
"nd,    upon    his    return    in    18.39,    entered    the 

jBe  of  Williirm  A.  Sale  and  Company,  East 

■  lia  and  Dirtu  «hir>ning  mf-rchants  in  New 
■•k.  In  1800  h«'  b«;came  a  yartapr  \vlr.h  his 
isin,  the  late  .1.  Pierpont  Morgan,  who  was 

■  American  rppre6ent.Mtivo  of  George  Pea- 
ly  and  Company  of  Li>ri(h>ts,  England.  In 
i)4  the  firm  (»f  Dabncy.  Morgjm  and  Com- 
..y  was  forrru'd  ir>  w>)i('h  h.-  "n<',rm.-d  to  be 
I'artner  until  '*ev^'T»   •.••-.••  '        h«>  re- 

■d,  t.ho  businCMn  itiivni}/   ,  .  th. 

I  of   Drcxel,    Vb>rjj;;iri  ;■  '  aer 

^as  a«snoiated  -.vilb   i'l  v,  the 

u<;y  of  the  Coiiiu><;l  i.-u  'C"»ir- 

■^  Company  in  the  .i!.>  ■  |kju 

death  of  kin  father,  ii;  kiIo    piii*.  i( 


luty,   H  .;-  •     '.^   .>;-;..^  '.:      •. 

sclliy!)  <u  -spirit  atid  lil>'i.i!  ;ri  f 
b\)t  .sileiitiy,  and  often  hi  se-.T. 
oUeerful  in  bvaiiug;  tcn-.'-r  "i  ; 
ing.  All  who  knew  hi.n  .' . 
esteen).  nuil  those  wl  ..  .•?■ 
be  more  intimo.tely  wif^  "'  .i  ^ 
him.  He  was  i'w\>V''  '  >  • ;  ••  *" 
intfU'cstp,  'd',  ing  K^-  .i.^.f.; 
iloctrine  ivnd  f-r-v  ".■  •■  \-  ur 
tiiat    oonf^'»n:.x    f,   ,  ;    •■  f        ! 

virtu'^a    thi\         '   .       '    fii-    i    • 
sincpr>    I>-  ■  •!  '"•   ■  •• 

hi-'''     -  ..." 


•f  r 


CODY 


CODY 


Richard  Lippincott,  a  resident  of  Massachu- 
setta  in  1040,  and  in  1665  one  of  the  patentees 
of  the  first  English  settlement  in  New  Jersey. 
He  was  survived  by  his  wife  and  three  sons, 
Walter  L.  Goodwin,  James  L.  Goodwin,  and 
l^hilip  L.  Goodwin,  and  by  one  brother,  the 
Kev.   Dr.   Francis  Goodwin. 

CODY,  William  Frederick  ("  Buffalo  Bill"), 
scout,    guide,    and    Indian    fighter,    b.    Scott 
County,  la.,  25  Feb.,  1845;  d.  in  Denver,  Colo., 
10  Jan.,   1917,  son  of  Isaac  and  Mary  Cody. 
He     was     a     reputed     lineal     descendant     of 
Milesimo,   King  of   Spain,   whose   three   sons, 
Heber,    Heremon,    and    Ir,    founded    the    first 
dynasty  in  Ireland,  about  the  beginning  of  the 
Christian  era.     His  father,  one  of  the  strong 
men,   with   ever   expanding   vision,   who   made 
good  the  promises  of  the  Golden  West,  lived 
in  a  log  cabin  and  raised  cattle  in  Iowa  until 
about  the  time  William  Frederick  was  born. 
The  California  gold  fever  then  seized  him,  and, 
with    his    family,    he    made    his    way    beyond 
the  Rockies,  but  was  compelled  to  return  for 
lack  of  means  to  go  on.     He  never  was  satis- 
fied  to   remain   in   Iowa   after   that,   however, 
and    when    his    boy    was   fourteen    the    family 
moved  to  Salt  Creek  Valley,  Kan.,  five  miles 
west   of    the   spot    whereon    Leavenworth   now 
stands.     Taking  an  immediate  and  prominent 
part  in  public  affairs,  he  was  one  of  the  com- 
pany that   laid  out  the  city  of  Leavenworth, 
and    was    its    representative    in    the    first    Le- 
compton  legislature.    Bitterly  opposed  to  negro 
slavery    and    utterly    fearless,    he    maintained 
his  principles  when  firearms  and  knives  were 
common  arguments.     One  night,  at  a  political 
meeting  where  he  had  denounced  slavery  and 
slaveholders  with  characteristic  vehemence,  he 
was     stabbed     and     taken     home     desperately 
wounded.     He  died  in  1857.     His  mother,  who 
though  she  had  been  a  quiet  city  girl,  living 
in  Philadelphia  until  her  marriage,  was  like 
most  pioneers'  wives,  self-reliant  and  brave  in 
emergency.      She    established    an    inn    in    Salt 
Creek     Valley,     called     "  The     Valley     Grove 
House,"  to  maintain  a  home  for  her  two  little 
daughters.      Her    son,    William   Frederick,   al- 
though only  twelve  years  of  age,  took  care  of 
himself.      He    obtained    employment    with    the 
firm    of    Russell,    Majors    and    Waddell,    who 
were    engaged    in    carrying    stores    across    the 
plains    for    the    United    States    fort,    and    his 
duties    took    him    at    various   times    to    every 
military  fort  and  post  west  of  the  Missouri 
River.     Those  were  wild  days  on  the  Western 
plains,    and    marauding    Indians    perpetually 
made   trouble.     It   was  at  the   age  of   fifteen 
that  young  Cody  killed  his  first  redskin.     He 
was  with  a  wagon  train  in  charge  of  Bill  and 
Frank   McCarthy,   famous  plainsmen   in   their 
day,  hurrying  provisions  to  a  detachment  of 
U.  S.  troops,  under  Gen.  Albert  Sidney  John- 
ston, against  the  Mormons.    Camp  was  pitched 
at  noon  near  the  South  Platte,  some  350  miles 
west  of  Leavenworth.     WHiile  the  little  party 
were  all  stretched  out  for  a  siesta  they  w^ere 
suddenly    surrounded   by    a    band    of   Indians. 
Four  of  the  white  men  fell  at  the  first  volley 
and  the  horses  were  stampeded.     Outnumbered 
four  to  one,  the  frontiersmen  fled.     The  boy 
took   shelter   in  brush   along  the   river,   when 
he  saw  an  Indian  aiming  a  rifle  at  him  from 
the  top  of  the  bank.     W^illiam  Frederick  was 
a  dead  shot  even  at  that  early  age.     His  re- 


volver spoke  before  the  rifle,  and     the  Indian 
came  tumbling  headlong  down  the  bank.     Cody 
had  shot  him  through  the  left  eye.     This  was 
the  first  Indian  he  sent  to  the  happy  hunting- 
grounds,  but  he  dispatched  a  great  many  after 
that.      His   most   dramatic   encounter    of   this 
kind  was  in  the  Sioux  uprising  in  1876.     He 
was  then  chief  of  scouts  with  General  Crook's 
command,  and  they  had  come  up  with  a  large 
body  of  Indians  at  Bonnett  Creek.    Both  sides 
were     hidden     behind    rocks    and     shrubbery. 
Suddenly  an  Indian,  in  the  full  panoply  of  a 
chief,  rode  out  into  the  open,  shouting  in  the 
Cheyenne   tongue   "  I   know   you.     Pa-he-hask 
(Long  Hair)  !     Come  out  and  fight  me  if  you 
dare!  "      Cody    recognized    the    challenger    as 
Yellow    Hand,   a    chief   whom    his   people   re- 
garded as  invincible,  and  as  the  Indians  all 
called  Cody  "  Long  Hair,"  he  spurred  forward 
to  combat  before  General  Crook  could  stop  him. 
He   dropped   the    chief's    horse    with   his   first 
shot;   but  at  the  same  instant  his  own  horse 
stepped  in  a  hole  and  went  down,  rider  and 
all.      Cody   and   Yellow   Hand    were   on    their 
feet    simultaneously,    and   the    Indian   whirled 
his  tomahawk  at  the  scout's  head.     But  Cody 
was  too  quick  for  him.     Lightly  side-stepping, 
he   grasped   his   red   foe's   wrist   so   that   the 
tomahawk  fell  to  the  ground,  and  at  the  same 
moment   Cody's   hunting-knife   was   in   Yellow 
Hand's  heart.     This  fight  with  Yellow  Hand 
was  in  his  maturer  days.     He  had  had  a  long 
and    varied    career    before    that,    throughout 
which    he    proved    again    and    again    that    his 
courage  was  of  the  kind  that  has  always  made 
the   true   frontiersman   famous.     In    1861    his 
mother  died,  just  as  the  Civil  War  broke  out. 
After   going  home   and  making  arrangements 
to  care  for  his  two  sisters,  he  enlisted  as  a 
scout  in  the  Seventh  Kansas  Cavalry.     Within 
a  year  he  was  appointed  chief  of  scouts  under 
General  Curtis,  with  headquarters  in  St.  Louis. 
He   served   with   his   regiment   to   the   end   of 
the   war.      At   the   close   of   the   war   he   con- 
ducted, for  a  short  time,  a  hotel   in  Leaven- 
worth, Kan.     It  was  called  the  "  Golden  Rule." 
It  was  in  St.  Louis  that  the  young  scout  won 
his  wife.     Riding  through  the  streets  one  day, 
he  saw  a  group  of  drunken  soldiers  annoying 
some  schoolgirls.     In  a  flash  Cody  was  off  his 
horse  and  striking  out  right  and  left  at  the 
men.     W^hen  he  had  driven  them  off,  he  found 
one   young  girl   too   frightened   to   run   away. 
She    was    Louisa    Frederici,    daughter    of    a 
French   exile,   and   remarkably   pretty.      Cody 
took  her  home  that  day,  and  after  the  war  they 
were  married.     It  was  now  that  he  won  the 
appellation    of    "  Buffalo    Bill,"    a    name    by 
which  he  was,  and  perhaps  always  will  be,  bet- 
ter known  than  as  William  F.  Cody.    The  firm 
of  Shoemaker,  Miller  and  Company,  which  was 
building  the  Kansas  Pacific  Railroad,  made  a 
contract  with  him  by  the  terms  of  w^hich  he 
was  to  keep  their  laborers  supplied  with  buffalo 
meat.     He  was  to  be  paid  $500.00  a  month. 
Buffalo    roamed    the    plains    by    hundreds    of 
thousands  at  that  period.     In  eighteen  months 
Cody  killed  4,280  of  them.     He  became  "  Buf- 
falo Bill  "  to  everybody,  and  there  were  thou- 
sands of  persons  who  did  not  know  him  by  any 
other   name.     In   the   spring  of    1868   he   was 
appointed  by  General  Sheridan  chief  of  scouts 
for  the  department  of  the  Missouri  and  the 
Platte,  and  was  scout  and  guide  for  the  Fifth 


388 


CODY 


CODY 


Cavalry  against  the  Sioux  and  Cheyennes.  He 
served  with  the  Canadian  River  expedition  in 
1868  and  1869,  and  continued  to  act  as  a  scout 
until  1872,  making  his  headquarters  at  Fort 
McPherson,  Neb.  His  popularity  brought  him 
political  recognition.  He  was  elected  represen- 
tative from  the  Twenty-sixth  District  of  Ne- 
braska in  the  State  legislature,  and  was  instru- 
mental in  carrying  through  much  important 
legislation  during  his  term.  In  this  same 
year,  1872,  he  acted  as  guide  for  the  Grand 
Duke  Alexis  of  Russia,  on  a  buffalo  hunt. 
The  hunt  was  much  talked  of  at  the  time, 
and  "  Buffalo  Bill's "  fame  as  a  hunter  and 
Indian  fighter  was  so  great  that  many  promi- 
nent men  from  the  East  went  West  to  see 
him  slay  buffalo  with  the  Grand  Duke.  Among 
them  were  James  Gorden  Bennett,  Anson 
Stager,  and  J.  G.  Hecksher.  In  return  they 
invited  him  to  New  York,  where  he  saw  a 
play  for  the  first  time.  It  was  a  drama  by 
E.  A.  C.  Judson,  whose  pen  name  was  "Ned 
Buntline,"  entitled  "  Buffalo  Bill,  the  King  of 
the  Border  Men."  The  manager  of  the  theater 
offered  Cody  $500.00  a  week  to  walk  on  the 
stage  and  show  himself,  but  he  declined.  The 
Grand  Duke  Alexis  presented  him,  among  other 
rcM^ards,  with  a  scarf  pin  of  precious  stones, 
as  a  souvenir  of  their  hunting  expedition. 
Soon  after  the  Grand  Duke's  buffalo  hunt 
Cody  made  his  theatrical  debut  in  a  stage 
play,  called  "  The  Scouts  of  the  Plains," 
written  for  him  by  "  Ned  Buntline."  It  was 
successful,  but  it  seemed  to  Cody  that  a 
theater  was  too  circumscribed  a  field  on  which 
to  display  the  specimen  life  of  the  plains. 
After  some  consideration  he  conceived  the 
idea  of  a  great  exhibition  to  be  given  in  an 
arena  of  suitable  dimensions,  in  which  he 
could  show  what  cowboys,  scouts,  soldiers, 
and  Indians  really  did  in  the  practically 
boundless  territory  on  the  sunset  side  of  the 
Rockies.  He  took  counsel  of  Nate  Salisbury, 
a  popular  comedian  of  that  day,  and  the  two 
entered  into  partnership  to  produce  a  "  Wild 
West  Show  "  that  should  be  at  once  accurate 
and  illuminative.  Salisbury  had  been  success- 
ful for  years  as  the  head  of  a  company  of 
actors  and  singers,  which  he  called  "  Salis- 
bury's Troubadours,"  and  which  gave  a  light 
musical  entertainment  of  a  kind  much  in 
vogue  at  that  period.  Salisbury,  a  shrewd  and 
experienced  showman,  took  charge  of  the  busi- 
ness organization,  while  Cody  undertook  to 
procure  the  plainsmen,  cowboys,  Indians,  and 
horses  required,  and  to  drill  them  in  the  work 
they  were  to  do.  He  had  no  difficulty  in  en- 
gaging all  the  white  men  he  needed,  because 
his  popularity  was  so  great  that  practically 
every  man  in  the  West  who  could  ride  a 
broncho,  throw  a  lariat,  and  pull  a  trigger 
effectively  was  anxious  to  join  his  company. 
It  was  not  so  easy  to  procure  Indians.  They 
were  mostly  on  reservations,  and  as  wards  of 
the  government  could  not  be  removed  there- 
from without  special  permission  from  Wash- 
ington. The  Indians  themselves  were  willing 
to  go.  Notwithstanding  that  Cody,  in  the  line 
of  his  duty,  had  slain  many  of  their  people  in 
battle,  they  respected  and  loved  him  with 
dog-like  fidelity,  and  always  their  reverence 
for  the  famous  scout  was  one  of  the  touch- 
ing proofs  of  their  appreciation  of  his  true 
manhood.     There   were  negotiations  with  the 


government  that  took  some  time,  but  Cody's 
reputation  for  straightforward  dealing,  to- 
gether with  his  thorough  understanding  of 
Indian  nature,  smoothed  the  path  for  him, 
and  in  due  course  he  had  a  large  band  of  In- 
dians, of  several  tribes — many  of  them  war- 
riors who  had  sought  his  scalp  in  the  turbu- 
lent days  of  the  past — and  was  instructing 
them  with  his  white  performers.  He  gave  a 
receipt  for  them  to  the  United  States  authori- 
ties, and  in  all  the  years  the  show  lasted  he 
was  held  to  strict  accountability  for  their 
safety  and  well-being.  The  Wild  West  Show 
was  organized  in  the  "  Scouts'  Rest  Ranch," 
near  Omaha,  Neb.,  and  on  17  May,  1883,  the 
first  performance  was  given  in  that  city.  It 
became  an  instant  success,  and  continued  as 
such  for  thirty  years.  Cody  retired  from  it 
in  Richmond,  Va.,  1  Nov.,  1911,  and  in  1913 
it  went  into  the  hands  of  a  receiver.  In  1887 
the  show  went  to  London,  England,  where  it 
appeared  at  Earl's  Court,  in  connection  with 
the  American  Exhibition  or  "  Yankeries,"  as 
it  was  called.  The  Cody  and  Salisbury  Wild 
West  was  the  only  thing  that  saved  the  Ameri- 
can Exhibition  from  complete  failure.  The 
show  became  the  rage  in  London.  Queen 
Victoria  witnessed  the  performance  and  the 
Prince  of  Wales,  afterward  King  Edward  VII, 
went  frequently.  On  one  occasion  he  ex- 
pressed a  desire  to  ride  around  the  ring  in  the 
old  Deadwood  stagecoach,  the  mimic  Indian 
attack  on  which  was  one  of  the  picturesque 
features  of  the  entertainment.  The  Prince  sat 
on  the  box  by  the  side  of  Cody,  who  drove 
the  six  half-broken  horses,  while  inside  were 
four  passengers.  They  were  the  King  of  Den- 
mark, the  King  of  Saxony,  the  King  of  Greece, 
and  the  Crown  Prince  of  Austria.  Afterward 
the  Wild  West  was  given  successfully  in 
France,  Italy,  Austria,  Germany,  and  Belgium. 
It  was  in  1883  that  William  F.  Cody  started 
a  large  cattle  ranch  at  North  Platte,  Neb., 
in  partnership  with  Major  Frank  North,  chief 
of  the  Pawnee  scouts,  and  he  retained  an 
interest  in  the  property  up  to  the  time  of  his 
death.  In  1895  he  began  the  development  of 
land  in  the  Wyoming  Valley  by  irrigation, 
and  so  successful  was  he  that  the  town  of 
Cody,  which  he  founded,  soon  had  a  popula- 
tion of  more  than  5,000.  Later  he  established 
one  of  the  largest  ranches  in  the  State  of 
W^yoming.  It  was  in  Big  Horn  County,  in 
the  Wyoming  Valley.  Toward  the  close  of  his 
life  it  w^as  his  custom  to  pass  several  months 
there  every  year.  Countless  deeds  of  valor  are 
related  of  "  The  Old  Scout "  as  he  was  affec- 
tionately called  in  the  West.  When  the  Sioux 
Indians  went  on  the  warpath  in  1890  and  1891, 
he  was  placed  at  the  head  of  the  Nebraska 
National  Guard,  with  headquarters  at  Pine 
Ridge  Agency.  He  fought  the  battle  of 
Wounded  Knee.  One  of  the  dramatic  periods 
of  his  life  was  when,  as  a  young  man,  ho  be- 
came a  "  pony  express  "  -rider  in  the  ovorland 
service  between  St.  Joseph,  Mo.,  and  San 
Francisco.  This  was  work  that  required  un- 
usual courage,  as  well  as  intelligence  and  en- 
durance of  a  high  order.  Tlie  stations  for 
changing  horses  wore  fifleon  miles  npnrt,  and 
the  route  led  Ihrongh  a  wild  and  uni)r()locted 
country,  infested  with  hostile  Indians.  The 
"  pony  express  "  man  always  rode  as  light  as 
possible,   carrying  no  weapon   but  a   revolver. 


389 


FRENCH 


FRENCH 


The  orders  were  to  avoid  a  fight  whenever  it 
could  be  done  by  riding  hard,  and  to  "  deliver 
the  mail."  <>n  an  average  four  of  theae  in- 
trepid young  men  were  killed  by  Indians  every 
month  \N  hile  on  this  service  he  was  once  at- 
tacked in  a  lonely  canyon  by  two  road  agents. 
He  killed  them  both,  and  in  a  matter-of-fact 
way  delivered  his  mail  to  the  next  relay.  It 
was  "all  in  the  day's  work."  William  F. 
Cody  was  generally  known  as  "  Colonel  "  Cody 
when  his  own  name  was  used  instead  of  his 
sobriijuet  "  liullalo  Hill."  He  gained  his  mili- 
tary title  as  an  aid  on  the  staff  of  the  governor 
of  Nebraska  for  many  years.  He  held  a  com- 
mission as  brigadier-general  in  the  National 
Guard  of  that  State.  Colonel  Cody  died  at 
the  home  of  his  sister,  Mrs.  L.  E.  Decker,  in 
Denver,  Colo.  His  body  lay  in  state  in  the 
capitol  in  Denver,  and  was  viewed  by  thou- 
sands of  people,  including  Indians  and  former 
scouts.  Afterward  it  was  placed  in  a  rock- 
hewn  vault  on  the  summit  of  Lookout  Moun- 
tain,  near   Denver. 

FRENCH,  George  Watson,  manufacturer,  b. 
in  Davenport,  la.,  27  Oct ,  1858,  son  of  George 
Henry  and  Francis  Wood  (Morton)  French. 
His  father  was  a 
manufacturer  of 
agricultural  im- 
plements and  one 
of  Iowa's  most 
prominent  citizens. 
He  was  one  of  the 
organizers  and 

the  second  presi- 
dent of  the  First 
National  Bank  of 
Davenport  and 

was  three  times 
elected  mayor  of 
that  city.  On  the 
outbreak  of  the 
Civil  War  he  en- 
tered the  service 
as  a  member  of 
Gov.  Kirkwood's 
staff,  and  was 
one  of  the  first  of  the  men  who  pledged  their 
private  fortunes  to  enable  the  governor  to 
equip  and  transport  the  first  levies  of  Iowa 
troops.  George  Henry  French  attended  Phil- 
lips Academj',  Andover,  Mass.,  preparatory  to 
a  course  at  Harvard  University.  His  inclina- 
tions, however,  led  him  to  prefer  a  business  to 
a  professional  or  scholastic  career,  and  con- 
trary to  his  father's  strong  wish,  he  refused 
to  matriculate  at  Harvard,  going  instead  into 
his  father's  mills.  He  entered  the  employ  of 
the  Eagle  Manufacturing  Comjiany,  later  the 
Bettendorf  Wheel  Company,  now  French  and 
Hecht,  in  1877,  as  a  day  laborer,  and  by  his 
own  efforts  worked  his  way  gradually  through 
the  various  positions  of  skilled  mechanic,  ship- 
ping-clerk, and  manager,  to  that  of  j^resident 
of  the  company.  It  is  largely  due  to  his 
native  business  genius,  supplemented  by  these 
years  of  laborious  apprenticeship  in  the  various 
departments  of  the  mills,  that  the  firm  of 
French  and  Hecht,  manufacturers  of  metal 
wheels  for  farm  implements,  has  grown  to  be 
one  of  the  most  considerable  of  its  kind  in 
the  country.  Aside  from  his  manufacturing 
concern  Mr.  French  has  become  interested  in 
a     number     of     other     important     enterprises. 


•^/.  ^cC^  t^n>ouX^ 


among  them  the  Republic  Iron  and  Steel 
Company,  of  which  he  was  one  of  the  or- 
ganizers in  1899.  Since  them  he  has  been 
a  director  of  this  organization  and  for  four 
years  was  chairman  of  its  board  of  directors. 
He  inherited  a  taste  for  military  life  and 
early  in  his  career  identified  himself  with 
the  Iowa  State  National  Guards,  in  which 
he  holds  a  prominent  place,  having  served  on 
the  staff  of  the  lieutenant-governor  of  the 
State  for  several  years.  Chief  among  his 
many  interests,  however,  is  that  of  scientific 
farming.  His  model  farm  known  as  the 
"  lowana  Farms,"  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful 
and  complete  in  the  country.  Here  he  raises 
fine  stock,  cows,  pigs  and  chickens.  The 
equipment  of  the  farm  throughout  is  the  most 
perfect  and  sanitary  that  could  be  devised. 
The  silos,  farm  buildings,  and  residences  of 
the  owner  and  manager  are  constructed  of 
stone,  cement,  and  steel;  lighting  and  motor- 
power  are  generated  by  electricity;  and  a  cele- 
brated surgeon  remarked  of  the  swine  raised 
on  this  farm,  "  I  have  seen  a  farm  where  the 
pig-pens  are  as  clean  as  a  hospital."  In 
connection  with  his  farming  Mr.  French  has 
been  interested  in  many  experiments  in  the 
cure  of  diseases  of  cattle,  hogs,  etc.,  and  has 
been  the  discoverer  of  some  valuable  remedies 
and  cures.  At  the  Chicago  Prize  Stock  Show, 
the  "  foot  and  mouth "  disease  broke  out 
among  the  cattle  on  exhibition,  with  Wilbur 
F.  Marsh  and  some  others,  he  was  able  to 
save  the  flower  of  Western  cattle,  and  to 
show  once  for  all,  that  the  ravages  of  this 
particular  cattle  scourge  could  be  ended.  He 
has  spent  much  time  and  capital  in  experi- 
ments dealing  with  the  prevention  and  cure 
of  cholera  among  hogs,  and  came  to  believe 
so  thoroughly  in  the  "  simultaneous  serum " 
treatment  for  that  disease,  that  after  vaccinat- 
ing his  prize  Berkshires  with  the  serum  he 
allowed  them  to  run  with  cholera  herds  to 
prove  the  immunity  secured  by  vaccination. 
In  justification  of  his  belief,  not  one  case  of 
cholera  occurred  among  the  exposed  pigs. 
Colonel  French  is  known  throughout  his  State 
as  a  citizen  worthy  of  all  honor  and  distinc- 
tion. An  able  business  man,  a  public-spirited 
and  upright  citizen  he  has  won  the  respect 
and  esteem  of  all  who  know  him.  Although 
his  prominence  in  the  community  has  brought 
him  many  offers  of  political  honors,  he  has 
never  sought  or  accepted  an  oflSce  of  any  kind. 
He  is,  however,  deeply  interested  in  the  cause 
of  good  government  and  legislation  and  has 
several  times  attended  the  National  Conven- 
tions of  his  party  as  a  delegate.  At  the  Demo- 
cratic National  Convention,  held  in  1896, 
Colonel  French  came  before  the  convention 
prominently  as  one  of  the  "  Gold  men  " ;  and 
was  an  influential  factor  in  securing  the  gold 
plank  in  the  party  platform.  He  was  also  a 
delegate  to  the  conventions  of  1900,  1904, 
1908,  and  1912.  Colonel  French  is  a  member 
of  the  Chicago  Club  of  Chicago;  the  Con- 
temporary and  Commercial  Clubs,  Davenport, 
and  the  Davenport  Academy  of  Science.  He 
is  fond  of  golf  and  fishing,  and  a  bridge 
whist  player  of  unusual  skill.  He  married 
Clara  Virginia  Decker,  daughter  of  William 
Henry  Decker,  of  Davenport,  la.  After  her 
death,  Avhich  occurred  in  December,  1908,  he 
married  Anna  Elizabeth  Decker.     He  has  one 


390 


!  ..4i 


.M.| 


mV; 


FRENCH 


RISER 


son,    George    Decker    French,    who    loiurfied 
Dorothy  Fischer,  in   1909. 

FRENCH,    Nathaniel,    lawyer    bvA    mnnu- 


faoturer,  1>.  in  Andover,  Mass 
riOD  of  George  Henry  and  France 
ton)    French.     He  attended   Grid 
Davenport,  la.,  where  he  was  g< 

in    is;.>, 


i 


ci4, 

■or- 

.  U 

^  :.ier 
epeeial 
Heidel 


Pz.f.J^  f^<^-^^ 


purs-ued  a 
course  in 
IxTg  University. 

He     completed     the 
coiirge   at   the    Har- 
vard    Law      School 
in    1876-,    and    then 
removing  to  Peoria, 
111.,    began    practice 
in  the  officp  of  Co! 
Robert  G.  Ingerstdl  j 
Later    he    return*  d  | 
to    Iowa,    wbtTi?,    J  IS  i 
188JS,   hi"   w*ft  mMii>'  I 
judge  of  .th*'  !'^r»tiif  ' 
court,       a>i 
wbifh  Iw  h^^ 


Ui- 


iMvenpoft,     U        lli 

'  nt  of  thv   Betten 

of   Davenport,  a 

- .;;-  -x     ....civ  engaged  in  the 

•^   metal   wheeLs,   and   which,   in 

._.    oeded  by  the  firm  of  French  and 

t.     Judge  French  has  always  been  keenly, 

'  ftr-n  actively,  interested  in  politics.     He 

St  advocate  of  the  "Gold  Plat- 

tbe    »^'r*'r*idPTitial    campaign    of 

o.t*^d  of  Iowa  and 

n.*e,    ftr   th**   gold 

•    i^'yiiy,  be^iues  »'oi(i- 

•    expensetj  of  the  oam- 

r--'^r  : .    .J    have  obtained   prac- 

tklUiy  any  politieal  oJticf  in  the  gift  of  his 
party,  he  steadily  refusiod  any  piilitsoal  honor 
or  reward  With  a  ?<imtl:ir  det'otion  to  prin- 
ciples of  honesty  nnd  integrity,  Judgp  FnM>"h 
was  active  in  the  tight  of  xM*^  T!}ir,ar:ty  »»t?K'k 
holders  of  the  Kock  Islaj'ti  Ki*ih'iwy  in  H>i3. 
and  in  recognition  of  bin  /ibility  and  h^'  im- 
portant services  whicli  he  rendered,  wns 
elected  director  of  that  railC'iad  at  the  Ptock 
holdera'  annual  meeting  held  in  Chicago. 
Judge  French  enjoys  the  admiration  and  re- 
spect of  all  \^ho  know  him  bef-anse  of  his 
fine  scholafiship  and  lovithie  persoiial  traits. 
He  is  a  (juick  thinkor,  and.  as  a  })u'(lic 
•peaker.  iB  noUsl  t'or  chirity  and  elr-gan<^c  of 
dictnon.  Among  social  and  acivb.-mir  bodi^n 
he  is  a  iiii'mb^'r  <>f  Uk'  CoMlm-porary  Club  of 
Davenport,  tho  rnivor.-ily  '''Inb  <»f'  Cliicago 
and  the  Davcnp.  rt  .Vcr-don...  o(  S.  ienee.  )b' 
\n  also  a  member  of  ih.  Ai;i';i  un  .^<'uricn!''  of 
Political  and  So*'".!''  "i.  *r- ,  I'hDn'kij'Isia ; 
Academy  o{  i'oliticil  i^' l-'u---^,  «'.'<• -'unbir.  (■!>{- 
versity;  T<.wa  HisM,«.ri';ii  .(.ric'y;  »n,i  <»f  tin* 
Navy  Leaguif  of  the  VriiiC'!  -Im.-a  in  mK:< 
he  married  Marian  M.'wut:-  >afTy  IvidrrdL'.  , 
daughter  of   Henry   Fddr.-tlj..,'       ,'    HiKghanit-oi. 


K.  y.  There  are  two  daughters,  Frances  llary 
and  Grac**  Hamilton  French,  the  latter  the 
vvife  of  Harry  F.   Kvans. 

KISEK,  John  William,  capitalist  and  manu- 
facturer, v,tt-»  boru  at  Si  Paris,  Ohio,  20  June, 
1S57.  the  84>R  ff  George  Rib?y  and  Margaret 
Ellen  (McVey  >  K.iser  His  father  was  a  farmer 
and  stock  raiser,  and  accumulated  over  1,000 
acrf\s  of  rich  farru  lands  before  his  death. 
After  hJH  :/r<.'i.:r  u.ory  education  at  the  gram- 
mar and  vd«  ot  St.  Paris,  he  entered 
Wiitimb.  at  Sprinjrfield,  Ohio,  where 
he  war*  grudu<*:4Hd  B  A.,  in  188-4,  with  the  high- 
est hoiiur^  Aftrr  Ivaving  college,  he  had 
pianred  t  f  '  '>f  law.  but  condi- 
tions nui  id  in  1884  he  ac- 
cepted a  f- •  '■  <  '  ■!  any, 
la  rge  m>i  >  uk 
travf»li!«p,  .  ( 


■jumpiinj 
wikn  *»v'.dvpd  the  iJiflonarfh  Cycie  Murtbfai'tnring 
domprtny,  which  was  organixicd  by  Mr  Kiser  »n 
I8J**2  ivifh  a  capitalization  of  $5rM),000.  H 
«as  the  president  find  majority  stockijoldirr. 
He  6<'i/>'d  the  wonderful  opjioriunity  offered 
by  the  bicycle  and  made  this  concern  onv:!  of 
i.hi'  strongest  in  the  field.  C^ycling  in  the 
Cnited  States  began  lis  career  in  187*'  with  a 
small  display  of  foreign  bicycles  at  the  Cen- 
tennial Exhibition,  and  the  riding  of  two  or 
three  men  who  brought  over  bicycles  from. 
abroad  In  the  course  of  a  year  ponie  little 
interest  was  Hrou««e'J  in  the  nv^  vehicle,  which 
had  'iHTom*'  »:|iJ!ie  TKnxilbr  abroad,  and  axi 
agency  itj  Bajt>:fv>re,  Timir-'S  .iYn\  vonq>iM)y,  im- 
ported H.  number  of  wbeets  In  In" 7  at>  emi- 
nent y«nmg  lawvcr  of  Bost<^n  began  to  K^t'  his 
lost  health  on  one  of  ihe  ?teel  and  ri»i;rM  r 
steeds.  f;nd  he  became  the  pioneer  of  the  v,od- 
erti  bicycle  in  Massachnset's.  Othfr  r)acbine.-< 
were  at  once  v.antfHb  and  irt  N(rv>'mbi''>t  r'^77, 
a  rnnim'.dious  cyelc-ridir;g  rffVi-^ol  vj;8  uj  I'ed 
at  "22  Peari  Street,  Bostor:,  gr.irtc  a?*  ',i  .dT-^- 
r?)au  and  prcwperous  imnetu.s  to  the  xuv 
r^^k'V'^:*!  i  ;n.  Tlv  first  bicyde  club  ifi  vhis  ■•■'>>!?.- 
*TV  Hij>«  e.tiablr.died  in  t*  ston  'n  Feorui.- 
jsrs.  J:  ,v;iM  eallo.1  the  ijustcn  io. y  I.'  (  '  ■  v 
akid  itB  t?ecret.;iry  v  as  Frank  W  V\- .  ;  -r 
oloO  W8?i  editor  of  tt;.  \]f^-  <^  •  :  m-.i,  ■'■..  x  ; 
to  the   wheel.  "  T];c    \;.:  ■  •    :•   ..• 

nal.''  of  Boston      Tii    )-. 

IManiifjcHirinj,   ^■(^■•,  !..  •,  ,,;.(•'  \ 

P';[ic,     preside  lu.     h:.:  :      •i"'    "■.  •    ;■■       ■ 
rr-eycii'h   in   P.'iSM  r.    p;.i     «.'.v    rv    ii_\    >  .' 
devoted    <1um'':^  '•  .  .■    »■■     ']■     '^^       i  '  >  • 
f^rowing  iTniiv; '«       '."' ,    u.i-'i"    '■    ■-      •    • 
siion  t'-oi;  ■  .1,  M'  ■  ■     i-:;^'.-    ;  :■•■  ■    •     •..■•'''. 
!(nd    in    '•'■^•'    !!!'•    ■••■:•    .      ■  i        .       '■     • 
..Mijlv    I  y    n    f   .X     ••.r,'i      ;:,:■•*, 
K;  -"r      \"  .  :  ^  '.■  ■:        •■'-'      '-  -.' 

^"V-   ■-'■  ^''  ■'■"  ■■■'■'  •'■'•   '  '' " "   ■''    '•'■'     •■   ''■ 

jli,      ...li-  .  M>-    )s-,.:      ;.       tr^',.     -M  1       lie'       '■'':■    '  :  ■' 
UVV  •  I      \IV.'  '.I-  ■.'>     I..-'!   .        i     ■    •■  I  •'.■!>■     '  •       I.       ■  l.  ! 


RISER 


RISER 


ford,  Conn.,  and  Springfield,  Mass.,  respec- 
tively. They  attracted  wheelmen  from  all  over 
the  United  States,  besides  a  number  of  foreign 
riders.  Other  tournaments  have  been  held 
from  time  to  time,  and  interest  in  them  has 
always  been  maintained,  even  in  face  of  the 
avalanche  of  motor  cars  which  in  the  twentieth 
century  occupy  the  roads  everywhere.  When 
it  is  remembered  that,  in  one  form  or  another, 
mechanically  propelled  vehicles  of  various 
kinds  may  be  traced  back  to  1649,  it  is  not  to 
be  wondered  at  that  the  inventive  genius  of 
man  working  on  the  problem  for  250  years  and 
more  should  at  last  have  produced  a  machine 
as  nearly  perfect  as  anything  of  that  kind 
could  be.  Yet  as  late  as  1869  a  bicycle  with 
the  painfully  suggestive  name  of  a  "bone- 
shaker "  invented  in  France  was  the  best  that 
had  been  accomplished  up  to  that  time,  while 
the  "  ordinary  "  or  "  high  "  bicycle,  consisting 
of  one  very  large  wheel  in  front — over  which 
sat  the  venturesome  rider — and  a  very  small 
one  behind,  was  a  common  object  on  American 
roads  in  1885.  This  machine  was  possible  for 
young  and  active  men  and  even  they  were 
likely  to  take  a  "  header "  when  the  wheel 
struck  some  unexpected  obstruction  in  the  road. 
It  was  now  that  Mr.  Riser  and  other  manu- 
facturers set  themselves  seriously  to  devise  a 
bicycle  that  should  be  convenient,  comfortable, 
and  safe,  for  women  as  well  as  for  men.  The 
result  was  the  low,  "  safety  "  type  which  has 
never  been  materially  altered  since  first  it 
came  upon  the  market.  With  its  original  steel 
frame,  spring  saddle  and  pneumatic  tires,  it 
supplies  all  the  demands  of  cyclists,  both  for 
business  and  pleasure,  and  the  only  wonder  is 
that  it  was  not  invented  long  before.  In  1899 
Mr.  Riser  sold  the  Monarch  Cycle  Manufactur- 
ing Company  to  the  "  Bicycle  Trust,"  and  in 
so  doing  displayed  that  fine  judgment  which 
has  crowned  all  his  business  ventures  with 
such  phenomenal  success,  for  very  shortly  the 
crash  came.  He  saw  that  the  automobile  would 
soon  succeed  the  bicycle  in  popular  esteem  and 
so  conserved  his  resources  at  the  outset.  In 
1902  he  became  identified  with  the  Phoenix 
Horse  Shoe  Company,  becoming  its  president  in 
1907.  It  is  the  largest  company  of  its  kind 
in  the  world.  The  Phoenix  Company  had  al- 
r  ady  been  organized  by  Charles  W  Miller  and 
had  a  plant  at  Pough'keepsie,  N  Y.  On  Mr. 
Miller's  retirement  he  was  succeeded  by  his 
son,  Elishua  Miller.  When  Mr  Riser  entered 
the  company,  a  second  plant  was  built  at  Joliet, 
111.  The  company  is  now  capitalized  at 
$3,000,000  and  he  held  practically  all  the  stock. 
While  attaining  such  a  marked  success  in  the 
business  w^orld,  Mr.  Riser  did  not  forget  the 
town  in  which  he  was  born,  but  w^ent  to  St. 
Paris  often,  and  there  he  built  a  beautiful 
summer  home.  He  did  many  other  things  that 
have  made  St.  Paris  rejoice  that  the  boy  who 
went  forth  from  that  town  in  search  of  his 
fortune  succeeded  so  well.  One  of  his  favorite 
recreations  was  farming.  As  he  bought  many 
farms  in  Ohio,  his  friends  laughingly  said  that 
he  aspired  to  own  all  of  Ohio.  At  any  rate 
his  holdings  of  land  in  some  of  the  Ohio  coun- 
ties were  so  great  as  to  cause  him  to  be  de- 
scribed as  the  "  owner  of  counties  "  The  foun- 
dation on  which  rests  a  people's  personal 
rights  and  liberties  is  that  law  should  be 
supreme,    giving   to    every    individual    perfect 


justice  and  protection  from  unjust  oppression. 
This  necessarily  applies  to  religion,  business, 
and  politics.  Thus  declared  our  American 
forefathers,  and  it  is  the  making  and  uphold- 
ing of  such  a  document  that  America  has  be- 
come typical  of  human  endeavor  and  a  glo- 
rious freedom.  Thus  men  of  initiative,  men  of 
intellect  and  a  high  sense  of  justice  and  re- 
sponsibility, have  been  attracted  to  the  various 
business  professions,  where,  without  fear  of 
clan  or  caste,  they  could  work  out  their  own 
salvation  in  the  industrial  world.  The  great 
metropolis  of  Chicago  ofliers  a  wide  field  for 
men  of  push  and  perseverance,  and  a  unique 
example  among  those  who  had  overcome  and 
conquered  insurmountable  business  obstacles 
was  John  W.  Riser,  Sr.,  whose  name  today,  in 
the  Middle  West,  is  a  synonym  for  honest 
eflFort,  fair  play,  and  whole-hearted  loyalty. 
To  the  student  of  history,  Mr.  Riser's  career  is 
interesting  to  follow.  Coming  to  Chicago,  vir- 
tually penniless,  through  close  application  to 
business  and  many  self-sacrifices,  he  rose  to  the 
top  round  of  business  success  and  ranked  as 
one  of  the  representative  business  men  of  the 
twentieth  century.  He  was  a  tireless  worker 
and  never  permitted  amusements  or  social  af- 
fairs to  interfere  with  his  many  responsibili- 
ties. He  was  a  typical,  energetic,  self-made 
business  man  of  highest  ability,  and  has  set  a 
wonderful  example  to  young  men  of  the  pres- 
ent generation,  thus  demonstrating  that 
through  self-privations,  perseverance  and  stick- 
to-itiveness  one  can  succeed  and  be  able  to 
overcome  almost  any  business  difficulty.  Mr. 
Riser  had  an  unusual  personality  and  his  char- 
acteristics were  strongly  marked.  He  won  the 
instant  respect  of  all  with  whom  he  came  in 
contact  and  the  lasting  friendship  of  those  with 
whom  he  was  frequently  thrown.  His  rugged 
honesty  and  his  loyalty  in  every  relation  in 
life  were  traits  that  stood  out  boldly.  One 
of  his  most  conspicuous  traits  of  character  was 
affability.  If  he  ever  employed  a  hand  of 
iron,  it  was  always  incased  in  a  velvet  glove. 
Unusually  quick  in  reaching  decisions,  even 
upon  most  vital  questions,  his  manner  was  in- 
variably courteous,  one  might  say  almost  gen- 
tle. His  mind  seemed  to  be  able  to  accomplish 
its  tasks  without  generating  undue  heat,  and 
he  was  a  notable  example  of  practical  business 
efficiency,  totally  devoid  of  brusqueness.  In 
1902  Mr.  Riser  built  a  beautiful  home  at  3357 
Michigan  Avenue,  Chicago,  where  he  resided 
until  1912  when  he  made  his  home  in  New 
York  City.  When  in  Chicago  he  resided  tem- 
porarily at  the  Blackstone  Hotel,  but  his  per- 
manent home  after  1912  was  maintained  at 
the  Ritz  Carlton  Apartments  in  New  York 
City.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Union  League, 
Chicago  Athletic,  Mid-Day,  Glen  View,  South 
Shore  Country,  the  Historical  Society,  and  the 
Chicago  Golf  Clubs  of  Chicago;  the  Spring- 
field Country  Club  of  Springfield,  Ohio;  the 
Automobile  Club  of  America;  the  Blinkbrook 
Country  Club  and  the  Ohio  Society,  both  of 
New  York  City.  He  was  a  director  in  the 
First  National  Bank,  First  Trust  and  Savings 
Bank,  and  the  Miehle  Printing  Company,  all  of 
Chicago.  Politically  he  was  an  independent 
Democrat  His  favorite  recreations  are  golf, 
yachting,  and  tennis.  He  was  married  to  Miss 
Thirza  Wilhelmina  Furrow,  of  St.  Paris,  Ohio, 
18  Sept.,  1884,  and  two  children  were  born  of 


392 


GILBERT 


BABLER 


I 


this  marriage:  Furrow  John  Riser  (b.  1895; 
d.  1902)  and  John  William  Kiser,  Jr.  (Yale 
1915).  John  William  Kiser,  Jr.,  succeeds  his 
father  and  will  4io  doubt  carry  out  the  same 
policies  which  have  made  the  business  such  a 
leading  factor  in  its  special  line.  Although 
young  and  just  out  of  college,  he  has  shown 
great  business  capacity  and  will  in  all  prob- 
ability follow  the  lines  of  success  laid  out  by 
his  father. 

GILBERT,  Henry  Franklin  Belknap,  com- 
poser, b.  at  Somerville,  Mass.,  26  Sept.,  1868, 
the  son  of  Benjamin  Franklin  and  Therese 
Angeline  (Gilson)  Gilbert.  At  an  early  age 
he  taught  himself  to  play  the  violin,  his  first 
instrument  being  made  by  his  grandfather 
from  a  shingle  and  a  cigar  box.  He  afterward 
studied  the  violin  for  several  years  with  Emil 
Mollenhauer.  He  took  lessons  in  harmony 
with  George  H.  Howard  and  studied  com- 
position and  orchestration  for  three  years 
with  Edward  MacDowell.  When  MacDowell 
planned  his  Indian  Suite,  Mr.  Gilbert  col- 
lected the  thematic  materials  from  the  origi- 
nal sources.  He  has  since  made  an  exhaustive 
study  of  the  development  of  folk  music,  and 
has  been  an  exponent  of  its  value  as  a  foun- 
dation for  a  national  school  of  composition. 
About  1892  he  went  into  business  and  did  lit- 
tle or  nothing  with  music  In  1901  he  went 
to  Paris  for  the  purpose  of  hearing  Charpen- 
tier's  "  Louise,"  and  the  opera  made  such  an 
impression  on  him  that,  upon  his  return,  he 
gave  up  business  and  devoted  himself  to  music 
In  1903  he  composed  a  number  of  remarkable 
Celtic  compositions  to  accompany  the  produc- 
tion of  W.  B.  Yeats'  plays  by  the  Irish  Literary 
Society  of  New  York,  and  in  1904  performed 
a  similar  service  for  the  Twentieth  Century 
Club  of  Boston.  His  "Celtic  Studies"  (four 
songs)  are  characteristic  of  his  use  of  na- 
tional color  as  well  as  examples  of  the 
originality  and  virile  style  which  character- 
izes most  of  his  works.  He  has  become  better 
known  perhaps  by  his  setting  of  Stevenson's 
"  Pirate  Song "  than  any  other  one  composi- 
tion. As  sung  by  David  Bispham,  and  others, 
throughout  the  country,  it  has  achieved  con- 
siderable popularity,  due,  perhaps,  to  the 
evident  spontaneity  of  the  work  and  the 
peculiarly  happy  rendition  of  the  spirit  of 
the  poem.  Aside  from  composition,  Mr.  Gil- 
bert has  been  engaged  in  an  editorial  ca- 
pacity by  music  publishing-houses  and  was 
prominently  identified  with  the  Wa-wan  Press 
of  Newton  Centre,  Mass.,  a  concern  devoted 
to  securing  a  better  recognition  for  American 
composers.  In  conjunction  with  Prof.  J.  D. 
Whitney,  of  Harvard,  he  gave  a  series  of  con- 
certs illustrating  modern  Slavic  tendencies  in 
musical  composition,  and  more  recently  was 
associated  with  Edward  S  Curtis  in  lectures 
on  Indian  life  and  art.  A  series  of  motion 
pictures  were  presented  with  appropriate  in- 
cidental music  composed  by  Mr.  Gilbert.  His 
recent  compositions  include  "  Three  Ameri- 
can Dances  for  Full  Orchestra,"  concerning 
which  Mr  Gilbert  writes:  "Composing  these 
dances  I  have  had  in  mind  Moss^ikowski's 
Spanish  Dances  and  Grieg's  Norwegian 
Dances.  I  have  tried  to  present  the  popular 
American  spirit  in  artistic  form  I  have  made 
free  use  of  ragtime  rhythms  and  all  sorts  of 
twists  in  use  in  popular  music,  but  have  tried 


to  enhance  their  piquancy  by  means  of  har- 
mony and  orchestration."  Among  his  more 
important  works  are  two  "  Episodes  "  for  or- 
chestra (1897);  "Summer  Day  Fantasie"; 
"  American  Humoresque  "  and  "  Comedy  Over- 
ture on  Negro  Themes"  (1906);  "  Ameri- 
canesque  "  ( 1907  ) ,  and  "  American  Dances," 
all  for  orchestra.  He  has  also  published  "  A 
Group  of  Songs"  (1891);  "  Salammbo's  In- 
vocation to  Tanith";  "  Zephyrus,  the  Lament 
of  Deirde"  (1903);  "Mazurka,  Negro  Epi- 
sode, Scherzo"  (1903);  "Two  Verlaine 
Moods"  (1904);  "The  Island  of  the  Fay" 
(1904)  ;  "Croon  of  the  Dew"  (1904)  ;  "Rain 
Song,"  "Two  Wing  Songs,"  "Sleep  and 
Poetry  "  ( 1904 )  ;  "  Fairy  Song  "  ( 1904 )  ; 
"  Two  South  American  Gipsy  Songs  "  ( 1906 )  ; 
and  has  edited  "  One  Hundred  Folksongs " 
( 1909 ) .  Mr.  Gilbert's  compositions  are  char- 
acterized by  a  luxuriance  of  harmonic  color, 
striking  originality  and  daring,  and  in  gen- 
eral by  a  highly  individual  and  poetic  imagi- 
nation. His  style  has  witnessed  a  rapid  evo- 
lution from  European  influences,  especially 
that  of  the  modern  French  School,  to  a  bold 
Americanism.  His  melodies  are  cast  in  a 
large  mold,  and  his  sense  of  orchestral  color- 
ing is  unusually  rich.  He  was  married  4 
June,  1906,  to  Helen  Kalischer,  of  Jassy, 
Roumania. 

BABLER,  Jacob  Leonard,  vice-president  In- 
ternational Life  Insurance  Company,  b.  in 
Monroe,  Wis.,  3  May,  1872,  son  of  Henry 
J.  and  Salome  S. 
(Luchsinger)  Ba- 
bler.  His  father, 
a  merchant  of 
.marked  industry 
and  integrity, 

came  to  this  coun- 
try from  Switzer- 
land in  1859,  and 
settled  in  Wiscon- 
sin; his  mother, 
the  daughter  of 
Jacob  L.  Luch- 
singer, who  came 
to  this  country 
from  Berlin,  Ger- 
many, exerted  a 
strong  moral  and 
spiritual  influence 
on  her  family. 
After  completing 
his  studies  in  the 
public  schools  of  El  Dorado  Springs,  Mo., 
Mr.  Babler  entered  Washington  University, 
St.  Louis.  Later  he  read  law  and  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  bar  in  1893,  beginning  a  dis- 
tinguished and  successful  professional  career 
at  El  Dorado.  In  1902  he  engaged  in  the 
life  insurance  business  as  a  member  of  the 
staff  of  the  New  York  Life  Insurance  Com- 
pany, serving  that  company  in  INIissouri  and 
Oklahoma.  Later  he  was  appointed  agency 
director  with  headquarters  in  New  Haven, 
Conn.  Here  he  remained  unlil  1  .Ian,  1904, 
when  he  assumed  charge  of  the  Buflalo,  N.  Y., 
office.  His  unflagging  interest  and  zeal  for  his 
work  were  recognized,  and.  on  1  .Ian.,  1907, 
he  was  chosen  director  and  western  nianagcT 
of  the  North  Anioriean  T-ife  Insurance  Com- 
pany, of  Newark,  N.  .1.,  in  the  territory  weal  of 
the  Mississippi  River.     Mr.  Babler  established 

393 


CANNON 


CANNON 


headquarters  for  the  company  in  St.  Louis, 
Mo.,  where  he  soon  made  himself  a  power  in 
the  insurance  field  by  his  splendid  work,  un- 
failing good  nature,  and  courteous  manners. 
In  the  fall  of  1907  he  resigned  that  position 
to  organize  the  International  Life  Insurance 
Company,  of  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  of  which  he  was 
elected  vice-president  and  general  manager  of 
agencies,  a  position  he  now  holds.  Mr.  Babler 
is  extremely  popular  with  the  large  number  of 
agents  which  the  company  has  in  nearly  every 
state  in  the  Union,  and  his  success,  coming 
as  it  has  by  continual  application  to  the  de- 
tails of  the  business  and  a  resolution  to  let 
each  promotion  be  only  the  means  to  gain 
another,  has  been  of  real  encouragement  and 
inspiration  to  him.  With  the  same  interest 
which  he  manifests  in  everything  he  under- 
takes, Mr.  Babler  has  gone  into  politics.  He 
is  a  staunch  Republican  and  in  April,  1914, 
was  elected  chairman  of  the  Republican  State 
Committee  of  Missouri  to  fill  an  unexpired 
term.  He  was  re-elected  in  August,  1914. 
He  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Republican 
National  Committee  at  the  State  Convention, 
held  at  Excelsior  Springs,  Mo.,  on  6  April, 
1916,  after  which  he  resigned  as  chairman  of 
the  Republican  State  Committee.  Beginning 
like  so  many  of  our  foremost  Americans,  Mr. 
Babler  has  made  his  way  with  rapid  strides  to 
places  of  recognized  importance  in  business 
and  social  life.  Along  the  pathway  of  busi- 
ness success  he  has  gathered  a  broad  culture 
and  lively  spiritual  interests.  There  is  a 
peculiar  charm  about  Mr.  Babler,  the  charm  of 
a  good  man,  doing  good.  He  is  warm-hearted 
even  to  impulsiveness,  though  his  donations  to 
charities  are  confined  to  movements  that  tend 
to  improve  the  conditions  of  the  sick  and  suf-' 
fering.  Mr.  Babler  has  been  trained  in  appre- 
ciation of  literature,  and  his  library  contains 
many  interesting  volumes  on  philosophy  and 
history.  He  is  a  man  of  high  intelligence, 
cultivated  and  refined,  qualities  which  have  at- 
tracted to  him  a  large  circle  of  friends. 
Though  not  an  active  clubman,  Mr.  Babler 
holds  membership  in  the  Business  Mens' 
League,  Kirkwood  Golf  Club  and  the  St.  Louis 
Press  Club.  In  summarizing  the  work  of  Mr. 
Babler  in  the  development  of  the  International 
Life  Insurance  Company,  it  is  interesting  to 
note  the  following  statistics  which  should  have 
great  weight  for  those  seeking  the  secret  of  his 
success.  The  company  was  organized  in 
August,  1909,  with  a  capital  of  $525,000.  It 
closed  its  business  31  Dec,  1916,  with  assets 
of  more  than  seven  million  dollars;  insurance 
in  force  of  66  million  dollars  and  an  annual 
income  of  about  five  million  dollars.  On  16 
Dec,  1915,  he  married  Elizabeth  L.  Dilworth, 
of  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

CANNON,  Joseph  Gurney,  Speaker  of  the 
House  of  Representatives,  b.  at  New  Garden, 
near  Greensboro,  N.  C,  7  May,  1836,  son  of 
Dr.  Horace  C.  and  Gulialma  ( Hollingsworth ) 
Cannon.  He  was  educated  in  Bloomingdale, 
111.,  whither  his  family  removed  when  he  was 
four  years  old.  Upon  the  father's  death,  ten 
years  later,  he  started  w^ork  in  a  country 
store.  At  twenty-one  he  began  the  study  of 
law  in  a  local  office  and,  admitted  to  the  bar 
in  1858,  he  engaged  in  practice  at  Tuscola  in 
Douglas  County,  111.  In  1861  he  was  elected 
state's  attorney  for  the  Twenty-seventh  Judicial 


District  of  Illinois  and  continued  in  that  office 
until  1868.  From  the  first  he  gave  his  alle- 
giance to  the  Republican  party,  and  as  its  can- 
didate for  Congress  in  the  Twelfth  Illinois 
District  in  1872  was  pitted  against  a  strong 
Democratic  opponent.  He  was  elected,  took 
his  seat  in  the  Forty-third  Congress  and  by 
re-election  sat  in  every  Congress  till,  tha 
Fifty-first.  He  distinguished  himself  almost 
from  the  beginning,  and  was  given  important 
committee  places,  including  one  on  the  Com- 
mittee of  Appropriations.  As  a  member  of 
that  on  post-offices  and  post-roads  he  was  in- 
strumental in  providing  prepayment  accord- 
ing to  weight  for  second-class  matter.  He 
took  an  important  part  in  the  debates  on  the 
McKinley  tariff  and  was  responsible  for  the 
placing  of  sugar  on  the  free  list.  After  an 
interval  of  one  term  (having  been  defeated  in 
1888),  he  was  in  1890  re-elected  from  the 
same  district  to  the  Fifty-third  Congress  and 
this  time  retained  his  seat  till  1903  (Fifty- 
seventh  Congress ) .  He  was  again  made  a 
member  of  the  Appropriations  Committee  and 
its  chairman  from  1905  to  1911.  As  "watch- 
dog of  the  treasury,"  an  epithet  attached  to 
the  incumbent  of  that  position,  he  established 
a  record  for  careful  judgment  in  apportioning 
the  government  moneys.  Especially  in  pro- 
viding the  funds  for  the  Spanish-American 
War  was  he  called  upon  to  exercise  great 
sagacity,  and  he  was  at  all  times  equal  to 
the  responsibilities  which  the  office  imposed. 
As  a  member  of  the  committee  on  insular 
affairs  he  participated  in  the  adjustment  of 
the  status  of  the  possessions  acquired  from 
Spain.  He  was  also  very  active  in  the  con- 
sideration of  government  reforms;  in  the  cur- 
rency and  tariff  debates;  in  the  advocacy  of 
a  larger  navy  and  reorganization  of  the  army; 
and  in  the  discussion  of  shipping  and  the 
Isthmian  Canal.  In  1902  Mr.  Cannon  was 
again  sent  to  Congress,  this  time  from  the 
Eighteenth  Illinois  District,  having  in  the 
meantime  removed  to  Danville.  In  November, 
1903,  he  was  elected  Speaker  of  the  House  to 
succeed  David  B.  Henderson.  The  administra- 
tion of  that  important  post  came  to  him  at  a 
time  when,  under  the  strict  rules  which  had 
given  Thomas  B.  Reed  the  sobriquet  of 
"  Czar,"  it  had  assumed  its  most  autocratic 
aspect.  It  was  by  some  held  to  be  the  most 
powerful  office  in  the  government,  in  many  re- 
spects surpassing  that  of  the  President.  The 
Republican  party  was  accused  of  using  this 
power  as  a  reactionary  force,  and  in  prevent- 
ing progressive  measures  by  a  policy  of 
"  stand-pattism."  This  condition  resulted  in 
a  peculiar  political  division,  a  portion  of  the 
majority  siding  with  the  Democrats  in  their 
"  revolt "  against  the  Speaker's  power  and  the 
tactics  of  the  conservative  element.  This  por- 
tion became  known  as  "  insurgents "  and 
formed  the  nucleus  of  the  Progressive  party, 
which  made  Theodore  Roosevelt  its  standard- 
bearer  in  1912.  A  considerable  abrogation 
in  the  Speaker's  power  was  the  outcome  (see 
Clark,  Champ)  and  the  Democrats  having  re- 
turned a  majority  to  Congress  in  1910,  Mr. 
Cannon  was  defeated  for  re-election  as  Speaker. 
He  retired  from  active  politics  at  the  end  of 
the  Sixty-second  Congress.  Mr.  Cannon  was 
held  in  high  esteem  by  the  leaders  of  his  party 
and   in   the   National    Convention   of    1908   he 


394 


'      LJ  iL^Ji^cyCiLyi^^ 


PEGRAM 


VEEDER 


f.   eived    fifty-eight   votes   for   V^ 

has    been    a    distinctive    fiir-^ 

politics.    A  man  of  tho  s<>l. 

sense"  type,  his  hon>''' 

with    nnadorucd 

have    earned    for 

Joe."     Frank    in 

courage  of  hi>i      - 

purposes  h.. 

enemies. 

maii. 

coir 

P,   Reed,  of  (.nriield,  Ohio, 
t\vn  fiiiiijjhters, 

PEGKAM.    (^-^\gre  Hemdoa,   civU 
b.   at   Counoii    I   ail!!!,    la.,   29    Dor., 
of  Capt.  Benjamin  Rii«h  an 


1890  he  designed  and   built   ;i 

•    and  railway  bridge  ;)er<j»>> 

•F  at  F  .rt  Smith,  Ark.;    in 

*«    hridfc'eji   of   the   Hoii>;i«it) 

ri>d     Northern      l\a.ilwa.» 

'    't-'  and  Red  Civers  in 

-igned    the    train 

■<t    T  oni;^,  Mo.,  al 

^i\  it  wa« 

'f'ui'A*) 


if  1812. 
.r,  a  na- 
tive of  Petersburg, 
Va.,  was  owner  and 
operator  of-  steam- 
boats on  the*  Mis- 
sissippi River.  He 
was  graduated  at 
"^on  University,  St.  Louis,  in  1877,  with 
1  8    ndard  that  had  ever  been  attained 


/W^ 


0.      ugo 


d^<; 


mmgr  T),  AVi  ,  iln'S.  t!M^  .a^y- 
in  the  world.  In  I8Stt  Mr.  I'^jrnjn;,  r< 
=  !<^nc(!  to  travel  in  Europe,  and  >u'/Hr.,n!(  rr  l\ 
•  iHTied  an  ofTiee  in  New  York  City  as  <'on- 
:^uiting  engineer.  Thr^'e  years  later  he  he- 
came  consulting  engineer  of  tlie  Mi.ssouri 
Pacific  Railroad  System,  and  in  ]S*iKi  chu.'f 
engineer   of   the   IJTiion   Paoific    Sy^^tcrn,   whicli 


Mr.  j'egram  ; 

J.S97,    .Jessie    .a  . ,  .  ...    .      .^  ..    . 

Crawford,  a  merchant  nj  Ht.  Loi^ip 

VEEDER.     Albert     Htury.     br.wev 
Fonda,  N.   Y..    I    April,    1844;    d     m   v 
in.,   13   July,    1914,  son   of   He»ry   av^ 
(Lansing)   Veeder.     His  earliest  Amcri- 
cestor,     Simon     Volkertse     Veeder.     al 
Bakker,  emigrated  to  this  country  fro 
sterdam,  Holland,  in  1G52,  and  jMO.iter!  ; 
Amsterdam,  now  called  N'HV  Y'nrk      T 
of  descent   {?.  rratn-d  thr^Uifli  hi/   -m,  ' 
and    •I:irtn!tS4'     ( S'-iht-rnn  rh;>n:  i     V-.m'*!*;:- 
_  i»frt,  >J(disi?.nes;   ibcir  ?oTt,  A'Tiihuns  nn\ 
I  t  *•'•  dder      Ve-der.   ami    iheir    -on.    A'' 
I  Xirw    (F.okeri    Veeder,   who  v..  ry   ^^.' 
^parcv'.a    of    the    subject    of    'h'^-    ■'-^■>- 

V:t;       A«t?eri    ■' 


i:is      Uv' 

m  Am- 

oi  Nf•^v 

iip  liiitj 

'.  olkert 

:     tWn- 

uwnxhcT   i>f   railroiid 
D.fMIO     :nl!c; 


was  eomposcrl   of  a   ].)vs( 

'ines  aggr^^yatint,'  o\*'r  *),f'0()  miles.  Dur- 
ing thi'^  pf-rio(i  h.-  v\-as  .■.in;-u!tiTig  »»T!f>i?iecr  of 
'he  J'ionecr  I'.icetru*  I'o.vor  r'duip'iiiy  in  tho 
•onstnuM  JMH  <,f  IJit'  ])Ij«iiU  nt  ( i<'tl('ii  ati  I  S^alt 
:,Ake  Cjitv  I  {»li.  ]<\  \'W  Mr  !'e;:raM>  .u- 
■^'pted  th-  jiosiiioii  (.{  i]i\(  i  ■n\in:\vi'.r  of  iii.- 
NTanlinH.-m    ]:i>'vn'r-/i     J^jiiirM.id    ..|     N'v.n     Yoi-k 


lie    a'lo}»ti>in    «  f    i 

liii    l.Mld-,    the    ()(.^.;',  !..ri. 

-.jLT     :in      iir>t.Mil  ioit      f<  f 
I  Mitt-I  :    III    ihSM    I,.'   }m 

;iHlrn1r(l     t\j)<^     \. 

."    of     u)iici)    :i.     ]..■• 


iiu'  bi.'_'«    e-. 

Vl  i<        IlK.t  \\r 


:M«\ve;- 


■.ail 


•Rign 


TWO    yf.ars    wa-    jj 

Hohrr.e'^tadv    N.    "*! 

SubPO(jueTJt!;v  he 
I  aohool-5  in  CJal /a. 
I  the  offiec  of  Jnlm 
j  ^.-^rfiiUed  tc>  '  hr-  V; 

hiy  jirofes^ion  in  t  i 
'  HlU.e<^H9fi)!!v    uritii 
I  Chienjjo,    111        ■ 
I  f(»r    ilie    town 
I  V  hich     jio.si!  i(:», 
I  i'.So    he    he-   .1.      ;■■ 

i  vit^er    fo    (^'  ^ 

I   iM     'It     -w 


!il 


ith 


bt'Oanu*      r 

'if.,   v\>ieri 

T     B''7ifieiT 


CLARK 


VIAL 


government  under  the  Sherman  Act,  in  1905 
and  1911,  both  of  which  cases  resulted  favor- 
ably to  the  packing  companies.  Mr.  Veeder's 
executive  ability  and  diversity  of  talent  were 
shown  in  no  way  more  clearly  than  by  his 
admission  to  membership  in  many  industrial 
and  commercial  establishments.  He  was  a 
director  in  Swift  and  Company,  St.  Louis 
National  Stock  Yards  Company,  San  Francisco 
Stock  Yards  Company,  Consumers  Cotton  Oil 
Company,  Libby,  McNeill  and  Libby,  Chicago, 
Junction  Railway  Company,  Union  Stock 
Yards  Company,  and  St.  Joseph  Stock  Yards 
Company.  His  energy  was  not  confined  to  his 
profession,  for  he  was  an  active  member  of 
numerous  civic  organizations  devoted  to  the 
interests  of  Chicago  and  its  people.  He  was 
a  man  of  strict  integrity,  sound  judgment, 
strong  and  cultivated  intellect,  vigorous  char- 
acter, and  conversant  with  and  interested  in  all 
the  great  questions  of  the  day.  He  maintained 
a  reputation  for  zeal,  self-sacrifice,  and  devo- 
tion to  duty,  showing  at  all  times  masterful 
leadership  by  respect  for  the  rights  and  opin- 
ions of  others.  Among  the  social  and  fra- 
ternal organizations  with  which  he  was  con- 
nected are  the  Chicago  Club,  Chicago  Ath- 
letic Club,  University  Club,  and  the  Midday 
Club.  He  was  a  thirty-second  degree  Mason, 
a  Knight  Templar,  and  a  member  of  the 
Mystic  Shrine.  On  15  Aug.,  1866,  Mr.  Veeder 
married  Helen  L.,  daughter  of  Rev.  Isaac  G. 
Duryee,  of  Schenectady,  N.  Y.,  and  they  had 
four  children:  Henry,  Albert  H.,  Jessie,  and 
Paul  L.  Veeder. 

glare:,  Champ,  Congressman,  b.  in  An- 
derson County,  Ky.,  7  March,  1850,  son 
of  John  Hampton  and  Aletha  Jane  (Beau- 
champ  )  Clark.  His  maternal  grandfather  was 
James  T.  Beauchamp,  a  member  of  the  Ken- 
tucky legislature.  After  attending  the  public 
schools,  and  in  the  later  years  w-orking  at  farm 
labor  and  clerking  in  a  country  store,  he 
taught  school.  He  saved  enough  of  his  earn- 
ings to  send  him  to  college  and  after  a  time 
in  Kentucky  University  he  entered  Bethany 
(W.  Va. )  College,  where  he  graduated  with 
highest  honors,  and  as  Latin  salutatorian  in 
1873.  Teaching  again  became  his  profession. 
For  two  years  he  was  president  of  Marshall 
College,  the  first  normal  school  in  West  Vir- 
ginia, being  the  youngest  college  president  in 
the  country,  and  after  his  removal  to  Lou- 
isiana, Mo.,  he  became  principal  of  the  high 
school.  Meantime  he  was  graduated  LL  B.  from 
the  Cincinnati  Law  School,  and  in  1876  en- 
tered upon  the  practice  of  law  in  Louisiana, 
Mo.,  serving  as  city  attorney  there  during 
1878-80  and  for  one  year  at  Bowling  Green, 
Mo.  (1880-81),  where  he  has  since  continued 
to  reside.  In  1879  he  became  editor  of  the 
Riverside  "  Press,"  which  he  conducted  for 
two  years,  as  an  advocate  of  the  principles  of 
the  Democratic  party.  In  1880  he  served  as 
presidential  elector.  He  then  became  assist- 
ant prosecuting  attorney  of  Pike  County,  Mo., 
and  after  four  years  was  elected  prosecuting 
attorney,  serving  from  1885  to  1889.  In  the 
latter  year  he  was  sent  to  the  State  legislature, 
where  he  was  chairman  of  the  Committee  on 
Criminal  Jurisprudence.  He  became  a  candi- 
date for  Congress  in  1892,  and  elected  by  a 
large  plurality  became  a  member  of  the  Fifty- 
third    Congress    (1893-95).      He   failed   of   re- 


election in  1894,  but  returned  to  the  Fifty- 
fifth  Congress;  he  has  represented  the  Ninth 
Missouri  District  in  the  national  house  con- 
tinuously to  the  present  time  (1917).  In  1902 
he  became  a  member  of  the  Committee  on 
Ways  and  Means,  and  in  December,  1908,  was 
the  unanimous  choice  of  his  party  for  minority 
leader  to  succeed  John  Sharp  Williams.  The 
Democratic  nominee  for  Speaker  in  1909,  he 
was  elected  to  that  position  after  the  return 
of  a  Democratic  majority  in  1910.  On  the 
floor  of  the  House  he  advocated  free  silver, 
opposed  the  annexation  of  Hawaii,  advocated 
reciprocity  with  Canada,  and  vigorously  op- 
posed the  Dingley  and  Payne  tariff  bills.  As 
Speaker  his  methods  are  in  strong  contrast 
to  those  of  his  predecessor  (Joseph  G.  Can- 
non), being  liberal  and  in  accord  with  the 
broader  and  more  democratic  rules  adopted  by 
the  House  in  1910,  the  essentials  of  which  are 
the  appointment  of  committees  by  bi-partisan 
committee,  the  abrogation  of  arbitrary  powers 
of  the  Speaker,  and  freer  recognition  of  mi- 
nority speakers.  Mr.  Clark  has  been  a  promi- 
nent figure  in  national  campaigns,  and  by 
virtue  of  his  unusual  rhetorical  powers  has 
become  a  popular  favorite  among  party  lead- 
ers. In  1904  he  was  permanent  chairman  of 
the  Democratic  National  Convention  and  chair- 
man of  the  committee  to  notify  the  presi- 
dential candidate  (Alton  B.  Parker).  In 
1912  he  was  one  of  the  leading  candidates  for 
President,  and  for  a  time  his  selection  by  the 
Baltimore  Convention  seemed  assured.  But 
the  support  of  William  J.  Bryan,  who  was 
an  instructed  Clark  delegate  from  Nebraska, 
thrown  to  Woodrow  Wilson,  having  made 
his  nomination  impossible,  he  finally  with- 
drew in  favor  of  the  latter,  though  during 
a  prolonged  deadlock  he  was  in  the  lead, 
receiving  536  votes  on  •  the  tenth  ballot 
against  330  for  Wilson.  In  the  ensuing 
campaign  he  supported  the  party's  candi- 
date, and,  re-elected  to  Congress,  was  again 
elected  Speaker  of  the  House.  He  took 
a  prominent  part  in  the  tariff  revision  (see 
Underwood,  Oscar  W.  ) ,  and  the  currency 
legislation  enacted  during  the  special  session 
of  1913.  Since  1894  Mr.  Clark  has  lectured 
frequently  at  various  assemblies  on  such  sub- 
jects as  "  Picturesque  Public  Men,"  "  Richer 
than  Golconda,"  a  lawyer's  defense  of  religion, 
"  Aaron  Burr,"  "  Border  Heroes,"  "  The  Orator 
Paramount  "  ( Daniel  Webster ) ,  and  "  The 
Great  Missourian  "  (Thomas  H.  Benton).  He 
was  vice-president  of  the  Trans-Mississippi 
Congress  at  Denver.  He  received  the  degrees 
of  A.M.  and  LL.D.  from  his  alma  mater  in 
1874  and  1907.  In  1881  he  married  Genevieve, 
daughter  of  Joel  D.  Bennett,  of  Callaway 
County,  Mo.,  and  has  a  son  and  a  daughter. 
VIAL,  George  McNaughten,  manufacturer, 
b.  in  Lyons  Township,  Cook  County,  III.,  15 
Feb.,  1850;  d.  in  Chicago,  111.,  5  March,  1915, 
son  of  Samuel  and  Margaret  (McNaughten) 
Vial.  His  paternal  grandfather,  an  Illinois 
pioneer,  and  a  member  of  one  of  the  oldest 
families  of  Massachusetts  and  Rhode  Island, 
removed,  in  1833,  to  Illinois,  where  his  family 
joined  him  in  1834.  The  first  man  bearing  the 
name  Vial,  of  whom  we  have  record,  in 
America,  was  John  Vial,  who  died  about  the 
year  1685.  His  son,  Jonathan  Vial,  who  died 
in  1724,  was  the  father  of  Joseph  Vial  whose 


396 


.^^-^ 


yl  I 


VIAL 


HESTER 


son,  Sylvester  Vial,  was  the  father  of  Joseph 
Vial,  the  Illinois  pioneer.  His  son,  Samuel 
Vial,  the  father  of  George  M.  Vial,  was  born 
in  Orange  County,  N.  Y.,  25  July,  1819,  and 
followed  his  father  to  Cook  County,  111.,  in 
1834.  He  married  19  Nov.,  1846,  Margaret, 
daughter  of  George  McNaughten  and  a  native 
of  Aberdeenshire,  Scotland.  Samuel  Vial  was 
occupied  in  farming  south  of  La  Grange,  111., 
until  1874,  when  he  retired,  and  thereafter 
made  his  home  in  La  Grange.  He  died  17 
Oct.,  1911,  at  the  venerable  age  of  ninety-two 
years — probably  the  oldest  continuous  settler 
in  the  county.  George  M.  Vial  was  the  sec- 
ond in  a  family  of  five  children,  three  of 
whom  are  still  living.  He  was  reared  on  his 
father's  farm  and  acquired  his  early  educa- 
tion in  the  neighboring  public  schools.  When 
a  lad  of  eighteen,  not  entirely  satisfied  with 
farm  duties  and  requirements,  he  went  to 
Chicago  to  find  something  more  to  his  taste, 
and  possibly  more  profitable.  There  he  se- 
cured employment  with  H.  M.  Hooker  in  the 
paint  and  glass  business.  After  a  few  years 
in  this  connection,  he  returned  to  the  farm, 
but  in  January,  1880,  he  re-entered  the  em- 
ploy of  Mr.  Hooker.  From  this  time  he  grad- 
ually rose  through  the  various  grades  of  serv- 
ice by  his  ability  and  trustworthiness.  When 
the  H.  M.  Hooker  Company  was  incorporated 
in  1899,  he  became  a  shareholder,  and  when 
Mr.  Hooker  retired  from  the  presidency,  in 
January,  1908,  was  elected  to  succeed  him  in 
that  office.  The  business  of  the  company  grew 
from  a  small  beginning  to  one  of  the  most 
extensive  in  its  line.  Mr.  Vial  displayed 
marked  executive  ability  in  the  administra- 
tion of  its  aflfairs,  holding  the  presidency  un- 
til the  time  of  his  death.  After  1895  he 
turned  considerable  of  his  attention  to  the 
upbuilding  of  the  Chicago  White  Lead  and 
Oil  Company.  The  H.  M.  Hooker  Company, 
having  purchased  this  enterprise  at  that  time, 
made  Mr,  Vial  secretary  and  general  man- 
ager. Before  his  death  he  had  seen  it  more 
than  treble  its  business.  Mr.  Vial  was  also  a 
director  of  the  La  Grange  State  Bank;  presi- 
dent of  the  Chicago  Paint,  Oil  and  Varnish 
Club  in  1901-02;  president  of  the  National 
Paint,  Oil  and  Varnish  Association,  in  1901, 
and  one  of  the  best  known  paint  men  in  the 
country.  From  his  logical  and  well-ordered 
mind  have  sprung  many  ideas  and  plans  which 
are  in  common  use  today  in  the  paint  and  oil 
industries,  and  operate  for  the  public  at  large. 
He  was  never  willing,  however,  to  assume  the 
titles  and  honor  of  leadership,  and  always  re- 
fused to  take  the  personal  credit  for  results  he 
was  mainly  instrumental  in  achieving.  Mr, 
Vial  was  possessed  of  a  charming  personality, 
a  determined  spirit,  and  indefatigable  energy, 
combined  with  a  resourcefulness  that  carried 
to  a  successful  issue  everything  that  he  under- 
took. His  judgment  and  discernment  were 
rarely  at  fault,  and  even  during  the  last 
months  of  his  life,  when  he  endured  much 
physical  suffering,  his  mind  was  as  alert  and 
active  as  ever,  and  this  was  true  to  the  last. 
He  was  a  man  of  strong  convictions,  modified 
by  regard  for  the  opinions  of  others,  his 
initiative  and  energy  made  him  everywhere  a 
power,  yet,  never  self-seeking,  he  welcomed 
leadership  only  that  he  could  eflfectively  serve 


his  fellow  men.  Mr.  Vial  was  always  a  use- 
ful and  influential  citizen  of  La  Grange,  111., 
having  served  as  president  of  the  board  of 
education;  director  of  the  public  library; 
director  of  the  Chicago  City  Missionary  So- 
ciety; president  of  the  Chicago  Congregational 
Club,  and  moderator  of  the  Illinois  Congre- 
gational State  Association,  in  1909.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  First  Congregational  Church, 
of  La  Grange,  111.,  and  one  of  the  most  in- 
fluential Congregational  laymen  in  the  United 
States.  In  1913  he  was  elected  by  the  Na- 
tional Council  as  a  member  of  the  Commission 
on  Missions.  Mr.  Vial  was  also  a  member  of 
the  La  Grange  Country  Club,  the  Chicago  Con- 
gregational Club,  and  the  Union  League  Club 
of  Chicago.  On  15  Sept.,  1874,  he  married 
Emma  Frost,  daughter  of  Henry  Butler  Good- 
rich, of  Morris,  111.  They  had  six  children, 
three  of  whom,  Mary  Morris,  Mercy  Grace, 
and  Charles  Henry  Vial,  are  still  living. 

HESTER,  William,  publisher,  b.  in  Pough- 
keepsie,  N.  Y.,  7  Dec,  1835,  son  of  Samuel 
Wood  Hester.  His  mother  was  a  sister  of  the 
late  Isaac  Van  Anden,  founder  and  proprietor 
of  the  Brooklyn  "  Daily  Eagle."  His  grand- 
father was  Thomas  Edward  Hester,  a  -native 
of  Oxford,  England,  who  came  to  New  York 
in  1797.  William  Hester  was  educated  at  the 
public  schools  in  Poughkeepsie  and  at  the 
Rhinebeck  Academy.  At  the  age  of  seventeen 
he  came  to  Brooklyn  where  he  obtained  a 
situation  on  the  Brooklyn  "  Daily  Eagle," 
which  his  uncle  had  established  in  1841.  Un- 
der the  primitive  conditions  prevailing  at  that 
time  in  every  newspaper  office,  he  learned  the 
trade  of  a  printer  which  he  pursued  until  an 
opportunity  was  oflFered  to  enter  the  business 
department.  His  advancement  had  been  re- 
tarded rather  than  helped  by  his  relationship 
to  Isaac  Van  Anden  who  on  one  occasion, 
at  least,  had  shown  that  he  would  not  be 
swayed  by  family  considerations  in  making 
promotions.  His  promotion  to  the  office  was 
therefore  dictated  by  a  sincere  conviction  that 
the  change  was  not  only  deserved  but  would 
also  be  of  service  to  the  "  Eagle."  Assuming 
constantly  enlarging  responsibilities,  William 
Hester  remained  in  the  business  office  of  the 
"Eagle"  until  1870  when  the  control  of  the 
paper  was  temporarily  relinquished  by  Isaac 
Van  Anden  who  became  one  of  the  police  com- 
missioners for  Brooklyn.  The  new  interests 
which  had  taken  over  the  "  Eagle  "  from  Mr. 
Van  Anden  had  asked  William  Hester  to  re- 
main with  them,  but  he  preferred  to  follow  his 
uncle  into  the  police  department  where  he  was 
appointed  cashier.  The  connection  of  both 
with  the  police  department  was  brief  because 
public  dissatisfaction  with  the  conduct  of  the 
"  Eagle "  under  its  new  management  made 
easy  and  inviting  a  re-establishment  of  the 
Van  Anden  regime.  When  this  took  place 
William  Hester  became  a  stockholder  in  the 
"Eagle"  with  prospects  plainly  indicating 
his  ultimate  accession  to  full  control.  Tie  wna 
appointed  business  manager,  a  position  he 
held  in  1875  when  Mr.  Van  Andon's  dcnth 
left  the  entire  management  of  the  "  Eagle  "  in 
his  hands.  Colonel  Heater  was  well  equipped 
by  experience  and  knowledge  to  render  valuable 
service  and  his  choice  as  publisher  and,  in 
January,  1876,  as  president  of  the  Eagle 
Corporation,  followed  as  a  matter  of  course. 

397 


BANGS 


BANGS 


Under   his    presidency    the    "  Eagle "    has   de- 
veloped  into  a  newspaper  of  national   impor- 
tance.     He   has   directed    its   growth   from   a 
small   office   to  one  of   the   largest   and  naost 
modern    newspaper    buildings    in    the    United 
States.     Its   increase   in   influence,   in  quality, 
in   size,   in   mechanical   equipment,   in  circula- 
tion, in  advertising  and  in  bureau  and  branch 
office  enterprise   has  been   identified   with  the 
period  of  his  control.     Colonel  Hester  has  al- 
ways  taken   a  great   interest   in   public   ques- 
tions  and   movements,   particularly   those   af- 
fecting Brooklyn  where,  through  the  "  Eagle," 
he   has   been    responsible    for   the    solution    of 
not  a  few  vexing  problems,  notably  that  aris- 
ing  from    the   proposal    to    widen    Livingston 
Street.      He   has   not   been   active   in   politics, 
although    in    1882    he    was    unsuccessfully    a 
candidate    for    Congress    on    the    Democratic 
ticket.     In  1886,  while  visiting  Europe,  he  was 
appointed  by  Mayor  Whitney  commissioner  of 
public  parks,  but,  after  a  long  vacation,  the 
necessity  of  a   closer  application   to  business 
compelled  him  to  decline.     Colonel  Hester,  in 
1854,  served  as  a  member  of  the  old  volunteer 
fire  department  of  Brooklyn,  and  three  years 
later    his    connection    with   the    State    militia 
began  as  a  member  of  Company  A,  Fourteenth 
Regiment.     On  3  Jan.,   1875,  Governor  Tilden 
appointed    him    quartermaster   with   the    rank 
of  lieutenant-colonel  in  the  second  division  of 
the  National  Guard  of  the  State  of  New  York 
in  which  he  served  for  more  than  five  years 
under  Generals  Dakin  and  Jourdan.     Colonel 
Hester  is  a  man  of  strong  character,  aggres- 
sive   in    the    support    of    his    convictions,    but 
generous  and  considerate  in  his  treatment  of 
all   with   whom   he   comes   in   contact.     He   is 
endowed  by  nature  with  conspicuous  business 
talent  and  a  keen  insight  into  human  nature, 
and  is  a  representative  type  of  upright  citizen 
and  man  of  affairs.     Beside  the  presidency  of 
the   "Eagle"   which   he   has   held   since   1876, 
he  is  a  director  in  the  Eagle  Warehouse  Com- 
pany;  a  trustee  in  the  Brooklyn  Trust  Com- 
pany;  a  member  of  the  Brooklyn  and  Hamil- 
ton Clubs  of  Brooklyn;  the  Metropolitan  Club 
and  New  York  Yacht  Club  of  New  York;  the 
Nassau  Country  Club;   the  New  York  Cham- 
ber of  Commerce,  and  the  Pilgrims  Society. 

BANGS,  George  Archer,  lawyer,  b.  in  Le 
Sueur,  Minn.,  8  Nov.,  1867,  son  of  Alfred 
Walstein  and  Sarah  D.  (Plowman)  Bangs. 
His  earliest  American  ancestor  was  Edward 
Bangs,  who  came  to  this  country  from  Eng- 
land in  the  ship  "  Anne,"  in  1623,  and  landed 
at  Plymouth.  His  father  was  an  attorney- 
at-law  who  gained  considerable  prominence 
during  the  early  days  of  Minnesota  and  North 
Dakota.  George  A.  Bangs  acquired  his  early 
education  in  the  public  schools  of  his  native 
town  and  the  high  school  at  Grand  Forks,  N.  D. 
Here,  also,  following  his  father's  example,  he 
studied  for  the  bar,  and  began  practicing  law, 
in  1893,  with  C.  J.  Fisk,  noAv  chief  justice  of 
the  State  Supreme  Court.  From  1899  to  1901 
he  was  local  city  attorney  and  during  various 
periods,  up  to  the  present  time,  he  has  been 
chief  counsel  for  the  North  Dakota  house  of 
representatives.  During  his  practice  at 
Grand  Forks,  Mr.  Bangs  has  been  engaged  in 
most  of  the  cases  in  the  local  courts  involving 
matters  of  state-wide  interest.  He  was  the 
attorney  in  charge  of  the  proceedings  which  set 


aside  the  notorious  Capitol  Commission  Bill, 
under  which  an  attempt  was  made  to  dispose 
of  the  State  lands,  and  construct  a  capitol  and 
an    executive    mansion    on    plans    that    were 


widely  criticized.     He   has  been   attorney,   on 
one  side  or  the  other,  in  practically  all  of  the 
county  seat  and  division  litigation  arising  out 
of    the    rapid    de- 
velopment   in    the 
western     part     of 
the    State,    includ- 
ing      the       Ward 
County       division 
and   the   organiza- 
tion of  Burke  and 
Renville  Counties; 
the  organization  of 
McKenzie    County, 
the  division  of  Mc- 
Lean   County    and 
>f  Billings  County, 
he       organization 
of    Golden    Valley 
County,     and     the 
location      of      the 
county     seats     of 
Pembina,    Rollette, 
//  Burke,    Mountrail, 

"^^^^  »    /?  >o  McKenzie,  and 

Q<i^A^^^?^i^^"^^^\Q^^^^'^^^^  Counties. 
^ — jp-^Mr.  Bangs  is  also 
-^  the     attorney     for 

the  Joint  Drainage  Boards  of  Bottineau  and 
McHenry  Counties,  in  the  straightening,  widen- 
ing, and  deepening  of  the  Mouse  River  channel, 
operations  on  which  extended  from,  some  ten  or 
fifteen  miles  into  Canada  and  resulted  in  the 
reclamation  of  more  than  two  million  acres  of 
land.  In  1911,  when  the  State  house  of 
representatives  impeached  the  Hon.  John  F. 
Cowan,  judge  of  the  Second  Judicial  District, 
Mr,  Bangs  was  selected  by  the  board  of  man- 
agers as  chief  counsel  to  handle  the  proceed- 
ings before  the  senate,  the  trial  lasting  some 
forty  days.  Mr.  Bangs  has  collected  one  of 
the  largest  and  best  selected  law  libraries  in 
the  Northwest,  consisting  of  more  than  6,000 
volumes,  with  approximately  2,500  additional 
volumes  in  his  private  miscellaneous  library. 
In  1904  he  was  chairman  of  the  special  com- 
mission appointed  by  the  Supreme  Lodge  of 
the  Knights  of  Pythias  for  the  reorganization 
of  its  insurance  department,  and  reported,  two 
years  later,  suggesting  plans  upon  which  the 
society  was  re-rated  and  is  now  successfully 
operating,  its  cash  investments  having  in- 
creased within  ten  years  from  practically 
nothing  to  approximately  $9,000,000.  As  a 
result  of  this  service  Mr.  Bangs  was  invited  to 
address  the  National  Association  of  Insurance 
Commissioners  of  the  various  States,  at  Rich- 
mond, Va.,  in  1907.  Mr.  Bangs  is  now  recog- 
nized as  one  of  the  foremost  members  of  the 
profession  in  the  Northw^est.  He  is  a  member 
of  the  North  Dakota  Bar  Association,  as  well 
as  of  the  American  Bar  Association.  On  1 
Oct.,  1889,  Mr.  Bangs  married  Maria  A. 
Griggs,  who  died  in  1891.  On  8  July,  1895,  he 
married  Zenia  A.  Gillbreack,  who  died  in  1912. 
He  has  one  son,  Donald  A.  Bangs. 

BANGS,  Tracy  Rollin,  lawyer,  b.  in  Le 
Sueur,  Minn.,  29  April,  1862,  son  of  Alfred 
W.  and  Alena  M.   (Baker)  Bangs.    His  father 


398 


ill. a  /Juifex 


SWAN 

I  successful  lawyer,  and  hie  descent  - 
i  from  Edward  Bangg,  who  came  t/»  ' 
ry   from    England    in    1023,      Mr.    Bx. 
educated    in    the    public    schools    M 
wt'ix!    town    and    Ijojjan    hia    legal    cii 
August,  1885,  in  ht*^  /other's  office.    H. 

to  have  ji  ^^.i 
adaptat  ion 
law  practice,  ai.u 
what    he    lacked 
in    knowledge    of 
detail  be  made  up 
in  tact  and  per- 
severance.    Soon 
after  he  was  ap- 
pointed   city    at- 
torney, in  Grand 
Forks,  N.  D.,  and 
later    state's    at- 
torney, in  which 
office       he      dis- 
played     unuaual 
wisdom    and    ex- 
ecutive     ability 
lie     served      t 
many     vcars 
U.      H.  'nr'    •■ 
for    the    . 
<>f      Korth 
kora,  after  u'in 
hv     returmxJ     " 
bm      iar;?e      a- 

Mi- 
es of 

i  '..■.M/ft?<  .ji."t  •    m  de- 

for    his  "  sturdy    iti- 

r-    devotion    to    his    re- 

'ilities.     Mr.  Bangs  has  always  been  in- 

1  in  educational  matters,  and  is  chair- 

the  committee  of  trustees  of  the  uni- 

of  North   Dakota.      He   was   supreme 

■or  of  the  Knights  of  Pythias  in  1002- 

18  a  member  of  the  Commercial  Clul 


V\ai     Hli\\ 

lowed,  the 
men  who 
the  qualj 
judgment 
abroad.  I 
represent 
of  the  En! 

with  ])<.;■.. 
WHS      < 


BUTLER 

d  his  manufacturing  enterprise 

».   Hif-  spiiior  partner  of  Swan 

rm  eonsiBting  of  him 

Pie  continued  in  this 

>f  bin  final  retirement 

"T>   ^he  firm  was  dia- 

'  he    company    of 

•    «n    important 

? '. .  and  Mr. 

ii  a  keen, 

' "  ♦.♦  m<i*il 

(  ;     J 


he    is 
and    ni! 


...and  Fn 
nb  of  \? 
^7    bf  ma:: 

-       NT.    IX 


and  of  the.  ISfiisneapoltH 


Mi?m 


<hi 


3 IX 


'■n. 


yrank 

'US.  Oiiiu, 


fampbeli.  of  Grand 
'  two  children, 
iurer  and  diplomat. 
May,  1833;  d.  in  Stam- 
'^  JuT)fr,  19] 5,  Mm  of  JoiM'pb  Kock- 
'<  Ann  fAndr-wst  Swan.  He 
?p  i»  loHiT  'ine  of  dist?B2iiished 
^.i^v-ui-  wt  •.'■:ivm  th^  iir^i  h;  V>i'-vrW  was 
Joseph  Swan,  a  native  of  I^rtiir-:'.  rn>H«Md 
who  emigrated  in  1760,  and  made  ]A-i  h,.w>*.  )», 
i^'nllingford.  Conn.,  where  the  familv  livfi  i„r 
fc^any  generations.  Mr.  Swan's  father  was  one 
ji  tbe  most  prominent  members  of  iho  (Jliio  bar, 
n>  ^'ifted  lawyer,  and  a  mdu  of  marked  ability' 
*vho  for  the  ten  ynar.s  between  1850  and  1860,' 
J  period  covering  a  troubled  part  of  our  na- 
tional history,  wan  pronidin^'  justice  of  the 
hxjpivMne   Court   of   Ohio.      FrarUv    Swan    spent 

' 'io*>fl   in    Columbu.'?,  where  he  attended 

nd  private  ^houU  H..  decided  upon  a 
-  .  career,  and,  in  »S.'>:\  -'ui^ivd  ouf  irde- 
''ently  in  the  aiaiuifactrire  of  hardware  md 
'3.  He  eoritiriued  in  Ihi.s  .ntorprise  moW 
•W=.fiil]y  for  the  TH-xt  nv.-  ycHr^  thrr.'bv 
Mni:  much  valujible  knowb-Jgw  of  uumi  and 
methods      But   in    lHf;o  hi?<  health  be- 


,    i'.>r    sviiifdti  o^li.it    ts.    tK-vi9r>>    "ifrd 

i  a^  an  ao.-omplioo  of  .l<»hn  \^  iU*  .> 

I  '  >  sUvf-r  of  President  Abrabini  Lm 

Surra  It  had  e>»cai>ed  from  America  acd 

'"He^n  Xaplea,  »'.  hence  he  had  fled  to 

Eg^pt,    but    was   apprehended    by 

•■-hi}  cabled  ttse  authorities  at  Alex- 

I  ainlria  and  e&mi^\  his  arrest      Mr.  Swan  w*i,^ 

twic«   marrit-d,   fir.*i,   in   Chicago,   in    1872,  to 

Mary,  daughter  of  Jeremiah  RnUton,  vvho  died 

:n  May,    1886;    second,  in    lS8ii,  in   Stamford, 

Conn.,   to   Sophie,   daughter   of   Capt.    C)iAi]e« 

VVindle,    of     Stamford.   •  One    son.    Josepli    R. 

Swan,  a   member   of   the   law   firm   of   S^van, 

Moore  and  Danforth,  of  New  York  Citv.   vas 

born  of  the  tirst  marriage. 

BUTLER,  Joseph  Green.  Jr.,  irouraa^tnr,  b, 
•at  Temper ;inc<.'  Furnace.  VTercer  Couaty.  Va., 
21  Dec,  3^4l>,  sou  of  Jo>-ppii  Gn'- n  'Ruiler 
( 1  ^ ) .1  f^.'J !       and      Ti-niperinco,      djiTi' hter      ot" 


-Li. 


.\mer;     11 


at 


Urwig.     Uis  earliest  pat 
|a»!<-eytor  wa«*  Thomas.  Butkr,  of  rarlNJo. 
j  grandson  of  the  ninth   Kurl  of  iVaf)  >vn/ 

received    hi."    education    in    tlie    pub!?.'    -. 

at  Niles,  Obi*..,  to  wiiich  ])biee  iu>  pavi 
jhad  nanoved  in  h\^  early  childhood,  >.i>k1 
;  DulT's  College  (comnurcial  t,  whh-h  h- 
.tended  for  a  brief  period  in  1857.  Mr.  I 
'  Wr  ''.Hg;ui  his  business  ear«v-r  a,s  a  rU  rk 
:th,^  4jg  of  thirteen  in  the  rompiinv  K!.>rr 
|.);un':  Wnrd  and  Comprniy,  at  NilV-.  !- : 
i  I-S.'jfi  U.,  18.18  be  served  as  .«iu]»pin;^.  cbrk 
j  (he  iron  mill  ,)perated  bv  the  .^m  m.-  V.rr,; 
Th» 


matter  of   suc!i 


•e.f«r[j    f'l 


to  retire  from  busiiie«,  alt^i 


lb. 


j.saysr    ''The   lir^t   hmI   rier 
I  in    preparing   a    (.iblo    to 
I  rolling.      I  dis.Muere'l    '■.  ^ 
to  make  the  piles    > 
Sf-rt  of  ^rnessuorls"       ' 
1  made   a   great    .'^..v.e:'-    • 
!  the    byr    or    t  ir-    ••  ■ .     ;    ": 
!  would    he    jos*     ,\    ,■     - 
j  be     v»'rv    l^fll. 
{  there   h'-.i.i    >.o.  ■    • 
I  tllink    ^!  ■  .      .   ,         .       :  . 
I  enijdov.  ;         •  ' 

jontni.H.      •: 

.-,»!;..,.      ,  ,.     , 


BUTLER 


BUTLER 


bookkeeper.  Following  this,  he  became  mana- 
ger of  the  financial  end  of  the  business,  and 
retained  that  position  for  some  time.  From 
18tf3  to  18(iG  he  was  the  representative  of 
Hale  and  Ayer  of  Chicago,  at  Youngstown, 
Ohio;  from  1866  to  1878  he  was  manager  of 
the  Girard  furnace  at  Girard,  Ohio;  from 
1878  to  1912  he  was  general  manager  of  the 
Brier  Hill  Iron  and  Coal  Company  at 
Youngstown,  and  has  filled  that  ofKce  until 
the  present  time.  Quoting  Mr.  Butler  again, 
"I  have  always  felt  rather  proud  of  the  fact 
that  Brier  Hill  has,  in  a  way,  been  a  train- 
ing-school. Julian  Kennedy,  the  eminent  en- 
gineer the  world  over,  soon  after  he  gradu- 
ated from  Y'ale  University,  came  to  Brier 
Hill  and  did  his  first  work,  going  from  Brier 
Hill  to  the  Carnegie  plant  at  Pittsburgh." 
Among  others  whom  Mr.  Butler  named  in 
this  connection  are:  Frank  B.  Richards, 
W.  B.  Schiller,  R.  C  Steese,  E.  L.  Ford, 
C.  A.  Meissner,  and  H.  H.  Stambaugh.  Mr. 
Butler  and  the  late  President  McKinley 
were  schoolmates  at  Niles,  where  the  homes 
of  their  parents  adjoined.  Thus,  Mr.  But- 
ler's relations  with  McKinley  were  per- 
sonal and  intimate  until  the  close  of  Mc- 
Kinley's  life.  In  his  youth  he  had  saved 
McKinley  from  drowning,  and  both  were  res- 
cued from  their  peril  by  Jacob  Shealer.  It 
is  natural,  therefore,  that  a  warm  and  endur- 
ing friendship  should  have  existed  between 
the  two  men  as  it  had  existed  between  the 
two  boys.  Senator  Hanna  found,  in  the  pre- 
convention  campaign,  a  co-laborer  no  more 
efficient  than  Mr.  Butler,  whose  influence  was 
a  powerful  factor  in  the  nomination  of  his 
schoolboy  chum.  Mr.  Butler  originated  the 
plan  of  the  McKinley  memorial  which  is  to 
be  erected  at  Niles,  McKinley's  birthplace, 
and  organized  the  "National  McKinley  Birth- 
place Memorial  Association,"  which  was  in- 
corporated by  Act  of  Congress  and  approved 
by  President  Taft,  4  March,  1911.  Its  object 
is  declared  in  this  act  of  incorporation  to  be 
"  to  perpetuate  the  name  and  achievements 
of  William  McKinley,  late  President  of  the 
L'nited  States  of  America,  by  erecting  and 
maintaining  in  the  city  of  Niles,  in  the  State 
of  Ohio,  the  place  of  his  birth,  a  monument 
and  memorial  building,"  the  latter  to  contain 
a  hall  of  peace,  a  relic  room,  Grand  Army 
room,  a  library  and  auditorium.  The  in- 
corporators named  in  the  act  are:  Joseph  G. 
Butler,  Jr  ,  Myron  T.  Herrick,  J.  G.  Schmid- 
lapp,  John  G.  Milburn,  and  W.  A.  Thomas 
The  money  for  the  erection  of  this  Memorial 
has  been  provided,  largely  through  Mr.  But- 
ler's influence  with  patriotic  and  philan- 
thropic people  of  the  country.  On  the  evening 
of  21  Dec,  1910,  some  of  the  life-long  friends 
and  business  associates  of  Mr.  Butler  gath- 
ered at  a  dinner  at  the  Union  Club  in  Cleve- 
land, Ohio,  on  his  seventieth  anniversary.  It 
w^as  a  spontaneous  gathering,  guests  being 
present  from  the  East  and  West  as  well  as 
from  his  home  at  Youngstown.  On  this  oc- 
casion one  of  the  speakers  said  of  Mr.  But- 
ler :  "  He  is  not  only  a  manufacturer  of  pig- 
iron  and  an  organizer,  but  he  is  a  great  dis- 
coverer as  well.  When  the  U.  S.  Steel  Cor- 
poration was  formed,  and  our  friend,  Mr. 
Schwab,  here,  announced  that  he  had  cor- 
raled   most   of   the   available   iron   ore   mines 


in  the  country,  Congress  was  a  good  deal 
disturbed  for  fear  that  the  outside  compe- 
tition would  not  be  able  to  get  enough  iron 
ore.  At  this  juncture,  '  Uncle  Joe '  came  to 
the  rescue  of  the  situation,  and  after  a  short 
investigation,  discovered  hundreds  of  millions 
of  tons  of  iron  ore  lying  scattered  loosely 
about  the  country  in  most  of  the  states  of 
the  Union  and  thus  dispelled  the  fear."  The 
speaker  had  in  mind  an  exhaustive  report 
made  to  the  Senate  Finance  Committee  by 
Mr.  Butler,  on  the  iron  ore  question.  Mr. 
Butler  was  the  guest  of  honor  at  a  luncheon 
given  by  the  president  and  directors  of  the 
International  Peace  Forum  in  the  Waldorf- 
Astoria,  New  York  City,  19  Feb.,  1913.  In 
his  introductory  remarks  the  president  of 
the  Forum,  the  Rev.  Dr.  John  Wesley  Hill, 
said  of  Mr.  Butler :  "  He  is  an  ironmaster 
and  a  patriot,  a  hard-headed  business  man 
and  a  big-hearted  philanthropist;  and  the  In- 
ternational Peace  Forum  takes  great  pleasure 
in  endorsing  the  McKinley  Birthplace  Me- 
morial, which  is  to  enshrine  and  perpetuate 
the  thought  of  Peace.  We  are  honored  by 
the  presence  of  Mr.  Butler.  He  was  a  school- 
mate of  William  McKinley,  rescued  him  from 
drowning,  one  time,  I  believe,  played  with 
him  in  the  streets  and  the  fields,  studied  by 
his  side  in  the  schoolhouse,  attended  the 
sanctuary  with  him,  thought  with  him, 
planned  with  him,  and  wrought  with  him  up 
to  his  early  manhood  days — a  friendship  de- 
veloping between  them  which  grew  more  beau- 
tiful and  fruitful  with  the  passing  years.  It 
is  appropriate  that  such  a  man,  one  so  near 
William  McKinley,  who  knew  him  and  loved 
him  and  appreciated  him,  perhaps  more,  be- 
cause he  was  with  him  more  than  almost  any 
other  man  outside  of  public  life,  should  be 
a  leader  in  this  movement  to  memorialize  the 
martyred  President."  Mr.  Butler  is  a  public- 
spirited  and  progressive  citizen.  He  has 
served  his  country,  his  State  and  his  city  so 
well  that  his  name  is  a  synonym  for  business 
probity  and  sterling  integrity.  Mr.  Butler 
gives  largely  to  charity.  He  has  never  denied 
the  appeal  of  any  worthy  cause.  He  was  in- 
strumental in  the  purchase  of  the  Washing- 
ton Ancestral  Home  in  England,  which  will 
thus  become  a  shrine  to  preserve  forever  the 
memory  of  Washington  in  the  land  of  his 
progenitors.  Mr.  Butler  has  published  the 
"  Life  of  McKinley  "  ( 1901 )  ;  "  Presidents  I 
Have  Seen  and  Known "  ( 1900 )  ;  and  has 
prepared  for  publication :  "  My  First  Trip 
Across  the  Continent"  (1904),  and  "My 
First  Trip  Abroad"  (1908).  He  is  the 
owner  of  a  valuable  collection  of  original 
portraits  and  Indian  pictures.  Mr.  Butler  is 
one  of  the  foremost  men  of  the  State  of  Ohio. 
He  is  prominently  identified  with  the  St. 
Elizabeth's  Hospital  of  YoungstowTi.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  city  council  for  three 
terms  (1868-78-88),  a  member  of  the  board 
of  health  for  six  years,  and  president  of  the 
Youngstown  Chamber  of  Commerce  for  five 
successive  terms.  In  1900  he  was  a  delegate 
to  the  Republican  National  Convention  at 
Philadelphia,  which  nominated  McKinley  and 
Roosevelt.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Duquesne 
Club,  Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  the  Union  Club,  Cleve- 
land, Oliio,  the  Youngstown  Club,  Youngs- 
town,   Ohio,   the   Country   Club,   Youngstown, 


400 


HEWITT 


REEVES 


Ohio,  the  National  Geographical  Society,  the 
American  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers,  the 
American  Mining  Congress,  the  American 
Academy  of  Political  and  Social  Science,  the 
Mahoning  Valley  Historical  Society,  the 
Friars'  Club,  New  York;  a  member  and  di- 
rector of  the  American  Iron  and  Steel  Insti- 
tute, and  a  member  of  the  Ohio  Society  of 
New  York,  and  the  Pennsylvania  Society  of 
New  York.  Mr.  Butler  married  10  Jan., 
1866,  Harriet  Vorhees  Ingersoll.  They  have 
three  children:  Henry  A.  (1873),  Blanche, 
Mrs.  E.  L.  Ford  (1868),  and  Grace,  Mrs. 
Arthur  McGraw    (1869). 

HEWITT,  Henry,  Jr.,  lumberman,  b.  in  Lan- 
cashire, England,  22  Oct.,  1840,  son  of  Henry 
and  Mary  (Proctor)  Hewitt.  When  he  was  one 
year  old,  his  par- 
ents emigrated  to 
this  country,  set- 
tling in  Racine, 
Wis.  His  father 
was  a  successful 
contractor,  who 
built  up  a  section 
of  the  Illinois  and 
Mississippi  Canal, 
near  Chicago,  and 
later  associated 
himself  with  Alex- 
ander   Mitchell    in 

^%^^^^      ^  \  W  Paul  Railroad. 

Henry  Hewitt,  Jr., 
was  educated  in  the  public  schools  of  Kau- 
kana  and  Menasha,  Wis.,  and  at  Lawrence 
University,  where  he  remained  six  months. 
When  scarcely  more  than  a  boy  he  contracted 
to  build  a  lock  and  dam  for  the  Fox  and  Wis- 
consin Canal  Company,  receiving  a  large  por- 
tion of  timber  land  as  payment  for  his  serv- 
ices. His  father  had  previously  acquired  a 
large  tract  of  timber  land,  and  at  the  age 
of  eighteen.  Young  Hewitt  decided  to  cruise 
the  timber.  He  was  a  capable  and  energetic 
young  man  and  his  father  fitted  him  out  with 
teams  and  other  necessary  hauling  equipment. 
Two  years  later,  at  the  age  of  twenty,  he 
contracted  to  build  a  lock  and  dam  at  Portage, 
Wis.,  but  because  of  the  tightness  of  the  money 
market,  he  accepted  in  pay,  cattle,  hogs,  and 
a  grant  of  land.  He  acted  upon  the  economic 
truth  that  money  is  merely  a  medium  of  ex- 
change, and  whenever  there  was  a  scarcity  of 
money,  he  took  commodities  which  are  usually 
cheap  at  such  times.  He  continued  to  work 
as  a  lumber  cruiser  until  1866,  when  an  acci- 
dent compelled  him  to  give  up  physical  labors. 
Notwithstanding  this  handicap  he  bought  tim- 
ber as  opportunity  offered  and  his  means  per- 
mitted. From  1866  to  1876  he  was  cashier  in 
the  First  National  Bank  of  Menasha,  Wis., 
of  which  his  father  was  the  organizer  and 
principal  stockholder.  At  the  end  of  that 
time  his  interests  in  timber  and  mineral  lands 
had  become  so  numerous  and  scattered,  ex- 
tending into  Michigan,  Missouri,  Arkansas, 
and  through  Wisconsin,  that  he  decided  to  de- 
vote his  entire  time  to  their  development.  He 
held  at  this  time  more  than  100,000,000  feet 
of  pine  timber  in  Michigan,  150,000,000  feet 
in  Wisconsin,  besides  iron  mines  in  both 
States.      With    $380,000    which    he    realized 


through  the  sale  of  timber  lands,  in  1888,  he 
went  to  the  Far  West,  visited  Arizona  and 
Mexico,  and  after  a  study  of  the  mining  con- 
ditions in  those  States,  built  a  smelter  at 
Nogales,  Ariz.,  for  reducing  ore  shipped  across 
the  Mexican  border.  The  duty  on  lead  ren- 
dered this  plant  unprofitable,  and  after  in- 
specting the  timber  lands  of  California  and 
Washington  he  returned  home.  In  company 
with  Col.  C.  W.  Griggs,  Addison  G.  Foster, 
George  Browne  and  his  brother-in-law,  Charles 
H.  Jones,  he  organized  the  St.  Paul  and  Ta- 
coma  Lumber  Company,  which  bought  90,000 
acres  of  standing  timber  of  the  Northern 
Pacific  Railroad  Company,  and  in  the  follow- 
ing year  built  a  mill  at  Tacoma,  Wash.,  with 
a  capacity  of  500,000  feet  a  day.  The  com- 
pany is  now  the  largest  lumber  concern  operat- 
ing in  Washington  State.  Mr.  Hewitt  was 
active  in  the  early  development  of  many 
Washington  cities,  among  them  Everett, 
Gray's  Harbor,  Port  Garnet,  and  Coos  Bay, 
being  instrumental  in  securing  Eastern  manu- 
facturers and  capitalists  to  make  investments 
in  the  State.  Among  those  whom  he  inter- 
ested in  his  city-building  enterprise  were 
John  D.  Rockefeller,  Charles  L.  Colby,  and 
Colgate  Hoyt,  of  New  York,  who  furnished  a 
large  portion  of  the  capital  required  to  estab- 
lish some  of  the  important  industries  of  the 
State.  During  the  financial  panic  of  1893,  he 
opposed  the  bonding  of  the  city  of  Everett, 
Wash.,  for  $1,500,000.  Mr.  Hewitt  is  still  a 
large  buyer  of  timber  and  mining  properties, 
and  owns  a  farm  of  6,000  acres  in  Eastern 
Oregon.  He  was  the  organizer  of  the  Everett 
Land  Company,  the  Everett  National  Bank, 
the  reorganized  First  National  Bank  of 
Everett,  the  Hewitt-Lombard  Bank,  the  Everett 
Pulp  and  Paper  Company,  and  many  other 
corporations;  president  of  the  Cordova  Copper 
Company,  Connelsville  Coal  and  Coke  Com- 
pany, Climax  Land  Company,  Hewitt  Invest- 
ment Company,  Hewitt  Land  Company,  and  a 
director  and  stockholder  in  the  Chehalis  and 
Pacific  Land  Company,  Tacoma  Coal  and  Coke 
Company,  Tacoma  Steel  Company,  and  the  St. 
Paul  and  Tacoma  Lumber  Company.  Follow- 
ing the  business  depression  in  this  country 
in  1893,  he  toured  China,  Japan,  Russia,  Aus- 
tralia, Philippine  Islands,  and  the  Hawaiian 
Islands  for  the  purpose  of  establishing  trade 
relations  in  lumber  with  those  countries.  Mr. 
Hewitt  is  an  optimistic,  companionable  busi- 
ness man  who  dislikes  ostentation.  His  con- 
servative spirit  and  love  for  industrial  de- 
velopment were  revealed  during  his  youth, 
when  he  sent  a  substitute  to  war,  saying: 
"  Building  locks  is  a  heap  more  useful  than 
getting  killed.  Why  be  a  patriot  when  you 
can  send  five  fellows  not  worth  a  bean  and 
just  as  good  targets  for  bullets?  War  is  an- 
other durn-fool  survival  from  our  fathers" 
Mr.  Hewitt  was  a  charter  mcnil)er  of  the 
Union  Club,  and  is  a  member  of  the  Com- 
mercial and  Country  Clubs,  and  of  the  Cham- 
ber of  Commerce  of  Tacoma.  He  has  takc-n  an 
earnest  interest  in  the  Y.  ]\I.  C.  A.,  and  con- 
tributed liberally  toward  the  orcf^tion  of  the 
new  building  in 'Tacoma.  In  ISfi!)  he  marriod 
Rocena  L.  Jonos,  at  Menasha,  Wis.,  and  thoy 
have   five  children. 

REEVES,     Francis     Brewster,     banker    and 
merchant,  b.  in  Bridgeton,  N.  J.,  10  Oct.,  18:}0, 


401 


REEVES 


WHITE 


son  of  Johnson  and  Elizabeth  (Riley)  Reeves. 
He  is  of  English  ancestry,  the  descendant  of 
John  Reeves,  a  native  of  England  (b.  in  1726), 
who  married  Mabel  Johnson,  and  settled  in 
Long  Island,  N.  Y.  John's  son,  Johnson 
Reeves  (b.  in  1751),  married  Zerviah  Berre- 
man;  and  their  son,  John  Reeves  (b.  in  1778), 
grandfather  of  Francis  Brewster,  married 
Martha  Reeves.  His  father  (b.  1799)  was  at 
first  an  employee  and  later  the  manager  of  an 
extensive  iron  cut  nail  establishment,  and 
afterward  became  one  of  Bridgeton's  most 
prominent  merchants.  Francis  B.  Reeves 
attended  school  in  his  native  town,  spend- 
ing part  of  his  schooldays  at  "  Har- 
mony Academy,"  where  he  completed  the 
course  in  1852.  In  April  of  that  year,  at 
the  age  of  sixteen,  he  entered  upon  his  busi- 
ness career  as  a  clerk  in  a  dry  goods  store 
in  Bridgeton.  He  held  this  position  for  a  few 
months  only,  until  October,  when  he  resigned 
to  become  assistant  to  a  jeweler  and  watch- 
maker. This  connection  he  retained  until  9 
March,  1854,  when  he  began  his  long  associa- 
tion with  the  institution  of  which  he  later  be- 
came president  and  leading  spirit,  the  Girard 
National  Bank  of  Philadelphia.  In  1859  he 
engaged  in  the  grocery  business,  as  the  head 
of  the  wholesale  firm  of  Reeves,  Parvin  and 
Company  of  Philadelphia,  with  which  enter- 
prise he  is  still  (1917)  connected.  In  Febru- 
ary, 1859,  Mr.  Reeves  was  also  admitted  as  a 
member  into  the  old  wholesale  grocery  firm 
of  N.  B.  Thompson,  a  historic  business  house 
of  Philadelphia,  organized  under  the  name  of 
Scull  and  Thompson  in  February,  1828.  Mr. 
Reeves'  keen  business  sense  soon  placed  the 
enterprise  upon  a  sound  footing,  and  it  has 
enjoyed  unbroken  success  from  that  date  to 
the  present  time.  While  he  is  still  its  senior 
member  the  management  of  the  business  is 
now  in  the  hands  of  the  junior  members  of  the 
firm,  of  whom  Francis  B.  Reeves,  Jr.,  is  the 
head.  Since  1899  Mr.  Reeves  has  been  the 
president  of  the  Girard  National  Bank.  He 
has  not  confined  his  business  activities  to 
commerce  and  banking  alone,  but  is  also  presi- 
dent of  the  Philadelphia  Belt  Line  Railway 
Company,  a  director  of  the  Chesapeake  and 
Potomac  Telephone  Company,  and  occupies  a 
similar  relation  to  the  Bell  Telephone  Com- 
pany of  Pennsylvania.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  advisory  board  of  the  Germantown  Real 
Estate  Deposit  and  Trust  Company,  and  a 
member  of  the  board  and  manager  of  the  Ger- 
mantown Savings  Fund  Society.  He  is  presi- 
dent of  the  London  Park  Cemetery  Company, 
and  president  of  the  Druid  Ridge  Cemetery 
Company,  both  of  Baltimore,  Md.  Mr.  Reeves 
has  not  only  been  a  generous  promoter  of 
many  important  charitable  and  philanthropic 
movements  but  has  done  much  more,  in  devot- 
ing his  time  and  energies  to  public  service, 
not  as  a  politician,  but  as  a  private  citizen 
who  has  the  welfare  of  his  community  at 
heart.  As  the  treasurer  of  the  Thomas  W. 
Evans  Museum  and  Dental  Institute,  which  is 
afiiliated  with  the  University  of  Pennsylvania, 
he  has  rendered  valuable  aid  both  in  the  man- 
agement of  that  institution  and  in  the  con- 
servation of  its  resources.  In  1881  he  was 
elected  chairman  of  the  executive  committee 
of  the  Municipal  Reform  Commission  of  One 
Hundred   of   Philadelphia,   and   acted   in   this 


capacity  for  three  years.  During  the  years 
1888-90  he  served  as  a  member  of  the  city 
board  of  education;  since  1889  has  been  a 
member  of  the  Citizens*  Permanent  Relie'k 
Committee  of  Philadelphia.  In  connection 
with  his  association  with  this  body  Mr.  Reeves 
was  commissioned  to  visit  Russia,  in  1892,  to 
make  personal  delivery  of  the  steamship 
"  Conemaugh's  "  cargo  of  flour  to  the  Russian 
authorities  as  Philadelphia's  contribution  to 
the  famine  sufferers  in  Europe.  He  was  re- 
ceived in  audience  by  the  Emperor  of  Russia, 
who  recognized  his  personal  service  by  pre- 
senting him  with  a  valuable  table  service  of 
gold  and  silver.  Mr.  Reeves  is  a  Presbyterian 
by  religious  affiliation,  and  is  a  member  of  the 
board  of  trustees  of  the  General  Assembly  of 
the  Presbyterian  Church  in  the  United  States. 
He  is  vice-president  of  the  Philadelphia 
Bourse,  and  is  a  member  of  and  actively  inter- 
ested in  a  number  of  historical  and  scientific 
societies,  including  the  Historical  Society  of 
Pennsylvania,  Presbyterian  Historical  Society, 
American  Academy  of  Political  and  Social 
Science,  New  England  Society  and  New  Jersey 
Society  of  Pennsylvania.  Mr.  Reeves  is  the 
author  of  the  following  books :  "  Character 
Building,"  "The  Evolution  of  Christian 
Hymnology,"  and  "Russia — ^Then  and  Now, 
1892-1907."  On  26  April,  1860,  he  mar- 
ried Ellen  Bernard,  daughter  of  Newcomb 
B.  Thompson,  of  Philadelphia,  Pa.  She  died 
22  Dec,  1901.  They  were  the  parents  of  six 
children:  Francis  B.  Reeves,  Jr.,  who  mar- 
ried Lillian  Primrose;  Mary  Brown  Reeves 
(wife  of  George  H.  Deacon)  ;  Alison  Cleveland 
Reeves,  who  died  in  1874;  Emily  Thompson 
Reeves  (wife  of  Sidney  Williams)  ;  Ellen 
Elizabeth  Reeves  (wife  of  Arthur  Haines)  ; 
and  Caroline  Thompson  Reeves,  who  died  in 
1894. 

WHITE,  Thomas,  lawyer,  b.  in  Boylston, 
Mass.,  9  Feb.,  1804;  d.  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  23 
Nov.,  1896,  son  of  Aaron  and  Mary  (Avery) 
White.  His  earliest  American  ancestor  was 
John  White,  who  emigrated  from  England  in 
1637,  and  settled  at  Watertown,  Mass.  From 
him  and  his  wife,  Frances,  the  line  of  descent 
is  traced  through  Joseph  and  Hannah  White; 
Benjamin  and  Margaret  (Nels)  White; 
Moses  and  Rachel  (Davis)  White;  Aaron  and 
Elizabeth  (Cheney)  White,  and  Aaron  and 
Mary  (Avery)  White.  Thomas  White  was 
educated  in  the  Leicester  Academy  and  at  the 
age  of  seventeen  became  a  school  teacher.  He 
taught  in  a  district  school  for  two  successive 
winters,  but  in  1825  began  the  study  of  law 
in  the  office  of  Gen.  George  L.  Barnes,  of 
Smithfield,  R.  I.,  and  at  the  Harvard  Law 
School.  He  w^as  graduated  LL.B.  in  1829. 
Subsequently  he  engaged  in  the  practice  of  his 
profession  in  Providence,  R.  I.,  where  he  rap- 
idly achieved  distinction,  and  also  attained 
political  prominence.  He  was  city  justice  for 
four  years,  and  later  occupied  the  office  of 
police  justice  for  two  years.  He  was  also 
librarian  of  the  Providence  Bar  Library,  and 
secretary  of  the  board  of  directors  of  the 
Athenaeum.  In  1840  he  removed  to  New 
York,  where  he  built  up  a  lucrative  law  prac- 
tice, and  also  became  connected  with  various 
business  enterprises.  In  1847  he  abandoned 
the  law,  and  with  his  brother,  Samuel  C. 
White,  organized  the  Thomas  and  S.  C.  White 


402 


PIEL 


PIEL 


Sulphur  Refining  Companj  of  Bergen  Port, 
N.  J.,  which,  under  his  management,  became 
one  of  the  largest  and  most  prosperous  con- 
cerns engaged  in  the  manufacture  and  sale  of 
sulphur  in  many  forms.  Mr.  White  was  a 
man  of  broad,  cultured  mind,  and  of  exceed- 
ingly genial  manners.  He  was  a  keen,  intelli- 
gent observer  of  things  and  persons,  and  pos- 
sessed rare  executive  talents.  As  a  lawyer,  his 
learning  was  technical,  doctrinal,  and  compre- 
hensive. He  was  a  wise  counselor  and  a  formi- 
dable adversary  in  the  preparation  of  a  case, 
his  knowledge  of  authorities  and  precedents 
being  extremely  broad  and  exact.  He  pos- 
sessed, also,  a  keen  sense  of  the  issue  and  the 
points  to  be  decided.  Mr.  White  was  a  man 
of  robust  frame,  and  imposing  figure  and 
presence.  Decision,  firmness,  prudence,  and 
perseverance  were  fully  exemplified  in  his 
character.  He  was  a  generous  contributor  to 
all  worthy  objects,  and  preserved  a  lively  in- 
terest in  all  the  questions  of  the  day.  On  2 
June,  1841,  he  married  Harriet,  daughter  of 
Oliver  Sawyer,  of  Boylston,  Mass.,  and  had 
one  daughter,  Salome  Elizabeth  White,  who 
has  been  active  for  many  years  in  various 
movements  for  the  uplift  of  humanity. 

PIEL,  Michael,  brewer,  b.  in  Stoffeln,  Dus- 
seldorf  am  Rhein,  Germany,  29  March,  1849; 
d.  at  Lake  Parlin,  Me.,  12  June,  1915,  son  of 
Heinrich  Hubert  and  Gertrud  (Gisp6)  Piel. 
He  was  descended  from  an  old  Rhenish  stock 
of  farmers  of  singular  attachment,  whose 
members  successively  aimed  to  expand  their 
patrimony  of  tillable  lands.  To  the  original 
and  extensive  Stoffeln  Farm  his  father  and 
uncles  added  the  great  Morsenbroich-Dussel- 
dorf  tillages,  which  now  border  the  residen- 
tial section  of  the  Lower  Rhenish  financial 
capitol.  Michael  was  born  in  an  environment 
of  industry,  thrift,  and  enterprise.  His  early 
youth  was  devoted  to  the  farm  at  Morsen- 
broich-Diisseldorf.  At  the  age  of  eighteen,  he 
began  his  military  service  in  the  Kaiser 
Alexander  II  Regiment  of  the  Imperial  Guards 
at  Berlin.  The  Franco-Prussian  War  of 
1870-71  broke  out  just  as  he  had  completed 
this  duty.  As  he  was  not,  therefore,  sub- 
ject to  the  call  of  the  Fatherland,  his  family 
sought  to  hold  him  back.  He  promptly  volun- 
teered, however,  and  served  throughout  the 
war,  participating  with  his  regiment  in  sev- 
eral engagements,  the  battle  of  Gravelotte  and 
the  siege  of  Paris.  The  impressions  on  the 
country  boy  of  his  years  of  service  at  Berlin, 
which  had  already  begun  to  modernize  its 
industries,  lingered  and  served  constantly  to 
stimulate  his  natural  gifts  of  invention. 
While  for  several  years  after  the  war,  true  to 
the  family  tradition,  he  worked  at  Morsen- 
broich  with  his  elder  brother,  he  continually 
sought  expression  for  his  native  talents.  The 
arduous  discipline  of  farm-labor  from  sun-up 
to  sun-down, — valuable  preparation  though  it 
was  for  the  early  trials  of  his  later  life  ca- 
reer— could  not  check  his  inventive  spirit. 
Gradually,  making  the  most  of  his  opportuni- 
ties on  the  farm,  his  successes  won  him  away 
from  the  family  calling.  In  the  creation  of 
new  rose-cultures  and,  particularly,  in  the  per- 
fection of  a  new  and  highly  productive  breed 
of  bees,  for  both  of  which,  after  but  two  years 
of  experimentation,  he  was  voted  the  govern- 
ment's highest  awards,  he  found  the  encour- 


agement he  needed  for  the  growing  determina- 
tion to  carve  out  his  own  future.  It  was, 
however,  his  invention  of  a  centrifuge  for  the 
extraction  of  honey,  awarded  special  govern- 
mental recognition  and  immediately  adopted 
into  general  use,  that  decided  him.  As  the 
protege  of  a  machine  manufacturer,  he  visited 
the  industrial  centers  of  the  progressive  Rhine- 
land  and  soon  chose  the  ancient  German  in- 
dustry of  brewing  as  the  one  offering  the  best 
opportunity  for  his  talent  of  applying  machin- 
ery to  natural  processes  He  found  a  fertile 
field.  The  new  science  of  modern  refrigeration 
had  just  come  into  practice,  and  the  sugges- 
tions which  it  offered  in  his  chosen  field  fas- 
cinated him.  He  began  his  novitiate  in  the 
old-style  subterranean  cellars  at  the  breweries 
of  Dortmund,  Westphalia.  In  1883,  his  ap- 
prenticeship ended,  he  welcomed  the  call  of  a 
younger  brother,  Gottfried,  then  already  es- 
tablished as  an  export  merchant  in  New  York, 
to  found  with  him  in  East  New  York,  at  its 
present  site,  a  typically  German  brewery,  to 
be  conceived  on  modern  and  scientific  principles. 
The  brothers,  as  a  partnership,  secured  title  to 
a  small  old-style  brewing  plant,  then  in  disuse, 
and  found  the  problem  to  convert  it  to  newer 
ideas  a  fight  against  tremendous  odds.  At  the 
outset,  Michael  was  its  brewer,  superintendent, 
and  engineer,  his  accumulated  experience  fit- 
ting him  admirably  for  the  multiplicity  of  his 
duties.  In  the  early  days  of  the  converted 
plant,  Michael  found  that  his  hours  were  from 
four  o'clock  in  the  morning  till  ten  at  night. 
At  last,  in  1888,  the  ability  of  his  brother  as 
the  financial  head  of  the  firm  and  the  excel- 
lence of  his  own  products  assured  success  and 
the  long  struggle  was  won.  The  country 
which  had  offered  him  his  opportunity  for 
success  he  gladly  and  promptly  adopted  as  his 
own,  being  admitted  to  citizenship  in  1888. 
The  enterprise  prospered  and  the  partnership 
became  a  corporation  in  1898,  with  an  estab- 
lished business  of  national  reputation.  The 
popular  demand  for  the  products  of  the  plant, 
— then  a  novelty  in  the  American  brewing  in- 
dustry: a  typical  German  beer, — necessitated 
enlarged  facilities.  A  new  era  began.  The 
acquired  plant  was  demolished  and  a  new  plant, 
offering  Michael  the  long-sought  opportunity 
for  the  application  of  his  talents,  was  erected. 
Subterranean  cellars  made  way  for  a  building 
of  cellars  above  surface,  under  modern  re- 
frigeration. The  plant,  completed,  represented 
a  new  achievement  in  brewing  construction; 
it  continues  to  serve  as  a  model  of  the  Ger- 
man-type plant.  New  principles  were  easily 
adopted  by  him  and  many  ideas  of  his  own 
creation  were  applied.  Continued  success  jus- 
tified this  enlargement  of  facilities,  and  twice 
more  during  his  lifetime  the  plant  was  ex- 
panded in  size  and  facilities.  The  brewery's 
reputation  spread  abroad,  and  for  years 
brought  brewing  academicians,  experts,  and 
scientists  from  Europe  and  South  America  to 
note  his  work.  Many  of  his  ideas  were  copied 
abroad.  The  plant  enjoyed  the  distinction,  as 
the  result  of  Michael's  constant  scientific  ad- 
vances in  his  field,  of  the  continued  exchange 
with  European  authorities  of  Gorman  l)ro\ying 
ideas,  a  unique  achievonient  for  an  American 
manufacturer.  He  retired  from  active  man- 
agement as  the  technical  head  of  the  corpora- 
tion  in    1900,   devoting  his   last   years  to   the 

403 


LEVINSON 


BACHRACH 


acquisition  of  German  paintings  of  hunting 
scenes.  He  was  an  enthusiastic  sportsman, 
and  was  particularly  devoted  to  hunting,  fish- 
ing, and  yachting.  In  1901  he  acquired  the 
Parlin  Farm,  situated  in  a  basin  of  the  Maine 
Boundary  Mountains,  on  the  Quebec-Portland 
Highway,  on  the  line  of  Arnold's  Retreat.  It 
is  recognized  as  one  of  the  most  attractive 
residences  of  the  State.  He  married  19  March, 
1882,  Maria  Gertrud,  daughter  of  Josef  and 
Agnes  (Holz)  Herrmann,  at  Bochum,  West- 
phalia. His  widow  and  nine  children  sur- 
vived him. 

LEVINSON,  Salmon  Oliver,  lawyer,  b.  at 
Noblesville,  Ind.,  29  Dec,  1865,  the  son  of 
Newman  David  and  Minnie  (Newman)  Levin- 
eon.  His  parents  were  born  in  Germany  and 
settled  permanently  in  Noblesville,  in  1857. 
They  were  so  identified  with  the  educational 
and  charity  work  of  Noblesville  that  the  high 
school  of  that  city  bears  their  name  as  a 
memorial.  After  attending  the  local  schools 
at  Noblesville  and  being  associated  in  business 
with  his  father,  Mr.  ,Levinson  entered  the  old 
University  of  Chicago,  remained  there  from 
1883  to  1886  and  finished  his  academic  educa- 
tion at  Yale  University,  from  which  he  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  A.B.  in  1888.  He  then 
came  to  Chicago  and  pursued  his  legal  studies 
in  the  law  department  of  Lake  Forest  Uni- 
versity, graduating  in  the  class  of  1891  with  a 
degree  of  Bachelor  of  Laws,  and  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  of  Illinois  the  same  year.  He 
was  for  many  years  a  member  of  the  law  firm 
of  Newman,  Northrup,  Levinson  and  Becker 
and  is  now  senior  member  of  the  firm  of  Levin- 
son,  Becker  and  Schwartz.  While  this  firm 
may  be  said  to  carry  on  a  general  practice,  its 
seniors,  Messrs.  Levinson  and  Becker,  have  de- 
veloped unusual  and  conspicuous  abilities  in 
all  large  matters  of  corporate  reorganization 
and  financing,  and  it  is  probably  not  too  much 
to  say  that  in  this  important  and  lucrative 
field  they  stand  in  the  front  rank  of  the  Ameri- 
can bar.  The  evolution  of  Mr.  Levinson's  work 
and  practice  is  somewhat  typical  of  the  trend 
of  the  times.  Early  in  his  professional  career 
he  reached  the  conclusion  that  litigation  in- 
volving merely  dollars  and  cents  (as  distin- 
guished from  vital  constitutional  questions) 
w^as,  as  a  rule,  wasteful  and  destructive  on 
both  sides.  To  him  litigation  soon  came  to 
mean  miniature  war.  While  like  other  young 
lawyers  he  tried  many  cases,  the  habit  grew 
fast  within  him  to  settle  law  suits  out  of  court 
upon  equitable  terms.  This  idea,  put  into  prac- 
tice for  several  years,  led  him  naturally  into 
the  field  of  reorganization  and  financing  of 
industrial  and  railroad  corporations.  While 
recognizing  the  necessity  and  cogency  of  fight- 
ing ability,  Mr.  Levinson  has  made  it  a  rule  to 
adopt,  as  far  as  possible,  the  constructive  side 
of  legal  work  and  avoid  the  expense,  delay, 
and  waste  necessarily  attendant  upon  contests 
through  the  courts.  Instead,  therefore,  of 
allowing  men  of  affairs  to  give  their  time  and 
ability  to  litigation  he  maintains  that  it  is 
the  duty  of  lawyers  to  obviate  this  economic 
waste  by  bringing  the  parties  sensibly  to- 
gether and  that  more  substantial  justice  can 
be  obtained  in  this  way  than  through  the  best 
of  courts.  He  believes  that  the  elimination  of 
a,  vast  percentage  of  law  suits  by  friendly  ad- 
justments is  one  of  the  great  legal  reforms  of 


the  past  quarter  of  a  century.  Mr.  Levinson 
has  been  connected  with  the  reorganization  of 
scores  of  large  properties  and  has  succeeded  in 
rehabilitating  many  worthy  enterprises  in  the 
fields  of  industry,  railroading,  and  finance. 
Among  the  conspicuous  examples  of  this  work 
are  the  properties  in  which  the  late  George 
Westinghouse  was  interested,  Mr.  Levinson 
representing  him  through  the  period  of  his 
acute  financial  stress  and  being  largely  instru- 
mental in  the  reorganization  of  the  various 
Westinghouse  companies  which  went  into  re- 
ceiver's hands  in  1907.  This  group  marked 
the  largest  industrial  collapse  in  the  history 
of  the  country.  He  was  also  a  prominent  fac- 
tor in  the  recent  reorganization  of  the  St. 
Louis  and  San  Francisco  Railroad  which  in- 
volved securities  to  the  extent  of  over  $400,- 
000,000,  and  is  said  to  be  the  most  successful 
railroad  reorganization  of  the  times.  He  was 
instrumental  in  reorganizing  the  Chicago  and 
Eastern  Illinois  Railroad.  Mr.  Levinson  is 
fond  of  all  that  is  best  in  literature.  He  has 
one  of  the  largest  and  best  selected  private 
libraries  in  Chicago,  containing  over  12,000 
volumes.  One  of  his  favorite  recreations  is 
golf,  in  which  he  takes  keen  interest.  His 
summer  home  is  at  Kennebunk  Beach,  Maine. 
In  the  winter  of  1915  Mr.  Levinson  was  pro- 
foundly impressed,  like  everyone  else,  with  the 
terrible  spectacle  of  the  great  Christian  na- 
tions of  Europe  at  war.  Unlike  others,  how- 
ever, he  made  energetic  efforts  to  do  what  he 
could  to  start  a  movement  for  peace.  It 
seemed  to  him  that  an  appeal  from  the  great 
men  of  this  country  directly  to  the  sovereign 
belligerent  powers,  not  official  but  representing 
the  sentiment  of  the  American  people,  might  be 
an  effective  agency  toward  starting  negotia- 
tions looking  toward  peace  before  the  heavy 
fighting  contemplated  in  the  spring  had  been 
actually  entered  upon.  He  co-operated  in  this 
regard  with  Dr.  Charles  W.  Eliot,  the  former 
president  of  Harvard  University,  and  aided  in 
preparing  an  initial  working  basis  for  a  dur- 
able peace,  and  had  it  not  been  for  accidents 
which  much  delayed  and  crippled  the  develop- 
ment of  these  plans,  it  seems  possible  that 
something  quite  important  might  have  been 
accomplished.  Dr.  Eliot  incorporates  the  sub- 
stance of  this  proposal  in  his  recent  book,  "  The 
Road  Toward  Peace,"  published  in  September, 
1915.  Mr.  Levinson  is  a  member  of  the  Ameri- 
can Bar  Association,  the  Chicago  Bar  Asso- 
ciation, the  Hamilton,  the  Chicago,  Yale,  the 
Ravisloe  Country,  the  Webhannet  Golf,  and  the 
Standard  Clubs.  Politically,  he  is  a  stanch 
Republican.  He  married  9  Aug.,  1894,  Helen 
Bartlett  Haire  (b.  1865;  d.  1904).  Their  chil- 
dren are  Horace  C,  Ronald  B.,  and  Helen  W. 
Levinson.  On  10  Jan.,  1914,  he  married  Ruth 
Langworthy,  of  Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  and  a  son, 
John  Oliver,  has  been  born  of  this  marriage. 

BACHRACH,  Benjamin  Charles,  lawyer,  b. 
in  Elgin,  111.,  28  Jan.,  1874,  son  of  Charles 
and  Lenora  (Goldman)  Bachrach.  He  was 
educated  in  the  public  schools  of  his  native 
town  and  at  the  Notre  Dame  University,  where 
he  was  graduated  in  1892.  Subsequently  he 
pursued  his  studies  at  Cornell  University,  re- 
maining there  one  and  one-half  years,  and  at 
Columbia  University  for  one  year.  Upon  his 
return  to  Chicago,  in  the  spring  of  1894,  he 
became  a  law  clerk  in  the  oflBce  of  William 


404 


BACHRACH 


SAXON 


S.  Forrest,  a  law  attorney,  and  while  serving 
in  this  capacity  attended  the  law  classes  at 
Kent  College.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
in  Chicago,  111.,  in  June,  1896,  and  early  in 
his  career  displayed  unusual  aptitude  in  mas- 
tering th'e  subtilities  of  the  law.  Mr.  Bach- 
rach  is  well  versed  in  all  branches  of  legal 
practice,  but  of  late  years  has  devoted  more 
time  to  criminal  law,  particularly  in  the  fed- 
eral courts.  Among  the  important  cases  man- 
aged by  him  was  that  of  Rhodus  Bros., 
who  were  charged  in  the  District  Court  of 
the  United  States 
with  using  the 
mails  in  pursuance 
of  a  scheme  to 
defraud.  The  in- 
dictments were 
quashed  by  Judge 
Landis.  In  1909 
he  was  attorney 
for  Joseph  Kellar 
and  Louis  Ellman, 
convicted  and  sen- 
tenced to  the  peni- 
tentiary in  the 
District  Court  of 
the  United  States 
for  violation  of 
the  so-called  white 
slave  law,  in  which 
case  a  writ  of  error  was  sued  out  in  the 
U.  S.  Supreme  Court.  The  oral  argument 
was  made  by  Mr.  Bachrach  before  the  Su- 
preme Court,  which  declared  the  statute  un- 
constitutional, and  Mr.  Bachrach's  clients 
were  released.  In  1913  he  was  the  attorney 
for  John  Arthur  Johnson,  known  as  "  Jack  " 
Johnson,  champion  heavyweight  pugilist  of 
the  world.  Johnson  was  convicted  of  viola- 
tion of  the  white  slave  traffic  act.  Mr.  Bach- 
rach, upon  a  writ  of  error,  brought  the  case 
to  the  U.  S.  Circuit  Court  of  Appeals  for 
the  Seventh  Circuit,  and  the  conviction  against 
Johnson  was  reversed.  In  1914  he  was  the  at- 
torney for  Joseph  Fish,  a  fire  insurance  adjuster 
in  Chicago,  against  whom  there  were  returned 
eighteen  indictments  charging  Fish  with  arson 
in  connection  with  a  great  number  of  fires. 
Two  of  these  cases  were  tried  before  Judge 
John  M.  O'Connor  in  the  Criminal  Court  of 
Cook  County,  Illinois,  each  of  the  trials  lasting 
more  than  one  month,  and  in  both  cases  there 
was  a  verdict  of  not  guilty.  The  state  there- 
upon abandoned  the  other  sixteen  cases,  and 
they  were  dismissed.  Mr.  Bachrach  was  also 
associate  counsel  in  the  defense  of  Kiebel, 
Police  Officer  Baginski,  Alderman  O'Malley, 
Baron  Curt  von  Biedenfeld,  and  Leo  Roeder. 
In  all  of  these  cases  the  defendants  were 
charged  with  murder  and  were  acquitted.  Mr. 
Bachrach  is  noted  in  the  legal  profession  for 
his  ability  to  seize  upon  the  essential  facts  in 
a  case  through  the  numerous  details  and  sur- 
rounding unimportant  facts  that  cluster 
around  every  complicated  case.  He  is  an 
expert  at  cross-examination  and  does  not  go 
over  the  entire  field  of  direct  examination,  as 
many  lawyers  of  the  older  school  do,  but  with 
unerring  accuracy  in  a  question  or  two  in 
the  right  manner  and  at  the  psychological 
time  has  been  known  to  destroy  witnesses. 
His  big,  broad  way  of  trying  cases  and  a 
graceful    yielding    of    and    conceding    points 


which  his  adversary  could  easily  prove, 
coupled  with  a  natural  pleasing  personality, 
make  him  a  great  favorite  with  the  juries. 
The  habit  of  conservative  thinking,  which 
seems  to  be  the  penalty  of  rigid  compliance 
to  the  law,  has  not  affected  him.  He  is  alive 
and  open  to  every  modern  current  of  thought. 
He  reads  widely  modern  philosophy,  William 
James  being  his  favorite.  He  has  made  a 
consistent  study  of  dramatic  literature  and 
George  Bernard  Shaw  is  his  favorite  drama- 
tist. He  is  also  deeply  interested  in  modern 
pictorial  art  and  suggestions  of  these  various 
interests  creep  out  repeatedly,  though  un- 
ostentatiously enough,  both  in  his  addresses  to 
the  jury  and  in  his  briefs.  His  orderly,  logi- 
cal habits  of  mind  make  him  a  dangerous  op- 
ponent, but  so  eager  is  he  to  discover  the 
truth  rather  than  to  win  the  argument  that 
he  frequently  surprises  his  opponent  by  sud- 
denly ending  the  argument  with,  "  You  are 
right,"  and  then  proceeding  to  prove  his  op- 
ponent's point  of  view  better  than  his  oppo- 
nent could  have  done.  In  his  social  life  he  is 
genial  and  gentle,  thoughtful  of  others,  warm- 
hearted and  very  sympathetic  with  a  vein  of 
humor  which  makes  him  a  very  enjoyable 
companion.  He  is  a  member  of  Idlewild  Golf 
Club.  On  5  Jan.,  1898,  he  married  Martha 
B.,  daughter  of  Louis  Hartman,  of  Chicago, 
111.,  and  they  have  two  children,  Leona  Celeste 
and  Marie   Helene   Bachrach. 

SAXON,  William,  mechanical  engineer,  b. 
in  Christiania,  Norway,  6  July,  1857,  son  of 
Bent  Christian  and  Alice  (Tomlinson)  Saxon. 
His  father  was  a 
^mechanical  engi- 
neer, and  having 
prospered  in  that 
profession,  had  a 
natural  desire  to 
see  his  son  follow 
in  the  same  direc- 
tion. He  acquired 
his  early  educa- 
tion in  the  public 
schools  of  his  na- 
tive city,  and  was 
then  sent  to  Eng- 
land, to  continue 
his  technical  stud- 
ies in  the  Mechan- 
ics' Institute  of 
Manchester.  To- 
gether with  his 
natural  aptitude,  and  with  what  he  had  inci- 
dentally learned  from  his  father,  he  proved 
a  proficient  student  and  was  graduated  with 
high  honors.  Having  earned  his  diploma,  Mr. 
Saxon  entered  the  employ  of  John  Hethering- 
ton  and  Son,  Manchester,  as  foreman  of  their 
machine  shops,  and  there  remained  for  some 
years.  Being  of  an  intensely  ambitious  tem- 
perament, however,  he  chafed  under  the  slow 
progress  which  ability  makes  even  in  England. 
Finally,  he  determined  to  try  his  fortunes  in 
America,  and  eventually  settled  in  Chicago. 
In  this  country  his  advancement  has  been 
both  rapid  and  continuous.  In  1800  lie  be- 
came superintendent  of  the  Miohle  Printing 
Press  and  Manufacturing  Company,  in  Chi- 
cago. From  this  i)08itioii,  through  his  perse- 
verance and  his  thorough  knowledge  of  his 
business,    he   rose   step   by   step,   until    he   be- 


405 


HOLLAND 


HOLLAND 


came  general  manager  of  the  entire  plant  of 
the  firm,  being  also  represented  on  the  board 
of  directors  as  vice-president.  Mr.  Saxon  is 
an  excellent  type  of  that  high  class  of  immi- 
gration from  the  northern  countries  of  Europe, 
which  took  place  some  twenty  years  ago,  con- 
sisting of  tlie  best  energy  and  brains  of  those 
countries,  but  wliich  has  now  unfortunately 
ceased.  Being  ingenious,  as  well  as  skillful 
in  his  profession,  he  has  done  much  toward 
the  mechanical  and  technical  advancement  in 
the  manufacture  of  high-class  printing  ma- 
chinery, a  stimulus  which  has  had  its  effect 
on  the  business  throughout  the  country.  On 
24  Nov.,  1881,  Mr.  Saxon  married  Marie 
Jacobson,  also  Norwegian  by  birth.  They  have 
had  four  children:  James,  since  deceased, 
Margaret,  William,  and  Mrs.  John  Press. 

HOLLAND,  John  Philip,  inventor,  b.  in  Lis- 
canor,  Ireland,  24  Feb.,  1841 ;  d.  in  Newark, 
N.  J.,  12  Aug.,  1914,  son  of  John  and  Mary 
(Scanlan)  Holland.  His  father  was  a  coast- 
guard, and  it  was  from  him  that  the  son  in- 
herited his  love  for  the  sea.  He  was  edu- 
cated in  the  Irish  Christian  Brothers  School 
in  Ennistymon  and  in  Limerick.  The  family 
had  not  resided  long  in  Limerick  when  the 
father  died.  John  soon  after  obtained  em- 
ployment as  a  clerk  in  a  tobacco  shop.  In 
1858  he  became  a  teacher  in  the  Christian 
Brothers  School.  He  showed  signs  of  failing 
health,  in  18G0,  and  was  transferred  to  a 
school  in  Waterford  in  the  hope  that  the 
climate  would  benefit  him.  Later  he  went  to 
Cork  to  wait  until  he  could  find  a  suitable 
climate  in  which  to  live.  The  War  of  the 
Rebellion  in  the  United  States  had  started  a 
few  months  before  he  came  to  live  in  Cork. 
The  first  battle  of  ironclads,  the  "  Monitor " 
and  the  "  Merrimac,"  set  him  to  thinking  of 
some  means  to  combat  such  ships  and  the 
submarine  apparently  suggested  itself  to  him 
as  the  solution  of  the  problem.  He  accord- 
ingly began  a  study  of  the  subject  and  in 
1863-64  drew  his  first  plans  for  an  under- 
water boat.  It  was  too  novel  a  proposition, 
however,  for  general  acceptance  and  he  could 
get  no  one  to  give  him  the  financial  backing 
necessary  to  give  his  ideas  a  practical  trial. 
Giving  up  the  idea  for  a  while,  though  still 
working  on  the  subject,  he  kept  on  with  his 
teaching  for  ten  years  and  then  in  1873  came 
to  the  United  States,  where  he  settled  in  Bos- 
ton, and  took  up  teaching  in  this  country. 
While  in  Boston  he  fell  on  the  ice  one  day 
and  was,  as  a  consequence,  confined  in  a  hos- 
pital. In  his  enforced  idleness  he  turned 
again  to  his  submarine  plans  and  in  after 
years  stated  that  this  period  for  reflection  was 
one  of  the  luckiest  things  in  his  life  for  in  it 
he  worked  many  of  the  defects  out  of  his  old 
plans  and  gained  knowledge  which  later  helped 
greatly  toward  the  development  of  his  sub- 
marine. After  a  year  in  Boston,  Mr.  Holland 
moved  to  Paterson,  N.  J.,  where  he  continued 
his  vocation  as  teacher  in  St.  John's  Parochial 
School.  He  also  continued  his  work  on  his 
submarine  plans  and  finally,  after  two  years 
in  Paterson,  found  a  financial  backer  for  his 
schemes.  With  this  assured  financial  backing 
Mr.  Holland  undertook  the  construction  of 
his  first  submarine  in  1875-76  at  the  machine 
shop  of  Todd  and  Rafferty.  This  first  boat 
was   small,   only  fifteen  and  one-half   feet  in 


length.  She  was  to  be  operated  by  one  man 
who  sat,  in  a  diver's  suit,  in  a  compartment 
in  the  middle  of  the  boat.  A  water  ballast 
tank  was  fitted  to  be  filled  when  the  boat  was 
to  be  submerged  and  planes  were  fitted  at  the 
sides  to  steer  the  boat  up  and  down.  A  pro- 
peller worked  by  foot  treadles  was  fitted  for 
propulsion  and  an  elaborate  system  for  sup- 
plying fresh  air  to  the  operator.  This  boat 
was  a  failure  and  it  seemed  that  the  work  of 
years  had  been  for  naught.  Mr.  Holland,  how- 
ever, was  undaunted,  and  profiting  by  the  de- 
fects found  in  his  first  submarine,  started  in 
at  once  on  plans  for  a  second.  This  time  he 
planned  a  larger  boat  driven  by  petroleum 
engines,  and  his  backer  still  being  confident 
of  his  ultimate  success,  the  boat  was  built  in 
1877,  at  New  York.  She  was  much  more  of 
a  success  than  the  first  and  extensive  trials 
were  held  with  her  on  the  Passaic  near  Pat- 
erson. Two  principles  embodied  in  this  boat 
are  worthy  of  note  as  leading  to  all  successful 
submarines  of  later  days:  upon  submerging 
the  water  ballast  tanks  were  completely  filled 
and  the  boat  still  retained  some  positive 
buoyancy,  and  for  control  submerged,  hori- 
zontal rudders  were  fitted.  Previous  attempts 
at  submarine  construction  had  failed  in  great 
part  due  to  unfilled  ballast  tanks  and  attempts 
to  use  vertical  screws  to  steer  up  and  down 
which  had  prevented  even  approximately  ac- 
curate control  submerged.  After  the  experi- 
ments had  satisfied  Mr.  Holland  that  he  was 
on  the  right  track  this  boat  was  abandoned 
and  he  continued  his  search  for  a  real  suc- 
cess. Mr.  Holland's  first  backer  now  failed 
him,  but  in  1879,  through  his  Irish  interests 
and  affiliations,  he  succeeded  in  having  an  ap- 
propriation made  from  the  Fenian  Skirmishing 
Fund  to  help  him  build  another  boat.  This 
boat  was  actually  built  with  a  war-like  pur- 
pose for  it  was  the  intention  to  use  her  as  a 
free  lance  on  the  side  of  the  United  States  in 
the  war  that  then  threatened  between  that 
country  and  England  over  the  "  Alabama " 
claims.  She  was  constructed  in  Delamater's 
Shipyard  at  the  foot  of  West  Thirteenth 
Street  in  New  York  City.  She  was  equipped 
with  a  submarine  cannon  to  be  fired  by  com- 
pressed air,  which  was  a  step  in  the  direction 
of  a  torpedo  tube.  While  she  was  lying  at 
Bay  Ridge  one  day  a  reporter  tried  to  get 
aboard,  but  Mr.  Holland,  acting  on  the  ad- 
vice of  his  financial  backers,  refused  to  give 
permission.  The  reporter  accordingly  used 
his  imagination  and  the  next  morning  a  start- 
ling article  appeared  describing  the  "  Fenian 
Ram  "  and  her  intended  exploits  in  a  Fenian 
uprising  to  free  Ireland.  The  name  pleased 
Mr.  Holland  and  he  adopted  it  as  the  boat's 
official  title.  Tests  and  trials  were  carried  on 
with  the  "  Fenian  Ram,"  but  in  1883  a  dis- 
pute arose  between  Mr.  Holland  and  his  finan- 
cial backers  and  the  boat  was  taken  away 
from  him  and  beached  at  New  Haven,  Conn. 
Undaunted  by  financial  troubles  Mr.  Holland 
built  another  submarine  at  Fort  Hamilton, 
but  she  was  wrecked  at  launching,  due  to 
collapse  of  the  ways.  This  setback  seemed  to 
prevent  further  building  for  a  time,  but  Mr. 
Holland  continued  his  efforts  to  interest  the 
public  and  the  government  in  submarines,  the 
latter  in  particular  having  taken  little  interest 
in  such  vessels  up  to  this  time.     About  1886 


406 


HOLLAND 


POWER 


the  Navy  Department  began  to  investigate  the 
question  of  submarines,  which  was  being  ac- 
tively considered  by  foreign  governments.  As 
a  result,  in  1888  and  1889  proposals  for  sub- 
marines were  asked  for  and  the  Holland  Com- 
pany, which  was  formed  by  Mr.  Holland  at 
this  time,  entered  designs  of  his  against  those 
of  various  American  and  foreign  submarine 
designers.  Neither  competition  resulted  in  the 
award  of  a  contract  but  in  both  competitions 
Mr.  Holland's  designs  were  unanimously  ad- 
judged the  best  of  all  submitted.  Again  in 
1893  proposals  were  asked  for  by  the  Navy 
Department,  and  over  nine  competitors  Mr. 
Holland's  design  was  decided  upon  as  the  best 
and  an  award  was  made  to  his  company  for 
the  first  submarine  for  the  United  States  navy. 
This  vessel  was  the  "  Plunger."  She  was  to 
be  a  submarine  of  good  size  with  a  displace- 
ment of  140  tons  on  the  surface  and  a  length 
of  85  feet.  She  was  to  be  driven  by  steam  en- 
gines and  fitted  with  torpedo  tubes.  While 
the  "  Plunger "  was  under  construction  the 
Holland  Company  continued  experiments  in 
new  designs.  One  boat  was  built  but  not  com- 
pleted, but  from  experience  gained  therefrom, 
as  well  as  from  the  previous  boats,  a  new 
design,  in  which  gas  engines  were  substituted 
for  steam,  was  worked  out,  and  a  submarine 
built  by  the  Holland  Company  at  its  own  ex- 
pense. This  vessel  was  the  "  Holland."  She 
was  actually  the  first  really  successful  sub- 
marine and  her  performance  vindicated  Mr. 
Holland's  faith  in  his  ideas  and  proved  their 
soundness.  Her  success  was  such  that  the  Hol- 
land Company  felt  that  they  had  really 
reached  a  practical  solution  of  the  problem  of 
the  submarine.  Accordingly  the  Navy  Depart- 
ment was  asked  to  allow  work  to  be  stopped 
on  the  "  Plunger  "  and  to  accept  another  sub- 
marine copied  from  the  "  Holland."  To  show 
what  had  been  accomplished  the  "  Holland " 
was  brought  to  Washington,  D.  C,  and  sub- 
mitted to  extensive  tests  before  officers  of  the 
Navy  Department  and  Congress.  These  trials 
were  so  successful  that  the  substitution  was 
approved.  With  the  building  of  this  vessel 
(the  new  "Plunger")  and  the  purchase  of  the 
"Holland"  herself  by  a  later  appropriation, 
the  Holland  submarine  was,  for  a  time  at  least, 
accepted  as  the  standard  for  the  United  States 
navy.  England  took  a  great  interest  in  the 
tests  of  the  "  Holland  "  and  although  no  sub- 
marines had  been  thought  good  enough  to  war- 
rant such  a  course  before,  a  number  of  sub- 
marines of  Holland  design  were  then  pur- 
chased. Further,  in  1900,  an  arrangement  was 
made  to  purchase  the  English  rights  to  all  his 
patents  and  since  that  time  English  subma- 
rines have  developed  directly  from  the  ideas  of 
Mr.  Holland  and  his  first  small  submarine. 
Japan,  also,  and  various  other  smaller  coun- 
tries built  submarines  from  Mr.  Holland's  de- 
signs. The  Whitehead  Company  of  Fiume,  in 
Austria,  obtained  a  license  under  his  patents 
and  built  many  submarines  embodying  his 
principles  for  various  countries.  Soon  after 
this  difficulties  arose  over  modifications  which 
other  engineers  in  the  company  desired  to  em- 
body in  his  designs,  and  in  1904  Mr.  Hol- 
land severed  his  connection  with  the  Electric 
Boat  Company  and  retired  from  active  busi- 
ness. About  1906  Mr.  Holland's  age  and  life 
work  began  to  tell  on  him.    He  could  not  con- 


centrate on  active  work  and  he  was  advised  to 
stop  altogether  and  rest.  However,  although 
he  gave  up  some  of  his  activities,  his  inven- 
tive mind  could  not  rest  inactive  and  he  turned 
from  submarines  to  aeroplanes.  He  had 
planned  an  aeroplane  on  new  principles  and 
actually  constructed  a  model,  but  in  1908  he 
was  forced  to  stop  on  account  of  his  health, 
and  retired  from  every  activity.  Mr.  Holland 
in  his  early  days  showed  not  only  a  superior 
knowledge  of  the  principles  of  submarine  op- 
eration, but  a  great  tenacity  of  purpose  and 
perseverance  under  discouraging  setbacks.  By 
these  qualities  he  succeeded  in  bringing  his 
ideas  into  the  public  eye  and  thus  laid  the 
foundation  for  the  submarine  fleets  of  the 
world.  In  1887  he  married  Margaret  Teresa 
Foley,  of  Paterson,  N.  J.,  and  they  had  four 
children:  John  P.,  Jr.,  Robert  C,  Joseph  F., 
and  Margaret  D.  Holland. 

POWER,  Thomas  Charles,  U.  S.  Senator,  b. 
in  Dubuque,  la.,  22  May,  1839,  son  of  Michael 
and  Catherine  (McLeer)  Power.  His  father, 
a  native  of  Ireland,  settled  in  Iowa  in  1834, 
thus  becoming  one 
of  its  pioneers.  In 
addition  to  farm- 
ing he  carried  on 
a  trade  with  the 
Indians,  and  did 
his  part  in  opening 
the  way  to  civili- 
zation in  the  new 
country.  Thomas 
C.  Power  was  edu- 
cated in  the  public 
schools,  and  dur- 
ing vacation  time 
worked  on  his  fa- 
ther's farm.  He 
then  studied  for 
three  years  at  Sin- 
sinawa  College  in 
Wisconsin,  special- 
izing in  engineering  and  the  sciences.  During 
the  three  years  following  he  taught  during  the 
winter  season.  In  1860  he  engaged  in  sur- 
veying in  Iowa  and  Dakota,  walking  over  the 
greater  part  of  both  States  and  receiving 
$20.00  per  month  for  his  services  when  at 
work,  but  nothing  while  traveling.  After 
spending  seven  unprofitable  months  in  this 
manner  he  returned  home.  In  the  spring  of 
1861  he  engaged  in  carpenter  work  in  Dakota, 
but  again  took  up  surveying.  In  the  fall  he 
returned  to  Iowa,  but  the  following  spring  left 
home  on  a  surveying  expedition,  which  proved 
successful.  In  1864  Mr.  Power  went  to  Mon- 
tana, but  remained  only  for  a  short  time.  In 
1866  he  began  sending  merchandise  from 
Omaha  to  Montana,  and  the  next  year  settled 
at  Fort  Benton,  Mont.,  where  lie  engaged  in 
mercantile  pursuits.  In  1874,  with  other 
business  men  of  Benton,  he  built  the  steamer 
"  Benton,"  which  for  two  years  carried  mer- 
chandise between  Pittsburgh  and  Monlann,  a 
venture  which  proved  very  profitable  in  the 
days  before  steam  railroads  had  |)enel rated 
that  part  of  the  country.  Three  other  steam- 
ers, the  "Helena,"  tlie  "Butte,"  and  tlie 
"Black  Hills"  were  built,  and  in  1879  :Mr. 
Power  also  established  the  stage  line  from 
Fort  Helena  to  Benton.  Thin  line  he  operated 
for  many  years,  and,  in  addition  to  his  freight- 


407 


SULZBERGER 


SULZBERGER 


ing,  carried  on  large  merchandising  operations, 
with  branch  houses  at  Bozeman  and  Helena. 
In  1875  he  removed  to  Helena,  where  he  has 
since  made  his  home.  He  has  prominently 
identified  himself  with  all  the  city's  interests, 
and  has  been  an  important  factor  in  its  up- 
building. He  has  erected  many  of  the  finest 
business  blocks  and  residences,  has  been  in- 
strumental in  securing  the  railroads  that  have 
been  influential  in  promoting  the  growth  and 
development  of  Helena  as  a  commercial  center. 
He  was  one  of  the  organizers  of  the  American 
National  Bank  of  Helena,  and  has  been  its 
president  from  the  beginning,  his  able  and 
careful  management  having  made  it  one  of  the 
safest  financial  concerns  of  the  Northwest.  He 
is  a  stockholder  in  the  public  utility  corpora- 
tions which  secured  for  Helena  its  water- 
works, electric  lights,  and  street  railways.  He 
has  given  much  attention  to  stock-raising  and 
owns  a  ranch  of  2,000  acres  in  a  fine  state  of 
improvement.  Mr.  Power  has  been  a  strong 
supporter  of  the  Republican  party  and  its 
principles  since  its  organization.  In  1878  he 
was  elected  to  the  first  Territorial  Constitu- 
tional Convention,  and  in  1883  was  a  delegate 
to  the  Republican  National  Convention.  Nomi- 
nated for  governor  in  1888,  he  was  defeated  by 
a  small  majority,  although  the  State  had  for 
some  time  been  strongly  Democratic.  In 
January,  1889,  he  was  elected  U.  S.  Senator, 
taking  his  seat  18  April,  1890.  In  the  Senate 
Mr.  Power  was  an  active  and  efficient  mem- 
ber of  the  committees  on  Improvement  of  the 
Missouri  River,  Civil  Service,  Fisheries,  Mines 
and  Mining,  Public  Lands,  Railroads,  and 
Transportation  and  Sale  of  Meat  Products, 
serving  as  chairman  on  several  of  them.  He 
is  one  of  Montana's  most  prominent  and  dis- 
tinguished citizens,  and  his  career  is  closely 
identified  with  the  development  of  the  State. 
He  is  a  conservative,  but  able  business 
man,  a  wise  legislator,  genial  and  affable  in 
manner,  and  a  public-spirited  citizen.  He 
married,  in  1867,  Mary  Flanegan,  of  Dubuque, 
la.  They  have  one  son,  Charles  Benton,  an 
attorney,  a  graduate  of  Georgetown  College, 
Washington,  D.  C,  and  of  Columbia  Univer- 
sity. 

STTLZBEEGER,  Ferdinand,  meat  packer,  b. 
in  Obergrombach,  Grand  Duchy  of  Baden,  Ger- 
many, in  February,  1842;  d.  in  Constance, 
Germany,  6  Aug.,  1915,  son  of  Moses  and 
Theresa  ( Schrag )  Sulzberger,  and  a  descendant 
of  the  Sulzberger  family,  which  came  from 
the  town  of  Sulzberg,  in  Bavaria.  He  spent 
his  early  life  on  his  father's  farm,  attending 
the  public  and  high  schools.  He  had  intended 
to  fit  himself  for  a  teacher,  but  later  decided 
upon  a  business  career,  and  entered  the  office 
of  a  mercantile  firm  in  Frankfort,  Germany. 
Upon  attaining  his  majority,  in  1863,  he  came 
to  America,  settling  in  New  York  City.  For 
a  short  time  after  his  arrival  he  worked  as  a 
clerk.  He  then  entered  a  small  slaughtering 
business  that  had  been  established  some  ten 
years  before  by  Joseph  Schwarzschild,  forming 
the  partnership  of  Schwarzschild  and  Sulz- 
berger, and  began  the  building  of  the  great 
business  now  conducted  by  Sulzberger  and 
Sons  Company.  When  Mr.  Sulzberger  entered 
the  business  the  slaughtering  by  it  of  fifty 
cattle  per  w^eek  was  considered  a  large  output. 
Under   his   energetic  management  the  growth 


of  the  business  was  rapid  and  permanent,  and 
he  lived  to  see  the  results  of  his  untiring 
labors  in  the  form  of  one  of  the  largest  packing 
industries  in  the  world,  with  large  packing 
plants  in  New  York,  Chicago,  Kansas  City, 
Oklahoma  City,  Los  Angeles,  and  Buenos 
Aires,  distributing  their  products  by  means  of 
branch  houses  throughout  the  United  States, 
as  well  as  in  British  North  America,  Cuba, 
Porto  Rico,  England,  and  on  the  continent  of 
Europe.  Mr.  Sulzberger's  ambition  was  to 
build  up  a  great  business,  and  he  lived  to  see 
that  ambition  realized.  In  1892  the  business 
of  the  firm  of  Schwarzschild  and  Sulzberger 
had  outgrown  the  capacity  of  the  New  York 
plant,  and  the  firm  was  compelled  to  seek  a 
plant  in  the  West.  Negotiations  were  con- 
ducted during  the  latter  part  of  1892,  and 
very  early  in  1893,  which  resulted  in  the  forma- 
tion in  the  latter  year  of  a  corporation  under 
the  name  of  Schwarzschild  and  Sulzberger 
Company,  and  the  acquisition  by  it  of  the 
plant  and  business  of  the  partnership  of 
Schwarzschild  and  Sulzberger,  and  the  property 
and  business  formerly  of  the  Phoenix  Packing 
Company,  which  consisted  of  a  packing  plant 
at  Kansas  City,  Mo.,  with  a  few  distributing 
branches  in  the  East,  and  a  refrigerator  car 
line  known  as  "  Cold  Blast  Transportation 
Company."  The  Kansas  City  plant  imme- 
diately upon  its  acquisition  by  the  new  cor- 
poration was  enlarged  to  several  times  its 
original  capacity.  New  machinery  and  facili- 
ties of  the  most  modern  kinds  were  added,  and 
in  a  very  short  time  the  business,  both  do- 
mestic and  foreign,  began  to  assume  enormous 
proportions.  Branches  were  rapidly  established 
in  various  sections  of  this  country,  and  the 
export  business  was  greatly  increased.  So 
great  was  the  success  of  the  business  that,  in 
1900,  the  demands  for  its  products  exceeded 
the  capacity  of  its  two  plants,  and  in  that  year 
it  constructed  the  great  Chicago  plant,  which 
is  conceded  by  many  to  be  the  finest  packing 
plant  in  the  world.  With  the  new  Chicago 
plant  were  added  new  branches  in  this  country 
and  abroad.  From  that  date  the  growth  has 
been  rapid.  In  1910  the  business  was  extended 
by  the  construction  of  a  packing  plant  at  Okla- 
homa City,  again  in  1911  by  the  acquisition  of 
a  plant  in  Los  Angeles,  and  during  the  past 
year  it  has  begun  the  operation  of  a  large 
plant  at  Buenos  Aires.  In  September,  1910, 
the  business  of  Schwarzschild  and  Sulzberger 
Company  was  merged  into  Sulzberger  and  Sons 
Company,  which  Mr.  Sulzberger  shortly  before 
had  caused  to  be  organized  under  the  laws  of 
New  York.  During  these  years  of  business 
expansion  the  controlling  personality  had  made 
itself  known  and  the  name  of  Ferdinand  Sulz- 
berger ranked  high  in  the  business  community, 
having  risen  from  the  ranks  by  the  sheer  su- 
periority of  his  intellect,  by  his  unbounded 
energies  and  labor,  and  by  his  notable  fairness 
to  all.  His  was  .that  rare  combination  of 
strength  and  sympathy.  He  was  personally 
acquainted  with  a  large  number  of  his  em- 
ployees and  was  held  in  the  highest  esteem 
by  them  all.  Always  simple  and  modest,  he 
was  ever  ready  to  assist  the  less  fortunate. 
Mr.  Sulzberger's  ambition  was  not  alone  to 
build  up  a  big  business;  he  desired  that  the 
business  be  permanent.  Two  of  his  sons.  Max 
J.  and  Germon  F.,  entered  the  business  upon 


408 


£y.^  i,,.  '.: 


'^^/Ui  iircce/ 


HIGGINS 


ARMOUR 


graduation  from  college,  and  have  grown  up  in 
it  under  the  watchful  eye  of  their  father,  whose 
aim  it  was  to  train  and  equip  them  in  every 
branch  of  the  business,  in  order  that  they 
might  not  only  help  to  build  it  up  during  his 
lifetime,  but  might  continue  it  without  any 
interruption  or  change  of  policy  when  the  time 
should  come  for  him  to  lay  down  the  reins. 
With  this  aim  in  view  during  the  last  few 
years  of  his  life,  Mr.  Sulzberger  gradually 
turned  over  to  these  sons  the  executive  man- 
agement of  the  business,  he  acting  as  coun- 
selor, and  during  the  last  two  years  such 
management  was  almost  entirely  in  their 
hands.  The  result  is  that  Mr.  Sulzberger's 
death  will  not  have  any  detrimental  effect  upon 
the  business  of  the  company,  and  that  his 
policies  will  be  continued  in  the  business  with- 
out interruption.  The  development  of  the 
packing  industry  is  said  to  be  due  to  his  genius 
for  organization  and  initiative.  No  one  is  said 
to  have  done  more  to  establish  the  modern 
methods  of  handling  meat  products;  his  plant 
was  the  first  to  show  that  the  success  of  the 
abattoir  business  depended  largely  on  the 
utilization  of  by-products.  Some  time  before 
Ms  death  he  turned  over  to  his  sons,  Max  J. 
and  Germon  F.,  the  control  of  the  voting  stock 
of  the  company  and  provided  for  the  other 
members  of  his  family  by  trusts  and  gifts 
covering  very  substantial  properties.  Mr.  Sulz- 
berger followed  the  same  policy  in  regard  to 
charities.  He  personally  distributed  many 
gifts  to  the  poor.  He  was  a  director  of  the 
Montefiore  Home  for  many  years,  and  contrib- 
uted large  sums  to  that  and  many  other 
benevolent  institutions.  He  gave  $50,000  to 
the  Montefiore  Home  for  the  building  of  the 
private  hospital  for  chronic  invalids,  and  with 
Jacob  H.  Schiff,  president  of  the  home,  and 
Sol.  R.  Guggenheim  and  Samuel  Sachs,  fellow 
directors,  he  raised  the  $200,000  necessary  to 
build  the  hospital. 

HIGGINS,  Christopher  P.,  business  man,  b. 
in  Ireland,  16  March,  1830;  d.  in  Missoula, 
Mont.,  in  1889,  son  of  Christopher  and  Mary 
Higgins.  Both  parents  were  born  in  Ireland, 
whence  they  emigrated  to  America  in  1848, 
and  settled  in  Michigan.  Christopher  P.  Hig- 
gins was  eighteen  years  old  when  he  left  Ire- 
land, so  had  received  his  educational  training 
in  his  native  country.  After  his  arrival  in 
this  country  he  enlisted  in  the  U.  S.  army, 
and  served  five  years  in  the  dragoons.  In 
1853  he  joined  Governor  Stephens'  Expedition, 
and  assisted  in  the  first  survey  of  the  North- 
ern Pacific,  continuing  in  that  "work  until 
1855,  when  he  went  with  Governor  Stephens  to 
form  a  treaty  with  the  Nez  Perc6  Indians. 
These  negotiations  resulted  in  a  treaty  with 
the  Flatheads  and  Pend  d'Oreilles.  The  party 
then  went  on  a  peace  mission  to  Fort  Benton 
to  treat  with  the  Blackfoot  Indians  and  on 
their  return  to  Olympia  disbanded.  Soon 
afterward,  in  recognition  of  his  services  and 
capabilities  in  handling  the  redmen  of  the 
region,  Mr.  Higgins  was  commissioned  by  the 
government  as  captain  of  the  military  forces 
of  the  territory,  and  was  ordered  to  subdue 
the  hostile  tribes.  He  continued  in  this  serv- 
ice until  1856,  when  he  was  assigned  to  the 
quartermaster's  department,  a  post  which  he 
filled  until  1860.  In  the  meantime  he  had 
served  two  years  in  Walla  Walla,  as  agent  for 


<£^(^y,d^^^^^ 


the  government.  In  1860  he  retired  from  the 
service,  and  purchased  an  interest  in  the  mer- 
cantile firm  of  Worden  and  Isaacs.  He  then 
packed  seventy-five  animals  with  merchan- 
dise and  went  to  Hell  Gate  Canyon,  where  he 
engaged  in  business.  In  1865  he  located  the 
township  of  Missoula,  Mont.,  and  removing 
his  business  there  continued  as  Mr.  Worden's 
partner  until  the  latter's  death,  which  oc- 
curred in  1889. 
Both  partners  were 
active  and  influen- 
tial in  promoting 
the  growth  and 
prosperity  of  Mis- 
soula. In  1865  they 
erected  a  lumber 
mill  and  a  flouring 
mill  at  that  place, 
and  in  1870  built 
the  old  Higgins- 
Worden  Block.  In 
1870,  also,  Captain 
Higgins  engaged  in 
the  banking  busi- 
ness which  later 
was  merged  with 
the  First  National 
Bank  of  which  he 
was  president  for  many  years.  He  was  for 
a  long  time  interested  in  raising  horses  and 
cattle,  and  owned  much  real  estate  in  Port- 
land and  Seattle  and  several  valuable  farm- 
ing properties.  He  was  also  connected  with 
some  important  mining  interests.  In  1889, 
just  prior  to  his  death,  he  erected  the  Hig- 
gins Block  and  had  completed  all  arrange- 
ments for  opening  a  new  bank.  Captain 
Higgins  is  inseparably  connected  with  the 
pioneer  days  of  Missoula,  and  from  the  first 
was  a  potent  factor  in  its  development 
and  upbuilding.  He  had  broad  business  ca- 
pacity, tireless  energy,  and  sound  judgment, 
his  advice  being  much  in  demand  in  all  pub- 
lic and  many  private  enterprises.  In  politics 
he  was  a  Democrat  and  held  several  local 
offices.  Captain  Higgins  married  30  March, 
1863,  Julia,  daughter  of  Richard  and  Helen 
(McDonald)  Grant.  Her  father,  a  native  of 
Canada,  was  an  employee  of  the  Hudson  Bay 
Company  at  Fort  Hall  and  was  one  of  the 
earliest  of  Western  pioneers.  Nine  children 
were  the  result  of  this  union  of  whom  six  are 
living.  They  are:  Frank  G.,  lieutenant-gov- 
ernor of  Montana;  George  C,  Arthur  E., 
Hilda,  Ronald,  and  Gerald. 

ARMOUR,  J.  Ogden,  merchant,  b.  in  Mil- 
waukee, Wis.,  11  Nov.,  1863,  eldest  son  of 
Philip  Danforth  and  Malvina  Belle  (Ogden) 
Armour.  The  family  removed  to  Chicago  in 
1875  when  he  was  but  a  lad,  and  becoming 
their  permanent  residence,  Ogden  has  nat- 
urally regarded  Chicago  with  the  loyalty  due 
to  one's  home  during  boyhood.  After  pre- 
paring at  Harvard  School,  Chicago,  he  en- 
tered Yale  College  in  1881,  intending  to  com- 
plete the  course,  but  his  father,  desiring  to 
give  him  early  training  and  e.xperienco  in  the 
already  large  and  growing  busiiioss  of  Armoiir 
and  Company,  asked  his  son  to  sacrifice  his 
final  college  year  and  return  to  Chicago, 
which  he  did  in  1883.  Beginning  an  active 
apprenticeship  at  once,  he  became  a  partner 
in  1884,  serving  in  a  subordinate  position  but 


409 


ARMOUR 


CHAPIN 


one  year.  He  showed  immediately  the  neces- 
sary energy  and  close  attention  required  by 
his  father  and  advanced  steadily  in  leader- 
ship. When  Philip  1).  Armour,  Sr.,  died  in 
1901,  the  responsibility  of  the  Armour  for- 
tune and  of  the  great  business  of  Armour  and 
Company  fell  upon  Ogden  Armour,  and  time 
has  shown  that  it  all  fell  into  worthy  hands. 
J.  Ogden  Armour  possesses  in  a  high  degree 
the  masterful  characteristics  of  his  distin- 
guished father,  the  founder  of  the  house. 
His  methods  are  quieter,  but  the  reins  con- 
trolling the  great  business  are  just  as  firmly 
grasped  as  formerly.  Under  his  guidance  the 
volume  of  Armour  and  Company's  business 
has  been  not  merely  maintained  but  greatly 
developed  and  extended  by  original  and  mod- 
ern means,  the  yearly  distribution  having 
quadrupled  in  the  twelve  years  ending  1915. 
Economy  and  efficiency  have  been  obtained  in 
even  greater  degree  and  applied  both  to  manu- 
facture and  distribution,  with  results  emi- 
nently satisfactory  to  the  public  as  large  con- 
sumers of  products,  as  well  as  to  the  workers 
and  stockholders.  Mr.  Armour  also  has  his 
father's  happy  faculty  of  inspiring  loyalty  and 
devotion  among  his  men,  not  only  from  di- 
rectors and  managers,  but  from  all  his  asso- 
ciates and  workmen.  Mr.  Armour  carries  his 
responsibilities  easily,  and  though  giving  them 
full  attention  really  enjoys  his  work.  He 
travels  extensively  and  greatly  enjoys  motor- 
ing, but  takes  little  interest  in  golf  or  other 
active  sports.  In  business  he  is  a  close  per- 
sonal friend  to  his  chief  lieutenants,  and  his 
association  with  them  is  not  limited  to  the 
affairs  of  the  company.  Mr.  Armour  is  dis- 
tinctly democratic  in  his  bearing  and  his 
methods  of  life,  and  is,  moreover,  an  American 
of  the  Americans,  from  every  point  of  view, 
knowing  his  own  country  well  and  loving  it. 
He  is  devoted  to  his  mother,  and  her  chief 
pleasure  in  life  arises  from  her  pride  in  her 
son  and  their  mutual  affection.  His  loyalty 
to  all  his  family  is  a  heritage  which  is  shown 
in  many  ways.  His  cousins,  Charles  W. 
Armour,  of  Kansas  City,  and  A.  Watson  Ar- 
mour and  Laurance  H.  Armour,  of  Chicago, 
are  all  directly  associated  in  the  management 
of  Armour  and  Company.  Quite  recently 
Philip  Danforth  Armour  (3d),  Ogden  Ar- 
mour's nephew  and  the  young  grandson  of  the 
founder  of  the  house,  has  joined  also  his 
uncle.  To  his  father's  philanthropies,  espe- 
cially the  Armour  Institute  and  its  branches, 
Ogden  Armour  has  been  more  than  generous, 
his  expenditures  in  that  field  far  exceeding 
the  very  liberal  provisions  made  by  the 
founder.  Mr.  Armour's  other  disbursements 
for  the  public  good  and  for  charity  are  not  so 
widely  known,  being  modestly  administered, 
but  they  are  very  large.  Socially,  Mr.  Armour 
inherits  fully  his  parents'  desire  for  a  quiet 
domestic  life,  Mrs.  Armour  and  he  taking  but 
small  part  in  the  more  active  diversions  of 
modern  society.  They  are,  however,  hospitable 
and  charming  in  their  own  circle,  and  enjoy 
in  their  quiet  way  what  they  regard  as  the 
better  part  of  social  life.  Mr.  Armour  mar- 
ried, in  1891,  Lolita  Sheldon,  daughter  of 
Martin  J.  Sheldon,  of  Suffield,  Conn.,  a  retired 
merchant.  They  have  one  daughter,  Lolita 
Ogden  Armour,  born  in  1896,  an  accomplished 
and  popular  young  woman. 


CHAPIN,  Roy  Dickeman,  manufacturer,  b. 
in  Lansing,  Mich.,  23  Feb.,  1880,  son  of  Ed- 
ward C.  and  Ella  (King)  Chap  in.  He  has 
been  connected  with  the  motor-car  industry 
since  its  earliest  days.  He  left  the  University 
of  Michigan  in  1901  to  identify  himself  with 
the  Olds  Motor  Works,  in  Detroit,  and  three 
years  later  became  the  sales  manager  of  this 
noted  concern,  which  at  that  time  was  the 
largest  automobile  institution  in  the  world. 
Although  the  motor-car  business  has  been 
notably  a  young  man's  industry,  Mr.  Chapin 
was  early  recognized  throughout  the  field  as 
the  most  noteworthy  example  of  youthful  or- 
ganizing genius.  When  only  twenty-six  years 
old,  he  induced  E.  R.  Thomas,  of  Buffalo,  to 
join  with  him  and  Howard  E.  Coffin  and  F.  O. 
Bezner  in  organizing  the  E.  R.  Thomas-De- 
troit Company.  A  year  later  Mr.  Chapin  per- 
suaded Hugh  Chalmers  to  unite  with  him 
and  his  confreres  in  an  expansion  of  the 
Thomas-Detroit  into  the  Chalmers-Detroit 
Company.  Each  undertaking  was  highly  suc- 
cessful, but  in  1910  Mr.  Chapin  was  found 
as  president  of  the  Hudson  Motor  Car  Com- 
pany, his  friends  Coffin  and  Bezner  having  left 
the  Chalmers  Company  with  him  to  start  the 
new  enterprise.  The  continuous  association  of 
these  three  men  in  the  automobile  industry 
is  the  outstanding  romance  of  the  trade  to 
those  who  have  followed  the  destinies  of  this 
industry's  leaders  from  the  earliest  days. 
Likewise,  in  the  automobile  trade,  the  suc- 
cess of  the  Hudson  Company  under  the  guid- 
ance of  Mr.  Chapin  is  regarded  as  one  of  the 
most  phenomenal  in  the  industry.  The  com- 
pany started  in  a  year  not  at  all  favorable 
for  auto  makers.  The  motor  car  still  met  with 
rank  prejudice  in  many  quarters.  It  had  not 
become  a  necessity.  But  Mr.  Chapin  had 
faith  that  it  would  and  backed  his  judgment 
with  all  his  energy  and  what  means  he  had, 
saying :  "  The  automobile  is  bound  to  become 
the  most  useful  agency  in  civilization.  Man- 
kind has  waited  thousands  of  years  for  a  self- 
propelled  vehicle.  The  motor  car's  place  in 
our  lives  must  soon  be  universally  acclaimed 
because  it  is  fundamentally  right  and,  there- 
fore, cannot  fail."  Inspired  by  that  spirit, 
he  went  ahead  with  the  Hudson  Company  and 
despite  the  unfavorable  business  conditions  of 
1910  did  a  business  of  $4,000,000.  Six  years  later 
that  volume  had  been  multiplied  six  or  eight 
times.  With  Detroit's  sensational  growth,  due 
chiefly  to  the  motor-car  industry,  Mr.  Chapin 
contributed  freely  of  his  talents  as  an  or- 
ganizer in  practically  all  of  the  city's  con- 
structive expansion.  He  is  a  director  of  the 
First  and  Old  Detroit  National  Bank,  and  has 
filled  many  directorships  in  business,  civic,  and 
social  organizations.  Mr.  Chapin  has  also 
given  generously  from  his  brain  and  purse  to 
the  University  of  Michigan.  He  has  estab- 
lished there  a  good  roads  engineering  scholar- 
ship. Improved  highways  have  always  had 
an  ardent  worker  in  him.  He  is  vice-president 
of  the  Lincoln  Highway  Association  and  chair- 
man of  the  Good  Roads  Committee  of  the 
National  Automobile  Chamber  of  Commerce. 
Notwithstanding  his  business  interests",  which 
have  had  his  careful  scrutiny,  Mr.  Chapin  has 
been  an  extensive  traveler  and  is  well  known 
in  Europe  as  well  as  in  his  own  country.  In 
December,   1914,  Mr.  Chapin  was  married  to 


410 


STONE 


STONE 


Inez,    daughter    of    George    W.    Tiedeman,    of 
Savannah,  Ga.,  and  they  have  one  son. 

STONE,  Melville  Elijah,  general  manager  of 
the  Associated  Press,  b.  in  Hudson,  HI.,  22 
Aug.,  1848,  son  of  Rev.  Elijah  and  Sophia 
(Creighton)  Stone.  His  childhood  was  spent 
•  in  the  various  cities  to  which  his  father,  a 
Methodist  clergyman,  was  constantly  trans- 
ferred, and  removed  with  his  parents  to  Chi- 
cago in  1860.  He  attended  public  and  high 
schools  in  Chicago  until  1864,  and  then  began 
his  active  life.  For  two  years  he  conducted 
a  machine  shop,  but  in  the  great  fire  of  Octo- 
ber, 1871,  his  property  was  all  destroyed.  He 
became  city  editor  of  the  Chicago  "  Inter- 
ocean,"  and  later  a  Washington  correspondent 
of  the  Chicago  "  Post  and  Mail,"  and  the  New 
York  "  Herald."  In  1875,  with  the  conviction 
that  a  properly  managed  one-cent  paper  would 
have  the  support  of  the  community,  he  founded 
the  Chicago  "  Daily  News "  with  two  asso- 
ciates. Its  success  and  progress  was  steady 
and  he  soon  purchased  the  interests  of  his 
first  partners  and  formed  an  association  with 
Victor  F.  Lawson,  who  took  charge  of  the 
business  department  of  the  paper,  while  he  di- 
rected its  editorial  management.  Into  this 
new  activity  he  threw  himself  with  all  the 
nervous  energy,  enthusiasm,  and  force  which 
are  such  dominant  factors  in  his  character. 
Ceaseless  in  his  travail,  fearless  and  daring 
in  his  methods,  but  keen  and  far-seeing  in  his 
policies,  the  Chicago  "  Daily  News "  soon  be- 
came an  integral  part  of  the  moral,  social, 
and  political  life  of  the  city.  Independent  in 
politics  the  "Daily  News"  was  the  bitter 
enemy  of  corruption  and  hypocrisy  in  munic- 
ipal affairs;  philanthropic  in  tendency,  its  aid 
was  always  powerfully  directed  toward  pro- 
moting this  side  of  Chicago's  progress.  The 
paper  was  the  mirror  of  Mr.  Stone's  person- 
ality. Municipal  abuse  of  power  had  his  in- 
tense animosity,  and  more  than  one  public 
official  went  to  the  penitentiary  as  the  result 
of  his  relentless  prosecution  and  indomitable 
courage.  His  heart  was  in  the  work  and  he 
personally  took  charge  of  all  such  movements. 
To  his  persevering  energy  more  than  that  of 
any  other  one  man  was  due  the  detection  and 
punishment  of  the  famous  Haymarket  an- 
archists. Professional  detectives  often  sought 
his  clear-headed  advice.  But  no  less  strong 
than  his  manly  characteristics  were  the  tender 
qualities  of  his  heart.  He  held  his  forces 
together  by  sympathetic  and  kindly  treatment, 
by  demanding  of  them  no  more  conscientious 
application  to  duty  than  he  was  himself  ever 
ready  to  give,  and  so  won  their  affectionate 
.  regard.  Relentless  as  an  enemy  he  was  loyal 
and  thoughtful  as  a  friend,  and  on  many  occa- 
sions having  placed  a  man  in  prison,  he  used 
his  influence  to  secure  his  pardon  when  con- 
vinced of  the  sincerity  of  the  repentance.  A 
man  of  strong  likes  and  dislikes,  he  formed 
lasting  enemies  and  steadfast  friends.  In 
1881  a  morning  edition  was  started  which  later 
i  became  the  Chicago  "Record";  in  1888  his 
'i  health  being  seriously  impaired  he  sold  his 
entire  interests  in  the  two  newspapers  to  Mr. 
Lawson  who  has  since  conducted  the  "  Daily 
News."  For  two  or  three  years  he  traveled 
abroad  and  on  his  return  to  Chicago  organized 
the  Globe  National  Bank  and  conducted  it  as 
president  until  1898  when  it  was  consolidated 


with  the  Continental  National  Bank;  he  be- 
came general  manager  of  the  Associated  Press 
in  1893.  In  1869  he  married  Martha  J.  Mc- 
Farland,  daughter  of  John  Stuart  McFarland, 
of  Chicago.  He  has  received  an  honorary  de- 
gree of  master  of  arts  from  the  Yale  Uni- 
versity and  that  of  doctor  of  laws  from  Ohio 
Wesleyan  University  and  Middlebury  College. 
He  has  been  the  recipient  of  the  following 
decorations:  France,  officer  of  the  Legion  of 
Honor;  Germany,  officer  of  the  German  Crown, 
Second  Class;  Italy,  grand  officer  of  the  Crown 
of  Italy;  Russia,  Order  of  St.  Stanislas-Cor- 
don; Sweden,  Knight  Commander  of  the  First 
Class  of  the  Polar  Star;  Japan,  Imperial  Or- 
der of  the  Sacred  Treasure,  Second  Class.  It 
is  with  the  organization  and  management  of 
the  Associated  Press  since  1893  that  he  has 
been  most  generally  engaged  and  identified 
and  through  his  management  it  has  become  the 
greatest  news-gathering  organization  in  the 
world.  The  origin  of  this  association  forms 
an  interesting  chapter  in  the  history  of  Ameri- 
can journalism.  One  hundred  years  ago  there 
was  great  rivalry  among  newspapers,  as  today. 
About  1830  the  New  York  newspapers  built 
fast-sailing  boats  to  run  out  of  New  York 
Harbor  and  meet  the  incoming  steamers,  and 
finally  a  number  of  those  papers  united  and 
formed  the  Associated  Press,  for  the  purpose 
of  pooling  their  special  telegrams  and  selling 
them  to  newspapers  in  the  interior  of  the  coun- 
try. In  the  end,  the  New  York  Associated 
Press,  consisting  of  seven  daily  newspapers  of 
that  metropolis,  formed  alliances  with  a  large 
number  of  newspapers,  which  in  turn  were 
organized  into  subsidiary  associations.  There 
was  a  New  England  Associated  Press,  operat- 
ing in  the  New  England  States;  a  Western 
Associated  Press,  operating  west  of  the  Alle- 
gheny Mountains;  the  New  York  State  Asso- 
ciated Press,  operating  in  the  cities  in  the  in- 
terior of  the  State,  and  the  Southern  Asso- 
ciated Press,  operating  in  the  Southern  States. 
These  had  arrangements  for  an  interchange  of 
news,  and  became  very  powerful.  In  1882  a 
number  of  papers  which  had  been  unable  to  gain 
admission  to  any  of  the  Associated  Press  or- 
ganizations established  the  United  Press, 
which  in  1892  absorbed  the  New  York  Asso- 
ciated Press  and  most  of  the  tributary  organi- 
zations. The  Western  Associated  Press  was 
too  strong  to  be  absorbed ;  it  invited  Mr.  Stone 
to  become  its  general  manager  and  set  out 
independently  to  establish  a  national  associa- 
tion. A  contest  for  supremacy  between  the 
Western  Associated  Press  (which  was  renamed 
the  Associated  Press  of  Illinois)  and  the 
United  Press  continued  for  four  or  five  years. 
The  motive  which  actuated  him  in  accepting 
the  general  managership  was  the  desire  on 
his  part  to  establish  a  mutual  and  co-operative 
association  of  newspapers,  which  would  be 
under  the  control  of  the  individual  news- 
papers which  formed  its  membership,  and  to 
overcome  the  powerful  and  dangerous  influ- 
ences which  an  organization  controlled  by  a 
few  individuals  could  exercise.  It  was  on  this 
principle  that  the  fight  was  organized  against 
the  other  associations,  and  finally  won,  aftor 
four  or  five  years'  struggle,  and  the  As.^ociatod 
Press  occupied  practically  llie  entire  field.  It 
grew  very  rapidly  in  membership,  until  today 
it  numbers  about  one   thousand  members.      It 


411 


BOVARD 


DOYLE 


has  direct  relations  with  the  greatest  news- 
gathering  agencies  in  Europe;  the  Reuter 
Telegram  Company  of  England,  the  Agence 
Havas  of  France,  the  Wolff  Bureau  of  Ger- 
many, and  the  St.  Petersburg  News  Agency  in 
Russia  and  many  others.  After  the  Spanish 
War  American  interest  in  European  aflfairs 
was  greatly  augmented,  and  Mr.  Stone  began 
the  establishment  of  bureaus  in  foreign  capi- 
tals, until  today  the  Associated  Press  has  its 
own  representatives,  with  a  direct  service  from 
each  of  them  to  New  York. 

BOVARD,  Charles  Lincoln,  clergyman  and 
college  president,  b.  in  Alpha,  Scott  County, 
Ind.,  10  Oct.,  1860,  son  of  James  and  Sarah 
(Young)  Bovard. 
He  comes  of  Irish 
ancestry,  his  pa- 
ternal grandfather, 
George  Bovard, 
having  been  a  na- 
tive of  Ireland :  his 
wife  being  Eliza- 
beth McKinley. 
Mr.  Bovard's  fa- 
ther (1823-85)  was 
an  Indiana  farmer, 
and  the  future  min- 
ister and  educator 
grew  up  on  the 
farm  and  attended 
the  district  schools. 
He  was  an  ambi- 
tious student,  and 
early  in  life  had 
made  up  his  mind 
to  acquire  a  college  education.  With  this 
goal  in  view  he  attended  first  Hanover  Col- 
lege, and,  in  1879,  at  the  age  of  nineteen, 
was  graduated  in  the  Normal  College  Insti- 
tute of  Indiana.  Later  he  was  graduated 
Ph.B.  by  Illinois  Wesleyan  College,  and  in 
1908  received  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Di- 
vinity from  Moore's  Hill  College,  Indiana. 
Dr.  Bovard  had  been  brought  up  in  the 
Methodist  faith,  and  in  1882  was  licensed 
as  a  preacher  of  that  denomination  at  Hol- 
man,  Ind.  In  1884  he  entered  the  Southeast 
Indiana  Conference  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  and  was  ordained  a  deacon  in  1886. 
In  1888  he  was  made  an  elder.  During  the 
most  of  this  time  he  was  serving  as  pastor  of 
the  Methodist  Church  at  Holman,  and  also  at 
Vernon,  Ind.  In  1886-89  he  was  pastor  at 
Vevay,  Ind.,  and  in  1889  was  transferred  to 
Arizona  and  New  Mexico,  where  he  engaged 
in  missionary  work  until  1897.  His  next 
two  stations  were  at  Laporte,  Ind.,  and  at 
Butte,  Mont.  While  residing  at  the  latter 
place.  Dr.  Bovard  came  prominently  before  the 
public  for  the  fearless  campaign  he  carried  on 
in  Butte,  against  vice  of  all  kinds,  including 
gambling  and  prize-fighting.  Later  he  was 
successful,  after  a  severe  fight,  in  winning 
from  the  State  legislature  of  Montana,  the 
present  anti-gambling  laws  of  the  State. 
Since  1910  Dr.  Bovard  has  been  president  of 
the  Montana  Wesleyan  Academy,  located  at 
Helena,  Mont.,  which  position  he  has  filled 
with  dignity  and  honor.  As  the  head  of  Wes- 
leyan Academy,  he  has  done  and  is  doing  most 
valuable  work  for  the  cause  of  higher  educa- 
tion, and  Wesleyan  has  advanced  in  every 
way  under  his  administration.     He  has  been 


instrumental  in  increasing  the  resources  of 
the  college  materially  and  in  raising  the  stand- 
ard of  scholarship.  Dr.  Bovard  is  an  able 
preacher,  and  a  man  of  high  scholarly  attain- 
ments. He  is  a  member  of  the  Helena  Com- 
mercial Club,  and  of  several  literary  societies 
in  Indiana  and  in  Butte,  Mont.  He  married  • 
30  Jan.,  1883,  Clemintina  Smith,  of  Lexing- 
ton, Ind.  He  is  the  father  of  two  sons:  Wil- 
liam Zelman  and  Carl  Vincent  Bovard. 

DOYLE,  John  Hardy,  jurist,  b.  at  Monday 
Creek,  Ohio,  23  April,  1844,  son  of  Michael 
F.  and  Joanna  (Brophy)  Doyle.  He  is  of 
Irish  descent,  his  paternal  grandfather  having 
come  to  this  country  from  Ireland  in  the 
early  part  of  the  nineteenth  century.  His 
father,  Michael  F.  Doyle,  was  born  in  Penn- 
sylvania, but  in  his  early  manhood  he  went  to 
Lucas  County,  Ohio,  where,  as  a  sub-contractor, 
he  engaged  in  building  a  portion  of  the  Miami 
Canal.  In  1842  he  moved  to  Perry  County, 
Ohio,  where  the  subject  of  this  sketch  was  born. 
In  1849  the  family  moved  back  to  Lucas 
County  and  settled  at  Toledo.  Young  Doyle 
began  his  general  enducation  in  the  public 
schools  of  that  city,  after  which  he  enrolled 
as  a  student  in  Dennison  University,  in  Gran- 
ville, Ohio.  Then  came  the  outbreak  of  hos- 
tilities between  the  North  and  the  South,  and 
Mr.  Doyle,  strongly  possessed  of  the  spirit 
which  w  as  sweeping  throughout  the  loyal  States 
of  the  North,  abandoned  his  studies  and  offered 
his  services  to  the  Union  cause,  though  he  was 
barely  over  seventeen  at  the  time.  At  that 
moment  Company  A,  of  the  Sixty-seventh  Ohio 
Volunteer  Infantry,  was  being  organized  and 
young  Doyle  was  promised  a  lieutenancy  if  he 
would  enlist  twenty  recruits.  WMth  boyish  en- 
thusiasm and  vigor  he  set  to  work  to  accom- 
plish this  task,  but  before  he  could  accomplish  it 
or  receive  his  commission  he  was  stricken  with 
typhoid  fever  and  so  was  compelled  to  give  up 
all  hopes  of  a  military  career.  Having  finally 
recovered  from  his  long  period  of  illness,  he 
entered  the  law  office  of  Edward  Bissell,  in 
Toledo,  and  began  to  study  for  the  bar.  He 
finally  passed  his  bar  examinations  and  on  his 
twenty-first  birthday  was  admitted  to  practice. 
His  preceptor,  Mr.  Bissell,  having  been  im- 
pressed by  the  youth's  abilities,  now  offered 
him  a  partnership  in  the  firm.  Here  he  re- 
mained for  some  years,  working  his  way  ahead 
rapidly,  and  before  long  gained  the  reputation 
of  being  one  of  the  coming  men  in  the  profes- 
sion. In  1879,  when  only  thirty-five  years  of 
age,  he  received  the  unanimous  indorsement  of 
the  Republican  members  of  the  Lucas  County 
bar  for  the  oflBce  of  judge  of  the  court  of 
common  pleas  of  the  Sixth  Judicial  District. 
He  was  unanimously  nominated  by  the  judicial 
convention  and  elected  by  a  very  substantial 
majority.  At  the  Republican  State  Convention, 
in  1882,  he  received  the  nomination  as  candi- 
date for  judge  of  the  Ohio  Supreme  Court,  but 
in  that  year  the  Democrats  swept  the  State 
and  Judge  Doyle  was  defeated  with  the  rest 
of  his  ticket.  Shortly  afterward,  however,  a 
vacancy  occurred  in  the  Supreme  Court  and 
Governor  Foster  appointed  Judge  Doyle  to  fill 
it  for  the  rest  of  the  unexpired  term.  He  was 
again  nominated  for  this  office,  but  the  Demo- 
crats continuing  in  the  ascendency,  he  was 
once  more  defeated.  In  1884  his  term  expired 
and  he  retired  from  the  Supreme  Court.     He 


412 


DOYLE 


BROWNE 


immediately  resumed  his  law  practice  in  To- 
ledo, entering  into  a  partnership  with  Alex- 
ander W.  Scott  and  forming  the  firm  of  Doyle 
and  Scott,  of  which  he  was  the  senior  mem- 
ber. In  the  following  year  Charles  T.  Lewis 
was  admitted  into  the  partnership,  whereupon 
the  firm  became  Doyle,  Scott  and  Lewis,  re- 
maining so  until  Mr.  Scott's  death,  in  1895, 
when  it  became  Doyle  and  Lewis.  Judge  Doyle 
has  never  again  cared  to  repeat  his  experi- 
ence in  public  office  and  since  his  retirement 
from  the  Supreme  Court  has  refused  all  offers 
of  nomination  or  appointment.  President  Mc- 
Kinley  offered  to  appoint  him  judge  of  the 
U.  S.  District  Court  for  the  Northern  District 
of  Ohio,  but  this  honor  he  declined.  This 
position  was  again  offered  him  by  President 
Taft,  but  again  Judge  Doyle  refused  it.  In- 
deed, so  wide  and  extended  is  his  practice  that 
he  could  ill  afford  to  sacrifice  it  for  any  office 
that  could  be  offered  him  under  either  State  or 
federal  governments.  Judge  Doyle  has  always 
been  an  indefatigable  worker.  To  this  he  has 
added  a  remarkable  quickness  of  mental  grasp, 
the  result  being  that  he  has  always  been  able 
to  accomplish  an  astonishingly  great  amount 
of  work.  He  is  unusually  quick  to  analyse  a 
subject  and  to  estimate  the  importance  of  its 
varying  aspects.  The  secret  of  his  quick  com- 
prehension is  undoubtedly  his  ability  to  elimi- 
nate, almost  automatically,  or  instinctively, 
the  unimportant  details,  then  to  grapple  with 
the  essentials.  At  the  present  time  it  is  ques- 
tionable whether  there  is  another  lawyer  in 
Ohio  who  is  his  equal  in  respect  of  ease  and 
alacrity  of  preparation.  As  a  judge  he  dis- 
played similar  traits.  "Judge  Doyle,"  says 
Harvey  Scribner,  in  his  "  Memoirs  of  Lucas 
County  and  the  City  of  Toledo"  (Vol.  I.,  p. 
405 ) ,  "  was  an  ideal  common  pleas  judge ;  he 
followed  and  comprehended  the  bearings  and 
competency  of  evidence  at  all  stages  of  the 
trial.  His  rulings  were  prompt  and  almost 
always  correct,"  Judge  Doyle  made  a  prac- 
tice of  preparing,  for  his  own  information  and 
quick  reference,  very  thorough  briefs  of  the 
law  and  authorities  governing  cases  as  they 
developed  before  him.  It  will  be  obvious  that 
such  a  policy  was  to  the  interests  of  the  right 
and  correct  administration  of  the  law.  There 
can  be  no  doubt  that  his  elevation  to  the 
Supreme  bench  was  in  recognition  of  those  qual- 
ities which  made  him  so  eminently  qualified  for 
such  duties.  Outside  of  his  professional  in- 
terests Judge  Doyle  is  a  keen  student  of  the 
historical  development  of  his  native  State  and 
especially  of  the  city  of  Toledo.  He  is  un- 
doubtedly the  foremost  authority  on  the  his- 
tory of  that  community  and  northwestern  Ohio 
generally.  He  has  written  and  privately  pub- 
lished various  monographs  and  papers  of  local 
historical  interest.  Among  these  works  are 
"The  City  of  Toledo  for  Fifty  Years  Since 
Its  Organization "  and  "  A  History  of  the 
Maumee  Valley."  He  is  also  the  author  of 
articles  and  monographs  on  a  variety  of  other 
subjects.  Judge  Doyle  has  also  gained  quite 
a  wide  reputation  as  a  lecturer  and  a  public 
speaker,  but  it  is  by  his  logical  presentation  of 
a  subject,  rather  than  by  any  florid  elocution, 
that  he  holds  his  audiences.  At  the  present 
time  he  is  a  lecturer  on  constitutional  law  in 
St.  John's  Law  School.  At  various  times 
Judge  Doyle  has  been  president  of  the  Toledo, 


the  Ohio  State  and  the  National  Bar  Associa- 
tions. He  is  a  member  of  the  Toledo,  the  To- 
ledo Commerce,  the  Country,  the  Toledo  Yacht, 
the  Lawyers'  ( of  New  York ) ,  and  the  Union 
Club  of  Cleveland  and  the  Columbus  Club  of 
Columbus  and  the  Ohio  Society  of  New  York. 
On  6  Oct.,  1868,  Judge  Doyle  married  Alice 
Fuller  Skinner.  They  have  had  three  children : 
Mrs.  Elizabeth  D.  Scott,  Mrs.  Grace  D.  Graves, 
and  Helen  Genevieve,  the  latter  being  now 
dead. 

BKOWNE,  George,  capitalist,  b.  in  Boston, 
Mass.,  25  July,  1883;  d.  in  Tacoma,  Wash., 
14  July,  1912,  son  of  George  and  Joanna 
(Nichols)  Browne.  He  traced  his  ancestry  to 
William  Browne, 
a  native  of  Lan- 
cashire, England, 
who  came  to  Sa- 
lem, Mass.,  in  1635. 
While  he  was  still 
a  boy  his  parents 
removed  to  New 
York  City,  where 
he  attended  the 
public  schools,  and' 
later  began  a  m 
course  at  the  New  v| 
York  Free  Acad- 
emy (now  the  Col- 
lege of  the  City  of 
New  York).  At  the 
beginning  of  the  Civil  War  he  volunteered  for 
service;  mustered  into  the  Sixth  Independent 
Horse  Battery,  and  served  in  the  army  for 
three  years  and  four  months,  retiring  at  the 
close  of  the  war  as  first-lieutenant  of  the 
First  New  York  Mounted  Battery.  During 
his  army  career  he  participated  in  some  of 
the  hardest  battles  fought  by  the  Army  of  the 
Potomac,  and  a  great  number  of  minor  en- 
gagements. At  Kelly's  Ford  on  the  Rappa- 
hannock, 17  March,  1863,  where  he  was  in 
command  of  the  battery,  he  received  signal 
commendation  from  his  commander,  General 
Averell,  for  his  courage,  skill,  and  promptness 
of  action.  At  the  battle  of  Chancellorsville, 
Lieutenant  Browne  was  in  command  of  a  part 
of  the  twenty-two  guns  which  were  hurriedly 
collected  and  drawn  into  position  to  oppose 
the  assault  of  Stonewall  Jackson's  troops. 
Of  his  action  in  this  emergency.  General 
Pleasanton  made  the  following  report:  "The 
guns  were  served  with  great  difficulty,  owing 
to  the  way  in  which  the  cannoneers  were  in- 
terfered with  in  their  duties.  Carriages, 
wagons,  horses  without  riders,  and  panic- 
stricken  infantry  were  rushing  through  and 
through  the  battery,  overturning  guns  and 
limbers,  smashing  caissons,  and  trampling 
horse  holders  under  them.  While  Lieutenant 
Browne  was  bringing  his  section  into  position, 
a  caisson  without  drivers,  carried  away  both 
detachments  of  his  horses,  and  breaking  the 
caisson  so  badly  as  to  necessitate  its  being 
left  on  the  field."  On  12  Oct ,  18()3,  his  part 
in  the  battle  at  Cedar  Run  won  liini  tlic  com- 
pliments of  Gen.  D.  M  Cregg.  He  was  witli 
Sheridan  in  the  raid  made  to  cni  Loo's  com- 
munications with  Richmond,  durini?  tlio  bat- 
tles of  the  Wilderness  and  SpoKsylvaiiia.  and 
took  part  in  the  action  at  Yellow  Tjivorn, 
near  Richmond,  wliich  was  mndo  inwnorlal  as 
I  the  spot  where  the  great  Confedorato  cavalry 


413 


MUCKLE 


MUCKLE 


leader,  Gen.  J.  E.  B.  Stewart,  lost  his  life. 
On  his  return  to  civilian  life,  Mr.  Browne 
made  his  home  in  New  York  City,  and  for 
a  time  was  engaged  in  business  in  Wall 
Street.  By  a  series  of  successful  operations 
he  made  an  ample  fortune  and  then  retiring 
from  active  business  life,  he  devoted  the  next 
five  years  to  travel  in  Europe  and  visiting 
the  various  seats  of  learning.  On  his  return 
to  America  he  was  induced  to  take  a  trip 
west  with  an  uncle  of  his  wife,  Thomas  F. 
Oakes,  wlio  was  president  of  the  Northern 
Pacific  Railroad.  In  the  State  of  Washington 
he  became  associated  with  Col.  C.  W.  Griggs, 
who  had  come  to  Tacoma  in  1888  to  confer 
with  President  Oakes  with  a  view  of  pur- 
chasing timber  land  and  engaging  in  the 
manufacture  of  lumber.  Here  he  met  Henry 
Hewitt,  Jr.,  and  Charles  H.  Jones  and  the  ne- 
gotiations were  opened  which  resulted  in  the 
organization  of  the  St.  Paul  and  Tacoma  Lum- 
ber Company,  one  of  the  largest  enterprises  of 
the  kind  in  existence.  George  Browne  was 
taken  into  the  corporation  at  its  inception  as 
a  stockholder,  and  for  many  years  was  an  of- 
ficer, interested,  also,  in  its  many  allied  cor- 
porations. He  took  up  his  residence  in 
Tacoma  and  lived  there  until  his  death.  As 
a  citizen  of  Tacoma,  Mr.  Browne  was  active 
in  municipal  affairs  and  notably  public- 
spirited  and  desirious  of  taking  upon  himself 
any  duty  which  would  further  the  interests 
and  development  of  his  adopted  city.  He  was 
never  an  office  seeker,  and  held  only  one  pub- 
lic office  of  a  political  nature,  that  of  repre- 
sentative in  the  first  State  legislature  of 
Washington,  in  which  capacity  he  served  one 
term.  As  one  of  the  earliest  park  commis- 
sioners of  Tacoma,  he  did  splendid  service 
and  brought  to  the  work  of  making  a  "  city 
beautiful "  the  most  unselfish  spirit  and  un- 
tiring energy;  planting  many  trees  at  his 
own  expense  and  with  great  trouble,  and  giv- 
ing their  planting  his  own  personal  superin- 
tendence. Many  of  his  trees  he  obtained  in 
far-off  foreign  countries  and  himself  pur- 
chased the  first  elk  for  the  park.  He  also 
laid  out  the  drive  around  Point  Defiance 
Park,  and  worked  indefatigably  in  the  effort 
to  develop  its  natural  features  of  beauty,  as 
had  been  done  in  the  laying  out  of  Central 
Park,  New  York.  Mr.  Browne  was  a  regular 
attendant  and  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
First  Free  Church  of  Tacoma;  was  a  charter 
member  of  the  Union  Club,  at  various  times 
acting  as  its  president,  and  was  a  Mason  and 
a  life  member  of  the  Lebanon  Lodge,  No.  104, 
F.  and  A.  M.  He  married  6  Aug.,  1873,  Ella 
Haskell,  of  Gloucester,  Mass.  They  had  three 
sons,  George  Albert,  John  White,  and  Belmore 
Browne. 

MirCKLE,  Mark  Richards,  journalist,  b.  in 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  10  Sept.,  1825;  d.  there, 
31  March,  1915,  son  of  Michael  and  Mary 
(Kaiser)  Muckle.  His  father  was  born  in 
Neukirch,  in  Germany,  and  came  to  this  coun- 
try in  the  early  years  of  the  century  and  set- 
tled in  Philadelphia,  where  he  prospered  as 
a  clockmaker  and  wood  carver.  As  a  wood 
carver  he  attained  almost  a  national  reputa- 
tion. His  life-size  figure  of  Christ,  now  adorn- 
ing a  Western  cathedral,  his  "  Conflagration  of 
Moscow,"  and  his  "  Treaty  of  Ghent "  are 
among  the  most  widely  admired  specimens  of 


this  art  produced  in  this  country.  Mr.  Muc- 
kle's  mother  was  also  of  German  birth,  having 
been  a  native  of  Kenzingen,  and  came  to  this 
country  in  1817.  Being  in  very  comfortable 
circumstances,  it  was  the  desire  of  the  father 
that  his  son  should  have  every  educational 
advantage  attainable  at  that  time.  There- 
fore it  was  that  the  boy  attended  the  public 
schools  and  pursued  his  studies  until  his 
eighteenth  year.  On  leaving  school  he  entered 
the  office  of  the  "  Public  Ledger,"  in  the 
humble  capacity  of  desk  clerk.  In  this  posi- 
tion he  did  not  remain  long,  however,  for  he 
soon  rose  to  the  position  of  cashier  and  finally 
he  was  promoted  to  the  position  of  business 
manager,  which  he  held  for  upward  of  fifty 
years,  while  the  paper  continued  under  the 
ownership  of  George  W.  Childs.  Mr.  Muckle, 
however,  did  not  attain  distinction  through 
his  regular  business  pursuits;  it  was  on  ac- 
count of  the  activities  which  he  carried  on 
quite  aside  from  his  business,  from  pure  per- 
sonal interest,  that  he  became  widely  known 
and  prominent  in  the  affairs  of  the  city.  On 
the  outbreak  of  the -war  with  Mexico  he  was 
commissioned  a  lieutenant  in  the  marine  corps 
by  President  Polk.  In  1852  he  was  appointed 
to  the  staff  of  Governor  Bigler,  whence  he  de- 
rived his  title  as  colonel.  Being  very  keenly 
interested  in  public  affairs,  he  soon  became 
very  much  in  demand  as  a  public  speaker, 
both  before  German  and  American  audiences. 
In  1860  he  assisted  in  the  founding  of  the 
German  Hospital,  of  which  he  was  president 
emeritus  at  the  time  of  his  death.  From  that 
time  onward  his  sphere  of  public  and  chari- 
table activities  continually  enlarged.  He  be- 
came a  member  of  more  than  a  score  of  or- 
ganizations representing  the  charitable,  liter- 
ary, artistic,  musical,  scientific,  and  business 
interests  of  the  city  and  held  high  office  in 
many  of  them.  During  the  late  sixties  he  was 
the  first  and  chief  advocate  among  the  rep- 
resentative men  of  the  city  for  the  holding 
of  a  centennial  exposition  and  in  1869  he 
was  the  bearer  of  the  first  official  exposition 
proposals  to  President  Grant.  Later  he  helped 
actively  in  securing  a  site  for  the  exposition; 
for  seven  years  he  labored  for  the  success  of 
this  great  enterprise.  Though  American  born. 
Colonel  Muckle  was  always  an  enthusiastic 
admirer  of  his  father's  nation.  All  his  life 
he  aided  and  supported  numerous  institutions 
in  the  city  for  the  preservation  of  the  iden- 
tity of  the  German-American  population.  For 
the  German  Society,  which  he  joined  in  1853, 
and  of  which  he  was  vice-president  for  thir- 
teen years,  he  helped  to  plan  the  hall  at 
Spring  Garden  and  Marshall  Streets.  He  was 
identified  prominently  with  the  Philadelphia 
Maennerchor,  the  Harmonie  Gesang  Verein, 
the  Junger  Maennerchor,  the  Turngemeinde, 
the  Canstatter  Volksverein,  the  Philadelphia 
Schuetzen  Verein,  and  he  was  incorporator  of 
the  German-American  Title  and  Trust  Com- 
pany. In  1870  he  undertook  the  task  of  col-  ■ 
lecting  a  fund  of  $50,000  for  the  relief  of 
widows  and  orphans  of  the  German  soldiers 
killed  in  the  Franco-Prussian  War.  During 
that  war  the  library  of  the  University  of 
Strassburg  was  entirely  destroyed.  Colonel 
Muckle  set  about  and  succeeded  in  collecting 
30,000  volumes  in  this  country  with  which  a  mi 
new    library    for    that    institution    might    be       J 


414 


SAWYER 


CAMPBELL 


founded.  To  indicate  his  appreciation  of  these 
efforts  in  behalf  of  the  Fatherland  of  his 
father,  Kaiser  Wilhelm  I  conferred  on  Colonel 
Muckle,  in  1874,  the  Order  of  the  Crown  and, 
in  1883,  the  Military  Order  of  the  Red  Eagle, 
the  highest  honor  which  had  ever  been  granted 
to  anyone  not  of  royal  blood.  In  connection 
with  these  services  Colonel  Muckle  made  sev- 
eral visits  to  Germany,  and  it  was  on  these 
occasions  that  he  became  acquainted  with  and 
earned  the  warm  personal  friendship  of  Prince 
Bismarck.  In  1871  Colonel  Muckle  organized 
among  the  Germans  of  America  a  peace  cele- 
bration, commemorating  the  conclusion  of  the 
war  and  in  1902  he  was  a  member  of  the 
committee  which  arranged  the  official  recep- 
tion of  the  present  Kaiser's  brother.  Prince 
Henry  of  Prussia.  On  the  outbreak  of  the 
great  war,  in  1914,  Colonel  Muckle  took  a 
very  critical  attitude  toward  the  government 
of  the  country  for  which  he  had  done  so 
much.  From  the  very  beginning  he  had  criti- 
cized the  policy  of  the  present  Kaiser,  espe- 
cially in  the  latter's  attitude  toward  Prince 
Bismarck,  which  culminated  in  the  latter's 
dismissal  from  power.  Colonel  Muckle  held 
that  the  present  Kaiser  was  responsible  for 
the  great  war  and  openly  expressed  the  hope 
that  he  would  suffer  for  the  mischief  his 
policies  had  worked.  Colonel  Muckle's  activi- 
ties, however,  were  not  all  carried  on  among 
the  German-Americans.  In  1898  he  organized 
the  peace  festival  in  celebration  of  the  con- 
clusion of  the  war  with  Spain.  He  was  one 
of  the  founders  of  the  Franklin  Reformatory 
Home  and  of  the  Society  for  the  Prevention 
of  Cruelty  to  Animals.  He  was  also  promi- 
nently connected  with  the  Franklin  Institute, 
the  Zoological  Society,  the  Cremation  So- 
ciety, the  Hay  Fever  Association,  the  Histori- 
cal Society,  the  Geographical  Society  of  Penn- 
sylvania, the  Morris  Refuge  for  Suffering  Ani- 
mals, the  Tammany  Shore  Fishing  Club,  the 
Art  Club  of  Philadelphia,  the  Red  Cross  So- 
ciety of  Pennsylvania,  the  Teachers'  Aid  and 
Annuity  Association,  and  the  Philadelphia 
Cycle  and  Field  Club.  His  acquaintances 
among  public  men  included  statesmen  who 
were  prominent  as  far  back  as  the  War  of 
1812.  He  had  talked  with  most  of  the  presi- 
dents since  Jackson.  He  was  also  a  member 
of  the  Order  of  Odd  Fellows,  in  whose  Grand 
Lodge  he  was  just  rounding  out  at  the  time 
of  his  death,  his  fifty-ninth  consecutive  year 
of  service  as  grand  treasurer.  In  1856  he  took 
the  supreme  degree  of  Royal  Arch  Mason  in 
Columbia  Chapter,  No.  91.  In  the  Knights 
Templars,  which  he  joined  in  1856,  he  at- 
tained the  office  of  grand  treasurer  and  held 
it  continuously  for  twenty-four  years.  Even- 
tually he  wae  elevated  to  the  thirty-third  de- 
gree, and  for  several  years  lie  was  an  honorary 
member  of  the  Supreme  Council.  In  1850 
Colonel  Muckle  married  Caroline  Seiser. 
Their  three  surviving  children  are:  Mrs.  S.  P. 
Stambach,  of  Haverford;  Alexander  Remack, 
and  William  Frederic  Muckle. 

SAWYER,  Philetus,  U.  S.  Senator,  b.  in 
Rutland  County,  Vt.,  22  Sept.,  1816;  d.  at 
Oshkosh,  Wis.,  29  March,  1900.  He  was  the 
son  of  Ephraim  Sawyer,  a  farmer,  a  direct 
descendant  of  John  Sawyer,  of  Lincolnshire, 
England,  who  came  to  this  country  and  settled 
in  New  England  in   1636.     He  was  one  of  a 


family  of  five  brothers  and  four  sisters.  When 
he  was  only  one  year  old  his  father  removed  to 
Essex  County,  N.  Y.,  and  settled  at  Crown 
Point.  His  early  boyhood  was  spent  in  doing 
"  chores "  about  the  farm  and  attending  the 
district  school,  but  some  years  before  attaining 
his  majority  he  began  working  for  wages  in  a 
local  sawmill.  In  a  few  years  he  was  operating 
the  sawmill  himself.  By  the  time  he  was 
twenty-five,  Mr.  Sawyer  had  saved  up  two 
thousand  dollars  and  decided  to  emigrate  to 
the  West.  After  farming  two  years  in  Wis- 
consin, with  no 
success,  he  settled 
in  the  village  of 
Algoma,  which 

later  became  Osh- 
kosh, where  he  ven- 
tured into  the  lum- 
ber business.  From 
the  very  beginning 
his  success  was  as- 
sured, not  only  in 
the  lumber  trade, 
but  in  various 
other  business  en- 
terprises which  he 
initiated.  He  was 
one  of  the  found- 
ers and  through- 
out his  life  was 
one  of  the  officials  of  the  National  Bank 
of  Oshkosh.  In  1857  he  was  elected  to 
represent  his  district  in  the  State  legis- 
lature. He  had  formerly  been  a  Democrat  of 
free-soil  proclivities,  but  he  voted  and  acted 
with  the  Republican  party  soon  after  its  or- 
ganization. In  1863  he  was  elected  mayor  of 
Oshkosh  City,  in  which  office  he  served  two 
years,  during  a  very  difficult  period,  while  the 
recruiting  for  the  federal  armies  was  going 
on.  So  successful  was  his  administration, 
however,  that  in  1865  he  was  elected  to  Con- 
gress, where  he  served  continuously  for  ten 
years.  Here  he  was  most  active  as  a  member, 
and  later  as  acting  chairman,  of  the  Committee 
on  Commerce.  In  1875  he  retired,  refusing  the 
nomination  for  another  term.  In  the  follow- 
ing year  Mr.  Sawyer  formed  a  syndicate  which 
purchased  the  West  Wisconsin  Railroad,  then 
struggling  with  serious  financial  difficulties. 
Other  smaller  lines  were  also  purchased  and 
all  were  consolidated  as  the  Chicago,  St.  Paul, 
Minneapolis  and  Omaha  Railroad  Company. 
Of  this  corporation  Mr.  Sawyer  was  vice-presi- 
dent and  member  of  the  executive  committee. 
Though  he  had  determined  to  retire  perma- 
nently from  political  life,  in  1881  Mr.  SaA\^er 
was  persuaded  to  accept  the  nomination  of  his 
party  in  the  State  legislature  for  U.  S.  Senator. 
He  was  accordingly  elected  and  served  two 
terms.  Most  of  his  work  in  the  Senate  was 
as  a  member  of  the  Committee  on  Pensions.  ^  It 
was  in  1841  that  Mr.  Sawyer  married  Melvina 
M.  Hadley.  They  had  tliree  oliildron:  Mrs. 
Howard  G.  White,  of  Syracuse,  N.  ¥.,  'Mrs.  W. 
O.  Goodman,  of  Chicago,  and  Edgar  P.  Sawyer, 
who  was  for  a  long  time  associated  with  his 
father  in  business. 

CAMPBELL,  Amasa  B.,  mining  operator 
and  capitalist,  b.  in  Salem,  Ore..  6  April, 
1845;  d.  in  Spokane,  Wash.,  16  Feb.,  1912, 
son  of  John  A.  and  Rebecca  Perry  (Snod- 
grass)    Campbell.     He  was  the  youngest  of  a 


415 


CAMPBELL 


PRATT 


family  of  ten  children,  and  his  father  died 
before  hia  birth.  His  education  was  obtained 
in  the  public  schools  of  his  native  town,  and 
at  the  age  of  fifteen,  he  had  already  begun  his 
business  life  in  the  employ  of  a  grain  and 
wool  commission  house.  In  1867,  at  the  age 
of  twenty-two,  he  obtained  a  position  at 
Omaha,  Neb.,  with  the  Union  Pacific  Railroad 
Company,  and  there  continued  until  the  com- 
pletion of  the  line.  He  went  to  Utah  in  1871, 
and  then  obtained  his  first  experience  in  min- 
ing, laying  the  foundation  for  his  subsequent 
activities  in  that 
field.  In  1887  he 
again  removed, 
this  time  to  Wash- 
ington, and  set- 
tled at  Spokane. 
His  first  and  last 
business  partner 
was  John  A.  Finch, 
with  whom  he 
formed  a  partner- 
ship in  the  busi- 
ness of  develop- 
ing and  operating 
mining  property. 
Their  general  abil- 
ity and  knowledge 
of  mines  and  min- 
ing interests  soon 
placed  them  in  advance  of  all  other  operators. 
They  were  the  first  owners  of  the  Gem 
Mine,  in  the  Coeur  d'Alene  district,  and 
later  associated  with  friends  from  Milwau- 
kee and  Youngstown,  Ohio,  in  organizing 
the  Milwaukee  Mining  Company,  of  which 
Mr.  Campbell  was  president  and  Mr.  Finch 
secretary  and  treasurer.  In  1891  the  com- 
pany began  developing  the  Standard  Mine, 
Later  they  developed  the  celebrated  Hecla 
Mine.  Both  properties  are  still  paying  large 
dividends.  In  1893  the  partners  went  to 
British  Columbia  where  they  opened  the  Slo- 
cum  District,  and  developed  the  Enterprise 
and  Standard  Mines,  both  of  which  are  still 
paying  properties.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  there 
was  hardly  a  successful  mining  enterprise  in 
the  whole  district  in  which  they  were  not  in- 
terested, and  no  firm  did  more  to  develop 
mining  industry  in  the  Inland  Empire.  So 
extensive  and  successful  were  their  operations 
that  the  name  of  Finch  and  Campbell  became 
synonymous  with  the  mining  history  of  the 
great  Northwest.  Aside  from  his  mining  in- 
terests Mr.  Campbell  co-operated  in  the  man- 
agement and  organization  of  various  other 
business  and  financial  enterprises,  including 
the  Traders  National  Bank,  the  Spokane  and 
Eastern  Trust  Company,  and  the  Washington 
Power  Company,  in  several  of  which  he 
served  as  a  director  for  a  number  of  years, 
until  failing  health  forced  him  to  resign  from 
active  business  life.  Mr.  Campbell  won  his 
place  among  the  millionaires  of  the  Western 
coast  by  the  sterling  qualities  of  industry,  de- 
termination, and  integrity.  As  one  of  the 
foremost  mining  operators  in  all  of  the  North- 
west and  the  owner  of  some  of  the  most  val- 
uable mining  properties  of  the  Inland  Empire, 
he  was  a  potent  force  in  the  development  of 
the  entire  mining  district  of  that  territory. 
He  was  generous  and  public-spirited,  and  do- 
nated   the    land    on    which    was    erected    the 


Carnegie  library  of  Spokane,  and  which  is 
now  valued  at  $100,000.  He  was  a  Mason. 
On  26  March,  1890,  Mr.  Campbell  married 
Grace  M.,  daughter  of  George  R.  and  Mary 
R.  (Campbell)  Fox,  of  Canton,  Ohio.  They 
had  one  daughter,  Helen  Campbell-. 

PEATT,  George  DnPont,  capitalist  and  phi- 
lanthropist, b.  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y,,  16  Aug., 
1869,  son  of  Charles  and  Mary  Helen  (Rich- 
ardson) Pratt.  He  is  a  descendant  of  Jona- 
than Teal,  of  Medford,  Mass.,  who  served  as  a 
private  in  Capt.  Isaac  Hall's  company,  which 
marched  from  Medford  by  order  of  General 
Washington  at  the  time  of  the  taking  of  Dor- 
chester Heights,  Mass.,  on  4  March,  1776,  and 
as  a  private  in  Capt.  John  Minott's  company 
from  13  Dec,  1776,  to  1  March,  1777;  also  of 
Richard  Richardson,  of  Watertown,  Mass., 
who  was  a  private  in  Capt.  Samuel  King's 
company,  serving  from  26  June,  1776,  to  1  Dec, 
1776.  Mr.  Pratt  attended  Brown  and  Nichols* 
School  in  Cambridge,  Mass.,  and  Adelphi 
Academy  in  Brooklyn,  where  he  was  prepared 
for  college.  In  1889  he  entered  Amherst  Col- 
lege, where  he  was  graduated  four  years  later 
with  the  degree  of  B.A.  He  then  chose  a  posi- 
tion as  mechanic's  helper  in  the  car  shops  of 
the  Long  Island  Railroad,  of  which  his  father 
was  principal  owner.  During  six  months  of 
faithful  service  he  acquired  a  businesslike 
grasp  of  detail,  and  was  promoted  to  loco- 
motive fireman,  from  there  to  the  engineering 
department,  later  through  the  other  depart- 
ments, and  finally  made  assistant  to  the  gen- 
eral manager.  When  William  H.  Baldwin  be- 
came president  of  the  road,  he  became  his 
assistant,  and  continued  in  this  capacity  until 
the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  Company  purchased 
the  control  of  the  road.  Mr.  Pratt  then  be- 
came treasurer  and  trustee  of  the  Chelsea 
Fiber  Mills,  treasurer  and  trustee  of  Pratt 
Institute,  and  treasurer  and  director  of  the 
Montauk  Company.  He  is  also  a  director  of 
the  Chattel  Loan  Society,  which  was  organized 
to  loan  money  to  needy  persons  at  a  reason- 
able rate  of  interest.  He  has  given  up  prac- 
tically all  other  business  to  devote  his  entire 
time  to  various  philanthropic  movements  for 
the  education  of  young  boys,  by  setting  be- 
fore them  high  ideals,  and  teaching  them  to 
use  their  leisure  time  in  healthful  recreation 
and  useful  occupations.  He  is  chairman  of 
the  physical  department  of  the  International 
Y.  M.  C.  A.;  treasurer  of  the  Boy  Scouts  of 
America;  a  member  of  the  Public  Recreation 
Commission  of  the  City  of  New  York;  presi- 
dent of  the  Camp-Fire  Club  of  America;  a 
member  of  the  New  York  Zoological  Society 
and  of  the  Boone  and  Crockett  Club;  and  vice- 
president  of  the  Brooklyn  Museum  of  Arts 
and  Sciences.  In  his  connection  with  the 
Y.  M.  C.  A,,  he  was  not  content  simply  to  lend 
his  name  and  influence  to  the  work,  but  has 
kept  in  close  touch  with  all  of  its  varied  ac- 
tivities. At  a  testimonial  dinner  tendered  him 
at  the  Hamilton  Club,  Brooklyn,  on  1  May, 
1915,  by  his  associates  in  the  Central  Branch 
of  the  Y.  M,  C.  A.,  a  handsome  tribute  of  m 
affection  and  esteem  was  paid  him.  Although  m 
he  was  obliged  to  resign  the  office  of  chair- 
man  of  the  organization  by  his  recent  appoint- 
ment as  conservatioTti  commissioner,  he  was 
elected  second  viqe-chairman  in  recognition  of 
his  ze&i  and  interest.     He  is  a  keen  hunter 


416 


•.ca. 


¥<^~ 


\ 


I 


BRONAUGH 


KING 


of  big  game  and  an  excellent  marksman,  and 
throughout  his  life  has  been  prominently  iden- 
tified with  all  out-of-door  conservation.  He 
was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Permanent  Wild 
Life  Protective  Fund,  which  is  a  permanent 
endowment  designed  to  secure  the  best  pos- 
sible means  of  preservation  and  increase  of 
wild  life  on  broad  lines  and  by  practical  re- 
sults. On  27  April,  1915,  he  was  chosen  con- 
servation commissioner  for  the  State  of  New 
York  by  Governor  Whitman  for  the  term  of 
six  years,  and  in  discharge  of  his  duties  has 
instituted  a  vigorous  campaign  to  prevent  the 
destruction  of  valuable  timber  and  game  by 
forest  fires.  Personally,  Mr.  Pratt  is  a  man 
of  many  parts.  Affable,  cultured,  and  demo- 
cratic, one  feels  the  power  of  his  personality 
and  intuitively  realizes  the  depth  of  intelli- 
gence, knowledge  of  human  nature,  and 
strength  of  will  that  lie  beneath  his  genial  and 
simple  manner.  He  is  a  patron  of  the  fine 
arts,  and  his  collection  of  porcelains,  paint- 
ings, Greek  glass  and  Persian  antiques  con- 
tain some  of  the  best  examples  in  this  coun- 
try. He  is  a  member  of  numerous  social  and 
fraternal  organizations,  among  them  the  New 
York  Yacht,  University,  Century,  Automobile, 
Downtown,  Piping  Rock,  and  City  Midday 
Clubs.  On  2  Feb.,  1897,  he  married  Helen, 
daughter  of  John  T.  Sherman,  of  Brooklyn. 
They  have  four  children:  George  DuPont,  Jr., 
Sherman,  Eliot  Deming,  and  Dorothy  Deming 
Pratt. 

BRONATJGH,  Earl  C,  Jr.,  lawyer,  b.  in  Cross 
County,  Ark.,  26  Feb.,  1866.  He  attended 
the  public  schools  of  Portland,  whither  the 
family  had  removed  in  1868,  and  later  the 
University  of  the  Pacific,  at  San  Jose,  Cal. 
He  read  law  in  the  office  of  Whalley,  Bronaugh, 
and  Northrup,  of  which  his  father  was  a 
member,  and  in  1890  he  completed  the  course 
in  the  law  school  of  the  University  of  Oregon. 
On  his  admission  to  the  bar,  he  entered  on 
practice  as  the  fourth  member  of  the  firm 
of  Bronaugh,  McArthur,  Fenton  and  Bron- 
augh. Following  the  death  of  Judge  Mc- 
Arthur in  1897,  and  the  retirement  of  Earl 
C.  Bronaugh,  Sr.,  which  occurred  about  the 
same  date,  the  firm  became  Fenton,  Bron- 
augh and  Muir.  In  February,  1900,  this 
partnership  was  dissolved,  and  Mr.  Bronaugh 
became  associated  with  his  cousin,  Jerry 
Bronaugh,  in  the  firm  of  Bronaugh  and 
Bronaugh,  a  connection  which  existed  until 
1907.  On  that  date  Mr.  Bronaugh  was  ap- 
pointed judge  of  the  circuit  court  by  Gov- 
ernor Chamberlain,  succeeding  Judge  Arthur 
L.  Frazer,  deceased,  and  was  elected  to  the 
same  office  in  June,  1908.  During  the  last 
year  of  his  service  as  circuit  judge,  he  also 
occupied  the  position  of  judge  of  the  juvenile 
court.  As  presiding  judge  of  the  circuit 
court,  Judge  Bronaugh  won  a  reputation  for 
fair  and  impartial  decisions,  while  his  opin- 
ions were  considered  remarkable  examples  of 
scholarly  and  conscientious  research.  In  a 
very  large  majority  of  instances,  also,  they 
were  sustained  on  appeal  to  the  higher 
courts,  although  comparatively  few  cases  in 
which  he  had  sat  were  ever  appealed.  He 
came  to  be  known,  therefore,  as  one  of  Ore- 
gon's ablest  jurists.  In  the  juvenile  court 
his  excellent  work  brought  results  of  a  far- 
reaching  character,  since  his  sane  and  humane 


views  on  the  possibilities  and  rights  of 
juvenile  offenders  constituted  precedents  in 
that  branch  of  jurisprudence,  which  point  to- 
ward a  better  and  higher  civilization.  In 
June,  1900,  he  resigned  from  the  bench  and 
resumed  his  law  practice.  At  this  time  a 
banquet  was  given  by  the  County  Bar  As- 
sociation in  Judge  Bronaugh's  honor,  and  he 
was  presented  with  a  loving-cup.  Charles  J. 
Schnabel,  president  of  the  association,  then 
said:  "It  is  a  remarkable  fact,  and  perhaps 
rightfully  appreciated,  that  the  highest 
honor  that  can  be  paid  to  Judge  Bronaugh, 
is  to  recall  that  in  the  history  of  Oregon's 
judiciary,  notwithstanding  the  multitude  of 
judges  that  have  come  and  gone  in  that  in- 
terval, this  is  the  second  occasion  when  a 
testimonial  of  this  character  has  been  paid 
to  him  as  a  retiring  judge.  Certainly,  the 
highest  encomium  on  a  judge's  success  in  the 
acfininistration  of  his  office  is  not  the  plaudits 
of  the  multitude,  but  the  respect  and  stand- 
ing accorded  him  by  the  lawyers.  Men,  at 
times,  who  are  elevated  from  the  ranks  to  a 
position  of  power  and  influence,  degenerate 
into  tyrants;  but  in  Judge  Bronaugh's  case 
no  man  living  would  think  of  such  an  asper- 
sion to  his  judicial  career.  He  not  only  loved 
a  square  deal,  but  was  himself  a  square- 
dealer."  After  his  retirement  from  the  bench, 
Judge  Bronaugh  gave  much  of  hie  attention 
to  the  law  of  real  property  on  which  he  is 
regarded  as  an  authority.  In  recent  years  he 
has  largely  concentrated  his  efforts  upon 
corporation  law  in  all  its  branches.  He  is 
interested  in  a  number  of  important  com- 
panies, including  the  Title  and  Trust  Com- 
pany of  Portland,  of  which  he  is  vice-presi- 
dent and  general  counsel,  and  for  many  years 
has  been  local  counsel  for  the  States  of  Ore- 
gon and  Washington  for  the  Alliance  Trust 
Company,  Ltd.,  of  Dundee,  Scotland,  the 
Investors'  Mortgage  and  Security  Company, 
Ltd.,  and  for  the  Western  and  Hawaiian 
Investment  Company,  both  of  Edinburgh, 
Scotland.  Prior  to  his  acceptance  of  the  of- 
fice of  circuit  judge,  he  was  a  director  of  the 
Portland  Trust  Company  of  Oregon.  In  1900 
Judge  Bronaugh  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
city  council,  seventh  ward,  serving  for  two 
years.  In  1901  he  received  legislative  ap- 
pointment as  a  member  of  the  charter  board, 
and  served  as  chairman  of  the  committee  on 
executive  departments.  In  1911  he  was 
chosen  chairman  of  the  commission  appointed 
to  draft  a  charter  providing  a  commission 
for  the  city  government  of  Portland.  He  is 
a  member  of  the  State  Bar  Association,  and 
of  the  Multnomah  County  Bar  Association; 
is  one  of  the  board  of  directors  of  the  Young 
Men's  Christian  Association,  and  a  member 
of  the  Arlington  and  Commercial  Clubs  of 
Portland,  and  of  the  Mazamas,  the  Mountain- 
eering Society  of  the  Northwest,  and  of  the 
Masonic  Fraternity.  Judge  ]?ronaujj:h  mar- 
ried 14  June,  1888,  Grace,  daugliter  of  Asa 
G.  Huggins,  of  San  Jose.  They  have  four 
children,  Elizabeth,  wife  of  Josopli  K.  Hall, 
Jr.,  of  Hood  River;  Lewis  J..  Karl  C,  and 
Pollv  Bronaugli. 

KING,  Edward,  bankor.  b.  at  "  Iligliwood," 
Weehawken.  N.  J.,  30  July,  1833;  d.  in  Now 
York,  N.  Y.,  18  Nov..  1008.  son  of  James 
Gore  and  Sarah  Rogers    (Gracie)    King.     His 


417 


KING 


KING 


father,  a  leading  banker  of  New  York,  also 
a  member  of  Congress,  will  long  be  remem- 
bered for  his  conspicuous  service  during  the 
great  panic  of  1837.  At  this  time,  on  the 
strength  of  his  own  credit,  he  secured  a  loan 
to  his  banking-house  from  the  Bank  of  Eng- 
land of  $5,000,000  in  gold,  with  which  he 
enabled  the  New  York  banks  to  resume  specie 
payments  and  to  restore  public  confidence. 
His  wife  was  a  daughter  of  Archibald  Gracie, 
a  well-known  merchant  of  New  York.  James 
Gore  King  was  the  son  of  Rufus  King,  who 
served  on  the  stafT  of  General  Glover  in  the 
Revolutionary  War;  was  a  member  of  the 
Massachusetts  General  Court  in  1783;  a  dele- 
pate  from  ^lassachusetts  to  the  Continental 
Congress  in  1784;  a  member  of  the  conven- 
tion which  framed  the  Constitution  of  the 
United  States  in  1787;  a  member  of  the 
Massachusetts  convention  which  ratified  the 
Constitution  in  1788;  one  of  the  first  two  Sena- 
tors of  the  United  States  from  the  State  of 
New  York,  serving  from  1789  to  1796,  and 
again  from  1813  to  1819,  and  from  1820  to 
1825;  minister  plenipotentiary  to  Great 
Britain  by  appointment  of  Washington  in 
1796,  continuing  under  Adams  and  Jefferson 
till  1803,  and  again  appointed  by  John  Quincy 
Adams;  and  was  an  inflexible  opponent  of  the 
extension  of  slavery  throughout  the  United 
States.  Rufus  King's  brother,  William  King, 
was  the  first  governor  of  Maine  and  his  statue 
stands  in  the  Capitol  at  Washington  rep- 
resenting that  State.  Edward  King  received 
his  early  education  at  the  grammar  school  of 
Columbia  College  (in  Murray  Street,  near  the 
City  Hall  Park),  of  which  Prof.  Charles  An- 
thon  was  then  the  head,  and  which  numbered 
among  its  instructors  the  late  Abram  S. 
Hewitt;  and  at  an  excellent  school,  also  in 
New  York,  conducted  by  two  Frenchmen,  the 
brothers  Peugnet,  ex-officers  of  Napoleon's 
army  and  veterans  of  Waterloo.  At  the  lat- 
ter school  Mr.  King  became  thoroughly  fa- 
miliar with  the  French  language  and  litera- 
ture, and  being  sent  abroad  in  1847  to  a 
school  at  Meiningen,  Sachs  Meiningen,  he  also 
became  master  of  the  German  tongue  and  de- 
veloped a  fondness  for  German  literature  which 
lasted  during  his  life.  In  1849  he  returned 
to  this  country  and  entered  Harvard  College, 
living  while  there  for  two  years  in  the  family 
of  the  great  naturalist.  Prof.  Louis  Agassiz, 
to  whom  he  became  much  attached  and  from 
daily  association  with  whom  he  derived  much 
benefit.  While  at  Harvard  Mr.  King  became 
a  member  of  the  Institute  of  1770,  the  Psi 
Upsilon  Fraternity,  and  the  Hasty  Pudding 
Club.  He  was  particularly  proficient  in  math- 
ematics and  his  general  record  was  such  that 
he  was  elected  to  the  Phi  Beta  Kappa.  He 
was  graduated  in  1853,  among  his  classmates 
being  Charles  W.  Eliot,  afterward  president  of 
Harvard,  and  James  Mills  Peirce  and  Adams 
Sherman  Hill,  the  first  later  professor  of 
mathematics  and  the  other  professor  of  Eng- 
lish at  the  same  university.  Immediately 
after  his  graduation,  Mr.  King  passed  some 
months  at  West  Point,  of  which  institution 
Robert  E.  Lee  was  then  superintendent,  also 
taking  a  private  course  in  engineering  under 
Professor  Mahan.  At  that  period  his  genius 
for  mathematics  appeared  to  point  to  a  scien- 
tific career,  but  after  the  death  of  his  father 


in  October,  1853,  Mr,  King  decided  to  enter 
the  banking  business  and,  accordingly,  assumed 
a  clerkship  in  the  banking-house  of  James  G. 
King's  Sons,  in  which  he  soon  became  a  part- 
ner. In  1861,  however,  he  withdrew  from  the 
firm  and  engaged  in  business  on  his  own  ac- 
count, becoming  a  member  of  the  New  York 
Stock  Exchange,  and  later  entering  the  firm 
of  James  Robb,  King  and  Company.  In  the 
years  1872  and  1873  he  was  president  of  the 
Stock  Exchange,  and  in  December,  1873,  he 
became  president  of  the  Union  Trust  Company 
of  New  York,  a  position  which  he  occupied 
for  thirty-five  years  until  his  death.  Mr. 
King  was  a  member  of  the  Harvard  Club  of 
New  York  and  served  as  its  president  from 
1890  to  1895;  of  the  Century  Association;  the 
University  Club,  the  Riding  Club,  the  Saint 
Nicholas  Society,  of  which  he  served  as  presi- 
dent in  1896-97,  the  New  York  Historical  So- 
ciety, the  Museum  of  Natural  History,  the 
Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art,  the  Academy 
of  Design;  he  was  a  governor  of  the  New 
York  Hospital,  a  trustee  of  the  New  York 
Society  Library;  trustee  and  treasurer  of  the 
Astor  Library,  of  which  his  father,  James 
Gore  King,  was  one  of  the  first  board  of 
trustees;  trustee  and  treasurer  of  the  New 
York  Public  Library;  a  vice-president  of  the 
New  York  Chamber  of  Commerce ;  and  a  di- 
rector of  the  Hanover  National  Bank.  On  the 
death  of  Mr.  King  complimentary  resolutions 
were  adopted  by  several  prominent  corpora- 
tions and  institutions  with  which  he  had  been 
connected.  The  following  extract  from  the  re- 
port of  the  Century  Association  of  New  York 
City  well  illustrates  the  high  esteem  in  which 
he  was  held  among  his  associates:  "  So  sound 
was  his  judgment,  so  sterling  his  integrity, 
and  so  conspicuous  his  foresight  that  he  rose 
swiftly  to  the  highest  positions  in  the  banking 
world.  For  thirty-five  years  he  had  been 
president  of  a  great  institution  that  was  re- 
nowned for  solidity  and  conservative  man- 
agement. In  the  crises  of  national  and  local 
panics,  his  resolute  guidance  was  sought  and 
freely  given;  plain  in  speech,  prompt  to  act, 
firm  in  the  right,  he  was  a  born  leader  of  men, 
and  public  confidence  was  richly  bestowed 
upon  him.  To  the  interest  of  art  and  science 
he  was  devoted,  as  likewise  to  the  improve- 
ment of  living  in  every  sphere.  Judicious 
reforms  found  in  him  an  earnest  supporter 
and  his  work  in  connection  with  the  New 
York  Hospital  was  constant  and  efficient.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce, 
of  both  museums,  of  the  National  Academy  of 
Design,  and  of  six  clubs.  To  the  Public 
Library  he  gave  unwearied  service,  being  its 
treasurer  and  faithful  adviser.  Warm-hearted, 
courteous,  and  generous,  he  was  a  beloved 
counselor  in  an  extended  kinship,  and  thor- 
oughly respected  in  the  church  of  his  com- 
munion, through  which  as  well  as  through 
other  channels  his  charities  flowed  abundantly. 
When  here  he  found  himself  among  apprecia- 
tive friends,  and  the  memories  of  his  presence 
are  gracious  to  those  who  survive  him."  Mr. 
King  married,  in  1858,  Isabella  Ramsey, 
daughter  of  Rupert  J.  and  Isabella  Macomb 
(Clarke)  Cochrane.  She  died  1  March,  1873, 
leaving  five  children,  all  of  whom  are  living, 
namely:  Isabella  Clarke  King,  who  is  un- 
married;   Alice    Bayard    King,    who    married 


418 


RICHARDS 


BAILEY 


Herman  LeRoy  Edgar;  James  Gore  King,  who 
married  Sarah  Elizabeth  Erving;  Elizabeth 
Gracie  King,  who  married  Alpheus  Sumner 
Hardy;  Rupert  Cochrane  King,  who  married 
Grace  Marvin.  A  sixth  child,  Edward  Ram- 
say King,  died  in  childhood,  in  1863.  In  1885 
Mr.  King  married  Elizabeth  Fisher,  daugh- 
ter of  William  and  Julia  (Palmer)  Fisher, 
who  is  now  living.  They  had  one  son,  Edward 
King,  Jr.,  who  is  living  and  unmarried. 

RICHARDS,  John  P.  Moore,  banker,  b.  in 
New  York  City,  1  Nov.,  1847,  son  of  Josiah 
and  Sarah  Jane  (Moore)  Richards.  His  fa- 
ther is  a  member  of  the  book  trade  auction 
firm  of  Merwin 
and  Company, 

New  York,  his 
mother  was  the 
daughter  of  John 
P.  Moore,  founder 
of  the  firm  of  John 
P.  Moore's  Sons, 
gun  merchants, 
New  York.  Dur- 
ing the  Civil  War 
this  firm  supplied 
the  United  States 
government  with 
large  quantities  of 

\xv\\\;«^?-TASCfv^MK»«K^       riflcs.      J.     P.     M. 

^^NS^^^I^^^B^^^  1  Richards  was  edu- 
H^^^^^^^^^W^  cated  in  the  public 
"~"    '  schools      of      New 

York,  and  at  an 
early  age  entered  the  employ  of  John  P. 
Moore's  Sons  as  a  clerk.  At  the  close  of 
the  Civil  War  he  was  made  traveling 
salesman  for  the  house,  and  while  on  the 
road  studied  French  and  German  at  the 
Y.  M.  C.  A.,  his  ambition  being  to  repre- 
sent the  firm  as  buyer  in  the  foreign  mar- 
kets. He  soon  became  an  expert  on  fire- 
arms as  well  as  a  clever  rifle  shot.  It  was 
while  thus  engaged  that  he  originated  the 
Colt's  frontier  six-shooter,  and  induced  the 
Colts  to  manufacture  that  revolver.  In  this 
and  other  capacities  he  displayed  pronounced 
ability,  and  in  1869  he  was  admitted  to  part- 
nership in  the  firm.  The  house  achieved  a 
phenomenal  success  during  the  succeeding 
years,  absorbed  many  competitors,  and,  in 
1888,  Mr.  Richards  sold  his  interest  and  went 
to  Spokane,  then  a  city  of  20,000  population. 
Here  he  studied  the  resources  of  the  North- 
west; its  banking  and  mortgage  systems,  and 
in  1890  founded  the  Spokane  and  Eastern 
Trust  Company,  which  has  since  grown  to  be 
the  leading  general  banking  organization  of 
the  city.  This  remarkable  growth  is  attrib- 
uted in  a  great  measure  to  his  high  character, 
untiring  energy,  and  keen  business  foresight. 
Mr.  Richards  is  president  of  the  Spokane  and 
Eastern  Trust  Company,  and  a  director  in 
the  Washington  Water  Power  Company.  He 
was  chairman  for  several  years  of  the  Spokane 
Clearing  House,  and  during  the  financial 
panic  of  1007  organized  the  Spokane  and  other 
banks  of  the  Northwest  for  mutual  protection, 
with  the  result  that  not  a  single  bank  in  the 
organization  failed.  Mr.  Richards  was  a 
member  of  the  Seventh  Regiment,  N.  G.  S. 
N.  Y.,  from  1867  to  1885,  and  at  one  time  was 
offered  the  rank  of  colonel  by  President 
Grover   Cleveland,   but  declined,   resigning  as 


quartermaster  sergeant.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  Spokane  Club,  Spokane  Country  Club,  and 
the  Spokane  Amateur  Athletic  Club.  On  1 
Nov.,  1876,  he  married  Grace  Petter,  of  St. 
Paul,  Minn. 

BAILEY,  Liberty  Hyde,  editor,  author,  and 
horticulturist,  b.  in  South  Haven,  Mich.,  15 
March,  1858,  son  of  Liberty  Hyde  and  Sarah 
(Harrison)  Bailey.  He  was  reared  on  a  farm 
and,  like  many  other  successful  men,  enjoyed 
all  the  early  advantages  of  a  practical  ac- 
quaintance with  agricultural  uses  and  natural 
phenomena.  In  1882  he  received  the  degree 
of  B.S.  from  Michigan  Agricultural  College, 
and  four  years  later  the  degree  of  M.S.  from 
the  same  institution.  The  degree  of  LL.D. 
was  also  conferred  upon  him  in  1907  and  1908, 
by  the  University  of  Wisconsin  and  Alfred 
University,  respectively.  He  has  given  par- 
ticular attention  to  botanical  and  horticultural 
questions,  and  is  an  acknowledged  authority 
upon  these  subjects.  He  has  also  made  a 
study  of  the  social,  educational,  and  political 
relations  of  agriculture,  and  has  identified 
himself  with  the  widest  and  most  thorough 
agricultural  education  and  with  the  best  in- 
terests of  rural  life  generally.  In  1882-83  he 
was  assistant  to  the  botanist,  Asa  Gray,  at 
Harvard.  From  1883  to  1888  he  was  pro- 
fessor of  horticulture  and  landscape  gardening 
in  Michigan  Agricultural  College,  and  during 
the  fifteen  years  following  occupied  the  posi- 
tion of  professor  of  horticulture  at  Cornell. 
In  1903  he  was  made  director  of  the  College 
of  Agriculture  in  the  same  university,  which 
position  he  occupied  until  his  retirement  in 
1913  to  pursue  his  literary  and  scientific  work. 
He  was  awarded  the  Veitchian  medal  in  1898, 
and  in  1908  he  became  chairman  of  the  Roose- 
velt Commission  on  Country  Life.  He  is  a 
fellow  of  the  American  Academy  of  Arts  and 
Sciences,  and  a  member  of  the  American  Philo- 
sophical Society,  honorary  corresponding  mem- 
ber of  the  Royal  Horticultural  Society  (Lon- 
don), Havedyrkningens  Venner  (Norway), 
member  of  the  Society  of  Horticultural  Science, 
and  other  organizations  of  a  kindred  nature. 
His  published  writings  include :  "  Survival  of 
the  Unlike";  "Evolution  of  Our  Native 
Fruits  " ;  "  Lessons  with  Plants  " ;  "  Botany, 
an  Elementary  Text  for  Schools " ;  "  Begin- 
ners' Botany  " ;  "  Principles  of  Fruit-Grow- 
ing  " ;  "  Principles  of  Vegetable-Gardening  " ; 
"  Annals  of  Horticulture  " ;  "  Plant-breeding  " ; 
"  Farm  and  Garden  Rule-Book  " ;  "  Principles 
of  Agriculture " ;  "  The  Nursery-Book :  a 
Guide  to  the  Multiplication  and  Pollination  of 
Plants  " ;  "  Forcing-Book  " ;  "  Pruning-Book  " ; 
"The  Nature-Study  Idea";  "Outlook  to  Na- 
ture"; "The  Training  of  Farmers";  "Manual 
of  Gardening";  "  The  State  and  the  Farmer  "; 
"The  Country-Life  Movement";  "The  Holy 
Earth";  "Wind  and  Weather"  (poems),  and 
others.  He  has  edited  "  The  Cyclopedia  of 
American  Horticulture,"  4  vols.,  and  later  the 
"  Standard  Cyclopedia  of  Horticulture,"  6 
vols.,  the  "Rural  Science"  series;  the  "Rural 
Text-Book"  series;  the  "Cyclopedia  of  Agri- 
culture," 4  vols.;  "Rural  Manuals."  Ho  has 
also  served  in  editorial  capacity  on  magazines, 
and  is  a  contributor  to  technical  journals  and 
popular  magazines.  Mr.  Bailey  married 
Annette  Smith,  of  Lansing,  Mich.,  6  June, 
1883. 


419 


ANDERSON 


BLACK 


ANDERSON,  Ada  Woodruff,  author,  b.  in 
San  Francisco,  Cal.,  4  July,  1860,  daughter  of 
Capt.  Samuel  Corinthe  and  Martha  Ruby 
(Crosby)  VVomirutr.  Her  father  had  an  ad- 
venturous and  interesting  career.  He  was  a 
native  of  Long  Island,  N.  Y.,  a  sea-captain 
for  many  years,  but  disposed  of  his  maritime 
interests  some  ten  years  before  his  death  and 
engaged  in  the  mercantile  business  in  Hong- 
kong and  Shanghai,  China,  where  he  died. 
Her  mother  was  a  daughter  of  Capt.  Na- 
thaniel Crosby,  one  of  the  most  noted  pio- 
neers of  the  Puget  Sound  country.  Her  ma- 
ternal grandfather,  Capt.  Nathaniel  Crosby, 
also  followed  the  sea  and  is  a  historical  char- 
acter in  the  annals  of  Oregon  and  Washing- 
ton States.  He  sailed  his  own  ship  to  Cali- 
fornia at  the  time  of  the  gold  discovery, 
landing  at  San  Francisco  when  that  city  was 
only  a  town  of  tents.  In  the  late  forties,  he 
sailed  up  the  Columbia  River  and  established 
a  trading-store  on  the  present  site  of  Port- 
land, Ore.  Ten  years  later,  he  sailed  through 
the  straits  of  Juan  de  Fuca  to  the  head  of 
Puget  Sound,  without  a  pilot,  and  on  land- 
ing there  purchased  a  grist  mill,  the  first 
primitive  mill  of  that  region,  including  the 
site  and  water  power  of  Tumwater,  near  the 
present  city  of  Olympia,  Wash.,  for  the  sum 
of  $30,000  in  Mexican  money.  A  brother  of 
his,  Capt.  Alfred  Crosby,  remained  on  the 
Columbia  River  and  became  one  of  its  early 
pilots.  Ada  Woodruff  was  reared  in  San 
Francisco,  where  she  attended  the  Denman 
Grammar  School.  Later  she  became  a  stu- 
dent at  Olympia  Seminary,  Olympia,  Wash., 
and  at  Union  Academy,  also  located  in 
Olympia.  She  was  always  of  a  studious, 
thoughtful  disposition,  and  unusually  fond 
of  books  and  study.  Her  mind  and  im- 
agination were  also  strongly  stimulated 
by  the  stirring  events  of  the  formative 
days  of  the  Northwest  territory.  The  gran- 
deur of  the  country  could  not  fail  of  a 
strong  appeal  to  one  who  was,  by  nature,  a 
lover  of  beauty  and  the  picturesque.  It  was 
but  natural,  therefore,  that  Mrs.  Anderson 
should  have  been  moved  to  record  her  im- 
pressions in  various  literary  articles  and 
short  stories  covering  a  period  of  ten  years. 
She  soon  became  a  welcome  contributor  to 
magazines  of  the  highest  class.  Some  of  her 
publications  are :  "  The  Man  Who  Knew  Bon- 
ner," published  in  "  Harper's  Magazine " ; 
"  The  Last  Industry  of  a  Passing  Race,"  which 
appeared  in  "Harper's  Bazar";  "The  Prob- 
lems of  Elizabeth,"  published  by  the  "Century 
Magazine,"  and  other  stories  and  descriptive 
articles,  all  of  which  were  well  received.  In 
April,  1908,  she  brought  out  her  first  novel, 
"The  Heart  of  the  Red  Firs,"  and  in  May, 
1909,  her  second  novel,  "  The  Strain  of 
White."  Her  third,  entitled  "  The  Rim  of  the 
Desert,"  appeared  in  1915.  She  married  in 
Seattle,  Wash.,  4  Jan.,  1882,  Oliver  Phelps 
Anderson,  son  of  Alexander  Jay  Anderson,  at 
one  time  president  of  the  University  of 
Washington,  and  later  president  of  Whitman 
College.  She  has  had  three  daughters,  Mrs. 
Alice  Woodruff  McCully,  Maurine  Phelps  An- 
derson, and  Dorothy  Louise  Anderson  (de- 
ceased). Mrs.  Anderson  is  patroness  of  the 
University  Chapter  Sigma  Kappa  Sorority, 
University  of  Washington. 


BLACK,  John  Charles,  soldier  and  lawyer, 
b.  in  Lexington,  Miss.,  27  Jan.,  1839;  d.  in 
Chicago,  111.,  17  Aug.,  1915,  son  of  John 
(1809-47)  and  Josephine  Louisa  (Culbert- 
son)  Black.  His  father  was  a  prominent 
Presbyterian  minister,  at  one  time  pastor  of 
the  Fifth  Presbyterian  Church  of  Pittsburgh, 
Pa.  His  earliest  paternal  ancestor  in  this 
country  emigrated  from  Scotland  in  the  early 
part  of  the  eighteenth  century,  and  settled  in 
South  Carolina.  The  line  of  descent  is  then 
traced  through  Rev.  John  Black,  who  was 
pastor  of  the  Upper  Marsh  Creek  Presbyterian 
Church,  Pennsylvania,  and  pastor  of  the  Pres- 
byterian Church,  Greensburg,  Pa.  His  son, 
John,  married  Mary  Findley,  and  they  were  the 
grandparents  of  John  Charles  Black.  On  his 
maternal  side,  he  was  descended  from  Capt. 
Alexander  Culbertson,  who  served  in  the 
French  and  Indian  War  and  was  killed  in  bat- 
tle near  Pittsburgh,  Pa.  Another  of  his  an- 
cestors. Col.  Samuel  Culbertson,  participated 
with  distinction  throughout  the  Revolutionary 
War.  When  John  C.  Black  was  seven  years 
of  age,  his  parents  removed  to  Danville,  111., 
where  he  was  educated  in  the  public  schools 
and  at  Wabash  College,  Crawfordsville,  Ind. 
At  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  while  in 
college,  14  April,  1861,  the  day  after  Fort 
Sumter  was  fired  upon,  he  enlisted  at  Craw- 
fordsville as  a  private  in  Gen.  Lew  Wallace's 
Eleventh  Indiana  Zouaves  and  afterward  was 
promoted  to  be  sergeant-major  of  this  regi- 
ment,   which    was    mustered    out    in    August, 

1861.  He  then  returned  to  Danville,  111.,  and 
immediately  raised  a  company,  of  which  he 
was  elected  (though  not  commissioned)  cap- 
tain, which  was  mustered  in  as  part  of  the 
Thirty-seventh  Illinois  Infantry.  He  was  com- 
missioned major  of  this  regiment  and  served 
with  it  through  the  remaining  four  years  of 
the  war,  taking  part  in  some  of  the  most 
severe  battles  of  the  long  campaign,  including 
the  last  battle  of  the  war  at  Fort  Blakely, 
Ala.     In  the  battle  of  Pea  Ridge,  in  March, 

1862,  he  was  severely  wounded  in  the  right 
arm,  and  in  the  battle  of  Prairie  Grove,  on 
7  Dec,  1862,  his  left  arm  was  shattered  by  a 
ball.  Three  times  he  was  promoted  for  dis- 
tinguished gallantry,  the  last  time  to  the  rank 
of  brevet -brigadier-general  on  9  April,  1865. 
Upon  his  retirement  from  the  army  he  began 
the  study  of  law  in  Chicago,  111.,  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  1867,  and  soon  after  began 
practice.  General  Black  attained  prominence 
in  the  legal  profession  and  became  known  as 
an  orator  of  repute.  In  1872  he  was  a  candi- 
date for  lieutenant-governor  of  Illinois,  but 
in  the  Democratic  State  Convention  of  1884  he 
declined  the  nomination  for  governor  of  Illi- 
nois and  refused  the  use  of  his  name  after 
it  was  presented  as  a  candidate  for  vice-presi- 
dent in  the  Democratic  National  Convention 
of  1884.  President  Cleveland  appointed  him 
commissioner  of  pensions  in  1885,  and  his 
administration  was  marked  by  signal  executive 
ability.  He  inaugurated  a  system  by  which 
the  running  expenses  of  the  bureau  were  con- 
siderably reduced,  and  effected  a  saving  to  the 
pensioners  of  more  than  one  million  dollars  a 
year  in  pension  attorney's  fees.  On  the  ex- 
piration of  his  term  in  1889,  he  removed  to 
Chicago,  111.,  and,  in  1892,  was  elected  Con- 
gressman-at-large    on    the    Democratic   ticket. 


420 


y^'':i:'*^s^f-:*^fA 


-S''jt^'«iV'V         •'    ;>:'«<V  J".^,'^- 


/  / 


/ '//  / 


BLACK 


KNOX 


In  1895  he  was  appointed  by  President  Cleve- 
land as  the  U.  S.  district  attorney  for  the 
Northern  District  of  Illinois,  serving  until  the 
close  of  the  year  1898.  Some  of  the  important 
cases  arising  during  this  term  are  the  follow- 
ing: Condemnation  proceedings  for  a  great 
portion  of  the  so-called  Hennepin  Canal,  con- 
necting the  Illinois  River  v^'ith  the  Mississippi 
River,  were  conducted,  and  enabled  the  work 
of  building  the  canal  to  be  promptly  carried 
on.  Joseph  R.  Dunlop,  editor  of  the  Chicago 
"  Despatch,"  was  indicted  under  the  postal  laws 
for  publishing  improper  and  immoral  adver- 
tisements in  his  newspaper.  His  conviction 
was  affirmed  by  the  Supreme  Court,  and  he 
was  imprisoned  in  the  penitentiary.  The  effect 
of  this  prosecution  was  to  stop  entirely,  and 
throughout  the  United  States,  the  acceptance 
by  newspapers  of  such  improper  advertise- 
ments. A  suit  upon  the  bond  of  the  Chicago 
House  Wrecking  Company,  growing  out  of  its 
failure  to  remove  the  old  government  building 
at  Chicago  in  contract  time,  was  conducted 
successfully  for  the  government.  Baron 
Edgar  de  Barre  was  convicted  for  carrying  on 
fraudulent  schemes  through  the  mails,  and  a 
precedent  was  established  by  the  Supreme 
Court  on  his  habeas  corpus  proceedings  with 
reference  to  sentences  in  criminal  cases.  Wil- 
liam R.  Hennig  and  others  were  convicted 
for  extensive  frauds  in  connection  with  Board 
of  Trade  speculations.  While  Hennig  was 
serving  his  sentence  in  the  La  Salle  County 
jail,  the  jailer  was  indicted  for  permitting 
an  "  escape "  of  Hennig,  in  that  he  allowed 
Hennig  the  freedom  of  the  city,  including 
the  baseball  grounds.  This  conviction  was 
notice  to  jailers  throughout  the  United 
States  that  they  should  keep  their  pris- 
oners in  prison,  and  the  government  has 
had  very  little  trouble  on  this  account  since. 
James  D.  Allen,  a  soldier  at  Fort  Sheridan, 
was  convicted  for  murdering  his  comrade, 
Daniel  M.  Call;  the  case  being  prosecuted 
in  the  U.  S.  Circuit  Court  because  the 
crime  was  committed  in  a  United  States  fort, 
and  the  possible  penalty  was  capital  punish- 
ment. General  Black's  courage  and  integrity 
greatly  contributed  to  his  success  as  a  lawyer 
and  prosecutor,  and  his  judgment  was  not  only 
recognized  as  exceptional  by  his  associates, 
but  his  counsel  was  often  sought  by  younger 
members  of  his  profession.  He  was  appointed 
by  President  Roosevelt  a  member  of  the 
U.  S.  Civil  Service  Commission  in  1904 
and  was  president  of  the  commission 
from  January,  1904,  to  June,  1913,  when  he 
retired  from  public  life.  General  Black  was 
for  a  period  commander  of  the  Military  Order 
of  the  Loyal  Legion  of  the  United  States,  Com- 
mandery  of  Illinois;  department  commander 
of  the  Illinois  Department  of  the  Grand  Army 
of  the  Republic  in  1898,  and  commander-in- 
chief  of  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic  in 
1903-04.  He  was  awarded  the  medal  of  honor 
by  Congress  in  1893  for  his  gallant  service  at 
the  battle  of  Prairie  Grove.  Knox  College  and 
Dickinson  College  each  conferred  upon  him  the 
degree  of  LL.D.  He  typified  the  highest  ideal 
of  the  American  soldier  and  citizen.  He  was 
a  stanch  friend,  an  able  counselor,  a  genial 
companion.  He  was  known  and  honored  from 
ocean  to  ocean-.  His  courtesy  was  unfailing 
and  his  genial   disposition   attracted  and   in- 


spired all  who  came  within  his  influence  or 
into  his  presence.  General  Black  married  on 
28  Sept.,  1867,  Adaline  L.,  daughter  of  C.  R. 
Griggs,  a  railroad  contractor  and  financier  of 
Urbana,  111.,  and  they  had  four  children — Mrs. 
Grace  (Black)  Vrooman  (deceased),  John 
Donald  Black,  Josephine  L.  Black  (deceased), 
and  Mrs.  Helene  Elizabeth  Abbot. 

KNOX,  Philander  Chase,  U.  S.  Secretary  of 
State,  b.  in  Brownsville,  Pa.,  6  May,  1853,  son 
of  David  S.  and  Rebekah  (Page)  Knox.  He 
was  educated  at  Mount  Union  College,  Al- 
liance, Ohio,  was  graduated  in  1872,  and 
studied  law  in  the  office  of  H.  B.  Swope,  Ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1875,  he  was,  a  year  later, 
appointed  by  President  Grant  assistant  U.  S. 
district  attorney  for  Western  Pennsylvania. 
In  1877  he  formed  a  law  partnership  with 
James  H.  Reed,  resigning  his  official  position 
and  building  up  an  active  and  lucrative 
practice  among  the  coal,  glass,  iron,  steel,  and 
other  industries  abounding  in  the  region. 
When  President  McKinley  offered  him,  in  1897, 
the  U.  S.  attorney-generalship  he  declined  it 
because  of  the  sacrifice  it  would  entail.  The 
portfolio  of  attorney-general,  once  more  ten- 
dered him  by  President  McKinley,  in  1901, 
w^as  this  time  accepted.  In  his  official  capacity 
he  prosecuted  the  Northern  Securities  Com- 
pany, the  Great  Northern,  and  Northern  Pacific 
Railway  Companies,  constituting  the  merger 
afterward  effected  by  James  J.  Hill  and  others. 
The  suit  began  10  March,  1902,  in  the  U.  S. 
Circuit  Court  at  St.  Paul,  and  resulted  in 
an  order  of  dissolution  under  the  Sherman 
anti-trust  act.  At  the  same  time  he  pro- 
ceeded against  the  "  beef  trust,"  whose  mem- 
bers were  convicted  and  prohibited  by  a  per- 
manent rule  from  continuing  their  illegal 
combinations.  Fourteen  injunction  proceed- 
ings against  railroads  for  rebating  and  sim- 
ilar offenses  were  also  pending,  and  upon  re- 
quest of  the  Senate  Judiciary  Committee  he 
prepared  a  statement  of  the  status  of  the 
federal  suits  then  pending  with  recommenda- 
tions for  additional  legislation  to  render  pros- 
ecutions more  certain  of  success.  Among  these 
were,  that  interstate  commerce  be  prohibited 
to  concerns  violating  the  Sherman  law;  that 
both  parties  to  the  act  be  made  punishable  for 
rebating;  that  federal  courts  be  permitted  to 
give  precedence  to  important  government  cases 
and  others  the  essentials  of  which  were  en- 
acted into  law.  During  these  activities  Mr. 
Knox  made  some  notable  public  utterances 
upon  the  character,  methods,  and  control  of 
trusts,  pointing  out  as  the  most  noxious  fea- 
tures of  the  system  "  over-capitalization,  lack 
of  publicity  of  operation,  discrimination  in 
prices  to  destroy  competition,  insufficient  per- 
sonal responsibility  of  officers  and  directors 
for  corporate  management,  and  lack  of  appre- 
ciation of  their  relations  to  the  people  for 
whose  benefit  they  are  porniittod  to  exist" 
He  maintained  that  the  govornmont  was  not 
powerless  to  remedy  these  abuaos.  and  in  a 
measure  demonstrated  his  contention  by  the 
results  of  his  efforts.  Amon^'  the  other  im- 
portant duties  of  liis  inciiinlHMicy  was  the  in- 
vestigation of  the  French  I'anama  Canal  Com- 
pany's title  and  to  adjust  the  government's 
relation  to  Hawaii.  Cuba,  and  other  poasea- 
aions    acquired    after     the     Spanish-American 


421 


BRIXTON 


BRITTON 


War.  He  also  completed  the  prosecution  of 
and  wiped  out  the  lottery  companies.  On 
10  June,  1904,  he  was  appointed  to  serve  out 
the  unexpired  term  of  Matthew  S.  Quay  in 
the  U.  S.  Senate,  and  accordingly  resigned  the 
attorney-generalship  30  June  following.  In 
January,  1005,  he  was  elected  for  the  term 
expiring  3  March,  1911.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  committees  on  coast  defenses,  judiciary, 
patents,  and  organization,  etc.,  and  later  suc- 
ceeded Senator  Spooner  as  chairman  of  the 
Committee  on  Rules.  He  made  speeches  favor- 
ing the  Lake  Erie  and  Ohio  River  ship  canal; 
prohibiting  the  issuance  and  use  of  railway 
passes,  and  presented  a  bill  to  regulate  railway 
freights,  recognizing  the  right  of  the  federal 
courts  to  review  the  decisions  of  the  Interstate 
Commerce  Commission.  He  was  against  re- 
opening the  question  of  the  destruction  of  the 
"  Maine  "  and  so  preserve  good  feeling  between 
this  country  and  Spain;  and  favored  a  lock 
canal  at  Panama.  Mr.  Knox  was  the  choice 
of  his  State  for  the  Republican  presidential 
nomination  in  1908,  having  been  formally  in- 
dorsed the  year  before.  At  the  Chicago  Con- 
vention he  received  sixty-eight  votes  on  the 
first  ballot.  Upon  his  inauguration.  President 
Taft  appointed  him  his  Secretary  of  State, 
which  post  Mr.  Knox  retained  throughout  the 
administration  and  filled  with  distinction  and 
dignity.  On  27  March,  1912,  he  left  for  a 
special  peace  mission  to  the  Central  American 
republics,  and  was  everywhere  received  with 
unusual  honors.  With  the  inauguration  of  the 
Democratic  regime,  in  1913,  Mr.  Knox  re- 
sumed the  practice  of  law.  In  November,  1916, 
he  was  re-elected  U.  S.  Senator  from  Pennsyl- 
vania by  a  plurality  of  230,000.  He  was  presi- 
dent of  the  Allegheny  Bar  Association  in  1897, 
and  is  a  trustee  of  the  Mount  Union  College, 
and  a  member  of  the  Lawyers'  and  Union 
League  Clubs,  and  the  American  and  Duquesne 
Clubs  of  Pittsburgh.  In  1876  he  married 
Lillie,  daughter  of  Andrew  D.  Smith,  of  Pitts- 
burgh, and  they  have  one  daughter  and  three 
sons, 

BKITTON,  Frank  Hamilton,  railroad  presi- 
dent, b.  in  Ovid,  N.  Y.,  29  Nov.,  1850;  d.  in 
St.  Louis,  Mo.,  26  July,  1916,  son  of  Robert  and 
Mary  Catherine  (Hamilton)  Britton.  Through 
his  father  he  was  descended  from  one  of  the 
companions  of  General  Lafayette,  who  came 
over  to  this  country  with  that  great  French- 
man to  fight  for  the  cause  of  human  liberty. 
His  father  was  in  comparatively  humble  cir- 
cumstances and  was  the  tailor  of  the  small 
country  town  in  which  the  boy  spent  his 
earlier  years,  acquiring  there  the  rudiments 
of  his  education  in  the  local  public  schools. 
It  was  the  sort  of  environment  which  was  most 
likely  to  develop  in  a  youth  that  virility  and 
sturdiness  of  character  which  has  so  signally 
distinguished  the  pioneers  of  American  in- 
dustry. At  an  early  age  young  Britton  left 
school  and  began  to  earn  his  own  livelihood. 
For  a  while  he  worked  in  a  printer's  shop  and 
became  an  expert  compositor,  being  able  to  set 
his  stickful  of  type  with  the  most  experienced 
journeyman.  At  the  age  of  eighteen,  however, 
in  August,  1868,  he  found  his  permanent  field 
of  industry,  for  then  it  was  that  he  first  en- 
tered the  railroad  service,  there  to  continue 
through  all  the  grades  of  employment  to  the 
highest,  until  his  death.     He  began  his  rail- 


road career  as  telegraph  operator  on  the 
Michigan  Southern  and  Northern  Indiana 
Railroad.  Ten  months  later  he  left  this  com- 
pany and  entered  the  telegraph  department  of 
the  Chicago  and  North  Western  Railroad, 
where  he  remained  till  November,  1871,  when 
he  was  given  the  position  of  assistant  train- 
dispatcher  on  the  Louisville  and  Nashville 
Railroad,  at  Clarksville,  Tenn.  Here  he  re- 
mained for  three 
years;  in  Decem- 
ber, 1874,  he  be- 
came chief  train- 
dispatcher  of  the 
South  and  North 
Alabama  division 
of  the  same  road, 
at  Birmingham, 
Ala.  In  1879  he 
was  promoted  to 
the  position  of 
master  of  trains 
on  the  same  di- 
vision of  the 
same  road.  In 
1882  he  became 
superintendent  of 
transportation  of 
the  Chesapeake, 
Ohio  and  South- 
western Rail- 
road, at  Louis- 
ville, Ky.  The 
following  year  he 
entered  the  em- 
ploy of  the  Bal- 
timore and  Ohio  Railroad,  in  the  same  capac- 
ity, having  charge  of  the  Chicago  division 
of  that  road.  In  1886  he  became  superin- 
tendent of  the  same  division  and  so  remained 
for  five  years,  until  1891,  when  he  left 
the  service  for  a  period  of  two  years.  In 
June,  1893,  he  became  general  superintendent 
of  the  Minnesota  and  Wisconsin  Railway; 
in  September  of  the  following  year  the 
Great  Northern  Railway  Company  made  him 
superintendent  of  the  Montana  division  of  its 
lines,  shifting  him  over  to  the  Fergus  Falls 
division  in  the  year  following,  where  he  re- 
mained till  1898.  He  then  became  assistant 
general  superintendent  of  the  Western  district 
of  the  same  road,  at  Spokane,  Wash.  In  June, 
1899,  he  became  general  superintendent  of  the 
St.  Louis,  Southwestern  Railway  at  Tyler, 
Tex.  In  1900  he  was  elected  a  vice-president 
of  the  road  and  its  general  manager.  From 
April,  1912,  until  his  death  he  was  president 
of  all  the  lines  of  the  St.  Louis  Southwestern 
Railway,  more  popularly  known  as  the  Cotton 
Belt  Line.  On  his  becoming  vice-president 
and  general  manager  of  the  Cotton  Belt  Rail- 
road, sixteen  years  before  his  death,  the  road 
was  regarded  as  the  poorest  railway  property 
in  the  Southwest.  It  was  the  object  of  ridi- 
cule of  every  jokester.  The  task  of  converting 
such  a  property  into  a  first-class  system  of 
transportation  was  what  stood  before  him,  and 
Mr.  Britton  accepted  it  cheerfully  and  with 
unlimited  self-confidence.  To  develop  the  ter- 
ritory through  which  it  ran  was  by  no  means 
an  enviable  undertaking.  It  is  admitted  by 
all  railroad  builders  that  it  is  far  easier  to 
build  two  new  roads  than  to  rehabilitate  one 
that  has  gone  to  seed,  and  at  that  time  the 


422 


BRITTON 


BRITTON 


Cotton  Belt  lines  had  decidedly  gone  to  seed. 
Up  to  that  time  it  had  been  the  most  abused 
railroad  running  into  Texas  and  the  mere  men- 
tion of  its  name  inevitably  caused  a  smile. 
But  Mr,  Britton,  enthusiastic  and  filled  with 
the  vision  of  what  it  might  become,  set  to 
work  with  characteristic  energy  and  courage. 
The  result  of  his  labor  was  strikingly  exem- 
plified when  the  financial  depression  attending 
the  outbreak  of  the  war  threw  so  many  rival 
roads  into  the  hands  of  receivers,  while  the 
Cotton  Belt  line  went  through  the  dangerous 
period  without  a  suggestion  of  distress.  From 
the  day  he  took  hold  of  it  the  development 
of  this  railroad  became  a  passion  with  Mr. 
Britton,  and  his  vision  was  caught  by  his 
subordinates  to  such  a  degree  that  through- 
out the  system  they  worked  with  enthu- 
siasm and  a  sense  of  loyalty  that  is  rare 
in  modern  industrial  life.  Under  the  most 
trying  conditions,  with  a  large  portion  of  the 
line  traversing  an  undeveloped  territory,  he 
brought  the  property  up  to  a  high  degree  of 
efficiency.  Illustrative  of  this,  he  built  the 
bridge  over  the  Red  River  so  that  high  water 
no  longer  causes  dislocation  of  traffic  at  this 
point.  The  Thebes  Bridge,  over  the  Mississippi 
River,  admittedly  one  of  the  engineering  tri- 
umphs of  the  country,  also  stands  as  a  me- 
morial to  his  enthusiasm  and  energy.  He  was 
also  one  of  the  principal  factors  in  the  con- 
struction of  the  Harahan  Bridge  at  Memphis, 
which  was  only  opened  a  short  time  after  his 
death.  He  also  kept  in  close  touch  with  public 
affairs  in  all  the  principal  towns  and  cities 
on  the  lines  of  his  railroad  system  and  was 
often  foremost  in  improving  and  developing 
them.  In  every  legitimate  way  he  did  all  he 
could  to  encourage  industries  within  this  terri- 
tory. His  most  notable  achievement,  perhaps, 
was  the  part  he  took  in  the  agricultural  de- 
velopment of  Eastern  Texas,  wliere  he  estab- 
lished the  first  demonstration  farm  at  his 
own  private  expense.  The  high  degree  of  suc- 
cess which  has  attended  truck  and  fruit  grow- 
ing in  this  district  has  been  not  a  little  due  to 
his  efforts.  Mr.  Britton  was  extremely  popu- 
lar throughout  the  Southwest,  especially 
among  the  employees  of  his  lines.  It  was  said 
that  he  knew  more  men  by  their  first  names 
than  any  other  railroad  executive  in  the  coun- 
try. Judge  E.  B.  Perkins,  of  Dallas,  Tex.,  said 
of  him :  "  He  always  had  the  confidence  of  those 
working  under  him.  While  he  understood  de- 
tails and  was  familiar  with  them,  he  trusted 
those  in  charge  of  the  various  departments,  re- 
quiring only  that  they  should  serve  the  prop- 
erty as  he  served  it  himself.  Those  who  knew 
him  intimately  all  agreed  that  no  man  was 
ever  possessed  of  a  higher  sense  of  honor  and 
integrity.  His  fairness  was  proverbial.  Ho 
possessed  the  old-time  imagination  and  opti- 
mism of  the  great  railroad  builders  of  the  coun- 
try. At  the  time  he  left  the  Great  Northern 
and  came  to  the  Cotton  Belt  properties  it  ia 
said  that  he  had  served  longer  as  superin- 
tendent of  that  line  than  any  other  super- 
intendent in  its  history.  He  was  a  great  ad- 
mirer of  J.  J.  Hill  and  believed  in  Hill'K 
methods  of  railroad  management.  His  private 
character  and  home  life  were  almost  ideal. 
He  was  a  student  of  science  and  literature  and 
a  lover  of  music.  Although  active  in  railroad 
service  all  his  life,  he  never  forgot  his  duties 


as  a  citizen."  Outside  of  his  duties  as  presi- 
dent of  the  St.  Louis  Southwestern  Railways 
Mr,  Britton  was  also  director  of  the  Arkansas 
and  Memphis  Bridge  and  Terminal  Company, 
the  Terminal  Railway  Association  of  St.  Louis, 
and  the  National  Bank  of  Commerce  of  St. 
Louis.  He  was  a  member  of  the  St.  Louis, 
Mercantile,  Glen  Echo,  Noonday,  Missouri 
Athletic,  and  the  St.  Louis  Railway  Clubs. 
As  a  Mason  he  was  a  member  of  the  Blue 
Lodge,  the  Knights  Templar,  Scottish  Rite, 
thirty-second  degree,  and  a  Mystic  Shriner. 
His  name  was  also  on  the  membership  roll 
of  the  St.  Louis  Academy  of  Sciences.  On  12 
March,  1873,  Mr.  Britton  married  Ida  Frances 
Freeman,  daughter  of  Stephen  Rice  Freeman, 
a  prominent  merchant  of  Ravenna,  Ohio.  They 
had  five  children:  Mrs.  Edna  Lillias  Waldron; 
Robert  Freeman;  Roy  Frank;  Ada  and  Ida 
Britton. 

BRITTON,  Roy  Frank,  lawyer,  b.  in  Cleve- 
land, Ohio,  18  March,  1881,  son  of  Frank 
Hamilton  and  Ida  Frances  (Freeman)  Britton. 
His  first  American  paternal  ancestor  was  one 
of  the  companions  of  General  Lafayette,  who 
came  over  to  this  country  from  France  during 
the  Revolution  to  assist  the  colonists  in  their 
fight  against  England.  His  father  was  the 
well-known  railroad  magnate,  Frank  Hamilton 
Britton,  president  of  the  St.  Louis  Southwest- 
ern Railway  lines  and  builder  of  the  Thebes 
Bridge,  over  the  Mississippi  River.  Mr.  Brit- 
ton's  early  education  was  acquired  in  the  pub- 
lic schools  of  Minneapolis,  Minn.,  and  Spokane, 
Wash.  On  graduation  from  ^igh  school  he 
entered  the  University  of  Michigan,  from 
which  he  graduated  in  1902  with  the  degree 
of  LL.B.  He  then  took  a  post-graduate  course 
and  by  the  following  year  had  earned  his  LL.M. 
degree.  He  did  not  immediately  begin  to  prac- 
tice law,  however,  but,  together  with  his 
brother,  Robert  F.  Britton,  he  entered  the 
automobile  business,  being  secretary  and  treas- 
urer of  the  A.  L.  Dyke  Automobile  Supply 
Company,  the  first  automobile  supply  house  in 
America.  In  the  latter  part  of  1905  he)  began 
his  professional  career,  becoming  assistant 
general  attorney  of  the  St.  Louis  Southwestern 
Railway  Company  some  months  later.  This 
position  he  held  for  seven  years;  in  December, 
1912,  he  became  a  member  of  the  law  firm  of 
Collins,  Barker  and  Britton,  in  St.  Louis. 
Already  Mr.  Britton  had  become  deeply  in- 
terested in  politics  and  had  associated  him- 
self with  the  Republican  party  organization. 
He  was  elected  a  representative  to  the  Forty- 
sixth  General  Assembly  of  Missouri.  He 
served  on  the  Judiciary,  Roads  and  Highways, 
and  the  Clerical  Force  Committees  in  the 
House  of  Representatives.  During  1011-12  he 
was  a  member  of  the  Missouri  Workmen's 
Compensation  Commission,  after  whicli  ho  was 
president  of  the  Missouri  Highway  Associa- 
tion, until  1913.  In  1910  he  roooivod  iho  Kc- 
publican  nomination  for  lioutonant -governor 
of  the  State  at  the  primaries,  but  was  de- 
feated at  the  elections  in  tlie  following  autumn, 
though  he  ran  14,000  votes  ahead  of  llie 
national  Republican  ticket  in  the  State.  Mr. 
Britton,  in  spite  of  his  youth,  is  regarded  as 
one  of  tlie  most  promising  young  lawyers  of 
the  Middle  West.  That  he  lias  aeeomplished 
so  much  during  the  comparatively  few  years 
since  he  has  begun  his  career  is  largely  duo 

423 


DeKOVEN 


McLANE 


to  his  untiring  energy  and  perseverance,  with 
which  he  combines  a  quickness  of  perception 
and  of  mental  grasp  tliat  rarely  errs  in  judg- 
ment. He  is  a  member  of  the  American,  the 
Missouri,  and  the  St.  Louis  Bar  Associations. 
During  1911-12  he  was  president  of  tho  Auto- 
mobile Club  of  St.  Louis.  His  name  is  also 
inscribed  on  the  rolls  of  the  St  Louis,  the 
Mercantile,  the  Century  Boat,  the  Bass  Island, 
and  the  Railroad  clubs.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  Sons  of  the  Revolution  and  many  civic 
organizations,  besides  being  also  a  Mason  and 
an  Elk. 

DE  KOVEN  (Henry  Louis),  Reginald,  com- 
poser and  critic,  b.  at  Middletown,  Conn,  3 
April,  1861,  son  of  Rev.  Henry  and  Charlotte 
(Le  Roy)  de  Koven.  He  comes  of  distin- 
guished ancestry,  the  first  of  the  family  in 
America  being  Captain  de  Koven,  of  the  Eng- 
lish army,  who  married  a  granddaughter  of 
Gov.  John  Winthrop,  of  Connecticut.  His 
father,  a  noted  clergyman  of  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  Church,  took  up  his  residence  in 
England  in  1872.  There,  accordingly,  he  was 
prepared  for  college,  entering  St.  John's  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  where  he  was  graduated  A.B,  with 
the  highest  honors  in  1881.  He  showed  signs 
of  musical  ability  at  an  early  age,  and  received 
his  first  instruction  on  the  pianoforte  at  seven. 
After  graduation  he  went  to  Stuttgart,  Ger- 
many, and  became  a  pupil  of  William  Speidl 
and  later  studying  professionally  with  Dr. 
Lebert  and  Professor  Pruckner,  in  Frankfort- 
on-the-Main,  with  Sig.  Vannucini  in  Florence 
and  with  Hen^chel  in  London.  Finally  he 
studied  composition  under  Franz  von  Suppe 
and  Richard  Genee  in  Vienna,  and  Leo  Delibes 
in  Paris.  Mr.  de  Koven's  first  opera,  "  The 
Begum,"  was  composed  in  1887,  and  had  its 
first  performance  by  the  McCauU  Opera  Com- 
pany. Its  success  was  immediate.  A  light 
opera,  entitled  "  Cupid,  Hymen  anJ  Company," 
was  written  before  this,  but  not  produced. 
While  in  Vienna  he  composed  his  second  suc- 
cess, "  Don  Quixote,"  which  was  brought  out 
by  the  famous  "  Bostonians "  in  1889.  This 
was  followed  in  the  next  year  by  "  Robin 
Hood,"  probably  his  best  known  work,  which 
had  its  premier  at  the  Prince  of  Wales  The- 
ater, London,  in  1891.  Its  delightful  spon- 
taneity won  instant  favor,  and  it  immediately 
took  rank  with  the  standard  light  operas  of 
the  world.  It  had  a  long  run  in  New  York, 
and  other  American  cities;  ran  for  three 
years  in  London,  and  was  then  taken  through 
the  British  provinces,  to  South  Africa  and 
Australia.  It  has  been  periodically  revived 
ever  since.  "  Robin  Hood "  was  followed  in 
rapid  succession  by  "  The  Fencing  Master," 
"The  Algerian,"  "Rob  Roy,"  "The  Knicker- 
bockers," "  The  Tzigane,"  "  The  Mandarin," 
"  The  Highwayman,"  "  The  Man  in  the  Moon," 
"  The  Three  Dragoons,"  "  Papa's  Wife," 
"  Foxy  Quiller,"  "  The  Little  Duchess,"  "  Maid 
Marian,"  "  Red  Feather,"  "  Happyland,"  "  The 
Student  King,"  "  The  Golden  Butterfly,"  "  The 
Beauty  Spot,"  and  "  The  Snowman,"  all  of 
which  were  favorably  received.  The  tuneful 
and  brilliant  "  Fencing  Master  "  fairly  rivaled 
the  success  of  its  predecessor,  "  The  Tzigane." 
It  is  distinguished  by  much  local  color  and 
great  melodic  beauty.  The  "Highwayman," 
which  is  considered  by  some  his  best  work, 
had  an  exceptionally  long  run.    "  Happyland  " 


was  written  for  De  Wolf  Hopper  and  sung  by 
him  and  his  company  for  several  years  after 
1905.  Mr.  de  Koven  has  also  written  nearly 
150  ballads  and  songs,  some  of  which,  like 
several  from  "  Robin  Hood,"  have  become 
classics  of  their  time.  The  best  known  of  his 
songs  is,  perhaps,  "  O,  Promise  Me,"  made 
famous  by  the  late  Jessie  Bartlett  Davis,  but 
his  "  Indian  Love  Song  "  and  "  A  Winter  Lul- 
laby "  are  heard  almost  as  often.  His  settings 
of  Eugene  Field's  "Little  Boy  Blue,"  Burns' 
"  My  Love  Is  Like  a  Red,  Red  Rose,"  his  own 
"  Marjorie  Daw,"  and  Kipling's  "  Recessional  " 
are  of  unusual  beauty.  Among  his  instru- 
mental compositions  are  an  orchestral  suite,  a 
piano  sonata,  and  several  incidental  pieces  for 
piano  as  well  as  orchestra.  In  1892  Mr  de 
Koven  took  up  his  residence  in  New  York  and 
has  since  remained  there,  with  the  exception 
of  one  year  in  Chicago  (1882)  and  six  in 
Washington,  D.  C,  where  he  founded  the 
Washington  Symphony  Orchestra  and  was  its 
conductor  during  1902-05.  After  his  return 
to  New  York  in  1882  he  served  as  musical 
critic  on  various  publications,  and  has  also 
occupied  the  same  position  on  the  New  York 
"  World."  He  is  a  member  of  the  National 
Institute  of  Arts  and  Letters,  the  Manuscript 
Society,  of  which  he  was  president  during 
1897-98,  and  the  Union,  Knickerbocker,  Brook, 
and  Lambs  Clubs  of  New  York  City.  Mr.  de 
Koven's  name  occupies  a  unique  position  in 
the  history  of  American  music.  Not  only  was 
he  the  first  American  whose  work  was  placed 
among  the  acknowledged  classics  of  light 
opera,  but  his  success  in  that  direction  has  not 
since  been  equaled  in  this  country;  possessing 
all  the  qualities  of  a  true  classic,  genuine  in- 
spiration, beauty  of  form  and  perfect  work- 
manship, the  charm  of  "  Robin  Hood "  is  as 
fresh  and  irresistible  today  as  when  it  was 
first  produced.  Mr.  de  Koven's  latest  works 
are:  "The  Wedding  Trip,"  and  his  grand 
opera,  "  The  Canterbury  Pilgrims,"  first  pro- 
duced in  March,  1917.  The  book  is  by  Percy 
MacKaye.  Among  the  most  prolific  of  all 
composers  his  well  of  inspiration  seems  al- 
most inexhaustible.  He  married  1  May,  1884, 
Anna,  daughter,  of  the  late  U.  S.  Senator, 
Charles  B.  Farwell,  of  Illinois,  and  they  have 
one  daughter,  Ethel. 

McLANE,  Allan,  soldier  and  financier,  b.  in 
1822;  d.  in  Washington,  D.  C,  16  Dec,  1891. 
He  belonged  to  a  Delaware  family  which  num- 
bers among  its  members  many  distinguished 
soldiers  and  statesmen.  His  father.  Louis  Mc- 
Lane,  was  Secretary  of  State,  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury,  and  Minister  to  England'  during 
President  Jackson's  administration ;  again 
Minister  to  England  in  the  administration  of 
President  Polk;  and  later  was  president  of  the 
Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad  Company.  His 
grandfather,  Allan  McLane,  an  active  cavalry 
officer,  conspicuous  for  his  bravery  in  the  Rev- 
olutionary War,  was  a  trusted  friend  and 
counselor  to  General  Washington.  Others  of 
the  family  served  in  the  army  and  navy  in  the 
War  of  'l812.  Of  his  six 'brothers,  '  Robert, 
afterward  governor  of  Maryland,  entered  the 
army;  Louis  entered  the  navy,  while  another 
brother  served  under  General  Scott  in  Mexico, 
and  was  killed  in  battle  with  the  Indians  in 
1860.  In  1837,  after  his  election  to  the  presi- 
dency   of    the    Baltimore    and    Ohio    Railroad, 


424 


/  /» 


MoLANE 


LAWSON 


Loui8  McLane  removed  his  family  to  Baltimore 
and  his  family  became  identified  with  the 
growth  of  that  city.  Allan  McLane  was  prepared 
for  Princeton  College,  which  for  a  time  he 
attended,  but  his  inherited  tendency  toward  a 
military  career  caussd  him  to  abandon  his  col- 
legiate work  in  1842  and  accept  a  commission 
as  midshipman  in  the  U,  S.  navy.  His  first 
naval  service  was  on  the  old  frigate  "  Constitu- 
tion," on  a  short  cruise  along  the  coast.  He 
then  joined  the  frigate  "  Brandywine "  and 
under  Commodore  F.  A.  Parker  sailed  around  the 
world  (1843-45).  At  the  outbreak  of  the 
Mexican  War  Midshipman  McLane  was  ordered 
to  the  Rio  Grande  on  the  frigate  "  Potomac  " 
under  Capt.  J.  H.  Aulick.  With  other  vessels 
of  the  squadron  the  "  Potomac  "  sailed  for  Point 
Isabel  to  the  assistance  of  General  Taylor,  and 
at  the  landing  served  on  Captain  Auliek's  staff 
on  the  expedition  up  the  Rio  Grande.  He 
afterward  took  part  in  the  landing  of  the  U.  S. 
army  at  Vera  Cruz;  was  present  at  the  first 
attack  on  Alvarado,  and  bore  his  share  of  the 
hardships  of  the  blockade  of  Vera  Cruz.  Of 
this  period  of  his  life  a  friend  has  written: 
"  Midshipman  McLane  commanded  the  respect 
and  confidence  of  his  superior  officers,  and  the 
love  and  friendship  of  his  messmates;  while 
no  officer  was  more  liked  and  trusted  by  the 
sailors."  During  the  siege  of  Vera  Cruz  there 
occurred  an  incident  where  Midshipman  Mc- 
Lane's  gallant  conduct  won  him  honorable 
mention  in  the  official  dispatches,  and  should 
have  brought  him  promotion.  A  masked  bat- 
tery, erected  by  General  Scott,  was  placed 
within  700  yards  of  the  enemy's  lines  and  its 
heavy  guns  manned  by  sailors.  The  battery 
opened  fire  24  March,  1847.  Midshipman  Mc- 
Lane was  present  at  a  gun  manned  by  the  men 
from  the  "  Potomac,"  and,  on  hearing  the  ofiicer 
in  command,  Lieut.  A.  P.  Baldwin,  complain 
that  the  obstructions  had  not  been  sufficiently 
removed,  sprang  through  the  embrasure,  and 
with  the  aid  of  two  sailors,  cleared  away  the 
brushwood  under  a  furious  storm  of  shot  and 
shell.  At  the  close  of  the  war  he  was  ordered 
to  the  U.  S,  Naval  Academy,  Annapolis,  to 
complete  his  studies.  While  there  he  was  uni- 
versally esteemed;  was  invariably  called  upon 
to  preside  over  all  meetings  of  the  midshipmen, 
and  was  graduated  with  honor  in  the  summer 
of  1848.  He  then  went  into  service  as  a  naval 
officer  and  in  that  capacity  served  a  year  in 
the  U.  S.  coast  survey,  but  in  .1849  resigned 
his  commission  to  enter  the  service  of  the 
Pacific  Mail  Steamship  Company,  a  connection 
which  promised  speedier  promotion  than  the 
military  profession.  At  that  time  the  Pacific 
Mail  steamers  were  built  for  war  as  well  as 
commercial  purposes,  and  under  their  mail 
contract,  all  were  commanded  by  naval  officers. 
For  a  time  Mr.  McLane  was  in  command  of 
several  of  the  company's  ships  under  instruc- 
tions from  the  government,  but  after  his  resig- 
nation from  the  Navy  Department  devoted  his 
entire  energy  to  the  interests  of  the  Pacific 
Mail  Steamship  Company.  His  affiliation  with 
this  company  lasted  for  more  than  twenty 
years,  and  throughout  all  this  time  he  showed 
remarkable  administrative  ability  and  gained 
the  affection  and  admiration  of  all  who  served 
under  him.  His  first  steamer  was  the  "  Fre- 
mont," which  he  took  from  San  Francisco  to 
Panama   via   Cape   Horn.     He   was   soon    pro- 


moted to  steamers  of  larger  tonnage,  and  his 
ability,  zeal,  and  efficiency  brought  him  the 
promotion  to  the  position  of  the  company's 
agent  at  Acapulco.  Here  his  great  adminis- 
trative talent  brought  him  into  such  favorable 
notice  that,  in  1856,  he  was  made  general 
isthmus  agent  at  Panama.  On  the  way  to 
Panama  occurred  another  of  the  episodes  with 
which  Mr.  McLane's  life  was  replete,  and 
which  demonstrated  the  quick  forethought  and 
prompt  decision  of  which  he  was  master  at  all 
times.  The  steamship  "  Golden  Age,"  on  which 
he  was  a  passenger,  touched  a  hidden  reef  and 
sprung  aleak.  Commodore  Watkins  placed 
the  ship  in  command  of  Mr.  McLane,  whose 
knowledge  of  the  coast  was  thorough.  He 
landed  the  "  Golden  Age  "  on  the  only  sand  beach 
near  at  hand  when  the  after  part  of  the  vessel 
was  sunk  in  twenty  feet  of  water,  thus  by  his 
knowledge  and  courage  saving  the  ship,  pas- 
sengers, and  over  $2,000,000  in  treasure.  In 
1860  Mr.  McLane  was  elected  president  of  the 
company,  succeeding  W.  H.  Davidge,  resigned, 
and,  having  removed  to  New  York,  remained 
as  its  head  until  1870,  when  he  retired  per- 
manently from  business  life.  His  ten  years' 
administration  of  the  company's  affairs  was 
characterized  by  the  greatest  skill  and  success. 
His  board  of  directors  consisted  of  such  strong 
men  in  the  mercantile  life  of  New  York  City 
as  W.  H.  Aspinwall,  Charles  H.  Russell,  Sam- 
uel W.  Comstock,  Charles  Augustus  Davis, 
Joseph  W.  Atsop,  Frederick  H.  Atsop,  Fred- 
erick H.  Wolcott,  Howard  Potter,  and  David 
Hoadley.  Such  large,  fine  steamers  as  the  "  Con- 
stitution," "  Sacramento,"  and  others  were  put 
into  commission;  the  China  service  was  estab- 
lished, and  at  the  time  of  his  resignation  the 
introduction  of  propellers  as  a  substitute  for 
side-wheel  steamers  was  ready  for  consumma- 
tion. To  Mr.  McLane  alone  belongs  the  credit 
for  the  betterment  of  the  Pacific  and  Atlantic 
coast  service,  in  the  mail,  passenger,  and  mer- 
cantile interests  of  the  people  of  the  East  and 
West;  and  to  him  must  be  given  the  credit  for 
the  opening  of  the  trans-Pacific  steam  trade 
with  China  and  Japan.  Following  his  retire- 
ment from  the  presidency  of  the  company,  Mr. 
McLane  traveled  in  Europe  for  some  years  and 
finally  made  his  home  in  Washington,  D.  C, 
where  he  erected  a  handsome  residence  on  Iowa 
Circle.  Here  he  lived  a  quiet,  retired  life, 
dearly  beloved  by  all  who  knew  him.  His 
natural  gifts  were  many,  and,  combined  with 
his  fine  educational  advantages,  made  his  ad- 
vance to  position  and  influence  inevitable.  He 
was  modest  and  retiring  in  manner,  thought- 
ful of  others  and  tender-hearted,  a  loving  hus- 
band, indulgent  father,  and  faithful  friend. 
His  integrity  was  unassailable  and  the  purity 
of  his  character  was  unmarred.  On  the  occa- 
sion of  his  death,  the  Society  of  the  Cincinnati, 
of  which  he  was  a  member,  paid  him  the  fol- 
lowing tribute:  "A  gallant  soldier,  a  polished 
gentleman,  an  upright  citizen,  faitliful  in  all 
the  relations  of  life.  Allan  INIeLanc  was  of  tlie 
stuff  of  which  heroes  are  made,  and  we  are 
proud  to  number  him  among  the  worlliy  Sons 
of  the  Cincinnati.  Manly,  loyal,  conrtcons.  he 
was  of  the  type  whieirweall  admire,  and 
which  our  Soeiety  seeks  to  perpetuate." 

LAWSON,  Victor  Fremont,  editor  and  pub- 
lisiher,  b.  in  Chicago,  0  Sept.,  ISilO,  son  of 
Iver  and  Malinda   (Henderson)    Lawson.     Vic- 


425 


LAWSON 


LAWSON 


tor  F.  Lawson  became  a  power  in  the  publish- 
ing world,  and  thereby  in  the  life  of  the  na- 
tion, through  what  appears  to  have  been  an 
instinct  for  avoiding  the  easier  of  two  roads — 
the  line  of  least  resistance.  At  every  cross- 
way  in  his  career,  he  has  shown  this  tendency. 
Other  men  in  their  march  upward  have  usually 
chosen  the  popular  way,  the  conventional  way, 
the  way  that  had  been  hewed  out  for  them 
and  in  which  a  comparatively  small  effort 
would  bring  quick  results.  But  Mr.  Lawson, 
either  by  conscious  selection  or  by  inborn 
tendency,  has  chosen  to  blaze  his  own  trail 
toward  the  goal  of  his  desire.  Mr.  Lawson 
manifested  this  trait  of  character  early  in  his 
career.  Born  at  the  old  Superior  Street  home 
of  the  family,  he  had  attended  the  historic 
Ogden  School  in  Chestnut  Street  between 
Dearborn  and  State  Streets,  had  graduated 
from  the  old  Chicago  high  school  on  the  West 
Side  in  1869,  and  had  then  gone  to  Phillips 
Academy  at  Andover,  Mass.,  intending  to  pre- 
pare there  for  Harvard.  But  his  health 
proved  to  be  such  that  he  was  advised  to 
abandon  the  college  idea,  and  he  returned  to 
Chicago  a  few  months  before  the  great  Chi- 
cago fire  in  1871.  It  would  have  been  the 
natural  and  easy  thing  for  young  Lawson  to 
have  gone  into  his  father's  real  estate  business 
which  was  assuming  large  proportions.  The 
elder  Lawson,  Norwegian  by  birth,  had  come 
to  Chicago  prior  to  1840.  The  son,  choosing 
his  own  career,  turned  his  back  upon  the  op- 
portunity his  father's  business  offered,  and 
began  to  devote  his  energies  to  the  "  Skandi- 
naven,"  a  small  foreign-language  paper  in 
which  his  father  had  taken  stock,  but  re- 
garded as  of  small  importance  in  a  business 
way.  Lawson's  father  died  in  1873.  On 
Christmas  Day,  1875,  one  of  Victor  F.  Law- 
son's  boyhood  friends,  Melville  E.  Stone,  now 
general  manager  of  the  Associated  Press,  de- 
cided, with  Percy  Meggy,  who  has  now  long 
been  engaged  in  journalism  in  Australia,  and 
William  E.  Dougherty,  who  died  some  years 
ago,  to  found  a  daily  evening  newspaper.  Mr. 
Lawson  was  to  let  them  have  a  10  x  12  office 
on  the  main  floor  of  the  Skandinaven  Build- 
ing— then  at  the  site  now  occupied  by  the 
Chicago  "  Daily  News  " — and  a  part  of  the 
fourth  floor  for  composing  and  editorial  rooms, 
and  was  to  print  their  first  numbers  on  the 
"  Skandinaven  "  press.  The  partners  had  $5,000 
to  lose  in  their  venture.  Everyone  predicted 
that  they  would  lose,  for  they  were  attempt- 
ing to  issue  the  first  penny  paper  in  a  world 
of  five-cent  publications.  At  the  end  of  a  few 
weeks  Dougherty  dropped  out.  Later  Meggy 
quit.  At  the  end  of  six  months  Stone,  though 
confident  of  success,  was  out  of  money.  On 
1  July,  1876,  he  sold  to  Mr.  Lawson,  who 
was  then  twenty-five  years  of  age.  Now,  in 
taking  over  the  experimental  sheet  Mr.  Law- 
son  chose  tJle  harder  road.  Everyone  else, 
save  Stone,  believed  the  paper  could  not  suc- 
ceed. His  father's  friends  advised  him 
against  it.  The  "  Daily  News,"  for  one  thing, 
could  get  no  Western  Press  Association 
franchise,  which  means  that  it  was  in  the 
same  position  as  a  newspaper  which  today 
could  get  no  Associated  Press  Service.  Again 
Mr.  Lawson  had  to  consider  the  problem  of 
circulating  a  penny  paper  in  a  city  without 
pennies.     But  he   foresaw  the   appeal   of  the 


one-cent  newspaper  and  decided  to  stake  his 
fortunes  upon  it.  This  decision  determined 
his  career.  A  second  important  step  was  his 
partnership  with  Melville  E.  Stone.  Mr.  Law- 
son,  realizing  Stone's  scientific  imaginative- 
ness, early  sold  him  a  third  interest  in  the 
paper.  With  Mr.  Lawson,  as  publisher,  and 
Mr.  Stone,  as  editor,  they  began  the  uphill 
fight.  To  meet  the  penny  diflSculty  they 
brought  in  pennies  by  the  $1,000  worth,  piling 
them  up  in  the  "  Daily  News "  windows  and 
distributing  them  throughout  the  city  with 
merchants  who  were  willing  to  aid  in  bringing 
the  one-cent  piece  into  circulation.  It  would 
have  been  much  easier  to  have  put  the  paper 
on  a  five-cent  basis,  but  in  time  the  penny 
won  its  way.  At  this  point  Lawson  took  a 
radical  step.  He  decided  to  publish  daily  a 
true  statement  of  circulation.  This  decision 
was  against  all  precedent.  Every  newspaper 
publisher  puffed  his  circulation  to  at  least 
treble  its  total.  Older  newspaper  men  said 
that  Lawson  would  ruin  himself  if  he  ad- 
mitted that  the  "  Daily  News  "  had  only  10,000 
circulation.  But  the  young  publisher  was  de- 
termined to  have  it  understood,  once  and  for 
all,  that  integrity  was  the  essential  quality 
of  his  paper.  He  wanted  no  taint  of  fraud 
about  it,  no  matter  how  small,  and  the  first 
unpadded  statement  was  published  1  Jan., 
1877.  Again  Victor  F.  Lawson  chose  the 
harder  way  by  establishing  a  fixed  adver- 
tising rate,  known  to  everyone.  Up  to  that 
time  it  had  been  the  practice  to  dicker  with 
each  individual,  granting  the  better  bargainer 
liberal  rates,  and  taking  it  out  of  the  easy 
customer.  But  Mr.  Lawson  ruled  that  the 
"  Daily  News "  space  should  be  worth  a  cer- 
tain amount  and  that  no  advertiser  need  ex- 
pect favors  nor  fear  extortion.  Having  dared 
the  disfavor  of  his  biggest  advertisers  by  re- 
fusing to  cut  below  his  advertised  rate,  Mr. 
Lawson  dared  offend  them  further  by  refus- 
ing to  grant  special  favors — either  as  regards 
particular  positions  for  their  advertisements, 
or  through  muzzling  the  news  columns  in  their 
interest.  The  little  Chicago  "  Daily  News " 
lost  a  good  many  advertisements  before  the 
public?  began  to  realize  that  these  new  policies 
were  the  manifestations  of  courage,  integrity, 
and  progressiveness.  Again  Mr.  Lawson  took 
the  harder  path  when  he  decided  to  build  up 
his  classified  advertising  pages.  It  would  have 
been  simpler,  and  for  the  time  more  profitable, 
to  have  worked  for  the  display  advertising  of 
the  big  stores.  But  he  realized  that  the  pa- 
per which  secured  the  most  want  ads  must 
eventually  become  the  leading  paper  in  the 
field.  So  he  worked  patiently  day  after  day, 
adding  one  three-line  advertisement  to  an- 
other. In  1916,  the  "Daily  News"  averaged 
3,200  want  ads  a  day,  having  begun  with  300. 
On  the  editorial  sicle  Melville  E.  Stone  was 
equally  progressive.  He  did  much  to  overcome 
the  lack  of  press  service  by  securing  special 
correspondence.  The  "  Daily  News  "  won  its 
first  triumph,  in  this  way,  by  getting  on  the 
street  with  the  news  of  Rutherford  B. 
Hayes'  nomination  before  any  of  its  competi- 
tors had  the  news.  In  fact,  the  bulletins  of 
the  Western  Union  were  not  yet  posted.  The 
second  victory  of  Lav/son  and  Stone  was  at 
the  expense  of  the  "  Post,"  a  two-cent  evening 
paper   published   by   the   McMullen   Brothers. 


426 


LAWSON 


LAWSON 


The  "  Post "  was  charged  with  stealing  the 
specials  of  the  "  Daily  News."  This,  nat- 
urally, was  denied.  The  owners  of  the  "  Daily 
News,"  therefore,  laid  a  trap.  On  2  Dec, 
1876,  the  impending  Turco-Russian  War  was 
making  everything  from  the  Balkans  of  in- 
terest. The  "  Daily  News "  printed,  under  a 
London  date  line,  a  story  of  riot  in  Servia  in 
which  this  impressive  Slavonic  sentence  ap- 
peared :  "  Er  us  siht  la  EtsU  Iws  Nel  lum 
cmeht."  The  "  Post  "  promptly  reprinted  the 
story  and  then  the  "  Daily  News "  ran  it 
again  and  reversed  it  so  that  everyone  could 
see  that  it  read :  "  The  McMullens  will 
steal  this  sure."  The  "Post"  was  almost 
laughed  to  death,  and  in  less  than  two  years 
suspended.  Lawson  and  Stone  bought  it  for 
$16,000,  thus  securing  the  long-desired  press 
franchise.  This  victory,  following  upon  the 
splendid  work  done  in  the  strike  riots  of  1877, 
during  which  almost  hourly  editions  were 
issued,  established  the  "  Daily  News "  as  a 
power  in  the  western  newspaper  field.  Law- 
son  and  Stone,  in  March,  1881,  founded  the 
"  Morning  News."  This  paper,  the  name  of 
which  was  changed  to  the  "  Morning  Record," 
had  the  distinction  of  having  been  voted  full 
membership  in  the  Western  Press  Association 
by  the  five  papers  already  in  the  morning  field. 
This  was  a  thing  unique,  for  the  other  papers 
thereby  voluntarily  furnished  their  new  op- 
ponent with  the  weapon  with  which  to  fight 
them.  Melville  E.  Stone  dropped  out  of  the 
partnership  in  1888.  Thereafter  Victor  F. 
Lawson  took  entire  personal  charge  of  both 
business  and  editorial  activities.  "  I  regard 
Mr.  Lawson  as  the  best  newspaper  business 
manager  in  the  United  States,"  said  Mr.  Stone 
at  this  time.  "  I  attribute  his  success  to 
strict  integrity,  thorough  business  methods, 
and  a  close  Knowledge  of  every  detail  of  his 
business.  He  has  a  wonderful  capacity  for 
detailed  work."  By  1901  the  business  of  the 
"  Daily  News  "  had  grown  to  such  volume  that 
Mr.  Lawson  decided  to  drop  out  of  the  morn- 
ing field  and  devote  all  his  energies  to  his 
evening  paper.  The  "  Record "  was  consoli- 
dated with  the  "Times-Herald"  as  the  "Rec- 
ord-Herald "  and  at  present  is  known  as  the 
"  Herald."  The  "  Daily  News  "  now  has  daily 
sales  in  excess  of  446,000  copies.  This  circu- 
lation has  been  gained  without  recourse  to 
catchpenny  methods  or  sensationalism.  Time 
and  again  has  Mr,  Lawson  been  urged  to  try 
this  or  that  circulation-getting  trick,  but  he 
has  steadily  refused.  He  preferred  to  pass 
by  the  easy  ways  of  getting  a  temporarily  ex- 
panding circulation,  and  to  go  on  the  slower 
and  more  difficult,  but  more  reliable,  way  of 
a  circulation  gained  through  confidence  and 
respect.  Just  at  present  the  "  Daily  News " 
is  profiting  greatly  in  reputation  through  this 
penchant  of  its  owner  and  editor  for  taking 
the  harder  path.  Some  eighteen  years  ago 
Mr.  Lawson  decided  that  he  could  no  longer 
be  satisfied  with  the  Associated  Press  reports 
from  Europe.  The  press  association,  even  at 
that  time,  was  giving  a  good  service,  and  other 
papers  were  content  to  accept  it.  True,  it 
might  not  always  be  all  that  could  be  hoped, 
but  then  Americans  were  not  interested  in 
cable  news  anyway,  and  a  special  service 
would  be  very  expensive.  Mr.  Lawson  might 
have   taken  this  easier  course   also.     But   he 


wanted  European  news  that  would  thoroughly 
represent  the  American  point  of  view.  So 
he  opened  a  London  office.  Later  he  opened 
"•  Daily  News  "  offices  in  Paris,  Berlin,  Petro- 
grad,  and  Rome.  He  put  them  in  charge  of 
American  newspaper  men,  usually  trained  on 
the  "  Daily  News."  The  Lawson  paper  was 
thus  raised  above  the  taint  or  angle  of  the 
British  Reuter's,  the  French  Havas  agency, 
or  the  German  Wolf's.  This  organization  be- 
fore the  war  gave  the  Chicago  paper  much 
prestige,  for  the  "  Daily  News  "  bureaus  fur- 
nished Americans  abroad  with  a  headquarters 
in  the  important  European  capitals;  reading 
and  writing  rooms,  information  bureaus,  and 
other  benefits  in  kind.  To  show  how  service- 
able these  bureaus  could  be  to  Americans  it  is 
only  necessary  to  note  that  when  Miss  Jane 
Addams,  who  presided  at  the  Women's  Peace 
Congress  at  The  Hague,  sought  an  interview 
with  the  German  chancellor,  it  was  Oswald 
Schuette  of  the  "  Daily  News "  who  obtained 
it  for  her.  "  Your  men  are  everywhere,"  she 
said  to  Mr.  Lawson  upon  her  return  to  Chi- 
cago. "  I  met  Mr.  Bell  in  London  and  Paul 
Scott  Mowrer  in  Paris.  When  we  reached 
Rome  there  we  found  Edgar  Mowrer  awaiting 
us.  They  were  all  helpful.  The  'Daily 
News '  has  a  right  to  be  proud  of  its  foreign 
service."  Since  the  war  has  been  under  way, 
this  foreign  service  has  gained  for  Mr.  Law- 
son's  paper  the  distinction  of  including  in  its 
list  of  subscribers  a  member  of  the  British 
cabinet  who  takes  it  because  he  believes  it  to 
print  the  fullest  and  most  reliable  war  news 
of  any  paper  in  the  world.  "Now  why,"  asks 
the  "  Editor  and  Publisher  "  in  this  connection, 
"  does  this  minister  of  one  of  the  greatest 
nations  at  war  depend  upon  a  Chicago  news- 
paper for  accurate  information  regarding  the 
world  struggle  ?  Why  did  the  London  '  Chron- 
icle '  in  its  issue  of  19  June,  1915,  characterize 
the  *  Daily  News  'as  *  by  far  the  best  evening 
newspaper  in  the  world,'  and  state  that  '  it  has 
published  more  special  war  npws  than  any 
paper  in  America '  ?  Why  has  the  '  Daily 
News '  been  enabled  to  score  more  beats  on 
the  war  in  its  special  foreign  service  than  per- 
haps any  other  paper  in  the  world?  Why  is 
ks  foreign  news  service  subscribed  to  by 
papers  from  California  to  the  Atlantic  sea- 
board, in  Canada  and  even  in  London?  Why 
have  London  papers  paid  cable  tolls  to  have 
sent  back  to  them  across  the  Atlantic  news 
which  they  have  been  unable  to  gather?" 
Mr.  Lawson's  own  answer  to  these  queries  is 
this :  "  We  began  sixteen  years  before  the 
war  to  get  ready  to  cover  the  biggest  piece  of 
news  in  history  and  when  the  news  broke  it 
found  us  ready."  As  a  result  of  this  slowly 
and  expensively  constructed  European  serv- 
ice— it  cost  Mr.  Lawson  over  $170,000  in  1016 
— the  "  Daily  News  "  was  able  to  put  thirty 
correspondents  of  its  own  into  the  field,  cover- 
ing every  front.  The  Chicago  paper  furnishes 
news  to  New  York  and  Philadelphia — no  small 
triumph  for  a  western  puhlicatioii — and  to 
London  itself.  The  biggest  single  nchieve- 
ment  probably  was  Louis  Edgar  lirown's  ex- 
ploit in  beating  the  world  with  the  story  of 
the  Servian  cataHtro|)he.  This  was  cabled 
from  Rome  to  Chicago,  2,000  to  ;{.000  words 
a  day  for  more  than  a  week,  and  then  re- 
wired   to    the    Northcliff'e    papers    in    London, 


427 


LAWSON 


YOUNG 


where  only  the  most  meager  information  in 
regard  to  the  catastrophe  had  come  to  hand. 
Mr.  Lawson  himself,  in  view  of  present  results, 
regards  the  ^stabliahment  of  the  European  bu- 
reau as  his  greatest  news  success.  Mr.  Law- 
son's  instinct  for  taking  the  harder  way  has 
often  revealed  itself  outside  the  field  of  his 
own  private  business.  A  noteworthy  example 
was  in  his  fight  to  save  the  Associated  Press. 
This  organization  had  so  nearly  been  de- 
stroyed by  its  younger  competitor,  the  United 
Press,  that  it  had  lost  all  but  three  or  four 
papers  in  New  York,  Chicago,  and  Philadel- 
phia. Its  employees  were  all  expecting  to 
find  themselves  out  of  employment  at  any 
moment.  In  this  crisis  the  Associated  Press 
people  turned  to  Mr.  Lawson.  It  would  have 
been  easier  for  him  to  have  followed  the 
crowd  into  the  United  band  wagon.  But  he 
decided  to  fight  and  accept  the  presidency. 
As  a  result  of  his  campaign  the  Associated 
Press  was  rehabilitated,  the  United  being 
driven  from  the  field.  When  he  had  made  the 
Associated  Press  the  largest  news  collecting 
and  news  disseminating* agency  in  the  world, 
Mr.  Lawson  resigned  from  the  presidency.  He 
has  remained,  however,  as  one  of  the  board  of 
directors.  Politically,  Mr.  Lawson  has  also 
chosen  the  harder  way.  It  would  have  been 
far  easier  for  him  to  have  played  party  poli- 
tics. There  was  no  politically  independent 
paper  in  Chicago  when  he  began;  hardly  half 
a  dozen  in  the  whole  country.  The  "  Daily 
News "  would  have  found  for  itself  a  ready- 
made  backing  had  he  consented  to  make  it  a 
party  organ.  But,  in  a  day  when  the  inde- 
pendent voter  was  almost  unknown  and  when 
he  was  the  subject  of  derision  and  abuse,  Mr. 
Lawson  chose  to  become  an  independent  and 
to  lead  others  away  from  their  slavish  ad- 
herence to  party  candidates,  no  matter  how 
unworthy.  In  the  national  campaign  of  1880, 
for  instance,  the  "  Daily  News  '*  leaned  to- 
ward Garfield  and  four  years  later  supported 
Cleveland.  The  Municipal  Voters'  League  of 
Chicago,  which  endorses  aldermanic  candidates 
solely  on  their  record,  is  a  type  of  the  political 
activities  Mr.  Lawson  has  fostered.  He  be- 
lieves this  policy  of  political  independence  has 
been  the  greatest  factor  in  the  business  suc- 
cess of  the  "  Daily  News."  The  public  was 
early  convinced  by  this  independence  as  to 
the  sincerity  of  the  paper's  management. 
Another  instance  of  the  Lawson  penchant  for 
doing  the  unpopular  thing  was  his  campaign 
for  the  postal  savings  bank.  When  this  meas- 
ure was  proposed  it  had  the  opposition  of  the 
money  interests.  Many  of  Mr.  Lawson's 
friends  and  biggest  customers  were  opposed 
to  government  banks.  But  the  publisher  and 
editor  of  the  "  Daily  News  "  and,  at  that  time, 
the  "  Daily  Record,"  went  ahead  nevertheless. 
He  began  his  fight  in  1897,  sending  millions 
of  pamphlets  through  the  country  and  circu- 
lating petitions  in  thousands  of  towns.  He 
would  have  won  at  that  time  but  the  Spanish- 
American  War  diverted  attention.  Afterward 
he  resumed  the  fight  and  was  so  well  recog- 
nized as  the  father  of  the  postal  savings  bank 
that  President  Taft,  in  1910,  presented  him 
with  the  pen  with  which  the  measure  was 
signed.  Next  to  its  achievement  in  establish- 
ing in  Chicago  the  principle  of  independent 
journalism,    Mr.    Lawson    regards    the    postal 


bank  system  as  the  greatest  work  his  publica- 
tion has  accomplished  for  the  people.  It  is 
of  interest  to  note  in  how  many  ways  Mr. 
Lawson  has  made  the  '*  Daily  News  "  essential 
to  the  people  of  his  city  through  service  for 
them.  In  the  public  schools  are  found  the 
"  Daily  News "  Free  Lectures.  The  free  lec- 
tures began  as  a  result  of  the  Spanish-Ameri- 
can War.  There  was  only  one  lecturer  then. 
Today  more  than  400  entertainments  are  given 
in  the  schools  each  year,  the  "  Daily  News " 
paying  the  rent  and  all  other  expenses.  As 
the  lectures  are  both  instructive  and  enter- 
taining they  are  always  largely  attended. 
They  serve  moreover  to  promote  Mr.  Lawson's 
ideal  of  a  schoolhouse  as  the  center  of  neigh- 
borhood civic  development.  One  of  Chicago's 
schools  has  been  named  for  the  publisher,  the 
Victor  F.  Lawson,  at  South  Homan  Avenue 
and  West  Thirteenth  Street.  The  "Daily 
News "  band  is  known  to  everyone  in  Chi- 
cago. For  many  years  this  big  organization 
of  small  boys  has  played  in  every  important 
parade.  While  its  advertising  merit  was  not 
overlooked,  the  band  was  started  mainly  for 
the  benefit  of  the  newsboys.  The  carriers  were 
given  the  chance  of  a  musical  education.  The 
"  Daily  News  "  Fresh  Air  Fund  also  deserves 
mention.  For  many  years  the  paper  has  di- 
rected this  practical  philanthropy.  An  open- 
air  sanitarium  is  maintained  in  Lincoln  Park. 
Thousands  of  babies,  sick  children,  and  ailing 
mothers  are  given  free  treatment  here  every 
summer.  Not  only  are  many  lives  saved 
thus  but  the  instruction  given  to  mothers  is 
directly  helpful  in  decreasing  the  sick  rate 
by  spreading  practical  knowledge  as  to  intelli- 
gent nursing,  proper  feeding,  cleanliness,  and 
fresh  air.  A  list  of  Mr.  Lawson's  large  gifts 
to  the  support  of  agencies  for  social  better- 
ment would  astonish  even  his  best  friends, 
who  know  well  his  readiness  at  all  times  to 
assist  in  putting  a  beneficent  idea  on  its  feet 
and  making  it  move  forward  effectively  in  the 
cause  of  human  progress.  His  contribution  of 
$100,000  to  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.  may  be  cited  as 
a  single  example.  Mr.  Lawson  was  married 
5  Feb.,  1880,  to  Miss  Jessie  S.  Bradley, 
daughter  of  William  H.  Bradley,  one  of  the 
prominent  citizens  of  Chicago.  No  children 
were  born  to  this  union.  The  Lawson  resi- 
dence at  1500  Lake  Shore  Drive  is  noteworthy. 
The  Lawson  summer  estate  of  nearly  1,500 
acres  is  located  at  Green  Lake,  Wis.  Mrs. 
Lawson,  who  died  2  Oct.,  1914,  after  a  long 
illness,  w^as  a  devout  and  active  member  of  the 
New  England  Congregational  Church,  as  is 
also  Mr.  Lawson. 

YOUNG,  George  Murray,  pioneer  of  Ohio, 
b.  in  Litchfield,  Conn.,  1  April,  1802;  d.  in 
Dayton,  Ohio,  30  Aug.,  1878.  Dr.  Hugh  Mur- 
ray Young  (1742-1815),  his  father,  was  of 
Scotch-Irish  parentage  and  descent.  On  ac- 
count of  participation  in  the  ill-fated  Emmet 
rebellion  in  Ireland,  he  emigrated  to  the 
United  States,  where  he  resided  and  practiced 
his  profession  until  his  death.  George  M. 
Young  was  educated  in  the  Exeter  and  Pough- 
keepsie  Academies,  but  was  obliged,  by  the 
death  of  his  father,  to  abandon  his  studies  at 
an  early  age.  He  found  employment  in  the 
printer's  trade;  became  proficient  in  it,  and 
before  attaining  his  majority  embarked  in  the 
printing    and    publishing    business,    which    he 


428 


YOUNG 


FARLEY 


pursued  successfully  for  several  years  while 
living  in  the  East.  In  1835  he  removed  with 
his  family  to  Newark,  Ohio,  where  for  the  next 
ten  years  he  was  engaged  in  commercial  enter- 
prises. Among  other  activities,  he  operated  a 
line  of  boats  on  the  Ohio  and  Erie  Canal.  In 
the  memorable  political  campaign  of  1840  he 
was  the  candidate  of  the  Whig  party  for  the 
State  senate  from  Licking  County,  and,  not- 
withstanding the  heavy  normal  Democratic 
majority,  came  within  forty  votes  of  election, 
running  far  ahead  of  his  ticket.  Ten  years 
later  he  removed  to  Cincinnati,  where,  for  six 
years,  he  was  at  the  head  of  a  large  produce 
and  commission  business.  Here  he  remained 
until  1851,  when  removal  was  made  to  Dayton, 
where  the  family  has  since  resided  without 
interruption.  Not  long  after  arriving  in  Day- 
ton, he  retired  from  active  business.  For  some 
years  he  held  the  office  of  justice  of  the  peace, 
and  was  elected  mayor  of  the  city  twice  in 
succession.  Subsequently  he  was  appointed 
U.  S.  commissioner,  and  in  that  capacity  he 
served  until  his  death.  In  early  life  a  Whig, 
Mr.  Young  became  a  Republican  in  the  re- 
adjustment of  parties  during  the  fifties.  He 
was  a  most  earnest  opponent  of  slavery  as 
long  as  the  institution  existed,  and  was  zealous 
and  energetic  in  support  of  all  moral  and  re- 
ligious causes.  In  the  temperance  movement, 
especially,  he  took  a  deep  interest  and  had  a 
prominent  part.  During  his  residence  in  Cin- 
cinnati, he  was  grand  worthy  patriarch  of  the 
Sons  of  Temperance;  when  that  organization 
had  a  membership  of  30,000  in  Ohio,  and  he 
was  one  of  the  editors  of  its  official  paper,  the 
"  Organ  and  Messenger."  From  early  man- 
hood he  was  an  active  member  of  the  Inde- 
pendent Order  of  Odd  Fellows,  in  which  he 
held  various  important  offices.  In  his  religious 
afiiliations,  Mr.  Young  was  a  Congregational- 
ist,  until  the  local  church  of  that  denomination 
in  Dayton  passed  out  of  existence;  when,  for 
the  remainder  of  his  life,  he  was  a  member 
of  the  Third  Street  Presbyterian  Church. 
"  Mr.  Young's  abilities,"  said  a  contemporary, 
"  were  of  a  high  order."  He  early  made  up 
for  his  lack  of  collegiate  education  by  wide 
and  diligent  reading,  and  so  became  well  in- 
formed in  politics,  history,  and  general  litera- 
ture, having,-  at  the  same  time,  a  mind  well 
stored  with  that  diversified,  practical  informa- 
tion which  comes  from  daily  intercourse 
with  men  and  extensive  business  experiences. 
While  he  was  never  admitted  to  the  bar,  he 
had  published  law  books  in  his  younger  years, 
had  read  law  attentively,  and  had  acted  to 
such  an  extent  as  notary  public,  conveyancer, 
master  commissioner,  and  receiver,  and  in 
other  ways  closely  related  to  the  law  and  the 
courts,  that  his  legal  knowledge  and  ability 
were  well  recognized  and  highly  respected. 
He  was  a  great  admirer  of  the  Puritan  race 
and  character,  and  was  himself  the  possessor 
of  many  pronounced  traits  which  gave  marked 
evidence  of  his  New  England  birth  and  educa- 
tion. While  naturally  modest  and  retiring  in 
manner,  he  had  the  full  courage  of  his  strong 
convictions,  and,  when  aroused,  he  was  out- 
spoken in  their  advocacy,  fearless  and  uncom- 
promising in  their  defense.  Faultless  in  honor, 
fearless  in  conduct,  and  stainless  in  reputa- 
tion, he  always  enjoyed,  in  whatever  com- 
munity he  lived,  the  unqualified  confidence  and 


respect  of  all  with  whom  he  associated.  Mr. 
Young  married  in  1826,  at  Lyme,  N.  H., 
Sibel  Green,  daughter  of  Benjamin  Green. 
Her  grandfather  was  Col.  Ebenezer  Green,  a 
Revolutionary  soldier,  whose  tombstone  still 
stands  in  the  old  Lyme  burying-ground. 
Through  her  mother,  Sibel  Green  was  a  grand- 
daughter of  Benjamin  Grant,  also  of  Lyme, 
N.  H.,  who  was  the  great-great-grandfather  of 
Alice  and  Phoebe  Gary,  and  whose  parents 
were  also  ancestors  of  Ulysses  S.  Grant. 

FARLEY,  John  Murphy,  cardinal,  b.  in  New- 
ton Hamilton,  County  Armagh,  Ireland,  20 
April,  1842,  son  of  Philip  and  Catherine  (Mur- 
phy) Farley,  the  descendant  of  a  family  dis- 
tinguished for  patriotism  in  the  history  of 
Ireland.  Under  the  direction  of  a  private 
tutor,  Hugh  McGuire,  a  pious  man  afterward 
admitted  to  the  priesthood,  the  future  cardinal, 
who  was  of  an  unusually  serious  turn  for  a 
child,  received  a  deeply  religious  training. 
Indeed,  he  evinced  such  precocity  in  religious 
matters  that  he  was  presented  for  confirmation 
at  the  age  of  seven,  and  at  first  rejected  by  the 
bishop  because  too  young,  he  was  accepted  after 
a  rigid  examination.  He  also  attended  St.  Ma- 
cartan's  College,  Monaghan,  and  upon  his  fam- 
ily's coming  to  the  United  States  continued 
his  education  at  St.  John's  College,  Fordham, 
N.  Y.,  where  he  was  graduated  in  1866.  He 
prepared  for  the  priesthood  in  St.  Joseph's 
Seminary,  Troy,  N.  Y.,  where  he  attracted  the 
attention  of  Archbishop  McCloskey,  and  at 
his  solicitation  was  sent  to  the  American  Col- 
lege in  Rome,  After  four  years'  study  there 
he  was  ordained  priest  11  June,  1870,  and  upon 
his  return  to  the  United  States  became  assist- 
ant rector  of  St.  Peters,  New  Brighton,  S.  I. 
Two  years  later  he  was  made  private  secretary 
to  Archbishop  McCloskey,  which  position  he 
resigned  in  1884  to  become  rector  of  St.  Ga- 
briel's Church,  New  York  City.  In  the  same 
year  he  was  honored  with  an  appointment  as 
private  chamberlain  to  Pope  Leo  XIII  with 
the  title  of  monsignor,  but  his  services  being 
deemed  indispensable  to  the  diocese  by  the 
archbishop  he  was  not  allowed  to  depart  for 
Rome.  He  was  appointed  an  official  advisor  to 
Archbishop  Corrigan,  and  for  some  time  served 
on  the  diocesan  school  board  and  board  of 
examination.  In  1891  he  succeeded  Monsignor 
Preston  as  vicar-general  of  the  archdiocese  of 
New  York,  and  in  the  following  year  the  post 
of  domestic  prelate  to  Pope  Leo  XIII  was 
added  to  his  honors.  In  1895  he  became 
prothonotary  apostolic,  and,  appointed  aux- 
iliary bishop  of  New  York  was  consecrated,  on 
21  Dec.  of  the  same  year,  as  titular  bishop 
of  Zeugma.  Thus  far  he  had  retained  the 
rectorship  of  St.  Gabriel's  where  he  was  greally 
beloved  by  his  congregation.  Upon  the  death 
of  Archbishop  Corrigan,  however,  the  respon- 
sibility of  the  diocese  devolved  upon  him  with 
the  appointment  as  administrator,  nnd  ho  re- 
signed his  former  charge.  On  5  May.  1002.  he 
became  the  fourth  archbishop  of  New  York  and 
entered  upon  pontifical  duties  at  St.  Pa  trick 'si 
Cathedral.  On  27  Nov.,  1011.  Archbishop  Far- 
ley was  created  a  cardinal  of  the  church  by 
Pope  Pius  TX.  The  news  of  the  po])e's  action 
was  the  occasion  for  great  rejoicing  on  the 
part  of  the  Catholic  population,  signifying  as 
it  did  a  greater  recognition  of  America  in  the 
counsels  of  the  church.     Archl)ishop  O'Connell, 

429 


MUNSTERBERG 


MUNSTERBERG 


of  Boston,  was  raised  to  the  cardinalate  at  the 
same  time.  Monsignor  Farley  went  to  Rome 
in  the  fall  of  1911  and  on  27  Nov.  received  the 
red  hat  in  the  Vatican.  Upon  his  return  a 
great  reception  was  tendered  him,  and  a  week's 
festivities,  beginning  with  a  triumphal  proces- 
sion*, and  of  which  the  nightly  illumination  of 
St.  Patrick's  Cathedral  was  a  feature,  followed. 
Cardinal  Farley  has  given  considerable  atten- 
tion to  sociological  questions  and  has  spoken 
publicly  in  the  advocacy  of  the  Catholic 
Church.  He  is  the  author  of  a  "  Life  of  Car- 
dinal McCloskey "  (serially  in  "Historical 
Records  and  Studies,"  1899-1900);  "Neither 
Generous  nor  Just"  (a  reply  to  Bishop 
Potter),  in  the  "Catholic  World"  (1889); 
"Why  Church  Property  Should  Not  Be 
Taxed,"  in  "  The  Forum  "  ( 1893 ) ,  and  a  "  His- 
tory of  St.  Patrick's  Cathedral." 

MTTNSTERBERG,  Hugo,  psychologist,  edu- 
cator and  publicist,  b.  in  Danzig,  West 
Prussia,  1  June,  1863;  d.  in  Cambridge,  Mass., 
16  Dec,  1916,  son 
of  Moritz  Munster- 
berg,  a  prominent 
lumber  merchant 
and  extensive  trav- 
eler. Hugo  was 
the  third  of  a 
family  of  four 
brothers,  and  his 
was  a  childhood  of 
rare  happiness  in 
a  home  where  in- 
terest in  literature, 
art,  and  music  was 
fostered,  and  treas- 
ures of  the  mind 
were  valued  above 
all  else.  At  the 
age  of  seven  he 
wrote  his  first 
poem,  inspired  by  the  outbreak  of  the  Franco- 
Prussian  War,  and  the  muse  of  poetry  never 
deserted  him  throughout  his  busy  life,  although 
his  life  work  was  concerned  with  scholarship 
rather  than  literature.  When  he  was  nine 
years  old,  he  began  lessons  on  the  violoncello. 
He  was  educated  first  in  a  private  school,  but 
after  1872,  in  the  city  "Gymnasium"  of 
Danzig  where  he  stayed  until,  in  1882,  he 
passed  the  "  Abitur "  or  examination  which 
enables  one  to  enter  any  German  university. 
During  his  school  years  he  had  varied  inter- 
ests, among  them  anthropological  research 
and  excavations,  but  his  chief  interest  was  in 
literature,  and  he  wrote  many  epics,  stories, 
and  poems.  He  began  his  university  life  in 
the  summer  of  1882,  spending  his  first  semes- 
ter in  Geneva  to  perfect  his  knowledge  of 
French  ai;id  see  something  of  the  world,  but 
his  serious  study  began  in  Leipzig  in  Sep- 
tember, 1882.  There,  after  shifting  his  chief 
interest  from  sociological  psychology  to  medi- 
cine, he  decided  ultimately  to  combine  the 
study  of  psychology  and  medicine.  He  studied 
under  the  world-famous  psychologist,  Wundt, 
and  worked  in  his  laboratory.  In  1885  he  was 
made  doctor  of  philosophy  at  Leipzig,  and,  in 
the  same  year,  went  to  Heidelberg,  where,  at 
the  end  of  two  years,  spent  not  only  in  the 
study  of  medicine,  but  also  in  hearing  lectures 
on  philosophy,  especially  by  the  famous  Kuno 
Fischer,    Munsterberg   was   made    also    doctor 


of  medicine.  In  1887,  when  his  student  life 
was  completed,  he  married  and  settled  in 
Freiburg,  Baden,  the  beautiful  town  in  the 
Black  Forest,  as  "  Privatdocent "  of  philos- 
ophy at  the  university,  where,  in  1891,  he  was 
made  assistant  professor.  In  1892  a  letter 
arrived  from  William  James  calling  Professor 
MUnsterberg  to  Harvard,  as  director  of  the 
psychological  laboratory.  Tempted  by  the 
prospect  of  directing  work  in  a  fully-equipped 
laboratory,  and  with  a  young  man's  eagerness 
to  become  acquainted  with  the  new  world,  then 
but  little  known  to  Germans,  Hugo  Munster- 
berg accepted  the  call  to  Harvard,  but  only 
for  three  trial  years,  with  the  full  intention 
to  return,  when  the  three  years  of  adventure 
should  be  over,  to  his  life  work  in  German 
universities.  From  the  fall  of  1892  on,  he 
directed  the  work  of  the  psychological  labora- 
tory at  Harvard,  and  since  the  fall  of  1894, 
when  he  had  acquired  enough  fluency  in  Eng- 
lish, he  also  gave  lecture  courses.  When  the 
trial  years  in  America  were  over,  Munsterberg 
returned  to  Freiburg  University,  and  resumed 
his  teaching  as  professor  of  philosophy. 
Meanwhile  Harvard  waited  for  him  to  decide 
whether  or  no  he  would  accept  a  permanent 
chair  as  full  professor  in  the  American  uni- 
versity. Although  it  was  hard  for  the  young 
scholar  to  give  up  activity  in  the  universities 
of  his  own  country,  which  had  always  been  his 
aim,  he  was  at  the  same  time  fascinated  by 
a  new  task — namely  that  of  interpreting  the 
best  spirit  of  America  to  Germany  and  of 
carrying  the  ideals  of  German  scholarship  to 
America.  So,  in  1896,  he  laid  down  his 
professorship  at  Freiburg,  and  settled  in 
Cambridge,  Mass.,  as  professor  at  Harvard. 
During  his  second  period  at  Freiburg  he 
had  published  his  first  and  only  book  of 
verse  under  the  pseudonym  "  Hugo  Ter- 
berg."  Munsterberg  not  only  directed  the 
work  of  the  Harvard  psychological  laboratory, 
but  gave  courses  at  Harvard  and  at  Radcliffe 
College  on  philosophical  problems,  as  well  as 
on  psychology.  His  introductory  psychology 
course  at  Harvard  was  exceedingly  popular, 
and  in  one  year  the  number  of  students  at- 
tending it  reached  462.  For  six  years  Mtin- 
sterberg  was  chairman  of  the  philosophical  de- 
partment. He  was  an  eloquent  supporter  of 
the  plan  to  give  philosophy  at  Harvard  a 
house  of  her  own,  and  when  Emerson  Hall  was 
at  last  opened  in  1905,  Munsterberg  was  offi- 
cially appointed  director  of  the  psychological 
laboratory,  which  was  now  spaciously  and  fitly 
housed  in  the  new  building.  With  Hugo 
Miinsterberg's  second  period  of  activity  at 
Harvard  began  also  his  influence  on  the  public 
life  of  the  United  States  in  a  large  variety  of 
fields,  through  his  books  and  through  essays 
and  articles,  not  only  in  scientific  and  edu- 
cational reviews  and  the  "Atlantic  Monthly," 
but  later,  also,  in  popular  magazines  of  wide 
circulation,  such  as  "  McClure's,"  the  "  Cos- 
mopolitan," and  the  "  Metropolitan "  maga- 
zines, the  "  Ladies'  Home  Journal "  and 
others,  including  the  large  Sunday  newspapers. 
Beginning  with  "  Psychology  and  Life " 
(1899),  books — some  of  them  collections  of  es- 
says that  had  first  appeared  in  magazines — 
on  psychological,  sociological,  educational,  and 
philosophical  subjects  followed  one  another  in 
remarkably  swift  succession,  and  Munsterberg 


430 


MUNSTERBERG 


MUNSTERBERG 


became  an  educational  force  throughout  the 
country.  An  example  of  his  influence  is  the 
fact  that  of  his  "Psychotherapy"  3,000 
copies  were  sold  in  three  months,  and  that  it 
was  at  the  time  the  book  most  in  demand  in 
the  New  York  Public  Library.  Through  all 
his  scientific  and  educational  interests  there 
always  rang  one  of  the  leading  motives  of  his 
life — the  fostering  of  cordial  relations  between 
Germany  and  America,  and  in  1901  he  had 
the  satisfaction  of  seeing  the  climax  of  these 
good  relations  in  the  enthusiasm  with  which 
the  American  public  received  the  visit  of 
Prince  Henry  of  Prussia.  When  the  Prince 
came  to  Harvard  to  receive  an  honorary  de- 
gree, he  visited  Miinsterberg's  house,  where 
he  presented  Harvard  with  gifts  from  the 
Emperor  for  the  Germanic  museum.  The 
next  embodiment  of  Miinsterberg's  idea  of 
good  will  among  nations  was  the  International 
Congress  of  Scholars  held  at  the  St.  Louis 
World's  Fair  in  1904.  This  congress  was  not 
only  his  own  original  idea,  but  he  worked  out 
detailed  plans  for  it  and,  during  the  summer 
before  the  exposition,  personally  visited 
scholars  in  Germany  and  invited  them  to  at- 
tend. Another  opportunity  for  carrying  out 
liis  task  of  interpreting  Germany  and  America 
to  each  other  was  given  him  when  he  was  sent 
as  exchange  professor  from  Harvard  to  the 
University  of  Berlin.  He  had  previously  re- 
ceived a  call  from  the  Prussian  government  to 
the  University  of  Konigsberg,  to  fill  the  chair 
of  philosophy  once  held  by  Immanuel  Kant, 
but  had  refused  it  and  remained  loyal  to 
Harvard.  Now  his  chance  had  come  to  teach 
at  the  leading  German  university,  without 
severing  his  connection  with  Harvard.  At 
Berlin  he  not  only  lectured  on  applied  psy- 
chology and  idealistic  philosophy,  but  he 
founded  and  directed  the  unique  "  America- 
Institute,"  which  is  a  kind  of  intellectual 
clearing-house  for  educational  institutions  in 
Germany  and  America.  There  are  plenty  of 
international  problems  which  are  neither  po- 
litical nor  economic,  and  so  cannot  be  handled 
either  by  embassies  or  consulates — problems 
of  copyright  that  concern  the  author,  problems 
of  the  comparative  standards  of  scholarship 
that  perplex  the  student — and  for  the  solu- 
tion of  these  the  staff  of  the  America-Institute 
was  at  work.  An  exchange  of  printed  matter 
with  the  Smithsonian  Institution  was  organized, 
and  a  useful  library  on  topics  of  German- 
American  relations  was  collected  and  suitably 
housed.  On  his  return  to  America,  after  the 
year  in  Berlin,  Dr.  Munsterberg  devoted  him- 
self again  to  his  duties  at  Harvard,  and,  at 
the  same  time,  energetically  explored  new 
fields,  particularly  that  of  applied  psychology. 
In  the  year  1911-12  he  made  novel  experiments 
on  the  reactions  of  telephone  operators,  motor- 
men,  etc.,  for  the  purpose  of  determining  how 
psychology  could  be  applied  to  industrial  life, 
and  through  his  researches,  and  his  presenta- 
tion of  them  to  the  public,  a  decided  active 
interest  in  the  application  of  psychological 
methods  to  the  choice  of  vocations,  and  to  the 
regulation  of  industrial  work,  spread  through 
the  country.  Into  this  period  of  Dr.  Miinster- 
berg's productiveness  fall  the  three  books, 
"Vocation  and  Learning"  (1912),  the  Ger- 
man "  Psychologic  und  Wirtschaftsleben," 
(1912)    and    its    virtual    English    equivalent, 


"Psychology  and  Industrial  Efficiency."  It 
was  in  the  first  year  after  his  return  from 
Germany  that  a  new  idea  of  Dr.  Miinster- 
berg's in  quite  a  different  realm,  was  first 
presented  in  an  address  at  a  dinner  for  the 
Steuben  memorial  celebration,  and  afterward 
embodied  in  an  essay  "  American  Patriotism," 
the  first  in  a  book  of  essays  of  the  same  name 
(1913).  This  was  the  conception  of  all 
Europe,  in  contrast  to  England  alone,  as  the 
"  mother  country  "  of  America.  "  The  Ameri- 
can people,"  he  said,  "  is  not  an  English,  nor 
a  Dutch,  nor  a  French,  nor  a  German,  nor 
an  Irish  people.  The  American  nation  is  an 
entirely  new  people  which,  like  all  the  other 
great  nations  of  the  world,  has  arisen  from 
a  mixture  of  races  and  from  a  blending  of  na- 
tionalities. All  these  races  are  united  and 
assimilated  here — not  by  a  common  racial 
origin,  but  by  a  common  national  task.  They 
must  work  out  in  unity  the  destiny  of  a 
nation,  to  which  all  the  leading  countries  of 
Europe  have  contributed  their  most  enterpris- 
ing elements,  as  bearers  of  their  particular 
traits  and  ideals."  The  author  of  these  words 
did  not  dream  at  the  time  of  his  writing  how 
soon  the  bitter  need  would  arise  for  him  to 
bring  home  this  lesson  to  America.  In 
August,  1914,  Dr.  Munsterberg  found  himself 
severed  from  his  country,  and  his  kinsmen, 
whose  fate  was  uncertain,  at  a  time  when 
cables  between  Germany  and  America  were  cut 
and  no  authentic  news  could  reach  American 
shores,  while  he  breathed  the  hostile  atmos- 
phere of  New  England,  and  heard  his  own 
people  and  its  government  grossly  misjudged 
and  abused.  He  immediately  sent  an  article, 
"  Fair  Play,"  a  defense  of  Germany,  out  into 
the  world,  and  his  book,  "  The  War  and 
America,"  appeared  in  September  as  the  first 
book  on  the  great  war.  In  spite  of  dishearten- 
ing obstacles,  he  remained  true  to  his  mission 
of  interpreting  Germany  to  America,  and  he 
did  so  to  the  end,  spurred  on  by  his  unfailing 
idealism.  Meanwhile,  he  continued  his  work 
at  Harvard  with  unabated  energy,  and  this 
was  rewarded  by  the  loyalty  of  the  students, 
who  crowded  his  classrooms  more  than  ever. 
He  even  gave  time  and  attention  to  a  new 
field  of  applied  psychology — the  art  of  the 
moving  pictures — and  his  book,  "  The  Photo- 
play," appeared  in  1916.  In  the  midst  of 
his  work,  at  a  time  when  his  ever  hopeful 
eye  saw  the  dawn  of  peace,  death  overtook  him, 
while  he  was  lecturing  on  elementary  psychol- 
ogy to  a  class  of  Radcliffe  students.  His  last 
book,  "  Tomorrow,"  published  a  month  before 
his  death,  is  an.  outlook  into  the  future,  when 
once  more  there  shall  be  good  will  among  the 
nations.  A  fragment  is  left  us  also  of  a  book 
that  he  had  begun :  "  Twenty-five  Years  in 
America,"  a  book  of  reminiscences,  of  which 
he  finished  one  chapter  with  the  touching 
words,  "  When  shall  I  see  my  native  land 
again?"  Hugo  Miinsterberg's  books  may  bo 
classified  under  five  headings:  Psyoliology, 
Applied  Psychology,  Education,  Sociology,  an<l 
Politics,  and  last — thougli  one  should 
rather  say  first,  and  above  all — PliiloHojiliy. 
It  was  as  a  psychologist,  however,  thai  ho  was 
most  productive,  and  oxortod  the  widest  in- 
fluence in  the  linitod  States.  ITis  firsl  p.syoho- 
logical  book  in  English  was  "  Psychology  and 
Life"    (1899),  which  defines  the  mission   and 

431 


MUNSTERBERG 


MUNSTERBERG 


scope  of  the  science  of  psychology,  its  rela- 
tion to  philosophy  and  practical  life  This 
had  been  preceded'by  a  German  book,  **  Willens- 
handlung"  (Freiburg,  1888).  Dr.  MUnster- 
berg  also  published  in  German,  **  Beitriige  zur 
experimentellen  Psychologie "  in  four  parts 
(Freiburg,  1889-92),  "  Aufgaben  und  Metho- 
den  der  Psychologie"  (Leipzig,  1891),  and  a 
profound,  philosophical  work  on  the  funda- 
mental nature  of  psychology:  "  Grundziige  der 
Psychologie,"  Vol.  I  (Leipzig,  1900).  In  the 
summer  of  1914  appeared  his  comprehensive 
p:ngli8h  textbook,  "Psychology:  General  and 
Applii'd  "  Dr.  :MUn9terberg  was  editor  of  the 
•'  Harvard  Psvchological  Studies "  Vols.  I-III 
(1904-13)  and  Vol.  IV  (1915).  His  first  book 
on  Applied  Psychology  was  "  On  the  Witness 
Stand"  (1908),  called  in  the  London  edition, 
"  Psychology  and  Crime,"  which  dealt  with 
the  use  of  psychology  in  the  courtroom  and  in 
dealings  with  criminals.  Then  followed 
"  Psychotherapy,"  a  thorough  presentation  of 
the  relation  of  psychology  to  medicine  and  the 
treatment  of  mental  diseases — a  field  which, 
although  possessing  a  high  popular  interest, 
had  previously  been  approached  in  a  manner 
both  unprofessional  and  unmethodical.  The 
application  of  psychology  to  industrial  life 
Miinsterberg  introduced  first  in  his  German 
work,  "  Psychologie  und  Wirtschaftsleben," 
and  its  English  translation,  "  Psychology  and 
Industrial  Efficiency."  Then  followed  a  more 
comprehensive  German  work  on  applied  psy- 
chology, "  Grundziige  der  Psychotechnik " 
(Leipzig,  1914).  Finally,  "Psychology  and 
Social  Sanity"  (Doubleday,  Page,  N.  Y.,  1914) 
helps  toward  the  solution  of  various  social 
problems,  and  "  The  Photoplay  "  is  an  esthetic 
as  well  as  psychological  study  of  the  artistic 
possibilities  of  the  photo-drama.  Under  the 
heading  "  Education  "  come  first  "  principles 
of  Art  Education"  (1905)  and  then  "Psy- 
chology and  the  Teacher  "  ( 1909 ) ,  which 
might  as  justly  be  classed  with  the  books  on 
applied  psychology,  since  it  deals  with  the  use 
of  psychology  in  the  classroom;  but  it  has  also 
a  broad,  philosophical  aspect  in  its  treatment 
of  the  aims  of  education.  "  Vocation  and 
Learning"  (1912)  is  a  unique  contribution  in 
the  educational  field,  in  which  the  author  used 
his  philosophic  insight  and  psychological 
knowledge  in  helping  to  solve  the  problems 
confronting  a  young  man  or  woman  in  choos- 
ing a  vocation.  Under  the  sociological  and 
political  group  comes  first  the  collection  of 
charming  essays,  "  American  Traits  "  ( 1901 ) , 
in  which  the  writer  looks  upon  certain  aspects 
of  American  life  with  the  eyes  of  a  German. 
With  this  book,  which  won  immediate  popu- 
larity, he  began  his  career  as  interpreter  of 
German  ideals  to  Americans  and  American 
ideals  to  Germany.  This  latter  motive  in- 
spired the  German  book,  "  Die  Amerikaner " 
(Berlin,  1904),  which  was  thoroughly  revised 
in  1912,  and  translated  by  Prof.  E.  B.  Holt 
under  the  title,  "The  Americans"  (1904), 
This  was  followed  by  another  German  book, 
"Aus  Deutsche-Amerika "  (Berlin,  1909). 
"American  Problems"  (1910),  published  in 
England  under  the  title,  "  Problems  of  To- 
day," contains  essays  on  various  problems  of 
the  day,  such  as  "  The  Standing  of  Scholar- 
ship," "  Prohibition  and  Temperance,"  "  Books 
and   Bookstores,"   and   others.      Of   this   book, 


in  contrast  to  the  "  American  Traits,"  the 
author  said  in  the  Preface:  "Not  as  a  Ger- 
man, but  as  a  psychologist  I  have  begun  to 
take  sides  as  to  problems  which  stir  the  na- 
tion." In  "American  Patriotism"  (1913),  a 
collection  of  essays  in  the  style  of  "American 
Problems,"  the  author  has  returned  to  his  task 
of  interpreting  German  ideals,  as  in  the  chap- 
ters: "The  Germany  of  Today,"  "The  German 
Woman,"  and  "  The  Germans  at  School." 
Finally,  within  the  period  from  the  outbreak 
of  the  war  until  his  death,  fall  the  three 
books  inspired  by  the  war  and  the  war's  effect 
on  America.  Of  "  The  War  and  America " 
(1914),  written  in  an  easy,  spontaneous  style, 
in  the  form  of  a  diary,  the  author  says  in 
the  Preface :  "  Whatever  more  the  struggle 
may  bring  refers  to  outer  events,  to  the  har- 
vest of  the  guns,  to  victory  or  defeat.  It 
cannot  change  the  issues  with  which  these 
pages  have  to  do.  They  do  not  speak  of 
soldiers  and  strategy  and  the  chances  of  the 
battlefield;  they  speak  of  right  and  wrong; 
they  speak  of  eternal  values"  In  this  philo- 
sophical spirit  the  defense  of  the  German 
point  of  view  and  the  criticism  of  American 
prejudices  were  written,  with  a  rare  tolerance 
and  insight.  "  The  War  and  America  "  was 
soon  followed  by  "  The  Peace  and  America  " 
(1915).  In  the  first  chapter,  "Peace,"  Dr. 
Munsterberg  says :  "  If  the  time  is  out  of 
joint  it  canno't  be  set  right  again  until  the 
true  causes  of  our  war  of  minds  are  fearlessly 
analyzed  and  clearly  seen.  The  truth  alone 
will  make  us  free  from  strife.  To  understand 
our  misunderstandings  is  the  only  thing  which 
we  can  contribute  today  toward  a  lasting 
peace."  And  to  the  understanding  of  mis- 
understandings the  book  is  devoted  Both 
books  on  the  war  appeared  combined  in  a 
German  translation  under  the  title :  "  Amerika 
und  der  Weltkrieg."  The  third  book  of  the 
series  is  the  last  from  Dr.  Miinsterberg's  pen: 
"Tomorrow"  (1916).  In  the  form  of  letters 
to  a  friend  in  Germany  which  brings  home  to 
the  reader  in  a  warm  and  living  way  the 
hopefulness  and  idealism  of  the  author, 'Hugo 
Munsterberg  has  given  us  his  last  message 
It  is  his  vision  of  a  better  tomorrow  w^hen 
the  guns  of  today  will  be  silenced — the  to- 
morrow not  only  of  Europe  emerging  from 
the  clutch  of  war,  but  of  America  w^hich  he 
believes  indispensable  in  the  reorganization  of 
the  Western  world.  His  w^as  the  inspired 
vision  of  a  prophet,  who,  before  his  death, 
beheld  the  dawn  of  a  raging  world's  peaceful 
"  tomorrow."  Psychologist,  educator,  and 
force  in  public  life,  Hugo  Munsterberg  was 
first  and  above  all  a  philosopher.  His  earliest 
philosophical  publications  were  in  German — 
his  doctor's  thesis,  "  Naturliche  Anpassung " 
(Leipzig,  1885)  and  "  Ursprung  der  Sittlich- 
keit"  (Freiburg,  1889).  His  first  English 
contribution  to  philosophy  was  a  small  volume 
"Eternal  Life"  (Houghton  Mifflin,  Boston, 
1905),  in  which  he  gave  his  conception  of: 
immortality,  and  this  little  book  made  a  pro- 
found impression  on  the  public.  It  was  fol- 
lowed by  another  popular  book  of  the  same 
size:  "Science  and  Idealism"  (1906)  which 
sets  forth  the  relation  of  science  to  an  ideal- 
istic view  of  life,  and  explains  that  they  in- 
volve no  paradox.  The  comprehensive, 
scholarly   work   in   German   "  Philosophie   der 


432 


/C^ay^^'^^^c^     j^t^i^yi^^-i-L^^      7CuZ^l^^^?>Z    - 


BARTON 


GORE 


Verte'-     (Leipzig,    1908),    presents    MUnater- 
-'^    complete    system    of    philo«'"' ' -•       ^  *■  ^ 
-iastic  reception  of  this  boo*: 
.._..L'  of  the  circle  of  scholnrs 
as  intended  indiiced  the  au* 
II  English  and  at  the  same 
is    American    public.      It    appifMivG    ht*    ihx, 
Eternal  Valiifis  "  (lf)09t.     Th*»  >yx*  i*  thoi 
igh  and   ^  ^  *  ■  of  in 


;;iration 
liie  technka;    rt 
entation  of  a  »^; 
baaed   on    ihc    • 
morality,    and 
oternal  valvv 
ied    Selmii , 
:    Weissei:' 
,nk    in    the    • 
ul  two  daugh 
ith  their  moth 


as  vo 

"tern  of  idealistic  pidto^opliy. 

iir.io.tion    that    trulb,    l)eaury, 

hotjnesjs    have     abAoiute     and 

'    1S87  Dr.  Miin.toriK.Tg  mar- 

r   of   Dr.    Aik-ii'lm   (.>ppler, 

c'f,  a  physician  of   high 

iiperial    array.      They 

■arete  and  Ella,  who, 

1,  ;m;.''.  ,ve  him      Dr.  MUnster- 

rg's   home    in    Cambridge    was   the    scene   of 

jspitable    entertainments,    not    only    to    hi? 

umeroua  friends,  colleagues,  and  students,  but 

Iso    to   many   foreign    soholar.s    and   authors, 

lists,  diplomats,  and  other  public  charBctfrs 

BARTON,  Charles  Sumner,  manufact nrvr.  b 

I  Worcester,  Mass,  21  Hi\\,t  ,    ts.^",   d    rh* 

i    July,    1914,    son    vt    ''^'ri--    K  i  ;<i^«  r 


width  of  the  mach 


in    Iv    iM''    V  i  ■ 


edu^tltii'TJi 

■;  veralls  au..    . 
with  th«>  men  i 
fri!'ndf»hip   rvf  < 
thereafter  ret«. 
own  part,  aUo, 
men  niad«;  hii«  = 
stood  their  aiu 
with    th+'ir    ■^■. 
them  &H   xMu 
cesafui  J»nr   '• 
ing   is   int 
and    kind' 
vrorker»  u- 


ine,  at  the  rate  of  700  feet 
'y  k  machine  for  thi!?  pur- 

d  in  six  freight  cars ;  now 
re^juired  to  ship  such   a 

;»rt  of  the  development  of 

■  pr?p-"T7* 


tftge  of  effieifuvy 
'f  the  Rice,  Bar- 

Jrtm    Omipany, 

'i<>e  aiid 

h  and 

i'.f'TjM 

:'■}'   »hUt 

Mv  won  the 

<n.*      S.l''^"rl>4 

expedition  against  Fort  Duquesne.  Several  of 
his  descendants  have  won  distinction;  one  son, 
William  Barton,  designed  the  Great  Seal  of  the 
United  States.  In  his  youth  Mr.  Barton  was 
studious  and  industrious.  He  was  educated 
in  the  public  »cho<:»ls  of  his  native  town,  at 
the  classical  8ch^v>l.  and  at  Harvard  t'ni- 
versity,  whf^re  be.  K-maiutrd  two  years.  At  the 
^o  years  he  hecRme  a  machinist 
machine  i*hop,  where  throu^di 
:  str-, ,  •••  and  <'Ar*'ful  fitt.ention  to  ail 
-..  he  won  pr"ni«»l5on  fhr.>».*gh  the  vf^vious* 
....  pc.  iments.  In  his  »«i.A.re  tiaje  he  ^uidUd 
drafting  at  the  Worcester  Cuu'siy  MeeliMffit  »>' 
Association,  hi  18«2  th»'  bih^iuess  was  Umv*. 
f erred  to  the  firm  of  Rif^e,  Barton  and  Com 
pany,  which,  in  1867,  wa?  incorporaffd  vrxder 
the  name  of  Rice,  Barton  and  Falea  Macl:int: 
and  Iron  Company.  Up^n  tlw  doa^h  of  bis 
father,  in  1891,  Mr  Barton  was  i-ho.scn  j^rcsi- 
deiit  and  treasurer.  Hi.^  pronounced  ex'ecii'i/e 
f  ability  and  keen  judgment  were  mos!  bene- 
ficial to  the  business,  -whirh  soon  Ijocanic  ono 
of  the  moat  successful  <»f  it.s  kind  in  the  liia 
tory  of  the  country.  T^»*  oinsp'it!y'>^  pri'i/  ij>al 
line  hafc  always  I'mvi.  iht-  hniMit«g  <»t  pap-r 
manufactiiriijg    machiti.-ry       With    ih.?    udveiil 

qui' "Jy  gMined 
fx-r^'H'     Aoicrif'an 

•     •    '^r.ijiiHnv'.^ 

llif>        In 

:':•■!  V      '.>.-> 

,  •,  V,  r;!i..g  ."  l.i.> 


,H*r  uf  th^  I'riion,  b\.*«Jivi>j4-f.  And  ^-.^hXun 
i;'.     Ctuhs     of     Boston;      th.»     •.  .iUniist. 
fft,    Tinula,    Racquet    and    Isrrn.k.    Ciub? 
v     Vork»     vhe    Myopia    Hunt    f^iub    of 
t.vn,    Ma.8«  ■,     Wof'^t'gter    Club,    Harvard 
C>untry     Clnb     *>i     IJr.K'kline,     ?^IH3s  ; 
i'iiinock      Country     Cluit;      Graftc-a      ( "utitry 
Club;     Hermitage    Country     <'UiVi;  '  Quinsig.*- 
mond  Boat  Club:    Worrorjtcr  County   llepuhli- 
can  Club,  and  the  Commcreia,!  TravolvM.s'  .-Vhs;  - 
ciaiion.     On   .'^i  Jan.,    1881,  he  marrie-^   Eliza- 
beth   Strong,    daughter   of    Amarinh,    Jr.    and 
HVien     (Strong)     Hoibrook,    of    Sai:'!,      Hil!. 
N".  Y,     Tliey  had  ti)ree  chiMftn,  (ae«>ri4;e  Snra- 
ner,  Nancy  K..  ixnd  Helen  Knlhcrinf,  tin-  ]:?<*  r 
the    -v\ife    of    Dr     Williani    Kdwards    i 
Boston. 

GORE.  Thomas  Fryoi 


'  Wcbstor   Coxsn'v. 

i  (  V^  ingo  i     Core 

I  >•■■>> rs   br>u    l>^n 
\  ■<nii  ^    rsn^Mcqa^r,' 
'  ttun       \^'il^n    'I'h- 

i   !!:-     lost     t  Ili'     Hi;;b 

I  been   <ie<"id«-ntnlly 
I  in    P    '-<!aynj:»l.;v 
!  rig?'t  eyt.  b\   i;n  i 
•;  lad   vvan  r-o^^^vrtS*'- 


S 


S- 


of  thf-   pul{>   fMipcr   buf»'j»cH»,    it 
recognition    a^   lh«'    ino.-.r 
concern    in    i*s    Iiin 
shops  are  equipped    o   ■ 
a   \vidth    of    nu,i-'^    ili;..) 
est    now    in    \H,t»       >(^"a- 

'0    to    50    dryinv'    cs!.':. 

li    diamct'T.    atid    wn-., 
of  paper,  12  to    IS  f.'et 


•1  retcnti\;^  rneuiory 
rt'.^r<!ted  i':  n  con- 
toucri-.  •t.ud  lie  ■',:■>■ 
kn<'v-r  i;/i^  ',•,■.(,'•  ■ 
y-ir    ho    : 

Kc}io(d  ill     ''\   I .' 


>1  a  p 


DIX 


BOWEN 


graduated  in  1892.  In  1891  he  was  nominated 
for  the  State  legislature,  but  waa  obliged  to 
retire  from  the  field  as  he  had  not  yet  come 
of  age.  In  1892  he  entered  upon  the  prac- 
tice of  his  profession  in  Mississippi,  remov- 
ing three  years  later  to  Corsicana,  Tex.  He 
was  a  delegate  to  the  Populist  National  Con- 
vention in  1896.  In  1898  he  was  defeated  for 
Congress  on  the  People's  ticket  in  the  Sixth 
Texas  District.  Becoming  affiliated  with  the 
Democratic  party  in  1899,  he  campaigned  in 
Nebraska  -^nd  the  Dakotas  in  1900,  and  in 
Illinois,  Ohio,  Indiana,  and  New  York  in 
1904.  In  1901  he  removed  to  Lawton,  Okla., 
where  he  has  since  resided.  He  served  as  a 
member  of  the  territorial  council  of  1902-05, 
and  two  years  after,  when  Oklahoma  became  a 
State,  was  elected  the  first  senator  to  rep- 
resent it  in  Washington.  The  campaign  which 
he  conducted  preceding  his  election  attracted 
the  attention  of  the  entire  country.  His  wife, 
who  was  his  constant  and  efficient  aid,  sup- 
plied the  deficiency  of  sight,  and  so  persuasive 
was  his  eloquence,  so  indomitable  their  com- 
bined courage,  that  every  obstacle  was  sur- 
mounted and  his  triumph  was  complete.  In 
the  Senate  he  is  a  prominent  and  unique  fig- 
ure. His  genuine  ability  carried  him  at  once 
to  the  front,  and  in  every  debate  in  which 
he  has  participated  his  astonishing  memory 
and  wide  range  of  information  have  com- 
manded admiration  and  respect.  In  1909 
Senator  Gore  was  re-elected  for  the  term  end- 
ing 1915.  He  took  a  prominent  part  in  the 
campaign  which  resulted  in  the  election  of 
Woodrow  Wilson  as  President  in  1912.  He 
married  27  Dec,  1900,  Nina,  daughter  of 
John  T.  Kay,  of  Palestine,  Tex. 

DIX,  Edwin  Asa,  author,  b.  in  Newark, 
N.  J.,  25  June,  1860;  d  in  New  York,  N.  Y., 
24  Aug.,  1911,  son  of  John  Edwin  and  Mary 
(Joy)  Dix.  His  American  lineage  dates  from 
1635,  when  his  earliest  American  progenitor, 
Edward  Dix,  settled  in  New  England.  He  pre- 
pared for  college  at  the  Newark  Latin  School, 
and  entered  Princeton  in  1877.  There  he  stood 
at  the  head  of  his  class  during  the  whole  four 
years,  with  an  average  grade  of  98 V^  per 
cent.,  believed  to  be  the  highest  ever  attained 
there.  He  was  gold  medalist  of  Whig  Hall, 
prize  essayist  and  winner  of  the  Bondinot 
Historical  Fellowship,  being  graduated  as  first 
honor  man  and  Latin  salutatorian  of  his  class 
in  1881.  Later  he  was  a  member  of  the  grad- 
uate council  of  the  university.  His  literary 
interests  were  evident  in  his  boyhood.  These 
were  the  early  days  of  amateur  journalism, 
and  Dix's  paper  was  the  "  Jersey  Blue,"  one 
of  the  best  of  its  class,  and  on  it  he  did  all 
the  work,  even  to  the  actual  printing.  At 
Princeton  he  was  managing  editor  of  "  The 
Nassau  Literary  ]Magazine."  After  gradua- 
tion Mr  Dix  entered  the  Columbia  Law 
School,  New  York  City,  and  was  graduated 
there  with  the  highest  honors.  He  practiced 
law  for  a  short  time,  and  then  spent  several 
years  in  travel  through  Europe,  North  Africa, 
and  the  Far  East.  In  later  periods  of  his  life 
these  wanderings  were  often  resumed,  for  his 
health  was  not  rugged  and  the  love  of  travel 
was  always  strong  in  him.  For  two  years 
(1893-95)  he  was  engaged  in  editorial  work, 
being  then  literary  editor  of  "  The  Church- 
man," New  York  City;  but  in  August  of  the 


latter  year  he  married  Marion  Alden  Alcott, 
of  Cherry  Valley,  N.  Y.,  and  cut  loose  from 
editorial  confinement.  Before  this  time  he 
had  begun  his  more  creative  literary  work, 
upon  which  his  lasting  reputation  must  stand. 
In  1890  his  first  work  appeared:  "A  Mid- 
summer Drive  Through  the  Pyrenees,"  a  pleas- 
ant and  discoursive  record  of  travel.  Four 
years  later  "  Deacon  Bradbury,"  his  first 
novel,  was  published,  while  his  second,  "  Old 
Bowen's  Legacy,"  appeared  in  1901.  Then  came 
his  only  historical  work,  "  Champlain,  the 
Founder  of  New  France,"  which  appeared  in 
1903,  and  fully  justified  his  historical  fellow- 
ship. This  was  followed  by  two  other  novels: 
"  Prophet's  Landing  "  ( 1907 )  and  "  Quincy 
Baxter"  (1908).  Perhaps  the  most  character- 
istic feature  of  Mr.  Dix's  literary  work,  be- 
sides its  realistic  portrayal  of  New  England 
life  and  types,  is  a  delicacy  of  thought  and 
diction  that  is  peculiarly  his  own. 

BOWEN,  Clarence  Winthrop,  journalist,  b. 
in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  22  May,  1852,  son  of  Henry 
Chandler  and  Lucy  Maria  (Tappan)  Bowen. 
He  is  of  Welsh  ancestry  and  early  Colonial 
stock,  being  a  descendant  of  Griffith  Bowen,  of 
Oxwich,  Gower,  Wales,  who  settled  in  Boston, 
Mass.,  in  1638.  Lieut.  Henry  Bowen,  son  of 
the  colonist,  was  one  of  the  original  settlers 
of  Woodstock,  Conn.,  in  1686,  and  married 
Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Capt.  Isaac  John- 
son, of  Roxbury,  Mass.  From  them  the  line 
may  be  traced  through  their  son,  Isaac,  and 
his  wife,  Hannah,  daughter  of  Jonah  Win- 
chester; their  son,  Henry,  and  his  wife,  Mar- 
garet, daughter  of  Matthew  Davis,  of  Pom- 
fret,  Conn.;  their  son,  Captain  Matthew,  and 
his  wife,  Mary,  daughter  of  Isaac  Dana,  of 
Pomfret;  their  son,  William,  and  his  wife, 
Mary,  daughter  of  Peter  Chandler,  of  Pomfret; 
their  son.  Lieutenant  George,  and  his  wife, 
Lydia  Wolcott,  daughter  of  John  Eliot  Eaton, 
of  Dudley,  Mass.  On  the  maternal  side,  Clar- 
ence W.  Bowen  was  descended  from  a  promi- 
nent New  England  family,  his  mother  having 
been  the  daughter  of  Lewis  Tappan,  who  came 
into  public  notice  before  the  Civil  War  as  a 
stanch  abolitionist.  In  the  Brooklyn  Poly- 
technic Institute,  he  was  tutored  by  the  Rev. 
Dr.  William  Hayes  Ward,  who  later  became 
editor  of  the  "  Independent."  Entering  Yale 
College  he  was  graduated  B.A.  in  1873,  and 
began  his  active  life  career  as  a  journalist. 
In  1874  Mr.  Bowen  obtained  a  position  with 
the  New  York  "Tribune,"  but  soon  left  that 
newspaper,  to  take  his  place  with  his  father 
on  "The  Independent."  There  he  remained 
for  the  next  thirty-nine  years,  until  his  re- 
tirement in  1913.  During  those  years  he 
occupied  the  various  positions  of  assistant 
publisher,  publisher,  and  publisher  and  pro- 
prietor of  "  The  Independent,"  following  his 
father's  death  in  1896.  Although  well  known 
to  thousands  of  readers  in  his  journalistic 
capacity,  Mr.  Bowen  came  into  international 
prominence  in  1883,  when  acting  as  corre- 
spondent for  "  The  Independent "  he  inter- 
viewed King  Alfonso  XII,  of  Spain,  the  Duke 
of  Veragua  (a  descendant  of  Christopher  Co- 
lumbus ) ,  and  other  persons  of  prominence  and 
influence,  with  reference  to  the  four-hundredth 
anniversary  of  the  discovery  of  America,  a 
celebration  which  he  was  the  first  to  agitate. 
His  interest  and  activities  in  the  matter  re- 


434 


HUBBARD 


HUBBARD 


suited  in  the  Chicago  Exposition  held  in  1893. 
Mr.  Bowen  was  also  secretary  of  the  Commit- 
tee on  Arrangements  for  the  Centennial  of 
Washington's  Inauguration  held  in  1889.  In 
addition  to  his  contributions  to  the  editorial 
columns  of  his  own  publication  Mr.  Bowen 
wrote  many  articles  for  various  journals,  and 
is  the  author  of  several  books,  including: 
"  Boundary  Disputes  of  Connecticut  "  ( 1882 )  ; 
"Woodstock,  an  Historical  Sketch"  (1886); 
and  prepared  the  Memorial  Volume  issued  at 
the  Centennial  of  Washington's  Inauguration 
(1892) .  He  is  well  known  as  a  public  speaker, 
and  is  often  called  upon  to  deliver  addresses 
on  public  and  historical  occasions,  notably  in 
June,  1915,  when  he  gave  the  baccalaureate 
address  before  the  College  of  William  and 
Mary,  at  Williamsburg,  Va.  He  has  also  made 
many  addresses  before  various  historical  so- 
cieties of  the  country.  Mr.  Bowen  was  a 
founder,  in  1883,  and  since  its  organization 
the  treasurer,  of  the  American  Historical  Asso- 
ciation; is  president  of  the  New  York  Genea- 
logical and  Biographical  Society;  member  of 
the  New  York  Historical  Society;  vice-presi- 
dent of  the  Connecticut  Historical  Society; 
corresponding  member  of  the  Rhode  Island 
Historical  Society;  member  of  the  Colonial 
Society  of  Massachusetts;  member  of  the 
council  of  the  American  Antiquarian  Society; 
member  of  the  Metropolitan,  Union  League 
and  Riding  Clubs,  the  Downtown  Association, 
Automobile  Club  of  America,  Sleepy  Hollow 
Country  Club,  Sons  of  the  Revolution,  and  the 
Society  of  Colonial  Wars.  He  married  28 
Jan.,  1892,  Roxana,  daughter  of  "  Long  John  " 
Wentworth,  mayor  of  Chicago.  He  has  one 
daughter,  Roxana  Wentworth  Bowen  (b.  9 
July,  1895). 

HTJBBARD,  Newton  K.,  banker,  b.  in  Aga- 
wam,  Mass.,  17  Dec,  1839;  d.  in  Fargo,  N.  D., 
16  Dec,  1909,  son  of  George  J.  and  Marian 
(Adams)  Hubbard. 
His  father  was  a 
prosperous  farmer, 
and  a  native  of 
New  England;  his 
grandfather,  Capt. 
George  Hubbard, 
was  an  active 
participator  in 
the  Revolutionary 
War.  Newton  K. 
Hubbard  was  edu- 
cated in  the  public 
schools  of  his  na- 
tive State,  and  at 
the  Providence 

Conference  College, 
East  Greenwich, 
R.  I.  After  com- 
pleting his  studies,  he  went  to  Painesville, 
Ohio,  where  he  taught  school.  It  was  about 
this  time  that  oil  was  struck  in  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  possessing  uncommon  sagacity 
and  singularly  sound  judgment,  he  wrote 
his  father  that  he  could  make  some  money 
in  oil  if  he  would  send  him  ,$1,000. 
Within  a  few  days  thereafter  the  Civil  War 
broke  out,  and  when  the  check  arrived,  he 
sent  it  back  to  his  father,  saying  that  he  en- 
listed 22  April,  1861,  as  a  private  in  Company 
D,  Seventh  Regiment,  Ohio  Volunteer  Infantry. 
On  19  June  he  re-enlisted  for  three  years  and 


was  made  corporal.  He  was  captured  in  the 
battle  of  Cross  Lane,  Va.,  and  was  confined 
for  nine  months  and  six  days  in  the  military 
prisons  at  Richmond,  Va.,  New  Orleans,  La., 
and  Salisbury,  N.  C.  In  the  exchange  of  pris- 
oners in  January,  1863,  he  rejoined  his  regiment 
and  fought  again  in  the  battles  of  Chancellors- 
ville,  Va.,  Gettysburg,  Pa.,  Lookout  Mountain, 
Tenn.,  and  other  important  engagements.  He 
was  mustered  out  as  sergeant  major,  6  July, 
1864;  was  appointed  purveyor  of  General  Case- 
ment's brigade,  and  remained  in  Raleigh, 
N.  C,  until  the  close  of  the  war.  He  opened 
the  first  store  in  Raleigh  after  the  Union 
troops  arrived  there,  but  the  sectional  feeling 
became  so  bitter  that  he  sold  the  store  for 
$5,000  and  returned  to  Ohio,  opening  a  store 
in  Geneva.  His  splendid  business  capacities 
enabled  him  to  amass  a  large  fortune,  and  in 
the  spring  of  1870  he  sold  out  and  went  to 
Duluth,  Minn.  The  development  of  the  North- 
ern Pacific  Railroad  Company  pointed  to  the 
opening  of  a  great  territory,  and,  in  company 
with  L.  H.  Tenny,  went  to  Georgetown,  Minn., 
making  the  trip  on  horseback  from  St.  Cloud. 
They  then  went  to  the  mouth  of  the  Elm  River, 
took  government  claims  and  built  log  claim 
shanties.  In  that  year  he  purchased  a  stock  of 
general  merchandise  and  opened  a  tent  store 
at  Oak  Lake,  now  Lake  Park,  Minn.,  furnish- 
ing supplies  to  the  railroad  company.  Later 
he  formed  the  firm  of  Hubbard  and  Raymond, 
and  operated  successfully  stores  at  Brainerd, 
Glyndon,  Moorhead,  and  Jamestown.  After 
two  years  the  partnership  was  dissolved,  Mr. 
Hubbard  concentrating  the  business  at  Moor- 
head. In  1873  Mr.  Hubbard  bought  the  first 
three  business  lots  sold  in  Fargo,  and  later, 
having  closed  out  the  Moorhead  store,  settled 
permanently  in  Fargo,  and  opened  a  general 
store  with  his  bookkeeper,  E.  S.  Tyler,  as 
partner.  In  the  spring  of  1874  they  purchased 
the  furniture  of  the  Headquarters  Hotel  (com- 
menced by  the  railroad  company  in  1871),  but 
after  three  months  the  hotel  burned.  Hubbard 
and  Tyler,  after  getting  the  concessions  asked 
for,  rebuilt  the  hotel  in  sixty  days  at  a  cost 
of  $20,000.  The  opening  of  this  new  Head- 
quarters Hotel  was  the  occasion  of  great  fes- 
tivity; it  was  for  years  the  social  center  and 
headquarters  for  all  the  settlers  of  the  town 
and  county.  At  this  time  Hubbard  and  Tyler 
carried  on  all  the  banking  business  of  the 
town  in  the  back  part  of  their  store,  as  well 
as  caring  for  all  the  express  business.  In  1878 
capitalists  came  from  Racine,  Wis.,  and  with 
them  Mr.  Hubbard  helped  organize  the  First 
National  Bank  of  Fargo,  was  its  first  vice- 
president  and  one  of  the  directors  for  more 
than  twenty  years  until  failing  health  com- 
pelled him  to  withdraw.  As  the  increasing 
facilities  made  it  possible  he  enlarged  his 
business  interests,  opening  a  store  in  Cassel- 
ton  in  the  early  eighties,  subsequently  building 
several  brick  blocks  there.  He  was  one  of  the 
directors  of  the  Casselton,  Cass  County  Na- 
tional Bank  until  the  time  of  his  death.  He 
bought  and  l:)latted  the  town  site  of  Hunter 
on  the  Great  Northern  Railroad  and  opened 
the  first  stores  in  Rlancliard  and  INlayville, 
N.  D.,  on  the  same  lino.  The  first  flat  car 
going  into  the  towns  took  the  lumber  for 
these  buildings.  In  1881  he  organized  and 
was    president    of    the    Goose    River    Bank    of 


435 


MIDDLETON 


BUTTERWORTH 


Mayville — ^a  private  banking-house  under  the 
name  of  N.  K.  Hubbard  and  Company,  and 
after  ten  years  of  successful  business  sold  out 
to  his  associates  on  account  of  ill  health.  The 
Goose  River  Bank  is  today  one  of  the  sub- 
stantial national  banks  of  North  Dakota. 
When  land  was  yet  low  in  price,  Mr.  Hubbard 
acquired  many  acres  of  choice  farm  lands 
both  in  Minnesota  and  North  Dakota.  As  the 
cultivation  of  wheat  increased  he  went  into 
the  grain  business  under  the  firm  name  of 
Hubbard  and  Gibbs,  with  oflSces  in  Fargo.  He 
also  gave  much  attention  to  the  real  estate  busi- 
ness, handling,  however,  only  his  own  lands. 
Mr.  Hubbard  was  one  of  the  organizers  and 
first  president  of  the  Fargo  Southern  Railroad 
Company,  which  is  now  the  branch  line  of  the 
Chicago,  Milwaukee  and  St.  Paul  Railroad, 
running  into  Fargo.  He  was  for  eight  years 
a  director  of  the  State  asylum  for  the  insane, 
and  one  of  four  delegates  from  Dakota  to  the 
Chicago  convention  which  nominated  Presi- 
dent Harrison.  In  1894  Mr.  Hubbard  was 
prominently  mentioned  in  connection  with  the 
Republican  nomination  for  governor  of  North 
Dakota,  but  was  too  ill  that  winter  to  enter- 
tain it  and  declined.  He  was  a  politician, 
straightforward  and  outspoken,  fightihg  for 
temperance  and  all  that  was  best  in  politics 
and  government,  he  is  inseparably  connected 
with  the  early  development  of  North  Dakota. 
In  all  his  dealings  Mr.  Hubbard  was  noted 
for  his  fairness  as  well  as  for  his  splendid 
business  ability;  a  man  of  ripe  judgment, 
strict  integrity,  and  a  fearlessness  in  doing 
right  that  won  for  him  the  confidence  of  all 
his  associates.  With  failing  health  he  grad- 
ually sold  out  his  business  interests  and  turned 
his  attention  to  his  real  estate  and  large  farm- 
ing interests  in  diflFerent  parts  of  the  valley. 
In  1876,  Mr.  Hubbard  married  Miss  Elizabeth 
Clayton,  daughter  of  David  B.  and  Mary  A. 
(Hitchcock)  Clayton,  of  Painesville,  and  they 
had  one  daughter,  Mabel  Louise. 

MIDDLETON,  Austin  Dickinson,  merchant, 
b.  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  13  Feb.,  1845,  eldest  son 
of  John  Nathaniel  Butterfield  and  Louisa 
(Lightbourn)  Middleton.  He  is  a  descendant 
of  Capt.  Lewis  Middleton  who  in  1710  com- 
manded a  privateering  expedition  from  Ber- 
muda, defeating  the  Spaniards  at  Turks 
Island,  which  has  since  remained  a  British 
possession.  Both  his  parents  were  natives  of 
Bermuda,  whence  his  father  (1809-91)  emi- 
grated in  1830,  settling  in  New  York  City,  and 
in  partnership  with  his  brother,  Thomas  D. 
Middleton,  founded  the  commission  and  ship- 
ping-house of  Middleton  and  Company.  Austin 
D.  Middleton  received  a  good  education  under 
private  tutors  and  in  the  College  Grammar 
School,  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  and  at  the  age  of 
seventeen  years  entered  upon  his  business 
career  as  a  clerk  in  the  office  of  his  father's 
firm.  At  the  outset,  through  strict  attention 
to  the  duties  assigned  him  and  by  the  display 
of  a  special  aptitude  for  such  a  business,  he 
continued  to  qualify  for  more  important  work. 
In  1866  he  accepted  a  positioti  as  general 
clerk  in  the  office  of  George  I.  Jones  and  Com- 
pany, grain  and  provision  merchants,  in  Mil- 
waukee, Wis.,  where  he  remained  one  year. 
Upon  his  return  to  New  York  City  he  re- 
entered his  father's  office  and  about  1870  was 
admitted    to    partnership    in    the    firm.     Mr. 


Middleton  assisted  in  the  formation  of  the 
National  Highways  Protection  Society,  the 
main  object  of  which  was  to  prevent  the  im- 
proper and  unreasonable  use  of  the  public 
highways,  and  to  make  them  safer  for  all 
concerned.  At  its  first  election  of  officers  in 
1909  Henry  Clews  became  president  and 
Mr.  Middleton,  vice-president.  Among  the 
society's  most  liberal  and  dependable  sup- 
porters were  F.  Augustus  Schermerhorn 
and  Cleveland  H.  Dodge.  Bradley  Martin, 
Edwin  Gould,  George  G.  Mason,  Judge  Rob- 
ert C.  Cornell,  and  others  have  also  proved 
to  be  invaluable  members,  while  most  of  the 
really  hard  work  of  bringing  the  society 
to  its  present  state  of  efficiency  has  de- 
volved upon  Col.  Edward  S.  Cornell,  its  en- 
ergetic and  indefatigable  secretary.  After  re- 
tirement from  active  business  in  1887,  and 
when  not  engaged  in  his  private  affairs,  Mr. 
Middleton  was  enabled  to  devote  much  atten- 
tion to  travel,  literature,  and  athletics.  He 
has  been  a  member  of  the  Manhattan  and 
New  York  Clubs,  and  is  now  an  associate 
member  of  the  Army  and  Navy  Club,  and  a 
life  member  of  the  St.  George's  Society.  On 
17  June,  1884,  he  married  Catherine  Cornell, 
youngest  daughter  of  Col.  Daniel  D.  Tompkins, 
U.  S.  A.,  a  nephew  of  Hon.  Daniel  D.  Tomp- 
kins, governor  of  New  York  (1807-16)  and 
vice-president  of  the  United  States  (1817-21). 
They  had  two  children:  Ellen  Cornell  Middle- 
ton,  who  died  in  childhood,  and  Louisa  Tomp- 
kins Middleton,  who  married  Capt.  Lucian 
D.  Booth,  U.  S.  A. 

BUTTERWORTH,  William,  manufacturer,  b. 
at    Maineville,    Ohio,    18    Dec,    1864,    son    of 
Benjamin   and    Mary    Ellen    (Seller)    Butter- 
worth.     He  is  a  descendant  of  Isaac  Butter- 
worth,  who  in  Colonial  times  came  from  Eng- 
land and  located  on  a  plantation  in  Virginia, 
where  the  family  continued  to  reside  until  Mr. 
Butterworth's  grandfather,  also  named  William 
Butterworth,  a  Quaker  and  schoolmaster,  freed 
his   slaves,  because   of  conscientious  scruples, 
and  removing  to  Ohio,  became  an  active  factor 
in   the   "underground   railroad,"   in   company 
with  Levi  Coffin  and  other  zealous  opponents 
of  the  fugitive  slave  law.     From  Isaac  Butter- 
worth  and  his  wife,  Jane,  natives  of  England, 
the  line  of  descent  runs  through  Isaac  Butter- 
worth,  their  son,  and  his   wife,  Averilla  Gil- 
bert;  Benjamin  and  Rachel    (Moorman)    But- 
terworth ;  and  William  and  Elizabeth  ( Linton ) 
Butterworth,    parents    of    Benjamin    Butter- 
worth    (1822-98),    Congressman    and    commis- 
sioner of  patents.     Benjamin  Butterworth  was, 
U.   S.  district  attorney   for   Ohio  in    1870-72  ;| 
a   State   senator   in   1873-74;    Congressman   inl 
1878-82    and     1884-86,    and    commissioner    of 
patents    in    1883.     William    Butterworth    was 
educated  in  the  public   schools  of  Cincinnati, 
Ohio,  and  Washington,  D.  C,  and  then  entered, 
Lehigh  University.    He  left  college  before  com-^ 
pleting  the  course,  in  order  to  accept  a  positioi 
in  connection  with  exhibits  at  the  Paris  Ex-^ 
position  of   1889.     On  his  return  to  Ameri( 
he  began  the  study  of  law  in  the  National  La\ 
School,   Washington,  D.   C,   and   in   1893   wt 
admitted  to  the  bar  of   Illinois.     While  pur-^ 
suing  his  law  studies  he  was  private  secretai 
to  the  commissioner  of  patents,  in  1890-91,  bi 
in    1892    became    connected    with    the    buying 
department  of  Deere  and  Company,  plow  manu- 


436 


t 


EDWARDS 


EDWARDS 


.^ur«rB,  of  Moline,  HI.    The  duties  devolving  I 

{>on  him  in  this  connection  p     '  "  ^  '.)»  fmie  j 

id  attention  that  he  never  »r  m  j^ro- 1 

'^'  >'ml  practice,  but  devoted  i>  ...^       vutirely 

•    manufac(urin]^    bisiness.      Hi-    Ucame 

r^ively  buyer,  ireoiurer,  and  finally  presi- 

nt  of  the  Deere  company,  and  stili    (1!)17^ 

i.'tains  the  latter  oflice.  Mr.  Butterworth  baa 
•en  active  in  business,  social,  and  public  life, 
id  has  found  time,  in  the  midett  of  his  im- 
>rtanto(H  to    serve    one    term,    as 

i  lerraan  u  He  is  a  raemlH^-r  of  sev- 

al  impel  "'  .t.\\.'  Qf  f\^^  Chicago. 

iMldav,    A  ildlc    and    Cvcle 

ubs  of  C)    .    .  ,:h  Club  of  Pftts- 

urgh,  Pa.;    the  Commercial   Chihs  of  Moline 

;id  Rock  Island,  Hi.,  and  DavcM  ji.jrt,  la.,  and 
e  Moline  Golf  Club.  He  married  22  Jnne, 
92,    Katheriue    Mary,    daugh*:er    of    Charles 

r.  Deere,  of  Moline,  111. 
EDWARDS,  William  Chalmei'S,  lumberman, 
in  Virgil,  Cortland  Count v,  N.  Y,,  23  Aiig., 
46;    d.   28   May,    1910,  son  of  Judge   Rnfus 

iiil  Harriet  Orpba  (Hart)  Edwards  His 
'her    enjoyerl    the    distinction    of    biung   the 

est  male  child  born  in  the  (own  of  Virgil  and 
hose    aucctf^Hfti!    ^•.r^^•r    an    n.    fa-nuer,    mer- 


lant.  ^^ 


''♦   Tfirrifrnd   Of>'i"^v 


i'i  of  the  mi»el  uui^iiie  feAiuns  .>f  a 
.  remarkable  in  many  ways.  His  mother 
;  1808-95)  was  the  daughter  of  the  Revolu- 
tionary soldier,  Jeremiah  Cliapin,  and  a  direct 
d<  "-'  '■  ' Van  Samuel  Chapin,  of  Spring 
f'  '  settled   in  Fox  bury  in   103S 

a-*v.  .V.  • ...  .         V  t,     ..,.::  jroia  Dartiuoutli, 

England.  I  to  SpringlUdd 

and   at  OS  r    in   that   com- 

munity.    '  .    im>2,  h*'  wa«  appointed 

ojjf   <n    *}■■■  )♦:««   of    Vii**   Ifjwn       It    is 

t.'  ■  ■:■■  by  i^say  have  come  m»ji}  a  Huj^ue> 

nc  \-y.      Hj?>    \vffc'«    nsmvt    is    n^-o'detl 

as  ••  '.  vejy."  In  the  diary  of  his  ei>n,  JHj'hct, 
is  written:  "My  father  ^»  as  tr.ken  <.\it  ol  th',s 
troublesome  world,  the  llUi  day  of  Nov..  about 
eleven  of  the  clock  in  the  eve,  .1675."     Deacon 


,    Chapin  conscientiouslyV  and  wisely 


larged 


important  trusts  for  the  mainteuance  of  re 
ligion  and  good  order  and  left  an  nblding 
impress  of  his  character  and  life  on  t?ie  ( ity.'* 
An  imposing  atatue  of  De«AX>n  Chapin  by  S>)int 
Gaudcns,  eutitbnl  "  The  P'.irtiaii,"  adorna  one 
of  the  public  pKrks  in  Spriri,:;lield  Tb*^  Hs<rt 
cenfalogy    has    be»Mj    tra.-ed    ha^k    tr.    Stephen 


Hart,     uho    wat*    lK>rn 

ul 

Brain  tree. 

y.nsi'x 

County,  England    in  ^ 

;     •' 

■!     .'  -,r  ...    ;  .  .       \ 

in»'r  if  ft 

in  16:^2,  tljtt't'  yonr.'i 

:rni,:g. 

ton,  Conn.,  n*    w  ha; 

l^t  (t- 

rd,   named    in   iii^   a  ;. 

••furt- 

r'd    from    the    fr,,  •    r'r,. 

<  v.r- 

cticut  River 

'•?    originally 

"f   names    in    n 

Hart   VViiIarrt     ' 

^.i.-    Cradle    of    ti-      i 

)  • 

,,..;'.  :  . 

sage  of  the  law  in  the  New  York  legjslatnr*? 
of  181 S  for  the  founding  of  female  &emini»rifh, 
the  lirst  law  of  the  kind  papsed  by  any  State. 
She  founded  the  i?'mma  VVillard  Seminary  for 
wonnii  at  Troy,  N.  Y.,  now  a  celebrated  in- 
stitution. It  was  among  the  first  schools  where 
wom».n  were  given  equal  advantagt^s  w[t)\  ntcn 
in  ac<juiring  a  collej^e  educaiiun.  Ira  Har',  a 
brother  of  Mrs.  Edwards'  grandfather,  Joija- 
tluin  Hart,  was  a  Yale  graduate  and  for 
twenty  years  a  pastt>r  of  the  Old  Congrega- 
tional Church  at  Stonington.  Conn.  Mr.  Ed- 
wards* paternal  ancestorg  i:anie  from  Maid- 
stone. Kent  County,  Eujidand.  U  illiara  Ed- 
wards, hisj  wife  Ann,  and  a  aon.  John,  st'tled 
in  East  II;irnpti>n,  L.  I.,  in  it>50,  after  pass- 
ing through  Lynn  and  Taunton.  Masy  The 
direct  line  of  de.st^ent  from  this  an-'restor  is 
as  follows:  first,  William  Edwards  (d.  1685) 
and  his  wife  Aim;  John  EdwardM  (d  1693) 
and  his  wife  Mary  Stansiv>r<,'Ugh ;  WjHiitci 
Edwards  and  his  w'.io.  AHcc  l>ttyton;  Kh-^nezer 
Edwards  (d.  1771 1;  WiHiam'  Edwards  (d 
MWV,  and  his  wlf^.  Sanih  Norri--.  Jonathan 
Edwards  (d  IhVi^  wnd  hit-  Wife  Luriada 
Skcel  (d.  IsltH  ;  ar.d  r<i;!N^  »-':S wards  (d  !H5<8) 
atid  hi*   v\iff   ilATn  Mart.     Of  these 

r^nrvc'.r.vv^  '^V-Hjrta^  V  :<s  bruth-r  Oavid, 

er  '-f  1  ueinda  .Skeel, 
>rds,    fought     in    'he 
Jonathan     8ke«'l,     Mr 
r    0^73-1854),    Connooti- 
<  .   J  >    -      .    i,  ».•      He  married  Joana  Wood 
May,    1773       She    was    born    at    F'^ho":>o!li, 
>Iassr26  Au|>,  1764.     She  died  in  18.5H  ai  the 
age  of  eighty  four.     Prior  to  the   Revuiution- 
ary   War,   Jonathan  Skeei   located   in    Ea<5t"rn 
New   York,  was  an  active  parttcipar.i.   ii>.    tl;e 
war,   living   to   the   age   of    eighly-foi^r       \\  il 
liani    Chalmers    Edwards    often    iohl    the    fol- 
lowing anerdoce   of   hJB   grandfather .    ''When 
Jonathan     Skeel    ^vas    in     the     U.nc)iut.ionary 
army    he  acted  part  of  the  timt  as  s|>y      ile 
told  of  riding  within  the  British   lir..-:^.    Nvuir 
sng    a    British    ut5il»)rni.    a    drawn    sword    uu- 
sheatho<i    and    canniliy    plMipencd    uj.  k''^     ii ^ 
overcoat  ready  for  in>iani  u?e.  no  rhat  h-ifl  h. 
l>een    detected! ,    lie    wmjM    l.tn  •    hrer    v''*i>    ^^ 
sjlenre  two  nc  i};t:*'  i>i  ;  •  •  -.ai 

hori^e  thr<;n->-h  ?  I.    v. -.arw  ."s* 

grandfk;'i'-       ''•,.;  .^ 

1«05.     iu.lu 
8*--T;>^    up  -ri      . 

him   in  recoi.'!!.! 

of.    his    faindy 

govorn(nejit.  at   ".i.-   r)Wi     ..      h     \v,i~  luy   j-u: 

pendftiu-e      Jonailjau   j'A.we.iA,   i;o«uf..^   ."      'i* 

portHr.r    faf^tor    it;    \.U-:   l!n[>r.'\eme(.'    ,i.i.;      '.'i, 

resa  of  that  sfaiM'.!.     )i-,^  d<vp   .r;  -  -;   :     '•   !.  - 

ehiirch  — tlie    )"i  ■  ■  I'\  !«•:  i;;  .  ;      '     ••. ; 

/act  that  at   In.,  '-''a.h  iu-    •itv-     n  •  i.;^ 
;  roj-f'T! V    ((■»';•       •         ■  ' 

in     Vj     ':].       T; 


.t,-i, 


imoiia  for  !ier  influc!;<. 


ni, 


EDWARDS 


EDWARDS 


the  great  "Apostle  to  the  Indians,"  Governor 
Winthrop,  Aaron  Burr,  and  other  distin- 
guished men  of  Colonial  times.  William 
Chalmers  Edwards  was  educated  in  the  dis- 
trict schools  of  Virgil  and  Cortland,  N.  Y., 
moving  to  the  latter  town  about  18G0,  where 
he  attended  Cortland  Academy  for  a  period 
of  three  or  four  years.  Among  his  classmates 
at  the  academy  who  have  since  achieved  more 
or  less  national  prominence  may  be  mentioned 
John  M.  Taylor,  president  of  the  Connecticut 
Mutual  Life  Insurance  Company,  Hartford, 
Conn.;  Alton  B.  Parker,  former  candidate  for 
President  of  the  United  States  on  the  Demo- 
cratic ticket,  against  Theodore  Roosevelt;  and 
Charles  H.  Duell,  Roosevelt's  campaign  man- 
ager. Leaving  school  at  the  age  of  eighteen, 
his  first  business  experience  was  with  Fish 
and  Walrad,  who  operated  a  dry  goods  store 
in  Cortland,  at  a  salary  of  six  dollars  a  week. 
Attracted  by  the  opportunities  offered  in  the 
growing  West,  he  left  the  Empire  State  when 
twenty-one  years  of  age,  and,  working  his 
way  to  Chicago,  he  secured  a  position  in  a 
wholesale  lumber  yard.  His  business  talents 
and  energy  won  almost  immediate  recognition 
and  in  his  second  year  in  the  W^est  he  was 
made  superintendent  and  general  manager  of 
a  sawmill  on  Grand  River,  Michigan.  His  am- 
bition was  to  thoroughly  master  every  detail 
of  the  business  and  his  keen  insight  and  thor- 
oughness have  constituted  the  rounds  of  the 
ladder  on  which  he  has  climbed  to  success. 
At  the  age  of  twenty-two  years  he  engaged  in 
business  on  his  own  account,  purchasing  a 
cargo  of  lumber,  amounting  to  about  $3,000, 
which  he  shipped  to  Windsor,  111.,  opening 
a  small  retail  lumber  yard  there.  He  re- 
mained in  Windsor  until  1870,  when  he  fol- 
lowed the  hue  and  cry  of  "  Kansas  or  Bust," 
which  was  raised  at  that  time.  He  went  to 
that  State,  not  to  turn  prairie  sod  and  raise 
wheat  and  corn,  but  to  cater  to  those  so  em- 
ployed, to  encourage  them  in  their  work  and 
to  supply  what  was  necessary  and  difficult 
to  secure — lumber.  Mr.  Edwards  established 
his  first  lumber  yard  in  Kansas  at  Solomon 
City,  Dickinson  County,  in  1870.  From  this 
yard  was  hauled  to  the  city  of  Wichita,  the 
first  wagonload  of  lumber  used  in  its  con- 
structive period.  When  the  Santa  Fe  Rail- 
road was  being  built  west  from  Topeka,  in 
1871,  following  the  old  Santa  Fe  trail,  he 
materially  assisted  in  the  development  of  the 
towns  and  country  by  establishing  lumber 
yards  at  all  of  the  important  points  as  the 
railroad  was  extended.  He  made  the  first 
shipment  of  lumber  west  of  Emporia  to  Cot- 
tonwood Falls  Station,  now  Strong  City,  run- 
ning a  line  of  yards  from  that  point  west  as 
the  road  progressed  and  operating  as  far  west 
as  Garden  City,  Kan.;  and  at  one  time,  dur- 
ing the  Leadville  excitement,  also  a  line  of 
yards  in  Colorado.  In  1872  he  established 
his  headquarters  at  Hutchinson,  Kan.,  from 
this  point  operating  all  of  his  lumber  in- 
terests. He  also  operated  one  of  the  largest 
cattle  ranches  in  Western  Kansas.  The  first 
city  warrant  issued  by  Hutchinson  was  in 
favor  of  W.  C.  Edwards  for  lumber.  He  re- 
mained in  Hutchinson  until  1879,  when  he 
removed  to  Topeka,  establishing  a  large  lum- 
ber business  there  and  from  which  head- 
quarters he  also  established  a  line  of  limiber 


yards  in  Eastern  Kansas.  Like  other  mer- 
chants in  Kansas,  Mr.  Edwards  held  mort- 
gages on  homesteads.  In  addition,  he  intro- 
duced the  chattel  mortgage  into  Kansas,  and 
was  the  first  one  to  employ  this  system  of 
credit  on  a  large  scale.  Rather  than  fore- 
close his  mortgages,  thereby  gaining  farms 
and  losing  customers,  he  carried  scores  of  his 
debtors,  encouraging  them  to  stay  and  in  some 
cases  giving  additional  assistance.  In  many 
instances  he  cancelled  interest  charges  on  a 
farm  mortgage  after  the  farm  had  been  ten- 
dered in  exchange  for  the  notes  originally 
given.  When  the  chinch  bug  struck  Kansas 
another  exodus  began,  which  was  stopped  by 
the  discovery  by  Professor  Coburn  of  a  means 
of  inoculating  numbers  of  bugs,  then  turning 
them,  disease-laden,  loose  among  their  fellows 
to  spread  the  deadly  malady.  Mr.  Edwards 
instructed  all  of  his  yard  managers  through- 
out the  State  to  take  active  part  in  spreading 
the  bug  disease.  The  outcome  of  this  crusade 
was  elimination  of  the  chinch  bugs  from  the 
Kansas  wheat  fields.  He  continually  added 
to  his  business  interests,  until  he  became  the 
owner  of  a  large  number  of  lumber  yards,  not 
only  in  Kansas,  but  also  in  Nebraska,  at  the 
same  time  being  interested  in  the  manufacture 
and  sale  of  lumber  to  the  wholesale  trade.  He 
was  actively  associated  with  the  improvement 
and  upbuilding  of  several  of  the  leading 
towns  of  the  State,  including  Hutchinson, 
Sterling,  Topeka,  and  Kinsley.  He  erected  in 
Kinsley,  the  county  seat  of  Edwards  County, 
a  brick  store  building  in  the  center  of  the 
town,  which  was,  until  replaced  in  1905  by  a 
modern  building,  the  largest  and  best  build- 
ing in  Kinsley.  At  that  time  transporta- 
tion facilities  were  very  poor,  brick  was  costly 
and  not  manufactured  within  a  reasonable 
distance  of  Kinsley,  so  young  Edwards  built 
his  own  brickkilns  and  manufactured  his 
own  brick.  Mr.  Edwards  foresaw  the  time 
when  Kansas  would  take  its  present  high  place 
among  the  wealth-producing  States  of  the 
country.  His  rigid  adherence  to  this  belief, 
in  the  face  of  discouragement,  the  thought, 
time,  and  heartfelt  interest  he  gave  to  his 
customers,  are  responsible  for  the  fortune  he 
accumulated.  In  this  instance,  the  wealth  was 
earned.  He  did  more  for  Kansas  than  Kansas, 
in  turn,  was  able  to  do  for  him  except  in 
the  matter  of  friendship  and  esteem,  among 
other  indications  of  which  was  the  fact  that 
Edwards  County,  established  and  named  in 
1874,  was  christened  in  his  honor.  It  is  perti- 
nent to  state  that  he  was  the  youngest  man  in 
the  United  States  to  be  so  honored,  being  at 
that  time  only  twenty-seven.  Mr.  Edwards 
built  the  first  silo  in  the  State  of  Kansas  and 
was  one  of  the  original  backers  establishing 
the  "  Kansas  Farmer "  at  Topeka,  now  one 
of  the  most  prosperous  farm  journals  in  the 
United  States.  Among  the  notable  traits  of 
his  character  were  his  strong  and  practical 
views  on  temperance.  He  took  an  important 
part  in  the  agitation  of  this  question  in 
Kansas  and  never  permitted  a  saloon  to  be 
erected  on  his  property  or  run  in  connection 
with  any  of  his  business  interests.  He  was 
one  of  the  most  active  supporters  of  Gov. 
John  P.  St.  John,  of  Kansas,  in  the  national 
prohibition  movement  started  in  that  State 
and  it  was  largely  due  to  Mr.  Edwards'  gen- 


438 


EDWARDS 


EDWARDS 


erous  support  that  the  successful  prohibition 
campaign  at  that  time  was  made  possible. 
In  addition  to  his  other  business  interests,  he 
was  connected  with  the  Kansas  Lumber  Com- 
pany, Edwards  Bros,  and  Fair,  Edwards 
Bros,  and  Noble,  and  Edwards  and  West- 
macott;  the  Montana  Lumber  Company  at 
Billings,  Mont.,  the  Edwards  and  Brad- 
ford Lumber  Company  at  Bismarck,  N.  D., 
and  the  Knife  Falls  Lumber  Company.  In 
1883  the  Kansas  Lumber  Company  disposed 
of  its  Topeka  yards,  after  which  Mr.  Edwards 
moved  to  St.  Paul,  Minn.,  making  that  city 
his  home  and  base  of  operations  for  extensive 
business  interests  in  the  Northwest.  Mr.  Ed- 
wards was  also  the  organizer  of  the  Edwards 
Lumber  Company,  Three  States  Lumber  Com- 
pany, Consolidated  Lumber  Company,  and 
other  lumber  corporations  operating  sawmills 
and  lumber  yards  and  was  a  large  owner  and 
developer  of  lumber  and  agricultural  lands  in 
Missouri,  Arkansas,  Washington,  and  other 
States,  and  in  Central  America.  One  of  the 
notable  elements  in  the  life  record  of  Mr. 
Edwards  was  his  deep  interest  in  young  men 
and  the  helpful  spirit  he  manifested  toward 
them.  He  did  not  believe  in  indiscriminate 
giving.  He  was  ever  ready  to  reward  one 
who  was  faithful  in  his  service,  displayed  good 
business  capacity,  and  laudable  ambition  to 
rise.  He  had  much  sympathy  for  those  who 
were  battling  hard  to  secure  a  start  in  life 
and  for  young  men  who  were  making  a  sacri- 
fice to  get  an  education.  It  was  this  sym- 
pathetic feeling  which  led  him  to  become  in- 
terested in  the  erection  of  a  hall  on  the 
campus  of  Macalester  College,  St.  Paul,  Minn., 
built  in  1904.  Edwards  Hall,  named  in  honor 
of  Mr.  Edwards,  has  furnished  a  good  home 
for  many  worthy  students  and  it  has  always 
been  filled  to  its  utmost  capacity.  Mr.  Ed- 
wards thus  made  it  possible  for  many  stu- 
dents to  attend  college,  who,  otherwise,  could 
not  have  done  so.  Mr.  Edwards  was  proud 
of  his  country  and  took  a  lively  interest  in 
its  welfare.  The  State  and  especially  the 
national  campaigns  aroused  his  deepest  inter- 
est and  by  careful  study  of  the  issues,  he 
sought  by  his  influence  as  well  as  by  his  vote 
to  forward  his  country's  highest  interest. 
With  him  patriotism  was  a  cardinal  virtue. 
A  critical  analysis  of  the  qualities  which  led 
to  his  success  in  his  business,  political,  and 
social  life  determines  the  fact  that  he  was 
a  leader  in  everything  he  undertook.  He  was 
an  exceptionally  bright  student  and  soon  after 
leaving  school,  he  placed  himself  on  a  par 
with  older  and  more  experienced  employees 
in  the  country  store  where  he  was  employed. 
Mr.  Edwards  held  men  to  be  above  money. 
He  built  up  his  great  business  interests  with- 
out enlisting  the  support  of  financiers.  He 
wanted  the  assistance  of  m^n,  who  could  do 
things  rather  than  the  aid  of  money,  which 
might  be  easily  wasted.  He  never  expected 
the  impossible.  If  one  yard,  for  example,  did 
not  pay  a  profit  the  first  year  he  encouraged 
the  management,  talked  of  better  things  and 
assisted  in  the  formation  of  new  plans.  If  the 
manager,  at  a  certain  point  did  a  good  busi- 
ness, he  encouraged  him  and  told  him  of  yet 
better  results  which  might  be  secured.  This 
showed  the  master  mind  of  the  master  builder, 
who    is   not   content   with    good    enough,    but 


realizes  that  mankind  is  developing  and  that 
no  limits  may  be  placed  upon  its  achieve- 
ments. Having  a  strong  intellect  and  great 
foresight,  he  planned  and  built  for  the  future; 
of  mature  judgment,  his  advice  was  inval- 
uable to  his  associates;  of  unquestioned  in- 
tegrity, his  business  interests  prospered  and 
maintained  the  highest  position  in  the  finan- 
cial world.  Although  holding  the  largest  in- 
terests in  many  corporations,  his  associates 
were  not  only  treated  with  equity  and  jus- 
tice, but  more  as  warm  friends  than  business 
associates.  His  unbounded  hospitality  made 
his  humblest  employee  welcome  at  his  home. 
Among  Mr.  Edwards'  sterling  virtues  was  the 
gift  he  possessed  of  seeing  the  good  in  others 
and  always  being  ready  to  lend  a  helping  hand 
to  a  friend  or  customer,  in  financial  difficulty. 
He  was  extremely  diplomatic  and  bore  no 
grudges.  He  had  a  genius  for  devising  and 
executing  the  right  plans  at  the  right  time. 
His  business  methods  would  ever  bear  the 
closest  scrutiny  and  his  life  work  has  been  of 
a  character  that  has  promoted  commercial 
activity,  and  consequent  prosperity  in  the 
various  communities  where  he  has  concen- 
trated his  efforts.  Mr.  Edwards  was  loved  by 
his  family,  by  his  friends,  and  by  those  with 
whom  and  for  whom  he  labored.  He  found  in 
commerce  and  romance,  the  danger  and  the  pos- 
sibilities which  others  have  sought  by  devious 
routes  and  returned  from  the  search  unsatis- 
fied. He  lay  himself  down  in  peace,  content 
with  the  judgment  which  the  Master- Worker 
should  pass  upon  him.  At  one  time  Mr.  Ed- 
wards had  the  distinction  of  owning  and  con- 
trolling the  largest  number  of  retail  lumber 
yards  and  the  largest  number  of  hardware 
stores  of  any  one  man  in  the  United  States.  On 
20  May,  1874,  he  married  Phinetta  Elizabeth 
Johnson,  of  New  Haven,  Conn.,  and  w^hose 
ancestry  can  be  traced  back  in  this  country 
for  ten  generations.  After  the  removal  of  the 
family  to  St.  Paul,  Minn,,  in  1883,  she  was 
a  leader  in  her  social  circle.  She  was  a  lady 
of  literary  and  musical  ability,  of  rare  refine- 
ment and  social  grace.  Her  husband  and  her 
sons  having  joined  the  Masonic  order,  she 
became  affiliated  with  the  Eastern  Star,  of 
which  order  she  was  past  worthy  matron. 
She  was  also  a  member  of  the  Daughters  of 
the  Revolution.  Mrs.  Edwards  died  on  14 
Oct.,  1909-.  Two  sons  survive  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Edwards— William  Rufus,  b.  24  July,  1875, 
and  Benjamin  Kilbourne,  b.  7  April,  1880, 
both  of  whom  were  actively  associated  in 
business  with  their  father,  prior  to  his  death 
on  28  May,  1910,  and  who  have  since  con- 
tinued to  make  an  enviable  record  in  com- 
merce, building  on  a  sound  foundation,  and 
carrying  out,  in  their  business  dealings,  the 
broad  policies  inaugurated  by  William  Chal- 
mers Edwards.  Another  son,  Albert,  born  to 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Edwards  in  1877,  died  in  his 
infancy,  Benjamin  Kilbourno  Edwards  mar- 
ried on  2  Jan.,  1908,  Kathorino  ^lathows,  of 
St.  Paul,  Minn.  She  died  on  20  ]May.  1911, 
leaving  a  daughter,  Kathorinc  FJi/.nbe(h  Ed- 
wards, b.  2  Feb.,  1909.  Mr.  BcMijamin  K. 
Edwards  married  again  on  14  Oct.,  1912, 
Florence  Vivian  Dunn,  of  Wheaton,  Minn.  A 
son,  Benjamin  Chalniors  Edwards,  was  born 
to  them  27  Nov.,  1913.  Benjamin  K.  Edwards 
was   master   of    Ancient    Landmark    Lodge   of 


439 


ROCKHILL 


CROXTON 


the  Masonic  order,  St.  Paul,  Minn.  (1907- 
1908),  the  youngest  man  ever  accorded  this 
honor  by  the  lodge,  being  at  the  time  only 
twenty-seven  years  of  age.  William  Rufus 
Edwards  was  married  to  Frances  Lorraine 
Barnard,  of  Minneapolis,  Minn.,  a  niece  of 
U.  S.  Senator  Moses  E.  Clapp,  on  30  Dec, 
1912.  A  son,  William  Rufus  Edwards,  Jr., 
was  born  to  them  9  Jan.,  1916.  Two  sisters 
of  William  Chalmers  Edwards  also  survive 
him:  Miss  Harriet  Vastine  Edwards,  of  St. 
Paul,  Minn.,  and  Mrs.  Caroline  Tobey,  of 
Oneonta,  N.  Y.  A  brother,  Rufus  E.  Edwards, 
lives  at  Kinsley,  Kan.,  where  he  is  president 
of  the  Kinsley  Bank  and  is  widely  known  as 
one  of  the  most  prominent  breeders  of  blooded 
cattle  in  Western  Kansas,  operating  several 
large  cattle  ranches.  During  the  World's 
Fair,  Chicago,  he  purchased  for  breeding  pur- 
poses, the  largest  Hereford  bull  and  cow  in 
the  world.  They  were  awarded  the  first  prize. 
ROCKHILL,  Clayton,  merchant,  b.  in  Pitts- 
town,  N.  J.,  17  May,  1861,  son  of  John  Clay- 
ton and  Caroline  (Burton)  Rockhill.  The 
family  is  of  Eng- 
lish extraction  on 
both  sides,  the  first 
of  the  name,  Rob- 
ert Rockhill,  hav- 
ing come  to  Amer- 
ica about  1627. 
His  cousin,  Hon. 
William  Woodville 
Rockhill,  was  a  dis- 
tinguished member 
of  the  American 
diplomatic  corps. 
Clayton  Rockhill 
was  educated  at 
St.  John's  School, 
Ossining,  N.  Y., 
and  at  Columbia 
University,  New 
York  City.  After 
completing  his 

studies  he  obtained 
employment  with 
the  firm  of  William  T.  Coleman  and  Com- 
pany, commigsion  merchants,  where  he  rose 
from  one  poaition  to  another  as  his  knowl- 
edge of  the  business  increased.  It  was 
under  the  personal  supervision  of  Richard 
Delafield,  now  president  of  the  National  Park 
Bank  in  New  York,  and  at  the  time  con- 
nected with  the  firm,  that  he  learned  the 
rudiments  of  the  business  in  which  he  became 
eminently  successful.  In  1884  he  formed  a 
partnership  with  Carl  Victor,  under  the  firm 
name  of  Rockhill  and  Victor.  Under  his 
skillful  guidance  the  business  attained  re- 
markable proportions  within  a  comparatively 
brief  period,  and  today  the  firm  is  regarded 
as  one  of  the  leading  houses  of  this  line  of 
commerce.  They  are  the  representatives  in 
this  country  for  some  of  the  largest  importers 
and  exporters  in  Europe  and  the  Orient, 
among  them  the  BagaroflF  Freres  et  Compagnie, 
Bulgaria;  Franz  Fritzsche  and  Company, 
Hamburg,  Germany;  Bertrand  Freres  of 
France;  Samuel  Samuel  and  Company  of 
Japan  and  China;  Suzuki  and  Company  of 
Japan,  and  M.  Samuel  and  Company  of  Lon- 
don, England.  Notwithstanding  his  great 
commercial  activity,  great  demands  have  been 


made  upon  his  time  for  public  affairs.  He 
was  appointed  by  royal  decree  of  His  Majesty 
King  Ferdinand  of  Bulgaria,  to  be  Honorary 
Consul  General  for  Bulgaria  in  the  United 
States,  a  position  which  has  brought  him  into 
intimate  contact  with  affairs  in  the  Balkans. 
This  position  entailed  well-defined  responsibili- 
ties and  is  an  unusually  high  compliment  to 
the  incumbent.  Mr.  Rockhill  is  a  man  of  the 
highest  integrity,  and  he  combines  his  strict 
business  principles  with  fine  moral  ideals.  He 
is  an  unusual  type  of  business  man,  one  to 
whom  mere  success  is  not  the  one  great  object 
to  be  attained  at  any  cost.  He  is  a  member 
of  numerous  organizations,  among  them  the 
Asiatic  Society,  and  the  Chemical,  Drug, 
Downtown  and  Ardsley  Clubs  and  India  House. 
On  10  Dec,  1884,  he  married  Mary  Folsom 
Hodge,  of  New  York,  and  they  had  one  son, 
Clayton  Robeson  Rockhill.  On  6  Nov.,  1895, 
he  married,  a  second  time,  his  bride  being 
Evangeline,  daughter  of  James  B.  Smith,  of 
New  York,  and  they  had  two  children :  Eleanor 
and   Jerome  Burton   Rockhill. 

CROXTON,  John  G.,  merchant,  b.  in  Mag- 
nolia, Ohio,  17  March,  1839;  d.  in  Havana, 
Cuba,  3  Feb.,  1913,  son  of  John  G.  and  Susan 
(Smith)  Croxton.  Descended  from  a  long  line 
of  American  ancestors  he  was  reared  in  the 
free,  pioneer  environment  that  existed  in  Ohio 
in  those  days  when  Indians  still  went  on  the 
warpath  east  of  the  Mississippi  and  all  trans- 
portation over  land  was  by  means  of  horse  or 
ox-drawn  vehicles.  His  early  education  was 
acquired  in  the  district  schoolhouse,  supple- 
mented with  such  books  as  were  then  obtain- 
able. Though  still  a  mere  boy  when  the  rup- 
ture occurred  between  the  federal  government 
and  the  slave  states  of  the  South,  he  responded 
enthusiastically  to  President  Lincoln's  first 
call  for  volunteers,  and  enlisted  for  the  three 
months'  service.  When  that  period  expired 
the  war  had  hardly  begun,  whereupon  he  vol- 
unteered again  and  served  throughout  the  war. 
At  first  he  was  first  lieutenant  of  a  company 
of  the  Fifty-first  Regiment  of  Ohio  Volunteers, 
but  before  the  end  of  his  service  had  attained 
to  the  command  of  a  company.  After  the  war 
Captain  Croxton  returned  to  Ohio,  where  he 
was  in  business  for  a  while,  but  later  he  went 
to  Philadelphia,  where  he  became  interested 
in  the  shoe  business,  being  for  many  years  a 
member  of  the  firm  of  Croxton,  Wood  and 
Company.  In  this  field  of  enterprise  he  grad- 
ually worked  himself  up  into  the  plane  occu- 
pied  by  the  most  prominent  business  men  of 
Philadelphia,  being  recognized  not  only  for  his 
success  but  for  his  sterling  integrity.  It  was 
this  latter  quality  which  made  him  much 
sought  after  by  business  men's  organizations 
as  an  official.  He  was  a  director  and  vice- 
president  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  and  a 
director  of  the  Market  Street  Bank.  He  was 
second  president  of  the  Boot  and  Shoe  Manu- 
facturers' Association  of  Philadelphia  and  for 
ten  years  he  was  chairman  of  the  Board  of 
Arbitration.  Being  thoroughly  respected  by 
and  having  the  confidence  of  both  sides  in  the 
continual  strife  between  capital  and  labor,  he 
accomplished  results  in  the  cause  of  arbitra- 
tion that  were  both  far-reaching  and  beneficial 
and  permanent.  He  was  also  a  member  of  the 
Loyal  Legion  for  a  great  number  of  years. 
On   14  Nov.,   1868,   Captain   Croxton  married 


440 


i 


^ 


zy:,y  ii^  ?i^7^?^.-jrA,.,~  M-y- 


Jl^  ^ 


\ 


HEMENWAY 


AT&IN^(;N 


Gertrude  Bailey,  the  danplitor  of  John  Emory 
Bailey,   a_  successful    a-   "  ent    business 

d   one   child, 

.^iinufacturer, 

"■  r.    of 

ilis 

..atial 

1^'  years 

On  the 

troin  Ralph 

uuntry   from 

Aii  of  the  earliest 

From,  these  New 

ited    a    legacy    of 

ies,    honesty  J     in- 

ution,    and    gwuiod 


man   of   Toledo,  Ohi/ 
Uailey  Croxton,  uT, 
HEMENWAY,   3 
>:      t  Amber,  ^'     - 

■-!ca  C.  and  j  ■■ 
i.i.lier   was   m 
citizens  of  '  , 
held  the  c: 
paternal  si  l>. 
JETemenwav.    >< 


i'.ijg!an<i 
^'oo'd    fin 
dustry,    a 


moral  chara<'ter.     Hi«  early  youth  wa?  im«wu'd  ! 
on    his    father's    farm,    when-,    f'«t'o..viag    the 
custom    of    boys   similarly  rtS.    he  { 

alternately    performed    the  rhnrf>« : 

about  the  house   and    fp^ 
district  school  and  oth^y, 
Some    of    his 
later    under    i 


XfUi  ; 

•hy      He  re  I 
f<mT  years,  I 
Ib    the 
jikr   nmi 


reading.     In   1880  he  left  the   field  of  tfieg 
raphy   to    take    a   position    in    the    Marcelhis 
Woolen  Mills,  at  Marcellus,  N.  Y.,   as   book- 
keeper.    After  some  time  spent  in  this  situa- 
tion,   Mr.     Hemenway    obtained    employment 
with     the     Empire     Wringer     Company,     at 
Auburn.  K    V.     Tl-A-^  wag  the  n^a)   »»eginnini; 
of  his   induatrtai    =  ><.ir'r,    ff*r,    in   a    o<>mpard 
tJTely   short    titDr.    h\>   •  a?  abjl)ti<.^fe   and    ener 
getic  aatur*'  made  him   managt'r  of  the  com- 
pany.     Htf   m«in!,aiju.'d    thin  connection   for    a 
V     Bum):>er    of    years,    until    the    consolidation    of 
*      the     Empire     Wringer     Company     with     the 
American  Wriiigi»r  Ot>mpany  of  Rhode  Islaini 
and  New  YorVr  City,  with  which  enterprise  he 
was    affiliated    a;»    OMii.-ifnr:'^    f/onernl    manager. 
During  the  next   sevfcn    y»-f*»-:?   he   dcvoipd    the 
whole  of  his  time  and  cQiTi^v  lo  thr  develop- 
ment and  upbuilding  of  tb--.-  fr«in^oHdated  or 
ganization,   hia   quick   grasp  of   (^''ai!f*    -tnnd- 
ing  him  in  good   stead.     In   the  niei??*  rnt'  h<; 
wah   acquiring   a   wide  and    vr.ried    exp-  rieT.v-"  i 
and  an   intimate  knowleiige  of  manufnc' iirir!^' : 
in  all  of  itB  deportm* ms.     In   IH'tM   \Tr.   W-ii   ' 
enway  wilhdnn'r    from  .-iCtive   pnrticipatior.    in  j 
the  management  of  tbe  ftfT:»ir.^  of   the    Anu^-ri   | 
cjin  Wringer  Company,  hut    ''iitinucd  bis  ^-on   I 
iiection  witli   thai   cn'irj  rjHc  .is  oni>  of   '•?  A'l- \ 
:      '-fs.      With    Lafuh.n    V.    Sniiih    h*:    tiow    ..r- 

"d    the    fsmith    nnd    lb:  men'/- liy    <""U);«s:i. 

•w  Yoik,  mamn"  1.  <  uiers  ariC    irn|ii'r"«'r>^  of! 

vare    jjpecinltii'H     itid    .Mnurv.      T!i.'    in  '\  \ 
^   ■ration   rnterro     !?"••     •'•' 
.t^    sole     stafT,     a.*i-  ■ 
or-nders,   eonsit^tini^   of 
'?n    ofReP    iy^y,   with    no    ';;.;': 
ir»y  kind.     But  sudi  '.r-re   '1 


progressive  btxeiuea.*  methods  of  it«  m«n«g^f», 
that  within  coniparativety  lav,  j.urs  jr<  H>e 
life  of  an  industrial  organi/^tiorr,  ihe  tirin  of 
Smiti>  and  Hemenway  Company  hud  be-oz-ne 
an  influential  factor  in  the  American  har.^ 
ware  trade.  Later,  they  became  tlie  larijes^ 
individual  stockholders  in  Ticarly  a  dozen  rav- 
tories,  and  eiTected  «  merger  by  whieh  th- 
couccrns  kuo;vn  as  Hmith,  Ilerlitz  and  Ci»n  • 
pany,  Smith  and  Paiterscm,  Bindley  Auto- 
matic Wrt'ijch  Company,  the  Maltby-Rcnle} 
Couip«ry>  and  Windsor  Hardware  Corporation 
bcajM'  r>  part  ot  tht  j^iaith  and  Hemeiiway 
Cor.;!-!i->y.  Another  of  Mr  liemen\vay>  fv.c- 
eesffiiJ  onterpriHesi  vac  ibc  Kriess^)n  Trjoph'ine 
Company  of  New  V«'rk.  vh'/'h  he  ov^Mnir^fd 
in  June,  T   '  ^    ■■-■-'■      '■'  '  ■  ■      ' 

importin; 
by   L     -.. 
boJ«^ 
fr.-.. 


-     ^        '%>    yny  ot 

>si  i.i\v  American 

.     ;  .;.    .:.*    Mr,   Hemenway, 

in    .orvntrl'on    %it.h    hi-    own    business,    again 

assum«r:.i   aetive   relations    with   the   Amcriean 

Wri/tger    Company    and    i-?    jmv<     (I'llTi     tlie 

mftn.'^giv.ii:    dirtH'tor       His    loog    experien^'o    in 

■;  r  Mirtin*'}*^  iind  knowledge  of  all   i;:» 

<  th    m    mf^TiiifBcturing   and    inarket- 

-'  ^f>eciia)iy    v^!uub> 

mueieti     !»:.-.:  ■-*.. 

.!.,     :.      ..  ...._.         -. vent  -s      MlK'i 

tieal  man  of  atfa»r>i,  ilr,  ilemcn'vva,>   : 
the  Ijest  type  of  tb^  Ameru',?jt  bu  > -' 
His    career    has    Uen    marke^i    \viiu 
sagaeity     and    sucees^.      His    cavh    s?  ' 
parlment   in   the  ent%pri^fr;s   in    -.vV-cr    ti;.    ';;.:t 
l>een  interested  has  Vveen  tliat  of  fl:i{'>Kia'  m;'.:) 
ager,  and    tin-    high    standing  lo    N^iiich    ..!  tS':* 
vanous     companies    hnv"    attained    ban     lieci' 
entirely     due     to     his     progic^.^iY'      bosine^s 
methods.     He  is  a  lover  of  g^od   liteiarur»- 
collector   of   rare   Ixjoks,   and    is   'iecply    u.  er- 
ested  in  art.     He  is  a   member  of  th"  ^  nion 
League    and    Hardware    Clubs.      ')n    2'.]    Aprii, 
18iU,   f'c  married   AH  o.  da-ugViter  ot    «      Thfi 
ney    and     Fanny     (li.irri&va)     .Moniaguo,     oi 
Glasgow,  Mo. 

ATkllS"SON,  Georg-c  Francis,  hotiinist,  1...  I'l 
Raisinville,    Mich..     26    Jan,     iSo4,     t.-n       f 
Joseph   and   Josephine    (Fish'    Atkinso?'. 
\\o>  graduaitd  at  C«)rt>ell    ( 'uivc'-.j; ,  \    iu    l- 
ftnd   fdecied   fellow   iu   botany        e    ■' 
thai,    year    he    be'-auie    .'ist;i-;tr;i  •     proN 
ent otno logy    and    ucf;er;ii    ?..'')ii.j.:y    i:.    '■■' 
V'T.^ity   t.f   Nurlh    • '■.r   •;    ;>  •.    v,    !    ■  ••       ■ 
of    butuny    ami    :'(•' 
S<.u!  i.    (',  r-ili'iji  ;    •' 
Ih.-      i  ft;r    id    hio    .. 
tet  l-i''      i:>>.t!^i;"'     ;«••  ' 
M(r'-         .>..,.• 
fun 
«■;.!! 
a/i'i   '  I    t  in • 


•/rj«|d'«>i 
;nT  •.  t  1  l.-c 
r-ogbted 


PALMER 


PALMER 


ment  at  Cornell.  Professor  Atkinson  has 
written  twenty-five  standard  works  on  botany 
and  has  lectured  extensively  on  the  subject, 
liis  scientific  writings  include:  *' A  New  Trap 
Door  Spider"  (188ti);  "A  Monograph  of 
the  Lemancaceu)  of  the  United  States" 
( 1889 )  ;  *'  Biology  of  Ferns  "  ( 1894 )  ;  "  Ele- 
mentary Botany"  (1898);  "Lessons  in 
Botany"  (1900);  "  Mushrooms— Edible,  Poi- 
sonous, etc."  (1900);  "Studies  of  American 
Fungi"  (1900);  "First  Studies  in  Plant 
Life "  ( 1904 )  ;  and  "  College  Textbook  of 
Botany"  (1905).  Besides  these  he  contrib- 
uted numerous  papers  to  American  and  for- 
eign scientific  magazines,  and  was  for  a  time 
associate  editor  of  the  "  Botanical  Gazette," 
and  of  the  "  Botanisches  Centralblatt "  and 
"  Centralblatt  fUr  Bakteriologie  und  Para- 
Bitenkunde."  Professor  Atkinson  is  now  one 
of  the  editors  of  the  "  New  Systematic  Botany 
of  North  America."  He  is  a  Fellow  of  the 
American  Association  for  the  Advancement 
of  Science  (secretary  of  the  botanical  sec- 
tion in  1896  and  vice-president  in  1897), 
member  of  the  Society  for  Plant  Physiology 
and  Morphology,  Botanical  Society  of  America 
(secretary,  1898-1901),  Society  for  the  Pro- 
motion of  Agricultural  Science,  New  York 
State  Science  Teachers'  Association,  Elisha 
Mitchell  Scientific  Society,  Phi  Beta  Kappa 
and  Sigma  Xi  Societies  of  Cornell,  and  cor- 
responding member  of  the  Torrey  Botanical 
Club. 

PALMER,  John  McAuley,  lawyer,  soldier, 
and  governor  of  Illinois,  b.  in  Eagle  Creek, 
Ky.,  13  Sept.,  1817;  d.  in  Springfield,  111., 
25  Sept.,  1900,  son 
of  Louis  D.  and 
Ann  Hansford 

(Tutt)  Palmer. 
His  earliest  Amer- 
ican ancestor  was 
Thomas  Palmer, 
who  came  from 
England,  in  1624, 
and  settled  in  Vir- 
ginia. His  father 
\was  a  planter  in 
Kentucky,  then  a 
,  slave  State,  whose 
'anti-slavery  senti- 
ments were  so 
strong  that  he  emi- 
grated to  Illinois 
that  he  might  raise 
his  children  on  free 
soil,  Mr.  Palmer 
obtained  his  early 
education  in  the 
country  schools  of  his  Illinois  home  and  then 
entered  Shurtleff  College,  at  Upper  Alton,  111. 
He  then  studied  law  with  John  S.  Greathouse, 
in  Carlinville,  111.,  and  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1839.  Except  for  the  period  covering 
his  military  experiences  during  the  Civil  War, 
he  practiced  law  in  Carlinville  from  1839  to 
1867,  when  he  removed  to  Springfield,  the 
State  capital,  and  continued  his  practice  there, 
with  such  interruptions  as  were  caused  by 
public  service,  until  the  time  of  his  death. 
Soon  after  beginning  his  practice  he  became 
probate  and  county  judge  of  Macoupin  County, 
111.  In  1847  he  was  elected  a  delegate  to  the 
Illinois  Constitutional  Convention;   from  1852 


muh  (fL'fr^sAA, 


till  1854  he  served  in  the  State  senate,  and  in 
1856,  and  again  in  1860,  he  was  a  presidential 
elector,  on  the  latter  occasion  for  Lincoln. 
Though  a  Democrat  on  all  other  issues,  Mr. 
Palmer  was  unalterably  opposed  to  that  party 
on  the  question  of  slavery.  But  this  was  so 
important  an  issue  to  him  that  he  turned  to 
the  newly  organized  Republican  party,  acting 
as  chairman  of  the  first  State  convention  in 
Illinois.  On  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War, 
he  at  once  offered  his  services  to  the  federal 
government;  he  raised  the  Fourteenth  Illinois 
Regiment,  and,  as  its  colonel,  participated  in 
the  Missouri  campaign  of  1861,  during  which 
he  attained  the  rank  of  brigadier-general.  He 
took  a  prominent  part  as  such  in  the  opera- 
tions around  Chickamauga,  where  he  was  pro- 
moted to  the  rank  of  major-general  and  placed 
in  command  of  the  Fourteenth  Army  Corps. 
At  his  own  request  he  was  relieved  of  his  com- 
mand before  Atlanta.  In  1865  President  Lin- 
coln assigned  him  to  the  command  of  the  mili- 
tary department  of  Kentucky,  in  which  he 
continued  until  1866.  Two  years  later,  in 
1868,  he  was  elected  governor  of  Illinois  on 
the  Republican  ticket  and  served  during  the 
term  from  1869  to  1873.  In  the  campaign  of 
1872  he  supported  Horace  Greeley  for  the 
presidency,  but  thereafter  acted  with  the 
Democratic  party,  being  unable  to  agree  with 
the  Republicans  on  the  tariff  issue,  which  was 
to  him  the  most  important  issue  since  the 
question  of  slavery  had  been  settled.  He  was 
several  times  the  caucus  nominee  of  the  party 
for  U.  S.  Senator.  In  1888  he  was  again 
candidate  for  governor,  but  on  this  occasion 
he  was  defeated  by  12,500  votes.  In  the 
Democratic  State  Convention  of  1890  he  was 
unanimously  indorsed  for  the  U.  S.  Senate. 
The  following  year  he  was  elected  and  served 
until  1897.  In  1896  he  was  the  candidate  of 
the  Sound  Money,  or  National  Democratic, 
party,  for  the  presidency  of  the  United  States, 
being  nominated  at  a  convention  held  at  In- 
dianapolis, after  the  silver  plank  had  been 
adopted  by  the  regular  Democratic  convention 
at  Chicago  and  William  J.  Bryan  had  been 
nominated.  On  20  Dec,  1842,  Mr.  Palmer 
married  Malinda  Ann  Neely,  who  died  9  May, 
1885.  On  4  April,  1888,  he  married  Hannah 
Lamb  Kimball.  His  three  surviving  children 
are:  Mrs.  E.  A.  Matthews,  of  Carlinville,  111.; 
Mrs.  Harriet  Palmer  Crabbe,  of  Corpus  Christi, 
Tex.;  and  Mrs.  Jessie  Palmer  Weber,  of 
Springfield,  111. 

PALMER,  John  Mayo,  lawyer,  b.  Carlin- 
ville, 111.,  10  March,  1848;  d.  Battle  Creek, 
Mich.,  10  July,  1903,  son  of  John  McAuley  and 
Malinda  Ann  (Neely)  Palmer,  His  father, 
John  McAuley  Palmer,  w'as  a  prominent  law- 
yer, who  distinguished  himself  as  a  federal 
soldier  during  the  Civil  War,  rising  to  the 
rank  of  major-general  and  afterward  serving 
a  term  as  governor  of  Illinois  and  as  U.  S. 
Senator.  Mr.  Palmer  obtained  his  early  edu- 
cation in  the  country  schools  of  his  native  dis- 
trict, then  studied  successively  at  Blackburn 
University,  Carlinville,  111.,  Shurtleff  College, 
Upper  Alton,  111.,  and  finally  entered  the  Har- 
vard Law  School,  where  he  was  duly  grad- 
uated. In  1869  he  was  admitted  to  practice 
before  the  Illinois  bar  and  began  his  legal 
career  in  his  native  town.  Four  years  later, 
together  with  his  father,  with  whom  he  en- 


442 


MORRIS 


SCHMIDT 


tered  into  partnership,  he  removed  to  Spring- 
field, 111.,  and  there  continued  his  practice. 
Mr.  Palmer  served  as  a  member  of  the  Illinois 
general  assembly  and  as  an  alderman  of  the 
city  of  Springfield.  In  1893  he  was  appointed 
corporation  counsel  to  the  city  of  Chicago,  by 
Mayor  John  P.  Hopkins,  in  which  capacity  he 
served  for  two  years.  On  7  July,  1869,  Mr. 
Palmer  married  Ellen  Clark,  daughter  of  Dr. 
William  R.  Robertson.  They  had  three  chil- 
dren: Maj.  John  McAuley,  now  of  the  Twenty- 
fourth  Infantry,  U.  S.  A.;  Robertson;  and 
George  Thomas  Palmer. 

MOEKIS,  Henry  Crittenden,  lawyer,  b.  in 
Chicago,  111.,  18  April,  1868,  son  of  John  and 
Susan  C.  (Claude)  Morris.  His  father  was 
a  lawyer,  physician,  and  soldier,  served  as 
captain  and  quartermaster  in  the  Seventh 
Ohio  Volunteer  Infantry  and  as  surgeon  in 
Lincoln  General  Hospital,  Washington,  D.  C, 
and  practiced  law  in  Chicago,  111.,  from  1869 
to  1902.  His  grandfather,  Henry  Morris,  a 
native  of  Lincolnshire,  England,  settled  in 
Kent,  Ohio,  in  1834.  Through  his  mother  he 
is  a  descendant  of  the  Puritan  divines,  John 
Cotton  and  Cotton  Mather,  of  Boston,  Mass. 
He  was  prepared  for  college  under  private 
tutors,  and  at  the  age  of  fourteen  entered 
Chicago  University;  later  continuing  his 
studies  in  Europe,  with  sixteen  months  in 
Gernmny.  Upon  his  return  to  the  United 
States,  in  the  fall  of  1883,  he  entered  Buchtel 
College,  Akron,  Ohio,  but  later  left  to  continue 
his  studies  at  Lombard  University,  Galesburg, 
111.,  where  he  was  graduated  A.B.  in  1887. 
In  the  following  year  he  again  visited  Europe, 
remaining  in  Germany  eight  months,  studying 
at  the  universities  of  Leipzig  and  Freiburg. 
He  then  studied  law  in  the  Chicago  College  of 
Law,  and  was  graduated  LL.B.  in  1889.  In 
1890  Mr.  Morris  was  elected  secretary  of  the 
Young  People's  Universalist  Union  for  the 
State  of  Illinois.  In  1891  he  was  chosen  its 
president.  Visiting  Paris  in  1892,  he  studied 
modern  languages  and  literature,  including 
French,  Spanish  and  Italian.  On  1  Nov., 
1893,  he  was  appointed  U.  S.  consul  at  Ghent, 
Belgium,  an  office  which  he  held  until  16  Dec, 
1898,  when  he  resigned.  Altogether  he  re- 
sided in  Germany  two  years;  in  France  sixteen 
months;  in  Belgium  five  years,  and  spent  sev- 
eral months  in  traveling  in  Spain,  Portugal, 
Switzerland  and  Holland.  During  his  period 
of  service  as  consul  at  Ghent  he  prepared  a 
series  of  ofHcial  reports  on  subjects  relating 
to  American  commercial  interests  in  Belgium. 
Mr.  Morris  served  also,  in  1905,  as  secretary 
to  the  late  Chief  Justice  Fuller  in  the  Muscat 
Dhows  arbitration  before  the  International 
Permanent  Court  at  The  Hague.  He  is  gifted 
with  a  logical  mind  and  legal  intuition,  to- 
gether with  indefatigable  industry.  For  more 
than  a  quarter  of  a  century  a  member  of  the 
Chicago  bar,  and  also  an  active  official  in  nu- 
merous organizations,  he  has  proved  himself 
abundantly  capable.  His  library  is  the  envy 
of  scholars.  But  he  not  only  collects  books, 
but  assiduously  reads  them.  Especially  along 
the  lines  of  law,  economics,  history,  and  po- 
litical science — his  special  field  is  interna- 
tional relations — his  fund  of  information  is 
almost  inexhaustible.  Mr.  Morris  is  especially 
valuable  in  deliberative  bodies.  Although  a 
man  of  deep  feeling,  his  emotions  never  con- 


trol his  judgment,  but  every  act  is  weighed 
carefully  and  deliberately.  He  foresees  diffi- 
culties and  objections  where  others  in  their 
enthusiasm  are  prone  to  overlook  them,  and 
thus  to  stand  in  the  way  of  the  very  projects 
which  they  seek  to  advance.  Thus  Mr.  Morris 
exerts  a  steadying  influence  that  always  makes 
for  the  greater  ultimate  success  of  any  move- 
ment with  which  he  is  connected.  When,  in 
January,  1915,  the  Chicago  Peace  Society 
sought  a  president  to  carry  it  through  the  anx- 
ious year  of  a  world  war,  the  members  turned 
to  Mr.  Morris  as  the  logical  condidate. 
As  consul  to  Ghent,  Belgium,  as  student  in 
two  German  universities,  as  author  on  sub- 
jects relating  to  Colonial  politics,  as  secretary 
to  Chief  Justice  Fuller  in  one  of  the  arbitra- 
tions before  The  Hague  Court,  as  member  of 
such  bodies  as  the  American  Historical  Asso- 
ciation, the  American  Political  Science  Asso- 
ciation, the  National  Municipal  League,  the 
American  Civic  Association,  the  National 
Economic  League,  the  Lake  Mohonk  Confer- 
ence on  International  Arbitration,  the  Ameri- 
can Academy  of  Political  and  Social  Science, 
and  the  National  Geographic  Society,  he  has 
a  broad  equipment,  such  as  few  possess.  Since 
his  inauguration  he  has  carried  on  the  work 
with  tact  and  devotion.  Mr.  Morris  is  author 
of  "  The  History  of  Colonization  from  the  Ear- 
liest Times  to  the  Present  Day  "  (2  vols.,  1900) 
and  "History  of  the  First  National  Bank  of 
Chicago"  (1902).  He  is  a  firm  believer  in  the 
ultimate  success  of  peaceful  methods  for  the 
settlement  of  international  disputes,  and  the 
consequent  elimination  of  war.  The  degree  of 
A.M.  was  conferred  upon  him  in  1890  by  Lom- 
bard University,  and  the  honorary  degree  of 
A.M.  by  Buchtel  College  (University  of  Akron) 
in  1910.  For  many  years  Mr.  Morris  has  been 
a  member  of  numerous  economic,  social  and 
political  organizations,  among  them  the  Ham- 
ilton Club,  of  which  he  was  first  vice-president 
in  1910-11;  Authors'  Club  (London);  City 
Club,  Caxton  Club,  Chicago  Literary  Club  and 
the  Alliance  Frangaise,  of  which  he  has  been 
director  since  1910.  He  was  chairman  of  the 
executive  committee  of  the  Chicago  group  of 
the  American  Committee  for  the  Celebration 
of  100  Years  of  Peace  between  this  country 
and  Great  Britain. 

SCHMIDT,  Otto  Leopold,  physician,  local 
historian,  and  president  of  the  Illinois  State 
Historical  Society,  b.  in  Chicago,  111.,  21 
March,  1863,  son  of  Dr.  Ernst  and  Theresa 
(Weikard)  Schmidt.  His  father,  born  in 
Bamberg,  Lower  Franconia,  Germany,  2 
March,  1830,  died  in  Chicago,  111.,  26  Aug., 
1900.  When  twenty-seven  years  of  age,  he 
and  his  wife,  a  daughter  of  Richard  Wei- 
kard, also  a  native  of  Wurzburg,  came  to  the 
United  States,  and  located  in  Chicago.  His 
native  city  afforded  to  Ernst  Schmidt  extraor- 
dinary advantages,  affording  him  a  thorough 
knowledge  of  the  arts,  as  well  as  of  medicine. 
He  enjoyed  the  advantages,  successively,  of 
the  gymnasium,  the  polytechnic  school,  the 
school  of  music,  and  of  practice  in  its  several 
ho8i)itals.  From  the  university  he  joined  the 
revolutionists  of  1848,  and  with  the  large 
body  of  fellow  patriots,  when  their  cause  was 
beyond  hope,  he  came  to  the  Ignited  States. 
Otto  Leopold  Schmidt  passed  rai)idly  through 
the   prescribed   public   school   and   high   school 

443 


ERICKSON 


CALDWELL 


courses,  with  systematic  home-study  directed 
by   his   father,   and   at   the  age   of   seventeen 
matriculated  at  the  Chicago  Medical  College, 
where   he   was  graduated  M.D.   in    1883.     By 
the    advice    of    his    father,    he    pursued    post- 
graduate studies  at  the  Universities  of  Wurz- 
burg    and    Vienna,    and    with    the    equipment 
thus   obtained,   met    with   eminent    success    in 
the    practice    of    medicine    and    surgery.      He 
early  adopted  as  a  specialty  the  treatment  of 
diseases  of  the  heart,   lungs,   and   alimentary 
tract,    in   which    his    skill    was   acknowledged, 
not  only  in  America,  but  in  Europe.     He  was 
frequently    called    in    consultation    with    the 
most  noted  physicians,  either  in  person  or  by 
correspondence.    Among  official  connections,  he 
was  physician   to   the  Alexian  Brothers  Hos- 
pital and  consulting  physician  to  the  Michael 
Reese  Hospital,  and  to  the  German  Hospital. 
The    Chicago    Polyclinic    secured    his    services 
as    professor    of    internal    medicine.       While 
quiet  and  unassuming  in  manner  Dr.  Schmidt 
was    both    powerful    and    purposeful    when    a 
definite   object   was   to   be   accomplished.      He 
inherited    from    his    father    his    whole-hearted 
interest  in  public  affairs  and  his  intense  love 
for  his  native  land,  while  extending  his  con- 
cern  to  all  mankind.     He  joined  heartily   in 
promoting    every    endeavor    to    help    mankind 
generally,  and  became  interested  in  all  move- 
ments made  for  the  advancement  of  economic, 
civil,  and  scientific  endeavor,  wherever  under- 
taken.     Outside   of    his   professional    life   and 
his  charities.  Dr.  Schmidt  is  greatly  interested 
in  historical  and  research  work,  as  it  concerns 
the  old  Northwest  Territory.    Through  his  in- 
terest   in    historical    matters,    he    w^as    made 
president  of  the  Illinois  State  Historical  So- 
ciety; vice-president  of  the  Chicago  Historical 
Society;  and  a  member  of  the  American  His- 
torical   Society    and    the    Mississippi    Valley 
Historical  Society.     His  hereditary  interest  in 
the  Germanic  race  was  shown  by  his  studies 
in   its   history,   recognized   by  his   election   as 
president  of  the   German-American  Historical 
Society   of   Illinois.     He   was  also   a   member 
of  the  American  Medical  Association  and  the 
Institute  of  Medicine  of  Chicago;  was  elected 
chairman  of  the   Illinois  Centennial   Commis- 
sion,  organized   in    1916,   to   properly   observe 
the  one  hundredth  anniversary  of  the  admis- 
sion    of     Illinois    into     the     Union,     and     in 
1909   became   a   member   of   the   board   of  the 
Illinois    State    Historical    Library.      The   Uni- 
versity   of    Illinois,    the    Northwestern    Uni- 
versity, and  Illinois  College  have  been  enriched 
by  numerous  gifts  of  valuable  books  and  docu- 
ments   collected    by    Dr.    Schmidt.      He    is    a 
member    of    the    Chicago    Athletic    Club,    the 
South  Shore  Country  Club,  and  of  the  Union 
League,  Germania  and  City  Clubs,  all  of  Chi- 
cago.    In  1891  he  married  Emma,  daughter  of 
Conrad    Seipp,    of    Chicago.      They    have    one 
son,   Ernest   C,   and  two  daughters,   Alma   C. 
and  C.  Tessa  Schmidt. 

ERICKSON,  Charles  John,  general  con- 
tractor, b.  in  Westergotland,  Sweden,  22  June, 
1852,  son  of  Jonas  and  Kajsa  (Bengston) 
Erickson.  His  father,  a  peasant  proprietor, 
came  to  this  country  in  1862,  leaving  his 
family  behind  for  the  time  being.  For  two 
years  he  resided  in  Minnesota,  where  he  en- 
listed in  the  Eleventh  Regiment,  Minnesota 
Volunteers,    to    fight    for    the    federal    cause 


against  the  South.  After  the  war  he  returned 
to  Minnesota,  and  engaged  in  contracting  and 
railroad  construction.  Meanwhile  the  mother 
and  son  continued  in  the  old  country,  the 
former  unwilling  to  break  with  old  associa- 
tions. The  son,  having  acquired  a  common 
school  education,  also  remained  in  Sweden,  un- 
til his  twenty-eighth  year,  and  then  emi- 
grated to  this  country,  bringing  his  wife  with 
him.  Coming  to  Minneapolis,  Minn.,  he  joined 
his  father,  and  followed  contracting  for  nine 
years.  In  1889  he  went  to  Seattle,  where  he 
again  took  up  contracting.  Beginning  in  a 
small  way,  with  only  two  helpers,  he  has  since 
built  up  an  extensive  business.  Some  of  the 
larger  contracts  which  he  has  executed  for  the 
city  of  Seattle  include  the  Second,  Third,  and 
Fourth  Avenues,  the  Pike  Street,  and  Twelfth 
Avenue  regrades,  the  Lake  Union  and  Lake 
Washington  sections  of  the  trunk  sewer,  and 
the  Puget  Sound  drydock,  No.  2,  at  Bremerton. 
He  has  been  awarded  and  is  now  (1917)  ex- 
ecuting a  contract  for  the  construction  of  a 
railroad  in  the  Olympic  Peninsula  from  Puget 
Sound  west  to  Lake  Crescent.  Aside  from  this, 
his  main  business,  Mr.  Erickson's  interests 
have  broadened  into  other  fields.  He  is  presi- 
dent and  principal  stockholder  of  the  Preston 
Mill  Company,  president  of  the  National  Fish- 
ing Company,  president  of  the  Erickson  Con- 
struction Company;  a  director  of  the  Scandi- 
navian-American Bank,  and  of  the  Seattle, 
Port  Angeles  and  Western  Railroad  Company, 
and  president  of  the  Port  Townsend  and  Puget 
Sound  Railway  Company.  He  is  prominent  as 
a  man  whose  constantly  expanding  powers 
have  lifted  him  from  humble  surroundings 
into  the  field  of  large  enterprises  and 
continually  broadening  opportunities.  His 
breadth  of  view  has  not  only  recognized  pos- 
sibilities for  his  own  advancement,  but  for  the 
city's  development  as  well,  nor  has  he  been  any 
less  zealous  in  pursuit  of  the  latter  than  of 
the  former.  Though  a  warm  supporter  of  the 
Republican  party,  he  has  never  entered  deeply 
into  political  movements,  his  interest  being 
solely  that  of  a  public-spirited  citizen.  He  is 
chairman  of  the  board  of  directors  of  Adelphia 
College,  and  this  is  only  one  indication  of  his 
interest  in  affairs  relating  to  the  good  of  the 
community.  He  is  a  member,  both  of  the 
Seattle  Chamber  of  Commerce  and  the  Cham- 
ber of  Commerce  of  the  United  States.  He 
also  belongs  to  the  Arctic  and  the  Swedish 
Business  Men's  Clubs  and  is  a  member  of  the 
First  Baptist  Church.  On  6  Oct.,  1911,  the 
King  of  Sweden  conferred  upon  Mr.  Erickson 
the  knighthood  of  the  Royal  Order  of  Vasa 
of  the  first  class.  In  1877,  before  his  emigra- 
tion to  this  country,  Mr.  Erickson  married 
Anna,  daughter  of  Lars  Anderson,  a  farmer 
of  Westergotland.  They  have  had  nine  chil- 
dren, of  whom  only  three  survive:  Charles 
Edward,  Hilda  Katherine  and  George 
Leonard  Erickson. 

CALDWELL,  George  Brinton,  financier,  b. 
in  Dunkirk,  N.  Y.,  24  Aug.,  1863,  son  of 
Charles  Melville  and  Mary  Ann  (Kelner) 
Caldwell.  On  the  paternal  side  he  is  of  Scotch- 
Irish  ancestry,  and  on  the  maternal  side  Eng- 
lish and  German.  His  parents  removed  to 
Ionia,  Mich.,  when  George  was  an  infant,  and 
he  was  educated  in  the  public  schools  of  that 
place,  Greenville,  Mich.,  and  in  a  business  col- 


444 


-^arnXft^., .:■'.. 


CALDWELL 


GRANNIS 


lege  at  Grand  Rapids,  Mich.  Subsequently 
he  was  employed  on  his  father's  farm,  and  at 
the  age  of  eighteen  was  already  a  teacher, 
looking  forward  with  indomitable '  determina- 
tion to  a  career  as  a  country  educator.  In 
1882  he  obtained  employment  as  an  account- 
ant in  the  office  of  O.  C.  Kemp  and  Company, 
insurance  agents,  in  Greenville,  Mich.  He 
went  at  his  new  duties  with  so  much  industry 
and  persistency  of  purpose,  that  within  three 
years  he  was  offered  a  position  as  bookkeeper 
in  the  City  National  Bank  of  Greenville, 
Mich.,  which  he  accepted.  In  1888  he  re- 
moved to  Grand  Rapids,  Mich.,  where  he  be- 
came chief  accountant  and  financial  adviser 
with  the  lumber  firm  of  Tucker,  Hoops  and 
Company.  He  attained  a  degree  of  success 
remarkable  for  a  young  man  in  a  new  field, 
and  in  May,  1893,  he  was  appointed  state  ac- 
countant of  Michigan,  serving  also  as  secretary 
of  the  State  board  of  equalization.  In  May, 
1903,  he  was  appointed  national  bank  ex- 
aminer for  the  State  of  Michigan  and  Northern 
Indiana  by  James  H.  Eckles,  at  that  time 
comptroller  of  the  currency.  He  resigned  as 
bank  examiner,  after  serving  six  years,  to 
become  assistant  cashier  and  credit  man  for 
the  Merchants'  National  Bank  of  Indianapolis, 
Ind.  Here  he  devoted  himself  to  the  study  of 
economics,  and  to  the  collection  of  commercial 
and  financial  statistics.  Three  years  later  he 
assumed  charge  of  the  investment  department 
of  the  American  Trust  and  Savings  Bank  of 
Chicago,  111.  In  1910  the  bank  was  absorbed 
by  the  Continental  and  Commercial  National 
Bank  of  Chicago,  and  in  the  following  year  he 
was  elected  vice-president.  He  resigned  this 
position  on  1  Jan.,  1915,  to  accept  the  presi- 
dency of  the  Sperry  and  Hutchinson  Company, 
the  largest  premium-giving  company  in  the 
world.  Mr.  Caldwell  is  also  president  of  the 
Hamilton  Corporation,  a  subsidiary  of  the 
Sperry  and  Hutchinson  Company.  These  com- 
panies issue  coupons  or  stamps  to  merchants 
which  are  redeemable  in  standard  merchandise 
of  great  variety  at  more  than  500  premium 
stores.  These  coupons  and  stamps  are  recog- 
nized by  many  business  people  as  a  form  of 
advertising  and  profit-sharing  whereby  a  con- 
siderable part  of  the  advertising  cost  reaches 
the  pockets  of  the  consumers,  thereby  insur- 
ing, in  a  measure,  their  continued  patronage 
for  the  retailer.  Since  he  became  president  of 
this  company,  Mr.  Caldwell  has  severed  his 
connections  with  numerous  other  enterprises. 
However,  he  continues  as  a  director  in  the 
United  Light  and  Railways  Company,  Chi- 
cago; the  Grand  Rapids,  Grand  Haven  and 
Muskegon  Railroad  Company;  Chattanooga 
Gas  Company,  and  treasurer  and  director  of 
the    South    Haven    Steamship    Company.      In 

1912  he  organized  the  Investment  Bankers' 
Association  of  America,  and  was  its  first  presi- 
dent, serving  two  terms.  Mr.  Caldwell  is  a 
man  universally  respected  for  his  business 
capacity,  his  remarkable  energy,  and  his  strict 
integrity.  He  is  interested  in  every  public 
enterprise  for  the  growth  and  improvement  of 
the  city  in  which  he  resides,  and  is  recognized 
in  business   circles   as   an   able    financier.     In 

1913  he  was  ofi'ered  the  office  of  comptroller 
of  currency  by  the  Democratic  administration, 
but  declined  because  of  the  demands  made 
upon    his    time    by    business    matters.      Mr. 


Caldwell  is  a  member  of  many  exclusive  so- 
cial organizations,  among  them  the  Union 
League,  Michigan  and  Indiana  Societies,  F. 
&  A.  M.,  K.  of  P.;  New  York  Athletic  Club; 
Midday  Club  of  Chicago;  Michigan  Society 
of  New  York;  Wykagyl  Golf  Club,  New  York; 
Baltusrol  Golf  Club  of  New  Jersey,  and  the 
Oak  Park  Club  of  Chicago.  He  married  on 
14  Oct.,  1886,  Miss  Lucy  Smith  Patrick,  of 
Ionia,  Mich.,  and  they  have  one  child,  Helen 
Marie  Caldwell. 

GRANNIS,  Elizabeth  (Bartlett),  editor,  pub- 
lisher, and  philanthropist,  b.  in  Hartford,  Conn., 
27  March,  1840,  daughter  of  Edward  Phelps  and 
Maria  Melinda 
( Howard )  Bart- 
lett. When  she 
was  twelve  years 
of  age  her  father 
died,  and  she  re- 
moved with  her 
mother,  to  Or- 
well, Ohio,  being 
educated  in  the 
Warren  ( Ohio ) 
high  school,  and 
at  the  Lake  Erie 
College,  Paines- 
ville,  Ohio,  where 
she  remained 

two  years.  It 
was  on  one  of 
her  college  days, 
when  after  hear- 
ing James  A. 
Garfield  preach 
in  a  grove  near 
Mentor,  Ohio,  at 
a  yearly  meeting  of  the  Disciples  of  Christ, 
she  called  together  her  girl  friends,  and 
nominated  Garfield  as  President  of  the  United 
States,  twenty  years  before  any  other  per- 
son thought  of  him  in  that  capacity.  At 
the  age  of  fourteen  she  began  her  work  for 
humanity  by  hunting  up  waifs  and  bring- 
ing them  to  Sunday  school.  Three  years 
later,  at  the  age  of  seventeen,  she  was  chosen 
teacher  in  a  district  summer  school.  So 
well  did  she  fulfill  the  duties  assigned  to 
her  that  she  was  later  appointed  instructor 
in  the  winter  school,  a  position  no  woman 
had  previously  held.  In  June,  1873,  she 
purchased  "  The  Church  Union,"  a  weekly 
religious  newspaper  devoted  to  "  the  interests 
of  those  laboring  for  the  actual  visible  unity 
of  evangelical  believers."  Mrs.  Grannis  was 
the  editor  and  proprietor  of  this  publication 
for  more  than  twenty-three  years,  and  during 
this  period  "  The  Church  Union  "  attained  a 
prominent  place  among  the  religious  news- 
papers of  the  country.  One  of  the  con- 
tributors to  the  publication  for  many  years 
was  the  Rev.  Joseph  R.  Wilson,  D.D.,  LL.D., 
professor  of  theology  in  the  Clarksvillo  L^ni- 
vorsity,  Tennessee,  and  father  of  President 
Woodrow  Wilson.  In  1887  Mrs.  Crannis 
founded  the  National  Christian  League  for 
the  promotion  of  Purity,  "  to  elevate  opinion 
respecting  the  nature  and  claims  of  morality, 
with  its  equal  obligation  ui)on  men  and  women, 
and  to  secure  a  proper,  practical  recognition  of 
its  precepts  on  the  part  of  the  individual,  the 
family,  and  tlie  nation;  to  enlist  and  organize 
the  efforts  of  Christians  in  preventive,  oduca- 


445 


GRANNIS 


DEERING 


tional,  reformatory,  and  legislative  work  in 
the  interest  of  purity."  A  national  charter 
was  obtained  for  the  League  in  1800.  Since 
its  organization  Mrs.  Grannis  has  battled  for 
equal  rights,  equal  station,  and  equal  re- 
sponsibilities of  the  sexes.  Associated  with 
her  in  the  work  of  the  National  Christian 
League  are  many  leading  men  and  women  of 
the  country,  among  them  the  following,  who 
are  vice-presidents:  Margaret  P.  Buchanan, 
Frank  Moss,  Dr.  Nancy  M.  Miller,  Catherine 
Ferris,  Rev.  Sylvanus  Stall,  D.D.,  Kate  Waller 
Barrett,  M.D.,  Rev.  Leighton  Williams,  D.D., 
Mary  Wood  Swift,  Rev.  Frederick  B.  Allen, 
Rev.  E.  B.  Sanford,  D.D.,  Mary  Knox  Robin- 
son, M.D.,  Rev.  John  Balcom  Shaw,  D.D., 
Josephine  Walter,  M.D.,  Rev.  Peter  Ainslie, 
D.D.,  Hannah  J.  Bailey,  Bishop  Samuel  T. 
Fallows,  Rev.  Z.  T.  Sweeney,  LL.D.,  Charlotte 
Wooster  Boalt,  and  Rev.  J.  Aspinall  McCraig, 
D.D.  As  president  of  the  National  Christian 
League  for  the  Promotion  of  Purity,  since  its 
organization,  Mrs.  Grannis  has  come  into  con- 
tact with  conditions  surrounding  woman 
prisoners  in  the  police  courts  that  tended  to 
degrade  whatever  decency  and  womanhood  re- 
mained. She  has  been  a  leading  spirit  in  con- 
ference and  conventions  of  great  influence,  not 
only  in  the  Eastern  States,  but  in  San  Fran- 
cisco, at  Rome,  and  at  The  Hague.  While  she 
has  been  thus  occupied  in  public,  she  has 
quietly  financed  and  maintained  a  shelter  for 
women  and  children  in  distress.  On  1  May, 
1895,  Mrs.  Grannis  opened  the  Women's  Club 
Home  in  a  large  and  comfortable  house  at 
5  East  Twelfth  Street,  to  afford  a  pleasant 
home  at  moderate  prices  for  self-supporting 
women  and  those  striving  to  be  such.  As  far 
as  possible  employment  is  secured  for  those 
who  seek  it,  and  constant  eflforts  are  being 
made  to  aid  worthy  women.  Special  features 
of  the  Home,  which  is  maintained  on  the  co- 
operative plan,  are  the  restaurant,  sewing, 
laundry,  clerical,  employment,  and  similar  de- 
partments. Mrs.  Grannis  has  secured  the  pas- 
sage of  several  legislative  bills  that  required 
years  of  patient  effort  and  the  overcoming  of 
indifference,  prejudice,  and  hostility.  After 
seven  years  of  work  she  secured  the  enactment 
of  the  law  forbidding  the  use  of  tobacco  by 
minors  in  reformatories  and  prisons.  After 
eleven  years  of  effort,  she  secured  the  passage 
of  the  bill  making  infidelity  in  marriage  a 
crime.  Acting  upon  her  suggestion,  Hon. 
Elbridge  T.  Gerry  drafted  the  Tobacco  Bill, 
making  it  a  misdemeanor  to  sell  or  give  away 
tobacco  in  any  form  in  jails,  prisons,  peni- 
tentiaries or  reformatories  in  the  State  of  New 
York,  in  the  form  of  cigarettes,  plug  tobacco, 
or  cigars  to  a  person  under  twenty-one  years 
of  age  In  1911  Assemblyman  Dr.  R.  P.  Bush 
introduced  in  the  State  legislature,  at  her  re- 
quest, a  bill  legalizing  the  sterilization  of  de- 
generates so  as  to  "  prevent  the  promiscuous 
propagation  of  imbecility  and  criminality  by 
a  trivial  operation  called  vasectomy  in  the 
male,  and  by  a  corresponding  operation  in  the 
female,  which  does  not  destroy  sex  desire  or 
power,  but  prevents  procreation."  This  law, 
which  was  passed  after  twenty  years  of  work, 
is  regarded  as  a  wise  quarantine  against  the 
defectives  of  the  next  generation,  necessary 
for  the  safeguarding  of  the  race  and  a  great 
saving    to    the    taxpayers.      The    measure    to 


which  Mrs.  Grannis  has  given  her  strength 
for  many  years,  is  the  bill  to  legitimatize 
children  born  out  of  wedlock,  which  she  char- 
acterizes as  the  bill  to  enforce  the  responsi- 
bilities of  fathers.  Mrs.  Grannis  is  an  active, 
clear-sighted,  and  far-seeing  woman,  throwing 
her  wonderful  force  into  movements  calculated 
to  benefit  humanity,  accomplishing  results 
that  will  prove  to  be  lasting  achievements  and 
doing  it  all  in  a  helpful,  womanly  way.  She 
is  a  fine  example  of  the  efficient  helpful  woman 
in  American  life.  Mrs.  Grannis  speaks  as 
she  thinks  on  the  great  problems  of  life,  di- 
rectly and  without  blushing,  and  yet  she  never 
offends  by  indelicacy,  nor  by  that  glibness  in 
sacred  matters  that  are  common  among  those 
who  have  had  much  to  say  and  do  concerning 
the  sexual  life  and  relations.  At  the  meeting 
of  the  National  Purity  Federation  at  Battle 
Creek,  Mich.,  in  1907,  she  said:  "It  is  easier 
to  go  into  the  slums  and  work  than  among 
the  high  and  the  mighty.  The  soul  of  the 
capitalist  is  just  as  valuable  in  the  sight  of 
God  as  that  of  a  fallen  ignorant  girl."  To 
her  the  home  is  a  sacred  place;  husband  and 
wife,  parents  and  children  form  a  heavenly 
union  in  which  each  has  place,  rights,  duties, 
and  mutual  relations,  that  must  be  maintained 
in  purity  and  efficiency.  Her  whole  life  has 
been  based  on  religious  conviction.  In  recent 
years  she  has  taken  an  active  interest  in  the 
woman  suffrage  movement  in  New  York,  and 
it  has  been  her  custom  to  go  to  the  polling- 
places  and  make  application  for  registration 
as  a  voter.  On  20  July,  1865,  she  married 
Col.  Frederick  Winslow  Grannis,  of  Brooklyn, 
N.  Y. 

DEERING,  William,  manufacturer  and  phi- 
lanthropist, b.  at  South  Paris,  Me.,  25  April, 
1826;  d.  at  Miami,  Fla.,  10  Dec,  1913,  son 
of  James  and  Eliza  (Moore)  Deering.  He 
was  descended  from  Puritan  ancestors,  who 
emigrated  from  England  to  Massachusetts  in 
1634;  since  which  time  the  name  has  been 
frequently  and  honorably  mentioned  in  the 
histories  of  New  England.  His  grandfather 
was  a  master  shipbuilder  in  Saco,  Me.  His 
father,  with  others,  established  a  manufactory 
of  various  things,  especially  woolen  cloths. 
This  was  ruined  by  one  of  the  sudden  and 
violent  changes  of  the  tariff  laws  of  those 
days.  William  Deering  was  educated  in  the 
public  schools  of  his  native  town,  and  at  the 
Maine  Wesleyan  Seminary,  in  Readfield.  Sub- 
sequently, he  began  the  study  of  medicine  un- 
der the  celebrated  Dr.  Barrows,  of  Fryeburg, 
Me.,  but  abandoned  his  studies  to  assist  his 
father  who  was  then  president  of  the  South 
Paris  Woolen  Manufacturing  Company.  In 
1849  he  was  made  manager  of  the  mill,  and 
invested  his  profits  in  lands  in  the  Middle 
West,  then  sparsely  settled  and  called  the 
Far  West.  Four  years  later  he  resigned  his 
position  with  his  father's  company,  and  spent 
considerable  time  in  traveling  in  this  primi- 
tive country,  especially  in  Illinois  and  Iowa. 
His  wife's  failing  health  compelled  him  to  re- 
turn to  South  Paris,  where  he  conducted  a  ; 
general  supply  store.  Following  the  death  of 
his  wife,  Abby  (Barbour)  Deering,  in  1856, 
he  removed  to  Portland,  Me.,  and  at  the  out- 
break of  the  Civil  War  engaged  in  the  manu- 
facture of  clothing  for  the  federal  army.  In 
1865,   with   Seth   M.    Milliken,   he   formed   in 


446 


DEERING 


SMITH 


Portland,  Me.,  the  firm  of  Deering,  Milliken 
and  Company,  to  engage  in  the  business 
of  manufacturing  and  selling  dry  goods. 
Branches  were  soon  established  in  Boston  and 
New  York,  and  the  firm  became  one  of  the 
largest  dry  goods  commission  houses  in  the 
country.  In  1870  Mr.  Deering  retired  from 
the  firm  because  of  ill  health,  and,  upon  visit- 
ing Chicago  in  the  same  year,  met  an  acquaint- 
ance from  Maine,  E.  H.  Gammon,  who  was  en- 
gaged in  selling  agricultural  machinery.  With 
him  he  formed  the  firm  of  Gammon  and  Deer- 
ing, to  manufacture  reaping  machinery  at 
Piano,  111.  Mr.  Gammon,  who  had  an  interest 
in  the  patents  of  the  Marsh  harvester,  which 
was  working  a  revolution  in  the  gathering  of 
grain,  told  Mr.  Deering  that  what  wa's  needed 
was  a  machine  to  bind  the  wheat  into  sheaves, 
as  it  was  cut.  Mr.  Deering  set  to  work  to 
solve  this  problem,  and  with  employed  machin- 
ists, including  J.  F.  Appleby,  who  invented  the 
Appleby  twin  binder,  to  perfect  the  mechanism 
and  adapt  it  to  the  Marsh  harvester.  Mr. 
Gammon,  however,  retired  in  1878,  and  Mr. 
Deering  became  the  sole  proprietor  of  the 
Marsh  patents  and  of  the  factory  at  Piano, 
111.  Many  of  the  improved  machines  were  sold 
for  the  harvest  of  1879,  and  in  1880  more 
than  3,000  were  manufactured.  In  the  first 
years  of  its  use  this  machine  lacked  much 
of  being  completely  efficient,  and  for  a  time 
success  hung  in  the  balance.  The  use  of  wire 
as  a  binding  material  was  found  to  be  objec- 
tionable, as  fragments  remained  in  the  grain, 
and  were  injurious  to  millstones  in  the  grind- 
ing of  wheat.  After  many  futile  efforts  to 
produce  a  perfect  binding  twine,  Mr.  Deering 
induced  the  late  Edwin  H.  Fitler,  of  Philadel- 
phia, to  make  an  experimental  lot  of  single 
fiber  twine  from  the  manila  fiber,  and  thus 
solved  the  difficulty;  also  creating  the  oppor- 
tunity for  founding  a  new  and  great  American 
industry.  Spurred  on  by  him,  his  engineers 
improved  the  machines  of  the  day,  and  devised 
new  ones.  Wrought  iron  and  steel  replaced 
cast  iron  and  wood,  weight  and  draft  were 
reduced,  and  endurance  and  life  prolonged. 
Mr.  Deering  early  saw  the  possibilities  of  the 
internal-combustion,  or  gas  engine,  and  con- 
structed a  steel  machine  fitted  with  antifric- 
tion bearings,  which  was  perfected  in  1892. 
This  was  the  first  motor-driven  mower  ever 
built.  An  automobile  mowing-machine,  prac- 
tically operated  in  1894,  was  exhibited  hj  him 
at  Paris  in  1900,  and  for  this  Mr.  Deering 
was  awarded  an  official  certificate  of  honor, 
and  was  made  an  officer  of  the  Legion  of 
Honor.  He  received  also  the  grand  prize,  six 
gold  medals,  six  silver  medals,  and  eleven 
bronze  medals,  including  the  Deering  collab- 
orator medals.  The  Deering  Harvester  Com- 
pany was  organized  at  Piano,  111.,  with  Mr. 
Deering  as  president,  and  a  few  years  later 
the  business  was  removed  to  its  present  site 
at  Fullerton  and  Clybourn  Avenues,  Chicago. 
In  1901  Mr.  Deering  suffered  his  first  serious 
illness,  and  soon  thereafter  gave  the  active 
charge  of  his  business  into  the  hands  of  his 
two  sons  and  his  son-in-law.  At  the  end  of 
his  business  life,  Mr.  Deering  saw  in  his  em- 
ploy many  thousand  men,  and  many  more 
thousands  as  agents  for  his  machinery,  and  the 
business  extended  to  all  parts  of  the  world 
where  grain  is  grown.    At  that  time,  the  Deer- 


ing plant  was  turning  out  two  complete  ma- 
chines every  minute  of  the  working  day,  and 
thirty  miles  of  twine  per  minute.  It  covered  a 
land  area  of  eighty  acres,  and  had  an  annual 
capacity  for  turning  out  300,000  machines, 
consisting  of  binders,  reapers,  mowers,  rakes, 
drills,  and  corn  machines.  In  1902  the  Deer- 
ing Harvester  Company  was  merged  in  the 
International  Harvester  Company.  After  a 
serious  illness  in  1901,  Mr.  Deering  recovered 
his  health  to  some  extent,  and  administered 
his  own  affairs,  while  giving  much  time  and 
wise  counsel  to  institutions  of  education  and 
charity.  His  unusually  active  business  life 
had  not  prevented  interest  in  the  public  wel- 
fare, and  he  was  always  generous  in  gifts  to 
educational  institutions  and  worthy  charities. 
Personally,  he  was  endowed  with  the  greatest 
gifts  of  mind  and  heart.  That  the  possession 
of  wealth  for  the  sake  of  its  personal  posses- 
sion had  small  attraction  for  him  is  shown  in 
the  fact  that,  for  himself,  he  spent  almost  none 
of  it,  and  that,  during  his  own  lifetime,  he 
gave  millions  of  dollars  to  good  works.  His 
gifts,  especially  to  the  Northwestern  Uni- 
versity, to  the  Garrett  Biblical  Institute,  of 
whose  boards  of  trustees  he  was  president  for 
many  years,  and  to  Wesley  Hospital,  of  Chi- 
cago, were  very  large.  Mr.  Deering  was  an 
ardent  progressive,  tireless  and  ever  financially 
extravagant  in  his  efforts  for  progress  in  har- 
vesting machinery.  Though  never  seeking  po- 
litical office,  he  consented  to  serve  in  the  Maine 
State  council  under  Governors  Perham  and 
Chamberlain.  He  was  a  devoted  member  of 
the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  beloved  by 
all  who  knew  him  for  his  simplicity,  and 
kindly  nature.  In  1912  his  health  began  to 
fail,  and,  in  the  summer  of  1913,  it  became 
evident  that  his  robust  constitution  was  yield- 
ing to  the  weight  of  his  years.  His  mind  was 
clear  and  his  friends  were  known  and  wel- 
comed by  him  almost  to  his  last  day.  He  died 
in  his  eighty-eighth  year.  Mr.  Deering  mar- 
ried 31  Oct.,  1849,  Abby,  daughter  of  Charles 
and  Joanna  (Cobb)  Barbour,  of  Maine.  She 
died  in  1856,  leaving  one  child  (Charles  Deer- 
ing, b.  in  1852),  who  is  treasurer  of  the  In- 
ternational Harvester  Company.  He  married 
again,  15  Dec,  1857,  Clara,  daughter  of 
Charles  and  Mary  (Barbour)  Hamilton,  of 
Maine.  Of  this  marriage  were  born  one  son, 
James  Deering,  and  one  daughter,  Abby 
Marion,  who  married  Richard  Howe,  of  New 
York  City,  in  1898.     She  died  in  1906. 

SMITH,  Samuel  George,  clergyman  and 
author,  b.  in  Birmingham,  England,  7  March, 
1852;  d.  in  St.  Paul,  Minn.,  25  March,  1915, 
son  of  Rev.  William  and  Harriet  (Chamber- 
lain) Smith.  His  father  (1824-73),  a  native 
of  Kenilworth,  England,  and  a  clergyman  of 
the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  came  to 
America  in  1857,  settling  in  Iowa,  whore,  at 
the  time  of  his  death,  ho  was  presiding  elder 
of  his  district.  His  motlior  was  a  daughter 
of  Richard  Chamberlain,  of  Birmingham.  He 
was  graduated  at  Cornell  Collogo,  Iowa,  in  1872, 
and  in  the  fall  of  that  year  onlorod  the  Upper 
Iowa  Conforenco.  Soon  afiorward  he  was 
elected  principal  of  Albion  Seminary,  but  in 
1876  resigned  to  accept  a  pastorate  at  Osage, 
la.  After  two  years  he  was  sent  to  Decorah, 
la.,  and  in  1879  removed  to  St.  Paul,  Minn., 
where  he  passed  the  next  thirty-five  years  o£ 


447 


SMITH 


WALKER 


his  life.  His  first  pastorate  in  St.  Paul  was 
the  First  Methodist  Church.  In  1882  he  was 
appointed  presiding  elder  of  the  St.  Paul  dis- 
trict; and  in  1883  was  elected  a  delegate  to 
the  general  conference.  During  that  period 
he  received  calls  to  leading  churches  in  Bos- 
ton, New  York,  Chicago,  and  London,  England, 
but  declined  them  all.  In  1882  failing  health 
caused  his  retirement  from  the  St.  Paul  dis- 
trict, and  he  spent  the  most  of  the  following 
year  in  Europe.  On  his  return  to  this  coun- 
try, he  was  reappointed  to  the  First  Church 
by  unanimous  request  of  the  congregation. 
On  1  Jan.,  1885,  he  resigned  and  withdrew 
from  the  Methodist  Church,  at  the  suggestion 
of  friends  in  St. 
Paul,  who  sought 
for  him  a  larger 
sphere  of  usefulness 
than  that  offered  by 
any  single  denomi- 
nation. He  then 
founded,  and  became 
pastor  of,  the  Peo- 
ple's Church  in  St. 
Paul,  holding  his 
services  at  the  opera 
house  until  a  hand- 
some edifice  had 
been  erected.  After 
1890  he  was  head 
of  the  department 
of  sociology  and  an- 
thropology of  the 
University  of  Min- 
nesota. During  his  residence  in  St.  Paul,  Dr. 
Smith  was  closely  identified  with  its  edu- 
cational, political,  and  religious  life.  For 
three  years  he  served  on  the  city  school  board, 
resigning  on  account  of  the  pressure  of 
other  duties,  and  in  1890  he  became  a  mem- 
ber of  the  State  Board  of  Corrections 
and  Charities,  to  which  he  was  reappointed 
by  three  successive  governors.  For  many 
years  he  lectured  at  Chautauqua  assemblies 
and  on  various  lyceum  platforms,  prin- 
cipally on  modern  social  problems.  He  was 
appointed  by  Governor  Nelson  official  visitor 
from  Minnesota,  on  a  tour  of  investigation, 
which  covered  sixty  of  the  most  important 
prisons  and  asylums  of  the  Continent.  In 
1905  he  became  president  of  the  National  Con- 
ference of  Charities  and  Correction;  and  in 
1914  president  of  the  American  Prison  Asso- 
ciation, Dr.  Smith  has  been  a  frequent  con- 
tributor to  various  journals,  magazines,  and 
reviews.  He  is  the  author  of  "  Retribution 
and  Other  Addresses"  (1900);  "For  Eyes 
That  Weep"  (1900);  "The  Industrial  Con- 
flict" (1907);  "Religion  in  the  Making" 
( 1909 )  ;  "  Social  Pathology  "  ( 1911 )  ;  "De- 
mocracy and  the  Church"  (1912).  Person- 
ally Dr.  Smith  was  genial,  sympathetic,  and 
practical.  As  a  preacher  and  public  speaker 
he  had  few  equals,  while  his  church,  which 
was  among  the  largest  in  America,  was  always 
a  center  of  educational  influence,  Christian 
culture,  and  spiritual  power.  In  the  words  of 
a  life-long  friend,  Dr.  Smith  was  "  A  self-suffi- 
cient man,  yet  one  who  relies  upon  his  fel- 
lows; a  versatile  man,  yet  one  who  is  able  to 
concentrate  all  his  faculties  on  the  task  in 
hand;  a  man's  man,  shrewd  in  judgment, 
strong-willed,  masterful  executive,  yet  highly 


sensitized  to  respond  unfailingly  to  the  spirit- 
ual needs  of  his  friends.  Dr.  Smith  is  a 
scholar  in  the  highest  sense  of  that  word,  and 
he  is  also  the  man  of  affairs,  that  rare  com- 
bination of  dreamer  and  doer  of  deeds. 
Therefore  he  easily  becomes  the  founder  of 
enterprises.  The  enterprise  he  endows  with 
other  peoples'  money  .  .  .  but  of  more  value 
than  their  money  is  the  endowment  of  his 
own  spirit  which  gives  life  to  his  enterprises 
that  they  abide  in  the  land.  Of  a  mind  truly 
catholic  and  of  a  heart  big  with  human  sym- 
pathy .  .  .  essentially  a  pioneer,  keen  in  re- 
search, unwilling  to  build  upon  foundations 
not  laid  by  himself,  he  can  be  terribly  direct 
and  brutally  efficient.  But  with  the  growing 
years  he  has  .  .  .  permitted  the  primitive  and 
powerful  life  within  him  to  be  clothed  in  the 
mode  of  amiability  and  conservatism,  which 
things  are  not  native  to  him,  as  is  evinced  by 
the  fact  that  frequently  he  becomes  the  con- 
tentious and  constructive  critic  of  the  times 
whose  leadership  is  eagerly  followed  by  his 
fellow  citizens.  A  strong  man  of  rare  men- 
tality; and  withal  a  lovable  man,  a  burden- 
bearer,  himself  a  lover  of  men."  The  degree 
of  A.M.  was  conferred  on  Dr.  Smith  by  Cornell 
College  in  1872  and  by  Syracuse  University  in 
1882;  of  Ph.D.  by  Syracuse  University,  also 
in  1882;  D.D.  by  Uppet  Iowa  University  in 
1884,  and  LL.D.  by  Cornell  College  in  1898. 
He  married  twice:  first,  18  March,  1874, 
Mariam  Antoinette,  daughter  of  Royal  W. 
Barnard,  of  Fayette,  la.,  who  died  3  July, 
1888;  second,  15  May,  1890,  Sadie,  daughter 
of  John  Nicols,  of  St.  Paul.  He  had  five 
children:  James  William,  Samuel  George,  Jr., 
Arthur  Grant,  Harriet  and  Sadie  Nicols 
Smith. 

WALKER,  John  Grimes,  naval  officer,  b.  in 
Hillsboro  Bridge,  N.  H;,  20  March,  1835;  d.  in 
Ogunquit,  Me.,  15  Sept.,  1907,  son  of  Alden 
and  Susan  (Grimes)  Walker.  He  was  a  de- 
scendant of  Philip  Walker,  a  native  of  Eng- 
land, who  was  prominent  among  the  early  set- 
tlers of  Rehoboth,  Mass.  His  father  (1793- 
1852)  was  a  manufacturer  and  merchant,  of 
Hillsboro,  N.  H.;  his  mother  was  a  sister  of 
Governor  Grimes,  of  Iowa.  He  attended  the 
grammar  schools  in  his  native  town  and  later 
in  Burlington,  la.  In  1850  he  received  an 
appointment  to  the  U.  S.  Naval  Academy  at 
Annapolis  and  in  1856  was  graduated  at  the 
head  of  his  class.  He  spent  the  year  follow- 
ing his  graduation  on  the  "  Falmouth  "  at  the 
Brazil  Station,  and  while  in  these  waters  was 
promoted  to  lieutenant,  and  transferred  to  the 
frigate  "  St.  Lawrence,"  upon  which  he  re- 
mained until  1859.  He  was  then  appointed  in 
the  capacity  of  instructor  in  mathematics  at 
the  U.  S.  Naval  Academy,  and  occupied  the 
position  during  the  years  1859-60.  At  the  be- 
ginning of  the  Civil  War,  Lieutenant  Walker 
was  serving  on  the  steamer  "  Susquehanna " 
along  the  Atlantic  coast.  In  1861  he  was 
transferred  to  the  gunboat  "  Winona,"  where 
he  saw  his  first  fighting  under  Admiral  Farra- 
gut,  and  took  an  active  part  in  the  operations, 
including  the  passage  of  Forts  Jackson  and  St. 
Philip,  the  capture  of  New  Orleans,  and  the 
siege  of  Vicksburg.  For  two  years  he  was 
present  in  every  action  on  the  Mississippi 
River,  and  for  his  bravery  and  meritorious 
conduct  in  this  campaign  was  commissioned 


448 


WALKER 


DAMROSCH 


lieutenant-commander.  Shortly  after  his  pro- 
motion he  was  placed  in  his  first  command, 
the  iron-clad,  "  Baron  de  Kalb,"  which  was  at- 
tached to  the  Mississippi  squadron.  Under 
his  command  this  ship  went  through  the  heavy 
fighting  in  both  attacks  on  Vicksburg  (1862- 
63),  and  in  the  engagements  at  Arkansas  Post 
and  Haines  Bluff.  He  commanded  the  "  Baron 
de  Kalb  "  in  the  operations  before  Fort  Pem- 
berton,  performing  noteworthy  service  in  de- 
stroying supply  and  munition  craft  belonging 
to  the  enemy.  In  the  engagement  at  Yazoo 
City  his  ship  was  sunk  by  a  torpedo,  and 
Lieutenant  Walker  was  put  in  command  of 
a  land  battery  M'hich  played  an  impor- 
tant part  in  the  capture  of  Vicksburg. 
During  the  years  1864-65,  he  was  attached 
to  the  coast  blockading  squadron  on  the 
Atlantic  coast,  being  in  command  of  the 
"  Saco,"  which  took  part  in  the  action  before 
Forts  Anderson  and  Caswell,  and  was  present 
at  the  surrender  of  Wilmington,  N.  C.  At  the 
close  of  the  war  he  was  placed  in  command  of 
the  steamer  "  Shawmut "  and  sent  to  the 
Brazil  squadron.  In  1866,  while  in  these 
waters,  he  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  com- 
mander, and  shortly  after  his  elevation  to  this 
distinction,  was  recalled  to  the  Naval  Academy 
as  assistant  superintendent.  He  served  in  this 
capacity  until  1869,  when  he  was  made  light- 
house inspector.  In  1873  he  became  secretary 
to  the  Lighthouse  Board,  on  which  he  served 
for  five  years,  and,  in  1881,  was  appointed  to 
the  head  of  the  Bureau  of  Navigation,  in 
which  capacity  he  acted  for  the  next  eight 
years.  In  1889  he  was  appointed  rear-admiral 
and  was  placed  in  command  of  the  famous 
Squadron  of  Evolution  which  had  been  built 
and  organized  under  his  direction.  This  fleet 
he  took  on  its  European  cruise,  and  it  was 
thought  at  that  time  that  Admiral  Walker 
would  be  placed  in  charge  of  the  entire  naval 
forces  of  the  United  States.  In  1894  he  was 
sent  by  President  Cleveland  to  the  scene  of 
the  revolution  in  Honolulu  to  protect  Ameri- 
can interests  and  make  a  report  on  the  con- 
ditions. This  report  which  he  gathered  from 
the  best  available  sources,  and  from  observa- 
tion, brought  him  prominently  into  notice,  by 
reason  of  charges  to  the  effect  that  British 
influence  was  being  exerted  to  keep  Queen 
Liliuokalani  on  the  throne.  On  his  return  to 
the  United  States  he  was  again  identified  with 
the  Lighthouse  Board,  this  time  as  its  chair- 
man. In  1896  he  performed  his  last  labor  in 
the  service  of  the  U.  S.  navy  by  acting  as 
chairman  of  the  Deep  Harbor  Board,  which 
had  as  its  mission  the  location  of  a  deep  water 
harbor,  to  be  constructed  by  the  government, 
in  Southern  California  waters.  In  1897,  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  naval  law.  Admiral  Walker 
was  retired  at  the  age  of  sixty-two.  He  was 
then  at  the  height  of  his  mental  and  physical 
powers,  and  the  fact  of  being  placed  on  the 
retired  list  did  not  prevent  him  from  perform- 
ing some  of  his  most  valuable  and  notable 
services  for  his  country.  Few  Americans  were 
as  conversant  with  matters  pertaining  to  the 
Panama  Canal  as  Admiral  Walker,  and  prac- 
tically at  the  inception  of  the  project,  he  was 
called  into  consultation.  In  1897  he  was  ap- 
pointed president  of  the  Nicaraguan  Canal 
Commission  by  President  McKinley.  In  1899 
he  was  made  the  head  of  the  Isthmian  Canal 


Commission,  and,  as  such,  was  called  upon  to 
report  and  investigate  on  the  most  practical 
routes  across  Panama.  At  first  he  was 
strongly  in  favor  of  the  Nicaraguan  route, 
and  made  recommendations  to  this  effect,  but 
in  1899,  when  the  French  nation  offered  to 
sell  its  Panama  rights  and  works  for  $40,000,- 
000,  he  was  converted  to  the  advocacy  of  that 
route.  On  3  March,  1904,  following  the  ratifi- 
cation of  the  treaty  with  the  Republic  of 
Panama,  he  was  appointed  by  President  Roose- 
velt, a  member  of  the  Isthmian  Canal  Com- 
mission, the  task  of  which  was  to  take  charge 
of  the  construction  of  the  Panama  Canal,  one 
of  the  greatest  undertakings  in  the  history  of 
engineering.  The  services  which  he  rendered 
as  a  member  of  this  commission  made  him 
even  better  known  than  his  distinguished  and 
brilliant  record  in  the  navy.  Admiral  Walker 
was  a  member  of  several  clubs,  including  the 
University  Club  of  New  York  and  the  Metro- 
politan Club  of  Washington.  He  married  in 
September,  1866,  Rebecca  White,  daughter  of 
Henry  White  Pickering,  of  Boston,  Mass. 
They  had  five  children. 

DAMKOSCH,  Walter  Johannes,  musician,  b. 
in  Breslau,  Prussia,  30  Jan.,  1862,  son  of  Dr. 
Leopold  Damrosch  (1832-85)  and  Helena  Von 
Heimburg,  a  German  ballad  singer.  He  re- 
ceived his  musical  education  chiefly  from  his 
father,  but  also  had  instruction  from  Max 
Pinner,  Rischbieter,  Urspruch,  and  Hans  von 
Biilow.  He  came  to  the  United  States  with 
his  father  in  1871.  During  the  great  music 
festival  given  by  Dr.  Damrosch  in  May,  1881, 
Walter  Damrosch  first  acted  as  conductor  in 
drilling  several  sections  of  the  large  chorus, 
one  in  New  York,  and  another  in  Newark, 
N.  J.  The  latter,  consisting  chiefly  of  mem- 
bers of  the  Harmonic  Society,  elected  him  to 
be  their  conductor.  Under  his  leadership  this 
society  regained  its  former  reputation,  and 
during  this  time  a  series  of  concerts  was  given, 
in  which  such  works  as  Rubinstein's  "  Tower 
of  Babel,"  Berlioz's  "  Damnation  of  Faust," 
and  Verdi's  "  Requiem  "  were  performed.  He 
was  then  only  nineteen  years  of  age,  but 
showed  marked  ability  in  drilling  large  chorus 
classes.  During  the  last  illness  of  his  father 
he  was  suddenly  called  upon  to  conduct  the 
German  opera,  which  he  did  with  success,  and, 
after  his  father's  death,  was  appointed  to  be 
assistant  director  and  conductor  of  the  Sym- 
phony and  Oratorio  Societies.  The  same  year 
he  took  the  German  Opera  Company  on  a  tour 
of  Chicago,  Cincinnati,  Boston,  and  Philadel- 
phia, producing  "  Tannhauser,"  "  Lohengrin," 
"  Walkiire,"  "  Prophet,"  "  Fidelio  "  and  other 
noted  works  with  remarkable  success.  One  of 
his  principal  achievements  was  the  successful 
concert  performance,  by  the  Oratorio  and 
Symphony  Societies,  in  March,  1886,  of  ''Par- 
sifal," its  first  production  in  tlie  United 
States.  During  his  visit  to  Europe  in  tlio  sum- 
mer of  1886  he  was  invited  by  the  Deutsche 
TonkUnstler-Verein,  of  which  Dr.  Franz  Liszt 
was  president,  to  conduct  some  of  hia  father's 
compositions  at  Sondershauson,  Thuringia. 
Carl  Goldmark's  opera  "Morlin"  was  pro- 
duced for  the  first  time  in  the  ITnltcd  States 
under  his  direction,  at  the  IMetropolitnn  Opera 
House,  3  Jan.,  1887.  IMr.  Damrosch  has 
composed  "The  Scarlet  Letter,"  an  opera 
in    three    acts    on    Hawthorne's    romance    of 


449 


GOLDSPOHN 


McKIM 


that  name,  and  published  by  Breitkopt  and 
Hartel ;  '•  The  Manila  Te  Deum  "  for  solos, 
chorus,  and  orchestra,  written  in  honor  of 
Dewey's  victory  at  :\hinila  Bay  and  published 
by  the  John  Church  Company;  three  songs 
published  by  the  John  Church  Company; 
sonata  for  violin  and  piano;  "At  Fox  Mea- 
dow," published  by  the  John  Church  Com- 
pany ;  *'  Cyrano,"  a  grand  opera  in  four  acts, 
libretto  by  VV.  J.  Henderson,  adapted  from 
Rostand's  play,  published  by  G.  Schirmer; 
"  The  Dove  of  Peace,"  comic  opera  in  three 
acts,  libretto  by  Wallace  Irwin,  published  by 
G.  Schirmer.  The  following  from  a  competent 
critic  regarding  the  opera  "  Cyrano  "  appeared 
in  the  New  York  "  Times  :  *'  Mr.  Damrosch  has 
shown  the  judgment  and  skill  in  writing  for 
the  instrument  that  was  to  be  expected  from 
one  who  has  spent  his  life  in  conducting  or- 
chestral performances.  He  knows  the  orches- 
tra and  its  components,  knows  its  effects  and 
how  to  obtain  them.  His  score  is  commend- 
able for  its  coloring,  its  richness,  and  for  the 
sure  touch  with  which  he  has  emphasized  and 
elucidated  passages  now  emotional,  now  gay, 
now  picturesque,  now  tragic.  The  music  of 
•  Cyrano '  is  undoubtedly  composed  with  skill, 
with  verve,  and  in  many  parts  with  spon- 
taneity." Mr.  Damrosch  has  also  achieved 
success  in  the  lecture  field.  His  lectures  on  the 
"  Dramas  of  Wagner "  have  been  heard  with 
approbation  in  every  large  city  of  the  United 
States.  His  prodigious  capacity  for  labor,  his 
great  musical  ability,  his  unerring  taste  and 
refinement,  together  with  his  genial  tempera- 
ment and  remarkable  musical  memory,  have 
made  him  one  of  the  notable  conductors  of 
recent  times.  He  married  17  May,  1891,  Mar- 
garet J.,  daughter  of  the  late  Hon.  James  G. 
Blaine. 

GOLDSPOHN,  Albert,  physician  and  sur- 
geon, b.  in  Roxbury,  Wis.,  23  Sept.,  1851,  son 
of  William  and  Friederike  Marie   (Kohlmann) 

Goldspohn.  His 
father  emigrated 
to  this  country 
from  Neustrelitz, 
Germany,  in 

1848,  and  settled 
in  Dane  County, 
Wis.,  where  he 
engaged  in  farm- 
ing and  later  be- 
came a  lumber 
dealer.  His  pa- 
ternal grand- 
father was  one 
of  the  few  sur- 
vivors in  Napo- 
leon's army  fol- 
lowing its  mem- 
orable retreat 
Moscow,  in 
1812.  Albert 
Goldspohn  was  educated  in  the  public  schools 
of  his  native  town  and  under  private  tutors. 
Later  he  obtained  employment  as  an  ap- 
prentice in  a  drug  store,  and  early  showed 
a  strong  bent  toward  medical  activities. 
He  eagerly  absorbed  all  the  information  he 
could  obtain  concerning  his  hobby,  and  pur- 
sued his  studies  at  the  Northwestern  College, 
at  Naperville,  111.,  \vhere  he  was  graduated 
in  1875  with  the  degree  of  M.S.     In  the  same 


Cc^^tyiy ^£^^^/i(A^rA^t  from 


year  he  entered  the  Rush  Medical  College  in 
Chicago,  111.,  where  he  was  graduated  in  1878 
as  M.D.  Dr.  Goldspohn  was  then  resident 
physician  and  surgeon  at  the  Cook  County 
Hospital,  in  Chicago,  111.,  during  one  and  one- 
half  years.  Meanwhile  his  medical  practice, 
which  was  very  exacting  and  laborious,  spread 
over  a  large  territory,  and  after  devoting  six 
years  of  his  time  to  research,  he  visited 
Europe.  There  he  remained  two  years,  at- 
tending the  lectures  on  surgical  subjects,  par- 
ticularly gynecology,  at  the  universities  of 
Heidelberg,  Strasburg,  Halle,  WUrzburg, 
and  Berlin.  Upon  his  return  to  Chicago,  111., 
in  1887,  he  became  a  member  of  the  medical 
staff  of  the  German  Hospital  and  assumed 
charge  of  the  department  for  diseases  of 
women  under  the  direction  of  Prof.  Christian 
Fenger,  with  whom  he  was  closely  associated 
for  three  years  as  senior  assistant  in  surgery. 
He  rapidly  developed  surgical  skill,  and  in 
June,  1892,  was  appointed  professor  of  gyne- 
cology in  the  Post-Graduate  Medical  School 
and  Hospital  in  Chicago,  a  position  he  still 
holds.  In  1905  he  became  surgeon-in-chief  of 
the  Evangelical  Deaconess  Hospital  of  Chicago, 
an  institution  of  which  he  is  the  chief  designer 
and  surgical  supporter.  In  1906  Dr.  Gold- 
spohn donated  $25,000  to  the  Northwestern 
College  in  Naperville,  111.,  his  first  alma  mater, 
for  the  erection  of  a  Science  Hall,  which  bears 
his  name.  As  a  surgical  practitioner,  he 
ranks  with  the  leading  surgeons  of  the  world. 
Naturally  conscientious  and  cautious,  in 
operating  he  obtained  good  results,  generally 
with  a  large  percentage  of  recoveries.  He  is 
a  man  of  great  culture,  who  has  supplemented 
a  broad  and  liberal  education  by  constant 
reading  and  study  not  only  in  matters  con- 
nected with  his  profession,  but  also  in  the 
whole  realm  of  history  and  literature.  In 
addition  to  his  library  of  more  than  3,000  vol- 
umes, he  patronizes  the  medical  section  of  the 
John  Crerar  Library  in  Chicago.  Dr.  Gold- 
spohn is  worthily  characterized  as  always 
standing  in  the  vanguard  for  everything  that 
is  humane,  progressive,  and  wide-reaching  in 
the  theoretical,  literary,  and  practical  sides 
of  his  life  work.  In  1899  he  delivered  an  ad- 
dress before  the  International  Congress  of 
Specialists  in  Diseases  of  Women,  held  in 
Amsterdam,  Holland,  in  which  he  reported  the 
later  results  of  an  operation  designed  by  him- 
self for  displacement  of  the  womb;  and  dur- 
ing a  following  brief  trip  in  Germany,  he  had 
the  honor  to  be  invited  by  professors  in  Ham- 
burg, Berlin,  and  Munich  to  demonstrate  the 
technique  of  his  operation  on  living  subjects, 
which  he  did.  Several  years  later,  the  pro- 
cedure was  named  "  The  Goldspohn  Opera- 
tion." Dr.  Goldspohn  is  a  liberal  contributor 
to  medical  periodicals,  dealing  chiefly  with 
surgery  and  diseases  of  women.  He  is  an 
active  member  of  the  Chicago  Medical  So- 
ciety, Chicago  Gynecological  Society,  Illinois 
State  Medical  Society,  Mississippi  Valley 
Medical  Society,  American  Medical  Associa- 
tion, the  Association  of  Obstetricians  and 
Gynecologists  and  the  International  Periodi- 
cal Congress  of  Obstetricians  and  Gynecol- 
ogists. 

McKIM,  Charles  Follen,  architect,  b.  in 
Chester  County,  Pa.,  24  Aug.,  1847;  d.  at  St. 
James,    L.    I.,    14   Sept.,    1909,    son   of   James 


450 


McKIM 


SHEPARD 


Miller  and  Sarah  Allibone  (Speakman)  Mc- 
Kim.  He  studied  at  the  scientific  school  of 
Harvard  in  1866-67,  and  then  spent  three  years 
in  the  architectural  course  at  the  School  of 
Fine  Arts  in  Paris.  On  his  return  to  the 
United  States  he  settled  in  New  York,  and,  in 
association  with  William  R.  Mead  and  Stan- 
ford White,  formed  the  firm  whose  work  has 
taken  part  in  the  recent  development  of  archi- 
tecture in  this  country.  The  variety  of  work 
executed  by  this  firm  has  been  very  great,  but 
their  main  tendency  has  been  to  produce  build- 
ings whose  original  influence  has  been  derived 
from  the  purest  styles  of  classic  architecture. 
Among  their  best  productions  in  country  work 
are  the  cottages  erected  in  Newport,  Lenox,  and 
other  summer  resorts,  notably  the  house  at 
Mamaroneck,  N,  Y.,  that  is  in  the  style  of  a 
French  farmhouse,  having  points  of  resem- 
blance to  the  half-timbered  work  of  England. 
Their  houses  at  Newport  are  typical  of  a 
style  that  is  peculiar  to  themselves.  Among 
their  city  residences,  the  Tiff'any  house  on 
Madison  Avenue,  in  New  York  City,  which  is 
Rhenish  in  style,  with  details  leaning  toward 
the  Italian,  is  pronounced  by  some  critics  to 
be  the  finest  piece  of  architecture  in  the  New 
World.  The  Villard  block  of  houses  on  Madi- 
son Avenue,  behind  St.  Patrick's  Cathedral,  de- 
signed in  the  spirit  of  classic  Italian  -architec- 
ture of  the  sixteenth  century,  is  the  most 
beautiful  specimen  of  that  style  in  New  York 
City.  Conspicuous  among  their  country 
buildings  of  a  public  character  are  the  casinos 
at  Newport  and  Narragansett  Pier,  and  the 
music  hall  in  Short  Hills,  N.  J.  They  have 
also  built  St.  Paul's  Church  in  Stockbridge, 
Mass.,  and  St.  Peter's  in  Morristown,  N.  J., 
which  are  characterized  by  simple  dignity  and 
beauty.  Their  large  business  edifices  include 
that  of  the  American  Safe  Deposit  Company  on 
the  corner  of  Forty-second  Street  and  Fifth 
Avenue,  in  the  style  of  the  Italian  Renaissance 
and  the  Goelet  building  on  the  corner  of 
Twentieth  Street  and  Broadway,  New  York 
City,  which  is  likewise  Italian  in  character; 
and  also  the  two  large  office  buildings  of  the 
New  York  Life  Insurance  Company  in  Omaha 
and  Kansas  City.  The  Algonquin  clubhouse  of 
Boston  and  the  Freundschaft  clubhouse  of  New 
York,  and  Madison  Square  Garden,  in  New 
York  City,  were  from  designs  furnished  by 
them,  as  well  as  the  Boston  Public  Library. 
Among  other  notable  buildings  erected 
by  the  firm  are:  Columbia  University; 
the  State  capitol,  Rhode  Island;  Brook- 
lyn Institute  of  Arts  and  Sciences; 
Walker  Art  Gallery  at  Bowdoin  Col- 
lege; the  Department  of  Architecture  at  Har- 
vard; Music  Hall,  Boston;  the  Agricultural 
Building  of  the  New  York  State  buildings  at 
the  World's  Columbian  Exposition;  and  the 
buildings  of  the  University,  Harvard,  and  Cen- 
tury Clubs,  New  York  City.  In  addition  to 
the  work  already  mentioned,  Messrs.  McKim, 
Mead  and  White  have  designed  various  monu- 
ments and  memorials  erected  in  this  country 
and  abroad.  Mr.  McKim  received  the  gold 
medal  at  the  Paris  Exposition  of  1900,  and 
was  awarded  the  Royal  Gold  Medal  by  King 
Edward  for  the  promotion  of  architecture  in 
1903.  He  was  also  awarded  a  gold  medal  by 
the  American  Institute  of  Architects  in  1909. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  Congressional  com- 


mission for  the  improvement  of  the  Washing- 
ton park  system;  member  of  the  New  York  Art 
Commission;  member  of  the  Accademia  di  San 
Lucca,  Rome,  1899;  member  of  the  American 
Academy  in  Rome,  honorary  member  and  for- 
mer president  of  the  American  Institute  of 
Architects;  member  of  the  Architectural 
League,  and  honorary  member  of  the  Society 
of  Mural  Painters.  He  became  a  National 
Academician  in  1907.  He  belonged  to  the 
University,  Lambs,  Racquet  and  Tennis  Clubs 
of  New  York,  and  to  the  St.  Botolph  and  Som- 
erset Clubs  of  Boston,  He  received  the  honor- 
ary degree  of  A.M.  from  Harvard  in  1890,  and 
from  Bowdoin  in  1894. 

SHEPARD,  David  Chauncey,  civil  engineer, 
b.  near  Geneseo,  N.  Y.,  20  Feb.,  1828,  son  of 
David  and  Dolly  Olmstead  (Foore)  Shepard. 
He  grew  to  man- 
hood on  his  father's 
farm,  working  in 
the  vacation  season 
and  attending  the 
district  schools  in 
the  winter  months. 
Later,  also,  he  at- 
tended Temple  Hill 
Academy,  at  Gen- 
eseo, and  the  Brock- 
port  Collegiate  In- 
stitute at  Brock- 
port,  N.  Y.  He 
began  his  work  in 
the  profession  of  en- 
gineering, in  which 
he  afterward  won 
so  great  distinction, 
in  1847, 
was 

Gov.  John  Young, 
of  New  York,  as  one  of  the  corps  en- 
gaged in  the  construction  of  Genesee  Valley 
Canal.  After  four  years  in  this  work  he  re- 
signed to  assist  in  the  surveys  for  the 
Rochester  and  Genesee  Valley  Railroad,  now 
a  part  of  the  Erie  Railroad  System,  remain- 
ing in  that  employ  until  the  summer  of  1851, 
when  he  worked  on  the  Erie  Canal.  He  was 
then  transferred  to  the  office  of  the  State 
engineer,  at  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  and  remained 
there  until  1852.  He  had  now  become  recog- 
nized as  an  expert  in  railroad  engineering, 
and  was  called  upon  to  take  charge  of  the 
difficult  construction  work  of  the  Canandaigua 
and  Niagara  Falls  Railway,  and,  during  the 
years  1852-53,  was  engaged  in  various  other 
surveys  and  railroad  work.  From  1853  until 
1856  he  served  as  chief  engineer  of  the  At- 
lantic and  Great  Western  Railway  Company, 
and  in  1856-57  held  the  same  position  in  the 
employ  of  the  Milwaukee  and  Beloit  Railway 
Company.  In  1856  he  became  connected  with 
the  Minnesota  and  Pacific  Railway  Company, 
as  chief  engineer,  and,  in  that  capacity,  turned 
the  first  sod  for  a  railway  in  the  State  of 
Minnesota.  During  the  years  lSr)<)-62  Mr. 
Shepard  gave  up  temporarily  active  profes- 
sional work  and  engaged  in  the  shipping  and 
selling  of  wheat;  but  in  1863  on  receiving  a 
flattering  ofl'er  from  the  Chicago,  IMilwaukee 
and  St.  Paul  Railway,  he  became  chief  engi- 
neer for  its  lines  in  Minnesota,  with  head- 
quarters at  St.  Paul.  In  1863  he  associated 
himself    with    the    Northwestern    Construction 


appointed    by  ^-—^-^  Mj^^ 
John    Young,  /       ^ 


451 


NASH 


BOOK 


Company,  railway  contractors,  of  which  com- 
pany he  \va8  the  guiding  spirit  and  general 
manager  until  his  retirement  from  active  busi- 
ness in  1894.  Mr.  Shepard  had  an  unusually 
varied  and  busy  professional  career.  Prac- 
tically a  pioneer  in  railroad  construction  work 
in  the  Northwest,  he  played  an  important  part 
in  the  upbuilding  of  that  great  territory. 
The  difficulties  and  hardships  which  he  en- 
countered were  many  and  his  work  made  pos- 
sible the  strong  tide  of  immigration  which 
transformed  the  wilderness  into  a  region  of 
prosperous  communities. 

NASH,  Edward  Watrous,  metallurgist,  b.  in 
Akron,  Ohio,  8  April,  1846;  d.  in  Omaha,  Neb., 
22  July,  1905,  eldest  son  of  Frederick  Au- 
gustus *  and  Mary  (Watrous)  Nash.  His 
father  was  a  distinguished  member  of  the 
Ohio  bar.  He  was  educated  in  the  public 
schools  of  Akron,  and  at  Eastman's  Business 
College,  Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y.  At  the  age 
of  twenty  he  removed  to  Galveston,*  Tex., 
where  he  was  engaged  as  an  accountant  by  a 
firm  of  cotton  brokers  under  circumstances 
that  were  indicative  of  a  successful  business 
career.  Quite  by  chance  Mr.  Nash  found  him- 
self an  interested  but  idle  onlooker  at  an  auc- 
tion sale  of  cotton.  The  manner  of  recording 
purchases  and  making  settlements  seemed  to 
him  both  slow  and  crude.  He  approached  one 
of  the  proprietors  and  asked  for  work,  saying 
he  felt  sure  he  could  better  the  performance  of 
the  clerk  in  charge.  Something  in  his  appear- 
ance or  manner  arrested  the  proprietor's  atten- 
tion, and  he  was  asked  how  the  result  could 
be  accomplished.  Then  followed  a  demonstra- 
tion in  rapid  calculation  by  a  youth  desper- 
aetly  in  need  of  work,  which  resulted  in  his 
employment  and  an  early  advancement  to  a 
salary  of  $3,000  per  year.  In  1868  he  quit  his 
position  and  went  to  lower  Canada,  where  his 
father  was  engaged  in  a  mining  enterprise. 
Immediately  after  his  marriage  in  1869  Mr. 
Nash  came  to  Omaha  with  his  young  wife,  ar- 
riving without  resources,  except  a  small  sum 
of  money  which  rapidly  melted  away  under  the 
expense  of  living  in  a  frontier  town.  He 
sought  employment  for  some  time,  finally  se- 
curing a  clerkship  with  the  Union  Pacific  Rail- 
road. After  gaining  promotion  in  his  railroad 
work  Mr.  Nash  resigned  his  position  in  1870, 
and  cast  his  fortunes  with  the  Omaha  Smelt- 
ing Company,  which  was  then  being  organized. 
He  invested  all  his  savings,  about  $300.00,  in 
this  company,  which  was  a  small  meagerly  capi- 
talized concern  entering  on  a  business  then  but 
little  understood  He  accepted  the  position  of 
secretary  and  treasurer  at  a  markedly  lower 
salary  than  he  had  been  receiving  from  the 
railroad.  The  change  required  business  cour- 
age and  initiative,  both  marked  characteristics 
of  the  man.  This  was  thp  beginning  of  his 
long  connection  with  the  smelting  and  refining 
of  metals.  With  enthusiasm  he  set  to  work 
to  acquire  a  knowledge  of  the  business  in  all 
its  branches,  and  although  without  technical 
education  he  became  a  thorough  practical 
metallurgist.  He  had  a  genuine  love  for  the 
business,  and  was  largely,  if  not  wholly,  re- 
sponsible for  its  growth  and  development  into 
one  of  the  great  independent  smelting  and  re- 
fining plants  of  the  country.  In  1899  the 
American  Smelting  and  Refining  Company  was 
organized,  and  acquired  many  smelting  plants 


throughout  the  United  States  and  Mexico — be- 
coming commonly  known  as  the  "  Smelter 
Trust."  It  was  conceded  at  the  time  of  the 
organization  that  without  the  Omaha  plant  the 
consolidation  would  have  been  impossible.  The 
men  who  had  managed  the  different  plants 
were  brought  under  the  scrutiny  of  the  keenest 
business  minds  of  the  country,  since  from 
among  them  a  leader  for  the  new  company 
was  to  be  chosen.  Mr.  Nash  was  elected 
president  of  the  company,  and  held  that  re- 
sponsible position  until  his  death.  Under  his 
guidance  the  enterprise  attained  a  remarkable 
success,  and  acquired  an  enviable  reputation  as 
one  of  the  best  managed  of  all  the  industrials. 
Mr.  Nash  was  a  man  of  intense  virility:  he 
was  a  force.  His  business  perceptions  were  al- 
most intuitions.  He  seemed  to  form  his  con- 
clusions swiftly,  but  they  were  seldom  wrong. 
He  built  for  himself  an  efficient  system  of  busi- 
ness mathematics  upon  the  rule  of  three.  He 
thought  in  percentages.  He  possessed  original- 
ity of  thought  and  action  in  business  affairs, 
which  won  the  admiration  of  his  associates  and 
frequently  confused  his  adversaries.  His  man- 
ner was  frank.  His  nervous  nod  and  quick 
smile  were  kindly,  an  encouragement,  in  fact, 
to  better  acquaintance;  his  simplicity  of  char- 
acter an  inducement  to  prolong  it.  Without 
effort  he  made  friends  and  seldom  lost  them. 
Had  his  associates  been  asked  what  they 
thought  of  the  man  they  would  have  warmly 
praised  him,  but  probably  no  two  of  them 
would  have  given  the  same  reason  for  their 
opinion.  One  might  have  said  his  generosity; 
another  his  sound  judgment;  another  his  hon- 
esty. Probably  none,  and  least  of  all  those 
who  knew  him  best,  would  assign  the  true  rea- 
son. He  was  lovable;  his  faults  were  almost 
as  attractive  as  his  virtues.  Mr.  Nash  mar- 
ried 2  Aug.,  1869,  Catherine  Barbeau,  of  St. 
Marie,  Quebec,  who  was  has  inspirer  and 
trusted  adviser  until  his  death.  The  children 
of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Nash  are:  Virginia  (de- 
ceased), wife  of  Henry  Cartan,  of  San  Fran- 
cisco, Cal.;  Mary,  wife  of  L.  F.  Crofoot,  of 
Omaha;  Adeline,  wife  of  George  W.  Myers,  of 
Dubuque,  la.;  Frederick  A.,  Jr.,  (deceased); 
Louis  C,  of  Omaha;  Esther  (deceased),  and 
Frances. 

BOOK,  James  Burgess,  physician,  financier, 
b.  in  Palermo,  Canada,  7  Nov.,  1843;  d.  in 
Detroit,  Mich.,  31  Jan.,  1916,  son  of  Jonathan 
Johnson  and  Hannah  Priscilla  (Smith)  Book. 
Both  his  parents  were  of  Holland  descent. 
His  father  (1815-61)  was  an  extensive  and 
successful  speculator  in  real  estate  and 
founded  and  laid  out  several  towns  in  Halton 
County,  Ont.  His  mother,  a  daughter  of  Absa- 
lom Smith,  was  a  remarkable  woman,  whose 
moral  and  spiritual  influence  on  her  son  was 
intense  and  lasting.  Dr.  Book  began  his 
education  in  the  Milton  County  grammar 
school,  and  continued  through  the  Milton 
(Ont.)  high  school  and  the  Ingersoll  (Ont.) 
College.  In  1858  he  entered  the  literary  de- 
partment of  Toronto  University,  but  at  the 
end  of  his  sophomore  year  he  took  up  the 
medical  course  in  the  same  institution.  Be- 
fore graduation,  however,  he  went  to  Phila- 
delphia, Pa.,  where  he  entered  the  Jefferson 
Medical  College.  Having  received  the  degree 
of  M.D.  from  this  institution  in  March,  1865, 
he    returned   to    Toronto,    and   completed   the 


452 


.-X/r^'73  rd . 


<v...    .-" 


I 


BOOK 


HENRY 


course  which  he  had  begun  in  the  Toronto 
University,  and  received  a  medical  degree 
there  also.  Some  months  later  he  began  a 
private  practice  at  Windsor,  Ont.,  but  pres- 
ently decided  to  cross  the  river  to  Detroit, 
where  he  settled  and  continued  his  practice 
for  a  year.  Dr.  Book  possessed  a  desire  to 
attain  to  the  highest  step  in  his  profession, 
and  decided  to  take  up  a  series  of  postgrad- 
uate studies  in  the  centers  of  medical  learn- 
ing in  Europe.  In  the  fall  of  1865  he  sailed 
for  England,  and  attended  a  full  course  of 
lectures  at  Guy's  Hospital  Medical  School,  in 
London,  the  oldest  medical  college  in  England, 
if  not  in  the  world.  Having  completed  this 
course,  he  crossed  over  to  Paris,  and  settled 
down  to  a  year's  attendance  at  the  Ecole  de 
Medicin.  After  this  followed  a  three  months' 
course  in  practical  experience  in  the  General 
Hospital  at  Vienna.  He  left  there  to  go  to 
Trieste,  where  the  cholera  plague  was  then 
raging,  and  studied  this  dreadful  disease,  with 
many  interesting  experiences,  nursing  and 
caring  for  hundreds  of  victims  day  and  night, 
doing  cleaning  and  other  manual  work,  bury- 
ing the  dead  and  undergoing  all  of  the  hard- 
ships involved  by  the  disease  and  the  lack  of 
assistance.  The  few  physicians  and  others 
able  to  work  were  taken  with  the  disease  one 
by  one,  and  finally  a  friend  who  had  accom- 
panied him  from  Vienna  was  taken  ill,  and 
died  within  a  few  hours.  In  1867  Dr. 
Book  returned  to  Detroit,  and  resumed  his 
private  practice,  which  he  combined  with 
his  duties  as  professor  of  surgery  and  clin- 
ical surgery,  at  the  old  Michigan  Medical 
College,  having  been  appointed  to  the  chair 
soon  after  his  return.  In  this  position  he 
continued  until  the  institution  was  consoli- 
dated with  the  Detroit  Medical  College,  form- 
ing the  Detroit  College  of  Medicine,  and  after 
that  continued  to  serve  as  professor  of  sur- 
gery. In  1872  he  was  appointed  surgeon  of 
St.  Luke's  Hospital,  where  he  remained  for 
four  years,  and  after  that  he  became  attending 
surgeon  at  Harper  Hospital,  remaining  until 
1889.  Meanwhile,  however,  in  1882,  he  be- 
came surgeon-in-chief  of  the  Detroit,  Lansing 
and  Northern  Railroad,  where  he  continued 
for  many  years  until  his  retirement  from  the 
profession.  In  1886  he  became  medical  di- 
rector of  the  newly  established  Imperial  Life 
Insurance  Company  of  Detroit.  Being  keenly 
interested  in  home  military  organization,  he 
was  elected  surgeon  of  the  Independent  Battal- 
ion of  Detroit  in  1881,  and  when  that  organi- 
zation became  a  part  of  the  Fourth  Regiment 
of  the  State  National  Guard  he  continued  as 
regimental  surgeon.  He  retired  from  active 
professional  practice  in  1895.  As  a  surgeon 
he  stood  eminently  at  the  head  of  his  profes- 
sion. He  was  also  a  frequent  contributor  of 
articles  and  observations  to  the  medical  jour- 
nals. Among  those  that  attracted  most  at- 
tention may  be  mentioned  "  Nerve  Stretching," 
the  result  of  a  series  of  experiments  which  ho 
had  conducted  in  what  was  then  a  new  de- 
partment in  surgery;  "Old  Dislocations,  with 
Cases  and  Results";  "The  Influences  of 
Syphilis  and  Other  Diseases";  "Fever  Follow- 
ing Internal  Urethrotomy";  "Idiopathic 
Erysipelas";  "Malarial  Neuralgia";  and 
"  Inhalation  in  Diseases  of  the  Air  Passages." 
It  was  as  a  skillful  and  a  daring  operator  that 


Dr.  Book  was  especially  noted.  A  striking 
illustration  of  his  dexterity  was  furnished  in 
1882,  when  he  performed  an  operation  before 
the  students  and  the  faculty  of  the  Michigan 
College  of  Medicine,  which  had  never  before 
been  performed  successfully  in  the  West,  noth- 
ing less  than  the  removal  of  the  Meckels  gan- 
glion. Always  deeply  interested  in  public 
affairs,  Dr.  Book  was  .persuaded,  in  1881,  to 
become  a  candidate  for  the  office  of  alderman 
and  was  elected  by  a  substantial  majority. 
But  after  serving  a  year  he  resigned,  feeling 
convinced  that  he  could  be  of  greater  service 
in  matters  nearer  to  his  own  profession.  For 
this  reason  he  was  willing  to  accept  the  ap- 
pointment of  surgeon  in  the  police  depart- 
ment. Combined  with  his  professional  abili- 
ties Dr.  Book  was  also  possessed  of  that  keen, 
practical  judgment  which  is  commonly  called 
business  ability.  His  many  successful  invest- 
ments and  other  business  interests  became 
finally,  in  the  early  nineties  so  numerous  and 
so  intricate  that  he  at  last  decided  to  devote 
his  whole  time  to  their  management,  though 
never  abandoning  his  scientific  interest  in  his 
profession.  Dr.  Book  was  a  director  in  the 
First  and  Old  Detroit  National  Bank,  the 
Wayne  County  and  Home  Savings  Bank,  the 
Michigan  Fire  and  Marine  Insurance  Company, 
the  Anderson  Carriage  Company,  and  various 
other  commercial  enterprises.  He  was  also  a 
holder  of  considerable  real  estate  in  the  city 
of  Detroit.  He  also  financed,  or  helped  to 
finance,  some  of  the  first  and  largest  automobile 
companies  in  the  city,  notably  the  Wayne 
Automobile  Company,  the  E-M-F  Company, 
later  the  Studebaker  Automobile  Company,  and 
the  Flanders  Motor  Car  Company,  later  incor- 
porated with  the  Maxwell  Motor  Car  Company. 
At  a  very  advanced  age.  Dr.  Book  showed  no 
perceptive  abatement  of  his  physical  vigor  or 
intellectual  energy.  Though  the  details  of 
his  business  undertakings  had  long  ceased  to 
involve  the  necessity  of  his  personal  attention, 
he  gave  them  an  undiminished  interest.  In 
his  personality  he  was  distinguished  by  amia- 
ble traits,  which  attracted  many  warm  friends. 
He  took  a  strong  interest  in  helping  individ- 
uals, especially  young  men,  who  indicated  a 
desire  to  succeed  in  a  worthy  manner,  and 
many  were  indebted  to  him  for  advice,  influ- 
ence, and  timely  co-operation.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Detroit  Country,  Detroit  Boat,  and 
Bankers'  Clubs  of  Detroit.  He  married  28 
Aug.,  1889,  Clotilde,  daughter  of  Francis 
Palms,  a  prominent  capitalist  of  Detroit.  He 
was  survived  by  his  widow  and  three  chil- 
dren: James  Burgess,  Francis  Palms,  and 
Herbert  Vivian   Book. 

HENRY,  Horace  Chapin,  railroad  contractor, 
b.  in  North  Bennington,  Vt.,  6  Oct ,  1844,  son 
of  Paul  Mandell  and  Aurelia  (Squior)  Henry. 
His  earliest  American  ancestor,  John  Henry, 
emigrated  to  this  country  from  Coleraine. 
Ireland,  in  1738,  settling  in  Coleraine.  ^lass. 
He  received  his  primary  education  in  the  pub- 
lic schools  of  his  native  town,  and  then  con- 
tinued his  studies  iit  Norwicli  UnivorHity,  Wil- 
liams College,  and  ITobart  College.  When  the 
Civil  War  broke  out  ho  was  among  the  first 
to  enlist  at  I?rattloboro,  Vt.,  serving  in  Com- 
pany A,  Fourt(M'iith  Vermont  Volunteers  The 
company  participated  in  the  battles  of  Gettys- 
burg, and  upon  the  return  to  Vermont  he  was 


453 


LONDON 


CARRERE 


y^ti-<tO^/^t^ 


made  first  lieutenant  of  Vermont  militia.  He 
thou  went  to  Minneapolis  where  he  began  his 
business  career  in  the  employ  of  the  Hon. 
R.  B.  lisngdon,  then  a  large  railroad  con- 
tractor. Young  Henry  was  by  nature  ener- 
getic, persevering,  and  ambitious,  and  soon  be- 
came familiar  with  the  details  of  road-building. 
His  ability  as  a  manager  and  his  financial 
aptitude  were  soon  recognized,  and  he  was  pro- 
moted gradually  to  the  position  of  superin- 
tendent of  construction.  After  serving  ten 
years  in  this  capacity,  he  engaged  in  business 
on  his  own  account  as  general  contractor  for 
railroad  construc- 
tion. With  his 
associates,  he  has 
built  about  2,500 
miles  of  railroads. 
He  contracted  and 
successfully  built 
the  railroad  across 
the  States  of 
Washington  and 
Idaho  for  the  Pa- 
cific Coast  exten- 
sion of  the  Mil- 
waukee and  St. 
Paul  Railroad, 
covering  500  miles 
on  the  main  line 
and  250  miles  on 
the  branches.  Mr. 
Henry  is  an  in- 
defatigable worker 
and  possesses  an 
unusual  amount  of  energy  and  vitality  com- 
bined with  good  judgment.  In  spite  of 
all  his  strenuous  activity  and  the  many 
demands  upon  his  attention,  he  is  never 
too  busy  to  stop  and  lend  assistance  to  the 
needy.  Among  his  contributions  to  worthy 
causes  are  $30,000  to  the  Anti-Tuberculosis 
Society  of  Washington;  a  hospital  building 
at  Firland;  a  beautiful  chapel  at  the  High- 
lands; and  $5,000  to  the  G.  A.  R.  veterans 
who  desired  to  revisit  the  scene  of  the  battle 
of  Gettysburg  in  July,  1914.  Mr.  Henry  built 
a  concrete  art  gallery  near  his  home  in  which 
he  has  one  of  the  finest  collections  of  paintings 
and  books  on  the  Pacific  Coast.  He  was  presi- 
dent of  the  Metropolitan  Bank  from  1909  to 
1914;  and  of  the  Northern  Life  Insurance 
Company  from  1906  to  1914;  trustee  of  the 
First  National  Bank  of  Everett,  and  the  Na- 
tional Bank  of  Commerce,  Seattle,  of  which 
he  was  president  from  1899  to  1906.  He  is 
a  Scottish  Rite,  thirty-second  degree  Mason; 
member  of  the  G.  A.  R.  Stevens  Post,  Seattle, 
the  Rainier,  Seattle  Golf,  Seattle  Athletic, 
Arctic,  University,  and  Metropolitan  Clubs. 
From  1910  to  1914  he  served  as  president  of 
the  Anti-Tuberculosis  League.  He  married 
12  Dec,  1876,  Susan  Elizabeth  Johnson,  of 
Minneapolis,  Minn. 

LONDON,  Jack,  author,  b.  in  San  Francisco, 
Cal.,  12  Jan.,  1876;  d.  at  Glen  Ellen,  Cal., 
22  Nov.,  1916,  son  of  John  and  Flora  (Well- 
man)  London,  of  New  England  ancestry 
His  father  was  a  soldier,  scout,  backwoods- 
man, and  trapper,  who  crossed  the  continent 
from  Pennsylvania  to  California.  Jack  Lon- 
don received  his  early  education  at  the  public 
schools  of  Oakland  and  helped  to  increase  the 
family    income    by    selling    newspapers    after 


school  hours.  Later  he  engaged  in  salmon- 
fishing,  oyster-pirating,  schooner-sailing,  and 
other  precarious  and  adventurous  enterprises  on 
San  Francisco  Bay.  At  the  age  of  sixteen  he 
shipped  before  the  mast  on  a  sailing-vessel, 
and  in  1893  he  made  a  voyage  to  Japan  and 
went  seal-hunting  in  the  Behring  Sea.  In 
1894  he  tramped  through  the  United  States 
and  Canada,  leading  the  life  of  a  "  hobo  "  and 
gathering  sociological  data  at  first  hand. 
These  data  formed  the  subject  of  many  inter- 
esting sociological  essays  and  furnished  ma- 
terial for  many  of  his  stories  of  the  under- 
world. When  he  had  finished  his  wanderings 
he  returned  to  Oakland,  completed  the  first 
year's  work  at  the  high  school  there  and 
passed  the  entrance  examination  to  the  State 
University.  He  was  obliged  to  leave  college 
before  completing  his  freshman  year,  and  in 
1897  he  went  to  the  Klondike  where  he  found 
a  wealth  of  literary  material  that  has  found 
shape  in  some  of  his  best  works.  In  1898  he 
returned  to  Oakland  and  in  the  following  year 
his  first  magazine  article  appeared  in  the 
"  Overland  Monthly."  He  then  devoted 
himself  altogether  to  literature.  In  1902 
he  lived  for  a  time  as  a  tramp  in  the 
slums  of  the  east  end  of  London,  continuing 
the  sociological  studies  in  which  he  was  in- 
tensely interested,  and  during  the  Russo- 
Japanese  War  he  went  to  the  front  as  war 
correspondent  for  the  New  York  "  Journal." 
At  various  other  times  he  traveled  ex- 
tensively in  out-of-the-way  places,  and  lec- 
tured all  over  the  United  States  on  his 
travels  and  on  sociological  topics.  His  pub- 
lished works  are  chiefly  books  of  adventure, 
marked  by  a  strength,  freshness,  and  origi- 
nality of  both  subject  and  style,  which  set 
them  apart  from  any  other  literature  of  the 
kind  which  is  now  being  produced  in  America. 
They  include:  "  The  Son  of  the  Wolf  "  (1900)  ; 
"  Tales  of  the  Far  North  "  (1900)  ;  "  The  God 
of  His  Fathers  and  Other  Stories "  ( 1901 )  ; 
"Daughter  of  the  Snows"  (1902);  "The 
Cruise  of  the  Dazzler  "  ( 1902 )  ;  "  The  Chil- 
dren of  the  Frost"  (1902)  ;  "The  Call  of  the 
Wild  "  ( 1903 )  ;  "  The  People  of  the  Abyss  " 
(1903);  "The  Kemp  ton- Wace  Letters"  (co- 
author 1903)  ;  "The  Sea-Wolf"  (1904)  ;  "The 
Faith  of  Men"  (1904);  "The  Fish  Patrol" 
( 1905 )  ;  "  Moon-Face  "  ( 1906 )  ;  "  White 
Fang  "  ( 1907 )  ;  "  Before  Adam  "  ( 1907 )  ; 
"Love  of  Life"  (1907);  "The  Iron  Heel" 
( 1907 )  ;  "  The  Road  "  ( 1907 )  ;  "  Martin 
Eden  "  ( 1909 )  ;  "  Lost  Face  "  ( 1909)  ;  "  Revo- 
lution "  ( 1909 )  ;  "  Burning  Daylight  "  ( 1910)  ; 
"Theft"  (1910);  "When  God  Laughs" 
(1910);  "Adventure"  (1911);  "The  Cruise 
of  the  Snark"  (1911);  "John  Barleycorn" 
(1913);  "The  Valley  of  the  Moon"  (1914). 
Mr.  London  married  twice:  first  7  April,  1900, 
to  Bessie  Maddern,  of  Oakland,  Cal.;  sec- 
ond, 19  Nov.,  1905,  to  Charmian  Kittredge,  of 
Chicago. 

CARRERE,  John  Merven,  architect,  b.  in 
Rio  de  Janeiro,  Brazil;  d.  in  New  York  City, 
1  March,  1911,  son  of  John  Merven  and  Anna 
Louisa  (Maxwell)  Carrere.  On  his  father's 
side  he  was  descended  from  a  French  family 
which  had  settled  in  Baltimore;  he  was  also 
connected  with  the  Walshes,  Calhouns,  and 
Buchanans.  His  mother  was  a  daughter  of  the 
j  founder  of  the  house  of  Maxwell,  Wright  and 


1 


454 


CARRERE 


CARRERE 


Company,  of  which  his  father  became  senior 
partner.'  He  was  educated  in  the  schools  of 
Brazil  and  Switzerland,  and  obtained  his  pro- 
fessional education  in  the  Ecole  des  Beaux 
Arts,  in  Paris,  where  he  studied  successively 
under  Victor  Ruprich  Robert,  Charles  Laisne, 
and  Leon  Ginain,  and  where  he  was  graduated 
in  1882.  After  the  completion  of  his  studies 
he  came  to  the  United  States  and  entered  the 
office  of  McKim,  Mead  and  White,  in  New 
York  City,  where  for  three  years  he  remained 
in  charge  of  important  work.  He  then  formed 
a  partnership  with  Thomas  Hastings,  a  fellow 
student  whom  he  had  met  at  the  Ecole  des 
Beaux  Arts.  The  firm  designed  and  erected 
many  prominent  public  and  private  buildings 
in  New   York   City   and  elsewhere,   including 


the  picturesque  Ponce  de  Leon  and  Alcazar 
Hotels  in  St.  Augustine,  Fla.  To  this  firm 
was  awarded,  over  numerous  competitors,  the 
new  building  for  the  New  York  Public  Library 
— Astor,  Lenox,  and  Tilden  foundations.  This 
noble  building,  which  cost  $8,000,000,  exclusive 
of  the  site,  is  second  only  to  the  Library  of 
Congress  among  edifices  yet  erected  for  library 
purposes.  Carrere  and  Hastings  also  won  the 
first  prize  for  the  fine  building  to  be  erected 
near  the  cathedral  on  Morningside  Heights, 
for  the  National  Academy  of  Design.  Besides 
the  work  which  the  firm  of  Carrere  and  Hast- 
ings did  jointly,  Mr.  Carrere  held  the  follow- 
ing commissions  and  appointments:  chairman 
of  Board  of  Architects  of  Pan-American  Ex- 
position; in  charge  of  the  design  of  grounds 
and  landscape  features  of  the  exposition;  a 
member  of  the  Group  Plan  Commission,  hav- 
ing charge  of  the  remodeling  of  a  large  section 
of  the  city  of  Cleveland,  to  establish  a  group- 
ing of  all  the  public  monuments  and  build- 
ings, with  proper  surroundings  and  parks; 
member  of  a  similar  commission  to  revise  the 
plan  of  the  city  of  Baltimore,  Md.,  to  de- 
sign a  civic  center,  with  grouping  of  its  pub- 


lic buildings  and  a  system  of  avenues  and 
parkways  connecting  the  various  points  of 
interest  in  the  city;  member  of  a  commission 
to  report  on  a  comprehensive  plan  for  the  city 
of  Grand  Rapids,  Mich.;  appointed  by  the 
city  of  Hartford,  in  association  with  Mr. 
Hastings,  to  advise  and  report  concerning  the 
development  of  the  plan  of  that  city;  ap- 
pointed in  association  with  Mr.  Hastings  to 
make  an  extensive  report  for  the  entire  re- 
modeling of  Atlantic  City.  He  was  the  can- 
didate of  the  profession  for  government  archi- 
tect under  the  administration  of  President 
Cleveland,  but  declined  the  appointment. 
Mr.  Carrere  was  consulting  architect  in  charge 
of  the  design  of  the  Senate  Office  Building, 
Washington,  D.  C,  and  was  appointed  with 
Mr.  Hastings  as  a  consulting  architect  by  a 
committee  of  the  U.  S.  Senate  and  House  of 
Representatives,  to  prepare  a  report  on  the 
extension  of  the  U.  S.  Capitol.  He  was  one 
of  the  founders,  and  was  twice  president  of 
the  Society  of  Beaux  Arts  Architects  (com- 
posed of  pupils  of  Ecole  des  Beaux  Arts  re- 
siding in  this  country),  the  object  of  which  is 
to  perpetuate  the  principles  and  standards  of 
art  taught  at  that  institution.  He  was  the 
first  chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Education 
of  the  Society  of  Beaux-Arts  Architects  which 
laid  the  foundation  of  the  educational  work 
of  the  society,  which  has  led  up  through  many 
years  of  success  to  the  establishment  of  the 
Paris  prize,  and  the  complete  remodeling  of 
the  courses  of  instruction  in  architecture  in 
our  various  universities.  He  was  several  times 
a  director  of  the  American  Institute  of  Archi- 
tects of  the  New  York  chapter  of  which  he 
was  for  two  terms  president.  He  was  one  of 
the  founders  and  also  a  trustee  of  the  Fine 
Arts  Federation,  comprising  thirteen  leading 
art  societies  of  the  city  of  New  York,  of  which 
he  likewise  founded  the  Art  Commission.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  Century  Club  of  New 
York,  and  an  academician  in  the  National 
Academy  of  Design;  he  was  also  a  member  of 
the  National  Institute  of  Arts  and  Letters.  He 
was  a  director  and  active  member  of  the 
American  Academy  in  Rome;  and  shortly  be- 
fore his  death  had  been  appointed  special  lec- 
turer on  architectural  subjects  at  Harvard 
Universi.ty.  On  the  night  of  12  Feb.,  1911, 
Mr.  Carrere  was  injured  in  an  automobile 
accident,  from  which  he  died  seventeen  days 
later  at  the  Presbyterian  Hospital  in  New 
York.  For  an  hour  the  body  lay  in  state  in 
the  rotunda  of  the  New  York  Public  Library, 
which  remains  as  one  of  the  monuments  of  his 
genius.  The  funeral  services  were  held  in 
Trinity  Chapel  in  West  Twenty-fifth  Street 
the  same  day,  and  were  attended  by  eminent 
representatives  of  the  various  artistic  and 
educational  societies  to  which  Mr.  Carrere  had 
belonged.  The  burial  was  at  Silver  INIount, 
S.  I.  In  1886  Mr.  Carrere  married  Marion, 
daughter  of  Col.  Charles  Dell,  of  Jnoksonvillo, 
Fla.  Two  daughters  were  born  of  this  union: 
Anna  M.  and  Marion  Doll  Carroro.  Outside 
of  Mr.  Carrere's  strictly  i)rofesaional  pursuits, 
he  was  always  ready  to  give  his  time  and 
energy  to  any  public  cause,  especially  one  con- 
nected with  the  furtherance  of  art.  lie  was 
a  man  of  energy  and  conviction,  far-seeing,  in- 
dependent, and  strong  of  purpose.  For  a 
quarter  of  a  century  he  had  been  of  great  and 


455 


SHERMAN 


HARRIS 


well-recognized  service,  and  he  waa  still  a 
young  man.  His  brilliant  career  was  cut 
short,  but  his  fame  will  be  enduring. 

SHERMAN,  James  Schoolcraft,  vice-presi- 
dent of  the  United  States,  b.  in  Utica,  N.  Y., 
24  Oct.,  1855;  d.  there  30  Oct.,  1912,  son  of 
Gen.  Richard  U.  and  Mary  Frances  (Sher- 
man) Sherman.  His  father,  Richard  U.  Sher- 
man, established  the  Utica  "  Morning  Herald  " 
and  later  was  a  Washington  correspondent  for 
New  York  newspapers.  James  S.  Sherman 
was  educated  at  private  schools  and  Hamilton 
College,  where  he  was  graduated  A.B.  in  .1878. 
He  at  once  engaged  in  the  study  of  law,  and 
two  years  later  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  when 
he  became  a  member  of  the  firm  of  Cockinham 
and  Martin.  He  immediately  entered  politics 
and  was  soon  recognized  as  a  leader  in  the 
local  Republican  organization.  In  1884,  when 
only  twenty-nine  years  of  age,  he  was  elected 
mayor  of  Utica,  in  which  city  he  spent  prac- 
tically his  whole  life.  In  1895  he  first  be- 
came prominent  as  a  State  figure  in  Republi- 
can politics,  then  acting  as  chairman  of  the 
State  Convention  at  Saratoga.  Prior  to  that 
time  he  had  served  several  terms  as  a  member 
of  Congress  from  his  home  district,  having 
been  elected  in  1886  upon  the  completion  of 
his  term  of  office  as  mayor  of  Utica.  He 
served  successive  terms  in  Congress  from  1887 
to  1891,  when  he  was  defeated  for  re-election, 
only  to  be  returned  to  Washington  again  in 
1893.  From  that  time  until  his  nomination 
for  the  vice-presidency,  he  continued  in  office 
as  Congressman  without  a  single  defeat.  At 
the  time  of  his  nomination  as  running  mate 
to  President  Taft,  on  the  Republican  ticket, 
he  was  chairman  of  the  House  Committee  on 
Indian  Affairs.  The  office  of  general  appraiser 
of  the  Port  of  New  York  was  tendered  to  Mr. 
Sherman  by  President  McKinley  in  1899,  but 
a  mass-meeting  of  his  fellow  citizens  of  Utica 
was  called  to  protest  against  his  acceptance, 
and  he  decided  to  decline  after  his  nomination 
had  been  confirmed.  On  three  occasions  he 
was  called  upon  to  preside  at  Republican  State 
conventions,  and  acted  as  chairman  in  1895, 
1900,  and  1908.  Prior  to  the  convention  in 
1908,  he  had  been  so  seriously  ill  that  his  life 
had  been  despaired  of,  but  he  insisted  upon 
taking  the  chair  and  conducting  the  proceed- 
ings of  the  convention.  He  was  a  skilled 
parliamentarian,  suave,  and  tactful.  His 
sobriquet  of  "  Sunny  Jim "  sprang  from  the 
optimistic  attitude  he  always  maintained  upon 
political  questions  and  because  of  the  geniality 
with  which  he  uniformly  accosted  friends  and 
opponents  alike.  Mr.  Sherman  began  to  pre- 
side over  the  Senate  about  the  time  when 
what  is  popularly  known  as  senatorial  dignity 
was  relaxing  its  severity.  In  the  chair,  Mr. 
Sherman  was  fair  in  his  rulings,  quiet,  firm, 
and  seldom  reversed  an  appeal.  He  regarded 
his  time  presiding  over  the  Senate  as  a  day's 
business,  to  be  attended  to  as  if  he  were  sit- 
ting in  his  bank  in  Utica  or  at  the  directors' 
table  of  one  of  the  many  enterprises  in  which 
he  had  found  a  fortune  and  laid  the  founda- 
tions of  another  for  his  sons.  Taxed  beyond 
his  strength  by  the  long  session  of  Congress 
and  tied  to  his  place  in  the  Senate,  by  the  i 
failure  of  that  body  to  chose  a  president  pro  j 
tern.,  he  returned  to  his  home  in  June  a  very 
sick  man.     He  had  always  found  new  vigor  in ) 


the  mountains,  and  he  went  to  Big  Moose  in- 
tending to  remain  there  two  or  three  weeks. 
But  he  experienced  a  distressing  weakness  of 
the  heart  on  the  second  day,  and  it  was  with 
difficulty  that  he  was  brought  from  the  woods 
to  his  home.  Mr.  Sherman  received  the  de- 
gree of  LL.B.  at  Hamilton  College  in  1880, 
and  that  of  LL.D.  at  the  same  institution  in 
1903.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Metropolitan 
Club  of  Washington,  the  Fort  Schuyler  Club 
of  Utica,  and  the  Union  League,  Republican, 
and  Transportation  Clubs  of  New  York.  He 
was  also  enrolled  in  the  Royal  Arcanum  and 
the  Elks.  In  1881  Mr.  Sherman  married  Miss 
Carrie  Babcock,  of  East  Orange,  N.  J.,  grand- 
daughter of  Col.  Eliakim  Sherrill,  a  noted 
Whig  leader  in  New  York  in  the  days  of 
Henry  Clay. 

HARRIS.,  Norman  Wait,  banker  and  phi- 
lanthropist, b.  in  Becket,  Berkshire  County, 
Mass.,  15  Aug.,  1846;  d.  at  Wadsworth  Hall, 
Lake  Geneva,  W^is.,  15  July,  1916,  son  of 
Nathan  Wait  and  Charity  Emeline  (Wads- 
worth)  Harris.  His  earliest  paternal  Ameri- 
can ancestors  were  Thomas  Harris  and  his 
wife  Elizabeth,  who  came  from  England  in 
1630  and  settled  in  Charlestown,  Mass.  The 
line  of  descent  is  then  traced  through  their 
son,  Thomas  and  Martha  (Lake)  Harris; 
their  son,  Ebenezer  and  Christobel  (Crary) 
Harris;  their  son,  Nathan  and  Suzanna 
(Rude)  Harris;  their  son,  Daniel  and  Lucy 
(Fox)  Harris;  and  their  son,  Nathan  and 
Hulda  (Brega)  Harris,  who  were  the  parents 
of  Norman  Wait  Harris.  He  was  educated  in 
the  public  schools  of  Becket  and  Westfield,  the 
Westfield  Academy,  and  the  Rochester  (New 
York)  Business  College.  He  began  his  busi- 
ness career  as  solicitor  for  the  Equitable  Life 
Assurance  Society,  becoming  its  general  agent 
at  Cincinnati  in  1866;  but  later,  in  the  same 
year,  at  twenty  years  of  age,  he  organized  the 
Union  Central  Life  Insurance  Company,  of 
which  he  was  secretary  and  general  manager 
during  the  next  thirteen  years.  During  his 
administration  of  the  company's  affairs  he 
earned  a  wide  reputation  for  financial  ability, 
even  taking  advantage  of  the  panic  of  1873 
to  increase  the  surplus  profits  by  a  sum 
nearly  equal  to  the  total  capital  of  the  in- 
stitution within  a  few  weeks.  He  resigned 
in  1880  on  account  of  poor  health,  and  spent 
the  following  year  in  Europe.  At  that  time 
the  Union  Central  w^as  the  second  largest 
insurance  company  in  the  West,  but  by  1911 
its  assets  exceeded  $25,000,000.  Mr.  Harris 
returned  to  the  United  States  in  1881  and 
established  the  banking-house  of  N.  W.  Harris 
and  Company,  which  soon  became  one  of  the 
leading  bond  firms  in  the  United  States,  mak- 
ing a  specialty  of  government,  State,  and 
municipal  securities  and  other  high-grade  in- 
vestments. He  served  as  the  head  of  this  in- 
stitution until  1907,  and  his  operations  ex- 
tended throughout  the  country,  with  branch 
houses  in  New  York  and  Boston,  and  annual 
sales  of  bonds  amounting  to  $45,000,000.  In 
the  latter  year  he  established  the  Harris  Trust 
and  Savings  Bank  of  Chicago,  of  which  he 
served  as  president  until  1913,  since  which 
time,  until  the  day  of  his  decease,  "he  was  the 
chairman  of  its  board  of  directors.  Mr. 
Harris  was  also  chairman  of  the  board  of  di- 
rectors of  the  Michigan  State  Telephone  Com- 


456 


^^* 


^ 


HARRIS 


NICOLS 


pany,  and  a  director  of  various  other  corpora- 
tions, but  the  great  significance  of  his  busi- 
ness career  lies  in  its  intimate  connection 
with  the  change  in  the  West  from  a  simple 
producer  of  certain  commercial  articles,  prin- 
cipally foods,  to  the  possession  of  capital  in 
its  more  liquid  form,  the  change  from  the 
mere  selling  of  goods,  and  receiving  money 
therefore,  to  the  accumulation  of  wealth,  which 
expressed  itself  in  the  form  of  securities.  This 
process  assimilated  the  western  country  with 
the  older  civilizations,  and  has  made  it  one 
with  New  York  and  London  in  the  handling 
of  financial  affairs.  Mr.  Harris  was  more  a 
part  of  this,  and  more  a  maker  of  it,  than  any 
other  citizen  of  Chicago  (and  possibly  of  the 
Middle  West),  for  he  cultivated  in  all  these 
thirty-four  years  more  than  any  other  one  per- 
son the  thought  of  placing  savings  in  solid 
securities.  He  was  an  indefatigable  worker, 
a  remarkable  genius  in  the  handling  of  money, 
and  possessed  a  financial  foresight  almost 
prophetic.  But  the  great  impress  of  his  life 
upon  the  financial  and  commercial  develop- 
ment of  our  country  has  been  through  his  in- 
tegrity and  high  business  principles.  He  in- 
augurated the  "  principle  that  a  vendor  of 
securities  should  be  in  a  sense  a  trustee  of 
the  purchaser  " — ^he  and  his  firm  always  stand- 
ing behind  every  security  which  they  placed 
on  the  market;  and  he  stood  throughout  his 
life  for  the  highest  standards  in  every  field 
of  his  activities.  Mr.  Harris  was  also  an  in- 
fluential man  outside  of  financial  circles,  and 
his  advice  was  sought  by  various  institutions. 
For  twenty-six  (1890-1916)  years  he  was  a 
trustee  of  Northwestern  University,  and  for 
long  periods  he  was  president  of  the  Chicago 
Training  School  for  Home  and  Foreign  Mis- 
sions, a  member  of  the  International  Commit- 
tee of  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.  of  America,  viee-presi- 
df^nt  of  the  board  of  trustees  of  the  Chicago 
Y  M.  C.  A.,  governing  member  of  the  Art 
Institute  of  Chicago,  treasurer  of  the  North- 
western University  Settlement,  and  trustee  of 
the  Wesley  Memorial  Hospital,  St.  James' 
Church  of  Chicago,  and  the  Methodist  Dea- 
coness Orphanage  of  Lake  Bluff,  111.  He  has 
been  active  always  in  benevolent  and  chari- 
table enterprises,  and  generous  in  his  con- 
tributions. He  took  particular  interest  in  the 
training  of  nurses  to  work  among  the  poor  and 
unfortunate,  and  in  the  preparation  of  mis- 
sionaries for  work  in  home  and  foreign  lands. 
In  1895  he  donated  one-quarter  of  an  entire 
square  of  land  in  Chicago  to  the  Chicago 
Training  School,  and  later  erected  a  chapel 
and  another  building  containing  143  rooms. 
This  school  has  sent  over  500  trained  workers 
into  the  field.  Mr.  Harris  was  a  public- 
spirited  citizen,  taking  an  active  interest  in 
every  worthy  movement  for  the  development 
of  the  United  States,  of  Chicago,  and  the  Mid- 
dle West,  and  of  his  native  town.  He  gave 
$10,000  annually  to  assist  in  the  education 
of  needy  boys  and  girls  of  Becket  Township, 
where  he  was  born.  He  created  and  endowed 
with . $250,000,  a  public  school  extension  plant 
at  the  Field  Museum  of  Natural  History, 
which  brings  the  treasures  of  the  museum 
into  the  public  schools  of  Chicago  for  in- 
structional purposes.  He  gave  Northwestern 
University  $250,000  for  a  political  science  and 
history    building    dedicated    to    good    govern- 


ment, responsible  citizenship,  and  social  serv- 
ice, and  he  has  contributed  a  $500,000  trust 
fund  to  aid  the  various  public,  charitable,  and 
benevolent  institutions  of  Chicago  and 
vicinity,  while  he  has  been  for  many  years  a 
generous  supporter  of  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.,  giving 
$50,000  to  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.  Hotel,  Chicago, 
and  many  other  public  philanthropies.  Mr. 
Harris  was  a  man  whose  sagacious  eyes 
weighed  things,  and  as  a  banker  he  always 
encouraged  such  industries  as  ought  to  live. 
He  did  not  sell  bonds  on  commission,  but 
bought  bonds  and  then  sold  bonds  which  were 
his  Own;  and  such  was  the  scrutiny  he  gave 
them  in  the  buying  process  that  only  once  in 
the  lifetime  of  his  banking-house  had  there 
been  a  suit  at  law  and  then  the  suit  failed. 
He  was  minute  in  his  investigation.  Nothing 
escaped  that  steady  look.  He  was  thorough- 
ness grown  massive.  He  believed  thoroughly 
in  the  church  and  its  agencies  and  was  among 
the  foremost  helpers  of  the  deaconess  movement 
in  America.  He  believed  in  education  and 
fostered  it  generously.  He  wanted  black  and 
white  alike  to  have  an  American  chance  and 
helped  that  right  plan  on  by  his  beneficence. 
Mr.  Harris  was  fond  of  travel,  having  visited 
Europe  five  times,  and  making  extensive  tours 
in  Africa  and  other  parts  of  the  world.  His 
favorite  recreations  were  automobiling  and 
golf.  'He  was  a  member  of  the  Lawyers',  the 
Metropolitan,  and  the  Sleepy  Hollow  Clubs  of 
New  York;  of  the  Union  League,  the  Chicago, 
the  Midday,  and  the  South  Shore  Country 
Clubs  of  Chicago  and  vicinity;  of  the  Des 
Moines  City  Club  and  of  the  Lake  Geneva 
Country  Club.  Mr.  Harris  was  married 
thrice:  (1)  1  Jan.,  1867,  to  Jacyntha, 
daughter  of  Anderson  Wood  Vallandingham 
and  Sarah  Dryden  Vallandingham,  of  Cin- 
cinnati, Ohio,  and  Louisville,  Ky.  They  had 
two  children:  Albert  Wadsworth  Harris,  now 
president  of  the  Harris  Trust  and  Savings 
Bank  of  Chicago,  and  Norman  Dwight  Harris, 
now  professor  of  diplomacy  in  Northwestern 
University.  (2)  28  Jan.,  1875,  to  Clara, 
daughter  of  John  Cochnower,  of  Cincinnati,  a 
banker.  (3)  21  April,  1879,  to  Emma  S., 
daughter  of  Dr.  J.  G.  Gale,  of  Newton,  N.  H., 
and  great-great-granddaughter  of  Josiah  Bart- 
lett,  sometime  governor  of  that  State.  Of 
this  third  marriage,  three  children  were  born: 
Pearl  Emma,  wife  of  M.  H.  MacLean,  of 
Chicago;  Hayden  Bartlett  Harris,  of  New 
York;  and  Stanley  Gale  Harris,  of  Chicago. 
Mr.  Harris  left  two  brothers:  Dr.  Dwight 
James  Harris,  of  Evanston,  111.,  and  Flavel 
Watson  Harris,  of  Jesup,  la.,  and  one  sister, 
Miss  Martha  Emeline  Harris,  of  Evanston, 
HI. 

NICOLS,  John,  merchant,  b.  in  Harwood, 
Caroline  County,  Md.,  16  Dec,  1812;  d.  in  St. 
Paul,  Minn.,  29  July,  1873,  son  of  Henry 
(1765-1831)  and  Elizabeth  Downes  (Sollors) 
Nicols.  The  Nicols  family  of  Maryland  was 
founded  by  the  Rev.  Tleniy  Nicols.  a  clorg>'- 
man  of  the  Church  of  Enpflnnd.  and  a  graduate 
and  fellow  of  Jesus  College.  Oxford.  lie  was 
sent  to  America  by  the  Society  for  the  Propa- 
gation of  the  Gospel  in  Foreign  Posts  in  1703, 
and  settled  in  Maryland  on  the  east.Tn  shore, 
where  he  was  rector  of  Christ  Church  in  the 
town  of  St.  Michaels,  for  forty  years,  dying 
there    in    1748.      Here    his    descendants    have 


457 


NICOLS 


SIMONDS 


lived  for  200  years.  From  this  ancestor  the 
line  of  descent  is  as  follows:  Rev.  Henry 
Nicols  and  his  wife,  Elizabeth  Getchell; 
Charles  Nicols  and  his  wife,  Mary  Smith; 
Henry  Nicols  and  his  wife,  Elizabeth  Downes 
Sellers;  Charles  Nicols,  son  of  Rev.  Henry 
Nicols  and  grandfather  of  John  Nicols,  was  a 
member  of  the  Maryland  general  assembly. 
His  son,  Henry  Nicols  (1765-1831),  was  a 
** gentUman  farmer,"  as  the  term  is  under- 
stood in  Maryland,  living  on  and  superintend- 
ing his  estate  which  was  of  considerable  ex- 
tent. John  Nicols 
grew  to  manhood 
on  the  ancestral 
estate  of  which  he 
became  the  super- 
intendent on  at- 
taining maturity. 
From  early  youth 
he  was  looked 
upon  as  a  notable 
man  in  his  part 
of  the  State.  He 
was  three  times 
elected  a  member 
of  the  house  of 
delegates  ( legisla- 
ture) of  the  State 
of  Maryland,  serv- 
ing his  first  term 
in  1831,  at  the  age  of  twenty-four.  On 
23  June,  1846,  he  was  commissioned  colonel 
of  the  Nineteenth  Maryland  Militia,  a  regi- 
ment of  volunteers,  which  he  raised  for  service 
in  the  Mexican  War.  Before  being  mustered 
into  service,  however,  the  war  came  to  a  close, 
and  the  patriotic  young  colonel  never  saw  ac- 
tive service.  Another  striking  illustration  of 
Mr.  Nicols'  great  ambition  to  further  his  coun- 
try's welfare  and  his  unusual  independence  of 
thought  lay  in  his  attitude  toward  the  ques- 
tion of  slavery.  Although  inheriting  an  exten- 
sive slave  estate  he  was,  in  marked  contrast 
with  the  most  of  his  neighbors,  strongly  op- 
posed to  slavery,  and  in  1847,  in  practical  ap- 
plication of  his  theory  that  no  human  being 
should  be  master  of  another,  gave  full  free- 
dom to  all  his  slaves  who  had  attained  their 
majority.  Even  after  he  had  left  the  State 
he  returned  from  time  to  time  to  free  others 
as  they  became  of  age,  until  all  had  been  manu- 
mitted. Nor  did  his  kindly  interest  in  the 
helpless  creatures  who  had  come  to  him  as  a 
legacy  cease  with  the  granting  of  their  free- 
dom, for  he  continued  to  watch  over  and  as- 
sist them  throughout  his  life.  In  1847  Mr. 
Nicols  removed  to  Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  where  he 
entered  mercantile  life,  and,  with  the  exception 
of  a  few  months  spent  in  Baltimore,  continued 
to  be  a  resident  of  that  city  until  1855,  when 
in  search  of  health  he  removed  with  his  family 
to  St.  Paul,  Minn.  There  he  engaged  in  the 
hardware  business  and  forming  a  partnership 
with  Capt.  Peter  Berkey,  bought  out  the 
house  of  William  R.  Marshall  and  Company, 
and  continued  the  business  under  the  name 
of  Nicols  and  Berkey.  Later  the  firm  became 
Nicols  and  Dean,  and  at  the  time  of  Mr. 
Nicols'  death  was  known  as  Nicols,  Dean  and 
Gregg,  bearing  reputation  as  one  of  the  strong- 
est wholesale  houses  in  the  West.  Not  only 
was  Mr.  Nicols  prominent  in  all  business  and 
other  enterprises  tending  to  build  up  the  city 


of  St.  Paul,  but  he  filled  a  number  of  impor- 
tant civic  offices.  For  many  years  he  served 
on  the  board  of  regents  of  the  Minnesota 
State  University,  and  it  is  to  his  business 
ability  and  financial  skill  that  the  State  is 
largely  indebted  for  the  sound  financial  stand- 
ing of  her  university.  At  one  time  that  in- 
stitution became  practically  bankrupt,  and  a 
commission  consisting  of  John  Pillsbury,  O.  C. 
Merriam,  and  John  Nicols  was  appointed  with 
very  large  powers.  As  treasurer  of  this  small 
board,  Mr.  Nicols  managed  the  work  of  saving 
the  university  and  continued  a  member  of  the 
board  of  regents  until  his  death.  He  served 
several  terms  as  State  senator  in  the  Minne- 
sota legislature.  For  a  time,  also,  he  acted  as 
county  commissioner  of  Ramsey  County.  In 
politics  Mr.  Nicols  was  an  old-line  Whig,  until 
the  Civil  War  made  him  a  Republican  and  a 
most  uncompromising  Union  sympathizer.  He 
was  from  early  life  a  member  of  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church,  and  the  respect  and  esteem 
in  which  he  was  held  by  the  Church  was  shown 
by  his  election  as  one.  of  the  first  two  lay 
delegates  sent  by  Minnesota  to  the  general 
conference.  It  was  largely  to  his  generosity 
and  enterprise  that  the  Methodists  of  St.  Paul 
are  indebted  for  their  first  church  edifice.  He 
was  a  generous  contributor  to  churches  of  all 
denominations  and  to  charities  of  every  de- 
scription, and  was  one  of  the  founders  of  Ham- 
line  University.  Mr.  Nicols  married  first,  10 
Feb.,  1835,  Caroline  Meeker,  who  died  4  July, 
1845;  second,  17  Oct.,  1848,  Sarah  Ross,  who 
died  26  Sept.,  1902.  He  was  the  father  of  ten 
children,  three  of  whom  died  in  infancy.  The 
others  were:  William  H.  Nicols,  John  Ross 
Nicols,  and  Henry  Nicols,  all  of  whom  are 
deceased;  Mary  Catherine,  wife  of  William  B. 
Dean,  of  St.  Paul;  Caroline  Meeker,  wife  of 
Horace  Caruthers,  of  St.  Augustine,  Fla.; 
Sarah,  wife  of  Dr.  S.  G.  Smith,  of  St.  Paul; 
and  Emma,  wife  of  Hugh  L.  Pilkington, 
U.  S.  N. 

SIMONDS,  William  Edward,  educator,  b.  in 
Peabody,  Mass.,  10  Sept.,  1860,  son  of  Edward 
and  Mary  Ann  (Chase)  Simonds.  He  spent 
his  youth  in  his  native  town,  and  attended 
the  Peabody  high  school.  Later  he  entered 
Phillips  Academy,  Andover,  Mass.,  and  in 
1883  was  graduated  at  Brown  University. 
His  first  experience  in  the  field  of  pedagogy 
was  as  an  instructor  in  the  Providence  (R.  I.) 
high  school,  where  he  taught  during  the  years 
1883-85.  He  then  went  to  Germany,  for  the 
purpose  of  completing  his  educational  equip- 
ment, and  enrolled  as  a  student  at  the  uni- 
versities of  Berlin  and  of  Strasburg,  receiving 
the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Philosophy  from  the 
latter  institution  in  1888.  Upon  his  return 
to  the  United  States  he  accepted  the  position 
of  instructor  in  German  in  Cornell  University, 
from  which  position  he  resigned,  in  1889,  to  " 
take  the  chair  of  English  Literature  at  Knox 
College,  Galesburg,  111.,  a  position  which  he  still 
retains.  He  has  also  acted  as  instructor  dur- 
ing several  summer  sessions  at  the  University  \ 
of  Illinois,  and  has  served  in  the  same  ca- 
pacity in  the  Ohio  State  University.  During 
the  years  1914-15  he  was  visiting  lecturer  at 
Harvard  University.  In  addition  to  conduct- 
ing his  classes  at  Knox,  Dr.  Simonds  has  pro- 
duced, as  the  result  of  exhaustive  study  of 
the  whole   field   of   English   literature,   many 


458 


GRIGGS 


GRIGGS 


works  of  a  critical  and  educational  nature. 
His  "  Sir  Thomas  Wyatt  and  His  Poems," 
published  the  first  year  of  his  connection  with 
Knox  College,  was  the  first  of  an  interesting 
and  authoritative  series  of  books  written  and 
edited  for  student  use.  In  1894  he  published 
.;  his  "  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  English 
t-  Fiction,"  which  for  comprehensive,  concise, 
^  and  entertaining  treatment  of  that  fascinating 
theme  has  no  rival  among  works  on  that  sub- 
ject. This  he  followed  with  his  "  Student's 
History  of  English  Literature,"  published  in 
1902.  The  excellence  of  this  book  is  evi- 
denced by  the  fact  that  it  has  been  widely 
adopted  as  a  text-book  in  the  schools  and 
colleges  of  the  country,  and  the  same 
may  be  said  of  his  "  Student's  History  of 
American  Literature,"  published  in  1909.  He 
is  also  the  editor,  and  has  prepared  for  school 
use,  the  following  classics :  De  Quincey's  "  Re- 
volt of  the  Tartars "  ( 1898 )  ;  Sir  Walter 
Scott's  "Ivanhoe"  (1901);  Mrs.  Gaskell's 
"  Cranford  "  ( 1906 )  ;  Scott's  "  Quentin  Dur- 
ward  "  ( 1909 )  ;  Washington's  "  Farewell  Ad- 
dress," ^nd  Daniel  Webster's  "  Bunker  Hill 
Oration,"  both  of  which  were  published  in 
1911.  The  honorary  degree  of  Doctor  of  Litera- 
ture was  conferred  on  him  by  Brown  University 
in  1911.  As  a  teacher,  Dr.  Simonds  is  thorough, 
earnest,  enthusiastic,  and  approachable.  He 
has  a  remarkable  gift  of  planning  his  work 
and  imparting  his  own  scholarly  knowledge. 
j^  As  a  writer  he  has  the  rare  gift  of  combining 
entertainment  with  instruction.  His  research 
work  is  done  with  the  greatest  pains,  and 
while  the  pages  of  his  books  are  never  dull 
his  statements  are  accurate  and  his  conclu- 
sions justified  by  the  best  authorities.  Dr. 
Simonds  married,  in  Chicago,  111.,  22  June, 
1898,  Katherine  Courtright,  daughter  of  the 
Rev.  Calvin  W.  Courtright,  a  noted  Presby- 
terian minister  and  home  missionary,  of  Oak- 
land, Cal.  They  have  three  daughters: 
Marjorie,  Katherine,  and  Eleanor  Simonds. 
GRIGGS,   Chauncey  Wright,  b.   in  Tolland. 

Conn.,  31  Dec,  1832 ;  d.  in    , 

son  of  Chauncey  and  Hearty  (Dimock)  Griggs, 
both  natives  of  Coventry  County,  Mass.  On 
both  sides  of  the  family  he  was  descended  from 
sterling  New  England  ancestors.  His  early 
education  was  obtained  in  the  common  schools 
of  Tolland,  supplemented  later  by  a  course  in 
the  Tolland  Academy.  In  1856  he  went  West, 
settling  in  St.  Paul,  Minn.  Here  he  found  the 
greatest  opportunity  for  the  exercise  of  his 
remarkable  talents  for  business,  and  after 
engaging  for  a  time  in  the  grocery  business, 
took  up  real  estate  and  soon  came  into  promi- 
nence as  one  of  St.  Paul's  largest  holders  and 
dealers  in  realty.  He  also  acted  as  a  govern- 
ment contractor  and  dealer  in  coal  and  wood. 
At  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War,  Colonel 
Griggs  enlisted  in  the  Third  Minnesota  Vol- 
unteer Infantry,  organized  October,  1861,  us 
a  private,  but  was  soon  made  captain  of  Com- 
pany B.  He  was  soon  conspicuous  for  bril- 
liant conduct  in  the  service,  and  on  1  May, 
1862,  was  commissioned  major;  29  May,  1862, 
he  was  made  lieutenant-colonel,  and  on  2  Dec, 
1862,  was  commissioned  colonel,  this  elevation 
following  an  unusual  incident  in  war  history. 
The  first  colonel  of  the  regiment.  Col.  Henry 
C.  Lester,  of  Winona,  Minn.,  surrendered  the 
regiment   at   Murfreesborough,   Tenn.,   against 


the  general  wish  of  the  soldiers  and  contrary 
to  the  votes  and  earnest  protest  of  the  oflBcers, 
among  them  Colonel  Griggs,  at  that  time  lieu- 
tenant-colonel. Colonel  Lester  was  dismissed 
from  the  service  and  Colonel  Griggs  became 
the  regiment's  new  commander.  In  1863 
Colonel  Griggs'  health  had  become  so  im- 
paired that  he  was  obliged  to  leave  the  army 
and  was  honorably  discharged.  From  1863  to 
1870  he  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  brick, 
residing  at  Chaska,  Carver  County,  Minn.  In 
1870  he  established  in  St.  Paul  the  firm  of 
Griggs  and  Foster,  dealers  in  wood  and  coal. 
From  the  first  Colonel  Griggs'  business  and 
other  activities  were  extended  and  various. 
He  was  a  director  of  the  First  and  Second 
National  Banks  of  St.  Paul;  president  and 
vice-president  of  the  St.  Paul  National  Bank, 
and  of  the  Lehigh  Coal  and  Iron  Company. 
He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  Yanz,  Griggs 
and  Howes,  from  which  firm  developed  the 
great  wholesale  grocery  house  of  Griggs, 
Cooper  and  Company  of  St.  Paul,  one  of  the 
most  important  enterprises  of  the  kind  in  the 
State.  He  was  also  an  officer  of  the  Beaver 
Dam  Lumber  Company  of  Cumberland,  Wis. 
As  one  of  the  first  citizens  of  his  State, 
Colonel  Griggs  was  interested  in  both  local 
and  State  government,  and  his  advice  was 
much  sought  in  political  matters.  He  served 
as  alderman  of  the  city  of  St.  Paul  from  1878 
to  1882;  was  State  senator  from  Carver 
County  during  the  years  1867-69;  was  a 
member  of  the  House  of  Representatives, 
1881-82;  State  senator  from  St.  Paul  in 
1883-86;  and  a  member  of  the  board  of  water 
commissioners  for  three  terms.  Colonel 
Griggs  had  a  bold  and  adventurous  nature, 
and  in  1888  still  retained  the  pioneer  spirit 
that  in  youth  had  prompted  him  to  leave 
New  England  to  seek  fortune  in  the  West, 
and  the  physical  and  moral  courage  which 
had  made  him  one  of  the  best  officers  in  the 
army.  Accordingly,  at  that  date  he  visited 
the  Pacific  Coast  and  made  a  thorough  in- 
vestigation of  the  timber  tracts  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  Mt.  Tacoma,  in  the  State  of 
Washington.  As  the  result  of  his  trip  he 
determined  to  leave  St.  Paul,  and  take  up  his 
residence  in  Tacoma,  where  he  lived  until 
his  death,  a  period  of  over  twenty  years. 
Soon  after  his  arrival  in  Tacoma,  in  associa- 
tion with  Hon.  A.  G.  Foster,  later  U.  S. 
Senator  from  Minnesota,  his  old  business 
partner  in  St.  Paul;  Henry  S.  Hewitt,  Jr., 
George  Brown,  and  others,  he  bought  100,000 
acres  of  timber  land  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Tacoma  and  organized  the  St.  Paul  and  Ta- 
coma Lumber  Company,  an  enterprise  which 
in  time  became  one  of  the  largest  concerns  of 
the  kind  in  the  entire  country.  Colonel  Griggs 
was  one  of  the  most  prominent  and  influen- 
tial men  of  St.  Paul.  Possessing  great  execu- 
tive force,  native  shrewdness,  and  keen  ])()\ver8 
of  discrimination,  he  was  one  of  tlie  doniinnnt 
factors  in  the  ui)bnilding  of  that  city.  A 
devoted  Christian,  he  wjim  a  life-long  member 
of  the  Congregational ist  Cluirch  and  a  liberal 
supporter  t hereof,  and  was  inislee  of  Plynionth 
Congregational  Cluirch.  St.  Paul,  for  many 
years.  Politically  be  wan  a  l)(>nio('rat  from 
principle,  but  aii  indepondcnt  when  it  came 
to  his  personal  vote,  llluslrative  of  his  in- 
dependence of  party  or  other  restrictions  was 


450 


WARREN 


CROSSETT 


his  support  of  President  McKinley  against 
Hon.  W.  J.  Bryan  in  the  campaign  of  1896. 
He  was  a  Mason  and  was  high  in  the  councils 
of  that  fraternity.  In  1859  Colonel  Griggs 
married  Martha  Ann  Gallup,  daughter  of 
Christopher  Milton  Gallup,  of  Ledyard,  Conn. 
There  were  six  children:  Chauncey  Milton 
Griggs,  head  of  Griggs,  Cooper  and  Company; 
Herbert  Stanton  Griggs,  lawyer,  of  Tacoma, 
Wash.;  Everett  Gallup  Griggs,  president  of 
the  St.  Paul  and  Tacoma  Lumber  Company, 
Tacoma  and  Pacific  Coast  Lumber  Company; 
Mrs.  Henry  Dimock;  Theodore  Griggs,  secre- 
tary of  Griggs,  Cooler  and  Company,  St. 
Paul;  and  Anna  Billings  Griggs,  now  Mrs. 
Benjamin  Trowbridge  Tilton,  of  New  York 
City.  Chauncey  Milton  Griggs,  eldest  son 
of  Colonel  Griggs,  is  one  of  St.  Paul's  fore- 
most men.  A  graduate  of  Yale  College,  he 
became  a  partner  in  the  firm  of  Griggs, 
Cooper  and  Company,  in  1889,  and  it  is 
largely  due  to  his  resourceful  management 
that  the  house  has  reached  its  present  expan- 
sion, the  various  departments  of  which  occupy 
three  separate  buildings,  six  stories  high. 
Sixty  traveling  representatives  are  employed 
and  the  trade  of  the  house  in  a  general  line 
of  groceries  and  cigars  amounts  to  over 
$5,000,000  annually.  Altogether  the  business 
has  been  developed  to  mammoth  proportions 
and  is  one  of  the  salient  features  of  St.  Paul's 
commercial  activity  and  prosperity. 

WARREN,  Samuel  Dennis,  manufacturer 
and  capitalist,  b.  at  Grafton,  Mass.,  13  Sept., 
1817;  d.  at  Boston,  Mass.,  11  May,  1888;  son 
of  John  Warren  and  his  second  wife,  Susanna 
Grout.  His  first  paternal  American  ancestor 
was  John  Warren  (1622-1703)  who  came  to 
this  country  from  Nayland,  Suffolk  County, 
England,  and  settled  in  Watertown,  Mass., 
1630-1635.  He  married  Michal  Jenison  (1640- 
1713),  and  their  son  John  (1678-1726)  married 
Abigail  Hastings  (1679-1710);  their  son 
Samuel  (1704-1775)  married  Tabitha  Stone 
{circa  1702-1765);  their  son  Joseph  (1745- 
1808)  married  Lois  Lyon  (1746-1816)  and 
they  were  the  grandparents  of  Samuel  Dennis 
Warren.  Joseph  W^arren  marched  with  the 
Grafton  men  to  Lexington,  but  arrived  too  late 
to  engage  in  the  firing  upon  that  historic 
field.  Samuel  Dennis  Warren  attended  the 
Quaker  school  at  Bolton,  Mass.,  and  for  a  short 
time  studied  at  Amherst  College.  In  1832, 
when  fifteen  years  of  age,  he  entered  the  office 
of  Grant,  Daniell  and  Co.,  paper-dealers  of 
Boston.  This  business  was  on  a  commission 
basis  until,  in  1854,  Mr.  Warren  purchased  the 
Cumberland  Mills  at  Portland,  Me.,  the  busi- 
ness of  which  has  since  greatly  developed  in  the 
manufacture  of  book  and  magazine  paper.  In 
1866  he  purchased  the  Copsecook  Mills  at  Gar- 
diner, Me.,  and  in  1874  the  Forest  Paper  Co. 
mills  at  Yarmouthville,  Me.  Mr.  Warren  mar- 
ried, 13  Sept.,  1847,  Susan  Cornelia,  daughter 
of  Rev.  Dorus  Clarke,  D.D.,  of  Boston.  Mrs. 
Warren  formed  a  large  collection  of  paintings, 
including  the  works  of  English,  Dutch  and 
French  artists,  especially  those  of  the  Barbizon 
school.  Their  children  were  Josiah  Fiske, 
Samuel  Dennis,  Henry  Clarke,  Cornelia  Lyman, 
JEdward  Perry,  and  Fiske  Warren. 

CROSSETT,  Edward  Savage,  lumberman,  b. 
in  West  Plattsburg,  N.  Y.,  4  Feb.,  1828;  d. 
in  Davenport,  la.,  13  Dec,  1910,  son  of  John 


Savage  and  Polly  (Gregory)  Crossett.  His] 
earliest  American  ancestor,  Archibald  Cros- 
sett, a  native  of  Scotland,  located  at  Worc^s-' 
ter,  Mass.,  in  1716,  and  was  a  surveyor  in 
Pelham,  Mass.,  from  1754  to  1767.  The  line 
of  descent  is  traced  from  him  through  his 
son  Jacob  and  his  wife,  Fanny  Savage,  grand- 
parents of  Edward  S.  Crossett.  Jacob  Cros- 
sett served  with  distinction  in  the  Revolution- 
ary War,  and  his  son  John  Savage  Crossett 
participated  actively  in  the  War  of  1812. 
Edward  S.  Crossett  was  educated  in  the  pub- 
lic schools  of  his  native  town  and  at  the  Troy 
(N.  Y.)  Academy,  and  then  obtained  employ- 
ment in  the  printing-office  of  BardweU  and 
Kneeland,  in  Troy.  This  position  he  relin- 
quished on  account  of  failing  health,  but 
later  became  a  clerk  in  a  shoe  store  at  a 
salary  of  $2  50  a  month  and  board.  At  the 
age  of  eighteen,  he  removed  to  Schroon  Lake, 
N.  Y.,  where  he  became  clerk  in  the  village 
store,  which,  in  partnership  with  his  brother, 
he  purchased  two  years  later.  It  was  here 
that  he  first  became  interested  in  the  lumber 
business,  and  began  trading  in  pine  and 
spruce  lumber  in  small  quantities.  The  op- 
portunities offered  at  that  time  in  the  rapidly 
developing  Western  States  attracted  his  at- 
tention, and  in  1850  he  transferred  his  busi- 
ness interests  to  his  brother,  and  started  for 
La  Crosse,  Wis.,  making  the  trip  by  way  of 
Cincinnati  to  St.  Louis  by  steamer,  and  thence 
by  boat  to  St.  Paul.  The  next  few  years  of 
his  life  were  trying  ones.  There  were  suc- 
cesses followed  by  reverses,  but  Mr.  Crossett 
was  not  discouraged.  In  the  fall  of  1853,  he 
removed  to  Black  River  Falls,  Wis.,  where  he 
opened  a  supply  store  for  lumbermen.  His 
experience  as  a  merchant  at  Schroon  Lake, 
N.  Y.,  served  him  well  in  his  new  enterprise, 
and  almost  from  the  beginning  his  success  was 
conspicuous.  In  1856  he  associated  himself 
with  W.  T.  Price,  and  they  opened  a  supply 
store  in  Black  River  Falls,  Wis.  At  that  time 
the  lumber  business  was  in  its  infancy,  and 
the  problem  of  transportation  had  not  begun 
to  be  solved.  The  freshet  of  the  following 
year  swept  the  firm's  logs  down  the  river  and 
out  of  reach ;  as  a  result  they  were  compelled 
to  suspend  operations  and  go  into  bankruptcy. 
With  characteristic  energy  and  perseverance 
he  opened  a  new  supply  store  in  1859,  but 
this  was  soon  after  destroyed  by  fire.  Still 
undeterred  by  this  new  mishap,  Mr.  Crossett 
gathered  up  the  equivalent  of  some  bills  due 
to  him,  in  the  form  of  lumber  and  hewn  tim- 
ber, and  disposed  of  it  in  nearby  towns,  but 
was  obliged  to  take  in  payment  "  stump  tail 
currency,"  which  depreciated  largely  before 
he  could  dispose  of  it.  In  1861  he  was  em- 
ployed with  J.  E.  Lindsay  and  J.  B.  Phelps, 
pioneer  lumbermen,  and  with  other  concerns, 
and  then  assumed  charge  of  the  lumber  yards 
of  Isaac  Spaulding,  in  St.  Louis,  Mo.  After 
several  years  spent  in  the  employ  of  Mr. 
Spaulding,  he  again  engaged  in  business  on 
his  own  account  in  1870,  purchasing  parcels 
of  timber  land  whenever  available,  scaled 
logs,  and  estimated  timber.  In  1875  he  removed 
to  Davenport,  la.,  where  he  became  a  member 
of  the  firm  of  Renwick,  Shaw  and  Crossett, 
with  a  mill  at  that  place.  In  1882  he  made  his 
first  investment  in  yellow  pine,  as  one  of  the 
organizers  of  the  Lindsay  Land  and  Lumber 


460 


■'-y/. 


<^ 


<Ss. 


CROSSETT 


AMES 


Company.  Two  years  later  the  firm  of  Ren- 
wick,  Shaw  a^d  Crossett  purchased  a  saw- 
mill and  pine  lands  in  Cloquet,  Minn.  Being 
convinced  by  personal  inspection  of  the  great 
possibilities  in  yellow  pine,  he  sold  his  in- 
terest in  the  firm  of  Renwick,  Shaw  and  Cros- 
sett, in  1886,  to  Mr.  Shaw,  taking  in  payment 
10,000  acres  of  Arkansas  land  covered  with 
yellow  pine.  His  friends  were  confident  that 
he  had  made  a  serious  mistake  in  acquiring 
Arkansas  property,  but  the  soundness  of  his 
judgment  was  speedily  demonstrated.  Later 
he  became  extensively  interested  in  other 
companies  operating  in  Southeastern  Arkan- 
sas, among  them  the  Eagle  Lumber  Company 
of  Eagle  Mills,  Ark.,  and  the  Gates  Lumber 
Company  of  Wilmar,  Ark.  In  company  with 
C.  W.  Gates  and  Dr.  J.  W.  Watzek,  he  pur- 
chased, in  1892,  the  Fordyce  Lumber  Company 
of  Fordyce,  Ark.,  of  which  he  was  president 
up  to  the  time  of  his  death.  Mr.  Crossett  al- 
ways believed  that  the  profits  accruing  from 
any  enterprise  should  be  divided,  in  some 
equitable  way,  among  those  producing  them, 
and  was  a  pioneer  in  the  enlightened  policy 
of  co-operation  and  profit-sharing.  In  1899 
was  organized  the  Crossett  Lumber  Company 
of  Crossett,  Ark.,  named  for  him  by  his  asso- 
ciates because  of  their  high  regard  for  his 
rare  executive  talents.  In  this  new  co- 
operative organization  Messrs.  Crossett,  Wat- 
zek, and  Gates  retained  three-fourths  of  the 
stock,  and  deserving  employees  were  given  the 
remainder.  After  eight  years  of  actual  opera- 
tion, this  town  has  come  from  the  virgin  for- 
est to  be  a  thriving  place  of  more  than 
3,000  inhabitants,  with  a  public  school, 
churches,  hospital,  and  numerous  public  im- 
provements. A  club  house  and  swimming  pool, 
costing  more  than  $20,000,  were  donated  to  the 
boys  and  men  of  the  town  by  Mr.  Crossett 
several  years  before  his  death.  In  1906  he 
organized  the  Crossett  Timber  Company  of 
Davenport,  la.,  for  investment  in  the  Pacific 
Northwest,  retaining  the  controlling  interest 
through  his  son,  Edward  Clark  Crossett,  who 
was  chosen  president.  He  was  also  an  influen- 
tial member  of  the  Jackson  Lumber  Company 
of  Lockhart,  Ala.  Mr.  Crossett  was  a  keen, 
intelligent  observer,  and  one  of  the  most  broad- 
brained  lumber  pioneers  of  the  West.  Begin- 
ning life  with  slender  means,  by  tireless 
energy  he  won  a  high  name  in  the  list  of 
America's  captains  of  industry.  He  combined 
with  an  extraordinary  shrewdness  and  un- 
common commercial  genius,  a  perfect  integrity 
of  character,  a  high  standard  of  honesty,  and 
an  unfailing  kindliness  of  heart.  His  innate 
modesty  and  retiring  disposition  kept  him 
from  occupying  the  high  position  in  public  life 
for  which  he  was  so  well  qualified,  although 
he  consented  to  serve  as  postmaster  at  Black 
River  Falls,  Wis.,  in  1854-56.  He  was  a  man 
of  powerful  physique  and  dynamic  force, 
which,  combined  with  his  courtly,  old-school 
manners,  attracted  and  held  a  wide  friend- 
ship among  men  of  prominence  and  standing 
throughout  the  West.  All  worthy  benevolent 
undertakings  won  his  generous  co-operation, 
while  public  enterprises  for  the  advancement 
of  his  city  and  State  enlisted  his  earnest  sup- 
port. His  hobby  was  to  encourage  co-operation 
between  capital  and  labor,  and  he  was  for 
many  years  a  member  of  the  Welfare  Depart- 


ment of  the  National  Civic  Federation.  He 
maintained  that  a  man  should  dispose  of  his 
property  and  provide  for  his  family  during 
his  lifetime,  and  in  his  early  seventies  he 
organized  the  Crossett  Land  and  Investment 
Company,  a  holding  for  the  greater  part  of 
his  property,  and  gave  his  wife  and  son  equal 
shares  with  himself.  Religiously,  Mr.  Cros- 
sett was  a  Baptist,  but  in  his  later  years  was 
a  regular  attendant  of  the  Methodist  Church. 
He  contributed  liberally  to  the  building  of  the 
St.  John's  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  in 
Davenport,  la.  His  proposition  to  give  $50,000 
to  a  Y.  M.  C.  A.  building,  in  Davenport,  la., 
providing  the  citizens  would  contribute  an  equal 
amount,  was  the  means  of  securing  for  his 
home  city  one  of  the  best-equipped  structures 
in  the  Middle  West.  Mr.  Crossett  was  a 
Mason  and  a  member  of  many  social  and  fra- 
ternal organizations.  On  1  Oct.,  1873,  he 
married  Harmony,  daughter  of  Hiram  Clark, 
of  Pittsfield,  Mass.  They  had  one  son,  Ed- 
ward Clark  Crossett.  On  2  Jan.,  1909,  he 
married  Elisabeth  Ashley,  daughter  of  James 
A.  Rankin,  of  Chicago.  They  have  two 
daughters,  Elisabeth  Ashley  and  Ruth  Rankin. 
AMES,  Edwin  Gardner,  lumberman,  b.  in 
East  Machias,  Me.,  2  July,  1856,  son  of  John 
Keller  and  Sarah  (Sanborn)  Ames,  both  of 
New  England  Colonial  stock.  His  paternal 
ancestors  had  been  seafaring  men,  in  those 
days  when  Maine  was  the  home  of  the  greater 
part  of  that  mer- 
cantile marine  sec-  

ond  to  none  in 
the  world,  which 
brought  the  Amer- 
ican flag  into 
every  port  of  the 
flve  seas.  Mr. 
Ames'  father,  how- 
ever, became  en- 
gaged in  the  lum- 
ber business  and 
was  one  of  the  \^ 
most  successful  op-  Y\ 
erators  in  Maine. 
Mr.  Ames'  early 
education  was  ob- 
tained in  the  pub- 
lic schools  of  his 
native  town,  then 
continued  in  the 
high  school  of 
Providence,    R.    I., 

where  he  graduated  in  1875.  But  by  this 
time  he  had  acquired  first-hand  knowledge 
of  the  lumber  business.  When  he  had 
finished  his  studies  it  was  quite  natural 
that  he  should  enter  that  line  of  occupa- 
tion, so  he  accepted  a  position  with  Pope 
Bros.,  in  Machias,  lumber  dealers.  In  1879 
he  went  out  to  San  Francisco,  where  he 
entered  the  employ  of  Pope  and  Talbot, 
one  of  the  largest  firms  engaged  in  the 
lumber  business  on  the  Pacific  Const.  Two 
years  later  he  was  offered  an  excellent  posi- 
tion by  the  Puget  Mill  Company,  of  Port 
Gamble,  Wash.,  which  he  immodialely  ac- 
cepted. Here  his  advancement  was  rapid; 
within  a  few  years  lie  had  risen  to  the  posi- 
tion of  general  manager  of  the  company,  with 

I  headquarters  in   its  general  offices  in  Seattle. 

'  This  position  he  still  occupies  and  under  his 


'^n>^-i^^^Le^ 


461 


BOK 


BOK 


management  the  company  has  become  one  of 
the  biggest  factors  in  the  lumber  business  on 
the  Pacific  Coast.  Within  recent  years  Mr. 
Ames'  business  interests  have  broadened  and 
he  has  become  connected  with  several  Seattle 
banks.  He  is  a  director  and  vice-president  of 
the  Seattle  National  Bank,  a  director  of  the 
Metropolitan  Bank  of  Seattle,  a  trustee  of  the 
Washington  Savings  and  Loan  Association,  and 
for  many  years  he  was  president  of  the  Pacific 
Lumber  Inspection  Bureau,  as  well  as  a  di- 
rector of  the  Pacific  Coast  Lumber  Manu- 
facturers' Association.  For  a  period  of  ten 
years  he  has  served  as  county  commissioner 
of  Kitsap  County;  aside  from  this  office  he 
has  never  aspired  to  political  preferment.  By 
sympathy  he  is  a  Republican,  but  he  has 
never  entered  into  the  inner  councils  of  the 
party,  being  satisfied  to  confine  his  political 
activities  to  doing  his  duty  as  a  citizen  at 
the  polls.  He  is  a  thirty-third  degree  Mason, 
a  Knight  Templar,  a  member  of  the  Scottish 
Rite,  and  a  Shriner.  He  is  also  a  member  of 
the  Rainier,  the  Golf,  the  Commercial,  the 
Metropolitan,  the  Athletic,  and  the  Arctic 
Clubs,  all  of  Seattle,  and  of  the  Union  Club 
of  Tacoma.  On  17  Oct.,  1888,  Mr.  Ames  mar- 
ried Maud  Walker,  daughter  of  William 
Walker,  of  Seattle  and  Port  Gamble. 

BOK,  Edward  William,  editor,  b.  in  Helder, 
near  Amsterdam,  Holland,  9  Oct.,  1863,  son 
of  William  J.  H.  and  Sieke  Gertrude  (Van 
Herwerden)  Bok.  His  great-grandfather,  Wil- 
liam Bok,  was  admiral-in-chief  in  the  Dutch 
navy;  another  William  Bok,  his  grandfather, 
was  at  one  time  chief  justice  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  Holland.  His  father  was  a  man  of 
wealth  and  influence  in  his  native  land  and 
was  a  minister  of  the  court  of  William  III  of 
Holland,  but  lost  his  fortune  and  emigrated  to 
America.  Edward  W.  Bok  was  then  but  six 
years  old.  The  family  arrived  in  New  York 
and  settled  in  Brooklyn,  where  the  father,  who 
did  not  long  survive  his  change  of  fortune, 
passed  away,  leaving  his  wife  and  his  two 
young  sons  without  means.  Edward  Bok  lived 
in  a  three-story  tenement  house  in  Brooklyn, 
and  attended  the  public  schools,  in  the  mean- 
time helping  his  mother  in  the  home,  thereby, 
as  he  says,  gaining  some  degree  of  his  knowl- 
edge of  the  needs  of  the  average  housewife. 
He  also  did  odd  jobs  for  the  little  money  that 
he  could  pick  up.  Of  this  period  of  his  life  he 
has  said :  "  I  know  what  it  is  to  live  on  prac- 
tically nothing;  to  stealthily  leave  the  house 
at  night,  go  to  the  lots  and  pick  up  odd  pieces 
of  wood  because  we  had  not  the  four  cents  to 
buy  a  bundle  of  kindling ;  to  pick  up  odd  bits  of 
coal;  to  sift  the  ashes  until  my  fingers  bled; 
to  get  up  before  dawn  to  make  the  fire ;  to  have 
a  horror  of  passing  the  grocery  store  because 
we  owed  the  man  money  and  couldn't  pay  it; 
to  go  around  afraid  to  stoop  because  of  the 
patches  in  my  clothes."  He  earned  his  first 
money  selling  water  to  passengers  going  to 
Coney  Island  by  horse-car  by  filling  a  pail 
with  cold  water  and  jumping  on  the  car  with 
it,  and  learned  his  first  economic  lesson — that, 
in  order  to  be  successful  one  must  do  the 
common  thing  in  an  uncommon  way.  After 
school  hours  he  washed  window^s  in  a  bakery 
shop  near  his  home,  and  finally  got  a  job 
behind  the  counter.  He  left  school  while  in 
the  grammar   grade,   and  took  a   position  as 


office  boy  with  the  Western  Union  Telegraph  • 
Company.  Coming  to  the  conclusion  that 
stenography  is  a  sure  stepping-stone  to  suc- 
cess, he  took  up  that  study  at  night  school. 
While  holding  his  position  with  the  telegraph 
company,  he  also  evolved  and  carried  out  a 
plan  by  which  the  single  sheet  theater  pro- 
grams of  the  time  could  be  enlarged  to  four 
sheets  filled  with  advertisements,  thereby  be- 
coming the  inventor  of  the  modern  theater 
program..  About  this  same  time  he  and  his 
brother,  William  Bok,  got  out  "  The  Brooklyn 
Magazine,"  a  magazine  in  which  they  pub- 
lished the  sermons  of  Rev.  T.  DeWitt  Tal- 
mage  and  Henry  Ward  Beecher,  and  succeeded 
in  getting  contributions  from  other  notable 
men  of  that  time.  In  1881  Mr.  Bok  became 
the  stenographer  of  Henry  Holt,  of  Henry  Holt 
and  Company,  publishers,  remaining  there  for 
a  year,  when  he  took  the  same  position  at 
Scribner's.  There  he  became  connected  with 
the  advertising  department,  and  wrote  much 
advertising  copy,  later  becoming  advertising 
manager  of  the  firm.  He  remained  with 
Scribner's  for  seven  years,  and  during  this 
time  promoted  the  "Book  Buyer,"  and,  with 
his  brother,  developed  the  Bok  Syndicate 
Press.  In  this  he  inaugurated  an  entirely  new 
field  of  news  service.  His  original  idea  in- 
cluded getting  forty  celebrated  women  to 
write  a  letter  apiece  for  the  service,  to  be 
published  by  the  editors  of  the  country. 
Editors  everywhere  saw  the  advantages  of  his 
proposition  and  backed  him  in  his  undertaking. 
At  the  same  time  with  the  letter  from  a  fa- 
mous woman  he  sent  a  weekly  New  York 
letter  from  "Bab,"  and  a  letter  of  his  own. 
In  the  course  of  time,  at  Mr.  Bok's  sugges- 
tion, the  half  page  furnished  by  his  syndicate 
was  supplemented  by  three  columns  devoted  to 
women  by  the  editors  of  the  paper,  and  this 
was  the  beginning  of  the  woman's  page  in 
journalism.  The  work  accomplished  by  Mr. 
Bok  in  this  movement  brought  him  favorably 
to  the  attention  of  both  the  reading  public  and 
editors.  Among  the  latter  who  saw  possibili- 
ties of  success  along  original  lines  in  the 
young  man's  contributions  to  the  literary  de-  J 
velopment  of  the  day  was  Cyrus  Curtis,  editor  ^ 
of  "  The  Ladies'  Home  Journal,"  a  magazine 
which  at  that  time  (1889)  was  on  a  success- 
ful basis  with  a  circulation  of  450,000  copies. 
Mr.  Bok  severed  his  connection  with  Scrib- 
ner's and  began  his  work  as  editor  of  "  The 
Ladies'  Home  Journal "  in  October  of  that 
year.  Under  his  management  the  magazine 
became  not  only  the  leading  journal  of  its 
kind  in  the  world  but  a  business  institution  of 
immense  magnitude.  In  July,  1891,  the  com- 
pany was  reorganized  as  the  Curtis  Pub- 
lishing Company,  Mr.  Curtis  retaining  the 
headship  of  the  organization,  and  Mr.  Bok 
becoming  vice-president.  Later,  to  the  publica- 
tion of  "  The  Ladies'  Home  Journal,"  "  The 
Saturday  Evening  Post "  was  added,  and,  at 
present,  these  papers  have  the  largest  circula- 
tion of  any  existing  journals.  In  1912  the 
magnificent  building  erected  by  the  Curtis 
Publishing  Company  was  completed.  It  is  one 
of  the  finest  examples  of  beauty,  combined  with 
utility,  known  in  architecture.  Mr.  Bok  has 
contributed  to  many  other  papers  and  maga- 
zines, in  addition  to  his  work  on  "  The  Ladies' 
Home  Journal,"   and   is  the  author  of  many 


462 


f/,    6'^^;^   ^       :/    ./(       , 


LURTON 


SHERWIN 


articles  which  have  been  published  in  book 
form,  notably,  "  The  Young  Man  in  Business  " 
and  "  Successward,"  each  of  which  has  gone 
through  several  editions.  Personally,  Mr.  Bok 
does  not  care  for  society,  is  essentially  a  coun- 
try life  advocate,  and  an  outdoor  man.  He 
married,  22  Oct.,  1896,  Mary  Louise,  daughter 
of  Cyrus  H.  K.  Curtis,  founder  and  president 
of  the  Curtis  Publishing  Company.  He  has 
two  sons,  and  resides  at  Merion,  in  one  of  the 
most  attractive  suburbs  of  Philadelphia. 

LURTON,  Hor'ace  Harmon,  jurist,  b.  in 
Campbell  County,  Ky.,  26  Feb.,  1844;  d.  12 
July,  1914,  son  of  Lycurgus  L.  and  Sarah  Ann 
(Harmon)  Lurton.  His  father  was  a  physician 
until  1870,  when  he  was  ordained  a  priest 
in  the  Episcopal  Church.  His  education 
was  obtained  in  the  schools  of  the-  neigh- 
borhood, and  he  entered  Douglas  University, 
Chicago,  111.,  in  1859.  Enlisting  in  the  Confed- 
erate army  at  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War, 
he  served  as  sergeant-major  of  the  Thirty- 
fifth  Tennessee  Regiment  until  February,  1862, 
when  he  was  retired  from  service  because  of 
ill  health.  Later,  as  a  temporary  private  of 
the  Second  Kentucky  Infantry,  he  fought  at 
Fort  Donelson  and  was  captured  by  the  enemy. 
Shortly  afterward  he  escaped  and  re-enlisted, 
this  time  serving  in  the  Third  Kentucky 
Cavalry,  under  General  Morgan.  But  in  July, 
1863,  during  Morgan's  raid  of  Ohio,  he  was 
again  captured,  and  this  time  was  held  until 
the  end  of  the  war.  In  1865  he  entered  Cum- 
berland University,  Lebanon,  Tenn,,  as  a  law 
student,  and  upon  his  graduation  in  1867  he 
practiced  law  at  Clarksville  in  partnership 
with  Gustavus  A.  Henry,  and  later  with  James 
E.  Bailey.  In  January,  1875,  he  was  ap- 
pointed chancellor  of  the  Sixth  Chancery  Divi- 
sion of  Tennessee,  filling  a  vacancy  caused  by 
his  predecessor's  resignation.  In  1876,  at  the 
close  of  his  term,  he  was  continued  in  the 
office  by  unanimous  vote,  but  two  years  later 
resigned  to  resume  his  law  practice,  entering 
into  partnership  with  Charles  G.  Smith.  He 
subsequently  became  the  first  president  of  the 
Farmers'  and  Mechanics'  National  Bank,  and 
in  1886  was  elected  to  the  Supreme  Court  of 
Tennessee.  In  January,  1893,  he  was  elected 
chief  justice  of  this  body,  but  only  served  two 
months,  being  appointed  by  President  Cleve- 
land a  circuit  judge  of  the  Sixth  U.  S.  Judicial 
District.  He  served  in  this  capacity  until 
1910,  when  he  became  an  associate  justice  of 
the  Supreme  Court.  He  married  in  September, 
1867,  Mary  Frances,  daughter  of  Dr.  Ben- 
jamin Franklin  Owen,  of  Tennessee,  and  has 
had  four  children. 

SHERWIN,  Thomas,  soldier  and  telephone 
expert,  b.  in  Boston,  Mass.,  11  July,  1839;  d. 
there,  19  Dec,  1914,  son  of  Thomas  and  Mary 
King  (Gibbens)  Sherwin.  He  was  descended 
from  the  New  Hampshire  family  of  that  name, 
the  earliest  representative  of  which  came  to 
this  country  very  early  in  the  Colonial  period. 
His  grandfather,  David  Sherwin,  served  in 
Stark's  brigade  during  the  Revolution  and 
distinguished  himself  at  the  battle  of  Ben- 
nington. His  father  was  a  distinguished 
scholar  and  educator  and  attained  national 
prominence  as  the  director  of  the  English  high 
school  of  Boston,  which,  under  his  direction, 
became  one  of  the  leading  educational  insti- 
tutions of  this  country.     General  Sherwin  ac- 


quired his  early  education  at  the  Dedham 
High  and  Boston  Latin  Schools,  and  then  en- 
tered Harvard  University,  where  he  was  grad- 
uated with  the  class  of  1860.  During  his 
college  course  he  taught  a  winter  school  at 
Medfield.  Immediately  after  his  graduation 
he  became  master  of  the  Houghton  School  in 
the  town  of  Bolton.  Only  some  months  later 
came  the  rupture  between  the  North  and  the 
South,  and,  with 
the  outbreak  of 
hostilities,  young 
Sherwin  took  a 
leading  part  in  or- 
ganizing a  com- 
pany of  volunteers 
in  Bolton.  Of  this 
force  he  was  elect- 
ed captain  and,  at 
the  head  of  his 
company,  joined 
the  Twenty-second 
Massachusetts  Reg- 
iment, of  which 
he  later  became 
adjutant.  This 

regiment  became 
part  of  the  Army 
of  the  Potomac, 
and  in  all  the  battles  fought  by  t"hat  section  of 
the  federal  forces,  young  Sherwin  participated. 
He  was  severely  wounded  at  the  battle  of 
Gaines  Mill,  but  recovered  sufficiently  to  con- 
tinue his  services  in  the  field.  During  this  period 
he  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  major,  then  to 
that  of  lieutenant-colonel.  For  his  gallantry 
at  the  battle  of  Gettysburg  he  received  the 
commission  of  brevet  brigadier-general  of 
U.  S.  Volunteers.  On  leaving  the  army  at  the 
close  of  the  war,  he  resumed  for  a  time  the 
profession  of  teaching,  and  was  for  a  year 
an  instructor  in  the  institution  made  famous 
by  his  father,  the  Boston  English  High  School. 
In  1866  he  was  appointed  deputy  surveyor  of 
customs  for  Boston,  which  position  he  held 
until  1875,  when  he  was  elected  to  the  newly 
established  office  of  city  collector  of  Boston. 
In  1883  he  became  auditor  of  the  American 
Bell  Telephone  Company,  and  subsequently 
associated  himself  with  the  New  England 
Company,  of  which  he  became  president  in 
1885.  As  auditor  of  the  Bell  Telephone  Com- 
panies, in  an  effort  to  reduce  the  crude  system 
of  accounting  prevailing  among  the  newly 
consolidated  lines  to  a  uniform  standard,  in 
order  to  meet  the  requirements  of  all  branches. 
General  Sherwin  acquired  that  expert  knowl- 
edge of  the  telephone  business  which  made 
him  one  of  the  foremost  authorities  on  the 
subject  in  the  country.  In  those  early  years 
the  invention  of  the  telephone  was  still  so  re- 
cent that  the  business  had  not  yet  been  estab- 
lished on  a  perfectly  systematic  basis,  and 
frequent  changes  and  experiments  were  neces- 
sary to  keep  pace  with  the  many  imjirovo- 
ments  that  followed.  General  Sherwin.  having 
gone  into  the  business  almost  at  its  inception, 
and  following,  often  initiating  himself,  the 
numerous  changes  as  they  were  made,  became 
intimately  acquainted  with  every  phase  of  the 
growing  institution.  General  Sherwin  was 
elected  commander  of  the  Massaehu.setts  Com- 
mandery  of  the  Military  Order  of  the  Loyal 
Legion  for  the  year  1892-93.     He  was  a  mem- 


463 


HOLMES 


STERNBERG 


ber  of  the  Union,  the  St.  Botolph,  and  various 
other  cluba.  In  1870  he  married  Isabel  Fiske, 
daughter  of  Thomas  M.  Edwards,  of  Keene, 
N.  H.  They  had  six  children:  Eleanor  (Mrs. 
William  H.  Goodwin);  Thomas  Edwards; 
Mary  King;  Robert  Walaston;  Anne  Isabel; 
and   Edward  Vassal   Sherwin. 

HOLMES,  Oliver  Wendell,  jurist,  b.  in  Bos- 
ton, Mass.,  8  March,  1842,  son  of  Oliver  Wen- 
dell (q.v.)  and  Amelia  Lee  (Jackson)  Holmes. 
He  was  educated  at  Dixwell's  School,  Boston, 
Mass.,  and  at  Harvard  College,  where  he  was 
graduated  in  1861.  Previous  to  his  gradua- 
tion he  had  joined  the  Fourth  Battalion  of 
Infantry  at  Fort  Independence,  and  he  subse- 
quently served  for  three  years  in  the  Civil 
War  in  the  Twentieth  Massachusetts  Volun- 
teers, being  promoted  during  that  time  from 
lieutenant  to  lieutenant-colonel.  He  was 
wounded  at  Ball's  Bluff,  Va.,  Antietam,  Ind., 
and  Fredericksburg,  Va.,  and  served  as  aide- 
de-camp  on  the  staff  of  Gen.  Horatio  G. 
Wright  from  29  Jan.,  1864,  until  he  was 
mustered  out  on  7  July  of  the  same  year. 
Subsequently  he  entered  the  Harvard  Law 
School,  where  he  was  graduated  in  1866.  In 
1867  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  of  Massa- 
chusetts, and  soon  afterward  was  admitted  to 
practice  before  the  United  States  Supreme 
Court.  He  engaged  in  practice  in  Boston,  first 
in  partnership  with  his  brother,  Edward  J. 
Holmes,  and  later  as  a  member  of  the  law 
firm  of  Shattuck,  Holmes  and  Monroe  (1873- 
82).  He  was  instructor  in  constitutional  law 
at  the  Harvard  Law  School,  1870-71;  editor 
of  the  "American  Law  Review,"  1870-73;  and 
lecturer  on  common  law  at  the  Lowell  Insti- 
tute, 1880.  In  1882  he  was  appointed  profes- 
sor of  law  at  the  Harvard  Law  School,  but 
he  resigned  the  position  within  a  few  minutes 
to  accept  from  Governor  Long  of  Massachu- 
setts the  appointment  of  associate  justice  of 
the  Supreme  Judicial  Court  of  the  State.  He 
succeeded  Hon.  D.  A.  Field  as  chief  jus- 
tice of  Massachusetts,  2  Aug.,  1899.  His  opin- 
ions rendered  from  the  supreme  bench  of  Mas- 
sachusetts run  through  forty-five  volumes  of 
the  "  Massachusetts  Reports."  They  show  a 
broad  legal  scholarship  and  a  fine  faculty  of 
diagnosis  and  analysis,  and  they  are  couched 
in  a  finished  literary  style.  In  1902  Justice 
Holmes  was  appointed  by  President  Roosevelt 
to  succeed  Justice  Horace  Gray  as  associate 
justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United 
States.  He  is  the  author  of  "  The  Common 
Law"  (1881),  "Speeches"  (1891,  1896),  and 
other  works;  has  contributed  much  to  legal 
periodicals  and  has  edited  "  Kent's  Commen- 
taries"  (12th  edition,  1873).  The  degree  of 
LL.D.  has  been  conferred  upon  him  by  Yale 
(1886),  Harvard  (1895),  and  Berlin  (1910), 
and  that  of  D.C.L.  by  Oxford  (1909).  He 
was  married  16  June,  1872,  to  Fanny,  daugh- 
ter of  Epes  S.  Dixwell,  of  Cambridge,  Mass. 

CHAPIN,  Lindley  Hoffman,  capitalist,  b.  in 
Springfield,  Mass.,  16  Feb.,  1854;  d.  in  New 
York  City,  25  Jan.,  1896,  son  of  Abel  Dexter 
and  Julia  Irene  (Clark)  Chapin.  His  first 
American  ancestor.  Deacon  Samuel  Chapin, 
came  from  England  with  his  wife.  Cicely  Ben- 
ney,  before  1642  and  settled  in  Springfield, 
Mass.  The  line  of  descent  is  traced  through 
his  son,  Henry,  and  wife,  Bethia  Cooley,  who 
were   settlers   of   the   town   of   Chicopee,   once 


a  part  of  Springfield;  their  son,  Benjamin, 
and  his  first  wife,  Hannah  Colton;  their  son, 
Captain  Ephraim,  and  his  wife,  Jemima 
Chapin;  their  son.  Captain  Ephraim,  and  his 
wife,  Mary  Smith;  their  son,  Chester  Williams 
(q.v.),  and  his  wife,  Dorcas,  daughter  of  Col. 
Abel  Chapin  (a  descendant  of  Chester  Wil- 
Hams'  own  ancestor.  Deacon  Samuel  Chapin), 
who  were  the  grandparents  of  Lindley  Hoff- 
man Chapin.  His  father  was  a  prominent 
man  in  Springfield,  and  president  of  the  Had- 
ley  Falls  Bank,  Mr.  Chapin  was  educated  in 
the  schools  of  Springfield,  and  at  St.  Mark's 
and  St.  Paul's  Schools  in  Southboro  and  Con- 
cord, N.  H.  Not  being  engaged  in  active  busi- 
ness, he  spent  much  of  his  early  life  in  travel- 
ing abroad,  and  later  became  interested  in  the 
managing  and  improving  of  his  country  place 
at  New  London,  Conn.,  containing  sixty  acres 
of  land,  which  was  mostly  given  over  to  a 
farm,  specializing  in  intensive  cultivation 
vegetable  gardens.  In  this  he  took  keen  and 
intelligent  interest,  with  satisfactory  results. 
Mr.  Chapin  was  a  talented  man,  was  fond  of 
music,  and  spoke  several  languages — a  well- 
bred.  Christian  gentleman  in  the  highest  sense 
of  the  term.  He  married  twice:  first,  in  No- 
vember, 1877,  Leila  M.,  daughter  of  Frederick 
E.  and  Margaret  (Reynolds)  Gibert,  of  New 
York,  who  died  in  1885;  second,  14  Feb.,  1888, 
Cornelia  Garrison,  daughter  of  Barret  H.  and 
Catherine  M.  (Garrison)  Van  Auken,  of  New 
York,  and  granddaughter  of  Commodore  Corne- 
lius Kingsland  Garrison.  By  his  first  marriage 
he  had  one  daughter.  Marguerite  Gibert,  who 
married  Roffredo  Caetani,  Prince  of  Bassiano, 
in  1911;  by  his  second  marriage,  one  son, 
Lindley  Hoffman  Paul  Chapin,  and  two  daugh- 
ters, Katherine  Garrison  and  Cornelia  Van 
Auken  Chapin,  who  reside  with  their  mother 
in  New  York  City. 

STERNBEEG,  George  Miller,  soldier,  b.  at 
Hartwick  Seminary,  Otsego  County,  N.  Y.,  8 
June,  1838;  d.  in  Washington,  D.  C,  3  Nov., 
1915,  son  of  Rev.  Levi  and  Margaret  Levering 
(Miller)  Sternberg  His  father  was  a  Lu- 
theran clergyman  and  for  many  years  principal 
of  Hartwick  Seminary.  His  earliest  paternal 
American  ancestor,  Nicholas  Sternberg,  came 
to  this  country  from  the  "  Palatinate,"  in 
1703,  settling  in  Schoharie  County,  N.  Y.  A 
son  of  Nicholas  Sternberg  was  a  member  of 
the  Committee  of  Safety  in  Schoharie  County, 
N.  Y.,  and  several  of  his  uncles  and  brothers 
served  in  the  army  during  the  war  of  the 
American  Revolution.  His  mother  was  the 
eldest  daughter  of  Rev.  George  B.  Miller,  D.  D., 
for  many  years  professor  of  theology  in  Hart- 
wick Seminary.  George  M.  Sternberg,  the 
oldest  of  a  family  of  ten  children,  received 
his  early  education  at  Hartwick  Seminary, 
and  at  the  age  o^  sixteen  obtained  employment 
as  a  teacher  in  New  Germantown,  N.  J.,  where 
he  remained  three  years.  Having  decided  to 
study  medicine,  he  entered  the  office  of  Dr. 
Horace  Lathrop,  at  Cooperstown,  N.  Y.,  and 
subsequently  attended  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians and  Surgeons  in  New  York  City,  from 
which  he  was  graduated  with  the  degree  of 
M.D.,  in  1860.  He  commenced  the  practice  of 
his  profession  in  Elizabeth  City,  N.  J.,  but 
upon  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  passed 
the  examination  of  the  Army  Medical  Corps 
and  was  appointed  assistant  surgeon,  U.  S.  A., 


464 


STERNBERG 


STERNBERG 


28  May,  1861.  He  was  assigned  to  duty  with 
the  Third  U.  S.  Infantry  and  was  present  at 
the  first  battle  of  Bull  Run,  when  he  was 
wounded  and  taken  prisoner.  Soon  after  he 
escaped  from  Fairfax  Court  House  and  at 
once  rejoined  his  regiment.  Dr.  Sternberg 
received  official  commendation  from  Brig.- 
Gen.  George  Sykes  for  his  services  in  the 
earliest  battles  of  Gaines  Mill,  Turkey  Bridge, 
and  Malvern  Hill,  and  also  brevet  commissions 
for  faithful  and  meritorious  services  during 
the  war.  He  also  received  the  brevet  commis- 
sion of  lieutenant-colonel  "  for  gallant  service 
in  performance  of  his  professional  duty  under 
fire  in  action  against  Indians  at  Clearwater, 
Idaho,  12  July,  1877."  Dr.  Sternberg  saw 
more  active  service  on  the  battlefield  and  in 
Indian  campaigns  than  any  other  medical  offi- 
cer with  whose  records  we  are  familiar.  Nor 
do  the  official  archives  disclose  the  name  of 
another  medical  officer  who  faced  as  often  and 
courageously  the  danger  of  cholera  and  yellow 
fever  epidemics.  During  the  cholera  epidemic 
at  Fort  Harker,  Kan.,  in  1867,  he  lost  a  be- 
loved wife,  and  by  a  strange  coincidence  he 
was  also  the  post  surgeon  when  yellow  fever 
gained  a  foothold  among  the  troops  at  Fort 
Columbus,  New  York  Harbor,  in  1871.  Hav- 
ing witnessed  the  devastating  effects  of  these 
diseases,  and  realizing  that  medical  science 
had  not  yet  discovered  the  real  cause  of  the 
scourges,  it  was  natural  that  a  man  of  Dr. 
Sternberg's  sympathetic  nature  and  scientific 
spirit  should  have  determined  to  devote  his 
life  to  the  study  of  these  mysteries.  As  a  re- 
sult of  his  experience  at  Governor's  Island  he 
was  ordered  to  the  yellow  fever  zone  in  1872, 
and  served  at  New  Orleans  and  Fort  Bar- 
rancas, Fla.,  where  his  wife  courageously 
accompanied  him.  At  the  latter  post  he 
passed  through  two  epidemics  of  yellow  fever 
in  1873  and  1875.  During  the  latter  epidemic 
he  himself  suffered  a  severe  attack.  His  first 
publication  of  scientific  value  related  to  the 
clinical  history  of  yellow  fever  as  observed  by 
him  during  these  outbreaks.  In  1876  he  was 
ordered  to  the  Pacific  Coast,  and  in  the  follow- 
ing year  was  engaged  and  distinguished  him- 
self in  an  active  campaign  against  the  Nez 
Perces  Indians.  In  1878,  while,  stationed  at 
Fort  Walla  Walla,  he  began  experiments  to  de- 
termine the  practical  value  of  disinfectants, 
using  putretive  bacteria  as  the  test  of  germi- 
cidal activity.  These  experiments  were  sub- 
sequently continued  at  the  Johns  Hopkins  Uni- 
versity, Baltimore,  under  the  auspices  of  the 
American  Public  Health  Association,  as  chair- 
man. The  results  of  his  investigations  were  pub- 
lished in  full  in  the  Transactions  of  the  Ameri- 
can Public  Health  Association,  in  1888,  but  they 
had  won  for  him  the  "  Lomb  Prize  "  as  early 
as  1886.  This  prize  essay  was  brought  up  to 
date  at  the  request  of  Mr.  Lomb  by  Dr.  Stern- 
berg in  1899,  and  has  been  translated  into 
several  foreign  languages,  and  practical  meas- 
ures of  disinfection  in  this  country  and  abroad 
are  largely  based  upon  the  results  obtained  in 
these  investigations.  It  may  be  truly  said 
that  scientific  disinfection  had  its  inception 
with  the  labors  of  Koch  and  Sternberg.  Dr. 
Sternberg's  labors  were  not  limited  to  the 
special  field,  for  in  the  interval  we  find  him 
active  in  other  research  work.  In  1880  he  dis- 
covered the  micrococcus  now  recognized  as  the 


specific  cause  of  croupous  pneumonia,  and 
demonstrated  the  fact  that  it  is  found  as  a 
saprophyte  in  the  buccal  secretions  of  the 
mouths  of  perfectly  healthy  individuals. 
Later  in  1885,  he  demonstrated  the  fact  that 
the  micrococcus  of  sputum  septicemia  is 
identified  with  the  capsulated  micrococcus 
found  in  the  rusty  sputum  of  patients  with 
croupous  pneumonia.  While  it  has  fallen  to 
the  lot  of  Fraenkel  to  receive  most  of  the 
credit  of  this  important  discovery,  there  can 
be  no  question  that  Dr.  Sternberg  first  recog- 
nized and  described  the  organism,  although  he 
did  not  associate  it  in  his  first  publication 
with  pneumonia,  as  he  found  it  in  his  own  and 
the  buccal  secretions  of  other  healthy  sub- 
jects. In  1881,  while  stationed  at  Fort  Mason, 
Cal.,  he  demonstrated  and  photographed,  prob- 
ably for  the  first  time  in  America,  the  tubercle 
bacillus,  which  had  been  discovered  by  Koch 
the  same  year.  In  the  same  year  he  demon- 
strated that  the  so-called  "  bacillus  malarise " 
of  Klebs  and  Tomaso  Crudeli  was  not  an  etio- 
logical factor  in  the  production  of  malaria, 
which  served  to  concentrate  attention  upon 
Laveran's  Plasmodium,  discovered  in  1880,  and 
it  was  finally  proved  by  the  work  of  Manson 
and  Ross  that  the  mosquito  was  the  interme- 
diate host  of  the  malarial  parasite.  It  was 
Dr.  Sternberg's  good  fortune  in  1885  to  dem- 
onstrate the  Plasmodium  of  Laveran,  for  the 
first  time  in  this  country,  in  freshly  drawn 
blood  from  a  malarial  patient,  in  the  patho- 
logical laboratory  of  the  Johns  Hopkins  Uni- 
versity and  the  ameboid  movements  of  the 
Plasmodium  in  the  interior  of  the  red  blood 
corpuscles  were  plainly  visible.  In  1886  he  in- 
troduced the  bacillus  of  typhoid  fever  to  the 
medical  profession  in  this  country  in  a  paper 
read  before  the  Association  of  American 
Physicians.  Dr.  Sternberg's  investigations 
with  reference  to  the  etiology  of  yellow  fever 
date  back  to  1871,  although  his  search  for  the 
specific  organism  commenced  in  Havana  in 
1879,  while  a  member  of  the  Havana  Yellow 
Fever  Commission,  and  was  continued  for 
about  ten  years.  He  returned  to  Havana  dur- 
ing the  yellow  fever  prevalence,  and  visited 
Rio  de  Janeiro  and  Vera  Cruz  during  the  epi- 
demic of  1888.  His  report,  published  at  the 
conclusion  of  these  extended  investigations, 
shows  that  all  researches  to  that  date  had 
failed  to  demonstrate  the  specific  cause  of 
yellow  fever.  At  the  International  Medical 
Congress,  held  at  Berlin,  in  1890,  Dr.  Kober 
translated  Dr.  Sternberg's  letter  to  Professor 
Hirsch,  giving  a  synopsis  of  his  work  and 
stating  that  so  far  the  specific  organism  of 
yellow  fever  had  not  been  discovered.  Having 
exhausted  the  resources  at  his  command  in 
the  search  for  the  germs  of  yellow  fever  by 
microscopical  examination  of  the  blood  and 
tissues,  he  felt  that  the  only  method  loft  was 
that  of  direct  experiment  on  man.  If  the 
blood  of  a  yellow  fever  patient  contained  tlie 
specific  infectious  agent,  this  should  he  shown 
by  inoculating  a  non-immune  individual  with 
such  l)lood.  This  line  of  rosoarch  was  pointed 
out  by  Surgeon-General  Sternberg  to  Maj. 
Walter  Rood,  chairman  of  the  Yellow  Fover 
Commission  in  1900,  as  was  also  the  ])r()ba- 
bility  that  it  would  ullinialoly  bo  found  that 
the  disease  is  transmitted  from  man  to  man 
by  an  intermediate  host,     in  justice  to  all  cott- 

465 


STERNBERG 


STERNBERG 


cerned,    it   should   be   remembered   that   when 
this    commission    was    organized    by    General 
Sternberg  the  claim  of  the  distinguished  bac- 
teriologist Sanarelli  to  have  demonstrated  the 
etiological  relation  of  his  "  bacillus  icteroides  " 
was  generally  accepted,  and  had  been  upheld 
by  two  medical  oflicers  of   the  Public  Health 
and    Marine    Hospital    Service.      To    General 
Sternberg     it     appeared     impossible     that     a 
bacillus,  which   is  easily  demonstrated  under 
the  microscope,  could  have  escaped  his  observa- 
tion during  his  extended  researches  if  it  were 
in  fact  the  specific  cause  of  yellow  fever.    The 
only    possibility    of    such    causal    connection 
seemed  to  him  to  depend  upon  the  identifica- 
tion of   Sanarelli's  bacillus  as   identical   with 
a   certain   bacillus   found   by   Sternberg   in   a 
limited  number  of  cases  during  his  researches 
in  Havana.     A  comparison  of  cultures  of  the 
two  micro-organisms  made  by  Major  Reed  at 
the  Army  Medical   Museum  and  also   by  Dr. 
Agramonte,   1900,  showed  that  they  were  not 
identical   and   General   Sternberg,   being   satis- 
fied   that    Sanarelli's    bacillus    was    not    con- 
cerned   in    the    etiology    of    yellow    fever,    or- 
ganized in  1900  the  Yellow  Fever  Commission, 
with   Major   Reed   as   chairman.      It   may  be 
truly  said  that  no  history  of  this  important 
discovery  is  complete  without  a  just  presenta- 
tion of  Sternberg's  preliminary  work.    In  giving 
due  credit  to  all  the  participants  of  this  splen- 
did piece  of  research  it  must  be  remembered 
that  all,  of  his  work  was  of  the  highest  scien- 
tific value,  and  his  daily  contact  with  the  sick, 
his  autopsies  and  bacteriological  investigations 
in  different  countries  and  climes  in  search  of 
the   yellow   fever   organism,   involved   at  least 
the  same  risks  and  heroism  displayed  by  mem- 
bers  of    the    Yellow    Fever    Commission.      Dr. 
Sternberg      was      appointed      surgeon -general 
U.   S.   army,   28   May,    1893,   and   was   retired 
for    age,    8    June,    1902.      During   this   period 
his  official  duties  precluded  the  possibility  of 
personal    research   work.      As    surgeon-general 
he  established  the  Army  Medical   School  and 
encouraged  medical  officers  to  engage  in  scien- 
tific   researches    by    establishing    laboratories 
and  furnishing  necessary  apparatus  at  all  the 
larger   post   hospitals.      He   also   provided   all 
new   hospitals   with   operating-rooms,   and   di- 
rected medical   officers  to  operate   for  hernia, 
varicocele,  etc.,  instead  of  discharging  soldiers 
having    disabilities    curable    by    surgical    pro- 
cedures,   to   become   life   pensioners   upon    the 
government.     He  established  the  Army  Tuber- 
culosis Hospital   at   Fort  Bayard,  N.   M.     On 
25  April,  1898,  four  days  after  the  declaration 
of  the  Spanish-American  War,  he  issued  a  cir- 
cular   calling    attention    to    the    danger    from 
typhoid  fever  in  the  camps,  the  role  of  flies  in 
the  propagation  of  this  disease,  and  the   im- 
portance of  camp  sanitation.     Had  his  note  of 
warning  been  heeded,  the  disgraceful  typhoid 
rates  incident  to  insanitary  conditions  of  our 
military  camps  would  not  have  been  observed. 
He    organized    the    "  Typhoid    Fever    Board " 
with  Major  Reed,  as  chairman,  Dr.  Edward  O. 
Shakespeare,  of  Philadelphia,  and  Dr.  Victor 
C.    Vaughan,    of   Michigan,    as   members.      He 
organized    the    Yellow    Fever    Commission    of 
1900,  with  Major  Reed  as  chairman.     During 
the  Spanish-American  War  he  established  gen- 
eral  hospitals  at  Key  West,   Fla.,   Savannah, 
Ga.,  Fort  Thomas,  Ky.,  Fort  McPherson,  Ga., 


Fort  Monroe,  Va.,  Fort  Myer,  Va.,  Washing- 
ton Barracks,  D.  C.,  and  San  Francisco.  Two 
hospital  ships,  the  "  Relief "  and  the  "  Mis- 
souri," were  purchased  and  equipped  upon  his 
recommendation.  A  fully  equipped  hospital 
train  was  kept  in  service  as  long  as  required. 
All  surgeons  of  volunteers  and  contract  sur- 
geons, with  a  few  exceptions,  were  appointed 
upon  his  recommendation.  He  organized  the 
female  nurse  corps  and  the  corps  of  dental 
surgeons,  in  compliance  with  acts  of  Congress 
which  had  been  passed  in  accordance  with 
his  recommendations.  He  recommended  a 
large  increase  in  the  Medical  Department  to 
correspond  with  the  increase  in  the  army  in 
1901.  General  Sternberg's  brilliant  services 
to  the  nation  have  never  been  adequately  re- 
warded, but  Dr.  Sternberg's  unceasing  study, 
honesty,  and  truth  have  gained  for  him  recog- 
nition in  the  educational  and  scientific  world 
as  the  pioneer  in  America.  In  1880  he  trans- 
lated the  work  of  Dr.  Antoine  Magnin  from 
the  French.  In  1884  this  work  was  greatly 
enlarged  and  brought  up  to  date.  In  1892  Dr. 
Sternberg  published  "  Manual  of  Bacteri- 
ology"  illustrated  by  numerous  photographs 
and  cuts.  In  1896  the  work  was  revised  and 
published  under  the  title  of  a  "  Text-Book  of 
Bacteriology."  Dr.  Sternberg  after  1880  had 
been  in  the  habit  of  illustrating  his  published 
works  and  scientific  papers  by  photomicro- 
graphs made  by  himself.  He  has  shown  him- 
self a  master  in  this  difficult  art,  and  in  1884 
he  published  a  volume  on  "  Photomicrographs 
and  How  to  Make  Them."  Other  published 
works  of  Dr.  Sternberg  are :  "  Malaria  and  Ma- 
larial Diseases,"  "  Immunity,  Protective  Inocu- 
lation in  Infectious  Diseases  and  Serum 
Therapy " ;  "  Infection  and  Immunity,"  with 
special  reference  to  the  prevention  of  infec- 
tious diseases,  not  to  mention  his  chapters  in 
text-books  and  medical  encyclopedias,  and 
over  sixty  other  contributions  to  medical  and 
scientific  literature,  many  of  which  have  been 
translated  into  foreign  languages.  His  last 
contribution  to  scientific  literature  was  pre- 
pared by  request  in  September,  1915,  and  deals 
with  researches  relating  to  the  Etiology  of 
Yellow  Fever,  which  culminated  in  the  find- 
ing of  the  Reed  Commission,  and  was  presented 
at  the  Second  Pan-American  Scientific  Con- 
gress. Dr.  Sternberg  was  an  honorary  mem- 
ber and  ex-president  of  the  American  Public 
Health  Association;  member  and  ex-president 
of  the  American  Medical  Association;  mem- 
ber and  ex-president  of  the  Association  of 
Military  Surgeons,  United  States;  member  and 
ex-president  of  the  Philosophical  Society  of 
Washington;  member  and  ex-president  of  the 
Biological  Society  of  Washington  and  the 
Cosmos  Club  of  Washington;  honorary  mem- 
ber of  the  Association  of  American  Physicians, 
Medical  Society  of  the  District  of  Columbia, 
Association  of  American  Medical  Colleges;  and 
other  local  medical  societies;  fellow  of  the 
New  York  Academy  of  Medicine;  President  of 
Section  of  Military  Medicine  and  Surgery  of 
the  Pan-American  Medical  Congress;  late  fel- 
low by  courtesy,  in  Johns  Hopkins  University 
(1885-90)  ;  honorary  member  of  the  Epidemio- 
logical Society  of  London;  Academy  of  Medi- 
cine of  Rio  de  Janeiro;  American  Academy  of 
Medicine;  and  of  the  French  Society  of  Hy- 
giene.     The    degree    of    LL.D.    was   conferred 


466 


STERNBERG 


FOSTER 


upon  General  Sternberg  in  1894  by  the  Uni- 
versity of  Michigan,  and  in  1897  by  Brown 
University.  General  Sternberg's  services  as  a 
citizen  in  Washington,  D.  C.,  were  varied  and 
his  work  unceasing.  He  was  for  many  years 
president  and  founder  of  the  Washington  Sani- 
tary Improvement  Company;  the  Washington 
Sanitary  Housing  Company;  president  of  the 
President's  Home  Commission;  the  Citizens' 
Relief  Association;  Washington  Sanatorium 
Company,  and  director  of  the  Starmont  Sana- 
torium; chairman  of  Committee  on  the  Pre- 
vention of  Tuberculosis  and  president  of  the 
association  when  organized  as  such;  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Committee  on  Organization  of  the 
International  Tuberculosis  Congress  and  the 
Congress  on  Hygiene  and  Demography;  presi- 
dent, board  of  directors  of  Garfield  Hospital; 
professoi  of  preventative  medicine  in  the 
faculty  of  Graduate  Studies  of  George  Wash- 
ington University.  Among  the  most  beneficent 
of  his  activities  may  be  mentioned  the  two 
housing  companies  of  which  he  was  one  of  the 
founders  and  the  president  from  the  date  of 
organization  until  the  time  of  his  death.  The 
object  of  these  companies  is  the  erection  of 
sanitary  homes  at  reasonable  rentals.  It  must 
have  been  a  pleasing  reflection  to  him  in  his 
declining  years  to  realize  that  he  had  played 
the  leading  part  in  providing  clean,  decent, 
and  healthful  homes  to  over  808  families  of 
moderate  means.  These  deeds  and  the  founda- 
tion of  Starmount  Sanatorium,  together  with 
the  fruits  secured  by  his  leadership  in  the 
tuberculosis  movement,  always  remain  monu- 
ments to  his  useful  and  self-sacrificing  career 
as  a  public-spirited  citizen.  In  this  glorious 
service  to  humanity  which  claims  the  heart, 
mind,  and  hand  alike  and  where,  alas,  in- 
gratitude is  often  the  only  recompense.  Dr. 
Sternberg  had  but  tw^o  beacon  lights  to  guide 
him,  his  conscience  and  the  example  of  the 
Great  Physician.  On  8  June,  1908,  a  distin- 
guished body  representing  the  army  and  navy, 
the  learned  professions,  statesmen,  social 
workers,  and  citizens  of  the  city  of  Washing- 
ton, tendered  Dr.  Sternberg  a  complimentary 
dinner  in  honor  of  his  seventieth  birthday, 
with  appropriate  addresses  on  his  career.  He 
passed  away  peacefully  in  the  early  morning 
of  3  Nov.,  1915,  from  the  efi'ects  of  chronic 
myocarditis,  which  he  attributed  to  his  attack 
of  yellow  fever  in  1875,  and  on  5  Nov.,  his 
remains  were  buried  with  military  honors,  and 
a  large  concourse  of  representative  people  of 
the  National  Capital  paid  their  last  tribute 
to  a  brave  medical  officer,  a  productive  scien- 
tist, and  a  model  citizen  and  philanthropist. 
Surely  the  world  is  better  for  having  known 
him.  Upon  his  death  the  members  of  the 
medical  profession  in  Washington  unanimously 
adopted  the   following   resolutions: 

"  In  the  death  of  Surgeon-General  George 
M.  Sternberg,  U.  S.  A.,  retired,  the  nation 
has  lost  a  soldier  patriot,  a  scientific  investi- 
gator, and  a  loyal  citizen.  General  Sternberg 
served  through  the  Civil  War  and  in  subse- 
quent Indian  campaigns.  His  researches  as  a 
bacteriologist  in  the  field  of  preventive  medi- 
cine brought  him  international  renown  and 
have  proved  of  incalculable  benefit  to  his  fel- 
lows. His  disproof  of  several  suggested  causes 
of  yellow  fever  and  his  organization  of  the 
Yellow  Fever  Commission,  with  broad  instruc-  \ 


tions  as  to  the  methods  of  procedure,  paved 
the  way  for  the  important  discoveries  of  that 
commission.  His  service  to  his  country  dur- 
ing the  Spanish-American  War,  his  contribu- 
tions to  the  literature  of  preventive  medicine, 
his  labors  in  the  organization  of  housing  com- 
panies in  the  District  of  Columbia,  and  his 
active  leadership  in  the  prevention  of  tuber- 
culosis, entitle  him  to  a  high  rank  among 
America's  useful  citizens.  Whether  on  the 
battlefield  in  Indian  campaigns,  or  in  the 
midst  of  cholera  or  yellow  fever  epidemics,  his 
bravery  was  equally  apparent.  General  Stern- 
berg was  as  modest  as  he  was  brave. 

.Resolved:  That,  we  the  colleagues  of  Gen- 
eral Sternberg,  as  members  of  the  Medical  So- 
ciety of  the  Association  for  the  Prevention  of 
Tuberculosis  of  the  District  of  Columbia,  as- 
sembled in  Joint  Memorial  Session,  testify  to 
our  high  appreciation  of  the  work  and  char- 
acter of  this  devoted  public  servant. 

Resolved:  That,  we  urge  the  Congress  of 
the  United  States  to  express  a  Nation's  grati- 
tude for  Surgeon-General  Sternberg's  contribu- 
tions to  the  public  welfare  by  providing  lib- 
erally for  his  widow;  and  be  it  further 

Resolved:  That  a  copy  of  these  resolutions 
with  our  deepest  sympathy  in  her  bereavement, 
be  sent  to  Mrs.  Sternberg,  and  copies  thereof 
be  forwarded  to  the  appropriate  committees  of 
Congress." 

On  1  Sept.,  1869,  he  married  Martha  L.  Pat- 
tison,  of  Indianapolis,  Ind. 

FOSTER,  Addison  Gardner,  lumber  manu- 
facturer, b.  in  Belchertown,  Mass.,  28  Jan., 
1837,  son  of  Samuel  and  Mary  Worthington 
( Walker )  Foster. 
He  traces  his  de- 
scent on  his  paternal 
side  from  Reginald 
Foster,  who  emi- 
grated to  this  coun- 
try from  Devon, 
England,  in  1638, 
settling  in  Ipswich, 
Mass.  He  was  edu- 
cated in  .  the  public 
schools  of  Massa- 
chusetts, Ohio,  and 
Illinois,  to  which 
States  his  parents 
migrated  in  his 
early  boyhood.  At 
the  age  of  twenty, 
father  for  the  Pike's  Peak  gold  fields,  but 
learning  before  reaching  their  destination  that 
the  gold  discoveries  were  small,  they  aban- 
doned their  trip  and  returned  home.  He  then 
went  to  Missoviri,  where  he  taught  school  for 
a  season,  then  moving  to  \A'aba8h  County, 
Minn.  Here  he  engaged  in  farming,  but  find- 
ing that  there  was  a  demand  for  grain  and 
warehouse  facilities,  he  established  himself  in 
this  business  with  considorjiblo  succcsm.  In 
1873  he  removed  to  St.  Paul,  wIkm'o  1u>  formed 
a  partnershij)  with  Col.  C.  W.  Criggs  in  the 
wood  and  coal  businoas.  which  was  later  ex- 
panded to  include  trade  in  lunihcr  and  real 
estate.  The  firm  purchased  (>xl«Misivc  tracts 
of  timber  lands  in  MinncHola.  the  Dakotas.  and 
Wisconsin  from  the  railroad  companies,  and 
which  they  sold  to  HettU'rs.  They  next  ])ur- 
chased  timber  lands  in  the  State  of  Washing- 
ton of  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad  Company, 


he 


started     with 


his 


407 


WILLIAMS 


WILLIAMS 


and  in  1886  commenced  the  erection  of  an  ex- 
tensive lumber  manufacturing  plant  at  Ta- 
coma.  They  organized  the  St.  Paul  and  Ta- 
coma  Lumber  Company,  with  Mr.  Foster  as 
vice-president,  and  erected  the  largest  lumber 
mill  in  the  world.  He  retired  from  active 
business  in  1914.  From  1862-66  he  served  as 
county  auditor  for  Wabash  County,  Minn., 
and  from  1899  to  1905  was  U.  S.  Senator  for 
the  State  of  Washington.  During  his  term  of 
office,  he  advocated  the  discarding  of  political 
favorites  in  appointments  to  office,  and  the 
abandonment  of  "  red  tape "  methods  in  the 
transaction  of  government  business.  On  19 
March,  1863,  he  married  Anna  Wetherbee,  at 
Wabash,  Minn.,  and  they  have  two  children. 
WILLIAMS,  George  Huntington,  professor 
of  geology,  b.  at  Utica,  N.  Y.,  28  Jan.,  1856; 
d.  there,  12  July,  1894.  His  father,  Robert  S. 
Williams,  a  prominent  citizen  of  Utica  and 
a  man  of  cultivated  and  ennobling  tastes,  sur- 
rounded his  son  with  the  refining  influence  of 
such  interests,  coupled  with  sturdy  virtues 
drawn  from  a  long  line  of  Puritan  heritage. 
He  had  the  advantage  of  living  in  the  at- 
mosphere and  feeling  the  influence  of  a  well- 
selected  library,  which  expanded  with  the  in- 
tellectual life  of  the  family.  He  received  his 
early  education  in  the  public  schools  and  the 
free  academy  of  his  native  city.  Thence  he 
passed  to  Amherst  College,  where  he  was 
graduated  in  1878,  continuing  there  in  post- 
graduate work  in  geology  during  the  follow- 
ing year,  under  the  inspiring  influence  of 
Prof.  Benjamin  Kendall  Emerson.  Of  Dr. 
Williams'  work  while  a  student  at  Amherst, 
Emerson  said :  "  He  was  always  an  earnest 
and  hard-working  student,  careful  in  his 
preparation  of  work.  Thus  he  early  acquired 
methodical  habits  and  a  love  of  work.  He 
always  stood  in  the  first  half-dozen  of  his 
class,  ranking  highest  in  science  and  mathe- 
matics." During  his  junior  year  Mr.  Wil- 
liams found  in  geology  the  guiding  interest  of 
his  life.  Prof.  Emerson  had  been  graduated 
at  Gottingen  during  the  lifetime  of  that  versa- 
tile German  geologist,  Seebach,  and.  to  Got- 
tingen he  naturally  sent  his  pupil.  There  Wil- 
liams heard  Klein,  foremost  among  physical 
mineralogists,  and  Hubner,  the  chemist.  Un- 
fortunately Seebach  was  too  ill  to  do  any 
active  work.  The  following  winter,  1880-81  he 
changed  to  Heidelberg,  where  he  came  under 
the  guidance  of  Rosenbusch,  who  with  Zirkel, 
at  Leipsig,  was  the  acknowledged  leader  in 
the  then  new  science  of  microscopical  petrog- 
raphy. He  took  his  examination  for  Ph.D.  in 
November,  1882,  and  gained  his  degree,  summa 
cum  laude.  At  the  close  of  1882  he  returned 
to  America,  and  became  fellow-by-courtesy  at 
Johns  Hopkins  University.  This  afforded  the 
desired  opportunity  to  take  up  work  in  this 
country  in  the  line  of  microscopical  petrog- 
raphy, that  new  field  of  geological  investiga- 
tion which  he  was,  to  be  the  first  to  introduce 
to  American  students.  In  the  autumn  of  1883 
he  was  made  an  associate  in  geology  in  the 
Johns  Hopkins  University,  and  began  to  col- 
lect about  him  a  body  of  enthusiastic  pupils. 
In  1885  he  became  associate  professor,  and  in 
1892  was  made  professor  of  inorganic  geology. 
From  1883  until  his  death,  a  little  more  than 
a  decade,  he  developed  the  course  of  study  in 
his  department,  and  attracted  students  to  his 


468 


classes  from  all  parts  of  the  United  States. 
His  enthusiastic  delivery  in  the  classroom  lec- 
ture made  the  most  abstruse  subject  fascinat- 
ing, while  his  lucid  interpretation  of  difficult 
points  inspired  the  confidence  of  those  who 
heard  him.  There  was  scarcely  anything  con- 
nected with  his  scientific  career  which  gave 
him  so  much  pleasure  as  his  classroom  duties; 
he  had  an  appreciation  of  his  ability  as  a 
teacher,  and  enjoyed  the  manifest  interest 
which  he  unfailingly  aroused.  Those  who  lis- 
tened to  his  lectures  did  not  soon  forget  his 
power.  He  early  recognized  the  advantages  of 
his  geological  environment  in  Maryland, 
where  fortunately  a  representative  of  every 
geological  period  was  to  be  found.  He  demon- 
strated the  scientific  structure  of  the  Piedmont 
belt  and  also  acquired  a  practical  knowledge 
of  its  various  mineral  products  which  was  of 
lasting  value  to  the  State.  In  many  ways  he 
sought  to  show  the  value  of  scientific  work  to 
the  community,  and  in  so  doing  aided  largely 
in  bringing  together  the  Johns  Hopkins  Uni- 
versity and  the  people  of  the  State  of  Mary- 
land. In  Europe,  in  the  Lake  Superior  dis- 
trict, and  in  Maryland,  preliminary  to  his 
work  on  the  determination  of  the  character  of 
continental  origin  (a  work  which  he  left  in- 
complete at  his  death),  and  during  the  or- 
ganization of  the  geological  department  at  the 
university,  he  kept  in  close  touch  with  the 
leaders  of  his  profession,  and  at  Washington, 
at  Annapolis,  and  in  Baltimore  he  came  in 
contact  with  geology  as  it  affects  national. 
State,  and  civic  development.  Although  he 
died  at  the  early  age  of  thirty-eight,  well- 
earned  honors  of  success  were  already  his. 
He  was  at  that  time  a  vice-president  of  the 
Geological  Society  of  America;  a  correspond- 
ing member  of  the  Geological  Society  of  Lon- 
don; a  member  of  the  Mineralogical  Society 
of  France;  a  member  of  the  American  Asso- 
ciation for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  and 
a  member  of  the  International  Congress  of 
Geologists.  At  the  World's  Fair  in  Chicago, 
in  1893,  he  served  as  a  member  of  the  Inter- 
national Jury  of  Awards  in  the  department  of 
mines  and  mining.  The  list  of  Professor  Wil- 
liams' works  shows  a  total  of  seventy-two 
titles,  which  are  chiefly  the  results  of  his 
geological  investigations.  His  inaugural  dis- 
sertation, "  The  Eruptive  Rocks  of  the 
Vicinity  of  Tryberg  in  the  Black  Forest,'*  ac- 
companied the  gaining  of  his  degree  at  Heidel- 
berg in  1882.  Most  valuable  among  his  pub- 
lished works  was  the  "  Elements  of  Crystallog- 
raphy," which  he  published  in  1890,  and  for 
which  he  made  all  the  drawings.  The  work 
has  passed  into  three  editions  and  the  most 
recent  advancements  in  crystallographic  con- 
ceptions at  the  time  of  Dr.  Williams'  death 
were  embodied  in  an  introductory  chapter. 
Besides  the  publications  shown  in  the  bibliog- 
raphy, his  editorial  work  included  the  super- 
vision of  the  terms  in  mineralogy  and  petrol- 
ogy for  the  "  Standard  Dictionary,"  and  at  the 
time  of  his  death  he  was  on  the  staff  of  the 
revision  of  "  Johnson's  Cyclopedia,"  and  was  an 
associate  editor  of  the  "  Journal  of  Geology." 
In  all  his  work  he  showed  a  remarkable 
ability  to  assimilate  whatever  was  new  and 
valuable,  and  a  complete  readiness  to  accept 
the  conclusions  of  all  coworkers  in  every 
science  connected  with  his  work.    His  writings 


« 


i 


WILLIAMS 


.    MORSE 


were  characterized  by  lucidity,  incisiveness, 
and  freedom  from  controversy.  Professor  Wil- 
liams early  determined  to  decline  any  com- 
mercial inquiry  or  investigation,  and  did  so 
throughout  his  life.  To  an  ever-present  opti- 
mism he  added  an  abiding  determination  to 
make  the  best  of  his  environment.  '  This 
ability  to  take  advantage  of  what  was  valuable 
in  his  surroundings  is  characteristically  shown 
by  the  titles  in  his  bibliography.  During  his 
years  as  instructor  in  the  university  he  de- 
veloped a  critical  faculty  which  was  strong 
and  true  and  due  chiefly  to  his  alert  power  of 
observation,  combined  with  a  faculty  of  clear 
judgment  and  sound  reasoning.  Thus  he  be- 
came a  wise  and  trusted  adviser  to  his  stu- 
dents. His  generous  sympathy  and  tolerant 
interest  brought  the  younger  men  close  to  him 
and  called  forth  their  respect  and  devotion. 
In  the  words  of  a  colleague  Professor  Wil- 
liams was  "  a  well-rounded  man  of  broad  cul- 
ture, wide  interests,  and  generous  instincts,  an 
investigator  of  astuteness  and  notable  success, 
a  teacher  of  magnetic  fervor,  a  speaker  of 
polished  fluency  and  trenchant  aptness,"  He 
was  author  of :  "  Glaucophangesteine  aus 
Nord-Italien " ;  "  Die  Eruptivgesteine  der 
Gegend  von  Tryberg  im  Schwarzwald  " ;  "  The 
Synthesis  of  Minerals  and  Rocks  " ;  "  Relations 
of  Crystallography  to  Chemistry " ;  "  Barite 
Crystals  from  De  Kalb,  N.  Y." ;  "  Preliminary 
Notice  of  the  Gabbros  and  Associated  Horn- 
blende Rocks  in  the  Vicinity  of  Baltimore  " ; 
"  Note  on  the  So-called  Quartz-Porphry  of  Hol- 
lins  Station,  North  of  Baltimore  " ;  "  On  the 
Paramorphosis  of  Pyroxene  to  Hornblende  in 
Rocks " ;  "  Notice  of  J.  Lehmann's  Work  on 
the  Origin  of  the  Crystalline  Schists  " ;  "  Re- 
view of  J.  Lehmann's  '  Entstehung  der  alt- 
krystallinen  schiefergesteine  '  " ;  "  Dikes  of 
Apparently  Eruptive  Granite  in  the  Neighbor- 
hood of  Baltimore " ;  "  The  Microscope  in 
Geology " ;  "  Hornblende  aus  St.  Lawrence 
County,  N.  Y." ;  "  Cause  of  the  Apparently 
Perfect  Cleavage  in  American  Sphene " ;  "A 
Summary  of  the  Progress  in  Mineralogy  and 
Petrography  in  1885  ";  "  The  Peridotites  of  the 
*  Cortlandt  Series '  near  Peekskill  on  the  Hud- 
son River,  N.  Y." ;  "  The  Gabbros  and  Asso- 
ciated Hornblende  Rocks  Occurring  in  the 
Neighborhood  of  Baltimore,  Md.";  "Modern 
Petrography  " ;  "  On  a  Remarkable  Crystal  of 
Pyrite  from  Baltimore  County,  Md." ;  *'  The 
Norites  of  the  '  Cortlandt  Series '  on  the  Hud- 
eon  River  near  Peekskill,  N.  Y." ;  "  On  the 
Chemical  Composition  of  the  Orthoclase  in  the 
Cortlandt  Norite";  "On  the  Serpentine  of 
Syracuse,  N.  Y.";  "On  the  Serpentine  (Per- 
idotite)  Occurring  in  the  Onondaga  Salt- 
Group  at  Syracuse,  N.  Y.";  "  Holocrystalline 
Granite  Structure  in  the  Eruptive  Rocks  of 
Tertiary  Age " ;  "  Notes  on  the  Minerals 
Occurring  in  the  Neighborhood  of  Baltimore"; 
"  Note  on  Some  Remarkable  Crystals  of 
Pyroxene  from  Orange  County,  N.  Y." ;  "  Rutil 
nach  Ilraenit  in  Verundertem  Diabas " ;  "  On 
a  New  Petrographical  Microscope  of  American 
Manufacture  " ;  "  On  a  Plan  Proposed  for  Fu- 
ture Work  upon  the  Geological  Map  of  the 
Baltimore  Region  " ;  "  Progress  of  the  Work 
on  the  Archcean  Geology  of  Maryland  " ;  "  The 
Gabbros  and  Diorites  of  the  '  Cortlandt 
Series'  on  the  Hudson  River,  near  Peekskill, 
N.    Y.";    "The    Contact-Metamorphism    Pro- 


duced in  the  Adjoining  Mica-Schists  and  Lime- 
stones by  the  Massive  Rocks  of  the  *  Cortlandt 
Series'  near  Peekskill,  N.  Y.";  Geology  of 
Fernando  de  Norhona.  Part  II.  Petrog- 
raphy " ;  "  On  the  Possibility  of  Hemihedrism 
in  the  Monoclinic  Crystal  System";  "Con- 
tributions to  the  Mineralogy  of  Maryland"; 
"  Some  Modern  Aspects  of  Geology  " ;  "  Note 
on  the  Eruptive  Origin  of  the  Syracuse  Ser- 
pentine " ;  "  Geological  and  Petrographical  Ob- 
servations in  Southern  and  Western  Norway  " ; 
"  Celestite  from  Mineral  County,  West  Vir- 
ginia"  (translated  and  reprinted  in  Ger- 
many); "On  the  Hornblende  of  St.  Lawrence 
County,  N.  Y.,  and  Its  Gliding  Planes  " ;  "  The 
Non-Feldspathic  Intrusive  Rocks  of  Maryland 
and  the  Course  of  Their  Alteration  " ;  "  Ele- 
ments of  Crystallography,  for  Students  of 
Chemistry,  Physics,  and  Mineralogy  " ;  "  The 
Greenstone-Schist  Areas  of  the  Menominee  and 
Marquette  Regions  in  Michigan  " ;  "  The  Silici- 
fied  Glass-Breccia  of  Vermilion  River,  Sud- 
bury District  " ;  "  The  Petrography  and  Struc- 
ture of  the  Piedmont  Plateau  in  Maryland  " ; 
"  Anglesite,  Cerussite,  and  Sulphur  from  the 
Mountain  View  Lead  Mine,  near  Union  Bridge, 
Carroll  County,  Md.";  "  Anatase  from  the 
Arvon  Slate  Quarries,  Buckingham  County, 
W.  Va.";  "Notes  on  the  Microscopical  Char- 
acter of  Rocks  from  the  Sudbury  Mining  Dis- 
trict, Canada " ;  "  Notes  on  Some  Eruptive 
Rocks  from  Alaska  " ;  "  Geological  Excursion 
by  University  Students  Across  the  Appalach- 
ians in  May,  1891";  "A  University  and  Its 
Natural  Environment  " ;  "  Crystals  of  Metallic 
Cadmium " ;  "  Geology  of  Baltimore  and 
Vicinity.  Part  I.  Crystalline  Rocks";  "Ge- 
ological Map  of  Baltimore  and  Vicinity"; 
"  The  Volcanic  Rocks  of  South  Mountain  in 
Pennsylvania  and  Maryland " ;  "  The  Micro- 
scope and  the  Study  of  the  Crystalline 
Schists  " ;  "A  New  Machine  for  Cutting  and 
Grinding  Thin  Sections  of  Rocks  and  Min- 
erals " ;  "  Maps  of  the  Territory  Included  within 
the  State  of  Maryland,  Especially  the  Vicinity 
of  Baltimore " ;  "  On  the  Use  of  the  Terms 
Poikilitic  and  Micropoikilitic  in  Petrography  "; 
"  Piedmontite  in  the  Acid  Volcanic  Rocks  of 
South  Mountain,  Pennsylvania  "x  "  Crystalline 
Rocks  from  the  Andes";  "Sixty-eight  Re- 
views of  American  Geological  and  Petrographi- 
cal Literature,  1884-1890";  "The  Williams 
Family,  Tracing  the  Descendants  of  Thomas 
Williams,  of  Roxbury,  Mass.";  "On  the 
Crystal  Form  of  Metallic  Zinc  " ;  "  Geology  and 
Mineral  Resources  of  Maryland,  with  Geologi- 
cal Map  " ;  "  Distribution  of  Ancient  Volcanic 
Rocks  Along  the  Eastern  Border  of  North 
America";  "Mineral  and  Petrographical  Ex- 
hibits at  Chicago  " ;  "  Johann  David  Schoepf 
and  His  Contributions  to  North  American 
Geology " ;  "  On  the  Natural  Occurrenoe  of 
Lapis  Lazuli  ";  "Introduction  to  '  Tlic  Gran- 
ites of  Maryland,'  by  .Charles  R.  Koyea"; 
"  Washington,  Frederick.  Patapseo  and  Gun- 
powder Atlas  Sheets  of  the  Ignited  Stales." 

MORSE,  Waldo  Grant,  lawyer,  b.  at  Hoehca- 
ter,  N.  Y.,  }'A  March.  18r)0.  son  of  A(loli)hnfl 
and  Mary  Elizabeth  (Grant)  Morse.  His  ear- 
liest American  ancestor  was  Sainnel  Morse,  of 
Suffolk,  England,  who  came  to  America  »)n  the 
"Increase"  in  Ifi.'jr);  lived  at  Watertown  and 
Dedbani,  Mass.,  and  was  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  village  of  Medlield,   where   he  died  in 

460 


MORSE 


CLARKE 


9tLU^AM<n^u^. 


1654.  From  him  and  his  wife,  Elizabeth,  the 
line  of  descent  runs  throu^'h  Joseph  Morse 
(1615-54)  and  his  wife,  Hannah;  Captain 
Joseph  Morse  ( 1641)1718),  a  soldier  in  King 
Philip's  War  and  selectman  for  Sherburn,  and 
his  wife,  Mehitabel;  Joseph  Morse  (1079-1754) 
and  his  wife,  Prudence  Adams,  of  Braintree; 
Jacob  Morse  (1717-1800)  and  his  wife,  Mary 
Merrifield;  Jacob  Morse  (2d)  (1755-1840), 
and  his  wife,  Rebecca  Smith;  Amos  Morse 
(1783-1843)  and  his  wife,  Mary  Hale;  Adol- 
phus  Morse  ( 1807-71 ),  who  after  years  of  legal 
practice  in  Worcester,  Mass.,  entered  business  in 
Rochester.  Waldo 
G.  Morse  was  edu- 
cated in  the  schools 
of  his  native  city 
and  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Rochester. 
He  then  studied 
law,  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  1884, 
and,  after  four 
years'  practice,  re- 
moved to  New 
York,  where  he  en- 
tered the  firm  of 
Morse,  Haynes  and 
Wensley.  After 

the  dissolution  of 
his  firm,  Mr. 
Morse  continued 
practice  alone,  be- 
coming well  known  as  an  erudite  lawyer, 
also  an  effective  public  speaker — Mr.  Morse 
drafted  and  secured  the  passage  of  the  bill  in 
the  State  legislature  for  the  appointment  of 
the  Palisades  commission  of  the  State  of  New 
York  in  1895;  drew  the  Palisades  national  res- 
ervation bills,  which  were  passed  by  the  legis- 
latures of  New  York  and  New  Jersey  in  1896; 
also  drafted  the  national  act  on  the  subject 
placed  before  Congress.  Upon  the  passage  of 
the  legislative  bill,  he  was  appointed  by  Gov- 
ernor Morton  one  of  the  three  Palisades  com- 
missioners to  act  in  conjunction  with  the  three 
appointed  by  Governor  Werts  of  New  Jersey; 
and  w^as  made  secretary  and  treasurer  of  the 
joint  commission  for  the  two  States  of  New 
York  and  New  Jersey.  He  continued  to  take 
an  active  part  in  the  movement  for  the  pro- 
tection of  the  Palisades  till  eventually,  in  1900, 
the  legislatures  of*  New  York  and  New  Jersey 
came  to  an  agreement  upon  a  measure  for  the 
acquisition  of  the  Palisades  for  a  joint  State 
reservation;  and  the  Palisades,  in  their  en- 
tire extent  above  Fort  Lee,  are  now  the  prop- 
erty of  the  States  of  New  York  and  New 
Jersey.  During  the  pending  of  this  movement 
Mr.  Morse  urged  the  expediency  of  direct  ar- 
rangements by  the  State  with  property  owners, 
which,  while  continuing  land  titles  in  private 
possession,  should  make  the  use  of  the  lands 
subject  to  specific  regulations  in  the  inter- 
ests of  preserving  the  natural  scenery.  The 
practicability  and  advantages  of  such  a  course 
have  in  recent  years  received  general  recogni- 
tion, and  it  is  now  proposed  to  apply  this 
principle  to  the  large  area  comprising  the 
Highlands  of  the  Hudson  River.  An  act  look- 
ing to  such  results  having  been  passed  by  the 
legislature  of  the  State  of  New  York  in  1909, 
an  active  effort  to  protect  and  preserve  the 
beautiful  scenery  of  the  Hudson  Valley,  by  the 


acquisition  of  the  "  easement  of  beauty "  is 
now  in  progress.  Mr.  Morse  is  vice-president 
and  a  director  of  the  State  Bank  of  Seneca 
Falls,  and  is  a  director  in  many  corporations 
for  which  he  is  counsel.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  committee  of  the  Scenic  and  Historic  Pres- 
ervation Society,  in  charge  of  the  preservation 
of  the  Highlands  of  the  Hudson;  was  formerly 
president,  and  is  now  a  trustee  and  director, 
of  the  Morse  Society,  incorporated  under  the 
laws  of  the  State  of  New  York;  publisher  of  the 
genealogy  of  the  Morse  family  now  in  course 
of  issue;  formerly  president  of  the  New  York 
Alumni  Association  of  the  University  of 
Rochester;  one  of  the  trustees  of  the  Delta 
Upsilon  Fraternity,  and  president  of  the  New 
York  Delta  Upsilon  Club;  member  of  the 
American  Academy  of  Political  and  Social 
Science;  the  National  Geographical  Society; 
the  American  Bar  Association;  New  York 
State  Bar  Association;  Association  of  the  Bar 
of  the  City  of  New  York;  Westchester  County 
Bar  Association;  Society  of  Colonial  Wars; 
Sons  of  the  Revolution,  and  several  clubs.  He 
married  22  June,  1886,  Adelaide,  daughter  of 
Albert  Cook,  of  Seneca  Falls,  N.  Y. 

CLARKE,  George  Washington,  governor  of 
Iowa,  b.  in  Shelby  County,  Ind.,  24  Oct.,  1852, 
son  of  John  and  Eliza  (Akers)  Clarke.  His 
earliest  paternal  American  ancestor  was  James 
Clark,  of  Buckinghamshire,  England,  who  came 
to  this  country  in  1817  and  lived  for  a  while 
in  Philadelphia  and  Baltimore,  but  later  re- 
moved to  Ohio  and  then  Indiana.  His  father, 
John  Clarke,  began  life  as  a  blacksmith,  but 
later  took  up  general  farming,  in  which  occu- 
pation he  has  continued  for  the  past  sixty 
years,  in  Davis  County,  la.  Brought  up  in 
the  rugged  environment  of  what  was  in  those 
early  days  the  western  frontier,  the  boy  grew 
into  a  sturdy  youth.  He  passed  through  the 
district  schools,  entered  Oskaloosa  College,  in 
Oskaloosa,  la.,  where  he  was  graduated  A.B. 
in  1877,  and  made  his  professional  studies  in 
the  law  department  of  the  State  University  of 
Iowa.  On  his  admission  to  practice,  he  formed 
a  partnership,  in  June,  1878,  with  John  B. 
White,  at  Adel,  la.  From  the  very  beginning 
his  progress  was  rapid.  He  was  soon  known  as 
one  of  the  most  promising  young  lawyers 
of  the  State  and  was  eagerly  sought  after  by 
the  political  parties  as  a  participant  in  their 
activities.  Having  a  keen  interest  in  public 
affairs,  he  was  easily  persuaded  to  respond  and 
presently  he  began  taking  a  prominent  part  in 
the  political  life  of  the  State.  He  was  elected 
successively  as  representative  in  the  Iowa 
legislature  during  the  Twenty-eighth,  Twenty- 
ninth,  Thirtieth,  and  Thirty-first  General 
Assemblies.  During  these  two  latter  sessions 
he  was  speaker  of  the  house.  In  1908  he  was 
elected  lieutenatit-governor,  and  again  two 
years  later.  Finally,  in  1912,  he  was  nomi- 
nated candidate  for  governor  and  was  elected 
by  a  convincing  majority.  In  1914  he  was 
again  elected  to  this  highest  oflSce  within  the 
gifts  of  the  State  electorate  and  is  now,  in 
1916,  approaching  the  end  of  his  second  term. 
Governor  Clarke  has  been  immensely  popular 
with  the  people  of  his  State  for  the  reason 
that  he  has  thoroughly  understood  their  needs 
and  supplied  them  within  the  limits  of  his 
capacity.  To  his  undoubted  executive  abilities 
he  has  added  the  qualities  of  an  exceptionally 


470 


RICHARDSON 


RICHARDSON 


C-^^-^^e^^^-J^^f.^ 


brilliant  orator.  He  is  a  man  of  untiring 
energy  and  exceptional  virility;  essentially  the 
man  of  action.  Forceful,  determined  where  he 
is  convinced  he  is  right,  he  hurls  himself  into 
the  struggle  for  achievement  with  unlimited 
enthusiasm.  On  25  June,  1878,  Governor 
Clarke  married  Arietta  Greene,  the  daughter 
of  Benjamin  Greene.  They  have  had  four 
children:  Fred  G.,  Charles  F.,  Portia  Ban 
Meter,  and  Frances  Clarke. 

RICHARDSON,  David  Nelson,  editor  and 
traveler,  b.  in  Orange,  Vt.,  19  March,  1832;  d. 
in  Groton,  Vt.,  4  July,  1898,  son  of  Christo- 
pher and  Achsah    (Foster)    Richardson.     His 

earliest  American 
ancestor  was  Wil- 
liam Richardson 
(b.  in  1620),  who 
came  to  this  coun- 
try from  England 
about  1635,  and 
settled  in  Marbury, 
Mass.  He  mar- 
ried, in  1654,  Eliz- 
abeth Wiseman. 
From  them  the  di- 
rect line  of  de- 
scent is  traced 
through  Joseph 
Richardson  and 
his  wife,  Margaret 
Godfrey;  Daniel 
Richardson  and  his  wife,  Lydia  Godfrey; 
Christopher  Richardson  and  his  wife,  Anna 
Briggs;  Samuel  Richardson  and  his  wife,  Mary 
Folsom;  Christopher  Richardson  and  his  wife, 
Achsah  Foster.  David  N.  Richardson  was 
reared  on  his  father's  farm  in  Vermont,  divid- 
ing his  youthful  days  between  the  small  duties 
that  fall  to  the  farmer's  boy  and  attendance 
at  the  district  schools.  At  the  age  of  eighteen 
he  entered  Franklin  Academy,  at  Malone, 
N.  Y.,  where  he  completed  a  course  of  study. 
Like  many  young  men  of  his  day  he  longed 
for  adventure  and  a  wider  field  of  opportunity 
than  that  offered  in  the  populous  Eastern 
States,  and  drifted  westward.  His  first  stop 
was  at  Peoria,  111.,  where,  under  the  spur  of 
the  necessity  to  earn' his  livelihood,  he  learned 
the  printer's  trade.  For  a  while  he  worked  at 
the  case  in  Peoria,  then  went  to  Monmouth, 
111.,  where  he  pursued  his  trade  until  Sep- 
tember, 1855,  when  he  removed  to  Davenport, 
la.,  and  acquired  an  interest  in  the  Daven- 
port "Weekly  Banner."  In  October,  1855,  he 
changed  the  name  of  the  publication  to  the 
"  Daily  and  Weekly  Democrat,"  and  became 
its  editor,  a  connection  which  he  retained 
throughout  the  rest  of  his  life.  As  a  news- 
paperman it  is  said  that  Mr.  Richardson  had 
few  peers  in  the  Middle  West,  where,  in  his 
day,  there  flourished  a  group  of  keen,  alert 
men,  strong  and  rugged,  and  full  of  the  fire 
and  energy  developed  by  the  intense  party 
enthusiasm  and  sectional  prejudices  engen- 
dered in  those  years  immediately  preceding 
the  Civil  War.  Mr.  Richardson  was  also 
keenly  interested  in  education,  literature,  and 
art.  Any  movement  pertaining  to  intellectual 
improvement  or  civic  welfare  was  sure  to  gain 
his  support.  For  many  years  he  was  regent 
of  the  University  of  Iowa,  located  at  Iowa 
City.  He  was  chairman  of  the  Iowa  Soldiers' 
and  Sailors*  Commission,  in  charge  of  the  build- 1 


ing  of  the  Soldiers'  and  Sailors'  Monument  at 
Des  Moines,  la.,  which  is  conceded  to  be  the 
finest  memorial  of  its  kind  in  the  United 
States.  He  was  also  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
German  Savings  Bank  at  Davenport,  la.  Mr. 
Richardson  was  an  enthusiastic  student  of 
Egyptology  and  art,  and  a  recognized  author- 
ity on  the  derivation  of  words.  He  made  sev- 
eral very  extensive  trips;  in  Europe  in  the 
years  1877  and  1879-80,  and  around  the 
the  world  in  1885-86.  His  observations  were 
given  to  the  world  in  a  book  of  travels  en- 
titled, "  A  Girdle  Around  the  .Earth,"  which 
was  published  by  McClurg  and  Company  in 
1887  and  saw  three  editions.  Mr.  Richardson 
married  15  April,  1856,  Jeanette,  daughter  of 
John  Darling,  of  Groton,  Vt.  They  had  two 
sons  and  two  daughters. 

RICHARDSON,  Jonathan  James,  b.  in 
Orange,  Vt.,  23  March,  1839,  son  of  Christopher 
and  Achsah  (Foster)  Richardson.  His  boy- 
hood was  spent  on  his  father's  farm  at  Orange, 
and  his  schooling  obtained  in  the  public 
schools.  In  1859  he  joined  his  brother,  David 
N.  Richardson,  then  editor  of  the  Davenport 
"  Democrat,"  at  Davenport,  la.,  and  entered 
his  employ  as  a  printer.  On  11  May,  1863, 
he  took  entire  charge  of  the  "  Democrat  "  and 
became  its  proprietor,  a  position  which  he 
still  holds.  As  a  boy  And  man,  printer  and 
publisher,  Mr.  Richardson  has  spent  fifty- 
three  years  in  developing  a  newspaper  which 
has  become  one  of  the  finest  journalistic  prop- 
erties in  the  Middle  West.  No  man  in  the 
State  of  Iowa  has  been  so  continuously  in  the 
newspaper  business  and  he  is  personally  known 
to  practically  all  of  the  editors  and  publishers 
in  his  State.  He  has  always  been  an  active 
adherent  of  the  Democratic  party,  although 
he  has  never  sought  elective  office.  For  eight 
years  (1888-96)  he  was  a  member  of  the 
Democratic  National  Committee,  and  during 
that  time  served  on  its  executive  committee. 
He  was  chiefly  instrumental  in  securing  the 
election  of  Hon.  Horace  Boies  as  governor  of 
Iowa,  thus  breaking  the  Republican  ascend- 
ency of  many  years'  duration.  Mr.  Richard- 
son's best  service  to  his  State,  however,  has 
been  in  his  efforts  toward  increasing  the  quan- 
tity, and  improving  the  quality,  of  dairy 
products  in  Iowa  and  surrounding  States.  The 
cattle  industry  of  Iowa  was  represented  by  a 
valuation  of  $200,000,000  in  1912,  one-fourth 
of  which  was  in  dairy  products.  Improve- 
ments in  this  connection  are  in  proportion  to 
the  care  with  which  dairymen  look  after  their 
herds,  improve  the  breed,  and  watch  the  re- 
sults they  have  gained.  Along  this  line  Mr. 
Richardson  conducted  his  educational  cam- 
paign, in  the  interest  of  obtaining  more  and 
better  butter,  purer  milk,  and  riolier  oroam, 
at  a  diminishing  outlay  for  each  jiound  and 
gallon  of  the  product.  His  exporiiMice  has 
taught  him  that  the  chief  rolianco  of  the 
dairyman  is  the  Jersey,  and  it  is  ])r()l)ablo 
that  he  has  bred,  raised,  and  brought  to  the 
State  more  Jersey  cattle  than  any  oilier  man 
in  Iowa.  In  recognition  of  his  inliinate  knowl- 
edge of  the  ditferent  lireeds  of  .Jerseys,  the 
American  Jersey  Cntlh'  Chib  named  Mr.  IJieh- 
ardson  as  the  'director  of  the  . Jersey  exhibit 
and  test  at  the  World's  Columbian  llxjiosition 
in  Chicago,  in  189.'^  This  work  occupied  his 
time    and    attention    for    many    months.      He 

471 


SAMPSON 


SAMPSON 


traveled  from  New  England  to  San  Francisco 
and  from  the  Great  Lakes  to  the  most 
Southern  States  of  the  Union,  selecting 
and  assembling,  curing  for  and  watching 
over  the  cuttle  that  were  to  enter  the  con- 
teat  and  thus  justify  the  claims  of  the  asso- 
ciation us  to  their  superiority.  Mr.  Richard- 
son was  also  asked  to  take  personal  charge 
of  the  demonstration  of  the  American  Jersey 
Cattle  Club  at  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Ex- 
hibition in  St.  Louis  in  1904.  It  is  said  that 
his  work  at  this  time,  in  applying  experience 
and  science  as  they  had  never  been  applied 
before,  brought  about  a  nation-wide  interest 
in  what  has  come  to  be  recognized  as  the  new 
science  of  dairying.  It  is  needless  to  say  that 
his  research  and  experiments  in  the  interests 
of  dairy  production  have  placed  him  among 
the  foremost  cattlemen  of  his  State.  Also, 
he  is  prominent  as  a  strong  supporter  of  laws 
having  as  their  objective  the  protection  of  all 
who  use  milk,  by  enforcing  the  conditions  of 
purity  and  health.  Mr.  Richardson's  many 
and  strenuous  activities  have  kept  him  per- 
petually youthful  in  appearance  and  mind. 
He  is  fond  of  travel  and  for  many  years  has 
made  an  annual  journey  across  the  Atlantic, 
in  search  of  rest  and  recreation.  He  is  an 
active  churchman,  and  for  forty-seven  years 
has  been  a  vestryman  in  the  Protestant  Epis- 
copal Church  of  Davenport.  He  has  done 
much  to  be  helpful  to  others  in  a  modest, 
imostentatious  way,  and  is  esteemed  and  re- 
spected for  his  honest  independence  of  thought 
and  fearless  advocacy  of  any  man  or  principle 
which  he  considers  justly  worthy  of  support. 
He  married,  in  1864,  Susan  Drew,  of  Daven- 
port, la.  She  died  in  July,  1895.  In  1899  he 
married  Emma  A.  Rice,  of  New  York  City. 
He  has  one  daughter,  Minnie  Belle,  who  is 
the  wife  of  VV.  T.  Jefferson,  of  Evanston,  111. 

SAMPSON,  William  Thomas,  naval  officer,  b. 
in  Palmyra,  Wayne  County,  N.  Y.,  9  Feb., 
1840;  d.  in  Washington,  D.  C,  6  May,  1902, 
son  of  Thomas  and 
Hannah  Sampson, 
His  father  was  a 
day  laborer,  who 
emigrated  from  the 
north  of  Ireland 
in  1836  and  settled 
at  Palmyra,  on  the 
Erie  Canal.  '  The 
boy  was  born  on 
what  is  known  as 
the  Mormon  Hill 
farm,  the  property, 
it  is  said,  on  which 
Joseph  Smith  made 
the  excavations 
which  resulted,  ac- 
cording to  his 
statements,  in  the 
finding  of  the 
golden  plates  of  the  Book  of  Mormon.  Young 
Sampson  attended  the  local  public  schools, 
and  in  his  spare  moments  assisted  his 
father  in  odd  jobs  about  the  village,  for  the 
Sampson  family  was  large — eight  children — 
and  he  was  the  eldest.  He  stood  high  in  his 
classes  at  school  and  was  a  great  reader,'  bor- 
rowing as  many  books  as  he  could,  especially 
those  relating  to  natural  science,  history,  me- 
chanics,   and    mathematics.       When    he    was 


seventeen  years  of  age  he  was  appointed  to  the 
Naval  Academy  on  recommendation  of  Con- 
gressman E.  D.  Morgan,  of  Aurora.  He  en- 
tered the  academy,  24  Sept.,  1857,  and  was 
graduated  in  1861  at  the  head  of  his  class.  In 
his  last  year  he  received  the  honor  of  the 
appointment  of  adjutant  of  the  class,  an  ap- 
pointment bestowed  not  so  much  on  account  of 
scholarship  alone  as  on  account  of  the  general 
qualities  that  go  to  make  up  a  good  seaman 
and  officer.  After  leaving  the  academy  he  was 
assigned  as  midshipman  to  the  U.  S.  frigate 
"  Potomac,"  and  here  he  proved  so  efficient 
that  he  procured  his  promotion  to  master  be- 
fore the  close  of  the  year.  In  July,  1862,  ho 
was  made  lieutenant,  and  in  that  year  and  the 
next  served  on  the  practice-sloop  "  John 
Adams."  He  was  assigned  to  duty  as  in- 
structor at  the  Naval  Academy  during  1864. 
In  1864  and  1865  he  saw  service  on  the  iron- 
clad "  Patapsco,"  with  the  blockading  squad- 
ron before  Charleston,  S.  C.  He  was  on  that 
vessel  when  she  was  blown  up  by  a  torpedo  in 
Charleston  Harbor,  15  Jan.,  1865.  After  the 
war  he  was  assigned  to  the  flagship  "  Colo- 
rado "  on  the  European  station,  on  which  ves- 
sel he  remained  from  1865  until  1867.  He 
was  promoted  lieutenant-commander  in  July, 
1866.  After  his  service  on  the  European  sta- 
tion he  was  assigned  again  to  duty  at  the 
Naval  Academy  as  instructor  from  1868  to 
1871.  During  1872  he  was  on  the  "  Congress" 
on  special  duty,  and  in  1873  he  was  with  the 
same  vessel  on  the  European  station.  In 
August,  1874,  he  was  promoted  commander, 
and  as  such  commanded  the  "  Alert."  From 
1876  to  1878  he  served  a  third  time  as  in- 
structor at  Annapolis.  As  instructor  his  work 
was  chiefly  in  physics,  chemistry,  metallurgy, 
and  astronomy.  He  was  sent  to  Separation, 
Wyo.,  with  Prof.  Simon  Newcomb,  in  1878,  to 
observe  the  total  eclipse  of  the  sun  of  29  July. 
From  1879  to  1882  he  was  in  command  of  the 
"  Swatara "  on  the  Asiatic  station,  and  in 
1882  was  assigned  to  the  U.  S.  naval  observa- 
tory as  assistant  superintendent.  He  was  one 
of  the  U.  S.  delegates  to  the  international  con- 
ference at  W'ashington  in  October,  1884,  for 
fixing  upon  a  common  prime  meridian  and  a 
common  system  of  time.  During  1885  and 
1886  he  served  as  superintendent  of  the  New- 
port torpedo-station.  Here  his  work  was 
largely  in  connection  with  scientific  investi- 
gation of  powder  and  other  explosives  adapted 
to  naval  warfare.  He  was  also  a  member  of 
the  board  of  fortifications  and  other  defenses. 
In  1886  he  was  assigned  to  the  Naval  Academy 
for  the  fourth  time,  this  appointment  being 
for  superintendent.  He  held  the  post  until 
1890.  In  the  autumn  of  1889  he  was  one  of 
the  representatives  of  the  United  States  at  the 
International  Marine  Conference  at  Washing- 
ton. He  had  been  appointed  captain  in  March, 
1889.  When  the  new  cruiser  "  Chicago  "  was 
placed  in  commission,  15  Nov.,  1890,  Captain 
Sampson  was  assigned  to  command  her,  and 
he  was  with  the  vessel  on  the  Pacific  for  two 
years.  In  1892  he  became  superintendent  of 
the  naval  gun  factory.  During  1893-97  he  was 
chief  of  the  bureau  of  ordnance,  a  position  in 
which  he  was  charged  with  the  expenditure  of 
more  than  six  million  dollars  annually.  He  had 
the  duty  of  providing  the  armor  and  of  buy- 
ing   and    testing    projectiles    and    ammunition 


472 


/ 


fc^  ./ 


SAMPSON 


SAMPSON 


for  the  vessels  of  the  new  navy,  at  that  time 
beginning  to  assume  proportions  commensu- 
rate to  the  dignity  of  the  country  it  repre- 
sented. The  position  gave  him  opportunity 
also  to  give  tull  play  to  his  scientific  and  in- 
vestigating inclinations.  He  developed  the 
plans  for  the  superposed  turrets  in  the  two 
new  battleships  "  Kearsarge "  and  "  Ken- 
tucky," and  he  conducted  many  experiments 
in  investigation  of  the  resisting  power  of 
armor -plate  and  of  the  most  advantageous  ar- 
rangement of  the  plates  that  composed  the 
protecting  armor  when  in  position.  The  small- 
arms  now  in  use  in  the  navy  were  tested  and 
adopted  by  him,  and  to  him  belongs  much 
of  the  credit  for  the  detection  of  the  armor- 
plate  frauds  which  were  costing  the  govern- 
ment many  thousand  dollars.  From  the  bu- 
reau of  ordnance  he  was  assigned  to  the  com- 
mand of  the  first-class  battleship  "  Iowa " 
when  she  was  placed  in  commission  in  June, 

1897.  On  the  morning  of  Wednesday,  16  Feb., 

1898,  the  country  was  startled  and  shocked 
by  the  news  of  the  destruction  of  the  "Maine  " 
in  Havana  Harbor  on  the  evening  of  the  15th. 
Relief  measures  were  at  once  rushed  forward 
to  Havana  by  the  government,  and  on  the  17th 
President  McKinley  appointed  a  naval  board 
of  inquiry,  consisting  of  Sampson  as  presi- 
dent, Capt.  F.  E.  Chadwick,  and  Lieut. -Com- 
manders William  P.  Potter  and  Adolph  Marix, 
charged  with  the  duty  of  investigating  and 
reporting  upon  the  disaster.  The  board  be- 
gan its  work  on  21  Feb.,  took  testi- 
mony at  Key  West  of  the  survivors  of  the 
accident,  examined  the  wreck  at  Havana,  took 
testimony  there,  and  made  a  careful  investi- 
gation of  all  circumstances  preceding  and  suc- 
ceeding the  disaster.  It  concluded  its  work  on 
22  March,  and  from  Key  West  forwarded  to 
Washington  its  report.  Sampson  thereupon 
started  to  return  to  his  ship,  but  on  26  March 
he  was  put  in  command  of  the  North  Atlantic 
fleet.  This  fleet  had  been  under  command  of 
Admiral  Montgomery  Sicard,  who  asked  to 
be  relieved  on  account  of  his  health,  and 
therefore  Captain  Sampson,  who  was  the 
senior  officer  present,  and  who  was  thoroughly 
familiar  with  the  personnel  and  materiel  of 
the  fleet,  and  with  all  the  arrangements  that 
had  been  made  against  the  outbreak  of  hos- 
tilities, was  put  in  command  with  the  rank  of 
rear-admiral.  War  was  declared  against  Spain 
on  21  April,  and  at  6:30  a.m.  of  the  next  day 
Admiral  Sampson  sailed  from  Key  West  with 
his  fleet  to  blockade  the  northern  coast  of 
Cuba  from  Cardenas  to  Bahia  Honda.  The  mat- 
ter of  maintaining  the  blockade  was  compara- 
tively simple;  the  critical  point  for  naval  suc- 
cess lay  in  the  disposition  made  of  the  Spanish 
fleet  under  Admiral  Cervera,  which  had  left 
Cadiz  on  8  April  and  was  reported  to  be  at 
the  Cape  Verde  Islands,  whence  it  sailed  on 
29  April,  consisting  of  four  armored  cruisers 
and  three  torpedo-l)oats.  The  destination  of 
the  fleet  was  of  course  unknown.  The  duty  of 
discovering  and  engaging  it  as  soon  as  it 
should  appear  in  American  waters  devolved 
upon  Admiral  Sampson.  On  4  May  he  sailed 
from  Key  West  eastward  for  the  purpose  of 
observation.  On  7  May,  at  Cape  Haytien,  he 
received  dispatches  from  Washington  advising 
him  that  Cervera  was  reported  at  St.  Thomas 
He  continued  eastward  in  hopes  of  finding  the 


enemy,  bombarded  San  Juan  de  Puerto  Rico 
on  the  12th,  which  convinced  him  that  the 
Spanish  fleet  was  not  there,  and  then  returned 
to  the  westward.  On  the  17th  the  flagship 
left  the  squadron  in  Bahama  channel  and  pro- 
ceeded to  Key  West.  The  Navy  Department 
was  informed  by  Col.  James  Allen  of  the 
U.  S.  Signal  Service  Corps  at  Key  West,  on 
19  May,  that  the  Spanish  fleet  had  arrived  in 
the  harbor  of  Santiago  de  Cuba  on  that  morn- 
ing. The  department  was  not  convinced,  how- 
ever, of  the  accuracy  of  the  report.  On  that 
same  day  the  flying  squadron  under  command 
of  Commander  W.  S.  Schley  sailed  from  Key 
VVest  to  Cienfuegos  with  instructions  to  estab- 
lish a  blockade  at  that  place,  the  department 
believing  that  Cervera  would  attempt  first  to 
reach  Cienfuegos,  a  port  from  which  the  mu- 
nitions of  war  he  carried  might  be  trans- 
ported by  rail  to  Havana.  On  the  20th  the  de- 
partment informed  Sampson  of  the  report  that 
Cervera  was  at  Santiago,  and  advised  him  to 
order  Schley  with  his  squadron  to  that  port. 
Sampson  left  Key  West  for  Havana  on  the 
2l8t,  having  previously  sent  dispatches  to 
Schley  by  the  "  Marblehead,"  telling  him  of 
the  reported  arrival  of  Cervera  at  Santiago, 
and  directing  him  to  proceed  thither  if  he 
were  satisfied  the  enemy  was  not  at  Cienfuegos. 
On  the  day  following,  the  22d,  Sampson  re- 
ceived a  dispatch  from  Key  West  stating  that 
Cervera  had  been  in  the  harbor  of  Santiago  on 
the  21st.  Accordingly,  on  the  23d  he  sailed 
eastward  from  Havana,  intending  to  occupy 
Nicholas  channel,  and  thereby  to  prevent  the 
approach  of  the  enemy  in  that  direction.  On 
the  26th  he  received  dispatches  from  Schley 
dated  the  23d,  to  the  effect  that  the  latter 
was  by  no  means  satisfied  that  the  enemy  was 
not  at  rienfuegos.  In  answer  to  this  the 
"  Wasp  "  was  sent  on  the  27th  to  inform 
Schley  that  the  Spanish  squadron  had  been 
certainly  at  Santiago  from  the  19th  to  the 
25th,  and  to  direct  him  to  proceed  to  that 
port  at  once.  On  the  same  day  Sampson  re- 
ceived two  telegrams  from  Schley,  dated  24 
May,  stating  that  he  was  satisfied  the  enemy 
was  not  at  Cienfuegos,  that  he  was  about  to 
start  eastward,  but  that  since  his  coal  supply 
was  low  and  coaling  off"  Cienfuegos  was  uncer- 
tain he  could  not  blockade  Santiago  if  the 
enemy  were  there,  and  therefore  he  should  pro- 
ceed to  Mole  St.  Nicholas.  Sampson  sent  at 
once  the  "New  Orleans"  to  Santiago  with 
orders  to  Schley  "  to  remain  on  the  blockade 
at  Santiago  at  all  hazards,  assuming  that  the 
Spanish  vessels  are  in  that  port."  He  him- 
self sailed  that  same  day  for  Key  West,  whoro 
he  arrived  on  the  2ath,  and  cabled  to  Srhloy 
emphasizing  the  importance  of  loarniiifr  nt 
once  from  persons  ashore  whether  Ci'ivora 
was  at  Santiago.  Schley  had  loft  Cienfuojros 
on  the  evening  of  the  24th,  and  was  some 
twenty  miles  to  the  south  and  east  of  San- 
tiago at  about  5:30  p.m.  of  the  2(51  li.  when  he 
stopped  to  make  repairs  to  the  collier  "  Mer- 
rimac."  On  that  evening  the  sqnadron 
steamed  away  to  tlie  westward:  on  tlio  'J7(h 
Schley  received  dispatches  from  Secretary 
Long  by  the  "Harvard"  ordering  him  to  as- 
certain ^lefinitely  whether  (Vrvcra  were  nt 
Santiago.  In  answer  he  replied  that  obedience 
to  orders  was  impossible  on  account  of  lack 
of  coal,   that  he  could   learn   nothing   positive 

473 


SAMPSON 


SAMPSON 


in  regard  to  the  enemy,  and  that  he  must  pro- 
ceed to  Key  West  for  coal.  He  sailed  to  the 
westward,  and  then  at  1:12  p.m.  on  28  May 
signaled  to  return  toward  Santiago.  Early 
on  the  succeeding  morning  the  Spanish  man- 
of-war  '•  Cristobal  Colon "  was  seen  lying  at 
anchor  inside  the  harbor;  later  another  war- 
ship and  two  smaller  vessels  were  seen.  At 
10  A.M.  of  that  day  Schley  cabled  that  the 
enemy  was  in  the  harbor.  He  then  lay  oflf 
the  port  watching  the  enemy  and  exchanging 
shots  with  him  on  the  morning  of  the  31st. 
Sampson  arrived  oflf  Santiago  on  1  June  and 
assumed  command  of  the  combined  fleet.  He 
established  a  close  and  eflScient  blockade,  or- 
dering the  harbor  to  be  guarded  day  and  night 
by  the  squadron  arranged  in  a  semicircle,  six 
miles  from  the  harbor  mouth  by  day  and  four 
by  night,  directing  searchlights  to  be  thrown 
upon  the  entrance  at  night,  and  providing  in 
standing  orders  a  plan  of  attack  by  which  the 
vessels  were  to  close  in  at  once  upon  the  enemy 
in  case  he  should  come  out.  On  3  June,  Naval 
Cox^structor  Hobson  (q.v.)  made  the  attempt 
to  sink  the  "  Merrimac  "  in  the  harbor  mouth, 
and  thus  to  shut  oflf  the  enemy,  a  plan  that 
had  been  devised  by  Sampson  as  early  as  27 
May,  when  he  had  ordered  Schley  to  use  the 
"  Sterling "  to  obstruct  the  channel.  For- 
tunately the  attempt  thus  to  block  the  chan- 
nel was  not  successful,  although  it  did  bring 
well-earned  fame  to  the  gallant  men  that  un- 
dertook its  execution.  On  7  June  possession 
was  taken  of  Guantanamo  as  a  harbor  of 
refuge  for  the  fleet,  and  on  10  June  the  first 
battalion  of  marines  was  landed  there.  The 
men  kept  their  position,  fighting  for  days  with 
scarcely  an  intermission.  Sampson  was  in- 
structed in  May  to  provide  convoy  for  the 
troops  about  to  be  sent  by  the  War  Depart- 
ment from  Tampa.  These  troops  arrived  off 
Santiago  on  21  June  under  General  Shafter 
(q.v.).  Through  his  chief  of  staff  Sampson 
communicated  with  Shafter  and  explained  that 
it  was  necessary  to  carry  the  positions  occu- 
pied by  the  eastern  and  western  batteries  of 
the  enemy  in  order  to  enable  the  ships  to 
enter  the  harbor.  Shafter  assented  to  this 
view,  selected  Daiquiri  as  his  landing-place, 
and  began  disembarkation  on  the  22d.  It  is 
not  the  place  here  to  speak  of  the  operations 
of  the  army  on  land.  Suffice  it  to  say  that, 
after  shelling  the  vicinity  of  Daiquiri  as  a 
preliminary  to  the  landing  of  the  troops,  the 
ships  bombarded  the  forts  at  Aguadores  on  1 
July  in  accordance  with  a  request  from  Shaf- 
ter, and  on  the  next  day  bombarded  the  bat- 
teries at  the  entrance  of  the  harbor.  Samp- 
son informed  Shafter  that  it  was  not  possible 
to  force  an  entrance  until  the  channel  should 
be  cleared  of  mines,  which  could  be  done  only 
after  the  forts  guarding  the  entrance  to  the 
harbor  had  been  captured.  Further  com- 
munications followed  between  the  two,  and  on 
the  morning  of  3  July,  Sampson  on  his  flag- 
ship "  New  York  "  left  the  fleet  to  meet  Shaf- 
ter at  Siboney  for  a  prearranged  conference. 
When  the  flagship  was  about  seven  miles  from 
the  entrance  to  Santiago  the  Spanish  fleet  was 
discovered  steaming  out  of  the  harbor.  At 
once  the  ship  put  about  and  started  to  the 
west,  signaling  to  the  other  vessels  to  close 
in  and  engage  the  enemy.  This  command  had 
been  provided  for  already  in  general  orders, 


however,  and  no  sooner  had  the  smoke  that 
showed  the  enemy  was  escaping  been  discov- 
ered than  the  blockading  vessels  had  driven 
ahead  to  meet  the  Spaniards  at  close  quarters. 
This  was  at  9:30  a.m.  The  enemy  turned  to 
the  westward  and  was  followed  by  the  entire 
squadron.  It  was  a  running  fight.  The  Span- 
ish fire  was  feeble,  erratic,  and  ineflfective,  and 
that  of  our  ships,  here  as  at  Manila,  was 
steady  and  accurate,  furnishing  one  more  proof 
of  the  value  of  careful,  continuous  practice. 
By  1:20  the  entire  Spanish  fleet  had  been  com- 
pletely destroyed  or  sunk.  The  flagship  '*  New 
York "  was  not  able  to  get  within  eflfeetive 
firing  distance  until  most  of  the  Spanish  ships 
had  been  driven  ashore.  Sampson  did  ar- 
rive in  time,  however,  to  receive  the  sword  of 
Admiral  Cervera.  On  our  side  there  was  but 
one  man  killed  and  only  ten  were  wounded; 
the  vessels  themselves  suffered  no  material  in- 
jury. The  loss  of  the  enemy  was  about  350 
killed  and  drowned  and  160  wounded;  Cervera, 
about  seventy  oflficers,  and  1,600  men  were 
taken  prisoners.  On  6  July,  in  consequence 
of  an  order  from  the  President,  Sampson,  who 
was  slightly  ill,  sent  his  chief  of  staff  to  con- 
fer with  Shafter  for  co-operation  in  taking 
Santiago.  As  a  result  it  was  determined  that, 
in  case  a  second  demand  for  surrender  should 
be  refused,  the  fleet  should  bombard  the  city 
on  the  9th.  If  this  should  not  prove  suflficient 
the  marines  and  Cuban  forces  were  to  storm 
the  Socapa  battery  and  the  smaller  vessels 
were  to  attempt  to  enter  the  harbor.  On  the 
10th  and  11th  the  fleet  kept  up  a  continuous 
bombardment.  A  truce  was  arranged  on  the 
12th,  and  negotiations  for  surrender  of  the 
city  began.  Admiral  Sampson  sent  his  chief 
of  staff  to  demand  that  he  be  one  of  the 
signatories  to  the  articles  of  capitulation,  in 
view  of  the  joint  action  of  army  and  navy,  but 
General  Shafter  declined  to  permit  this.  The 
most  dangerous  work  was  now  over;  there 
followed,  however,  duties  none  the  less  ar- 
duous and  exacting.  Sampson  was  appointed, 
with  Maj.-Gens.  James  F.  Wade  and  Matthew 
C.  Butler,  a  commissioner  to  arrange  the  de- 
tails of  the  evacuation  of  Cuba.  Repatriation 
of  the  Spanish  troops,  disposition  and  control 
of  the  public  offices  of  the  island,  and  many 
trifling  and  annoying  details,  as  well  as  mat- 
ters of  greater  moment,  occupied  the  whole 
time  of  the  commission  until  1  Jan.,  1899, 
when  General  Jiminez  Castellanos,  who  had 
succeeded  General  Blanco  as  captain-general, 
formally  turned  over  the  city  of  Havana  and 
the  island  to  the  American  commissioners, 
who  in  turn  resigned  them  into  the  hands  of 
Gen.  John  R.  Brooke,  military  governor  of 
Cuba.  Following  his  duties  in  this  connection 
there  came  the  cares  of  an  extended  cruise  in 
West  Indian  waters  during  the  late  winter  and 
the  spring  of  1899.  Sampson  then  returned  to 
the  United  States  on  the  ordinary  duties  of 
the  oflicer  in  command  of  the  fleet,  and  in  his 
official  capacity  attended  the  export  exposition 
that  was  opened  in  Philadelphia  in  Septem- 
ber, 1899,  and  took  part  also  in  the  reception 
extended  to  Admiral  Dewey  by  the  city  of  New 
York  on  the  arrival  of  the  latter  from  the 
Philippines,  29  and  30  Sept.,  1899.  Sampson's 
services  in  the  West  Indian  naval  campaign 
were  fully  recognized  by  the  Administration. 
An  unfortunate  altercation  touching  the  rela- 


474 


FERRY 


FERRY 


tlve  merit  of  Admiral  Schley  and  of  Sampson 
in  the  campaign  and  in  the  battle  off  Santiago, 
which  was  carried  on  in  Congress  and  in  the 
public  press  by  the  overzealous  friends  and 
partisans  of  the  two  officers,  prevented  the  ac- 
tion by  Congress  that  would  have  been  proper 
in  the  case,  and  left  without  reward  the  entire 
body  of  officers  and  men  that  participated  in 
the  campaign.  Sampson  received  the  formal 
thanks  of  the  President  for  his  services,  and 
in  the  autumn  of  1899  the  State  of  New  Jersey 
presented  him  with  a  jeweled  sword  of  honor. 
He  was  promoted  to  the  full  rank  of  rear- 
admiral  12  Aug.,  1899.  On  14  Oct.  following 
he  was  assigned  to  command  of  the  Boston 
Navy  Yard,  but  was  relieved,  1  Oct.,  1901,  be- 
cause of  ill  health.  He  was  retired  9  Feb., 
1902. 

FERRY,  Elisha  Peyre,  governor  of  Wash- 
ington (Territory  and  State),  b.  in  Monroe, 
Mich.,  9  Aug.,  1825;  d.  in  Seattle,  Wash.,  in 
1895.  His  father, 
Peter  Peyre  Ferry, 
a  native  of  Mar- 
seilles, France,  and 
an  officer  under 
Napoleon  I,  came 
to  America  in 
1814,  and  settled 
near  Sandusky, 
Ohio,  where  he  was 
for  a  time  collector 
of  customs.  When 
finally  driven  from 
the  place  by  the 
Indians,  he  went 
to  Michigan,  where 
his  two  sons  were 
born.  One  of  these, 
Elisha  P.  Ferry, 
was  educated  in  the  common  schools  of 
Monroe  and  at  Fort  Wayne,  Ind.  He  also 
studied  law  at  Fort  Wayne,  and,  in 
1845,  at  the  age  of  twenty,  was  admitted 
to  the  bar.  In  1850  he  engaged  in  the 
practice  of  his  profession  at  Waukegan, 
111.,  a  short  distance  north  of  Chicago,  where, 
also,  he  made  his  entrance  into  politics.  When 
the  city  was  incorporated  he  was  its  first 
mayor;  in  1852  and  again  in  1856  he  served 
as  presidential  elector  for  the  district  in 
which  he  resided;  was  a  member  of  the  Illi- 
nois Constitutional  Convention  of  1861,  tak- 
ing a  prominent  part  in  drafting  the  measures 
providing  for  the  government  of  the  new  com- 
monwealth; and  from  1861  to  1863  served  as 
bank  commissioner  for  the  State.  On  the  be- 
ginning of  the  Civil  War,  he  was  made  a 
member  of  Governor  Yates'  staff,  serving  as 
adjutant-general  with  the  rank  of  colonel.  In 
this  capacity  he  rendered  valuable  service  in 
organizing,  equipping,  and  sending  into  the 
field  the  earlier  Illinois  regiments.  While  en- 
gaged in  this  work  he  made  the  acquaintance 
of  U.  S.  Grant,  who  had  been  appointed 
colonel  of  the  Twenty-first  Regiment  while 
assisting  in  the  work  of  the  adjutant-general's 
office.  This  was  the  beginning  of  a  friendship, 
which  was  the  most  influential  factor  in  de- 
termining Mr.  Ferry's  future  career.  In  1869 
he  received  from  General  Grant  the  appoint- 
ment as  surveyor-general  of  Washington  Ter- 
ritory, and  removing  to  the  Territory,  served 
in  that  office  until  his  appointment  as  gov- 


ernor in  1872.  Governor  Ferry  possessed  all 
the  attainments  as  well  as  the  natural  quali- 
ties that  make  a  good  executive.  He  was  a 
good  lawyer,  and  a  good  business  man,  pru- 
dent, tactful,  and  painstaking  in  thought  and 
action,  possessed  of  rare  judgment  and  great 
firmness  of  character.  He  was  the  greatest 
of  all  territorial  governors,  Stevens  alone  ex- 
cepted, and  held  office  the  longest,  serving 
through  two  full  terms  of  four  years  each. 
When  his  first  term  began  the  region  was 
fairly  prosperous,  but  with  the  panic  of  1873, 
advancement  was  postponed,  and  it  was  not 
until  Governor  Ferry  had  entered  well  upon 
his  second  term,  which  began  in  1876,  that 
anything  like  normal  conditions  prevailed. 
It  was  in  the  early  part  of  his  first  term  that 
the  troublesome  question  of  the  San  Juan 
boundary  came  up  and  was  settled.  On  leav- 
ing, the  British  marines  who  had  been  sta- 
tioned on  the  island  cut  down  the  flagpole 
from  which  their  colors  had  been  displayed, 
each  carrying  away  a  piece  of  it  as  a  sou- 
venir. This  caused  unfavorable  comment 
among  the  American  settlers,  and  also  the 
British  residents  were  alarmed,  fearing  that 
their  claims  would  be  taken  from  them  under 
the  new  laws.  In  December,  Governor  Ferry 
visited  the  island,  re-established  civil  author- 
ity, and  reassured  both  American  and  British 
residents.  However  some  of  the  latter,  en- 
couraged by  the  newspapers,  reported  to  the 
authorities  at  Victoria  that  "  Governor  Ferry 
had  decided  that  British  subjects  must  take 
the  oath  of  allegiance  or  lose  all  their  claims." 
This  complaint  was  laid  before  the  Secretary 
of  State  in  Washington,  D.  C,  who  called 
upon  the  governor  for  an  explanation.  In  a 
letter  to  the  Secretary  he  made  the  condi- 
tions clear,  and  made  recommendations  which 
resulted  in  the  revocation  of  the  order  with- 
drawing the  lands  in  which  some  of  the  claim- 
ants were  interested,  from  entry  or  sale,  and 
the  satisfactory  adjustment  of  all  claims  on 
the  part  of  those  who  were  willing  to  comply 
with  the  law.  On  his  accession  to  office  the 
financial  affairs  of  the  territory  were  in  much 
confusion,  and  he  at  once  applied  himself  to 
their  correction,  regulating  the  laws  for  the 
assessment  and  collection  of  taxes.  He  was 
also  instrumental  in  having  the  legislature 
create  a  board  of  immigration,  a  measure 
which  did  not  go  through  until  1877,  and 
which  was  highly  beneficial  to  the  growth  and 
development  of  the  Territory.  Under  Gov- 
ernor Ferry's  administration  the  first  rail- 
road law  enacted  in  the  Territory  was  passed, 
and  this  first  legislature  (1873)  also  passed 
irrigation  laws  and  incorporated  the  city  of 
Tacoma.  In  his  message  to  the  legislature  of 
1875  Governor  Ferry  called  for  a  revision  of 
the  revenue  law.  Convicts  were  i>rovido(l  for 
and  many  other  salutary  mcaauros  passed 
under  his  supervision.  The  (lucstion  of 
statehood  had  been  agitating  tho  iiilinltKanjM 
of  the  Territory  for  some  tinu'.  and  in  1S7S 
a  constitutional  convonlion  was  called  at 
Walla  Walla.  The  const  itut  ion  drafted  at 
this  time  had  many  wise  provisions  l)ut  never 
became  efl'ective.  One  notable  provision  was 
that  *'  no  person  on  account  of  sex,  ahall  bo 
disqualified  to  enter  ujmn  and  purHne  any  law- 
ful business,  avocation,  or  profeHHJon."  Gov- 
ernor Ferry  was  succeeded  by  Gov.  W  illiam  A. 

476 


RUBIN 


RUBIN 


Newell,  of  New  Jersey.  On  his  retirement  to 
private  life  Governor  Ferry  removed  to  Se- 
attle and  resumed  his  practice  of  law,  becom- 
ing a  member  of  the  law  firm  of  McKnaught, 
Ferry,  McKnaught  and  Mitchell.  In  Septem- 
ber, 1887,  he  retired  from  practice  and  be- 
came associated  with  the  management  of  the 
Puget  Sound  National  Bank,  as  its  vice- 
president.  In  September,  1889,  he  was  re- 
called to  public  life  by  his  nomination  as  first 
governor  of  the  State  of  Washington,  by  the 
Republican  party,  and  was  elected  1  Oct., 
of  that  year.  On  II  Nov.,  1889,  the  ter- 
ritorial gave  place  to  the  new  State  gov- 
ernment, and  Gov.  Miles  C.  Moore,  the  last 
of  territorial  executives,  gave  way  to  Governor 
Ferry,  who  was  to  be  the  first  governor  of  the 
State.  After  serving  in  that  office  for  four 
years,  until  11  Jan.,  1893,  with  his  usual 
capability  and  honesty,  he  retired  from  public 
life.  Governor  Ferry  was  a  member  of  the 
first  Republican  convention  ever  held  in  the 
United  States.  On  the  day  of  his  retirement 
from  the  office  of  governor,  the  following  edi- 
torial comment  appeared  in  the  "  Post  Intel- 
ligencer," the  leading  Republican  newspaper 
of  the  State :  "  He  has  much  more  than  met 
the  high  expectations  of  his  friends.  His 
official  term  has  included  some  trying  experi- 
ences, but  in  every  instance  Governor  Ferry 
has  discharged  his  responsibilities  with  wis- 
dom and  dignity,  tact,  firmness,  probity,  and 
resolution.  He  retires  to  private  life  followed 
by  the  hearty  plaudits  of  his  fellow  citizens  of 
all  parties,  who  tender  him  their  best  wishes 
for  happiness  and  comfort  during  all  the 
years  that  are  to  come  to  him." 

RUBIN,  William  Benjamin,  lawyer,  author, 
and  sociologist,  b.  in  Borispol,  Government  of 
Poltava,  Russia,  1  Sept.,  1873,  youngest  child 
of  Henri  and  Bertha  (Bernstein)  Rubin.  He 
was  about  nine  years  of  age  when  he  was 
brought,  by  his  parents,  to  America.  Con- 
sequently, most  of  his  life  has  been  spent  in 
this  country.  Always  bookish  in  his  tastes, 
he  early  manifested  a  desire  for  knowledge, 
and  through  close  application,  strong  con- 
centrative  ability,  and  quick  perception  com- 
pleted the  regular  high  school  course  in  the 
short  space  of  two  years.  After  completing 
the  course  in  the  public  schools  of  Milwaukee, 
he  entered  the  engineering  department  of  the 
University  of  Wisconsin,  where  he  studied  for 
three  years,  and  then  attended  the  University 
of  Michigan,  from  which  he  received  his  lit- 
erary and  law  degrees.  He  then  returned  to 
Milwaukee,  where  he  was  admitted  to  the 
bar,  and  established  himself  immediately  in 
the  practice  of  his  profession.  From  a  small 
beginning,  his  clientele  has  grown  until  he 
now  maintains  one  of  the  largest  law  offices 
in  the  State  of  Wisconsin.  His  reputation  as 
a  lawyer  of  ability  and  integrity  has  traveled 
far,  and  in  certain  fields  of  the  law  he  has  an 
interstate,  if  not  a  national,  reputation.  He 
is  engaged  in  general  practice,  and  has  been 
eminently  successful  as  a  trial  lawyer,  in 
civil  litigation  as  well  as  in  criminal  cases, 
and  he  has,  without  doubt,  conducted  more 
jury  trials,  has  tried  more  homicide  cases  and 
secured  more  acquittals,  than  any  other  at- 
torney in  his  State.  He  has  not  confined  him- 
self to  court  work  merely.  As  a  consulting 
attorney  and  along  commercial  lines,  he  has 

476 


achieved  a  reputation  second  to  none.  Above 
all,  Mr.  Rubin  is  the  attorney  for  the  people, 
and  the  champion  of  organized  labor.  Real- 
izing the  world-old  struggle  of  the  working- 
classes,  and  the  bitter  injustice  that  has  been 
heaped  upon  those  who  toil,  he  has  made 
their  cause  his  own,  and  has  been  instru- 
mental in  securing  from  the  courts  new  and 
progressive  decisions  which  are  of  inestima- 
ble value  and  wide-reaching  significance.  As 
was  well  said  by  one  of  the  justices  of  the 
Supreme  Court  of  Wisconsin,  he  has  done 
more  to  change  the  law  of  master  and  servant 
as  interpreted  by  the  bench  of  the  State  than 
any  other  lawyer  in  Wisconsin.  He  has,  in 
particular,  directed  his  eflforts  against  the  use 
of  contempt  proceedings  in  strikes,  and  against 
the  injunction,  and  in  a  large  measure,  he  has 
revolutionized  the  world  of  capital  and  labor 
by  summoning  to  his  aid,  and  using  in  labor's 
service  these  weapons,  formerly  considered  the 
legitimate  property  of,  and  for  use  solely  by, 
employers.  Through  his  exertions  they  have 
been  found  equally  available  as  instruments 
of  offense  and  defense  in  the  hands  of  the 
workman  seeking  justice.  All  this  he  has 
done  without  a  retainer,  having  steadfastly 
refused  all  remuneration  from  organized  labor. 
Mr.  Rubin,  though  known  as  a  fighter  in  court, 
is,  nevertheless,  a  man  of  peaceful  inclinations, 
favoring  principles  of  arbitration  and  meth- 
ods of  conciliation  wherever  possible.  Through 
his  wise  counsel  and  direction,  and  his  splen- 
did exercise  of  common  sense,  many  serious 
situations  have  been  averted,  and  matters  in 
controversy  compromised  to  the  satisfaction  of 
all  concerned.  However,  when  definite  prin- 
ciples are  at  stake,  when  it  is  clearly  a  mat- 
ter of  sacrificing  honor  or  fighting  to  the  bit- 
ter end,  then  is  the  time  that  Mr.  Rubin  mani- 
fests that  firmness  of  character  and  able  gen- 
eralship which  have  meant  so  much  to  the 
cause  of  labor.  Part  of  the  year  1913  Mr. 
Rubin  spent  abroad,  studying  labor  condi- 
tions and  unionism  in  various  countries.  On 
his  return,  he  wrote  for  the  "International 
Molders  Journal,"  a  series  of  articles  which 
set  forth  his  observations  in  the  various  coun- 
tries which  he  visited  in  Europe,  bearing  upon 
the  relationship  between  capital  and  labor,  the 
theories  of  organized  labor,  and  the  policies 
and  methods  by  which  the  workmen  in  the 
several  countries  have  endeavored  to  work  out 
their  industrial  problems.  These  articles  are 
so  masterly  in  their  conception,  display  such 
a  keen  psychological  understanding  of  human 
nature,  and  have  created  so  much  favorable 
comment  among  those  privileged  to  read  them, 
that  Mr.  Rubin  has  been  induced  to  have  them 
published  in  book  form.  The  volume  is  en- 
titled "The  Toiler  in  Europe."  During  1915 
a  serial  story  from  his  pen  appeared  monthly 
in  one  periodical,  while  numerous  articles, 
essays,  and  short  stories — all  in  connection 
with  his  favorite  subjects,  "  Organized  Labor," 
"  Unionism,"  and  "  The  Man  Who  Labors," 
have  been  contributed  to  magazines  through- 
out the  country.  Conscientious  in  anything 
that  he  undertakes,  he  gives  his  readers  noth- 
ing but  the  best,  and  everything  that  he 
writes  contains  some  moral,  some  thought  that 
they  can  take  with  them  and  ponder  over.  Al- 
though Mr.  Rubin  does  not  believe  in  private 
charity,    his   hand    is   ever    in   his   purse   to 


^ 


RUBLN 


sguiKK 


i!i  viate  the  misery  of  the  poor,  and  he  gives, 
n'  t  only  of  his  worldly  goods,  but  of  himself. 
!,!  lit*  works  of  benevolence  and  '-harity,  he 
^\  .  always  most  ably  assisted  l>y  iiia  eharm- 
^vife,  who  was  his  real  partru'i  in  ail  his 
:hts  and  deeds,  until  her  death.  In 
r  of  her  memory,  Mr.  Rubin  endowtni  a 
;or  of  charitable  beneficences.  Mr.  Rubin 
been  a  moving  spirit  in  the  foundation 
and  maintenance  of  some  of  the  most  impor- 
tant public  and  charitable  institutions  in  the 
city  of  Milwaukee;  he  was  the  prime  factor 
in  the  organization  of  the  Union  Bank  of 
Milwaukee,  a  bank  which  has  the  unique  dis- 
tinction of  being  the  only  one  in  the  United 
States  which  is  controlled  by  and  under  the 
direction  of  those  who  sympathize  with  or- 
ganized labor.  A  number  of  labor  unions  are 
stockholders,  and  the  bank,  which  is  still 
young,  gives  every  promise  of  becoming  an 
element  of  importance  in  the  financial  world. 
Often  "big  business"  corporations  have  ap- 
proached Mr.  Rubin  with  offers  of  large  re- 
tainers which,  no  doubt,  would  have  proved 
irresistible  to  many,  but  true  to  his  ideals, 
he  has  steadily  refused  to  subsidize  either  his 
conscience  or  his  services,  preferring  to  re- 
nain  free  to  fight  for  the  right  in  each  in- 
tance,  as  he  sees  it,  more  often  than  not 
vithout  retainer  of  any  sort.  Although  he 
IRS  alwpys  had  definite  and  decided  views  on 
s  of  public  con<?ern,  whether  local 
i,  he  has  not  been  active  politically, 
r  K.-<^ping  with  his  tolerant  views,  the 
-ian  or  measure  which  to  him  seems  best,  ir- 
respective of  party  politics,  always  receives 
his  support.  He  is  most  progressive,  in  fact, 
may  be  said  to  be  considerably  in  advance  of 
his  time ;  the  reforms  and  measures  which  he 
advocates  are  bound  to  become  realities  at 
some  time  in  the  future,  and  many  of  the  laws 
on  the  statute  books  of  the  State  have  had  his 
authorship.  Mr.  Rubin  is  also  a  dreamer — 
not  a  visionary — the  type  of  man  who  sees 
what  the  world  needs  to  make  it  a  better 
place  for  humanity,  and*  then  proceeds  to 
build  foundations  beneath  his  "  castles  in  the 
;ir."  He  combines  within  himself  those 
jualities  so  rarely  found  in  company,  for  he 
•H  at  once  an  idealist  and  a  man  of  practical 
judgment,  one  who  sees  conditions  as  they 
ire,  yet,  at  the  same  time,  with  keen  insight, 
lias  complete  realization  of  what  they  should 
!>e,  and  can  bridge  the  gulf  with  suggestions 
!pplicable  to  present-day  problems.  Until  the 
^ime  is  ripe  for  the  fulfillment  of  his  ideal, 
he  has  some  tangible  solution  for  immediate 
difficulties,  something  whereby  suffering  man- 
kind is  to  benefit  and  progress  at  least  one 
step  forward  toward  the  goal  of  human  hap 
j'ijuss  and  right  living.  He  has  always  boen 
'  '  -tified  with  the  real,  the  big  things  of  life. 
An  understanding  of  the  character  of  the 
m«n,  however,  may  best  be  gained,  perhaps. 
fr-'Tn  the  words  of  {)ne  of  the  big  leaders  in 
th:  labor  world,  who  wrote  of  him:  "I  look 
H)  -  u  him  (Mr.  Rubin)  as  one  of  the  most 
uH.jiil  men  in  Amerifa,  and  I  am  convinced 
tl;a»  he  is  writing  himself  deeply  into  the 
}i>!.>ry  of  our  development  toward  industrial 
]>>**  ce.  I  have  met  a  number  of  exceedingly 
hhU  lawyers,  but  Rubin  exceodH  them  all  in 
t?!'  ilf'Hrness  of  his  reason,  Houndn»'t«s  of  mind, 
kuov ledge  of  things  as  they  are,  and  resource 


fulness  in  fighting  for  the  right  "  Mr  fiahm 
married  12  Sept.,  1897,  Sonia  Mesirow,  of  M^J 
waukee.  She  died  12  April,  1915,  leavng  att* 
son. 

SQTJIEE,  Andrew,  lawyer,  b.  in  Ma«t»i» 
Ohio,  21  Oct.,  1850,  son  of  Dr.  Andrew  Jack- 
son and  Martha  (VVilmot)  Squire.  Through 
both  his  parents  he  is  descended  from  tie- 
earliest  English  settlers  in  New  England, 
most  of  the  family  having  been  residents  of 
Connecticut.  His  father,  although  by  pro- 
fession a  physician,  was  a  member  of  the  Ohio 
State  legislature  during  1860-61,  and  always 
prominent  in  public  aftairs.  Mr.  Squire  first 
attended  school  at  Mantua  and  Hiram,  then 
entered  {he  Western  Reserve  Eclectic  Insti- 
tute, at  Hiram,  Ohio.  Like  his  father,  he  at 
first  intended  becoming  a  physician,  and  even 
began  his  medical  studies  in  Clevela^nd,  but  a 
preference  for  the  law  having  manifested  it- 
self, he  devoted  his  leisure  time  to  its  study. 
Later  he  continued  his  education  at  Hiram 
College,  and  was  graduated  there  in  1872. 
Sdtne  months  later  he  began  a  regular  course 
of  study  for  the  bar  in  the  office  of  Cadwell 
and  Marvin,  in  Cleveland.  In  the  following 
December  he  was  regularly  admitted  to  prac- 
tice, and  when,  at  this  time,  Mr.  Cadwell,  the 
senior  member  of  the  firm,  was  elevated  to 
the  Common  Pleas  bench,  Mr.  Squire  entered 
into  partnership  with  Mr.  Marvin,  form- 
ing the  firm  of  Marvin  and  Squire.  Later 
Lieut.  Gov.  Alphonso  Hart  entered  the  hrn.'. 
whereupon  it  became  known  ss  Mai-Ui 
Hart  and  Squire.  Thi»  s^aoriatiua  c^ACf*.*  t  > 
an  end  in  187S  Of  her  ».ts«»'.Klat)«..f;-  -  ■  ^^■ 
entered   into:    ftr«t   the  l^rtfi    >f   !  r 

and   Squire   and  finally,   ihi    |>ri> 
ship,    Squire,    Sandern    nn-l    JitTiijief.y,    Tc'-.-u'td 
in   1890.     Mr.   Squire   hns   m't^i-.^lbM    u?    'U-r 
practice   of   corporation   Uw.    ir,    A^hi.:*>«    hr    h^ 
one   of   the   moat   promineni   oitiiit^'rs   ct    <bt 
Ohio  bar.     Among  his  '!iien^i»  at-'  »'ii»t:  "•   i /it- 
largest  corporate    int'-rests   of    lh<:    Si^lt'.     H<- 
has  also  bec<«me  id«'ntifird  with  ^'ou^•*  nf  thttn 
in    the    capacity    of    stockholder    and    ofticiu! 
He   is   president    of   the   CleveUand   and    Pif  If - 
burgh   Railroad   Company;    a   dircitor   of    the 
Bank  of  Conunerce,  the  National  Association, 
the  Citizens'  Savings  and  Trust  Comf.any.  the 
People's    Savings    Bank    Company,    the    Clfvi- 
land    Stone    Company,    the    National    Curbon 
Company,    the    National    Artificial    Silk   Com- 
pany, and  the  Linde  Air  Products  Company. 
Mr.  Squire  baa  always  been  actively  inter*  stivl 
in   politics,   being   allied   with   the    Rf^pul)licMn 
party,    but    has    ncv«^r    been    a    candidate    fi>r 
public   office.      In    l^'M}   he   was   a   dcb^juo    t«> 
the    Republicnn    National    Convention,    at     St. 
Louia.     In  Masonry  he  liaa  risen  to  tln'  biyli 
est    honors,    having    attained    the    thin  \  1  liirii 
degree.     He   is  president  of  the   I'ni.'n    Clu'.. 
has  served  as  president    of  the  ('-.iintv\    Chih: 
nnd  is  a  menibor  of  tlie    I'ovijuit.   I'nix  trsil  \ . 
Tavern,  rhagrin   Valley  ]T\Mit,   M;i\'i.I.i   «'..i'ii 
try,    Shaker    H.-i,Ldi!.H    r\'nutr\      i;>.;i'!.<' ^'     '  t 
tavva     Shooting.     Clevelari,!      \H.ieir.      Mi.Mie 
Basa,    rniverHity     ( N;<\v    \  orl    .    mimI     iIi.'    i" 
lundnia    (( '(iliirniMiM,   ( -Iii'H    ^  Iii!s       II.     i-   n!--* 
a  member  of  tin-    hil>'ni:ii  i."i;il.   t!,-    \t»«.M  -jh 
the    Ohio    Slut...      in.l     '    !r\.  I:if  1     !'.>;       *--   •  ■ 
lions:    a    inefMi.rr  <•!    tie-  (  I'wiaii  I 
Coniruer.-e    aii'I    Hie    (  |.  \«  Imd    <  i  ■   ' 

dUHtrv.  the   IheiTKu!    I,rn;.'ii'       '    ' 


CRAIG 


CRAIG 


Ohio  Society  of  the  Sons  of  the  American 
Revolution,  the  Ohio  Society  of  New  York, 
vestryman  of  Trinity  Cathedral,  trustee  of  the 
Garfield  Memorial  Association,  trustee  of  the 
Western  Keserve  University,  of  Hiram  Col- 
lege, and  of  the  Case  Library.  In  1873  Mr. 
Squire  married  Ella,  daughter  of  Ebner  Mott, 
of  Hiram,  Ohio.  She  died  in  1895,  being 
survived  by  a  son  and  a  daughter,  who  have 
since  died.  On  24  June,  1896,  he  married 
Eleanor,  daughter  of  Belden  Seymour,  of 
Cleveland,  Ohio. 

CRAIO,  Alfred  M.,  jurist,  b.  in  Edgar 
County,  111.,  15  Jan.,  1831;  d.  in  Galesburg, 
111.,  in  1911,  son  of  David  and  Minta  (Ramey) 
Craig.  His  grand- 
father, Thomas 
Craig,  was  a  na- 
tive of  Ireland, 
who  came  to  this 
country  in  the 
early  part  of  last 
century,  and  set- 
tled in  Philadel- 
phia. His  mother 
was  the  daughter 
of  Sinot  Ramey,  a 
Virginian,  who  had 
been  associated 
with  Daniel  Boone, 
Simon  Kenton,  and 
others  of  the  Ken- 
tucky pioneers; 
^n  y  ^        one  of  the  middle 

\yy7/7f  /^ny/y  ^  class  in  the  South, 
^f  ^/^  C^  MyU^  ^hich  had  no  pro- 
prietary interest  in 
slavery  and  was 
strongly  opposed  to  the  institution.  At 
just  about  the  time  that  Judge  Craig 
was  born  and  during  his  early  child- 
hood there  was  a  very  pronounced  exodus 
from  Kentucky  and  Tennessee  into  terri- 
tory further  north.  Among  these  emigrants 
were  the  parents  of  Abraham  Lincoln 
and  others,  who  were  afterward  promi- 
nent in  the  history  of  the  Northwestern  States, 
Among  these,  also,  was  the  Craig  family, 
which  settled  in  Fulton  County,  111.,  and 
set  about  carving  a  home  out  of  the  wilder- 
ness. It  was  in  this  rugged  environment  that 
Judge  Craig  spent  his  boyhood,  meanwhile  at- 
tending the  district  school.  In  1848  he  began 
preparing  for  Knox  College,  where  he  was 
graduated  in  1853.  Law  schools  were  un- 
known in  those  days,  certainly  in  that  part 
of  the  country,  so  young  Craig  entered  the 
law  office  of  William  C.  Goudy,  at  Lewiston, 
111.  Within  a  year  he  was  able  to  pass  the 
examinations  necessary  to  admission  to  the 
bar,  after  which  he  opened  his  own  office  in 
Knoxville,  111.,  the  county  seat  of  Knox 
County.  In  those  days  it  was  the  custom  for 
the  lawyers  to  ride  the  circuit  with  the  judge, 
and  so  it  was  that  Knoxville  was  frequently 
visited  by  Lincoln,  Douglas,  Palmer,  and 
other  pioneer  lawyers,  who  afterward  in- 
scribed their  names  in  large  letters  in  the  na- 
tion's history.  In  1856  Mr.  Craig  was  ap- 
pointed State's  attorney  for  the  unexpired  term 
caused  by  the  resignation  of  William  C. 
Goudy.  Five  years  later  he  was  elected  county 
judge   of   Knox   County.     In   1870  he   was  a 


member  of  the  constitutional  convention, 
which  drafted  the  present  Constitution  of  Illi- 
nois. In  this  work  he  took  a  very  prominent 
part,  especially  in  preparing  the  articles  pro- 
viding for  the  judiciary  and  county  govern- 
ments, which  were  based  on  a  compromise  be- 
tween the  old  Virginia  county  and  the  New 
England  township  systems.  Judge  Craig, 
both  as  a  lawyer  and  a  judge,  was  connected 
with  many  important  cases,  some  of  which 
attracted  national  attention  in  their  time, 
and  are  remembered  in  the  State  to  this 
day.  One  of  these  was  the  De  Hague  case, 
involving  a  political  murder,  which  was 
brought  to  Knox  County  on  a  change  of  venue 
from  Henderson  County.  In  the  trial  Judge 
Craig  was  the  counsel  for  the  defendant,  and 
was  able  to  secure  the  acquittal  of  his  client. 
He  was  also  counsel  in  the  litigation  over  the 
removal  of  the  county  seat  from  Knoxville  to 
Galesburg,  and  assisted  in  the  prosecution  of 
Osborne  who  was  tried,  convicted,  and  ex- 
ecuted for  murder,  this  being  the  only  recorded 
legal  execution  in  Knox  County.  In  1873 
Judge  Craig  was  elected  to  the  bench  of  the 
Supreme  Court,  being  re-elected  in  1882,  and 
again  in  1901.  Altogether  he  served  in  this 
capacity  for  twenty-seven  years.  Among  the 
cases  in  which  he  rendered  decision  during 
this  period  was  that  of  th^  People  vs. 
Wabash  Railroad  Company,  in  which  was 
established  the  principle  that  a  State  legisla- 
ture has  the  right  to  supervise  and  adjust 
the  rates  of  common  carriers,  whether  such 
carriers  were  incorporated  under  the  laws  of 
that  State,  or  of  some  other  State.  The  de- 
cision in  this  case  was  taken  into  considera- 
tion in  fixing  the  provisions  of  the  interstate 
commerce  laws  subsequently  enacted.  An- 
other case  of  far-reaching  importance  in  which 
Judge  Craig  presided  was  that  of  the  Illinois 
Central  against  the  city  of  Chicago,  in  which 
it  was  contended  that  the  act  incorporating 
the  Illinois  Central  Railroad  Company,  and 
granting  it  a  strip  of  land  200  feet  wide,  for 
right  of  way,  and  providing  that  the  railroad 
might  take  possession  of  any  land,  streams, 
and  water  privileges  along  the  right  of  way 
for  railroad  purposes,  did  not  include  posses- 
sion of  the  submerged  lands  lying  along  the 
lake  front  in  Chicago  adjacent  to  the  right  of 
way.  The  decision  handed  down  by  Judge 
Craig  secured  the  lake  front  lands  to  the  peo- 
ple. The  last  notable  public  work  in  which 
Judge  Craig  participated  was  as  a  member  of 
the  State  Tax  Commission  appointed  by  Gov- 
ernor Deneen  to  revise  the  revenue  laws  of 
the  State.  Judge  Craig  was  one  of  that  class 
of  rugged  frontiersmen  which  was  represented 
in  the  professions  by  such  men  as  Lincoln, 
and  who  lived  during  the  transition  period 
which  saw  the  wilderness  transformed  into 
civilized  communities.  Of  such  men  was  the 
Supreme  Court  of  Illinois  constituted.  They 
had  been  raised  among  the  hardships  and 
privations  endured  by  the  pioneer  families 
and  they  were  well  fitted  to  construe  the  law 
which  had  so  much  to  do  with  the  growth  and 
development  of  the  State.  And  of  this  group 
Judge  Craig  was  almost  the  last  one  to  pass 
away.  In  1900  he  retired  from  the  bench  and 
devoted  his  time  to  his  private  interests, 
banking  and  farming,  as  well  as  to  such  ac- 
tivities for  the  good  of  the  community  not  in- 


478 


CRAIG 


MITCHELL 


volving  continuous  eflfort.     On  4  Aug.,   1856, 
he  married  Elizabeth  P.  Harvey. 

CRAIG,  Charles  C,  jurist,  b.  in  Knoxville, 
111.,  16  June,  1865,  son  of  Alfred  M.  and  Eliza- 
beth (Harvey)  Craig.  His  father.  Judge  Al- 
fred M.  Craig,  was  also  a  lawyer  and  for 
twenty-seven  years  a  justice  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  State  of  Illinois.  He  attended 
the  public  schools  of  Knoxville,  and  later, 
Knox  College  and  Notre  Dame  University,  In 
1883  he  received  an  appointment  to  the  U.  S. 
Naval  Academy  at  Annapolis,  where  he  com- 
pleted the  course.  He  was,  however,  a  youth 
of  too  active  a  temperament  to  be  content 
with  a  profession  in  which  accomplishment 
depended  on  a  war 
which  might  never 
occur.  Consequent- 
ly, he  resigned,  de- 
termined to  enter 
his  father's  pro- 
fession. He  began 
preparing  for  his 
legal  career  in  the 
office  of  Stevenson 
and  Ewing,  in 
Bloomington,  111., 
also  attending  the 
Bloomington  Wes- 
leyan  Law  School. 
In  1888  he  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar, 
and  began  practice 
at  Galesburg,  111. 
Being  possessed  of 
an  infinite  amount 
of  energy  and 
never  fearing  hard 
work,  he  entered 
actively  into  the  political  and  business  affairs 
of  his  community,  and  -soon  had  an  extensive 
practice  in  all  the  courts  of  the  State,  and, 
later,  also,  in  those  of  other  States.  Among 
his  more  prominent  cases  was  the  Harrison 
Weatherly  case,  which  passed  through  all  the 
courts,  and  involved  the  title  to  over  150  quar- 
ter sections  of  land  in  different  counties  of 
the  military  tract,  the  Knox  County  graft 
scandals,  etc.  In  1898,  and  again  in  1900, 
Mr.  Craig  was  elected  a  member  of  the  gen- 
eral assembly.  During  both  terms  he  served 
on  the  Committee  of  the  Judiciary,  and  as- 
sisted in  drafting  and  revising  all  of  the  im- 
portant laws  passed  by  the  house.  In  1904 
he  was  appointed  a  member  of  the  Illinois 
State  Commission  to  the  Louisiana  Purchase 
Exposition,  at  St.  Louis,  in  which  he  was 
chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Agriculture. 
He  was  instrumental  in  having  prepared  an 
exhibit  which  far  surpassed  anything  pre- 
viously shown,  illustrating  the  resources  of 
the  State  and  the  scientific  treatment  of  soils 
and  crops.  Outside  of  his  professional  activi- 
ties, he  was  closely  associated  with  his  father 
in  banking,  farming,  and  various  other  busi- 
ness enterprises.  On  the  death  of  his  father, 
in  1911,  he  succeeded  him  as  director  and 
president  in  several  banking  institutions  and 
also  took  over  his  law  practice.  In  1912  he 
was  a  delegate  to  the  National  Democratic 
Convention  at  Baltimore.  In  1913  Mr.  Craig 
was  elected  to  the  bench  of  the  Supreme  Court 
of  Illinois,  on  which  his  father  had  served  so 
illustriously,    and    in    1916    he    became    chief 


M^^Mj;^ 


justice.  On  the  outbreak  of  the  Spanish- 
American  War,  Judge  Craig,  mindful  of  the 
training  he  had  received  from  the  nation,  or- 
ganized a  battery  of  artillery,  of  which  he 
was  elected  captain.  By  the  time  the  com- 
pany was  ready  for  active  service,  however, 
hostilities  had  terminated.  The  command  con- 
tinued in  the  National  Guard  of  Illinois  for 
several  years  thereafter.  During  this  period 
Captain  Craig  passed  through  the  interme- 
diate grades  to  the  rank  of  colonel  and  be- 
came chief  ordnance  oflBcer,  on  account  of  his 
expert  knowledge  of  gunnery.  Judge  Craig, 
since  his  election  to  the  Supreme  Court,  has 
made  his  personality  strongly  felt,  and  has 
done  his  full  share  in  establishing  and  main- 
taining the  dignity  of  the  tribunal  in  the  esti- 
mation of  the  people.  His  opinions  show  not 
only  a  thorough  and  a  scholarly  knowledge 
of  the  law,  but  also  an  intimate  acquaintance 
with  the  changing  conditions,  brought  about 
by  the  economic  and  industrial  development 
of  the  State  of  which  his  father  was  one  of  the 
early  pioneers. 

MITCHELL,  Silas  Weir,  physician  and 
author,,  b.  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  15  Feb.,  1829 ; 
d.  there,  4  Jan.,  1914,  son  of  Dr.  John  Kears- 
ley  and  Matilda  (Henry)  Mitchell.  His  fa- 
ther, a  medical  practitioner  and  professor  in 
Jefferson  Medical  College,  wrote  several  poems 
and  short  stories  of  considerable  merit.  S. 
Weir  Mitchell  was  educated  in  the  grammar 
schools  of  his  native  city  and  at  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania,  but  left  during  his  senior 
year  on  account  of  illness,  and  was  graduated 
at  Jefferson  Medical  College  in  1850.  Dr. 
Mitchell  had  attained  a  high  reputation  by  his 
physiological  researches,  and  early  began  the 
publication  of  papers  on  this  subject.  His 
first  investigations  were  largely  devoted  to  the 
chemical  nature  of  the  venom  of  serpents,  and 
he  issued,  through  the  Smithsonian  Institu- 
tion, "  Researches  on  the  Venom  of  the  Rattle- 
snake," with  an  investigation  of  the  anatomy 
and  physiology  of  the  organs  concerned 
(1860),  and,  with  George  R.  Morhouse,  "Re- 
searches on  the  Anatomy  and  Physiology  of 
Respiration  in  the  Chelonia "  (1863).  Dur- 
ing the  Civil  War  he  had  charge  of  the  U.  S. 
army  hospital  wards  for  diseases  and  in- 
juries of  the  nervous  system  at  Turner's  Lane 
Hospital,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  and  was  asso- 
ciated at  that  time  in  the  preparation  of  val- 
uable papers  on  "  Reflex  Paralysis,"  "  Gun- 
shot Wounds  and  Other  Injuries  of  Nerves," 
and  "  On  Malingering,  especially  in  regard  to 
Simulation  of  Diseases  of  the  Nervous  Sys- 
tem." Subsequently  he  became  president  of 
the  Philadelphia  College  of  Physicians.  His 
papers  treated  chiefly  of  physiology,  toxicology, 
and  nervous  diseases,  on  which  subjects  ho  was 
an  acknowledged  authority.  ITe  roceivrd  the 
degree  of  LL.D.  from  Harvard  in  1SS»;.  from 
Edinburgh  in  1805,  Princeton.  ISOC.  Toronto. 
1906,  Jefferson  Medical  Collogo.  Pliiladclpliia. 
1910.  He  received  the  honorary  degree  of 
M.D.,  from  the  T^niversity  of  Holo^Mla  (1S88). 
He  was  a  member  of  the  Briiisb  Medical  .Asso- 
ciation, the  American  Neurological  Associa- 
tion, of  which  he  was  president  l!t()S-()<). 
the  American  Philosophical  Scv'iety.  the 
London  Medical  Society,  tlie  New  York 
Academy  of  Medicine.  <he  Maine  Academy  of 
Science,"  and  the  American  Academy  of   Home. 

479 


MITCHELL 


MITCHELL 


He  was  a  fellow  of  the  Philadelphia  College 
of  Physicians,  the  American  Academy  of  Arts 
and  Sciences,  the  Royal  Society  of^ndon,  the 
Koyal  Medical  Society,  and  honolBly  foreign 
fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Literature  of 
the  United  Kingdom.  He  was  foreign  corre- 
spondent and  associate  of  the  French  Academy 
of  Medicine,  corresponding  member  of  the 
Academy  of  Sciences  of  Bologna,  Gesellschaft 
Deutscher  Nervenartze,  foreign  associate  of 
the  Royal  Medical  Society  of  Norway,  and  cor- 
responding associate  of  "  Der  Verein  fur  innere 
Medicin,"  Berlin.  He  was  also  an  honorary 
member  of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Medicine, 
Rome,  and  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences, 
Sweden.  He  was  president  of  the  American 
Association  of  Physicians  and  Pathologists  in 
1886,  and  of  the  Congress  of  American  Physi- 
cians and  Surgeons  in  1891.  He  became  a 
Companion  of  the  Loyal  Legion  of  the  United 
States  in  1887.  He  delivered  various  ora- 
tions and  addresses  before  medical  faculties, 
and  the  titles  of  his  papers  exceed  one  hundred 
in  number.  Dr.  Mitchell  first  turned  his  at- 
tention to  fiction  during  the  Civil  War,  when 
he  wrote,  "  The  Children's  Hour,"  the  sales 
of  which  were  in  aid  of  the  Sanitary  Commis- 
sion Fair  in  Philadelphia.  Subsequently  he 
wrote  short  stories  for  the  Children's  Hos- 
pital, and  in  1880  published  his  first  novel. 
Since  then  he  also  produced  several  volumes 
of  verse.  His  works  include,  "  The  Won- 
derful Stories  of  Fuz-buz  the  Fly,  and  Mother 
Grabem  the  Spider"  (1867);  "Wear  and 
Tear,  or  Hints  for  the  Overworked"  (1871)  ; 
"  On  Injuries  of  the  Nerves  and  Their  Con- 
sequences"  (1872);  "Fat  and  Blood,  and 
How  to  Make  Them "  ( 1877 )  ;  "  Nurse  and 
Patient,  and  Camp  Cure"  (1877);  "Diseases 
of  the  Nervous  System,  Especially  of  Women  " 
(1881);  "Hephzibah  Guinness,"  "Thee  and 
You,"  and  "A  Draft  on  the  Bank  of  Spain" 
(1  vol.,  1880)  ;  "  The  Hill  of  Stones  and  Other 
Poems  "  ( 1882 )  ;  "  In  War-Time  "  ( 1884 )  ; 
"Roland  Blake"  (1886);  "A  Masque  and 
Other  Poems  "  ( 1887 )  ;  "  Prince  Littleboy  and 
Other  Tales  Out  of  Fairyland"  (1888),  and 
"  Doctor  and  Patient,  a  Series  of  Essays " 
(1888)  ;  "Far  in  the  Forest,  a  Story  of  the 
Pennsylvania  Woodlands"  (1888);  "Cup  of 
Youth,  and  Other  Poems"  (1889)  ;  "A  Psalm 
of  Deaths;  Frangois  Villon,  and  Other  Poems" 
(1890);  "The  Disorders  of  Sleep"  (1890); 
"Precision  in  Medicine"  (1891);  "  Character- 
istics: a  Novel"  (1892);  "Francis  Drake: 
A  Tragedy  of  the  Sea"  (1893)  ;  "The  Mother, 
and  Other  Poems"  (1893);  "The  Conduct  of 
the  Medical  Life"  (1893);  "Clinical  Lessons 
Given  at  the  Infirmary  for  Nervous  Diseases  " 
(1893);  "  Erythromelalgia "  (1893);  "Ad- 
dress Before  the  American  Medico-Psycho- 
logical Association"  (1894);  "Mr.  Kris 
Kringle"  (1896);  "Collected  Poems" 
(1896);  "Madeira  Party"  (1897);  "The 
Relations  of  Nervous  Disorders  in  Women  to 
Pelvic  Disease"  (1897);  "Hugh  Wynne" 
(1898);  "Adventures  of  Francois"  (1899); 
"  Dr.  North  and  His  Friends  "  (1900)  ;  "  Auto- 
biography of  a  Quack"  (1900)  ;  "The  Wager, 
and  Other  Poems"  (1900);  "Selected  Poems 
with  Ode  on  a  Lycian  Tomb"  (1900);  "The 
Physician  "  ( 1900 )  ;  "  Circumstance  "  ( 1901 )  ; 
"When  All  the  Woods  Are  Green"  (1901); 
"  New  Samaria  and  a  St.  Martin's  Summer  " 


( 1901 ) ;  "  The  Muscular;  Factors  Concerned  in 
Ankle  Clonus  "  ( 1902 )  ;  "  Nurses  and  Thefr 
Education  "  ( 1902 )  ;  "  Comedy  of  Conscience  " 
(1902);  "Little  Stories"  (1903);  "Youth  of 
Washington  "  ( 1904 )  ;  "  The  Evolution  of  the 
Rest  Treatment  "  ( 1904 )  ;  "  Ailurophobia  " 
( 1905 )  ;  "  Address  to  the  School  of  Nursing 
of  the  Presbyterian  Hospital,  New  York  City  " 
( 1905 )  ;  "  Constance  Trescot  "  ( 1905 )  ;  "A 
Diplomatic  Adventure"  (1905);  "Pearl" 
(1906);  "Address  to  the  Nurse  Graduates  of 
the  Philadelphia  Orthopedic  Hospital " 
(1906);  "Some  Memoranda  in  Regard  to 
William  Harvey,  M.D."  (1907);  "The  Mind 
Reader"  (1907);  "The  Red  City"  (1907); 
"  Treatment  by  Rest,  Seclusion,  Etc."  ( 1908 )  ; 
"  Ataxia — from  Emotion  "  ( 1909 )  ;  "  Address 
to  the  American  Neurological  Association " 
(1909);  "Address  before  the  Medical  and 
Chirurgical  Society  of  Maryland  on  the  occa- 
sion of  the  Dedication  of  Its  Building" 
(1909);  "Address  at  Opening  of  New  Hall 
of  the  College  of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia  " 
(1909);  "The  Comfort  of  the  Hills,  and 
Other  Poems"  (1910);  "John  Sherwood, 
Ironmaster"  (1911).  Dr.  Mitchell  always 
was  intensely  interested  in  children,  and  when 
his  book,  "  The  Children's  Hour,"  appeared  in 
1872,  he  was  called  upon  for  more  such 
stories  for  children.  Throughout  his  entire 
life  children  figured  prominently.  He  was 
said  to  have  been  the  first  to  urge  the  medical 
inspection  of  school  children.  He  also  traced 
the  headaches  of  children  to  abuse  of  their 
eyes.  Many  of  the  advanced  ideas  in  the 
treatment  of  children  now  in  practice  have 
been  attributed  to  him.  Dr.  Mitchell's  fiction 
was  of  an  endearing  quality.  At  a  dinner 
of  the  Pennsylvania  Alumni  held  in  New  York 
City  on  10  Feb.,  1912,  he  told  how  he  came 
to  be  a  writer  of  fiction.  He  said:  "When 
success  in  my  profession  gave  me  the  freedom 
of  long  summer  holidays,  the  despotism  of  my 
habits  of  work  would  have  made  entire  idle- 
ness mere  ennui.  I  turned  to  what  except 
for  stern  need  would  have  been  my  lifelong 
work  from  youth — ^literature — and  bored  by 
idleness  wrote  my  first  novel.  There  is  a  les- 
son for  you — ^never  be  idle.  In  any  land  but 
this  such  an  experiment  as  a  successful  novel 
would  have  injuriously  affected  the  profes- 
sional career  of  a  medical  consultant,  or  so  I 
was  told  by  an  eminent  English  physician. 
I  need  not  say  that  this  is  not  the  American 
way  of  looking  at  life.  If  you  give  your  best 
to  medicine  and  the  law,  you  may  write  novels 
or  verse,  or  play  golf  or  ride  the  wildest  colt 
of  hobbies."  On  1  June,  1916,  the  dispensary 
building  at  Seventeenth  and  Summer  Streets, 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  was  formally  dedicated  in 
his  memory.  Dr.  Mitchell  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Orthopedic  Hospital  and  In- 
firmary for  Nervous  Diseases  with  which  the 
dispensary  is  connected.  The  dedication  ad- 
dress was  delivered  by  the  dean  of  American 
surgeons,  Dr.  William  W^.  Keen,  who  was  a 
class  friend  and  associate  of  Dr.  Mitchell's 
for  a  period  of  fifty-three  years.  In  his  ad- 
dress the  renowned  surgeon  paid  an  eloquent 
tribute  to  his  departed  friend.  "  I  have  al- 
ways felt  that  my  intimate  acquaintance  with 
Weir  Mitchell  was  the  first  of  three  epochal 
events  of  my  life,"  Dr.  Keen  declared.  Re-: 
ferring   to   their   early  acquaintance,   he   con* 


480 


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d :     "  The  stimulus  and  ^n 
.^ii.riiil  Mfe  began  in  those  a 
factor.     I  hav«    .': 
bis  great  debt.     )  ).. 
«i    many    of    the    best    in 
ioa  and  Europe,  and  I  sny   u 
Weir  Mitchell  was  the  mo-«? 
ulert  medical   man   I   hav. 
'    here   or   abroad.      His   vmv 
it  with  the  restless  mental  ; 

Every   institution   with    \\\ 

connected,  every  committee  of  w 
a  member,  took  oh  a  new  and   ^  i. 
The  University   of  Pennsylvania,   tnc 
of    Ph3*sioians,    the    Directory   of    Nk? 
Philadelphia   Library,   and,  1 
Carnegie  Institute  and  this   ' 
the   throb   of   his  genius."     in 
twice  married:  first,  on  30  Sept.,  r  rv 

Middleton  Eiwyn,  who  died  on  21  -<-.  ,  i-i-i 
They  were  the  parents  of  tv*o  children:  Jolui 
Kearsley  and  Langdon  Elwyn  iUtcLell.  Dr. 
Mitchell  married  again  on  23  June,  1S75, 
Mary  Cadwalder,  and  they  had  one  daughter. 
DONWORTH,  Gcorgre,  lawyer  and  jurist,  b. 
>a  Machias,  Me.,  20  Nov.,  1861,  eon  oi  Patrick 
Enright  DoBwortk,  a  native  vf  Ireland,  wlio 
Bft.r.iQ  ill  Macbias 
ir-  '■''"  nd  uas 
ti;  rp^i     in 

^'  t,         as       a 

ir^relmiit,  lumber 
m8nufa»'turcr,  and 
shipowner.  His 

mother,  whot^e 

maiden  name  was 
Mary  Eliza  Baker, 
was  of  Puritan 
stock,  a  descendant 
of  Richard  Bakt^r, 
who  came  from 
England  to  Massa- 
chusetts in  lOiO 
and  settled  in  Dor- 
chofttcf      Tier  par- 

BsiVr<.r    :u'-! 

her     K''«»df«ther?      i^aauio?     ?-.»?= »-      nju) 
' 'reraiab    Vr»an^,    wrre   »iu'iliv«r»    ii.    (in    I^". ' 
lution.      George     Donvsorfh,     r,rr.i     aU*^*:»J 
the     public      schooU      in      M.t^V.iiiM,      .ijrff 
v'orgetown    College,     wh»re     h.>     hj.      i:rur\v.   ; 
ed    in    1881.     He    flier;    gtuai^d    hnv    ir.    ih  ■  ' 
Tice    of   his    brother.    John    P.    Dr>nw»:.rMi,   .-it  \ 
imJton,  Me.,  and  was  u»lmittvd  to  ih>^  Inn    in\ 
''^S3.    After  four  years'  I'laftic:  nl  Furt  F;i! 
ic-]d.    Me.,    he   rtnioved    to   >^oaf*le,    Wash., 
^88.     Two  years  later  Ik'    v.if.  olecfinl  ,;  m»-Ji< 
T   of   the   cliarter   con-rrn     iom    nf   jjiicn    t 
ime  the  firi^t  '.^r^.-:  •.,      ;    -„ 

:!der  tJie  n<='u 
'US    cho.sen    r.. 
rving  two  v' 
T)t  of  the  \\i.. 
1R89-P)00,   an..    ,  .«.-   u    „■  ■■.-. 

■    thft    Seattle    m.'  Il-     x-. 

t   of   Wa'^!!ir,j4 

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practice   v  ith   "a  < 
iles  and  Jauut-j  J{.  Ho^^ 


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to  the  State  of  Ohio,  tw-^irng  r-n 
near    New    Ridgeville,    Iy.).;\iTi    » 
he  spent  his  boyhood  da\>i, 
father,  receiving,  njHanwhi'e.  » 
school    edncation.      Th'     ?  . 
ideais  of  hori(*>tty  and  r 
thrift,  were  the  only  h. 
With  high  aap»ratio:is,  l 
new  home,  he  earh.'  !<^?ir' 
sponsibiJitif»3  of  Bt  li'-ruri  -  ;  -  is^?. 
high':'r  eduoatitn.     As 
J  aught  t«-h».,'ul  f. 
wverjtp<*n   ^.-nis 

:)hi(>     W.M^iV 

t«  unafw 
V  law  « 

^»?'    Morft/^i'    5/     (1; 


rti'tvjhtp 


uiranf 
'■.>r«i"v. 


BURKE 


BURKE 


very  clear  to  a  jury  in  the  instructions  that 
he  gave.  He  never  adopted  the  practice  of  read- 
ing long  pleadings  to  a  jury  in  order  to  advise 
them  what  the  issue  was,  but  in  a  few  terse  sen- 
tences would  state  to  the  jury  the  issues  in- 
volved and  the  questions  the  jury  were  called 
upon  to  decide,  ridding  it  of  all  extraneous  mat- 
ter. He  was  also  a  good  judge  upon  the  equity 
side  of  the  court.  He  was  especially  kind  to  the 
younger  members  of  the  profession  while  he 
was  on  the  bench."  Cleveland  became  the 
home  city  of  Judge  Burke,  by  adoption,  in 
1869.  "  Here  he  entered  upon  a  career  that 
has  had  few  parallels  in  the  history  of  the 
bar  of  the  State  of  Ohio,"  said  one  of  his 
contemporaries.  "He  participated  in  many 
cases  involving  vast  interests  and  conducted 
all  with  such  striking  ability,  that  his  reputa- 
tion soon  passed  the  bounds  of  his  own  city 
and  State  and  he  became  a  national  character." 
Judge  Burke  was  associated,  at  various  times, 
in  the  practice  of  law  in  Cleveland,  with 
Franklin  T.  Backus,  E.  J.  Estep,  W.  B. 
Sanders  and  J.  E.  Ingersoll.  The  memory  of 
Judge  Burke  was  one  of  his  most  remarkable 
characteristics.  It  is  to  this  one  faculty,  per- 
haps, more  than  to  any  other,  that  his  pre- 
eminence as  a  lawyer  is  due.  One  who  knew 
him  intimately,  referring  to  this  gift,  said: 
"  He  had  the  greatest  memory  of  any  man 
that  I  ever  came  in  contact  with.  For  in- 
stance, he  could  quote  you  a  decision  from  the 
Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States,  or  the 
Supreme  Court  of  Ohio,  in  any  important  case ; 
he  could  tell  you  the  book  it  was  in,  the  page 
of  the  book,  the  judge  who  delivered  the 
opinion,  and  he  could  cite  you,  very  nearly 
verbatim — this  is  no  exaggeration — section 
upon  section  of  the  decision."  Besides  pos- 
sessing .  rare  legal  mind,  Judge  Burke  had  a 
large  talent  for  big  business.  Railroad  litiga- 
tion soon  led  him  into  railroad  ownership,  and 
he  became  recognized  as  one  of  the  largest 
and  ablest  of  the  railway  owners  and  capital- 
ists of  the  West.  As  the  general  counsel,  for 
many  years,  for  the  Cleveland,  Columbus,  Cin- 
cinnati and  Indianapolis  Railway,  he  was  a 
member  of  its  board  of  directors,  chairman  of 
its  financial  and  executive  committees,  and 
also  served  as  vice-president  of  the  company. 
He  also  acted  as  the  chief  executive  and  sec- 
ond oflBcer  of  the  Indianapolis  and  St.  Louis 
Railway  Company,  and  for  years  was  con- 
nected with  the  directorates  of  the  Cincinnati 
and  Springfield,  the  Dayton  and  Michigan, 
the  Cincinnati,  Hamilton  and  Dayton,  the  Cin- 
cinnati, Hamilton  and  Indianapolis,  the  New 
York,  Chicago  and  St.  Louis,  and  the  Central 
Ontario  Railroad  Companies.  For  the  general 
betterment  of  railway  conditions  in  the  Middle 
West,  Judge  Burke  brought  about  the  con- 
solidation of  certain  weak  roads  in  this  section 
with  the  Columbus,  Hocking  Valley  and  Toledo 
Railway.  This  was  a  great  work  well  done. 
After  its  completion  he  continued  as  its  presi- 
dent and  vice-president,  at  various  times, 
while  co-operating  in  all  important  movements 
of  the  corporation.  This  achievement  is  an  in- 
stance of  Judge  Burke's  genius  for  big  busi- 
ness. William  H.  Vanderbilt,  knowing  Judge 
Burke's  ability  in  railway  matters,  persuaded 
him  to  conduct  the  negotiations  for  the  pur- 
chase of  the  New  York,  Chicago  and  St.  Louis 
Railway,   known  as  the  Nickel  Plate.     Judge 


Burke,  for  many  years,  was  the  president  of  the 
Toledo  and  Ohio  Central,  the  Cleveland  and 
Mahoning  Valley,  the  Kanawha  and  Michigan, 
and  the  Central  and  Ontario  Railway  Com- 
panies. Besides  his  activities  in  the  railway 
field,  he  employed  his  genius  in  the  develop- 
ment of  other  large  enterprises.  For  years 
he  was  the  president  and  one  of  the  largest 
stockholders  of  the  Canadian  Copper  Company, 
a  concern  which  owned  the  largest  nickel 
mines  in  the  world  and  furnished  large  quan- 
tities to  the  United  States  government,  for 
use  in  the  construction  of  nickel  steel  armor. 
Not  long  after  the  consolidation  of  the  Hock-  * 
ing  Valley  system.  Judge  Burke  was  attacked 
by  Eastern  capitalists,  whose  plans  had  been 
disarranged  by  this  genius  of  the  Middle 
West.  Inspired  by  a  clear  conscience  and  a 
just  cause.  Judge  Burke  conducted  his  own 
case  through  a  long  and  bitter  fight,  defeating 
his  opponents  at  every  turn.  His  vindication 
may  be  best  expressed  in  the  words  of  James 
H.  Hoyt,  counsel  for  the  Hocking  Valley  Road, 
one  of  the  plaintiflFs  in  this  celebrated  case: 
"  I  remember,  with  a  great  deal  of  pleasure, 
when  I  became  the  counsel  of  the  Hocking 
Valley  Road,  looking  over  all  the  papers  in  a 
suit  then  pending,  of  the  Central  Trust  Com- 
pany of  New  York,  against  Judge  Burke.  I 
made  a  careful  study  of  the  entire  transaction, 
and  advised  my  clients  that  there  was  abso- 
lutely nothing  improper  in  it.  It  was  a 
transaction  that  could  be  vindicated,  and  I  ad- 
vised the  dismissal  of  the  suit;  and  I  shall 
never  forget  the  pleasure  with  which  I  went 
up  to  Judge  Burke's  oflBce  and  told  him  I  had 
made  a  careful  study  of  it,  had  considered 
very  carefully  the  decision  of  the  arbitrators 
in  the  original  case,  that  I  had  examined  the 
decision  in  the  Circuit  Court  of  Appeals,  and 
I  considered  that  there  was  nothing  there  to 
base  an  action  on,  and  I  had  adviswl  the  dis- 
missal of  it;  and  that  was  the  end  of  the  so- 
called  Hocking  Valley  litigation,  so  far  as 
Judge  Burke  was  concerned."  James  C.  Car- 
ter, of  New  York,  then  the  leading  member  of 
the  bar  of  the  country,  and  one  of  the  final 
arbitrators,  who  rendered  the  decision  in  the 
Hocking  Valley  case,  said:  "  Not  only  is  Judge 
Burke  not  to  be  blamed,  but  he  is  to  be  praised 
for  the  plan  that  he  evolved.  There  w-as  no 
fraud  whatever  in  the  transaction  and  it  was 
only  a  mighty  genius  that  could  evolve  such 
a  transaction  and  make  the  money  that  he 
did."  In  all  matters  of  public  and  private 
benefactions,  Judge  Burke  was  a  model  of 
generosity.  Not  only  was  he  painstakingly 
careful  to  aid,  in  all  wise  ways,  his  kith  and 
kin,  but  the  helping  hand  was  extended  to 
many  outside  of  the  family  circle,  and  always 
without  ostentation.  He  was  always  inter- 
ested in  public  questions  of  vital  import, 
whether  in  art,  education,  finance,  or  matters 
of  state.  He  was  the  ruling  spirit  in  the 
Cleveland  School  of  Art,  and  sought  in  many 
tangible  ways  to  further  the  progress  of  his 
home  city.  While  not  a  member  of  any  de-  . 
nomination,  he  was  a  liberal  supporter  of 
several  churches  in  which  he  took  a  special 
interest,  as  attested  by  appreciative  resolu- 
tions passed  at  his  death.  He  was  a  Christian 
gentleman  whose  example  was  well  worthy  of 
emulation.  On  28  April,  1849,  he  married 
Parthenia  Poppleton,  daughter  of  Rev.  Samuel 


482 


I 


PETERS 


RYAN 


Poppleton,  of  Richland  County,  Ohio.  She 
died  7  April,  1878.  On  22  June,  1882,  he  mar- 
ried Mrs.  Ella  M.  Southworth,  of  Clinton, 
N.  Y.,  eldest  daughter  of  Henry  C.  Beebe, 
formerly  of  Westfield,  Mass.  His  widow  is 
an  active  leader  in  charitable  and  other  good 
works  in  the  city  of  Cleveland,  taking  an 
especial  interest  in  the  Cleveland  School  of 
Art,  in  which  she  is  president  of  the  board  of 
trustees. 

PETERS,  Edwin  C,  banker,  b.  in  Chester 
County,  Pa.,  23  Oct.,  1836,  son  of  Robert  P. 
and  Elmira  (Gregg)  Peters.  He  was  edu- 
cated in  the  district  schools  and  at  the  Penn- 
sylvania Normal  School  at  Millersville,  later 
taking  up  the  study  of  law  at  the  Normal 
Law  School,  Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y.,  and  complet- 
ing the  course  in  1857.  For  one  year  after  his 
graduation  he  was  a  clerk  in  the  office  of  A. 
P.  Floyd,  at  Niagara  Falls,  N.  Y.,  and  then 
entered  into  partnership  with  H.  N.  Griffith 
for  both  legal  practice  and  general  insurance 
business.  At  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War, 
in  1861,  Mr.  Peters  was  appointed  by  Presi- 
dent Lincoln  deputy  United  States  marshal 
"  for  the  arrest  and  detention  of  persons  of 
known  notorious  disloyalty  who  were  seeking 
to  escape  into  Canada."  After  a  few  months 
William  H.  Seward,  then  Secretary  of  War, 
revoked  the  order  for  this  special  service,  and 
Mr.  Peters  was  commissioned  deputy  collector 
of  customs  at  Niagara  Falls.  He  filled  the 
latter  position  until  the  spring  of  1870,  when, 
having  disposed  of  his  business  interests  in  the 
East,  he  resigned  and  removed  to  Sioux  City. 
In  his  new  home  he  became  identified  with  the 
banking  business  of  Weare  and  Allison,  par 
ticularly  in  connection  with  their  insurance 
branch.  A  year  and  a  half  after  his  arrival 
in  Sioux  City,  in  connection  with  George  Mur- 
phy, he  purchased  the  insurance  business  of 
the  bank,  and  soon  afterward  established  the 
first  savings  bank  of  Sioux  City,  becoming  its 
vice-president.  Two  years  later  the  bank  was 
merged  into  the  Sioux  National  Bank,  then 
being  organized.  About  that  time  Mr.  Peters 
sustained  an  injury  to  his  head  which  unfitted 
him  for  business  for  nearly  three  years.  He 
went  to  the  Black  Hills  in  1877,  having  been 
appointed  the  first  treasurer  of  Pennington 
County,  S.  D.  Later  he  served  there  as  pro- 
bate judge,  but  with  this  brief  interruption  he 
has  lived  continuously  in  Sioux  City.  In  1872 
Mr.  Peters  purchased  a  large  tract  of  land 
about  a  mile  and  a  half  southeast  of  the  city 
limits,  and  with  others  who  had  come  from 
Niagara  Falls  to  the  West  he  established  a 
settlement  to  which  he  gave  the  name  of 
Morningside.  There  he  again  took  up  his 
abode  after  his  return  from  the  Black  Hills 
in  1878.  Today  this  suburb  is  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  sections  of  Sioux  City,  its  growth 
p  and  improvement  being  largely  due  to  the  ef- 
forts and  enterprise  of  Mr.  Peters.  He  became 
president  of  the  Sioux  City  Rapid  Transit 
Company,  which  was  organized  in  1888  and 
which  built  a  motor  line  between  Morning- 
side  and  the  county  seat.  In  1800-91  the 
company  built  a  mile  and  a  half  of  connecting 
elevated  railroad  at  a  cost  of  .$400,000,  thus 
enabling  them  to  operate  their  cars  direct 
from  Morningside  to  the  center  of  Sioux  City. 
Mr.  Peters  became  one  of  the  directors  of  the 
Northwestern  National  Bank  of  Sioux  City  in 


1893  and  is  still  on  the  board.  He  has  been 
president  of  the  State  Savings  and  Loan  Asso- 
ciation for  twenty-four  years  and  president  of 
the  Morningside  Bank  since  its  organization. 
He  is  also  the  chief  executive  officer  of  Peters, 
Guiney,  McNeil  and  Powell,  a  firm  doing  an 
extensive  rental,  loan,  and  insurance  business, 
and  president  of  the  Graceland  Park  Cemetery. 
Upon  the  organization  of  the  University  of 
the  Northwest  at  Morningside,  now  known  as 
Morningside  College,  he  was  made  vice-presi- 
dent and  chairman  of  the  executive  committee. 
Mr.  Peters  has  been  most  generous  in  his 
gifts  to  the  city,  one  of  which  was  a  park 
which  he  laid  out  in  1889,  and  after  caring 
for  this  for  ten  years  he  presented  it  to  the 
city.  It  was  given  the  name  of  Peters  Park. 
The  first  improvement  association  of  Sioux 
City  was  organized  at  Morningside  and  Mr. 
Peters  remained  its  president  for  a  number 
of  years.  He  was  president  of  the  Sioux  City 
Park  Commission  from  its  organization  until 
the  adoption  by  the  city  of  the  commission 
form  of  government  three  years  later.  He 
was  also  treasurer  of  the  city  schools  for 
fifteen  years,  during  which  time  he  handled 
over  $5,250,000.  Upon  his  retirement  the 
school  board  unanimously  passed  complimen- 
tary resolution.  Mr.  Peters  has  been  presi- 
dent of  the  Humane  Society,  the  Visiting 
Nurses  Association,  and  other  organizations 
of  similar  character,  and  throughout  his  life, 
as  his  means  have  permitted,  he  has  given 
generously  to  charitable  and  benevolent  work. 
He  has  now  passed  the  eightieth  milestone  on 
life's  journey,  but  his  old  age  suggests  neither 
idleness  nor  want  of  occupation.  There  is  an 
old  age  which  grows  stronger  mentally  and 
spiritually  as  the  years  pass,  and  gives  out 
of  its  rich  stores  of  wisdom  and  experience  for 
the  benefit  of  others.  Such  is  the  record  of 
E.  C.  Peters,  whose  life  has  been  in  very  many 
ways  an  inspiration  to  the  community  in  which 
he  has  lived  and  to  the  people  with  whom  he 
has  come  in  contact.  Mr.  Peters  married,  17 
Nov.,  1864,  Sarah,  daughter  of  Benjamin 
Reynaldson  Scott,  of  Niagara  Falls,  N.  Y. 
Her  father,  a  native  of  England,  was  a  cousin 
of  Sir  Gilbert  Scott,  who  designed  the  Prince 
Albert  memorial  monument.  IVIr.  and  ^Irs. 
Peters  have  had  ten  children,  of  whom  three 
survive,  two  sons,  Morrit  Chosbro  and  Pierre 
Hugo,  and  one  daughter,  Hope  Scott,  now 
Mrs.  M.  A.  Fogg. 

RYAN,  William  King",  soldier  and  man  of 
aflFairs,  b.  in  Charleston,  S.  C,  27  Jan..  1S27; 
d.  there  27  Dec,  1895,  son  of  John  and  IMary 
(King)  Ryan.  His  fathor  was  a  son  of  Wil- 
liam Ryan,  a  native  of  Ireland;  his  mother 
was  a  daughter  of  James  King,  of  iMlinbnrgh, 
Scotland,  and  of  his  wife,  IMaric  Rosp  ("ardon. 
of  Rouen,  France.  He  was  educated  in  the 
schools  oif  his  native  city,  and  in  1S4;>.  at 
the  age  of  nineteen,  entered  ni>(>n  his  active 
life  career.  His  advance  to  prosperity  and 
importance  was  rapid,  and  he  had  already  be- 
come an  influential  factor  in  the  cotton  world 
when  the  Civil  \Var  broke  out.  He  imme- 
diately gave  up  his  business  and  in  the  Hj)ring 
of  18(51,  ent(>red  the  service  of  his  Stat(«  as  a 
private  in  the  "  IMioiMiix  IJitles  "  Subse- 
quently he  was  pnmioted  to  the  rank  of  first- 
lieutenant  in  a  Darlington  (S.  ('.)  company. 
He  served   in  the  Confederate  army  until   the 


483 


WEBSTER 


WEBSTER 


close  of  the  war,  in  1865,  and  was  one  of  the 
first  of  those  who,  undismayed  by  losses  and 
surrounding  difliculties,  endeavored  to  re- 
build the  prosperity  of  their  city.  For  nearly 
fifty  years  he  was  one  of  the  leading  business 
men  of  Charleston  and  stood  for  all  that  was 
highest  in  business  integrity  in  the  com- 
munity. He  kept  in  close  sympathy  with 
the  younger  men  and  helped  many  of  them 
to  careers  of  distinction.  He  was  also  promi- 
nent in  the  social  and  business  life  of  Charles- 
ton, Washington,  and  New  York.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Charleston  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce and  Cotton  P'xchange,  and  a  director 
of  the  People's  National  Bank.  He  was  one 
of  the  organizers  of  the  Stono  Phosphate 
Company,  was  interested  in  reorganizing  the 
Charleston  Cotton  Mills,  and  was  one  of  the 
first  to  aid  in  establishing  public  schools  in 
that  city.  He  was  a  member  of  the  old 
Charleston  Jockey  Club,  of  the  St.  Cecilia 
Society  and  of  the  Charleston  Club.  In 
Washington,  D.  C,  he  was  well  known  as 
one  of  the  pioneers  in  developing  suburban 
real  estate.  He  was  also  a  member  of  the 
Metropolitan,  Country,  and  Chevy  Chase 
Clubs  of  Washington,  as  well  as  of  the  Man- 
hattan and  New  York  Clubs  of  New  York 
City,  and  of  the  New  York  Cotton  Exchange. 
At  the  time  of  his  death  his  character  and 
career  was  estimated  as  follows :  "  Mr.  Ryan 
was  a  sagacious  business  man,  with  keen  fore- 
sight, quick  to  make  up  his  mind  in  any 
commercial  transaction  and  prompt  in  put- 
ting his  ideas  into  successful  execution.  .  .  . 
He  represented,  in  its  widest  and  best  sense,  a 
long  period  of  Charleston's  typical  and  char- 
acteristic business  energy  and  history.  He 
was  reared  among,  and  by,  those  older  mer- 
chants, who  in  past  time  developed  and  dig- 
nified the  cotton  interests  of  this  section." 
On  31  July,  1851,  Mr.  Ryan  married  Martha 
A.  Blackwell,  of  Darlington,  S.  C,  who,  with 
a  daughter,  Mrs.  Francis  Smith  Nash,  wife  of 
Medical  Director  Francis  Smith  Nash,  of  the 
United  States  navy,  survives  him.  His  only 
son,  Arthur   Blackwell  Ryan,  died  in   1890. 

WEBSTER,  Sidney,  lawyer  and  publicist,  b. 
in  Gilmanton,  N.  H.,  28  May,  1828;  d.  in  New- 
port, R.  I.,  30  May,  1910,  son  of  Caleb  and 
Hannah  (Peaslee)  Webster.  He  passed  one 
year  at  Dartmouth  College,  and  then  went  to 
Yale,  where  he  was  graduated  in  1848.  He 
studied  law  in  the  Harvard  Law  School,  and 
after  a  year  in  the  office  of  William  Dehon,  of 
Boston,  was,  in  1851,  admitted  to  the  bar, 
and  began  the  practice  of  his  profession  in 
Concord,  N.  H.,  in  partnership  with  John  H. 
George,  a  prominent  lawyer  of  that  State. 
The  election  of  Franklin  Pierce  to  the  presi- 
dency, in  1852,  opened  to  Mr.  Webster  the 
career  in  which  he  acquired  distinction — that 
of  the  lawyer  and  publicist  dealing  with  large 
constitutional  and  international  questions. 
On  Mr.  Pierce's  strong  solicitation,  but  with 
much  hesitancy  on  his  own  part,  Mr.  Webster, 
moved  chiefly  by  consideration  for  the  grief 
of  his  friend,  who  had  just  lost  his  son  and 
only  child  in  a  railway  accident,  accepted 
temporarily  the  office  of  private  secretary  to 
the  President.  Circumstances  caused  him  to 
continue  in  the  position  all  through  Mr. 
Pierce's  Administration.  Thus  he  obtained 
such  a  view  of  public  and  secret  springs  of 


'.y  ^Ck-^tf^Cy^ 


action  as  could  scarcely  be  afforded  elsewhere, 
and  to  his  broadly  receptive  and  active  mind 
it  proved  formative  in  the  highest  degree.  He 
was  brought  into  close  contact  with  the  mov- 
ing spirits  of  the  time,  some  of  whom,  such  as 
William  L,  Marcy,  Secretary  of  State,  and 
JefTerson  Davis,  Secretary  of  War,  were  in 
Mr.  Pierce's  CalDinet.  The  abilities  shown  by 
Mr.  Webster  made  their  impression  on  the 
leading  men  of  the  time,  among  whom  was 
Caleb  Cushing,  then  Attorney-General  in  Mr. 
Pierce's  Cabinet;  and  at  the  end  of  Mr.  Pierce's 
Administration,  in  1857,  Mr.  Cushing  and  Mr. 
Webster  together  opened  a  law  office  in  Bos- 
ton. Mr.  Webster  thus  became  intimately 
associated  with  one 
of  the  ablest  and 
most  many-sided 
minds  this  country 
has  produced.  Mr. 
Cushing  was  twen- 
ty-eight years  his 
senior  and  in  the^ 
full  maturity  ofj 
his  powers.  In^ 
1858  Mr.  Webster: 
was  made  commis- 
sioner of  the  U.  S.^ 
Circuit  Court.  In 
1860  Mr.  Webster 
took  up  his  resi-i^R^.N-^ 
dence  in  New  York.  \M^  ^"^ 
Here  he  associated  ^ 
himself  with  James 
B.  Craig,  under  the 
firm  name  of  Web- 
ster and  Craig.  He 
was  counsel  for  the  United  States  in  the 
famous  case  of  the  "Meteor,"  which  had  been 
libeled  in  1866  for  contravention  of  our  neu- 
trality laws,  making  in  this  the  closing  and 
successful  argument.  In  1868  Mr.  Webster 
became  legal  adviser  to  the  Spanish  govern- 
ment, and  so  continued  through  the  troublous 
years  which  followed,  during  which  our  rela- 
tions with  Spain  were  constantly  strained  by 
the  Cuban  insurrection  and  the  attempted 
breaches  of  our  neutrality  laws.  Trials  of 
large  and  important  revenue  cases,  engage- 
ments as  counsel  for  various  foreign  govern- 
ments, participation  in  1877  in  the  prepara- 
tion of  the  Tilden  case  before  the  electoral 
commission,  were  among  the  activities  of  his 
professional  career.  He  was  foremost  as  a 
leader  in  litigations  affected  by  grave  relations 
to  the  power  and  policy  of  the  federal  govern- 
ment. In  the  columns  of  the  New  York 
"  World,"  when  that  paper,  under  the  able 
editorship  of  Manton  Marble,  was  the  recog- 
nized organ  of  the  Democratic  party,  Mr. 
Webster  gave  intelligent  and  efficient  support 
to  the  foreign  policy  of  President  Grant's  Ad- 
ministration, and  helped  to  bring  about  the 
ratification  of  the  Alabama  Arbitration  Treaty, 
which  was  for  a  time  in  danger  in  a  wavering 
Senate.  His  partnership  with  Mr.  Craig  was 
dissolved  in  1876,  but  he  continued  in  the 
practice  of  his  profession  until  1890.  After 
his  withdrawal  from  active  work  at  the  bar, 
he  wrote  much  on  questions  of  constitutional 
and  international  law,  on  which  he  was  an 
acknowledged  authority,  and  dealt  anony- 
mously in  the  newspapers  with  public  ques- 


484 


BECK  WITH 


GlLLhTT 


:hiu\ 


<-.  fiat  .>5i-f)4»oJin;^ 
trioi:    >\h..'.]    hp 


tUi 


the  day,  amou^  wlii'i> 
;  articularly     tavntion 

publication  wat*  h,i,  w-.^    hi    „.. 
•^  of   Paris"    (19«l-     \^\\u\.    h 
sbOstance  stands  as  or 
'ions   to  the  questions 
bich    involved    Ixth   doui^.-  ;     ..uu    -u 
a\  law.     Mr.  V\  fWt^^r  was  at  on»-  tiint' 
•r   of   the    Illinois    Central    Ivailroad: 
to  the  close  of  his  life  vias  a  vestryman  of 
ity   Church.     He   married    7    June,    18G0, 
'h  Morris,  daujs^hter  of  Hamilton  Fish,  ac.) 
.  one  son,  Hamilton  Fish  VWhatpr. 
BECKWITH,  James  Carrr "'  er,   b.   in 

Hannibal,  :Mo.,  23  Sept.,  1^  ^  Charir-s 

Henry  and  Martha  Melissa  ,    iHokwTth 

He  began  to  study  art  in  Chif?f'.'>  m  iS«i9,  air' 
two  years  later  came  to  New   Vi.rk.  wher*^  )k 
studied   at   the  National   Academy   of   Resign. 
In    1873    he   went    to    Paris    and"  entered   the 
Kcole   des  Beaux-Arts,   afterM^ard    becoming   a 
pupil  of  Carolus-Duran,  with  whom  he  studied  {  >,-?• 
*or  five  years.     He  was  also  a  pupil  of  Yvon   \  «.'o', 
Xhe  training  which  he  received  in  the  Uielicr  |  •  i 
uf  Carolua-Duran  was  exceedingly  effective,  ah  j  <>j" 
'Vinced  by  the  subswjuent  work  of  Beckwith,    Mo  i 
vfho  }*as  .^^........M    ...v,.  +•..  ;ti.,,,!i.    n.p  quality  j  hill 

of   his    ii  has   to  f  of  e 

•«'r*>-4t'nt    ■  '.nously, 

•  nt. 
--••ah 

the  Art 
'.r^  he  organ- 
■  antique;  he  j  hood    hnA 
-  .'••    li-'^:  u.Li,   and    in    the  j  rhe    tall 

schools   =  Museum   of  Art. 

He  has  u     .,,  ..  , .A  president  of  the 

National  Free  Art  League,  and  that  of  vice- 
tj^resident  of  the  Fine  Arts  Commission  of  the 
City  of  New  York.  He  has  been  treasurer  of 
the  Society  of  American  Arts,  and  secretary  of 
the  National  Academy  of  Design.  He  has  ex 
hibited  in  all  the  important  exhibitions  for 
more  than     •  Mr    Bt^ckwith's  ftpv- 

cialty  is  ]  i  i-tures  in  genr^ ,  and  in 

his  work  ..   -    •  .  :  ^      uaervatism  a«i  opposini  to 
impressionism    in    art.      He    ha.s    lived    many 
years  in  Europe,  and  traveled  extensively  in 
France,     Italy,     Gfrm«ny.     Spain^     England.  |  i 
Egypt  and  Greece.    He  received  award h  in  the  i  ^ 
Paris  Salon,  and  at  the  E.Yposition  Cniverselle.  ■.  \ 
in    1889    and    1900.      He    b.  came    a    Xational -, 
Academician  in  1801      He  is  a  meniber  of  f]n' 
ct^rporation   of    the    MetrO|K>]it>in    Muhfum     ^^  j 
Art,   the   American    VVatt-r   (olur   So<-i«  t}  .    ti'-  j  n 
N'ational    Iuatitut<?   of   Arts  and    Leittvs     v.ud  '  j 
other  art  organizations.     Amonj^'  lii.s  ciM.rf  in:      ,, 
|?ortant  works  may  be  mentioned,    "  ll<i..i  of    \n     - 


ihv^Ay    p.i.o{iiU''l     w.M?e- 

envir.i  fari«:,    in    whi 

^k     wvre     ..:;ni^»  an  tly     «5'%. 

inu'.Mi" 

.-1     a- 


"S--.       In     :?:i 


•v^niaci^    with   Nature    jm    \u 


u\. 


young     (;ilh:'lt     wa«5     reare.-i 

•■  -Ji'l  be  hp.d  in  the  Ijitie  di^- 

i  '!-dily    a(<iuire<j,    hxh\    either 

^-.*ib]y  the  ■  i  i  sup- 

'^i*    li  /ij'p!u;»ti"n 

-    '■■     ^.•->-.    ,vrit- 

voil 


W 


fiuridy       :.-.   '  !t.  ;i: 
jnomJc   j'i-i'S'iui''.' 
,uH     early     t\iiic-c. 
m-wly-bu  ii  r      nalroi\dH 
western  praiiie  lanfls  o^ 
the  farsigiired  v>«es  r   ■ 
opportmntA    >vh8    dovo; 


Ih. 


of  tho   Hott 


.sun. 


:    ih 
Mr.    Oili-tt    .iS' 
the    thou-hi    uj' 
taking    acii-on.    ; 
s}ion<sib;;ii:leH    -- 
miiid  wa-^  d<-  ^ 
[Tei/arari  •  ^ 


:!.• 


wa 

4'. 


dia;K^     i 

.-hor>'     »'•■ 
ar-d   V   \v 

HH-     Mi- 

ih»h  -^Dirt 


T).        C' 


Old    Man,"    "Sleep,' 
Isaac3s?Hi,"    and    '  Th* 
with    marri-d    Bf'^'^^    i 
June,  1887. 

GILIETT.    ?a\i.     W 
■      vUie,    N.    Y  ,    ■'     v 

■,  Til.  H   h. 

itifMiK         if       All,'   I  Mi 

■.,  iiiilly     (.f      i:ni'i     ■ 

f'hir-l     (i'iilft*,     v;.. 
'H12  and  :•!    tti>    Is! 

hot'ninkcr,  in  tl, /..-•.  •., 
'■.er»">  ^'  ill  un'.jiiM*  i.  us  1 
yjUKdi.-.      hi   th>>;-.'    ■.•arJv 


r:i 


p., 


GILLETT 


WRENN 


tracts,  in  a  very  small  way,  but  the  modest 
attempt  prospered,  slowly  at  first,  but  stead- 
ily.     It   was   still   uphill    work,   but    the   ob- 
stacles gave  way  perceptibly.    Both  father  and 
son  were  infatigable  in  their  labors  to  make 
the  little  enterprise  a  success,  and  their  ef- 
forts told.     What  leisure  the  elder  Gillett  had 
he  devoted  to  the  public-spirited  efforts  that 
the  more  energetic  business  men  of  the  com- 
munity   persisted    in    making    to    develop    the 
commercial    importance   of   the   city.     In  this 
pioneer  work  Mr.  Gillett  took  no  small  part. 
They  had  their  reward  in  observing  the   in- 
creasingly rapid  growth  of  the  city  into  the 
chief    shipping    and    manufacturing   center   of 
the  Middle  West.     With  the  expansion  of  the 
flavoring  extracts  business  Mr.   Gillett  began 
turning  out  new  products:  chewing  gum,  inks, 
baking-powder    and    a    special    kind    of    yeast 
cake,  to  which  were  later  added  other  grocers' 
supplies.     As  his  son  grew  older  he  left  the 
management  of  the  plant  more  and  more   in 
his  hands  and  himself  undertook  the   selling 
end.      Having   established    a    fairly   extensive 
trade    in    the    city    itself,    Mr,    Gillett   began 
making  trips  to  other  cities  and  tovv^ns,  open- 
ing up  and  extending  a  new  market.     In  this 
he  met  with  remarkable  success.     Shortly  be- 
fore  the  great   fire  of   9   Oct.,   1871,  the  ex- 
pansion of  the  business  had  compelled  a  re- 
moval   of    the    factory    to    more    commodious 
quarters,     at     61     Michigan     Avenue.       Then 
came  the  great  fire  and  in  a  night  the  whole 
establishment    sank    into    a    mass    of    charred 
ruins.       The    next    day,     with    characteristic 
energy  and  enterprise,  they  reopened  and  be- 
gan operations  at  51  West  Lake  Street,  where 
they  remained  in  temporary  quarters  until  the 
burned   district   had   been   rebuilt,   when   they 
established   themselves   anew   at   38-44   Michi- 
gan Avenue.     It  is  extremely  likely  that  Mr. 
Gillett   would   have   become   one  of   the   city's 
early  millionaires,  but  he  was  not  the  sort  of 
man    who    could   give    his   whole    soul    to   the 
mere  making  of  money.     Possessed  of  a  strong 
religious    sentiment,    he    had    early   become    a 
member  of  the  Free  Will  Baptist  Church.    But 
his    religion    was    not   a    mere    passive   belief. 
It    meant    so    much    to    him    that    he    wanted 
others  to  experience  his  spiritual  satisfaction 
as  well.     Therefore   his   selling  trips  partook 
almost  as  much  of  the  nature  of  missionary 
pilgrimages.      He    would   go    out    of    his   way 
to  participate  in  a  revival  meeting,  or  to  ad- 
dress an  audience  from  a  pulpit  or  a  lecture 
platform.      He    had    become    more    and    more 
convinced  that  the  drink  evil  was  mainly  re- 
sponsible for  the  misery  which  so  many  of  the 
poorer  classes  suffer,   and  temperance  became 
his    favorite    subject    of    discussion.      He    was 
considered  a  very  able  orator  and  though  tem- 
perance, or  prohibition,  was  not  then  a  popu- 
lar theme,  his  personality  compelled  his  audi- 
ences to  hear  him  out.     As  a  writer  he  was 
quite  as  eloquent  as  a  speaker,  and  his  con- 
tributions were  published   in  most  of  the  re- 
ligious  papers   of    his   time.      Once,    in   later 
years,    when    prohibition    had    gained    enough 
strength    to    be    represented    on    the    political 
field,   Mr.   Gillett   was   the   Prohibition   candi- 
date for  the  State  legislature  of  Illinois  from 
the  Second  Senatorial  District.    In  1882  he  re- 
tired from  business,  selling  out  his  interest  in 
his    then    extensive     enterprise    to    his    son. 


Thereafter,  until  his  death,  he  devoted  himself 
wholly  to  the  cause  which  had  been  taking 
more  and  more  of  his  time  in  previous  years. 
Mr.  Gillett  married  Caroline  Rogers.  They 
had  seven  children:  Clara  Ross,  Clarence  Ross, 
Emily  Marin,  Ellen  Martha,  Egbert  Warren, 
Elnora  Caroline,  and  Eber  Eggleston  Gillett. 

WRENN,  John,  banker  and  broker,  b.  in 
Middletown,  Ohio,  11  Sept.,  1841;  d.  in  Los 
Angeles,  Cal.,  13  May,  1911,  son  of  George  L. 
and  Mary  J.  (Duffield)  Wrenn.  His  father 
was  a  Virginian  by  birth,  and  was  prominently 
identified  with  the  mercantile  interests  of 
Southern  Ohio.  His  mother  was  a  descendant 
of  a  pioneer  Penn- 
sylvania family. 
He  attended  the 
public  schools  and 
academy  of  his  na- 
tive town,  and  his 
natural  love  of 
books  supplement- 
ed that  education 
by  a  liberal  course 
of  reading  which 
continued  through- 
out his  life.  In- 
1863,  at  the  invi- 
tation of  his  uncle, 
James  E.  Taylor, 
he  went  to  Chicago 
to  become  a  part- 
ner in  the  firm  of 
Tyler,  Ullman  and 
Company,    bankers        ^ 

and    brokers.      He, V^     •  ^^  j^^ 

opened  the  New^"-^^-^^^^- ■^-'^^^'^''-'U-^ 
York  offices  of  the  firm  in  1866,  but 
returned  to  Chicago  in  the  fall  of  1867. 
The  firm,  w'hich  was  later  changed  to 
Wrenn,  Ullman  and  Company,  passed  through 
the  fearful  test  of  the  great  Chicago  fire  with 
unimpaired  credit,  yet  suffering  the  great  loss 
of  Mr.  Ullman,  whose  life  was  sacrificed  in 
their  offices,  then  situated  at  the  corner  of 
Dearborn  and  Lake  Streets,  Chicago.  Follow- 
ing the  death  of  Mr.  Ullman,  Mr.  Wrenn 
formed  a  partnership  with  Edward  L.  Brew- 
ster, under  the  firm  name  of  Wrenuvand  Brew- 
ster, and  upon  its  dissolution,  became  associated 
as  a  partner  in  the  firms  of  Baldwin,  Wrenn 
and  Farnam  and  of  Walker  and  Wrenn. 
Upon  Mr.  Walker's  retirement  in  1896  Mr. 
Wrenn,  in  association  with  Clarence  Bucking- 
ham, organized  the  well-known  house  of  John 
H.  Wrenn  and  Company,  afterward  admitting 
from  time  to  time,  as  additional  partners, 
John  W.  Conley,  Lawrence  Newman,  and  Wal- 
ter B.  Smith.  The  firm  discontinued  business 
31  Dec,  1910.  Mr.  Wrenn  was  a  member  of 
the  New  York  Stock  Exchange,  and  of  other 
leading  exchanges  of  New  York  and  Chicago. 
His  entire  business  career  was  characterized 
by  sound  conservatism  and  strict  rectitude. 
Beloved  in  his  home,  respected  among  his 
business  associates,  and  honored  and  influen- 
tial in  the  community  at  large,  he  stood  for 
those  principles  of  high  personal  and  business 
integrity  upon  which  the  welfare  of  State  and 
nation  so  largely  depend.  His  career  illustrates 
the  possibilities  open  to  a  man  who  adds  to 
the  old  requirements  of  a  sound  mind  in  a 
sound  body  a  consistent  morality  and  high 
business   ideals.     Mr.  Wrenn  was  a  lover  of 


486 


COLMAN 


HUBBELL 


books  and  art.  His  library  was  particularly 
notable  for  its  many  rare  editions  of  early 
English  authors,  in  the  collection  of  which  he 
took  the  keenest  pleasure.  He  was  also  a 
collector  of  choice  etchings,  engravings,  and 
prints.  He  was  a  member  of  the  board  of 
trustees  of  the  First  Baptist  Church  of  Chi- 
cago for  forty-eight  years.  He  was  a  govern- 
ing member  of  the  Art  Institute,  and  at  one  time 
was  president  of  the  Caxton  Club;  a  member 
of  the  Chicago  Historical  Society,  the  Chicago, 
University,  Saddle  and  Cycle,  Onwentsia, 
Midday,  Quadrangle,  and  other  clubs  in  Chi- 
cago and  New  York.  In  1866  Mr.  Wrenn  mar- 
ried Julia  A.  Griggs,  of  Chicago,,  who  *  died 
on  26  June,  1902.  His  children,  all  of  whom 
survived  him,  were:  Mrs.  Frederic  F.  Nor- 
cross  and  Miss  Ethel  P.  Wrenn,  of  Chicago; 
and  Harold  B.  Wrenn,  of  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

COLMAN,  Charles  Lane,  lumberman,  b.  in 
Northampton,  N.  Y.,  23  Feb.,  1826;  d.  in  La 
Crosse,  Wis.,  1  July,  1901,  son  of  Henry  Root 
and  Livia  Elvira  (Fitch)  Colman.  His  father 
was  a  Methodist  clergyman.  He  traces  his 
descent  from  Thomas  Colman,  who  emigrated 
to  this  country  from  Evisham,  England,  in 
1636,  settling  in  Wetherfield,  Conn.  Another 
of  his  ancestors  founded  Hadley,  Mass.,  in 
1659.  Charles  L.  Colman  was  educated  in 
his  father's  school  at  Green  Bay,  Wis.,  and 
then  maintained  himself  by  doing  odd  jobs  in 
and  around  Fond  du  Lac,  Wis.  In  May,  1854, 
he  removed  to  La  Crosse,  Wis.,  where  he  ob- 
tained employment  in  a  lumbering  camp.  He 
was  a  young,  strong  man  properly  equipped 
for  entering  upon  the  arduous  duties  of  operat- 
ing a  shingle-mill  by  horse-power.  In  1856  he 
enlarged  and  changed  his  plant  to  steam 
power,  which  he  successfully  operated.  He 
made  the  most  of  his  opportunities  and  ten 
years  later  purchased  and  operated  a  saw- 
mill. The  demand  for  lumber  was  constantly 
increasing,  and  he  applied  his  forceful  and 
progressive  enterprise  to  the  improvement  of 
the  plant.  In  1869  the  shingle-mill  was 
burned  down  and  not  rebuilt.  The  sawmills 
were  burned  down  in  1875,  and  in  1886  he  re- 
built them  with  enlarged  capacity.  He  pos- 
sessed indomitable  energy  which  character- 
ized his  entire  career,  and  in  1889  he  incor- 
porated the  business  with  a  capitalization  of 
$1,000,000.  Mr.  Colman  was  a  man  fertile 
in  resources,  of  excellent  judgment,  and  a 
most  genial  companion.  He  was  mayor  of  La 
Crosse,  Wis.,  in  1869,  and  served  as  alderman 
several  years.  He  was  a  Mason  and  a  member 
of  several  social  and  fraternal  organizations. 
On  3  Jan.,  1850,  he  married,  at  Fond  du  Lac, 
Wis.,  Laura  Augusta  Place,  of  that  city,  and 
they  had   five  children. 

HUBBELL,  Frederick  Marion,  financier,  b. 
in  JIuntington,  Fairfield  County,  Conn.,  17 
Jan.,  1839,  son  of  Francis  Burritt  and  Augusta 
(Church)  Hubbell.  After  receiving  an  edu- 
cation in  Birmingham,  Conn,,  he  removed  to 
Des  Moines,  la.,  with 'his  father,  in  1855,  and 
there  he  remained  for  eleven  months,  employed 
in  the  U.  S.  land  office.  In  1856  he  located 
in  Sioux  City,  la.,  in  which  neighborhood  he 
remained  until  1861,  holding  several  county 
offices.  Returning  then  to  Des  Moines,  he  en- 
tered into  partnership  with  J.  S.  Polk,  Esq., 
with  whom  he  has  since  been  associated  under 
the  firm  name  of  Polk  and  Hubbell,  attorneys 


and  brokers.  The  firm  has  been  remarkably 
successful  in  numerous  large  speculations, 
and  has  organized  various  stock  companies, 
built  the  municipal  waterworks,  many  large 
buildings  in  the  heart  of  the  city,  and  several 
railroads.  The  great  success  of  the  house  of 
Polk  and  Hubbell  was  largely  due  to  the  busi- 
ness capacity  of  Mr.  Hubbell,  for  the  fortune 
he  has  amassed  is  of  large  proportions.  As 
a  man  he  is  held  in  great  esteem  by  his  fel- 
low citizens,  and  his  fame  and  fortune  may 
well  be  envied  by  men  who  have  not  been 
as  successful.  On  17  Jan.,  1914^  Mr.  Hub- 
bell's  seventy-fifth  birthday  was  celebrated 
by  a  banquet  given  in  his  honor  at  the 
Des  Moines  Club.  Several  speeches  were 
delivered,  and  letters  and  a  poem  were 
read.  Robert  Fullerton,  one  of  the  prin- 
cipal speakers  on  this  momentous  occa- 
sion, delivered  a  long  and  eloquent  oration  on 
the  "  Speculative  Instinct,"  with  which  some 
men  in  all  walks  of  life  and  of  very  varied 
callings  are  most  fortunately  blessed,  and 
referred  in  his  peroration  to  the  chief  guest 
of  the  evening  as  follows :  "  Speculation  is  a 
factor  in  all  human  affairs.  We  cannot  fore- 
see the  future,  so  we  speculate  on  what  we 
hope  or  think  will  come  to  pass.  It  is  talked 
about  before  our  birth  and  is  a  constant  con- 
sideration in  our  journey  through  life,  and 
when  death  overtakes  us  and  the  silent  grave 
hides,  forever,  our  presence  from  this  world, 
speculation  continues  as  to  where  we  have 
gone  and  how  we  fare.  Let  us  rejoice  that  no 
misfortune,  no  calamity,  no  loss,  no  appre- 
hension of  failure  can  long  depress  the  persist- 
ent optimism  of  our  human  nature;  persever- 
ance in  effort,  courage  in  danger,  a  willing- 
ness to  take  chances  with  faith  in  the  future, 
is  mankind's  day-star  of  progress  that  never 
sets.  We  meet  here  tonight  to  celebrate  the 
seventy-fifth  birthday  of  a  fellow  townsman, 
whose  success  in  numerous  lines  of  business 
illustrates  the  profitable  results  of  chances 
carefully  taken.  The  first  good  fortune  which 
befell  the  guest  of  this  occasion  was  his  set- 
tlement in  Des  Moines  as  his  home  town;  he 
has  proved  himself  an  ever  loyal  citizen.  A 
sleepy,  unprogressive,  little  Keosauqua  would 
have  been  stony  ground  on  which  to  plant  the 
seed  of  his  fruitful  i  operations.  He  took 
chances  in  coming  West,  alert  for  opportunity; 
but  his  calculating  mind  could  never  have 
coined  such  rich  dividends  in  a  country  vil- 
lage. Some  critics,  a  little  jealous  perhaps, 
intimate  that  his  success  can  be  attributed 
to  his  ability  in  getting  smarter  men  around 
him  than  himself,  while  others  loss  frioiully, 
put  it  a  little  differently  by  saying  his  suc- 
cess came  from  getting  around  men  smarter 
than  himself.  However,  eitluM-  view  is  ii 
compliment  to  his  business  sagacity.  He  ho- 
gan  at  the  bottom  with  no  cn|)ital  but  a  cleMr 
head  and  a  sound  judgment,  ready  to  op«Mi 
his  ofiice  door  to  Opjjort  unity  w  lienever  she 
knocked;  he  early  displayetl  an  al)i(ling  faith 
in  Des  Moines  real  estate;  hraneliing  out  he 
organized  a  life  insurance  company,  taking 
his  ehanees  on  the  health  and  lon.LM'vil.v  of 
82,000  policv-holders.  and  all  done  in  iMHiitahle 
fairness.  He  built  railroads  without  wat.-r- 
ing  the  stock;  ere<-led  a  union  station,  tak- 
ing clumees  that  railroads  wouhl  lind  it  con- 
venient  to   use   it,   knowing  ull    the   time    that 

487 


TILLAR 


CUTTING 


a  vacant  railroad  station  was  about  as  deso- 
late as  an  empty  storage  warehouse.  He  ex- 
perimented with  public  franchises,  and  fought 
numerous  battles  with  mayors  and  city  coun- 
cils and  their  newspaper  trainers  and  spong- 
ers. But,  with  all  his  strenuous  contentions, 
he  remains  a  man  of  peace,  never  losing  his 
smiling  equanimity,  alike  serene  in  victory  or 
defeat.  His  philosophy  is  faith  in  the  future. 
He  believes  the  present  is  better  than  the 
past;  that  every  man  ia  the  architect  of  his 
own  fortune;  that  in  the  game  of  life  we  all 
take  chances,  and  while  trusting  something  to 
luck  and  an  overruling  providence,  it  is  the 
part  of  prudence  to  keep  your  powder  dry  and 
an  anchor  to  windward.  I  ask,  friends,  that 
we  all  now  drink  to  the  continued  good  health 
and  good  luck  of  the  honored  guest  of  the 
evening,  F.  M.  Hubbell,  our  fellow  townsman." 
On  19  March,  1863,  Mr.  Hubbell  married 
Frances  E,  daughter  of  Isaac  Cooper,  Esq., 
and  grandniece  of  James  Fenimore  Cooper,  the 
celebrated  novelist.  They  have  three  children. 
Frederick  Cooper  Hubbell,  their  eldest  son,  has 
inherited  his  father's  business  capacity,  and 
is  fully  equipped  to  take  his  place  should  he 
decide  to  retire.  Beulah  Cooper  Hubbell,  their 
only  daughter,  is  the  wife  of  Count  Carl  Axel 
Wachtmeister,  of  Engelholm,  Sweden.  She 
has  a  remarkable  talent  for  music.  Grover 
Cooper  Hubbell,  their  youngest  son,  is  now 
associated  with  his  father  and  elder  brother 
in  the  management  of  "  The  Frederick  M,  Hub- 
bell Estate." 

TILLAR,  Benjamin  Johnston,  capitalist, 
lawyer,  and  ranchman,  b.  in  Selma,  Drew 
County,  Ark.,  16  Sept.,  1867.  He  received 
his  preliminary  education  in  the  schools  of 
Selma,  and  later  entered  the  University  of 
Arkansas,  where  he  was  graduated  B.A.  in 
1886.  He  then  became  a  student  in  the  law 
department  of  the  University  of  Michigan,  and 
was  graduated  Bachelor  of  Laws  with  the  class 
of  1888.  Immediately  after  completing  his 
course  in  law  school  Mr.  Tillar  took  up  his 
residence  in  Little  Rock,  Ark.,  and  engaged 
successfully  in  general  practice  for  the  next 
two  years.  Although  starting  upon  his  career 
as  a  lawyer  with  every  promise  of  advance- 
ment and  final  distinction,  he  became  restless 
under  the  long  wait  that  the  law  imposes  upon 
aspirants  for  fame  and  fortune,  and  in  1891 
removed  to  the  State  of  Texas.  Locating  at 
Midland  he  engaged  in  the  cattle  business  and 
in  comparatively  short  time  became  a  prom- 
inent figure  in  the  cattle  industry.  From 
Midland  he  removed  to  Fort  Worth,  Tex., 
and  by  widely  enlarging  his  operations,  has 
become  one  of  the  most  prominent  of  that 
city's  citizens.  Mr.  Tillar  has  much  more 
than  a  local  reputation,  being  widely  known 
throughout  the  Southwest  as  a  capitalist  and 
investor.  He  was  one  of  the  chief  promoters 
and  builders  of  the  Westbrook  Hotel,  Fort 
Worth's  new  $1,000,000  hostelry,  and  is  vice- 
president  of  the  Westbrook  Company,  which 
operates  this  hotel.  He  owns  much  valuable 
business  property  in  Fort  Worth,  and  has  also 
invested  largely  in  lands,  owning  and  operat- 
ing 42,000  acres  of  ranch  land  in  Borden, 
Mitchell,  Scurry,  and  Howard  Counties,  Tex>., 
with  extensive  interests  in  Bosque  County. 
He  is  also  trustee  and  manager  of  the  J.  W. 
Tillar  estate,  which  owns  valuable  holdings  in 


Fort  Worth,  Tex.,  and  Little  Rock,  Ark.,  in- 
cluding several  buildings  on  the  principal 
business  thoroughfares  of  those  cities,  and 
farm  lands  throughout  both  Texas  and  Arkan- 
sas. He  is  also  an  officer  and  director  in 
nimierous  corporations,  including  the  American 
National  Bank  of  Fort  Worth,  the  Fort  Worth 
Wagon  Factory,  the  Syndicate  Land  Company, 
Greater  Fort  Worth  Realty  Company,  and 
Chamber  of  Commerce  Auditorium  Company. 
Throughout  his  active  business  career  Mr. 
Tillar  has  been 
noted  for  his  ener- 
getic character, 
good  judgment, 
and  unusual  fore- 
sight, organizing 
ability,  and  close 
and  conscientious 
application  to  the 
responsible  inter- 
ests which  he  has 
undertaken.  His 
knowledge  of  the 
law  has  been  of  the, 
greatest  assistance 
in  his  business  life, 
and  since  a  large 
part  of  his  talents 
and  energies  has 
been  concerned 
with  the  develop- 
ment and  upbuild- 
ing of  his  com- 
munity, he  ranks 
among  the  most  public-spirited  and  useful  citi- 
zens of  his  part  of  the  country.  Mr.  Tillar 
is  a  member  of  the  chamber  of  commerce  of 
Fort  Worth  and  the  River  Crest  Country 
Club.  He  is  fond  of  travel,  has  made  several 
trips  to  Europe,  and  has  made  extensive  tours 
of  the  United  States  and  Canada.  He  married 
in  December,  1898,  Genevieve  Eagon,  of  Dallas, 
Tex. 

CriTING,  Charles  Sidney,  lawyer,  b.  in 
Highgate  Springs,  Vt.,  1  March,  1854,  son  of 
Charles  A.  and  Laura  E.  (Averill)  Cutting. 
While  he  was  still  a  boy  his  parents  moved 
to  Minnesota,  and  later  to  Oregon,  where  he 
entered  the  Willamette  University  at  Salem. 
Before  completing  his  course  at  the  university 
he  was  drawn  into  active  life,  and  became 
assistant  editor  of  the  Cedar  Rapids  (la.) 
"  Times."  Later  he  became  principal  of  the 
high  school  at  Palatine,  Cook  County,  111., 
which  position  he  occupied  from  1874  to  1878. 
In  the  latter  year,  having  chosen  the  law  as 
his  vocation,  he  became  a  student  in  the  office 
of  Judge  Knickerbocker,  of  Chicago,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  of  Illinois  in  1880.  He 
soon  acquired  a  large  and  varied  practice  in 
Chicago,  being  retained  in  many  important 
cases,  among  which  may  be  mentioned  the  liti- 
gation between  the  city  of  Chicago  and  the 
town  of  Cicero,  growing  out  of  the  annexation 
of  a  part  of  the  territory  of  the  latter  to  the 
city.  He  was  master  in  chancery  for  the  Cook 
County  Circuit  Court  in  1890-93.  From  the 
beginning  of  his  law  practice  until  his  elec- 
tion to  the  bench  of  the  Probate  Court  of  Cook 
County,  he  was  a  member  of  the  following  law 
firms:  Tagert  and  Cutting;  Williamson  and 
Cutting;  Cutting  and  Austin;  Cutting,  Austin 
and  Higgins;  Cutting,  Austin  and  Castle;  Cut- 


488 


I 


HUGH    KELLY 


IVi.lvt   Y 


dX'lJX 


.;  And  CaBtle;  and  Cutti 

>i.     In   1890  he  was  i 

't«tte  Court  of  Cook  Couf.!^ 
'xpired  term  of  Judge  C.  C 

^    »-^  elected    in    1906   with    »    i- 
•0,000,   the  largest  given   to 
ti    candidate  .  in    that    year. 

;n  re-elected,  in  1910,  for  the  term  ex| 

1914.     He  served  a  little  more  thai. 

ra  of  this  term  when  he  resigned  from  11. 

'  h  in  order  to  resume  practice  a8  a  meiv 
'  T  of  the  firm  of  Holt,  Cutting  and  8^  ' 
As  a  judge  of  the  probate  ii>urt,  Mr.  Cu 
combined  a  fine  judicial   tr>tti«ie lament  wi.f? 
thorough    knowledge    of    ih-'  Uiw.      Ho     \t<- 
therefore,  able  to  transaet  xl~  hnAnt'>i^  .♦   « 
court  rapidly  and  accurat*  ly,  Mid  tj 
satisfaction   of   interested    parti*^    , 
public    in    general.      When    b^"  rum 

the   bench   many   well-deaervi^o  ^vere 

paid  to  his  service  as  judge.  Wng 

editorial,  in  a  Chicago  newsp*  i>*"r 

haps,  the  best  expression  of  » i 
in  the  position  as  judge  of  th;. 
to  the  community:  "With  Jini 
the  probate  bench  the  communi- 
iiatisfaction  of  know  in  ij  Hint  .r 
sacred  judicial  fi)  •  ;rj<>wrirca 

^ith  a  dfgr^f  of  al  under 

ub|j<   ft^rv- 

5'"»  f\o,  in 

rded 

=  -tws  did 
■iooe    80. 
■  I-   .Judge 
Cutting  hao  ver,   and 

resume  priva;  The  de- 

cision means  a  gr*;al  public  iosB  "  Judge  Cut-  ■. 
ting  is  a  member  of  the  Chicago,  Illinois  Slate.  I 
and  American  Bar  Associations,  and  ia  now 
(1917)  president  of  the  Chicago  Bar  Aasocja- 
tion.  He  ia  a  member  of  tlip  Chioa^n-  T.^n 
Club,  and  the  Union  league  Club,  of  ^uwh 
he  was  president  in  U>07 ;  the  Hamilton,  *}ir- 
City,  the  Chicago  Golf,  and  Oak  Park  G.unrry 
Clubs.  He  15  a  prominent  Mason,  both  in  thf 
Kni  '  lara  and  Consistory.    Judge  <  nt 

tin>-  .'<d,  also,  as  president  of  the  Cnt>k 

County  iioard  of  Education.  Socially  be  i.-» 
a  most  entertaining  and  charming  oomf-iini'  n 
a  fascinating  host  and  a  faithful,  loyol  i\h-iu- 
As  a  lawyer  he  is  abl.'.  true  to  his  t'Ii,-.t'>i.  !>rr 
fair  with  the  court.-?,  as  a  citizc!  oi  tbt 
Republic  he  is  pnblic-ST'irJted,  diftchar!^'o&  t^or^ 
duty  conscientiously,  and  casts  hi.  -'H..  ,.; . 
on  the  side  of  the  beat  interests  of  th 
•In  1907  the  University , of  Miobigatt  ■ 
upon  him  the  degree  of  LL.P.  rtj.d 
Willamette  University,  iSal»^MK  'f^-  < 
upon  him  thf  degree 'of  A.B/w 
pTeventp<l  him  fr<.m  roceivint:  ;.•. 
Cuttinp-  married  27  Jnrt.  1 -.  ►;  \.  . 
of  Pabitine,  111.  Th-v  lutv^  •:•  •.  y.  l; 
Cutting. 

KELLY.  Huk-h.  ir    ^  . 

f^'pt.,   lSr,8;    d.    ::     V 
Of    .Taijtfs    Kh^' 
Both  hi-.  ).:.) 
Ireland.     T}:.-        '    ' 
during  liu^'!!  ,■.   ' .-  •:.  .  ; 

^hc  puMif  -Khci-'- 


i»i*    hir»ii>i»s?> 


tn. 

him       .*^:        li::r. 

>li    H'\    r.>t!'>.; 

highly    a;*:  ' 
rtiCOO'^iraeK-^; 
eratt'd  by  h\^  =  >  ■ 
g^'i,  capacity,  50.'   ■ 
de    Mi'L'or^.    Si'-. 
bagsann..i6l! 
000    bot?^    .«: 

cr.;»Kcity,  .•jriC'  ■'>f«r 
honin,)^  Cub:i,  ou: 
Pre-Lon,  Cuh'^.  « 
ly.     Of  '':  ■ 

pany.       .... 
most    diicO'.^^Jul    y: 
Indies      Tb«»ir   bw 
rtct^'l    toward    r 

cr:.»\v»>e«''   bv   i- 
of  Hugh  Tvt 
Vi^ro  o5>?ned  ^     < 
;>n  »)!e  industri? 

.r.t'-  '■      '  ■■•-    ' 

('U 

'U' 

trn: 
Ind 


]>\V  \>r 
'.  r-.-.-.H 


HI 


DAWLEY 


MAIN 


any  American  in  Cuba.  It  is  also  a  notable 
fact  that,  having  become  intimately  familiar 
not  only  with  the  commercial  and  industrial 
conditions  of  that  island,  but  also  its  economic 
and  political  aspects,  he  was  frequently  con- 
sulted by  the  U.  S.  government  in  connec- 
tion with  problems  arising  from  the  Span- 
ish-American War.  The  fact  that  Mr.  Kelly 
was  a  financier  of  extraordinary  ability  is  il- 
lustrated by  one  incident  alone,  which  at  the 
same  time  discloses  the  self-sacrificing  and 
high-minded  nature  of  the  man.  In  the  finan- 
cial crisis  of  1908,  when  the  Oriental  Bank 
of  New  York  was  forced  to  suspend,  Mr.  Kelly 
assumed  the  presidency  at  the  request  of  the 
clearing-house.  Through  his  efforts  the  re- 
ceiver already  appointed  through  the  action 
of  the  attorney-general  was  removed,  the  Met- 
ropolitan Trust  Company  was  designated  to 
take  over  all  the  assets.  Every  depositor  was 
paid  dollar  for  dollar  after  a  period  of  unre- 
mitting labor  on  Mr.  Kelly's  part,  for  which 
he  refused  to  accept  any  compensation  what- 
soever. The  nervous  strain  incident  to  this 
heroic  effort  unfortunately  resulted  in  total 
exhaustion,  which  in  turn  brought  on  the  ner- 
vous malady  that  finally  caused  his  death. 
Ar  outstanding  element  in  Mr.  Kelly's  char- 
acter was  his  generosity,  his  appreciation  of 
the  work  of  others.  Naturally  the  life  of  such 
a  man  is  full  of  blessings,  and  not  the  least 
of  these,  in  Mr.  Kelly's  case,  were  the  host 
of  loyal  friends  that  surrounded  him.  With- 
al, his  personality  was  so  full  of  charm,  of 
ingratiating  qualities,  his  sense  of  humor  so 
keen  and  his  intelligence  so  altogether  supe- 
rior that  his  career  is  an  illumined  pathway  in 
the  memory  of  all  his  associates.  Fordham 
College  conferred  the  degrees  of  A.M.  (1901) 
and  LL.D.  (1902)  upon  him.  In  1883  he  mar- 
ried Mary  E.,  the  daughter  of  Thomas  Mc- 
Cabe,  and  he  had  three  sons:  Hugh,  Jr.,  James 
E.,  and  Thomas  W.,  and  four  daughters:  Anna 
D.,  Mary  E.,  Gertrude  M.,  and  Marguerite. 
DAWLEY,  Frank  Fremont,  lawyer,  b.  at 
Fort  Dodge,  la.,  11  Aug.,  1856,  son  of  A.  M. 
and  Ellen  (Parker)  Dawley.  His  father,  one 
of  the  early  settlers  of  the  State,  was  also 
a  lawyer,  widely 
known  in  the  early 
days  of  Iowa.  Hav- 
ing passed  through 
the  common  schools 
of  his  native  town, 
Mr.  Dawley  en- 
rolled as  a  student 
in  the  law  depart- 
ment of  the  Uni- 
Wfj  versity  of  Michi- 
'tl/J  gan,  where  he 
graduated  LL.B.  in 
1878.  _  He  began 
professional  prac- 
tice in  Cedar  Rap- 
ids, la.,  with  the 
firm  of  Hubbard 
and  Clark,  of 
which  he  later  be- 

f>N.  Z;)^    jO^       O         ^^"^6     ^     member, 
V->  t'y^  tMaAA>~^    ^ig  partners  being 

'  N.  M.  Hubbard 
and  Col.  Charles  A.  Clark.  In  1887,  when 
Colonel  Clark  retired,  the  firm  became  Hub- 
bard and  Dawley,  and  so  continued  until  1897, 


when  it  became  Hubbard,  Dawley  and  Wheeler. 
At  the  present  time  it  is  Dawley,  Jordan  and 
Dawley.  During  the  full  period  of  his  career 
Mr.  Dawley  has  been  an  active  trial  lawyer. 
He  is  now  recognized  as  among  the  fore- 
most representatives  of  the  legal  profession, 
and  has  been  connected  with  some  of  the 
most  difficult  and  prominent  cases  that  have 
been  tried  before  the  courts  of  the  State. 
Quick  of  wit,  logical  in  debate,  eloquent  in  the 
use  of  his  mother  tongue,  he  is  able  to  hold 
his  own  in  forensic  contests  with  the  most 
talented  members  of  the  profession.  As  a 
counselor  he  is  regarded  as  extremely  safe,  for 
he  has  the  capacity  for  obtaining  a  firm  grip 
of  a  subject,  and  never  ventures  to  argue  his 
case  before  a  jury  or  judge  before  having  thor- 
oughly mastered  all  its  possible  bearings.  In 
politics  Mr.  Dawley  is  a  warm  supporter  of 
the  Republican  party,  but  has  never  been  a 
politician  in  the  usual  sense,  although  promi- 
nent in  any  movement  for  (he  betterment  of 
civic  institutions  in  his  city  or  State.  At 
various  times  he  has  held  local  public  office. 
From  1896  to  1908  he  was  a  trustee  of  the 
Cedar  Rapids  Public  Library.  From  1903  to 
1911  he  was  a  member  of  the  municipal  school 
board  and  during  the  past  two  years  (1914-16) 
he  has  been  city  solicitor.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  Occidental  and  Cedar  Rapids  Country 
Clubs,  having  been  president  of  the  former  in 
1893  and  of  the  latter  in  1909.  He  has  been 
a  member  of  the  Commercial  Club  from  the 
time  of  its  organization,  in  1899,  till  the  pres- 
ent. He  is  a  member  of  the  Iowa  Bar  Associa- 
tion (president  in  1915),  of  the  American  Bar 
Association,  of  the  American  Library  Associa- 
tion, of  the  State  Historical  Society  of  Iowa, 
and  of  the  State  Library  Association.  On  21 
June,  1882,  Mr.  Dawley  married  Margaret 
Elizabeth,  daughter  of  John  Jacobs,  a  civil 
engineer  and  railroad  supervisor  for  the  Illi- 
nois Central  Railroad.  They  have  had  four 
children:  Frederick  Jacobs,  Katharine,  Marion, 
and  Frances  Dawley. 

MAIN,  Charles  Thomas,  engineer,  b.  in 
Marblehead,  Mass.,  16  Feb.,  1856,  son  of 
Thomas  and  Cordelia  (Reed)  Main.  His 
father's  professional  activities  as  a  machinist 
and  engineer  may  be  held  to  account  in  part 
for  his  early  displayed  fondness  for  scientific 
subjects  and  general  work  in  mathematics. 
He  obtained  his  preliminary  education  in  the 
schools  of  Marblehead,  and  later  entered  the 
Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology,  Bos- 
ton, Mass.,  where  he  was  graduated  B.S.  in 
1876.  Following  his  graduation  he  spent  three 
years  (1876-79)  as  assistant  in  the  labora- 
tories of  the  institute,  thereby  perfecting  him- 
self in  the  practical  work  of  his  profession. 
In  October,  1879,  at  the  age  of  twenty-one,  in 
order  to  still  further  improve  both  his  techni- 
cal and  practical  knowledge,  he  became  a 
draftsman  in  the  extensive  plant  of  the  Man- 
chester Mills,  at  Manchester,  N.  H.,  remaining 
there  until  1  June,  1881,  when  he  began  work 
as  engineer  in  the  Lo\ver  Pacific  Mills  at  Law- 
rence, Mass.  In  this  capacity  he  served  until 
1885,  when  his  abilities  won  him  promotion  to 
the  position  of  assistant  superintendent  of  the 
mills.  In  1886  he  was  made  superintendent, 
and  so  continued  until  1  Jan.,  1892,  when  he 
resigned,  to  enter  upon  general  engineering 
practice.     Since  that  time  Mr.  Main  has  been 


490 


WAITE 


WAITE 


k 


identified  as  engineer  and  designer  with  some 
of  the  most  important  industrial  construction 
work  in  the  East,  and  has  designed  and  con- 
structed many  industrial  plants  the  cost  of 
which  has  mounted  far  into  the  millions  of 
dollars.  Notwithstanding  his  many  profes- 
sional activities  he  has  always  been  interested 
in  the  problems  of  municipal  and  local  govern- 
ment, and  has  held  numerous  public  offices  and 
appointments.  During  his  residence  in  Law- 
rence, Mass.,  he  served  as  a  member  of  the 
board  of  aldermen;  was  a  member  of  the 
school  board  of  Lawrence  in  1890,  and  a  trus- 
tee of  the  Public  Library  Association  in  1891. 
He  has  for  some  years  maintained  his  resi- 
dence in  Winchester,  Mass.,  and  from  1895 
to  1906  served  as  a  member  of  its  water  and 
sewer  board.  He  is  the  author  of  several 
papers  on  steam  power,  water  power,  ventila- 
tion of  industrial  properties,  mill  construction, 
etc.,  and  is  the  originator  of  numerous  de- 
vices and  inventions,  notably  of  a  receiver 
pressure  register  for  compound  engines,  which 
he  perfected  in  1884.  Mr.  Main  is  a  member 
of  the  American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers 
and  the  American  Society  of  Mechanical  En- 
gineers of  which  he  is  the  manager;  past  presi- 
dent of  the*  Boston  Society  of  Civil  Engineers ; 
member  of  the  National  Association  of  Cot- 
ton Manufacturers,  New  England  Water 
Works  Association,  Corporation  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts Institute  of  Technology,  Society  of 
Arts,  of  Boston;  also  of  the  Exchange,  Engi- 
neers', and  Technology  Clubs  of  Boston;  En- 
gineers' Club  of  New  York  and  Calumet  Club 
of  Winchester.  He  married  14  Nov.,  1883, 
Elizabeth  F.  Appleton,  of  Somerville,  Mass. 
They  have  three  children:  Charles  Reed,  Alice 
Appleton,  and  Theodore  Main. 

WAITE,  John  Leman,  publisher,  b.  in  Ra- 
venna, Portage  County,  Ohio,  29  Aug.,  1840,  son 
of  John  and  Martha  Amelia  (Clark)  Waite. 
The  ancestry  of  the  family  is  traced  in  Eng- 
land to  the  Norman  conquest,  when  several 
Waytes  were  found  among  the  retainers  of 
the  barons.  The  earliest  source  of  the  name 
found  in  British  records  was  Ralf  de  Waiet, 
who  married  Emma,  sister  of  Roger,  Earl  of 
Hereford,  cousin  of  the  Conqueror,  and  to 
whom,  in  1075,  William  gave  the  earldom, 
city,  and  castle  of  Norwich.  Ricardus  Le 
Waytte,  of  County  Warwick,  who  was  in  1315 
escheator  of  counties  Berkshire,  Wilts,  Ox- 
ford, Bedford,  and  Bucks,  was  a  lineal  de- 
scendant of  Ralf.  Thereafter  the  name  was 
written  Wayte  almost  exclusively  until  others 
of  the  name  came  to  New  England,  when  the 
spelling  Wait  or  Waite  was  'used  instead. 
Three  brothers,  Richard,  Gamaliel,  and 
Thomas,  emigrated  to  America  from  North 
Wales,  arriving  in  Boston  in  1634.  They  were 
cousins  of  John  Wayte,  member  of  Parlia- 
ment, and  one  of  the  judges  who  signed  the 
warrant  for  the  execution  of  Charles  I.  Rich- 
ard became  marshal  of  the  colony,  Gamaliel 
remained  in  Boston,  and  Thomas  settled  in 
Rhode  Island.  The  third  son  of  the  latter  was 
Benjamin  Wait  (1644-1704)  a  famous  Colonial 
soldier  and  scout  whose  heroic  exploits  fill 
many  pages  of  the  historical  records  of  Massa- 
chusetts as  well  as  being  widely  celebrated 
in  New  England  fiction  and  verse.  He  lived 
first  at  Hadley,  then  at  Hatfield,  Mass.;  was 
engaged  in  various  Indian  wars,  and  was  slain 


in  battle  between  the  colonists  and  the  French 
and  Indians  at  Deerfield  in  1704.  Several 
generations  of  the  family  remained  at  Hat- 
field, Whately,  and  vicinity,  various  members 
serving  in  the  Colonial  wars  and  the  War  of 
the  Revolution.  Each  of  the  successive  de- 
scendants of  Benjamin  Waite  in  the  line  of 
descent  ending  with  John  L.  Waite,  bore  the 
name  of  John.  Benjamin's  son,  John  (1680- 
1774),  born  and  died  at  Hatfield,  Mass.,  was 
like  his  father,  a  commander  in  many  military 
excursions,  and  was  present  in  the  fight  at 
Deerfield,  when  his  father  was  slain.  He 
married  Mary  Frary.  Their  son,  John  (1703- 
76),  married  Mary  Belden;  their  son,  John 
(1743-1801),  served  in  the  War  of  the  Revolu- 
tion, and  died  at  Norwich,  N.  Y.;  his  son, 
John  (1777-1863),  and  his  wife,  Abigail 
Cranston,  lived  at  Norwich  and  Oaks  Corners, 
N.  Y.,  and  Chesterfield,  Mich.  He  served 
in  the  War  of  1812.  Their  son,  John  Waite, 
of  the  seventh  generation  (1810-94),  was  a 
farmer  and  afterward  followed  the  cooper's 
trade  at  Oaks  Corners,  N.  Y.;  and,  later,  re- 
moving to  Ravenna,  Ohio,  he  engaged  in  the 
marble  business,  and  contracting.  In  1867  he 
removed  to  Burlington,  la.,  where  he  first  con- 
ducted a  commission  business  and  later  re- 
turned to  farming.  His  wife,  Amelia  Clark, 
was  the  daughter  of  Ephriham  and  Amelia 
(Sperry)  Clark,  who  were  among  the  earliest 
emigrants  from  Connecticut  to  the  Western  Re- 
serve. John  L.  Waite  attended  the  public 
schools  of  Ravenna,  afterward  taking  courses 
in  a  private  academy  and  a  business  college  in 
Chicago.  In  1857  he  entered  the  employ  of 
the  Western  Union  Telegraph  Company,  and 
was  an  operator  at  Lebanon  and  Cleveland, 
Ohio,  and  in  Chicago,  111.,  advancing  first  to 
the  position  of  office  manager,  and  then  to  the 
superintendency  of  the  Burlington  and  Mis- 
souri River  telegraph  line  in  1863.  In  1869 
he  severed  his  connection  with  the  telegraph 
company,  and,  after  six  months  devoted  to 
mercantile  business,  went  into  newspaper 
work,  his  original  choice  and  ambition  for  his 
life  career.  His  first  connection  with  news- 
paper publication  was  as  city  editor  of  the 
Burlington  "  Havvk-Eye,"  of  which  he  became 
associate  editor  in  1875,  and  later,  managing 
editor,  as  successor  of  Robert  J.  Burdetto,  who 
resigned,  in  1876,  to  enter  the  lecture  field. 
Mr.  Waite  continued  in  this  association  until 
1882,  when  he  resigned  to  become  postmaster 
o*f  Burlington,  under  appointment  by  Prosident 
Arthur.  On  27  July,  1885,  he  assumed  the 
management  of  the  "  Hawk-Eye "  as  editor, 
publisher,  and  principal  owner.  Again  in 
1808,  through  the  appointment  of  President 
McKinley,  he  was  made  postmaster,  and 
served  through  the  two  subsequent  terms, 
through  appointment  by  President  Roosevelt, 
his  entire  service  covering  a  total  u.  four 
terms  as  postmaster,  thus  breaking  the  reeord 
in  Iowa  for  length  of  service  in  the  list  of 
first-class  offices.  In  1007-OS  he  was  presid.Mit 
of  the  National  Association  of  Poslnuisters  of 
First-Class  Offices.  Although  extremely  re- 
tiring in  disposition  and  always  averse  to  ex- 
ploiting his  own  personality,  few  men  are  bet- 
ter known  throiighout  the  State  of  Towa  and 
the  IMiddle  West,  or  have  exercised  a  wider  in- 
fluence as  a  leader  of  i>ul)lic  opinion.  He  !« 
a  stanch  Republican,  and  Ins  elTorts  have  been 


401 


JONES 


DAVENPORT 


an  eflfective  force  in  guiding  the  interests  of 
the  party  in  his  State.  His  editorials  have 
placed  him  among  the  distinguished  journal- 
ists of  the  day.  His  conduct  of  the  post  office 
was  based  upon  the  simple  rule  of  efficiency 
and  highest  service  to  the  community;  and  his 
ambition  for  the  ''Hawk-Eye"  has  been  to 
maintain  the  high  standard  always  synony- 
mous with  the  name  of  the  paper,  at  the  same 
time  keeping  it  clean  and  useful.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church, 
and  believes  firmly  that  one  of  the  first  prin- 
ciples of  religion  is  to  make  this  world  a  com- 
fortable and  happy  place  for  men  to  live  in. 
He  has  followed  that  belief  in  his  various  pub- 
lic utterances  and  activities,  and  in  his  prac- 
tical philanthropy  which  has  been  far-reaching 
and  resultant  in  its  effects.  Mr.  Waite  mar- 
ried 21  Sept.,  1864,  Letitia  Caroline,  daughter 
of  Thomas  M.  Williams,  of  Burlington,  la. 
She  was  for  years  the  editor  of  the  woman's 
department  of  the  "  Hawk-Eye,"  and  the 
author  of  a  booklet  on  religious  topics,  en- 
titled, "The  Thorn  Road."  There  are  three 
living  children:  Clay  Milton  Waite;  Jessie 
Benning  Waite,  who  married  William  Henry 
Davidson,  managing  editor  of  the  "  Hawk- 
Eye,"  and  Lola  Waite. 

JONES,  Charles  Hebard,  lumberman,  b.  in 
East  Randolph,  Vt.,  13  April,  1845,  son  of 
Daniel  and  Clarissa  (Hebard)  Jones.  Both 
parents  were  members  of  old  New  England 
families,  and  removed  to  Wisconsin  in  1851, 
where  the  father  engaged  in  the  manufacture 
of  woodenware,  at  one  time  owning  a  sawmill 
and  later  a  hub  and  spoke  factory  at  Menasha. 
Charles  H.  Jones  grew  up  in  Menasha,  where 
he  attended  the  public  schools  and  worked  in 
his  father's  factory.  For  one  year  he  was  a 
student  in  Lawrence  University  at  Appleton, 
Wis.,  after  which  he  taught  school  for  one 
term.  On  2  May,  1864,  he  enlisted  in  Com- 
pany D,  Forty-first  Wisconsin  Infantry,  in 
which  he  was  a  first  corporal.  When  his  serv- 
ice in  the  army  was  over  he  returned  home 
and  studied  for  a  year  in  Ripon  College,  but 
was  unable  to  finish  the  course  on  account  of 
poor  health.  Seeking  outdoor  employment  he 
went  to  Menominee,  Mich.,  and  obtained  em- 
ployment in  the  sawmill  of  Hewett,  Buell 
and  Porter.  He  then  engaged  in  logging  on 
his  own  account.  In  1870  and  1871  he  was  a 
partner  in  the  firm  of  Fay  and  Jones,  and  for 
the  next  two  years  continued  the  business  as 
C.  H.  Jones  and  Company.  In  the  panic  of 
1873  everything  was  swept  away,  leaving  Mr. 
Jones  with  only  $26.00  as  his  total  capital. 
For  the  next  five  years  he  worked  as  manager 
in  a  stave  factory  at  Dexterville,  Wis.,  accumu- 
lating $2,500  for  his  next  independent  start. 
With  his  brother-in-law,  Henry  Hewitt,  Jr., 
he  rehabilitated  an  old  water-power  mill  at 
Menasha,  and  a  year  later  formed  the  firm  of 
Ramsey  and  Jones.  This  firm  secured  the  mill 
at  Menominee  that  Mr.  Jones  and  his  former 
partners  had  lost  in  1873,  and  ran  it  success- 
fully until  Mr.  Ramsey's  death  in  1908,  the 
firm  still  possessing  large  holdings  of  logged- 
off  lands  in  both  Michigan  and  Wisconsin. 
In  1887,  in  company  with  Mr.  Hewitt,  Mr 
Jones  went  to  the  Pacific  Coast  with  the 
rather  indefinite  purpose  of  ^buying  timber 
and,  if  conditions  proved  favorable,  of  build- 
ing a  mill.     At  Tacoma  they  met  Col.  C.  W. 


Griggs,  of  St.  Paul,  through  whom  they  were 
introduced  to  President  Oakes  of  the  North- 
ern Pacific  Railroad,  who  suggested  that  they 
all  unite  their  interests  to  form  one  large 
company.  The  plans  were  worked  out  pro- 
visionally while  the  party  was  at  Tacoma, 
and  within  a  few  months,  the  St.  Paul  and 
Tacoma  Lumber  Company  was  organized  with 
Chauncey  W.  Griggs  and  Addison  G.  Foster, 
Henry  Hewitt,  Jr.,  and  Charles  H.  Jones  as 
its  principal  stockholders.  Messrs.  Hewitt 
and  Jones  returned  to  Tacoma  to  select  a  site 
for  the  mill,  accompanied  by  a  dozen  ex- 
perienced cruisers  who  were  to  select  what 
timber  they  wanted  out  of  sixteen  townships. 
Some  90,000  acres  of  land  were  purchased, 
and,  after  much  discussion,  the  site  of  the 
mill,  which  was  to  make  the  first  experiment 
at  introducing  the  fir  and  cedar  lumber  of 
the  coast  in  the  market  of  the  interior,  was 
chosen.  Mr.  Jones  had  brought  a  millwright 
with  him,  and,  after  an  extended  inspection 
of  the  principal  mills  on  the  Sound,  the  com- 
pany's first  mill  was  built  on  the  site  which 
it  still  occupies  In  this  mill  were  installed 
the  first  handsaws  used  in  either  Washington 
or  Oregon,  and,  much  against  the  advice  of 
the  older  mill  men  of  the  region, *many  other 
new  kinds  of  machinery,  also.  Mr.  Jones  now 
divided  his  time  between  Menominee  and 
Washington,  spending  about  half  a  year  at 
each  of  his  mills.  In  1901  he  bought  a  con- 
trolling interest  in  the  Northwestern  Lumber 
Company,  which  had  built  one  of  the  first 
mills  on  Gray's  Harbor,  with  a  capacity  of 
135,000  feet  per  day.  Since  that  year  he  has 
given  the  greater  part  of  his  time  to  the  man- 
agement of  that  enterprise,  although  retaining 
his  interest  in  the  other  companies.  Mr. 
Jones  is  Republican  in  political  faith,  but 
has  never  sought  office  or  political  favor.  He 
attends  the  Congregational  Church  of  Tacoma, 
and  is  a  member  of  the  Commercial  and  Coun- 
try Clubs  of  Tacoma  He  married  25  June, 
1872,  Franke  M.  Tobey,  of  Jay,  N   Y. 

DAVENPORT,  Charles  Benedict,  zoologist, 
b.  at  Stamford,  Conn ,  1  June,  1866,  son  of 
Amzi  Benedict  and  Jane  Joralemon  (Dimon) 
Davenport.  He  was  graduated  at  the  Poly- 
technic Institute,  Brooklyn,  in  1886,  and  at 
Harvard  University  in  1889.  He  received  the 
degrees  of  AM.  and  PhD  from  Harvard  in 
1892.  In  1886-87  he  was  engaged  in  the  en- 
gineering survey  of  the  Duluth,  South  Shore 
and  Atlantic  Railway.  From  1888  to  1890  he 
was  assistant  in  zoology,  and  from  1891  to 
1899  instructor  at  Harvard  University.  He 
was  assistant  professor  of  zoology  and  em- 
bryology at  the  University  of  Chicago  from 
1899  to  1901,  and  from  1901  to  1904  w^as  asso- 
ciate professor  and  curator  of  the  zoological 
museum  there.  Since  1904  Prof.  Davenport  has 
been  director  of  the  Station  for  experimental 
evolution  (Carnegie  Institution  of  Washing- 
ton) at  Cold  Spring  Harbor,  N.  Y.  In  1910  he 
was,  through  the  generous  interest  of  Mrs.  E. 
H.  Harriman,  enabled  to  start  the  Eugenics 
Record  Office,  at  Cold  Spring  Harbor,  which 
has  since  been  chiefly  supported  by  its  founder. 
Its  board  of  scientific  directors  comprises 
Alexander  Graham  Bell,  chairman,  William  H. 
Welch,  vice-chairman,  Lewellys  F.  Barker, 
Irving  Fisher,  T.  H.  Morgan,  E.  E.  Southard, 
and  C.  B.  Davenport,  secretary.     Its  functions 


492 


P>)WARD   VaSSALLO    HaR'I'FORD 


DAVENPORT  a^RTF.RI) 


to  serve  eugenicat  iDter««r*i  tt;  tk<i  s:tipac< 

^    '^poeitory  and  clearin-    '•  u)  huild 

alytical  index  of  ;  ;  i  rait  a  of 

!i   families;    to  trait)     :     .        rkt^rs   to 

■>'iT  data  of  eugenical  impori ;  ro  maintain  a 
V  force  actually  engaged  in  gathering  such 
I ;  to  co-operate  with  other  instiiutions  and 
i  persons  concernefl  with  engenical  atiuly; 
investigate  the  manner  of  the   inheritanc*.-  j  ^;j 
pccilic  human  traits;    to  investigate  otht'i  |  N, 
■     I  factors,  such  as  mate  selection,  df 
fecundity,   differential    survival,    :u.- 
.-.•ill  migration;  to  advise  concerning  thv 
aical    fitness   of    proposfni    muniages-,    t< 
ish  results  of  researt'lien     It  has  pubHsb^'u 
rts  on  cacogenic  familii*s:  "  The  Hill  Folk," 
-fns,"  "Backs,"  and  the  **  Jukes  in  IU1'>": 
'  ity  of  feeble-minded nefis.  epilepiiy 

t\   violent  temper.   ir;u;:Je   Ik'T^^s 
tk:n    eoior,    nomadism,    and    ten.,'  ii.i!'.H' 

distributes  free  schedules  for  re  -i(y  i  ,^1. 

traits.       The     results    of    the     ^  ...  o..^.,  sui/ti  •  i^tti. 
conducted  by  the  Eugenics  Record  Office  ha^  *>    m  • 
been  summed     up     by     Dr.     Davenport     in     «  j  i  V.^    ^      ... 
work    published    in    1913    entitled,    *' Heredity  l  riij.,v»<irv    ior 
in  Relation  to  Eugenics."     "The  central   i'if^:>A  '  (a>,hjei    and 
of    the    book,"    to    quote    the    publisher's    an-  i  ^h^^  rhiiiea  ot 
nouncement,    "is   that    inheritable    traits— .do     ten^'ii,  h:^  >•' 
cially  good  and  socially  b»wl — are  being  trans- •  [^  hundlint^  i'\w    . 
mitted   in   the  blood  of  the  nation,   and   that ;  ^rvasp  of  tlto  f;<'nev 

"""" '" "^  ""         '"  ^'  gained  only  h„^iM)fnci;   u/deia 

in  stronger  and    ploy ec-.  couki  r.ot 

..i.iite   the   weak   and  j  a    flattering   •    • 

defeotive  'I  inheritance  of  many  |  ever,  a-  rhn   ■: 

family  tr;i  ,■  -d,  also  the  way  tra'ts!  fir-jt-  suvic^s?.: 

become  diapersea,  th«?  influence  of  migraticnt  j  use   and  Ih-    t-'^is 
on  our  American  blood,  and  the  influence  oft  shock   ab«orbei,    r 
a  single  person,  or  rather  his  germ  plasm,  on!  tlie  Tt\i\.t  w 
our  history.     Some  attention  is  paid  to  traits     u.,   l^^ic-nriu 
in    specific    American    families,    and    iinnHT  i  1:^^    or;fani7  o 
eugenic    procedures    and    the    organization    «.f .  i,ni)v     now 
applied  eugenics  are  considered"     The  oth^r       ' 
writings  of  Dr.  Davenport  include:  "Graduau: 
Courses — a   Handbook    ':v   r;,    .inntf    Cofirnos  ' 
(1893).     "  Experim*ir  ;^v   •  (i'an  : 

'^07,  Part  TI.  ''■■"n  ^."Metlvd^  ^a - 

•  i  e«i».},>n,  1904)  ;    '  Li 
[with    O.    C     D'vv ■■ 
port,      i.-i.n;:.  iiv;u.ntance      in      'j'  i    ; . ^ 

(1906);     "Inheritance    of    Characteri-  ;.   • 

Fowl"    (1900);    "H.-redity    of    Sksri    Kt--^ 
Xegro-white   Crosses"    (1913),  and  three 
tributions  on  heredity  in  the  ft-ehlv  inl>ii)iu  .. 
two  in  book  form   (1915>.     i>t    r'?n\T.p<.iTi   his     , ... 
been  director  of  the  Biologi*  ru   lji*H>ra*.<>ry  n 
the   Brooklyn    Institute   of   Arty   ard    S-  i;";;. .     ;  ■■>,  •    .  . 
since   1808:   associate  editor  of  "  Ri'^Tn-^'-'  .  *        ■'..■.-     ; 
since  lOOl-Ofl;  of  the  "  Journal  ■  f  .:,;•. 

Zoology,"    since     1004;     of     '' Gc-  ■( 

1005,  and  of  the  Pro<t^o 'i'i'» i  oi 
Academy  of  Science  si'Ki  ft;  v 
low    of    the    Americfii/     '       ; 

Sciences,  the  Araorif--;  .      '.     • 

vanccmcnt  of  !>'•;":. 
the  National  .\ 
Insititute  of  •> 
Zoological  Sm^ 
•f'sn    iSociety 
lie   AruM 
commit' 
'•ly   'if   N,!i  ,!•( 
rcKidro*.     ;-'<' 
-:-■     '.a I    liiology  an<l    . 
ciety  of  Natural  J^iBr--  ':,•./     i 


Ai^di-m^  of  !5vji«»i/re      >!«■  wa^  ^n.Hrried  23  Junf 

1894,     tcj     t,:cr*,rvi.l.     *>oi.t.  of     Burlinuxon 

Kan.  ^ 

HAKTtOKX>.  Bdivjir.^  v^*^-  -     .i^^^  ^nd 

inventor,   h    m   ;  ♦•vj.^i^'^     N  -     ]<^"(] 

B«n       .^         ■...       -,..:„,  ,:_.,— 


HARTFORD 


HARTFORD 


most  perilous  of  outdoor  sports.     Seldom,  if 
evec,  did  all  the  contestants  finish  in  a  race, 
and  many  drivers  were  killed  because  of  the 
difficulty    of   oflfsetting   the   constant   rebound- 
ing   of    the    car    when    going    at    high    speed 
Today  the  Hartford  shock  absorber  is  part  of 
the    equipment    on    leading    makes    of    auto- 
mobiles.     In    1908    the    Hartford    Suspension 
Company  removed  its  factory  to  Jersey  City, 
N.  J.     Mr.  Hartford,  who  had  made  a  thor- 
ough study  of  motor  construction,  devoted  his 
attention  to  a  safe  and  simple  method  of  start- 
ing a   motor,   and,    in    1910,   he   patented   an 
improved  electric  self-starting  device  by  which 
the  motor   is  started  almost   instantly.     This 
self-starter    has    been    proclaimed    by    Thomas 
A.   Kdison  and  other  authorities  as  the  most 
efficient  device  of  its  kind,  and  one  that  has 
solved    the    problem    of    self-starting.      When 
operated    at    high    speed    the    Hartford    self- 
starter  develops  12,000  revolutions  per  minute, 
and    9,000    foot-pounds    of    energy.      it    has 
proven  most  serviceable  for  use  on  aeroplanes 
because  of  its  lightness,  and  when  equipped  to 
a   stationary   engine   power   plant   it   required 
only  ten  seconds  to  start  its  operation.     Mr 
Hartford    sought    constantly    to    improve    the 
quality  of  his  work,  and,  in  1911,  began  experi- 
menting   on    an    electric    brake,    which    is    re- 
garded   by    many    prominent    engineers    as    a 
most  ingenious  device.     While  working  on  the 
problem   of   the   electric   starter   for   automo- 
biles, Mr.  Hartford  brought  together  a  small, 
very  high-speed  electric  motor,  combined  with 
a  gear  ratio  of  125  to  1.    This  was  an  unusual 
combination,  and  the  great  power  at  the  torque 
end  was  very  impressive.    Almost  immediately 
the  idea  occurred  to  him  that  here  was  the 
germ  of  the  solution  of  the  electric  brake  for 
railroads,  as  the  large  gear  ratio  served  two 
purposes — to    create    the    great    pressure    effi- 
ciently— and  at  the  same  time  as  the  motor 
was  obliged  to  make  125  turns  to  one  turn  at 
the  power  end  this  could  be  easily  divided  up 
so  as  to   give  the  necessary  control   when   it 
was    desired    to    apply    the    pressure    by    pro- 
gressive steps.     Mr.   Hartford  then  tried  this 
brake  on  an  automobile,  reducing  its  size  and 
weight   to   twenty-four   pounds.      However,    in 
spite  of  its  small  size,  it  pulls  2,500  pounds, 
truly  a   remarkable   performance.     It  is  fool- 
proof, has  a  wide  range  of  adaptability,  and 
absolutely  automatic  progressive  action  of  the 
brake.      The    electric    brake    for    use    on    rail- 
roads will  bring  a  train,  traveling  sixty  miles 
an   hour   or   eighty-eight   feet   a   second,   to   a 
full   stop  within  600  feet.     The  power  is  ap- 
plied to  every  wheel  almost  instantly.     Promi- 
nent   railroad    engineers    who    have    seen    this 
brake  in  operation  have  expressed  themselves 
as  being  surprised  by  its  simplicity  and  effi- 
ciency, and  have  stated  that  it  is  a  vast  im- 
provement   over    most    brakes.      In    a    test    of 
this  equipment  on  the  Third  Avenue  Railway, 
in  New  York  City,  in  1915,  it  was  shown  that 
only  one-half  of  the  current  was  necessary  to 
operate    this    storage    battery    car    when    the 
electric    brake    was    attached.      The    Hartford 
electric  brake  consists  of  a  light,  but  powerful, 
motor    to    which    a    steel    cable    is    fastened, 
which    through    suitable    gearing    swiftly    and 
steadily   winds   on    a    drum.      The    steel    cable 
attached   to   the   brake   equipment,   through   a 
patented    controller,    permits    any    degree    of 

494 


braking  action,  from  an  infinitely  delicate  con- 
trol to  an  emergency  application.     With  this 
apparatus,  an  automobile  can  be  driven  at  a 
speed  of  fifty  miles  an  hour  to  within  thirty- 
five  feet  of  a  right  angle  turn,  and  the  turn 
made    easily   at    fifteen   miles   an    hour.      The 
most  important  and  novel  part  of  this  brake  is 
the  patented  controller  which  is  entirely  new 
so  far  as  the  control  of  electric  motor  power 
is  concerned.     Another  extraordinary   feature 
is  that  the  brake  bands  and  drums  are  oiled, 
thereby  dissipating  the  momentum  of  the  car 
through  a  film  of  oil.     This  not  only  saves  the 
wear  on  the  tires  to  a  remarkable  degree,  but 
it  also  permits  of  the  brake  being  applied  on 
wet  asphalt,  without  the  car   skidding.     Mr. 
Hartford    performed    a    great    service    in    the 
interest  of   humanity  when  he  placed   at   its 
disposal    a    preventive    of    accidents    in    the 
form    of    a    brake    that    acts    almost    instan- 
taneously without  requiring  the  driver  to  re- 
move his  hands  from  the  steering-wheel      Mr. 
Hartford  is  also  the  inventor  of  several  other 
valuable  devices,  including  an  electric  thermo- 
static     temperature      controlling     apparatus, 
operated  by  a  motor  of  1-100  horsepower;  the 
Hartford  auto  jack,  an  ingenious  device  which 
lifts  a  heavy  automobile  with  remarkable  ease, 
a  5,000-volt  direct-current  motor,  and  a  direct- 
current  multiple  motor  for  use  aboard   ship. 
The  saving  in  cost  of  operation  of  this  multi- 
ple motor,  which  is  about  one-tenth  the  cost 
of  other  motor  operation  aboard  vessels,  has 
attracted  wide  attention  among  ship  owners, 
and  has  been  used  in  connection  with  the  auto- 
matic steering  apparatus,  also  an  invention  of 
Mr.   Hartford's.     Possessing  executive  ability 
of  a  high  order,  farsighted  sagacity,  and  sound 
judgment,  Mr.  Hartford  has  won  for  himself 
a  foremost  position  among  the  leaders  in  the 
automobile  industry.     His  conduct  toward  his 
subordinates    has    ever    been    marked    by    the 
greatest  justice  and  kindliness,  which  has  met 
with  its  due  return  of  loyal  service  and  has 
constituted  an  important  factor  in  his  success. 
Tested  by  the  severest  trials  which  could  fall 
to  the  lot  of  an  inventor,  Mr.  Hartford  showed 
himself  a  man  born  to  the  task,  displaying  in 
the  face  of  many  obstacles  the  most  admirable 
coolness    and    courage       Mr.    Hartford    is    re- 
garded as  one  of  the  best  authorities  in  this 
country  in   all   matters   pertaining  to  devices 
connected    with    the    automobile    trade.       To 
whatever    he   undertakes,   he   gives   his   whole 
soul,  allowing  none  of  the  many  interests  in- 
trusted to  his  care  to  suffer  for  want  of  close 
and  able  attention   and   industry.     Mr.  Hart- 
ford  looks   the   man   he    is — alert,   aggressive, 
intensely  energetic,  with  fine-cut  features,  and 
a  bearing  indicative  of  the  sturdy  will  which, 
in    conjunction    with    sterling    integrity,    has 
formed  the  basis  of  his  success.     He  is,  more-' 
over,    endowed    with    those    personal    qualities 
which  win  friends  easily  and  hold  them  long 
Besides  being  a  liberal  patron  of  musical  art, 
Mr.  Hartford  is  a  violinist  of  unusual  talent. 
He  has  acquired  the  technique  that  fitted  him 
for    a    successful    career    in    concert    and    the 
ability  to   compose   music      He   is  a   lover   of 
outdoor    sports,    including   golf,    automobiling, 
ice-skating,    and    yachting.      Mr.    Hartford    is 
married    and   has    two    children:    Marie   Jose- 
phine and  George  Huntington  Hartford   (2d), 
after  Mr.    Hartford's  father. 


J 


WASHBURN 


HASTINGS 


WASHBTTRN,  George,  missionary  and  edu- 
cator, b.  in  Middlesborough,  Mass.,  1  March, 
1833;  d.  in  Boston,  Mass.,  15  Feb.,  1915,  son 
of  Philander  and  Elizabeth  (Homes)  Wash- 
burn. The  Washburn  family  is  of  English  ex- 
traction, the  American  branch  tracing  its 
origin  to  John  Washburn,  supposed  to  have 
come  from  Eversham,  Worcestershire,  in  1632, 
on  the  ship  "  Ann,"  and  landed  at  Plymouth. 
Two  years  later  his  wife,  Margaret,  and  two 
sons  followed  him  on  the  ship  "  Elizabeth  and 
Ann."  He  was  one  of  the  original  settlers  of 
Bridgewater,  Mass.  His  son,  John,  married, 
in  1645,  Elizabeth 
Mitchell,  and  lived 
at  Duxbury,  later 
at  Bridgewater ; 
their  son,  James 
W.,  married  Mary 
Bowden;  their  son, 
Edward  W.,  mar- 
ried Eliza  Rich- 
mond ;  their  son, 
Edward,  a  patriot 
soldier  in  the  War 
of  the  Revolution 
and  a  man  of 
^  large  property  for 
those  days,  mar- 
ried Phoebe  Smith. 
Their  son,  Gen. 
Abiel  Washburn, 
an  important  man 
in  his  community,  and  the  wealthiest  man  and 
largest  taxpayer  of  Muttock,  Mass.,  married 
Elizabeth  Pierce,  and  was  the  father  of  Phi- 
lander, father  of  George  Washburn.  Philander 
Washburn  was  a  manufacturer,  and  in  1848, 
State  senator.  He  was  interested  in  local 
military  affairs  and  held  commissions  for 
thirty-six  years,  passing  through  the  different 
grades  of  office  to  brigadier-general  of  the 
Plymouth  County  Brigade.  He  died  in  1843. 
George  Washburn  attended  Pierce  Academy, 
Middlesborough,  Mass.;  Philips  Academy, 
Andover,  Mass.;  and  Amherst  College,  where 
he  was  graduated  A.B.  in  1855.  Soon  after 
leaving  college  Dr.  Washburn  went  to  Tur- 
key as  a  missionary  under  the  auspices  of 
the  American  Board  of  Commissioners  for 
Foreign  Missions,  a  field  in  which  he  had  a 
distinguished  career.  He  labored  in  Constan- 
tinople until  1863,  when  he  was  released  from 
service  by  the  board,  in  order  that  he  might 
devote  his  attention  to  the  cause  of  education 
in  Robert  College,  Constantinople.  His  first 
position  in  the  college  was  that  of  professor 
of  philosophy  and  psychology.  In  1874  he 
was  appointed  director  of  the  institution  in 
the  absence  of  President  Hamlin  who  returned 
to  America  for  a  visit,  and  upon  Dr.  Hamlin's 
resignation,  in  1877,  succeeded  him  as  its 
president,  a  position  which  he  retained  until 
1904.  Through  the  many  Bulgarians  who  at- 
tended the  college  Dr.  Washburn  l)ecame  in- 
terested in  that  country's  fight  for  independ- 
ence, and  lent  his  influence  to  aid  the  move- 
ment, receiving  for  his  services  the  thanks  of 
the  first  Bulgarian  Parliament,  and  in  1884, 
was  decorated  by  Prince  Alexander  of  Bul- 
garia and  King  Ferdinand  with  the  Order  of 
St.  Alexis.  Dr.  Washljurn  was  well  known  in 
both  America  and  the  Continent  as  a  ripe 
scholar,  a  forceful  and  entertaining  writer  on 


many  subjects,  and  a  lecturer  of  marked  abil- 
ity and  wide  repute.  He  was  recognized  as 
an  authority  on  questions  concerning  the 
Near  East  in  his  own  country  and  Europe,  his 
views  being  highly  valuable  on  account  of  his 
great  depth  of  insight  and  first-hand  practical 
knowledge  of  the  Balkan  peoples.  After  1880 
he  devoted  much  of  his  time  to  literary  work. 
In  1911  he  published  his  most  important 
book,  "  Fifty  Years  in  Constantinople,"  an  in- 
teresting and  truthful  account  of  social  and 
political  conditions  in  Turkey.  He  con- 
tributed many  articles  and  papers  to  different 
journals;  contributed  under  a  nom  de  plume 
for  many  years  to  "  Contemporary  Review," 
the  "Outlook,"  "Independent,"  "Eastern 
Statesman,"  and  others.  His  favorite  studies 
were  geology  and  contemporary  politics.  He 
was  well  known  as  a  platform  speaker  and 
was  chosen  to  deliver  an  address  on  "  Moham- 
medanism" at  the  World's  Parliament  of  Re- 
ligions held  at  the  World's  Fair  in  Chicago,  in 
1893.  He  was  Lowell  lecturer  in  Boston,  and 
delivered  a  number  of  other  notable  lectures 
and  addresses.  Dr.  Washburn  married,  in 
1859,  Henrietta  Lorain  Hamlin,  daughter  of 
Rev.  Cyrus  Hamlin,  missionary  and  first 
president  of  Robert  College.  They  had  three 
sons:  George  Hamlin  Washburn,  now  a  prac- 
ticing physician  of  Boston,  Mass.,  William 
Maltby  Washburn,  and  Henry  Homes  Wash- 
burn. 

HASTINGS,  William  Granger,  lawyer,  b.  ia 
Woodstock,  111.,  9  April,  1853,  son  of  Carlisle 
and  Hannah  (Granger)  Hastings.  He  passed 
his  youth  in  Woodstock,  where,  also,  he  at- 
tended the  public  schools.  At  the  age  of  nine- 
teen he  entered  the  University  of  Chicago, 
and  was  graduated  after  a  classical  course 
in  1876.  He  then  removed  to  Nebraska, 
where  he  studied  law,  and  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  the  following  year;  immediately  opening 
an  office  in  Lincoln,  and  entering  upon  pro- 
fessional practice.  Being  possessed  of  the 
double  equipment  of  adequate  training  and 
unusual  mental  powers,  his  practice  soon  be- 
came distinguished  and  successful.  From  the 
first  he  identified  himself  with  the  Democratic 
party  and  was  prominent  in  its  councils,  and, 
although  his  practice  occupied  him  closely,  he 
made  a  place  for  public  interest  and  service. 
In  1884  he  was  elected  to  the  State  senate  of 
Nebraska  and  served  through  the  years  1885- 
87;  in  1889  he  was  made  prosecuting  attorney 
of  Saline  County;  during  the  years  1891-1900 
he  served  as  district  judge  of  the  Seventh 
Judicial  District  of  Nebraska,  discharging  the 
duties  of  this  office  with  such  ability,  that  in 
1901,  he  was  appointed  superior  court  com- 
missioner, a  capacity  in  which  he  acted  for  the 
next  three  years.  In  1904  Judge  llaatiiigs  was 
called  upon  to  ac('ei)t  the  position  of  professor 
of  law  in  the  University  of  Nebraska,  liis  l)ar- 
ticular  branch  being  that  of  ecpiity  and  eon- 
stitutional  law,  in  both  of  which  subjects  he 
is  regarded  as  an  authority.  He  lias  also  con- 
tributed numerous  articles  on  law  topics  and 
questions  to  various  periodicals  While,  to  a 
considerable  e.vtcnt,  he  has  retired  from  active 
I)olitical  life,  in  order  to  dev«»te  liis  time  to 
his  practice  and  t(>aching.  lie  is  still  deeply  in- 
terested in  politics,  and  his  advice  is  often 
sought  and  highly  valued  by  niendiers  of  bin 
party.     In  politics  he  ia  regarded  by  a  large 


495 


FARNSWORTH 


BROOKS 


circle  of  acquaintances  as  a  safe  and  judicious 
counselor.  He  is  by  nature  conservative,  but 
also  a  man  of  positive  convictions.  He  mar- 
ried 20  Oct.,  1880,  Elizabeth  Hackley,  of 
Marengo,  111. 

FARNSWORTH,  William  Hlx,  lawyer,  b.  in 
Rockland,  Me.,  15  Aug.,  1861,  son  of  Theodore 
H.  and  Martha  B.  (Marstoii)  Farnsworth. 
His  father  (1816-1912)  was  a  sailor  and  sol- 
dier. His  earliest  American  ancestor,  Matthias 
Farnsworth,  emigrated  to  this  country  from 
Lancashire,  England, 
in  1603,  settling  in 
Groton,  Mass.  Mat- 
thias Farnsworth  leld 
a  prominent  position 
in  the  colony  from 
the  date  of  his  ar- 
rival, and  in  1675 
participated  in  the 
war  between  the  New 
England  settlers  and 
the  Indians,  known 
as  "King  Philip's 
War."  The  line  of 
descent  is  then  traced 
through  Benjamin 
and  Mary  (Preacott) 
Farnsworth;  Isaac  and  Sarah  (Page)  Farns- 
worth; Isaac  and  Anna  (Green)  Farnsworth; 
William  A.  and  Elizabeth  (Rutherford) 
Farnsworth;  Ezra  and  Elizabeth  (Lakin) 
Farnsworth;  Amos  and  Lydia  (Longley) 
Farnsworth;  Jonas  and  Jane  (Delop)  Farns- 
worth; Benjamin  and  Dorcas  ( Whittermore) 
Farnsworth;  Jonas  and  Thankful  (Ward) 
Farnsworth;  Isaac  and  Martha  (Barth) 
Farnsworth;  and  Levi  and  Margaret  Farns- 
worth, who  were  the  grandparents  of  the  sub- 
ject of  this  sketch.  William  H.  Farnsworth 
was  educated  in  the  public  and  high  schools 
of  Blair,  Neb.,  where  his  family  had  moved 
when  he  was  an  infant.  At  the  age  of  twenty- 
one,  he  engaged  in  the  practice  of  his  profes- 
sion as  a  lawyer,  in  association  with  Col.  L. 
W.  Osborn.  He  met  with  success  from  the 
start,  and  in  a  comparatively  brief  period  had 
attained  a  high  position  in  the  legal  profession 
through  his  ability  and  intellectual  attain- 
ments. In  1884  he  accepted  an  invitation  to 
become  city  attorney  for  Blair,  Neb.,  and  dis- 
continued his  general  legal  practice.  During 
his  term  as  city  attorney,  he  successfully 
prosecuted  the  Fairbanks  Scale  Company,  and 
represented  the  city  in  the  federal  courts  in 
Omaha.  In  1890  he  was  chosen  assistant 
county  attorney  for  Washington  County,  Neb. 
Throughout  his  long  career,  Mr.  Farnsworth 
has  specialized  in  corporation  law.  He  was 
the  leading  counsel  in  the  case  of  Jant  vs. 
C.  C.  C.  and  St.  L.  Railway,  which  was  car- 
ried to  the  United  States  Supreme  Court. 
Notwithstanding  his  active  legal  career,  Mr. 
Farnsworth  is  a  member  of  many  exclusive 
clubs,  among  them  the  Hawkeye  Club,  of  which 
he  is  president,  and  the  River  Side  Boat  Club. 
On  15  June,  1883,  he  married  Eugene,  daugh- 
ter of  W.  S.  Coe,  and  they  had  one  son,  Park 
Goodwin  Farnsworth,  deceased. 

BROOKS,  James  Gordon  Carter,  lumberman, 
b.  in  Salem,  Mass.,  25  Aug.,  1837;  d.  in 
Chicago,  111.,  15  April,  1914,  son  of  William 
Hawthorne  and  Sarah  (Carter)  Brooks.  His 
father  was  for  many  years  an  instructor  in 


preparatory  schools  in  Boston  and  Cambridge. 
His  earliest  paternal  American  ancestor, 
Henry  Brooks,  came  to  this  country  from 
England  in  1651,  settling  in  Woburn,  Mass. 
He  was  the  first  judge  of  the  witchcraft  cases 
at  Salem.  From  him  the  line  of  descent  is 
traced  through  John  and  Eustace  (Monsall) 
Brooks;  their  son,  John  and  Mary  (Cranston) 
Brooks;  their  son,  Timothy  and  Ruth  (Wy- 
man)  Brooks,  and  their  son,  Leuke  V.  and 
Mary  (Hawthorne)  Brooks,  who  were  the 
grandparents  of  James  G.  C.  Brooks.  The 
boy  James  was  full  of  vigor  and  ambition, 
ready  to  work  and  eager  in  the  enjoyment  of 
all  boys'  sports.  His  education  was  limited 
to  that  aflforded  by  the  public  and  private 
schools  of  Cambridge  and  Boston,  Mass.,  and 
was  concluded  when  he  was  nineteen  years  old. 
He  began  his  active  business  life  in  Chicago, 
111.,  in  the  employ  of  his  uncle,  Artemus  Car- 
ter, at  that  time  one  of  the  leading  lumber- 
men of  the  city.  He  took  this  first  step  from 
personal  preference,  guided  by  the  firm  belief 
that,  if  anything  is  worth  doing  at  all,  it  is 
worth  doing  well,  and  that  advancement  and 
success  are  sure  to  follow  consistent  action  in 
this  line.  In  1858  he  entered  the  office  of 
Charles  Mears  and  Company,  which  was  suc- 
ceeded a  year  later  by  the  firm  of  Mears, 
Bates  and  Company,  Here  he  remained  until 
1879,  when  he  withdrew  to  take  a  trip  to 
Europe.  Upon  his  return  he  became  actively 
interested  in  the  Oconto  Company,  organized 
by  his  former  associates  in  Mears,  Bates  and 
Company,  and  in  that  of  the  Bay  de  Noquet 
Lumber  Company,  and  Michigan  manufactur- 
ing corporations  operated  by  the  same  in- 
terests. In  1886  he  succeeded  George  Farns- 
worth as  president  of  both  companies,  acting 
in  that  capacity  until  1907,  when  he  was  suc- 
ceeded by  his  son-in-law,  George  J.  Fame- 
worth,  and  retired 
from  active  busi- 
ness, but  remained 
vice-president  and 
a  director  of  both 
of  these  companies. 
Upon  the  death  of 
Eli  Bates,  Mr. 
Brooks  was  made 
executor  of  his  es- 
tate and  one  of 
the  bequests  of  his 
will  was  $40,000  to 
provide  a  monu- 
ment of  Abraham 
Lincoln  for  Lin- 
coln Park,  Chi- 
cago, 111.  The  re- 
sult of  this  bequest 
is  the  well-known  Saint  Gaudens  statue 
of  Lincoln  which  stands  at  the  entrance 
to  the  park.  Mr.  Brooks  took  great  pride 
in  the  way  in  which  this  bequest  was 
carried  out.  Beginning  like  so  many  of  our 
foremost  American  citizens,  in  a  minor  posi- 
tion, Mr.  Brooks  has  made  his  way  with  rapid 
strides  to  places  of  recognized  importance  in 
the  business  world.  He  possessed  very  strong 
qualities  of  analysis,  and  it  is  undoubtedly 
through  this  and  his  thoroughness  to  get  to 
the  pith  of  subjects  which  enabled  him  to 
build  up  a  successful  business  and  organization. 
He  carried  these  qualities  into  his  dealings  as 


C^    /fH'-rnr^ 


496 


i 


.SrRlNGKR 


SPRINGER 


applied  to  purchases  and  sales.  When  auh 
mitting  a  proposition,  large  or  sraall,  he 
would  base  his  ideas  on  the  very  best  knowl 
edge  of  the  existing  conditions  and  prospeHs 
for  the  future,  using  as  a  basis  the  natural 
rules  for  the  self-preservation  and  success  of 
his  company;  but  in  addition  to  this  he  woulij 
then  endeavor  to  analyze  the  situation  as  ir 
would  appear  as  to  its  fairness,  in  the  event 
he  was  the  purchaser  instead  of  the  seller. 
Mr.  Brooks  was  definite  in  purpose  and  when 
dealings  were  consummated  the  efforts  on  his 
part  would  be  to  carry  out  to  the  fullest  ex 
tent  all  of  the  real  or  implied  intentions  of 
the  contract,  for  the  benefit  of  the  other  party. 
His  qualifications  as  a  host  were  ideal.  He 
loved  to  surround  himself  with  his  friends,  at 
a  house  whith  had  been  biiilt.  in  the  Northern 
woods,  surrounded  by  a  farm,  where  it  would 
be  his  constant  endeavor  to  afford  pleasure  and 
comfort  to  his  guests.  In  1867,  he  married 
Rose  Ridgaway,  daughter  of  Thomas  Hamble- 
ton,  of  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  and  they  had  four 
children:  Alice  Hawthorne,  now  Mrs.  George 
J.  Farnsworth;  Edith  Gordon,  now  Mrs. 
Henry  B.  Collins;  James  Hambleton  (de- 
ceased) ;  and  Charles  Richardson  Brooks  .(de- 
ceased ) . 

SPRINGEE,  Warren.  cn,iuli8t,  b.   in  New 
York.  N.  Y.,  9  Oct.,  lK4i;  d    in  Chicago,  111., 
R    Ff)»,     1U]9.     Hiiti    .,{     rnM.rv    i\uA     Roxanna 
'■'■■-■  ; -an  an- 

■r  rated    to 

ibis  foufttrv  liont  Luiuiou  m  1670,  going  di- 
rect to  Jamestown,  Va.^  later  settling  in 
Christina,  now  known  as  Wilmington,  Del. 
He  was  educated  in  the  public  schools  of 
New  York,  and  at  twenty  years  of  age  re- 
moved to  Chicago,  starting  in  the  machinery 
business  in  a  small  way.  In  this  business  he 
made  remarkable  progress,  mastering  every 
detail  as  he  progressed,  and  was  in  charge  of 
a  highly  profitable  business  until  1871,  when 
the  great  fire  destroyed  the  entire  business 
section  of  the  city.  This  calamity  in  no  way 
discourap'ed  Mr.  Springer,  who  with  char 
acter^  r prise   and   promptitude   erected 

ai'    (  and    basement,    mill    construc- 

tion. ;  :;;.!<  in  Canal  Street,  south  of  Jack- 
son Street,  fronting  the  river,  on  ground  that 
cost  him  $50.00  a  front  foot.  The  building 
was  called  "  Springer's  Folly "  because  he 
located  the  building  far  away  from  the  then 
generally  recognized  business  district.  In 
1893  the  property  was  sold  to  the  Tunnel  Com- 
j)any  at  $2,500  a  front  foot,  netting  him  a 
profit  of  approximately  5,000  per  cent  for  his 
large  resourcefulness  and  superior  busiross 
capacity.  Mr.  Springer  was  the  originator  of 
that  particular  style  of  factory  building  which 
has  proven  so  successful.  He  contended  that 
lor  efficiency  the  offices  and  salesrooms  of  a 
manufacturing  concern  should  be  located 
within  the  factory  building,  and  that  if  the 
construction  were  heavy  enough  he  could  lo- 
cate several  factories  and  centralize  the  in- 
dustry at  a  decreased  operating  cos*  (..m- 
sequently  he  built  a  boot  and  Hh<>i  mnmirjir  j 
turing  building,  the  succchs  of  wliiih  proMipt'-d  | 
'lim  to  erect  a  woodworks  liuUiunv.  isnd  a  i 
j'Ttnlcrs'  building,  ere*  tin<?  ajiif  •^ptTittiuLr  in  i 
Hif  rhirieen  buildings.  In  the  opfrut'ou  .>fi 
th.vr  Rtructurcs,  Mr.  Springer  nioiiitrslPi'.  a 
cosoprehensive  grasp  of  the  variourt  <ntirj>rlF«e.'i ; 


}  loe^ted  there  with  a  view  toward  cenir«-j*i 
I  tton,  and  consequently  increased  the  general 
i  vthiwmy,  fiu-nishing  light,  heat,  steam.  an4 
1  power,  njght  and  day,  summer  and  winter 
j  In  the  earlT  seventies  and  eighties  power  waa 
I  fnrn!«»>"d    bv    ne".iK    of    rope    transmission. 

■    in    the    nineties 

iig  olfcctrieity  for 

pv»rpoit»'a.   '  Mr. 

idea    adc-j»te<l    by 

l;'"-  '  ■  '''<■  v-oun- 

try  .  i^^i^j, 

ar*^  -   lufcsight 

^'*''  U)r  many  of 

-*"•      ;  ,1    m    Chicago 

at  \hi^  iiiu<-.  hi  iKiK-t  hf  mired  from  the 
machinery  business  to  devote  his  time  exclu- 
sively to  his  large  r!?al  estate  holdings  on  the 
West  Side,  which  v,o:;  for  him  the  distinction 
of  being  called  "The  Father  of  the  West 
Side  ■'  The  magnitude  of  theae  interests  was 
considerable,  yet  so  thoroughly  systematized 
were  his  affairs  that  he  handled 'them  with 
ease.  Mr.  Springer  was  a  man  of  simple 
tastes  and  quiet  demeanor,  but  whose  strong 
personality  impressed  itself  upon  his  asso- 
ciates, emphasizing,  in  a  marked  degree,  pre- 
cision, prudence,  and  determination.  He  pos- 
sessed a  faculty  for  persistent  and  indefat- 
igable application,  and  displayed  the  intrin- 
sic worth  and  force  of  his  character,  combined 
with  such  a  remarkable  degree  of  good  jvidg- 
ment  that  his  advice  and  co-operation  xipon 
intricate  business  relations  were  highiy  vaUtod 
by  ali  who  came  in  contact  wKh  hnr.  Thrtt: 
he  did  more  than  any  other  man  t"  -h  v-'lop 
the  We.^t  Side,  m  Chieag*/.  wber*'  hi*  lu^.at; 
facturing  properly  v.fc=»  K>*.-i'*»d.  tj-  o*h'  <-fiW^. 
He  was  an  eifieicfft  f,-»r«;f^  '.tjipelicd  by  .*  j;?-  • 
gressive  *<pir»i  &rii\  g\*jii^i  *i*  vrvuaen-si.^'v 
ideas.  He  nevr  iniT^'ic^d  \n  »*c-Jji?ivr;-.  n- -  ^ 
used  to?>»e<-o  s.-r  in*uxii".*n.»ig  liqU'Tfi  in  i*r: 
form,  and  was  uppot>ed  I.,  ali,  ifri,;*?  ..f  :»r'!4i': 
and  pretense  Mr  ^prini^s.-r  vva*i  a  meirdHT 
of  the  EpiscojmJ  ('hur'li,  nno  ?  lioi-ra!  a\i\' 
porter  of  m,any  ^v^.rtby  hpn^ivolcnt  organija- 
tions.  On  4  Aprti,  l8;»o,  lie  married  Miss 
Marguerite,  daughter  of  John  V.  and  Mary 
P.  (Fergusiori )  MagiimeHs,  of  Newark,  Ohio. 
He  was  survived  by  his  widow  and  one  daugh- 
ter, Frances,  wife  of  Edwin  1).  Keith,  of 
Chicago 

SPRINGER.  Marguerite  Warren,  wife  of 
Wajren  Springer  (q.v.),  b.  in  Newari<.  Ohi-. 
27  March,  1S72.  daughter  of  d<din  V.  and  Mnry 
F.  (I'crgii.'^on)  Maginness  Through  her  fntlur 
she  is  a  descendant  of  one  of  the  oidcj^f  mid 
proudest  families  of  Ireland,  whih*  hor  ntoth.-r"^ 
ancestry  ia  traced  to  Major  Ferguiion.  otic  of 
the  liit»t  six  in  PpunsylvaniR  to  sign  thf 
membership  roll  in  t)io  Cin.^innn'i,  of  wlii.h 
he  '.vas  a  founder  Her  i-uvironincnt  ii^  a 
child  was  not  on«-  of  tins  pr",,ri-"^iv.'  it.k'-\  '-tit 
rather  of  a  realm  of  tlic  p  ist  she  vmi-  .du 
cated  in  a  convent,  nnd  ^' ^k n  oo*  m  ^^iiI  re 
vealed  Rn  tjnn«ual  m* ••'^"•<t  in  th.-  t'n'ii  prcl. 
leniH  vf  th."  '':;'••  Mr  ^i-i  i!i>.'.T  .m'^.i;-.,!  i;i 
varied  <^<lu ■•  «*  !"!'<»1  ■'■•i!^  in  c.nt..  <•(  i.n  wit'i 
pr()miii»MO.  rt'forii'  in.. \  ••:!:•!.  (.-.  lo  <••  ti^^' rv  tu.' 
iru"  M-ini  and  .Mfid  ■( '.ii'^-  •  I'  hon.f  tn.'  t*-  iul 
lilr       S!'."    i-    oil--   of   til.'    !..')t:.i    .f    iM.».i";'.|-M   <i 

Inf.,  :i,     ;i'd     -tni»'     r,'.i^    it,     '>!     >  ii>      iHiurM     "^^ 

4;i7 


BICKFORD 


HARRISON 


ing  voice,  she  is  a  most  fascinating  lecturer, 
deeply  interested  in  questions  which  are  claim- 
ing the  most  serious  attention  of  the  learned 
men  of  the  day.     ^Exceedingly  original  in  her 
thought,    it    is    a    delight    to    hear    her    speak 
either   from   the   platform   or    in   private   life, 
while  her  subtle  wit  and  vitriolic  satire  give 
zest  to  her  most  ordinary  conversation.     Dr. 
Oscar    L.    Triggs,    of    the    University   of    Chi- 
cago,   dedicated    his    book,    "  Chapters    in    the 
History  of  the  Arts  and  Crafts  Movement,"  to 
her,  on  account  of  her  devotion  to  Industrial 
Art.     Mrs.  Springer  is  a  member  of  the  Chi- 
cago   Press    League,   and   an    active   organizer 
of     the     "  Fields     and     Workshops     Society," 
which   is   international   in   its  scope,   and   has 
among  its  members  many  prominent  men  and 
women    of    the    country.      She    is   a    womanly 
woman  of  exquisite  taste  and  refinement,  and 
is   interested    in    the    beautiful   and    rare   and 
unique.     Mrs.  Springer  is  the  owner  of  many 
valuable  pieces  of  ancestral  pewter,  priceless 
China,  matchless  homespun  linen  and  antique 
copper  and  silver  vessels,  the  accumulation  of 
centuries.      There    are    few    women    so    well 
versed  in  all  things  antique  as  Mrs.  Springer, 
and  it  is  an  education  to  listen  to  her  tell  of 
Colonial     times    and     customs.       Among    her 
treasures  is  an  old-fashioned  cabinet,  crowded 
with  ancient  blue  dishes,  wonderful  heirlooms 
from  her  great-grandmother.     She  has  added 
to    this    wonderful    collection    three    pieces    of 
early  Delft,  the  first  china  plates  for  which  she 
paid  $1,500.     A  mahogany  table,  with  a  cen- 
tury or  two  of  years  its  dower,  and  a  collec- 
tion of  all  sorts  of  rare  curios,  are  her  delight. 
Possibly  her  most  valued  possession  is  an  im- 
mense four-posted  bed,  on  which  George  Wash- 
ington   slept.      Proud    of    her    ancestry,    her 
greater  pride  is  in  the  possibilities  of  the  pres- 
ent and  their  achievement.     Mrs.  Springer  is 
a  graduate  physician,  and  among  her  diplomas 
and  certificates  those  most  highly  prized  are 
a  special  certificate  in  gynecology  and  abdom- 
inal   surgery    and    the    authority    to    practice 
medicine  and  surgery  in  the  State  of  Illinois. 
Mrs.   Springer  has  done  excellent  service,  not 
only    in    educational    movements,    but    for    all 
municipal,     national,     and     patriotic     causes. 
Alike  by  ancestry,  by  taste,  by  study  and  con- 
viction, she  is  a  true  American  patriot.     She 
combines    the    characteristics    of    the    refined 
woman,  the  cultured  scholar,  and  the  devoted 
friend.      She    possesses    great    benevolence    of 
heart  and  believes  in  practical  charity.     Since 
the   death   of   her   husband,   she   has   been  ac- 
tively engaged  in  the  management  of  his  vast 
business  interests.     She  is  a  woman  of  wide 
business  capacity,  and  many  of  the  most  dis- 
couraging   difficulties    have    been    surmounted 
by   her    determination,    self-reliance,   and   un- 
usual energy. 

BICKFORD,  Walter  Mansur,  lawyer,  public 
official,  b.  in  New^burgb,  Me.,  25  Feb ,  1852,  son 
of  John  Mansur  and  Hannah  Folsom  (Brown) 
Bickford.  He  is  descended  from  a  long  line 
of  American  ancestors  originally  English  set- 
tlers of  Colonial  days.  John  Mansur  Bickford, 
the  father,  was  engaged  in  the  lumber  business 
in  Penobscot  County,  Me.,  bvit  during  his 
later  years  he  retired  and  devoted  himself  to 
his  farm  at  Newburgh.  Having  passed 
through  the  elementary  grades  of  the  local 
schools,  Mr.  Bickford  entered  the  East  Maine 


Conference  Seminary,  at  Bercksport,  where  he 
studied  for  some  years.     Later  he  continued 
his  studies  at  the  Central  Institute,  Pittsfield, 
Me.,    meanwhile    reading    law    with    avidity, 
for  he  had  determined  to  prepare  himself  for 
the   legal    profession.      In    1878   Mr.    Bickford 
passed    his    final    examinations    and    was    ad- 
mitted to  practice  before  the  bar  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, whither  he  had  removed  by  this  time. 
But    he    did    not 
immediately     be- 
gin   to    practice. 
The    call    of    the 
West     was    very 
strong  still  with 
young  Americans 
of       that       day, 
though   the   rail- 
road    was     now 
completed.       Mr. 
Bickford   decided 
to  go  West.     At 
first  he  settled  in 
Colorado,      open- 
ing  a    law   office 
at    Robinson,    in 
that    State,    but' 
he    did    not    re- 
main    there    long.      Montana,    then    still    a 
Territory,    was   very   sparsely   populated,    but 
gave    promise    of    rapidly    developing    oppor- 
tunities.     Mr.    Bickford    decided    to    remove 
to     Montana.       Nor     had     he     been     deceived 
by    his    judgment.      In    Montana    he    settled 
and    in    Montana    he    remained    for    the    rest 
of    his    life,    rapidly    attaining    those    objects 
to  which  he  had  aspired.     He  was  a  member 
of    the    last    Montana    territorial    council,    in 
1888,  and  a  delegate  to  the  Constitutional  Con- 
vention, held  in  the  following  year,  when  the 
territory  had   finally  been  admitted  to  state- 
hood.    In  1892  he  was  sent  as  executive  com- 
missioner for  Montana  to  the  Columbian  Ex- 
position at  Chicago.     At  the  first  state  elec- 
tion in  Montana  he  was  a  candidate  for  the 
office    of    supreme    judge,    on    the    Democratic 
ticket,  but  failed  of  election.     At  the  present 
time  he  is  a  member  of  the  State -Fish  Com- 
mission.    On  16  Oct.,  1878,  Mr.  Bickford  mar- 
ried Emma  S.   Woodford,  daughter  of  Cyrus 
Filmore  Woodford,  of  Jamestown,  N.  Y.     They 
have  had  one  daughter,  Edith  May  Bickford, 
now  Mrs.  William  Larkin  Murphy. 

HARRISON,  Jesse  Burton,  publicist,  b.  in 
Lynchburg,  Va.,  7  April,  1805;  d.  in  New 
Orleans,  8  Jan.,  1841.  His  father,  Samuel 
Jordan  Harrison  (1771-1846),  who  had  been 
born  on  the  plantation  known  as  Skimino,  in 
York  County,  Va.,  was  fifth  in  descent  from 
Richard  Harrison,  of  Colchester,  England^  who, 
in  1634,  settled  in  Virginia,  where  for  nearly 
200  years  he  and  his  descendants  planted 
tobacco.  Through  his  mother,  Samuel  Jordan 
Harrison  was  descended  also  from  Samuel  Jor- 
dan, of  "  Beggar's  Bush "  and  "  Jordan's 
Jorney "  on  the  James  River,  a  pioneer  ad- 
venturer to  Virginia  and  a  member,  in  1619, 
of  the  House  of  Burgesses,  the  earliest  rep- 
resentative assembly  convened  in  America. 
To  this  Samuel  Jordan  is  attributed  the  tract, 
"A  Discovery  of  the  Barmudas  Otherwise 
Called  the  He  of  Divels,"  which  was  hawked 
in  the  London  streets  in  1610,  and  doubtless 
inspired  Prospero's  bidding  to  Ariel  "  to  fetch 


498 


HARRISON 


HARRISON 


lew  from  the  still  vexed  Bermoothes."     Sam- 
lel  Jordan  Harrison  was  the  first  of  his  race 
10    leave   the    family    homestead    in    Skimino. 
n    1790    he    went    "West"    and    engaged    in 
'usiness  as  a  tobacco  merchant  in  Lynchburg, 
ilere  during  the  remainder  of  a  long  life  he 
lived  and  prospered,  being  in  a  large  way  of 
'business,  the  accredited  agent  of  the  French 
overnment,    and   one    of   the    earliest    manu- 
iacturers  of  tobacco  in  America.     He  was  a 
country  neighbor  of  President  Thomas  Jeflfer- 
son,  with  whom  he  maintained  a  steady  friend- 
hip   and  correspondence  during  many  years. 
Tesae  Burton  Harrison  was  given  an  imusual 
opportunity   of   education.     After   graduation 
at  Hampden-Sidney  College,  in  1821,  he  went, 
on    President    Jefferson's   recommendation,    to 
Harvard,  and  with  his  letters  of  introduction 
to  Prof.  George  Ticknor.    Among  the  Jefferson 
papers  in  the  State  Department  at  Washing- 
ton is  a  lively,  if  somewhat  sophomorie,  letter 
iescribing  the   college   life   in   New    England, 
ddressed   by  Jesse   Burton   Harrison  to   Mr. 
iefferson  and  dated  "Harvard  University  at 
Cambridge,  January  17,  '23."-  He  studied  law 
^mder  Prof.   Asahel   Stearns  and  received  an 
.L.B.,  among  the  first  degrees  in  law  granted 
t    Harvard,    but   he   evidently   carried   away 
iiore  inspiration  from  the  lectures  of  the  hril- 
lant  young  German-bred  professor  of  belles- 
ttres,  George  Ticknor.     On  31  March,  182.5, 
e    was    admitted    to    the    Virginia    bar    and 
'uring  the  ensuing   four  years  practiced  his 
rofeasion,  but  spent  much  time  in  the  house- 
lolds  of  Mr.  Jefferson  and  Mr.  Madison,  from 
^  hom  he  imbibed  political  wisdom  in  familiar 
intercourse.      During    this    period    began    his 
relations  with  his  cousin,  Henry  Clay,  and  his 
earliest  political  writing.     His  "  Discourse  on 
the  Prospect  of  Letters  and  Taste  in  Virginia  " 
was  widely  read,  and  quoted,  and  brought  him 
into  contact  with  the  gifted  Hugh  S.  Legar^, 
of  South  Carolina,  who  enlisted  him  as  a  con- 
tributor to  the  "  Southern  Review,"     He  took 
an  active  part  in  the  affftirs*  of  the  American 
Colonizatior  '^'        '  '  nrsi  in  its  organ, 

the   "  Afri  Colonial    Jour- 

nal,"   in    .-.  •   .,  -    .,...,......;    and   editorially 

>mmended  speeches  against  the  institution  of 

iavery.     This  interest  brought  him  into  cor- 

'  spondence  with  Thomas  Babington  Macaulay. 

ie  later  contributed  to  the  "  American  Quar- 

rly  Review,"  for  December,  1832,  an  impor- 

ant   article   on   the   economic  aspects  of   the 

Iavery  question,   which  made  his  first  large 

putation  as  a  publicist.     In  1829  Jesse  Bur- 

•  >n  Harrison  followed  in  the  footsteps  of  Pro- 

asor  Ticknor  and  embarked  for  a  residence  at 

he  University  of  Gottingen  and  a  grand  tour. 

-fter  an   interesting  and  dramatic  encounter 

ith  Col.  Aaron  Burr,  in  New  York,  he  found 

imself   launched    in   polite    society    in   Paris. 

it    LaFayette's    evening    parties    he    met    the 

lu  monde,  consorted  with   Talleyrand,   Ben- 

lin    Constant,    and   Cuvier;     saw    Taglioui 

inee;  heard  Sontag  and  (5arcia  sing,  and.  ai 

the  play  saw  Mile.  Mars.     He  visited  the  Uni   | 

ies    of    Bonn    and    Jena,    made    the    ac- 

iance     of     Schlegel,     the     translator     of 

.  speare,  and  of  Luden,  the  historian,  and  i 

ached  Gottingen   in   Sei)tember,   1820.     Here 

«tudied    under    Blunw-nbaoh,    Dissen,    and 

Id,  and  made  the  traditional  pedestrian  i 

■  ion   in   the   Harz   Mountains.     He   waa 


I  presented  at  the  grand  ducal  court  at  Weimar 
!  and  had  the  honor  of  meeting  Goethe,  of  which 
I  occasion  he  left  a  pleasant  description  which  iA 
!  included  in  the  standard  edition  of  Goethe's 
j  ccnversations.  After  an  extended  tour  in 
j  Italy,  he  stopped  in  Paris,  attended  and  spoke 
'  at  public  dinners  celebrating  the  Revolution 
of  July,  and  made  his  way  to  England,  where 
he  was  entertained  by  Samuel  Rogers,  the  poet. 
Hia  impresisions  of  England  were  not  sym- 
pathetic, as  is  revealed  in  his  slashing  article 
on  "  English  Civilization "  which  was  pub- 
lished in  the  "  Southern  Review "  for  Febru 
ary,  1832.  On  reaching  home  in  June,  1831, 
Burton  Harrison  found  Virginia  at  her  lowest 
economic  ebb  and  determined  to  seek  his 
career  in  the  "  Southwest,"  as  so  many  young 
Virginians  were  then  doing.  On  the  advice 
of  Henry  Clay,  he  established  himself  at  the 
bar  in  New  Orleans,  nnd  declined  to  write  a 
"  Life  of  Thomas  Jefferson  "  on  the  invitation 
of  Jefferson's  family,  because  under  Mr.  Clay's 
influence  he  had  become  confirmed  in  Whig 
political  principles.  He  was  a  delegate  from 
Virginia  to  the  Baltimore  Convention,  which 
formally  founded  the  National  Republican 
party  and  nominated  Henry  Clay  for  the 
presidency.  He  then  became  a  friend  and  asso- 
ciate in  various  literary  ventures  of  Salmon 
P.  Chase.  At  New  Orleans  he  immediately 
became  identified  with  the  community,  lec- 
tured at  Jefferson  College,  bearing  the  prin- 
cipal role  in  the  foundation  of  the  I-.onisiana 
Historical  Society,  ^and  laid  the  fotiadatiau 
of  a  strictly  profesiiiiori;''  ;'ioti  by  edit- 

ing and  condensing  i  bc„  taw  re{«>rt« 

in  a  form  whtth  wa«  ■>•'-.  '^   rjty  tor 

man ,^  years  thereafter.    Ib  1^.  ,'%  i»ttj|' 

gflStioD.  he  assumed  the  ed.:  .  :.  .  ,  uuot  c.f 
the  Whig  organ,  the  "  Louisiana  AdTPfliser ./' 
during  the  campaign  against  Jackson.  He 
wrote  with  spirit,  with  good  manners,  and 
with  good  humor,  but  he  hit  hard.  He  con- 
ducted a  political  correspondence  with  the 
leaders  of  the  Whig  party  ai!  over  the  coun- 
try, which  constitutes  an  important  part  of 
the  "  Burton  Harrison  Collection  "  M8S.  now 
in  the  Library  of  Congress.  In  such  endeavors 
he  contracted  yellow  fever  and  died  before  he 
had  completed  his  thirty-sixth  year.  A 
protege  of  Judge  Alexander  Porter,  his  po- 
litical future  was  ripening  and,  indeed,  was 
assured,  but  he  did  not  live  to'  take  the  seat 
in  the  Senate  of  the  United  States  for  which 
his  party   intended  him. 

HARRISON,  Burton  Norvell.  lawyer,  b.  in 
New  Orleans,  14  July,  1838;  d.  in  VVarihing- 
ton,  D,  C.,  29  March,'  1904.  Hit*  fatht^r.  Jeaae 
Burton  Harrison  (q.v),  died  in  1841,  leaving 
him  in  the  <'hart!e  of  las  widowed  tu<<tht.T, 
whose  father,  of  Virginia  stock,  bnd  bnen  long 
estaliliHhed  at  New  Orleanw,  having  si-rved 
under  Genera t  Jackson  at  tlie  battle  in  ISU. 
Burton  N.  liarrison  wnt»  pre]iared  for  college 
in  iMarylantl.  entered  the  UiiivcrHity  of  Mis.sis- 
sipjti,  ntid  then<;e  went  to  Yale  (\>Jlc}i;o.  where 
he  \>iiH  graduated  with  th«^  rlnnH  of  is.",!).  .\t 
Vale  his  career  was  distinguiHhed  by  college 
h<H!orM.  he  was  prcsidenl  of  Linonia.  nn  editor 
of  the  "  f.it,"  a  meniiier  of  Skull  and  Bones, 
juid  of  IMii  Bi'ta  Kappa,  and  if  wan  ♦'rom 
\ule  fluvf  he  brought  the  air  of  *' Lauriger 
Herat  iuM'  iato  the  Cary  hou.'^ehold  in  Balti- 
more where  it  was  wedded  to  nandall'rf  verses. 


499 


HARRISON 


HARRISON 


"Maryland,  my  Maryland,"  as  a  memorable 
war  song.  From  Yale  College  he  returned  to 
the  University  of  Mississippi  as  assistant  pro- 
fessor of  mathematics,  intending  to  study  law 
and  go  to  the  New  Orleans  Jbar,  where  his 
father's  reputation  held  a  place  for  him.  So 
engaged,  he  heard  the  news  of  the  fall  of  Fort 
Donelson  in  February,  1862,  the  tocsin  which 
called  the  young  men  of  the  Southwest  to 
arms.  Being  about  to  enlist  in  the  Washing- 
ton Artillery  of  New  Orleans,  Burton  Harri- 
son was  suddenly  and  quite  unexpectedly  sum- 
moned by  a  message  from  his  friend,  L.  Q.  C. 
Lamar,  to  come  to  Richmond  for  service  as 
private  secretary  to  the  President  of  the  Con- 
federate States.  He  went,  and  though  several 
times  he  sought  leave  to  resign  in  order  to 
take  service  in  the  field,  he  remained  a  mem- 
ber of  Mr.  Davis'  oflScial  staff  to  the  end.  His 
relations  with  the  Chief,  as  he  always  termed 
Mr.  Davis,  were  intimate  and  cordial,  both 
oflBcially  and  personally.  Toward  all  the  pub- 
lic men  of  the  Confederacy  he  also  acquitted 
himself  with  credit  and  universal  approval. 
He  made  friends  in  all  the  political  circles  at 
Richmond,  and  Mr.  Davis,  who  felt  the  weight 
of  a  growing  unpopularity  as  the  war  pro- 
gressed, leaned  upon  him  heavily.  His  part 
in  the  events  following  the  debacle  of  the  Con- 
federacy is  told  in  his  story  of  the  "  Cap- 
ture of  Jefferson  Davis,"  which  was  published 
in  the  "  Century  Magazine "  for  November, 
1883,  the  only  record  of  his  war  experience 
Burton  Harrison  was  ever  induced  to  write. 
He  was  made  prisoner  with  the  President  and 
his  family  near  Irwinville,  Ga.,  on  10  May, 
1865,  and,  separated  from  his  Chief,  was  im- 
mured in  the  Naval  Penitentiary  at  Washing- 
ton. His  painful  and  humiliating  adventures 
in  "that  filthy  monument  to  vulgar  crime" 
have  been  related  with  stirring  sympathy  by 
his  wife  in  her  "  Recollections,  Grave  and  Gay." 
Later  he  was  removed  to  solitary  confinement 
at  Fort  Delaware,  where  he  spent  nine  months, 
being  held,  without  any  preferred  charges, 
after  all  other  political  prisoners,  except  Mr. 
Davis,  had  been  released,  while  the  authori- 
ties at  Washington  made  up  their  minds 
whether  they  should  or  should  not  attempt  a 
criminal  prosecution  for  participation  in  a 
political  revolution.  In  the  end  he  was  set 
free  without  condition,  a  result  accomplished 
largely  by  the  solicitation  to  President  John- 
son of  the  venerable  Francis  Preston  Blair, 
Sr.,  and  by  the  recommendation  of  his  father's 
friend,  Chief  Justice  Chase.  While  at  Fort 
Delaware,  his  Yale  College  classmates,  Eugene 
Schuyler  and  S.  Davis  Page,  had  managed  to 
supply  him  with  law  books,  and  so  he  laid  the 
foundation  of  his  legal  education,  afterward 
completed  under  Charles  O'Conor  in  New  York. 
His  original  plan  had  been  to  return  to  New 
Orleans,  where  Judge  John  A.  Campbell,  who 
had  been  a  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
United  States  before  the  war  and  resigned  to 
become  assistant  secretary  of  war  in  the  Con- 
federacy, invited  him  to  enter  a  law  partner- 
ship, but  he  determined  eventually  to  seek  his 
career  out  of  the  South  and  in  New  York. 
After  a  tour  of  Europe  in  the  summer  of  1866, 
he  was  admitted  to  the  New  York  bar.  During 
the  first  six  months  he  devoted  himself  under 
Charles  O'Conor  almost  exclusively  to  the 
negotiations  and  legal  procedure  for   the  re- 


lease of  Mr.  Davis  from  his  imprisonment  at 
Fortress  Monroe,  and  when  that  was  at  last 
accomplished  in  1868,  turned  to  the  building 
of  his  own  fortunes.  In  the  public  interest 
he  took  an  important  part  in  the  impeach- 
ment of  Judge  McCunn,  in  1872.  In  the  sum- 
mer of  1875,  he  became  secretary  and  counsel 
of  the  first  Rapid  Transit  Commission  of  the 
city  of  New  York,  whose  recommendations  re- 
sulted in  the  building  of  the  elevated  rail- 
roads. In  time  he  became,  and  long  continued 
to  act  as,  counsel  of  several  of  the  largest 
public  service  corporations,  but  he  always  fol- 
lowed the  tradition  of  the  old-fashioned  bar- 
rister and  practiced  alone,  not  as  one  of  a 
large  firm  of  associated  lawyers.  He  took 
an  active  part  in  politics  when  he  first  came 
to  New  York,  but  soon  eschewed  them  largely 
by  reason  of  his  disappointment  at  the  loss 
of  opportunity  of  the  Democratic  party  result- 
ing from  the  manner  in  which  Mr.  Tilden's 
campaign,  to  which  he  had  ardently  lent  him- 
self, was  conducted,  and  so  without  regret  de- 
clined offers  of  political  preferment,  notably 
Mr.  Cleveland's  invitations  that  he  should 
become  Assistant  Secretary  of  State  and  later 
Ambassador  to  Italy.  His  profession  took 
him  frequently  afield  and  he  traveled  much  in 
various  parts  of  the  world,  but  he  became  an 
inveterate  New  Yorker  and  was  a  constant 
frequenter  of  clubs. 

HARBISON,  Constance  Cary,  author,  wife  of 
Burton  N.  Harrison,  b.  in  Fairfax  County,  Va., 
was  the  daughter  of  Archibald  Cary  and  Mo- 
nimia  Fairfax,  and  so  is  a  representative  of 
two  of  the  small  group  of  families  which  domi- 
nated Virginia  socially  and  politically  during 
the  eighteenth  century.  She  has  recorded  the 
picturesque  and  varied  incidents  of  her  active 
life  in  her  "  Recollections,  Grave  and  Gay," 
which  was  the  last  book  of  a  prolific  pen  dur- 
ing many  years.  Her  novels,  her  historical 
studies,  her  plays,  her  essays,  have  all  made 
her  name  well  known  to  a  wide  public.  The 
best  known  are :  "  Woman's  Handiwork  " ; 
"  Old-Fashioned  Fairy  Books";  "Folk  and 
Fairy  Tales  ";  "  Bar  Harbor  Days  ";  "  The  An- 
glomaniacs  " ;  "  Flower-de-Hundred  " ;  "  Sweet 
Bells  Out  of  Tune";  "Crow's  Nest  and  Bell- 
haven  Tales";  "A  Daughter  of  the  South"; 
"A  Bachelor  Maid";  "An  Errant  Wooing"; 
"A  Merry  Maid  of  Arcady";  "A  Son  of  the 
Old  Dominion  " ;  "  Good  Americans  " ;  "A 
Triple  Entanglement";  "A  Russian  Honey- 
moon "  ( play ) ;  "  Little  Comedies  for  Ama- 
teur Acting";  "The  Circle  of  a  Century"; 
"  A  Princess  of  the  Hills  " ;  "  The  Unwelcome 
Mrs.  Hatch"  (play);  "Latter-Day  Sweet- 
hearts " ;  "  Transplanted  Daughters  " ;  "  Recol- 
lections, Grave  and  Gay." 

HARRISON,  Fairfax,  railroad  president,  b. 
in  New  York,  13  March,  1869,  son  of  Burton 
Norvell  and  Constance  (Cary)  Harrison. 
He  was  graduated  at  Yale  College'  in  1890; 
studied  law  at  Columbia;  was  admitted  to 
the  New  York  bar  in  1892,  and  later  entered 
railroad  service  in  the  law  department  of  the 
Southern  Railway  Company  at  Washington, 
D.  C.  He  became  assistant  to  the  president 
in  1903,  under  the  late  Samuel  Spencer,  vice- 
president  in  1906,  and  in  1910  was  transferred 
to  Chicago  as  president  of  the  Chicago,  In- 
dianapolis and  Louisville  Railway  Company 
(Monon).     In  1913,  on  the  death  of  W.    W. 


500 


"^  ol<Aj-(X/t_fiC       "^c/Zrp^vM.^?ta^ 


GOODMAN 


GOODMAN 


b'inley,  he  was  elected  preaident  i.»f  i-h- 
crn  Railway  Company  am^  '■»  '■«•  -<>  <- 
panics.      He  has  product*! 
tory  of  the  Southern  Kan. 
Harrisons  of   Skimino,"   "  Kuauti^ 
agement,"  and  a  variety  of  paper  -^ 
classical,    and   agricultural    subjo 
sides  at  Belvoir,  Fauquior  Count;. 
HAREISON.  Francis  Burton,  k 
New  York,  18  Dec,  187:i,  son  of   . 
'11  and  Constanoe   (Cary)   Har'-i 
raduated  at  Yai<'  CulJi'^,r  in  i 
,L  the  New  York  Law  iSehool, 
s  instructor  in  the  night  8cho<jl  lor  severai 
oars,  and  was  admitted  to  the  New  York  bar 
n    1898.     In  June,   1898,  he  enliBted   for  the 
>panish  War  as  private  in  Troop  A,  New  York 
olunteer    Cavalry,    and    was    later   promoted 
:  >  be  captain  and  A.  A.  G.     In  1903  he  was 
elected  as  a  Democrat  to  be  Representative  in 
Congress  from  the  Thirteenth  New  York  Dis- 
trict, and  served  in  the  Fifty-eighth,  Sixtieth, 
Sixty-first,  Sixty-second,  and  Sixty-third  Con- 
irresses.      During    his    last   term    he    was   the 
atron  of  the  bill  enacted  and  known  as  the 
iarrison  law  for  the  prevention  of  the  abuse 
f  drugs,  a  notable  piece  of  constructive  social 
.  ogislation.     He  served  as  the  second  in  rank 
u  the  Ways  and  Means  Con'raittee,  introtuK 
ug  and  carrying  through  the  chemical  8ots=.-<l- 
ale  of  the  UnderwiK>d  turhl".     Ho  vras  Deiira^'  j 
cratic    candidate    for    iiout'^nant  gov- » uor    ui  \ 
New  York  in  1904.     In  J'.'l.H  ho  was  :s.ppoiatc<l  • 
governor -general     (tf     the     Philippine     IslandH 
and  is  still  (1917)  serving  in  that  capacity. 

OOODMAN,    Edward,    newspaper    puMisher, 
b.    in    Clipstone,    Northamptonshire,    England, 
10   May,    1830;    d.    in   Chicago,    111.,    14   Feb., 
1911",  son  of  Thomas  and  Catherine  (Satchell) 
Goodman.      Kettering,    not    far    distant    from 
Clipstone,  in  the  early  part  of  the  nineteenth 
century  was  the  center  of  that  strong  move- 
ment of  religious  sentiment  which  was  essen- 
tially a   reaction  against  the   formalism   and 
the    autocracy    of    the    English    Established 
Church  and  an  attempt  to  return  to  the  sim- 
pler ten'tr*  of  the  original  teachings  of  Christ. 
Var)"Uc     •her  sects  participated  in  this  virile 
tendency,    but   the   Baptists   were   among   the 
most  uncompromising  and  determined.    Among 
their    leaders    were    John    Howard,    Andrew 
Fuller,   and  William   Carey.     Mr.   Goodman's 
father    was   among   the    earlier   converts    and 
took   an  active  part   in  the  movement,  being 
also  a  deacon  of  the  Baptist  chapel  at  Clip- 
stone,    non-conformist     church     organizations 
being   designated   as    chapels.      How   strongly 
the  boy  was  impressed  by  these  surroundings 
may    be    judged    from    the    following    extract 
from  his  diary:    "  1842,   in  May,  Clipstone — 
My  mother  took  me  to  Kettering.     The  great 
j;      occasion  was  the  jubilee  of  the  Baptist  Mis- 
I       fiionary  Society,   it  having  been  organized  at 
j       Kettering   2    Oct.,    1792.      The   meetings    were 
I       held    in    a    large    tent,    back    of    the    mission 
'       house  where  the  society  was  formed.     Here  I 
lieard  the  great  Baptist   ministers  speak:    J. 
'.    Mursell,    William    Knibb,    Joge))h    Angus, 
Goodwin,    Cox,    A.    G.    Fuller.    John    Howard, 
iiinton,     Eustace     Carey,     Rohjnson,     (iurncy, . 
.eynolds,   Hogg,   and  others.     At   thest    meet- 1 
ng«    I    gained    my    first    great    impression    of' 
loreign    missions,    which    has    influenced    me 
through  my  life."     At  about  the  age  of  six 


1    the    Clipstone    grammar    school, 
"'tended  until  he  was  twelve  years 
•  a  became  a  pupil  in  the  privaLt 
i.f   'hi^   Rev.  T.  T.  Gough,   the 
?tt  ClipBloae.     In 
•  n,    he    went    to 
lit,  where  he" 
to    John    W. 
;       During   the 
was   the  custom 
a  member  of 
he  attended 
,  of  which  the 
Rev,  J»ni  was  the  pastor. 

In  1846  h'  received  into  the 

church,  lii  lav  wtiiUrr  t»i  i8i>0  Mr.  Goodman's 
health  lK»gHn  to  fait,  and  in  May,  1851,  he 
definitely  gave  up  hih  work  and  went  to  Lon- 
don. The  next  three  moiuhs  he  spent  at  the 
seaside  at  Brighton,  and  returning  to  Leices- 
ter, he  consulted  a  phydician  and  was  by 
him  advised  to  makt?  a*  voyage  to  America. 
In  June,  1852,  he  embarked  from  Liverpool 
on  the  steamship  '*  Surah  Sands."  Some  years 
previously  Mr.  Goodman's  brother  Joseph  had 
emigrated  to  Americu  and  .settled  in  Chicago. 
Mr.  Goodman  spent  thv  'Aintor  months  with 
another  brother,  .^ilin  <i-n.cin»an.  in  St.  Louis, 
t'pon    li't>-   ':nftvj-)i    i  .me   con- 

!!!>. •(<■-:!     M-th     f?'"  "     now 

'-■■■■    ■•  111-'   :::t  .^<.  I,   1853, 

.Qib«tr  of  WHR  issued 

*'.'e   had  V<_  .^  i.»y   th*:   Fox 

River  Association  to  make  arraug<»m^'nt^  f<»r 
the  publication  of  a  Baptist  paper  to  pueceed 
the  **  Watchman  of  the  Prairies."  To  thig 
committee  the  subscription  list  of  tbfi 
"Watchman"  was  transferred  and  It  acror<i 
ingly  began  the  publication  of  th«-  j.aper,  ?)r 
J.  C.  Burroughs  being  chief  editor.  Mr  tjioo^i 
man  took  out  the  first  numljer  and  canvassed 
the  churches  for  subscribers.  His  efforts 
proved  eminently  !*ucre«8ful,  so  prcs«intly  he 
extended  his  tours,  and,  as  field  agent,  visited 
the  Baptist  churches  throughout  Illinois,  Wis- 
consin, and  Iowa.  During  these  tours,  which 
were  largely  on  foot  and  on  horseback,  Mr. 
Goodman's  health'  greatly  improved.  In 
Southern  Illinois  he  bought  a  horse  and  for 
about  six  months  he  rode  among  the  log 
cabin  settlers.  The  editorial  which  follows, 
printed  in  the  Benton  (111.)  "Standard"  of 
May,  1854,  when  Mr.  Goodman  was  traveling 
in  Southern  Illinois,  is  of  special  interest,  par- 
ticularly as  John  A.  Logan  was  then  editor 
of  the  paper: 

FARMERS  LOOK  OUT!! 
A  Wolf  in  Sheep's  Clothing!! 
Abolitionists  Perambulating  the  County  Utuier 
the  Garb  of  Religion 
"  A  week  ago  a  t^ery  nice  young  man  called 
at  our  sanctum  and  introduced  liiniself  as  the 
agent  for  a  religious  paper  published  at  Chi- 
cago in  this  state,  miscalUd  fh<  '  Christian 
Times'  Said  young  man's  name  is  /•?.  Good- 
mwn,  and  being  of  good  addross.  insinuated 
himself  very  soon  to  the  good  people  of  this 
town  and  county,  as  the  ran\'n88er  for  a 
purely  religious  paper, — ftcvoral  <>t  our  best 
citizens  and  farmern  were  iiulucod  t*»  sub- 
seri!)o — belie^in^  it  wafl  such  a  pa  pet  as  he 
represented  it — they  paid  him  the  money,  and 
per  last  ^^onday'ri  mail  rcroived  the  afore- 
said   *  Christian   Times.'     When    lo!    what    did 


601 


GOODMAN 


GOODMAN 


they  discover — instead  of  its  being  as  repre- 
sented by  said  Goodman,  a  purely  religious 
paper — teaching  '  joy  on  earth  and  good  will 
to  man,'  they  found  that  the  said  *  Christian 
Times '  is  conducted  by  a  thorough-going 
abolitionist,  one  who  signed  that  notorious 
memorial  to  Congress  against  Judge  Douglas' 
Nebraska  Bill — and  its  columns  teem  with 
abolition  ravings  of  the  blackest  kind 
dressed  up  in  the  garb  of  religion  in  order  to 
deceive  the  honest  but  unsuspecting  farmer 
in  the  south  part  of  the  state.  Several  of 
our  citizens  who  were  thus  duped,  have  con- 
cluded not  to  take  the  paper  from  the  Post 
Office — leaving  to  the  honesty  of  the  pub- 
lisher whether  he  will  refund  them  their 
money  or  not.  We  would,  therefore,  respect- 
fully caution  the  people  of  Williamson  and 
other  portions  of  south  Illinois  against  this 
and  all  other  perambulating  abolitionists, 
whose  sole  aim  it  is  to  agitate  and  disturb 
the  peace  and  good  feeling  of  the  country — 
and  if  possible  bring  about  a  dissolution  of 
the  Union.  Touch  not  the  unclean  thing — 
have  nothing  to  do  with  abolitionists  and 
their  publications,  even  if  they  bear  a  *  Chris- 
tian '  name — the  end  thereof  is  ruin.  We 
would  further  advise  the  said  nice  young 
man  to  go  home,  if  he  has  such  a  place — at 
all  events  he  will  find  that  southern  Illinois 
is  not  the  place  where  he  can  hawk  incendiary 
abolition  documents  with  impunity,  notwith- 
standing his  cloak  of  religion." 

Mr.  Goodman  continued  traveling,  visiting 
the  State  of  Iowa,  where  he  was  successful 
in  his  efforts,  and  he  continued  in  this  em- 
ployment for  three  years,  until  October,  1856. 
While  doing  this  work  he  traveled  700  miles. 
Meanwhile,  having  saved  his  earnings,  he 
was  able,  in  the  following  January,  to  pur- 
chase one-fourth  interest  in  the  publication 
for  which  he  had  labored.  Later  he  was 
able  to  increase  his  interest  to  one-half,  his 
partner  being  the  Rev.  Leroy  Church  and  the 
editor-in-chief  being  Dr.  Justin  A.  Smith. 
With  the  latter  especially  Mr.  Goodman  was 
very  intimate,  being  in  fact  a  member  of  his 
household.  Together  the  two  partners  strove 
to  make  of  their  publication  all  that  could 
be  desired  by  its  readers.  In  September,  1854, 
Mr.  Goodman  had  become  a  member  of  the 
First  Baptist  Church  of  Chicago,  and  in  1863 
he  was  elected  deacon  of  this  church,  an  office 
which  he  continued  to  fill  until  his  death. 
It  was  in  that  same  year  that  he  was  chosen 
treasurer  of  the  Baptist  Theological  Union, 
which  later  founded  the  Baptist  Union  The- 
ological Seminary,  now  known  as  the  Divinity 
School  of  the  University  of  Chicago.  Of  this 
organization  he  remained  treasurer  for  thirty- 
nine  years,  or  until  1902.  Mr.  Goodman  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  board  of  managers 
of  the  American  Baptist  Missionary  Union 
in  1874,  and  a  member  of  its  advisory  com- 
mittee. At  the  same  time  he  was  elected  a 
vice-president  of  the  American  Baptist  Pub- 
lication Society,  whose  headquarters  w^ere  in 
Philadelphia,  and  in  the  absence  of  President 
Croser  he  presided  at  the  annual  meetings  at 
Detroit  in  1884,  at  Saratoga  in  1885,  at 
Minneapolis  in  1887,  at  Denver  in  1893,  at 
San  Francisco  in  1899,  and  at  Detroit  in  1900. 
This  office  he  held  until  1901,  when  ill  health 
compelled  him  to  resign.     He  was  also  elected 


a  member  of  the  board  of  the  American  Bap- 
tist Education  Society,  which  in  1890 
founded  the  University  of  Chicago  and  on 
which  occasion  Mr.  Goodman  was  made  a 
trustee  of  the  new  institution.  In  February, 
1877,  Mr.  Goodman,  together  with  others, 
founded  the  Chicago  Baptist  Social  Union, 
of  which  he  was  president  during  the  years 
1881,  1882,  1887,  and  1888.  As  such  he 
introduced  to  Chicago  Baptists  many  prom- 
inent men  within  the  denomination,  such  as 
Dr.  P.  S.  Hensen,  Dr.  George  C.  Lorimer, 
Martin  B.  Anderson,  the  Rev.  Charles 
Spurgeon,  and  many  others.  At  the  De- 
cember meeting  in  1903  he  was  elected  an 
honorary  member  of  the  organization.  He 
was  also  chosen  moderator  of  the  Baptist 
General  Association  of  Illinois,  at  Joliet,  111., 
in  1888;  at  Mt.  Vernon,  111.,  in  1889,  and  at 
Elgin,  111.,  in  1890.  Meanwhile  Mr.  Good- 
man and  his  associate  had  no  small  difficulty 
in  maintaining  their  publication.  In  1864 
R.  R.  Donnelley,  of  Kingston,  Canada,  was 
induced  by  Mr.  Goodman  to  come  to  Chicago, 
and  he  joined  him  and  Leroy  Church  in 
the  printing  business  which  published  "  The 
Standard,"  whereupon  the  firm  became — 
Church,  Goodman  and  Donnelley.  Together 
the  three  partners  strove  against  financial 
difficulties.  These  were  eventually  overcome 
and  "The  Standard"  placed  on  a  self-sup- 
porting basis.  Mr.  Goodman  is  justly  entitled 
to  be  considered  a  pioneer  in  the  field  of 
denominational  church  journalism.  He  fig- 
ured prominently  in  the  development  of  the 
University  of  Chicago,  now  one  of  the  biggest 
and  most  important  educational  institutions 
in  the  country.  About  eight  weeks  before  his 
death  he  turned  over  to  Harry  Pratt  Judson, 
president  of  the  university,  who  was  one  of 
his  intimate  friends,  eight  portfolios  contain- 
ing documents,  correspondence,  and  similar 
material,  which  is  being  preserved  in  the 
institution  for  the  use  of  successive  presi- 
dents, and  was  referred  to  and  used  by  Dr. 
T.  W.  Goodspeed  in  writing  the  history  of 
the  institution,  both  old  and  new.  Among 
the  papers  are  certain  original  letters  from 
John  D.  Rockefeller  relative  to  the  original 
offer  of  $600,000,  provided  the  Baptists  of 
Chicago  raised  an  additional  $400,000.  The 
following  statement  issued  from  the  presi- 
dent's office,  on  the  occasion  of  Mr.  Good- 
man's death,  addressed  to  his  widow,  throws 
some  light  on  his  early  connection  with  the 
university:  "In  the  death  of  Edward  Good- 
man the  trustees  of  the  University  of  Chicago 
realize  that  a  life-long  friend  of  higher  edu- 
cation has  passed  away.  They  recall  that  for 
thirty-nine  years  he  was  connected  as  treas- 
urer with  the  Baptist  Theological  Union  and 
the  Theological  Seminary,  now  the  Divinity 
School  of  the  University.  The  University 
had  no  warmer  friend  or  more  faithful  trustee 
than  Mr.  Goodman.  He  served  efficiently  as 
chairman  of  the  standing  committee  on  the 
University  Press  for  many  years.  His  con- 
tinued attendance  at  the  meetings  of  the 
trustees  even  after  his  health  became  im- 
paired was  most  gratifying  to  his  associates. 
He  was  a  man  of  such  devout,  spiritual  char- 
acter that  he  was  commonly  called  upon  to 
offer  the  prayer  at  the  opening  o2  the  meet- 
ings  of   the   trustees.     Mr.    Goodman   played 


502 


LYMAN 


BOYNTON 


a  great  part  in  the  life  of  his  denomination, 
not  only  in  Chicago,  but  throughout  the  coun- 
try. In  his  death  the  Baptist  denomination 
has  lost  one  of  its  most  useful  men  and  the 
world  is  poorer  for  his  loss.  The  trustees 
extend  to  his  family  their  deepest  sympathy. 
(Signed)  T.  W.  Goodspeed,  Secretary." 
Though  a  sectarian  in  his  religious  affilia- 
tions, and  firmly  convinced  that  the  Baptist 
denomination  stood  for  a  vital  truth,  the 
quality  of  narrowness  was  entirely  absent 
from  his  religious  attitude.  He  judged  people 
of  other  denominations  by  their  sincerity 
rather  than  by  the  precise  tenets  of  their 
beliefs.  He  could  respect  men  or  women  of 
any  religion,  provided  only  that  they  were 
in  earnest.  "  To  me,"  said  Mr.  Goodspeed, 
secretary  of  the  University  of  Chicago,  in 
summing  up  Mr.  Goodman's  character,  "  the 
great  thing  was  the  spirit  of  the  man.  That 
spirit  was,  first  of  all,  profoundly  religious. 
Religion  was  the  passion  of  his  life.  To  him 
God  was  the  one  great,  ever  present  reality 
.  .  .  his  religion  was  a  religion  of  the  spirit. 
He  sought  after  the  essential  thing  in  re- 
ligion." On  30  Sept.,  1858,  Mr.  Goodman 
married,  in  Milwaukee,  Mary  Eliza  Brande. 
They  had  two  children,  Zula  Augusta  and 
Herbert  Edward  Goodman. 

LYMAN,  John  Van  Eeed,  physician  and 
surgeon,  b.  in  Pepin,  Wis.,  13  June,  1857,  son 
of   Timothy   and   Valeora   Van   Reed   Lyman. 

His  father  was  a 
clergyman  and 

superintendent  of 
the  first  colored 
schools  in  Savan- 
nah, Ga.,  after  the 
Civil  War.  He 
traces  his  descent 
from  Richard,  who 
came  to  this  coun- 
try aboard  the 
vessel  "  Lion  " 

from  Norton  Man- 
deville,  England, 
in  1631,  landing 
in    Boston,    Mass. 

ivvx  c^f******-*^  /^^y<54  tor  became  one  of 
y  ^  the    original    pro- 

prietors of  Hartford,  Conn.,  in  company 
with  sixty  other  persons  who  arrived  on 
the  same  ship,  and  made  their  way  to 
that  place  by  a  dangerous  journey  over  moun- 
tains and  through  trackless  wilderness.  The 
family  has  an  honorable  military  and  patri- 
otic record,  many  members  participating  in 
every  war  this  country  has  had.  When  John 
V.  R.  Lyman,  subject  of  this  sketch,  was  an 
infant  his  mother  died  and  he  was  given  over 
to  the  care  of  his  grandparents.  He  became 
interested  in  the  study  of  medicine  early  in 
boyhood,  but  the  finances  of  his  grandparents 
made  it  necessary  for  him  to  seek  employment 
at  the  age  of  thirteen.  He  worked  indefatiga- 
bly  at  the  odd  jobs  he  secured,  and  with  the 
money  earned  in  this  way  paid  for  his  study 
and  lecture  courses  at  the  St.  Louis  Medical 
College  and  at  the  Rush  Medical  College, 
Chicago.  In  1880  he  was  admitted  to  prac- 
tice, and  in  the  most  straightforward  en- 
deavor won  for  himself  a  high  place  among 
medical  practitioners  in  the  succeeding  years. 


He  visited  the  clinics  of  London,  Berlin,  and 
Vienna  in  1887-88,  and  has  since  made  fre- 
quent visits  to  many  other  European  and 
American  clinics.  Dr.  Lyman  is  a  man  of  tact, 
energy,  and  efficiency,  and  has  been  for  many 
years  railway  surgeon,  member  of  the  board 
of  health,  and  surgeon  for  the  Sacred  Heart 
Hospital.  Not  only  has  he  distinguished  him- 
self in  actual  practice,  but  he  has  contributed 
many  valuable  papers  to  the  medical  publica- 
tions from  time  to  time.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  National,  State,  and  County  Medical  So- 
cieties; the  Railway  Surgeon's  Society,  and 
served  also  as  president  of  the  State  Medical 
Organization.  He  was  twice  married — first  on 
7  June,  1882,  to  Maude  Kepler,  of  Eau  Claire, 
Wis.,  and  second  on  21  Aug.,  1909,  to  Mary 
Desbro  Sylvester,  of  Toronto,  Canada. 

BOYNTON,  Melbourne  Parker,  clergyman,  b. 
in  Lynn,  Mass.,  6  Nov.,  1867,  son  of  Benjamin 
(Skinner)  and  Mary  Elizabeth  (Groscup) 
Boynton.  His  father  was  an  architect  and 
builder  and  a  soldier  in  the  Union  army  dur- 
ing the  Civil  War.  Melbourne  P.  Boynton 
was  educated  in  the  public  schools  of  Vine- 
land,  N.  J.;  California  College,  Oakland,  Cal.; 
the  Divinity  School,  and  at  University  of 
Chicago,  Chicago,  111.  Later  he  attended  Des 
Moines  College,  where  the  degree  of  D.D.  was 
conferred  upon  him  on  14  June,  1911.  His 
first  charge  was  that  of  assistant  pastor  of  the 
First  Baptist  Church  in  San  Francisco,  Cal., 
of  which  church  he  became  pastor  in  July, 
1894.  Three  years  later  he  was  chosen  pastor 
of  Woodlawn  Baptist  Church,  one  of  the  most 
difficult  of  city  parishes,  which  he  built  up  into 
one  of  the  largest  and  most  successful  churches 
in  the  entire  city.  He  remained  there  more 
than  twenty  years.  Outside  of  the  regular 
work  of  a  large  city  parish,  Dr.  Boynton  has 
given  his  services  freely  in  the  interest  of 
good  government  and  the  general  public  wel- 
fare. He  has  served  as  president  of  the  Illi- 
nois Pastoral  Union;  president  of  the  Chicago 
Church  Federation  Council;  Moderator  of  the 
Chicago  Baptist  Association;  secretary  of  the 
Night  Church  of  Chicago;  chairman  of  the 
Sunday  Evangelistic  Campaign;  chairman  of 
the  Sunday  Evangelistic  Campaign  of  One 
Hundred;  president  of  the  Chicago  Ministers' 
Conference;  chairman  of  the  Baptist  Illinois 
Temperance  Committee;  secretary  of  the 
Headquarters  Committee  of  the  Illinois  Anti- 
Saloon  League;  national  trustee  of  the  Anti- 
Saloon  League  of  America,  and  president  of 
the  Illinois  Vigilance  Association.  A  note- 
worthy incident  in  his  career  as  a  pastor  was 
his  remarkable  sermon,  the  first  in  Chicago's 
fight  on  the  "  red  light  "  district,  which  was 
largely  responsible  for  the  widespread  crusade 
against  white  slavery  which  was  later  taken 
up  by  churches  and  civic  bodies  all  over  the 
United  States.  Believing  the  legislators  to 
be  the  representatives  of  the  toiling  masses, 
the  champion  of  the  poor  and  oppressed,  Dr. 
Boynton  has  been  an  active  participant  in  local 
and  State  politics,  and  was  selected  as  chaplain 
of  the  Illinois  State  senate.  In  the  vigorous 
temperance  fight  of  1916,  he  was  candidate 
for  Congress  in  the  Second  Congressional  Dis- 
trict of  Illinois.  His  campaign  speeches  were 
notable  for  brilliancy  and  their  fearless  con- 
demnation of  legislative  abuses.  Dr.  Boynton 
is  a  born  leader  of  men,  with  an  ability  to 


503 


MANTLE 


MANTLE 


succeed  where  others  fail,  a  quality  which  can 
only  be  explained  by  the  word  personality. 
As  a  preacher  and  theologian  he  presents  the 
rare  combination  of  a  liberal  head  with  an 
evangelical  heart.  Scholarly  in  attainments 
and  hospitable  to  new  truth,  he  still  retains 
his  grip  on  the  old  gospel  and  its  power  to 
save  men.  He  is  endowed  with  a  Puritan  con- 
science, but  is  also  blessed  with  a  winning  and 
conciliatory  disposition,  which  is  generous  and 
charitable  toward  those  who  differ  with  him. 
No  single  parish,  however  large,  could  confine 
or  monopolize  Dr.  Boynton's  comprehensive 
sympathy  and  abounding  energy.  In  city, 
state,  and  nation  he  is  a  force  to  be  reckoned 
with.  His  sermons,  dealing  with  moral,  civic, 
and  political  problems  of  the  day,  are  more 
widely  quoted  in  the  public  press  than  the 
utterances  of  any  other  minister  in  Chicago, 
owing  partly  to  his  ability  to  coin  picturesque 
phrases  and  siun  up  a  campaign  in  an  epi- 
gram. Always  strong  and  unequivocal  on 
every  great  moral  issue.  Dr.  Boynton  at  the 
same  time  preserves  a  poise  and  balance  which 
violent  reformers  too  often  lose.  His  capacity 
for  work  is  enormous.  It  is  this  combination 
of  inexhaustible  energy,  moral  enthusiasm, 
evangelical  fervor,  and  willingness  to  spend 
and  be  spent  in  every  good  work  which  marks 
Dr.  Boynton  as  one  of  the  most  valuable  and 
useful  men  in  his  calling.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  City  Club  of  Chicago,  and  is  fond  of  out- 
door life  and  an  adept  with  tools,  especially  in 
carpentry,  having  built  with  his  own  hands 
his  summer  home  at  Little  Point  Sable,  Mich. 
On  8  Sept.,  1892,  he  married  Hattie,  daugh- 
ter of  Thomas  Franklin  Wells,  of  Penacook, 
N.  H.,  and  they  have  two  sons,  Melbourne 
Wells  Boynton  and  Franklin  Benjamin 
Boynton. 

MANTLE,  Lee,  U.  S.  Senator,  b.  in  Bir- 
mingham, England,  13  Dec,  1851,  son  of 
Joseph  and  Mary  Susan  (Patrick)  Mantle. 
His  father  died  before  his  birth  and  the  bur- 
den of  the  sup- 
port of  the  fam- 
ily fell  to  the 
mother,  a  task 
which  she  per- 
formed courage- 
ously and  well. 
In  1864  the  fam- 
ily emigrated  to 
America  and  set- 
tled in  Salt  Lake 
City,  Utah.  Lee 
Mantle,  who  was 
then  in  his 
tenth  year,  was 
"  placed  out "  to 
work  for  his 
board  and  clothes 
and  for  four 
years  was  em- 
ployed in  herd- 
ing cattle  and  in 
farm  labor.  At 
the  age  of  sixteen  he  was  still  a  farm 
laborer  and  earning  his  board  and  $50.00 
for  his  year's  work.  About  this  time 
the  Union  Pacific  Railroad  was  completed  to 
Utah  and  young  Mantle  obtained  a  job  at 
driving  a  team,  hauling  ties,  etc.  He  was 
thus    employed   when   the   Union   and    Central 


Pacific  Railroads  met  at  Promontory,  in  Utah, 
and  were  completed  in  1869.  The  following 
year  he  walked  to  Malad  City,  a  distance  of 
125  miles,  where  he  was  given  a  job  in  driv- 
ing oxen  and  hauling  salt,  by  B.  F. 
White,  later  governor  of  Montana.  After 
two  years  he  took  up  telegraphy,  re- 
ceiving his  tuition  on  condition  that 
he  keep  the  line  in  repair  through  the 
winter.  He  learned  rapidly  and  was  finally 
given  the  position  of  general  repairer  on  the 
main  line  between  Ogden  and  Green  River  on 
the  Union  Pacific  Railroad  for  the  Western 
Union  Telegraph  Company.  After  four 
months  he  was  given  an  office  on  the  overland 
stage  line  between  Corinne,  Utah,  and  Helena, 
Mont.  During  the  following  summer  he  pur- 
chased the  Home  Station  at  Pleasant  Valley, 
on  the  apex  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  range, 
and  was  telegraph  operator,  postmaster,  and 
stage  agent;  also  acquiring  an  interest  in  the 
old  Beaver  Canyon  toll-road.  In  1887  he  dis- 
posed of  these  interests,  and  removed  to 
Butte,  Mont.,  where  he  opened  the  Wells- 
Fargo  express  office.  Two  years  later  he  was 
given  charge  of  the  first  telegraph  oflBce  opened 
at  Butte  and  also  became  that  city's  first 
insurance  agent.  About  the  year  1880,  Mr. 
Mantle  became  an  active  participant  in  the 
political  and  municipal  affairs  of  Butte,  being 
influential  in  securing  its  incorporation  as  a 
city  and  serving  as  its  first  alderman.  He 
organized  the  Inter-Mountain  Publishing  Com- 
pany and  was  business  manager  and  owner  of 
the  "  Daily  Inter-Mountain,"  the  first  daily 
Republican  newspaper  in  western  Montana, 
which  was  largely  responsible  for  shaping 
and  advancing  the  policies  of  the  party  in  the 
State.  In  1882  he  was  elected  a  member  of 
the  lower  house  of  the  territorial  legislature; 
was  renominated  in  1884,  but  defeated  because 
of  his  refusal  to  give  a  pledge  required  by 
the  gambling  element.  In  1885  Mr.  Mantle 
was  named  as  candidate  for  governor  of  Mon- 
tana, to  succeed  Governor  Crosby,  who  was 
made  First  Assistant  Postmaster-General  by 
President  Arthur,  but  the  contest  between 
eastern  and  western  Montana  occasioned  his 
defeat.  In  1886  he  was  again  elected  to  the 
legislature.  In  1887,  when  the  Northern  Pa- 
cific Railroad  Company  sought  to  secure  from 
the  government  patents  to  large  grants  of  min- 
eral lands  in  Montana  Territory,  he  was  made 
president  of  the  Mineral  Land  Association, 
formed  by  the  citizens  to  prevent  the  attempt, 
and  through  his  agency  such  a  vigorous  fight 
was  made  that  the  issuance  of  patents  to  the 
railroad  company  ceased  for  all  time.  Subse- 
quently this  movement  was  sustained  by 
the  U.  S.  Supreme  Court.  In  ^1888  Mr. 
Mantle  was  re-elected  to  the  lower  house  and 
was  the  speaker  of  the  sixteenth  and  last  ter- 
ritorial assembly.  In  1899  Montana  was  ad- 
mitted as  a  State  and  in  1890  Mr.  Mantle 
was  defeated  by  only  two  votes  for  the  United 
States  Senatorship.  In  1892  he  was  elected 
mayor  of  Butte  by  a  very  large  majority.  In 
1890  he  had  been  made  chairman  of  the  Re- 
publican State  Convention  held  at  Butte,  and 
in  1892  was  made  chairman  of  the  Republican 
State  Convention,  and  chairman  of  the  Re- 
publican State  Central  Committee,  which  se- 
cured the  election  of  Governor  Rickards.  In 
1893,  when  Senator  Sanders'  term  expired,  the 


504 


^■nf  iy  ?*•■  T£  ^  T,~  ^J-  A',  y 


(O^JLc^^l^  Mrs-fdU 


KNOVYLES 


!.>^':;  lature  failed  U> 

^.'owinov   Kickards     ' 

filJ  the  vacancy;  hiv 

the   right   of  the   jlt* 

these   conditions.      I- 

Mr.    Mantle   was    u* 

legislature  on  t'- 

ber      of    the    I 

Mantle's  c;"'    ' 

succtsaful    . 

his  partntr 

real  estate  anu 

he    managed    hi- 

business    in    insura;; 

Mountain   and  othci 

a  member  of  the   ^':. 

of  Pythias,  of  v.lu 

chancellor  for  I\I' 

of    several    soci  / 

Mountain  Club  - 

named  by  the  m 

"  Montana  Wor!. 

charp-e  of  the  State  : 

Portland,  Ore.     His: 

him  president  of   th<    <■ 

man    of    its    Executive 

him  full  charge  and  aui  . 

in  Butte,  Mont.    Fe  is  a  bachelor. 

KNOWLES,  Hiram,  lawver,  b.  in  Hampden, 

Me.,   18  Jan.,   1834;   d.  near  Dillon,  Mont.,   6 

April,.   1911,  son  of  Freeman  and  Emily  Day 

(Smith)  Knowies. 
One  of  his  an<es- 
tors  was  Rieh;«r(i 
Knowlcs,  who  came 
10  this  country 
from  Lincolnshire. 
England,  in  164.1. 
settling  ill  Plvin- 
outh.  Ma?»<  An 
other  of  hit*  an- 
cestors was  EhWr 
B  r  e  w  sTe  r  vho  c  a  m  ^ 
t  America  qu 
'  hoard  the  "  May 
flow»^r  "  \^  riou 

y  Birpm        Kiu^v  .•» 


m 

ti»- 

'  t- 

i*? 

-if. 

.d 

.u 

i  VIA*: 

'- 

^M 

■       ■■» 

•«» 

.«e 

TS 

ix^;. 

5eU- 

1   a 

Ti 

y 

o:  mo 
iiaving 
i.  '.^i    Lituie  and 
nt  otK-o  elected 
a!!'j    chair- 
arid    gave 
liie  home  is 


nir 


W«!* 

old,    his    parents    removed     to     niitu>58,    hh«  , 
later     settled     in     Iowa.       He     wa»     educat«*'l 
in   the   public   Kchoi:*!^'    of    luw«,    and    in    1850  1 
accompanied     his     fa;.h«;r     on     a     long     suul  j 
perilous    journey    acro^^    the   plains    to    CrU-  j 
I    fornia,    where    gold    had    Iteen    struck       E'on  j 
after   he   returned   to    Iowa;    a'itndfd   a    pre- • 
paratory    school,    after    M'hich    he    became    a  I 
student    in    Antioch    College,    Ohio       He    then  | 
eiitere<l  the  Law  School  at  Hxrvard  University,  \ 
where  he  was  graduated   in   1800.     Two  yearB  i 
later  he  went  to  Nevada,  and  after  praet icing  i 
three   years,   waf»   made   dist>-icl   attorney    and' 
rokite  judge  of  Humboldt  <    umty      Iv    '^"':"     ; 
removed    In    Idaiuf,    ji'id    air^-r 'i<|.,:  i.  : 
iT  in  tliat  State,  linaiiv  !oc«.:'-'!   is.   ^  ■ 
r»>  prospected,  niin^d.  ^i-'i   ;»'• 
1868    waH    cho.-:.'n    ;•.-  -.-.an 
-  -•'  --e     Court     ai     thA  .     -•:  <  .u  ■     > 

\pars.     In  IH!^^   *  i^n.  <•-«;!  a!    i.' 

,   .   iican  caiidid.'\' 
'•■  devoted  hini^*'!»  < 
-vf.     He  -.vas  apjo- 
•  Uft  bnr.v'h  in   l.-'»t,,    -i,;  (»m k  r,;^.! 
*'   Mi5^HouIa.     Jud^'<'   K"^'.  1»'H  nil) 
i^n".  bfiwh  for  hiii  laii 


ancestry  ; 

conspi^'i 

Statet^ 

of    In.! 

setts  auci 

America!! 

(q.v.),   fruin    \^  %.  .;     >    .   j      ;  ^ 

descendant,    uijw   i,-r>i    s.'i    '  ,  ,  ;;- 

land,   in   lobfi..  and  »v  •  ■  ,     >.  ..,,,./•.' 

ill   16.'^3,  willing  at    '  -ett«^  Has     nhcre 

lie   V>e<:aQU'   a   farnoud    ,  ./   of   i'dtubridgo. 

In  June,  1^3^,  he  reinoved  with  the  euiirP  con- 

grega^  i''>u.  of  whidi  he  was  pasiur,  to  the  Imiika 

of  the  Conm^eticut  River,  where  the'    fmuidod 

the  towns  of  Hartford.  Windsor,  and  Wl  Ivr.^- 

ti'^ld,     known     as     the     Cor.n  r- ;i-af 

li<x>ker'«  inilov»it«H'  «.h*»  •.  trv  ^rm' .  -i'ld 

j  identified    with    h'}    m»    ;" 

iond    r  digrcyo^    mov .  rs>t  r-. 

\  l»»Opb'    '  '■•-     "  •     ■'^'—      ' 

!  ov.  a    • 

'  ti.  ^''■■. 

■  vu'iy" 

\  Aci-n  . 

i  Fiskcs    I  ho;;;..     :  =  ^  .  s. 

I  a/Kt   drufting   'h^    '' 

I  rfc;iimf    KiH'V;  r^     - 

j  Stit'Jt  U.>n.        Ai^-  iJ. 

.  }:f->oker  is  »i  de^=< .  :,,.;.   ,,  n 

;  and  '^f  t^ov.  Mo^ef  ^Xr],  '.[i.  (  >.'  uii  ^  •.>' 

of    (  OlHrV'.^icuf.        TV:-     iolTiOr     ^^a■« 
ilie  Hign'.r.n  of  tr<-   Deohsrnij.ii 
'U)d  N.  <'rMt,jTy  of  \ht'  Ir  jisury 
ingl.on'>^  Cnbinei.  >ri  whi' !i  po 
tf«i'ird  t.y  VVa:?hInf.rt<'j.v  «>•,«•"- 
'  >n  liis  matcrij^il  f«ii; 
from    tlui   famous    1'    ■ 
t!t'cii'-ut.    whi'.  1. 
ii!    5  lie    R»'V-     ; 

Hut!^  Higtu!". 


.'(»•(■  "vhs"'- 
S.  diHtr 

•    I'/iM    boKU' 
d;  ■ '  invti  •'H 


!,'  'O 
■  i  1. 


I'h.s  iri  !;n|»ortii)fl  lit 


HOOKER 


HOOKER 


knowledge  necessary  to  become  an  engineer,  he 
took  a  course  in  the  night  school  of  the  Me- 
chanics Institute  of  that  city,  while  at  the 
same  time  completing  his  high  school  course. 
He  then  entered  the  University  of  Rochester, 
graduating  in  1891,  with  the  degree  of  A.B. 
From  Rochester  he  went  to  Cornell  for  his 
engineering  course,  where  he  was  awarded 
the  degree  of  C.E.  in  1894,  while  at  the  same 
time  the  degree  of  A.M.  Was  conferred  upon 
him  by  the  University  of  Rochester.  The 
Cornell  authorities  conferred  the  degree  of 
Ph.D.  upon  him  in  1896  for  work  in  science. 
During  vacations  young  Hooker  improved  his 
time  by  studying  field  engineering  under  the 
eminent  hydraulic  engineer,  Emil  Kuichling. 
He  had  developed  into  an  ardent  student.  His 
success  at  Cornell  won  for  him  a  traveling 
fellowship  which  enabled  him  to  pursue  his 
studies  abroad.  By  this  means  he  continued 
his  quest  for  engineering  knowledge  at  the 
Zurich  Polytechnicum,  Switzerland,  and  the 
Ecole  des  Fonts  et  Chausees,  Paris,  until  the 
age  of  twenty-seven,  when  he  returned  to 
America  equipped  with  the  most  advanced 
theories  in  engineering.  From  this  he  turned 
to  field  work  where  his  progress  was  rapid, 
and  the  ability  displayed  in  hydraulic  engi- 
neering soon  gained  for  him  a  wide  reputation. 
He  was  one  of  a  commission  of  contracting  en- 
gineers to  inspect  and  report  on  the  relative 
merits  of  the  Panama  and  Nicaragua  canal 
routes  in  1898,  and  was  appointed  deputy 
superintendent  of  Public  Works  of  New  York 
State  by  Theodore  Roosevelt,  then  governor. 
In  this  capacity,  besides  sharing  the  responsi- 
bility for  the  operation  and  maintenance  of  the 
State  canals  and  roads,  he  was  specially  en- 
gaged in  the  investigation  of  the  expenditures 
of  the  preceding  appropriation  of  $9,000,000 
for  the  improvement  of  the  Erie  Canal  system. 
Although  thoroughly  appreciative  of  the  op- 
portunity of  further  public  service,  Mr.  Hooker, 
who  had  not  been  reared  in  affluence,  was 
prompted  by  his  needs  and  knowledge  to  seek  a 
more  remunerative  field  of  activity.  He  had 
previously  found  himself  obliged  to  decline  an 
offered  professorship  at  Cornell  and  at  differ- 
ent times  the  deanship  of  the  engineering 
schools  of  two  large  universities.  In  1901  he 
terminated  his  connection  with  public  affairs 
and  interested  himself  in  timber,  mining,  and 
railroad  enterprises  in  the  Southwest.  This 
proved  a  fertile  field  for  him,  and  he  soon 
displayed  ability  of  a  high  order.  Two  years 
later  he  organized  and  became  president  of  a 
corporation  engaged  in  building  and  operating 
engineering  and  industrial  enterprises.  He  has 
since  continued  at  the  head  of  the  Development 
and  Funding  Company,  and  of  the  Hooker 
Electrochemical  Company,  which  he  organized 
shortly  afterward.  This  company  is  engaged 
in  the  decomposition  of  salt  into  caustic  soda, 
employing  electricity  in  the  process,  and  in 
making  chlorine,  the  basis  for  bleach,  w'hich  in 
turn  is  essential  to  the  paper  industry.  By 
his  special  electrical  processes  Mr.  Hooker  has 
also  made  important  advances  in  the  applica- 
tion of  crude  benzol  to  the  manufacture  of 
dyestuffs  and  explosives,  under  the  name  of 
mono-chlorbenzol.  He  has  declined  many  at- 
tractive propositions  for  the  financial  exploita- 
tion of  the  company,  and  is  planning  its  ex- 
tensive development;  in  fact,  is  building  plants 

506 


in  Japan  and  Mexico.  Mr.  Hooker  intends  to 
keep  the  enterprise  essentially  a  private  one, 
a  means  for  the  expression  of  science  as  well 
as  of  industry.  It  was  founded  only  after  a 
very  exhaustive  search  to  discover  a  business 
thoroughly  worth  while.  A  few  years  ago, 
Mr.  Hooker  was  able  to  raise  a  million  dollars 
to  hold  in  reserve  until  a  profitable  venture 
could  be  found.  After  spending  much  time 
and  monej'^  in  investigating  about  two  hun- 
dred and  fifty  enterprises,  his  training  and  ex- 
perience determined  him  to  select  the  electric 
process  of  making  soda  and  chlorine.  Per- 
plexing difficulties  incident  to  its  perfection 
frequently  arose  which  taxed  his  ingenuity — • 
once  the  entire  plant  burned  down.  Neverthe- 
less, by  persistence  and  masterful  management 
he  has  developed  the  Hooker-Electro-Chemical 
Company  into  the  largest  enterprise  of  its  kind 
in  the  world.  Its  immense  plant,  located  at 
Niagara  Falls,  covers  thirty-two  acres,  and  Mr. 
Hooker  is  still  (1917)  chief  owner  of  the  com- 
pany. His  speedy  rise  in  the  business  world 
may  be  attributed  to  a  fine  combination  of 
business  talent  and  the  rare  scientific  knowl- 
edge which  he  acquired  through  his  careful  and 
abundant  training.  He  is  the  author  of  three 
important  contributions  to  engineering  litera- 
ture :  "  Storage  Capacity  in  Lake  and  Reser- 
voirs"  (1884);  "Some  References  on  River 
Hydraulics"  (1895),  and  "The  Suspension  of 
Solids  in  Flowing  Water"  (1896).  He  has 
also  contributed  occasional  scientific  and  politi- 
cal pamphlets.  Mr.  Hooker  is  actively  inter- 
ested in  many  public-spirited  movements,  in- 
cluding the  Research  Corporation,  of  which  he 
is  president.  This  is  an  altruistic  organiza- 
tion devoted  to  the  development  of  scientific 
research,  and  provides  endowments  for  the 
purpose  when  justified  by  the  expectation  of 
adequate  benefit  to  the  community  through  the 
practical  application  of  advanced  knowledge. 
Mr.  Hooker  has  always  been  an  ardent  ad- 
mirer of  Theodore  Roosevelt,  with  whom  he 
formed  an  intimate  friendship.  Actuated  by 
an  inherent  desire  to  promote  the  public  in- 
terest, in  1912  he  allied  himself  with  the  Pro- 
gressive party.  Mr.  Hooker  acted  as  chair- 
man of  the  Finance  Committee  and  national 
treasurer  of  the  Progressive  party.  This  may 
probably  have  been  a  recognition  of  the  un- 
common aptitude  he  had  displayed  while  serv- 
ing as  deputy  superintendent  of  Public  Works 
of  New  York  State,  to  which  position  he  was 
appointed  by  Theodore  Roosevelt.  Notwith- 
standing the  demands  on  his  time  occasioned 
by  business  affairs,  Mr.  Hooker  was  conspicu- 
ous in  the  councils  of  the  Progressive  party, 
and,  in  1916,  his  statement  of  principles  urg- 
ing the  support  of  Charles  E.  Hughes  for  the 
presidency  was  given  wide  circulation.  He  is 
a  member  of  a  number  of  scientific  societies 
and  clubs,  including  the  honorary  scientific  so- 
ciety of  Sigma  Chi  Cornell  Association  of  Civil 
Engineers,  Lake  Mohonk  Arbitration  Confer- 
ence, National  Municipal  League,  Century 
Club,  University  Club,  Alpha  Delta  Phi,  Cor- 
nell Club,  Bankers'  Club,  Genesee  Valley  Club, 
Greenwich  Field  Club,  Greenwich  Country 
Club,  Sleepy  Hollow  Country  Club,  Meadow 
Club,  Southampton,  and  the  Seawanhaka 
Yacht  Club.  Mr.  Hooker  is  also  president  of 
the  New  York  Alumni  of  the  University  of 
Rochester,     vice-president     of     the     Associate 


GATLING 


GATLING 


Alumni  of  Cornell  University,  trustee  of  the 
University  of  Rochester,  and  president  of  the 
Society  of  the  Genesee.  On  25  Jan.,  1901,  he 
married  Miss  Blanche  Ferry,  daughter  of  the 
late  D.  M.  Ferry,  a  banker  and  seedsman  of 
Detroit,  Mich.,  and  they  are  the  parents  of 
four  children:  Barbara  Ferry  (1902),  Adelaide 
Ferry  (1903),  Helen  Huntington  (1905),  and 
Blanche  Ferry  Hooker  ( 1909 ) . 

GATLING,  Eichard  Jordan,  inventor,  b.  in 
Hertford  County,  N.  C,  12  Sept.,  1818;  d.  in 
New  York  City,  26  Feb.,  1903.  His  father, 
Jordan  Gatling,  a  man  remarkable  for  his 
energy  and  industry,  was  a  farmer  in  easy 
circumstances  and  the  owner  of  quite  a  tract 
of  land  and  a  number  of  slaves.  His  mother's 
maiden  name  was  Barnes.  Richard,  who  was 
the  third  son  of  six  children,  was  brought 
up  to  regard  labor  as  honorable,  and  economy 
a  duty;  and  it  was  impressed  upon  him  in 
youth  that  with  due  diligence  success  could 
surely  be  reached  through  these  avenues.  Not 
the  least  of  the  influences  acting  on  him  was 
the  high  Christian  character  of  his  mother. 
Every  facility  of  an  educational  character 
that  the  neighborhood  afforded,  was  taken 
advantage  of  by  him,  and  at  the  age  of  seven- 
teen, when  he  had  exhausted  the  resources  of 
the  locality,  he  was  an  unusually  bright  and 
well-informed  lad.  Never  shirking  his  duty 
on  the  farm,  he  grew  up  healthy  and  sturdy 
of  limb.  The  vitality  of  his  mind  equalled 
that  of  his  body,  and  long  before  he  was  out 
of  his  teens,  he  was  working  conjointly  with 
his  father  upon  an  invention  for  sowing  cotton 
seed,  and  also  upon  a  machine  designed  for 
thinning  cotton  plants.  The  genius  of  in- 
vention thus  aroused,  soon  exercised  itself  in 
a  variety  of  ways,  to  the  advantage  of  his 
neighbors  as  well  as  of  his  own  people,  and 
thereafter  he  never  slumbered.  Being  a  good 
penman,  young  Gatling  found  employment 
copying  records  in  the  office  of  the  county 
clerk  of  Hertford  County,  and  was  thus  en- 
gaged during  the  greater  part  of  his  sixteenth 
year.  At  the  age  of  nineteen,  he  took  a  posi- 
tion teaching  school,  but  soon  abandoned  his 
occupation  to  engage  in  merchandising,  which 
he  followed  successfully  on  his  own  account 
for  several  years.  It  was  during  this  latter 
period  that  he  busied  himself  with  the  in- 
vention of  the  screw  propeller  now  so  ex- 
tensively used  in  steam  vessels.  Having  first 
given  his  discovery  a  practical  test  attached 
to  an  ordinary  boat,  he  applied  for  a  patent, 
going  himself  to  Washington  in  1839  with  his 
model.  Upon  reaching  the  capital,  he  found 
that  a  patent  upon  the  same  applliance  had 
already  been  granted  to  another  inventor. 
Though  sadly  disappointed  to  learn  that  he 
had  been  forestalled  in  his  discovery,  he 
wasted  no  further  time  upon  the  matter,  but 
turned  his  attentions  to  other  inventions. 
Shortly  afterward  he  invented  and  patented  a 
Beed-sowing  machine  designed  for  sowing  rice, 
which  he  adapted  subsequently  to  sowing 
wheat  in  drills.  In  1844  he  removed  to  St. 
Louis  and  for  a  year  worked  as  a  clerk  in  a 
dry  goods  store.  While  thus  engaged  he  em- 
ployed a  skillful  mechanic  to  construct  his 
seed-sowing  machines  which  found  a  ready 
sale.  Interest  in  them  soon  became  so  wide- 
spread, that  in  1845  Mr.  Gatling  gave  up  his 
other  occupations  to  devote  his  whole  time  to 


their  improvement  and  sale  and  established 
agencies  in  several  of  the  principal  cities  of 
the  Northwest.  While  proceeding  from  Cin- 
cinnati to  Pittsburgh  in  the  winter  of  1845-46, 
he  was  stricken  with  smallpox,  and  as  the 
steamboat  in  which  he  traveled  was  caught  in 
the  ice  and  frozen  for  thirteen  days,  he  lay 
all  that  time  without  medical  attendance  and 
came  very  near  dying  from  neglect.  This  ter- 
rible experience  impressed  him  with  the  neces- 
sity of  acquiring  a  knowledge  of  medicine,  so 
that  he  might  be  able  to  serve  himself  and 
others  also,  should  occasion  arise.  The  leisure 
of  several  years  was  now  devoted  mainly  to 
the  study  of  medicine,  and  regular  courses  of 
instruction  were  taken  at  the  Indiana  Medical 
College,  then  at  Laporte,  and  subsequently  at 
the  Ohio  Medical  College  at  Cincinnati.  He 
completed  his  medical  studies  in  1850.  Being 
now  free  to  resume  business  operations,  he 
established  himself  at  Indianapolis  and  en- 
gaged in  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  his  seed- 
sowing  machines,  investing  his  profits,  which 
were  then  considerable,  in  real  estate  specu- 
lations and  in  aiding  in  the  construction  of 
a  number  of  the  railroads  leading  to  that  city. 
Dr.  Gatling  was  an  enthusiastic  advocate  of 
the  advantages  of  drilling  wheat  over  the  old 
method  of  sowing  broadcast,  and  he  was  the 
first  to  introduce  this  class  of  farm  imple- 
ments in  the  Northwestern  States,  and  prob- 
ably did  more  than  any  other  man  to  secure  the 
general  adoption  of  drill  culture  in  the  West. 
His  drills  for  years  took  many  medals  and 
prizes  at  thel  various  State  fairs,  and  his  skill 
as  an  inventor  received  high  recognition  from 
several  distinguished  sources,  including  a  medal 
and  diploma  from  the  Crystal  Palace,  London, 
1851,  and  a  gold  medal  from  the  American 
Institute,  New  York  City.  Another  inven- 
tion in  agricultural  machinery  produced  by 
him  about  this  time,  was  a  double-acting 
hemp -brake,  which  is  still  employed  in  some 
parts  of  the  West.  In  1849  he  conceived  the 
design  of  transmitting  power  from  one  lo- 
cality to  another,  or  rather  distributing  it 
from  a  main  source — originating  from  steam 
or  water — to  numerous  other  points  through 
the  medium  of  compressed  air  in  pipes  under- 
ground as  gas  and  water  pipes  are  laid,  a 
great  central  power  generator  thus  sufficing 
to  drive  many  smaller  engines  situated  in 
shops  and  factories  at  a  distance.  This 
method  of  using  compressed  air  is  now  em- 
ployed in  working  drills  in  mining  operations 
and  in  the  construction  of  tunnels,  etc.  For 
years  he  sought  to  obtain  a  patent  on  this 
invention,  but  was  unsuccessful,  the  authori- 
ties at  the  Patent  Office  in  Washington  deny- 
ing his  claim  on  the  ground  that  this  was  a 
discovery  and  not  an  invention.  The  plan  the 
doctor  had  in  view  at  the  time,  hqd  he  been 
successful  in  securing  a  patent,  was  to  supply 
Pittsburgh  and  other  manufacturing  centers 
with  a  cheap  and  safe  motive  power  in  com- 
pressed air  available  through  pipes  laid  under- 
ground for  driving  small  engines,  the  main 
source  of  power  being  immense  steam  engines 
erected  in  the  outskirts  of  the  city.  One  groat 
advantage  of  this  plan — in  the  utility  of  which 
Dr.  Gatling  was  still  a  firm  believer — lay  in 
the  fact  that  all  furnaces  and  coal  deposits  for 
driving  small  engines  could  be  dispensed  with, 
thus  greatly  lessening  the  risk  of  fire  and  cost 


507 


GATLING 


GATLING 


of  insurance,  and  supplying  a  reliable  motive 
power  far  cheaper  than  that  obtained  by  the 
common  system  of  independent  engines,  fur- 
naces, engineers,  etc.  Failing  to  secure  the 
protection  of  a  patent.  Dr.  Catling  abandoned 
this  scheme  after  the  expenditure  of  much 
time  and  money.  In  1857  he  invented  a 
steam  plow,  designed  to  be  operated  by  animal 
and  steam  power  combined,  but  ill  health  and 
other  causes  prevented  him  from  working  out 
the  details  of  this  machine  to  practical  re- 
sults. But  the  great  invention  of  Dr.  Gatling 
and  that  with  which  his  name  is  indissolubly 
linked  is  one  which  is  in  marked  contrast  to 
those  employed  in  the  peaceful  pursuits  of 
agriculture.  This  is  the  world-renowned 
*'  Gatling  Gun,"  one  of  the  most  terrible  en- 
gines of  modern  warfare,  the  design  of  which 
was  conceived  in  1861.  When  the  Civil  War 
broke  out.  Dr.  Catling  resided  in  Indianapolis. 
A  true  patriot,  he  closely  followed  the  events 
of  the  war  and  watched  its  progress  with  keen 
interest.  The  arrival  and  departure  of  troops 
found  him  at  the  depot  using  his  fine  powers 
of  observation,  and  constantly  on  the  alert 
for  an  idea  upon  which  he  might  build  some- 
thing of  utility  to  the  government.  One  day 
while  contemplating  the  fact  that  the  casual- 
ties in  war  resulted  chiefly  from  exposure  and 
disease,  the  thought  flashed  upon  him  that  it 
was  perfectly  possible  to  make  labor-saving 
machinery  for  war.  His  reasoning  was  to  the 
effect  that  if  one  man,  by  means  of  a  machine, 
could  do  the  work  of  a  hundred  men,  a  great 
many  could  be  withdrawn  from  the  manifold 
dangers  incidental  to  the  prosecution  of  war; 
in  other  words,  the  necessity  for  large  armies 
would  no  longer  exist.  The  idea  of  the  ma- 
chine gun  now  universally  known  as  the  "  Gat- 
ling "  gun,  was  conceived  in  1861,  and  the 
first  one  was  constructed  and  fired  by  the  in- 
ventor at  Indianapolis  in  the  spring  of  1862. 
The  test  took  place  in  the  presence  of  a 
number  of  army  officers  and  private  citizens. 
Two  hundred  and  fifty  shots  a  minute  were 
discharged  from  the  gun  with  ease.  The  ef- 
fect was  startling  and  the  invention  became 
the  talk  of  the  land.  Some  of  Dr.  Gatling's 
friends,  prompted  by  mistaken  notions  of  hu- 
manity and  for  other  reasons,  sought  to  dis- 
suade him  from  manufacturing  his  gun,  but 
believing  he  was  entirely  in  the  right,  he  al- 
lowed no  influences  to  interfere  with  the  carry- 
ing out  of  his  project.  The  gun  as  first  ex- 
hibited, although  deemed  imperfect  by  its  in- 
ventor, contained  the  main,  essential  princi- 
ple of  the  later  perfected  weapon.  During 
1862  Dr.  Gatling  constructed  several  of  his 
guns,  making  improvements  in  each.  In  the 
fall  of  that  year  he  gave  an  order  for  six  of 
them  to  the  firm  of  Miles  Greenwood  and 
Company  of  Cincinnati.  About  the  time  they 
were  ready  for  delivery,  the  factory  was 
burned,  and  the  guns,  together  with  all  the 
plans  and  patterns,  were  totally  destroyed, 
subjecting  the  inventor  to  heavy  pecuniary 
loss  and  compelling  him  to  begin  his  work  all 
over  again.  Shortly  after  this  unfortunate 
circumstance,  he  made  thirteen  of  his  guns  at 
the  Cincinnati  Type  Foundry  Works.  Some 
of  these  guns  were  finally  employed  in  active 
service  by  the  Union  forces  on  the  James 
River  near  Richmond,  under  General  Butler, 
in  repelling  attacks  of  the  rebels.    He  also  had 


twelve  of  his  guns  made  by  the  Cooper  Fire- 
Arms  Manufacturing  Company,  in  Philadel- 
phia, in  1865.  These  were  subjected  to  nu- 
merous tests  at  the  Frankford  Arsenal  and 
subsequently  at  Washington  and  Fortress 
Monroe.  The  most  severe  tests  having  proven 
entirely  satisfactory  to  Secretary  of  War 
Stanton 'and  Gen.  A.  B.  Dyer,  Chief  of  Ord- 
nance, the  arm  was  adopted  by  the  govern- 
ment. In  August,  1866,  an  order  was  given 
for  one  hundred  of  these  guns,  fifty  of  one- 
inch  and  fifty  of  fifty-one-hundredths  of  an 
inch  caliber.  They  were  made  at  Colt's 
Armory,  Hartford,  Conn.,  and  were  delivered 
to  the  United  States  authorities  in  1867.  In 
that  year  Dr.  Gatling  visited  Europe  and 
spent  nearly  a  year  and  a  half  in  bringing 
his  invention  to  the  notice  of  the  several  gov- 
ernments. He  made  a  second  trip  in  1870, 
and  upon  his  return  to  America  settled  in 
Hartford,  Conn.  He  again  visited  England 
in  1880.  Since  the  approval  of  the  Gatling 
gun  by  the  United  States  government,  it  has 
been  adopted  by  Russia,  Turkey,  Hungary, 
Egypt,  and  England.  From  the  day  it  was 
first  brought  to  public  notice,  in  1862,  down 
to  the  present  time,  it  has  been  subjected  to 
the  most  severe  tests,  both  in  Europe  and 
America,  and  has  emerged  successfully  from 
all.  In  England,  the  "  Catlings "  were  sub- 
jected to  a  general  and  exhaustive  trial  at 
the  government's  butts.  Royal  Arsenal,  Wool- 
wich, with  the  result  that  they  were  recom- 
mended by  the  authorities  and  finally  adopted. 
That  the  "Gatling"  antedates  the  French 
mitrailleuse,  is  conclusively  proven  by  docu- 
mentary evidence  that  w^as  in  possession  of  its 
inventor,  who,  communicating  with  the  artil- 
lery commission  of  the  French  army  as  early 
as  1863,  received  a  reply  asking  for  definite  in- 
formation, and  treating  the  invention  as  per- 
fectly novel  and  original.  Since  that  time  the 
gun  has  been  examined  and  tested  by  commis- 
sions from  every  government  in  Europe  with 
one  exception  (Belgium),  from  nearly  all  the 
South  American  governments,  and  those  of 
China,  Japan,  Siam,  and  Egypt,  with  the  re- 
sults as  previously  stated.  Technically  de- 
scribed, the  Gatling  gun  is  a  group  of  rifle 
barrels  arranged  longitudinally,  around  a  cen- 
tral axis  or  shaft,  and  revolving  with  it. 
These  barrels  are  loaded  at  the  breech  with 
m.tallic  cartridges,  while  the  barrels  revolve, 
and  the  mechanism  is  in  constant  action.  In 
other  words,  the  operations  of  loading  and 
firing  are  carried  on  while  the  barrels  and 
locks  are  kept  under  constant  revolution. 
The  mechanism  by  which  this  is  effected  is 
admirably  contrived.  Although  only  one  bar- 
rel is  fired  at  a  time,  some  patterns  are 
capable  of  discharging  three  thousand  shots 
per  minute.  There  is  no  perceptible  recoil 
and  the  accuracy  of  the  firing  is  something 
marvelous.  Various  sizes  of  the  arm  are 
manufactured,  some  suitable  for  the  defence 
of  fortifications,  others  adapted  to  field  serv- 
ice, use  on  shipboard,  and  in  boats;  and  still 
others  so  light  as  to  be  easily  managed  by  one 
man.  By  an  ingenious  device  for  distributing 
its  shots  through  the  arc  of  a  horizontal 
circle,  the  gun  can  be  made  to  perform  the 
work  of  a  front  of  artillery.  The  gun  is 
operated  by  t%vo  men,  one  turning  the  crank 
and  the  other  supplying  the  breech  with  car- 


508 


■  ;-?4^  iLT  ivj:^jr?,^--j~  7jy 


GATLING 


SMETTERS 


Iridges.    The  latter  are  fed  from  feeding  cases, 
t*o    constructed    that    before    one    can    be    ex- 
hausted another  may  take  its  place,  insuring 
rt  continuous  fire.     A  writer  in  the  ''  Science 
Hicord,"   after   referring  to   the   many   severe 
r -i^    to   which   this  gun    has   been    subjected, 
ly    adds:     "Thus    has    the    Galling    gun 
iiy  and  slowly  and  surely  fought  its  way, 
uch   by    inch   and    step    by   step,   againat    the 
trongest    opposition    of    prejudice,    old-fa sh- 
oned    notions,    pecuniary    interest,    and    rival 
rms,  and  through  the  stern  ordeal  of  long, 
irequent,  and  severe  tests  and  trials,   to  the 
front  rank   it  now  proudly  and  defiantly  oc- 
cupies.     We    deal     in    no    extravagant    lan- 
guage," says  the  same  writer,  "  when  we  say 
that   the    importance   of    this   great    invention 
h     can  hardly  be  overestimated.     The  absorbing 

■  interest  with  which  it  has  been  regarded  by 
■he    foremost    governments   of   the    world,    the 

archiiig  and  thorough  scrutiny  and  investi- 

ation    with    which-  it    has   been    treated,    the 

♦jvere  and  exhaustive  tests  and  trials  to  which 

t   has   been    subjected,   the   complete   triumph 

hich    it    has   achieved    upon    every    field,    its 

doption  by  almost  every  civilized  nation,  and 

he   revolution  which   its   successful   operation 

is  compelled  to  bring  about  in  military  affairs, 

warrant   the   statement   that   these   guns   will 

play  a   most   prominent   and   decisive   part   in 

all    future    wars.      No    mtt'llifjont    mind    will 

gainsay   and   it    roquirt's    ^k-    .^if'    of   prophecy 

to    :        ■       "  'f    imperish- 

ai'i  details   of 

these    ..„.;,    ...    iig'    will    be 

indelibly  stamped  *  Dr  ( catling  devoted 
nearly  thirty  years  of  his  life  iu  the  task  of 
perfecting  the  remarkable  invention,  and  per- 
sonally supervised  and  conducted  numerous 
tests  of  the  gun's  efficiency  before  nearly  all 
the  crowned  heads  of  Europe.  Everywhere  he 
was  received  with  distinguished  consideration. 
Through  all  the  Attentions  and  honors  he 
VI     received.  Dr.  Galling  remained  the  same  well- 

■  bred  gentleman,  g.-ntlc  iu  speech  and  manner, 
"  and  always  pr's<'iving  that  republican  sim- 
plicity which  so  well  befits  the  American  citi- 
zen and  is  everywhere  the  surest  passport  to 
kindly  recognition  on  equal  terms.  The  Gat- 
ling  guns  ar«.'  now  maniifactured  in  the  United 
States  at  CoWs  Armory  and  at  Birmingham, 
England.  Dr.  Catling  for  many  years  was 
president  of  the  Galling  Gun  Company,  the 
main  office  of  which  is  in  Hartford.  Dr.  Gat- 
ling  was  also  president  of  Harrison  Veterans 
)f  1840 — an  organization  of  elderly  men  who 
voted  for  Gen.  William  Henry  Harrison  for 
President.  He  constantly  labored  on  some  of 
his  inventions,  and  held  patents  for  several 
\  aluable  inventions,  among  them  an  improved 
nethod  for  casting  guns  of  steel,  which,  it  is 
-elieved,   will   supersede  all   other   systems   of 

inanufacturing    heavy    ordnance;     a    torpedo 

nd  gunboat  whifh  emltraees  improvements  of 

.ronounced    character    and   of   great   value    in 

•v.il    warfare;    and    nn    Improved   pneumatic 

designed    to    dipchargf^     hijjh     cxplo.sive 

.  which  can  be  u»ed  eithi^r  on  shipboard 

'.    in  land  and  harbor  defences.     The  Ameri- 

•n    Association    of    Tnventors    and    Manufac- 

•H.  orpjanized  in  1891,  at   its  first  meeting 

n  Washington,   D.   C,    1801,  eleoted  Dr. 

*!•  !Mg  its  first  presidt'nt,  an  honor  of  which 

t  wa.B  justly  proud.     Considerably  above  the 


medium  height,  somewhat  portly,  of  pleasant 
countenance  and  engaging  ni<<i;  Dr.  Gat- 

ling  was  a  general  favorite  i<  people 

of  Hartford.  He  took  a  siiK.-M  Ti.'<iA.vi  in 
local  affairs,  contributed  generously  to  every 
public  movement  having  a  patriotic  or  chari- 
table object,  and  in  almost  every  imaginable 
way  acted  well  the  part  of  a  good  citizen  and 
a  kindly  neighbor.  He  received  many  honors 
from  scientific  bodies,  both  at  home  ani 
alfroad,  and  from  a  nuigber  of  foreign  govern- 
ments, but  he  wore  them  all  with  the  great- 
est modesty  and  continued  his  labors  with  as 
keen  a  7.«?8t  as  in  bis  earlier  days.  The  State 
of  North  Carolina  may  well  be  proud  of  her 
modest  and  industrious  son.  His  eminent  per- 
sonal merit  and  high  scientific  achievements 
reflect  honor  upon  his  American  name.  Dr. 
Gatling  was  married  at  Imiianapolis  in  1854 
to  Miss  Jemima  T  Sanders,  the  youngest 
daughter  of  the  late  Dr.  John  H.  Sanders,  a 
prominent  practitioner  of  medicine  in  the 
city  named.  This  estimahle  InHy— a  devoted 
wife  and  mother — made  hi.-.  »  ••  '  '^  -op- 
tionally happy,  and  for  fuli  ra 
or  more,  was  his  loving  helpitv  v^t 
and  noblest  significance  of  tbr  '>rm,  aitaring 
alike  his  cares  and  his  triumphs,  ever  hope- 
ful, ever  helpful.  Of  the  five  chiklren  lx)rn 
to  them,  the  two  eldest  and  the  youngest  are 
dead.  The  surviving  children  are  a  daughter 
Ida,  the  wife  of  Hugh  O.  Pentecost,  and  a  son, 
Richard  Henry  Gatling 

SMETTERS,  Samuel  Tnpper,  inventor,  civil 
engineer,  b.  in  Sangamon  County,  111.,  12 
Sept,  1871,  son  of  Michael  and  Nancy  Ann 
(McCorraick)  Smetters,  brother  of  John  L. 
Smetters,  surveyor  and  farmer,  Sangamon 
County,  and  SicCormick  Smetters,  M  f)., 
Biittc,  Mont,  The  great-grandfather,  John 
Smetters,  camp  from  Germany  to  Pennsyl- 
vania and  later  settled  in  Ohio,  about  1780. 
Grandfathei  Daniel  Smetters,  with  his  wife, 
seven  sons  and  two  daughters,  came  from  Lan- 
caster, Ohio,  to  , Illinois,  iu  1844.  Three  of 
his  sons  were  volunteers  in  the  Union  army 
during  the  Civil  War.  His  father  (1826-8.3) 
was  a  prosperous  farmer,  a  loyal  adherent  of 
the  Union  cause  during  the  Civil  War,  and  a 
warm  personal  friend  of  Abraham  Lincoln. 
The  mother,  Nancy  Ann  McCormick  Smetters, 
b  1834,  living,  of  Scotch-Irish  descent,  ii«  a 
woman  of  great  energy  and  unu.^ual  force  of 
character,  fully  alert  to  all  of  life's  work  and 
active  in  Christian  service.  This  S»'.»rf.h- 
Trish  ancestor  showed  his  strong  self-reliant 
character  by  settling  in  Kentucky  in  171>0 
among  the  Indians.  Great-grandfather  Jamc;? 
McCormick  was  a  millwright,  building  th.- 
first  grist  mills  and  hand  looms  in  Kentucky. 
During  the  Kevolutii)nary  War  he  '.vt»s  ,\n 
ordnance  maker  and  gunsmitli.  a  man  <.»!  ^YOi\i 
mechanical  skill  As  n  boj'  Samuel  T.  Sn>«-t- 
tcrs  worked  on  hiy  father's  farm,  attoivUnir 
the  grammar  and  high  schools  .it  Waverly, 
111.  It  was  an  environment  vvoll  cult  ulut."^ 
to  develop  tli(»  best  out  of  thv  \^A  Au  a«'f»  -• 
intellect  requires  h  Pt^jtui  ])hyfi«-Mi  v  ■  'v  ■;.! 
this      necessary      iihysicnl      lU  .''••   ,  ' 

SmetterH  rc({UM»'(l   frcn,  O.-  -..M.  .si 

sports    inciilcnta!    to    ■ '^ 
boyhood.      Duri'ig   U..- 

life     at      linm««     he       ■;,<*..►       ,  •     -kak--  ' 

farm      In    IrH^'   )••    i.:''"    •;  :  ■;    'ro;-.    t):.    h," 


*SOD 


SMETTERS 


SMETTERS 


school  and  entered  the  Northwestern  Acad- 
emy at  Evanston,  III.,  that  fall,  where  he  was 
prepared  for  college.  He  then  entered  North- 
western University  and  was  graduated  in 
1894  with  the  degree  Ph.D.,  attaining  honors 
in  mathematics.  At  this  time  he  had  decided 
to  enter  the  profession  of  civil  engineering. 
As  a  technical  preparation  for  this  course  he 
studied  two  years  at  the  Massachusetts  Insti- 
tute of  Technology,  graduating  in  1896  with 
the  degree  B.S.  in  C.E.  Mr.  Smetters  was 
very  fortunate  in  being  a  Columbian  Guard 
at  the  World's  Fair  in  1893.  As  corporal  of 
Company  Eighteen,  he  had  every  opportunity 
to  study  the  art  of  engineering  construction  at 
the  fair  and  get  a  broader  view  of  life.  He 
came  to  Chicago  in  the  fall  of  1896  and  en- 
tered the  employ  of  the  Hansell  Elcock  Foun- 
dry Company,  after  which  he  was  engaged  by 
the  Nelson  Morris  Packing  Company  at  the 
Union  Stock  Yards,  Chicago.  While  in  the 
employ  of  this  latter  company  he  designed 
their  St.  Joseph,  Mo.,  packing-house.  It  was 
with  this  company  that  he  had  the  first  op- 
portunity to  use  his  inventive  genius.  Up  to 
this  time  the  packing  of  lard  in  the  packing 
plants  had  been  accomplished  by  running  it 
into  the  tierces  and  cans  in  a  melted  condition 
(hot  liquid),  the  result  being  that  there  was 
a  gray,  settled  layer  at  the  bottom  of  each 
container,  which  was  unsalable,  causing  a 
loss  of  from  two  to  three  per  cent,  when 
placed  on  the  market.  Mr.  Smetters  finally 
solved  this  difficulty  by  having  the  lard  packed 
while  cold  and  struck  off  with  a  hot  iron. 
This  method  gave  the  added  advantage  of 
filling  the  container  to  the  brim,  thus  produc- 
ing a  smooth  and  more  attractive  appearance. 
As  a  result  of  this  improved  method  of  pack- 
ing, the  lard  producers  have  saved  large  sums 
of  money.  Mr.  Smetters,  in  order  to  advance, 
left  the  packing  business  and  joined  the  engi- 
neering staff  of  the  Illinois  Steel  Company, 
Chicago,  where  he  designed  a  number  of 
power  houses,  buildings,  bridges,  coal  and 
ore-handling  plants.  It  was  at  this  time  that 
he  became  interested  in  the  invention  and  im- 
pr'^vement  of  the  Seherzer  rolling  lift  bridge, 
which  was  in  use  at  Van  Buren  Street  and  the 
Metropolitan  Elevated  Railway,  both  over  the 
Chicago  River.  The  great  problem  was  the 
operation  of  a  longer  and  wider  structure  than 
any  one  then  in  use.  He  set  about  devising  a 
method  of  construction  and  operation,  his 
plans  being  finally  embodied  in  the  present 
bridge  which  spans  the  Chicago  River  at  Ran- 
dolph Street.  He  obtained  the  letters  patent 
on  this  design  and  mechanism  of  operation. 
He  also  designed  a  number  of  bascule  bridges, 
both  railroad  and  highway  of  the  Seherzer 
type.  Mr.  Smetters  devoted  his  time  for 
about  one  year  in  the  designing  of  coal-han- 
dling machinery  and  cold  storage  plants,  a 
number  of  which  were  built  at  Milwaukee, 
Wis.,  and  at  West  Superior,  Wis.  He  then 
entered  the  employ  of  the  Chicago,  Rock 
Island  and  Pacific  Railroad  Company,  design- 
ing for  this  road  a  number  of  important 
bridges:  the  first  200-foot  riveted  railroad 
bridge.  He  also  completed  the  designs  of 
standard  span  bridges  for  this  company.  In 
1906  he  was  engaged  by  the  Sanitary  District 
of  Chicago  as  assistant  bridge  engineer,  and  in 
this  position  his  work  consisted  of  the  design- 


ing and  the  supervision  of  the  designing  of 
various  structures:  bridges,  dams,  power 
houses,  controlling  works,  and  pumping  sta- 
tions. He  designed  the  operating  machinery, 
end  latch,  and  valve  operating  mechanism  for 
the  Emergency  Butterfly  Dam  at  Lockport, 
111.  This  movable  dam  is  182  feet  long,  30 
feet  high  and  revolves  on  a  vertical  pivot, 
and  stands,  when  open,  parallel  with  the  chan- 
nel in  the  midst  of  it  and  is  supported  by  two 
piers  and  a  brace  bridge  between  them.  In 
closing,  it  revolves  to  a  right  angle  position 
across  the  channel  and  requires  from  ten  to 
fifteen  horsepower  to  operate  within  a  given 
time  of  ten  minutes.  Mr.  Smetters  also  de- 
signed the  layout  and  operating  machinery  for 
the  Wilmette  Pumping  Station  at  Wilmette, 
111.  The  plant  has  four  screw  pumps,  direct 
gear  connected  with  150  horsepower  A.  C. 
motors,  having  a  speed  of  75  R.  P.  M.  and  a 
capacity  of  250  cubic  feet  per  second.  He 
conducted  the  efficiency  test  on  these  screw 
pumps.  In  doing  this  there  was  discovered  a 
discrepancy  in  the  two  methods  of  measure- 
ment of  the  flow  of  water  so  he  devised  an 
apparatus,  a  sensitive  water  vane,  to  detect 
the  direction  of  the  current,  thus  locating  a 
backward  flow  at  the  bottom  of  the  intake  in 
front  of  the  screw  pumps,  the  apparatus  serv- 
ing to  explain  the  discrepancy  in  the  two 
methods  of  measurement.  He  has  also  de- 
signed numerous  bridges  over  the  Chicago 
River  and  the  Drainage  Canal,  the  swing 
bridge  over  the  Illinois  River  at  Utica,  111., 
and  the  steel  work  and  details  for  the  Denver 
Auditorium  at  Denver,  Colo.,  this  latter  being 
one  of  the  largest  structures  of  its  kind  in 
the  country.  He  also  designed  the  steel  struc- 
ture, making  an  auditoVium  roof  truss  with 
fe  '  members,  for  the  Seventh  Regiment  Ar- 
mory, in  Chicago.  He  designed  the  controlling 
works  of  the  Calumet-Sag  Channel,  the  unique 
feature  of  which  is  a  set  of  lock  gates,  which 
can  pass  a  boat  down  the  channel  as  through 
a  rapids  when  there  is  a  comparatively  low 
head  of  water.  The  vertical  pivoted  sector 
lock  gates  can  be  operated  against  a  head 
of  water,  as  reaction  is  always  normal, 
on  the  pivoted  hinges,  the  skin-plate  being 
radial.  Mr.  Smetters  has  accomplished  many 
things  in  a  few  years  and  now  stands  in 
the  foremost  ranks  among  the  younger  men 
of  his  profession.  Under  a  very  quiet  and 
unassuming  exterior  he  hides  an  ever  active 
brain.  To  this  mental  quality  he  adds  the 
physical  quality  of  endurance;  a  capacity  for 
enduring  almost  unlimited  strain  until  a  cer- 
tain task  or  piece  of  work  has  been  accom- 
plished or  a  certain  difficult  problem  has  been 
solved.  In  these  characteristics,  rather  than 
in  any  ability  for  pushing  himself  forward, 
lies  the  secret  of  his  remarkable  success.  Mr. 
Smetters  became  a  Master  Mason  in  1909  and 
has  passed  through  many  degrees,  including 
the  Knights  Templars,  Englewood  Command- 
ery  No.  59,  Oriental  Consistory  (32  degree). 
He  is  also  a  member  of  the  Mystic  Shrine, 
Medinah.  In  matter  of  religion,  he  holds 
ev  ngelical  views  and  is  a  warm  supporter  of 
Central  Church,  Rev.  Frank  Gunsaulus'  Church, 
and  a  firm  believer  in  unsectarian  Christian 
work.  Brought  up  a  Congregationalist,  the 
influence  of  a  pious  mother  has  been  marked 
throughout  his  life.     In  spite  of  his  busy  life. 


610 


HUEY 


MILLER 


Mr.  Smetters  has  found  time '  to  indulge  his 
innate  love  of  art,  ceramics,  and  music,  and 
to  develop  a  remarkably  intelligent  under- 
standing of  the  various  branches  of  these  sub- 
jects. He  has  assembled  a  fine  private  collec- 
tion of  miniatures,  antique  porcelains,  and  old 
music.  He  possesses  an  unusually  large  and 
valuable  collection  of  old  music  and  songs 
published  before  and  during  the  Civil  War, 
numbering  over  two  thousand  separate  pieces, 
many  of  which  are  extremely  rare.  He  is 
also  an  ardent  bibliophile,  though  not  in  the 
sense  that  he  collects  books  for  their  bindings 
and  their  rarity  alone.  Contents  are  always 
his  first  consideration,  but  aside  from  that, 
he  has  an  innate  sense  of  beauty  in  regard  to 
books.  In  this  latter  collection  may  be  found 
such  works  as  Minsheu's  Ductoris  in  9 
Linguas  published  in  1626.  Ovide  de  Meziriac 
Bourg  en  Bresse,  1626.  First  book  printed 
in  Burgus,  France.  Dictionary  of  Arts  and 
Sciences  by  a  Society  of  Gentlemen,  London, 
1763,  etc.  Mr.  Smetters  has  attained  to  posi- 
tion of  prominence  in  his  profession  through 
his  own  exertions  and  may  justly  be  proud 
of  what  he  has  wrought.  He  is  a  man  of 
generous  impulses  and  gives  liberally  of  his 
time  and  means  to  all  worthy  causes,  and  in 
everything  that  he  does  he  tries  to  make  the 
world  brighter  and  better.  One  of  his  asso- 
ciates once  remarked  in  speaking  of  him: 
"  City  life  has  not  destroyed,  as  it  has  in  so 
many,  his  strong  brotherly  love,  but  has 
strengthened  his  Christian  fortitude.  His  in- 
tegrity is  such  that  he  not  only  instills  in- 
tegrity in  others  but  produces  a  loyalty  in 
others  hardly  to  be  equalled."  Mr.  Smetters 
has  never  been  active  in  politics,  in  local 
elections,  he  is  strictly  non-partisan,  choosing 
his  candidates  entirely  on  their  merits  and 
according  to  local  issues,  but  broadly  speak- 
ing, in  national  politics  he  is  in  sympathy 
with  the  principles  of  the  Republican  party. 
Mr.  Smetters  is  a  member  of  the  University 
Club  of  Chicago,  City  Club  of  Chicago,  the 
Playgoers  Club  of  Chicago,  the  Chicago  Press 
Writers'  Club,  the  American  Society  of  Civil 
Engineers,  American  Society  of  Mechanical 
Engineers,  the  Western  Society  of  Engineers, 
and  the  American  Association  for  the  Ad- 
vancement of  Science.  On  17  March,  1917, 
Mr,  Smetters  married  Barbara  Bellmon, 
daughter  of  William  and  Margaret  S.  Zoll,  of 
Waverly,  111. 

HTTEY,  Arthur  S.,  president  of  public  utili- 
ties corporations,  b.  in  Minneapolis,  Minn., 
17  Aug.,  1862,  son  of  George  E.  and  Carolin 
(Taylor)  Huey.  His  early  education  was  ac- 
quired through  the  public  schools  of  his  native 
city.  Having  concluded  his  studies  he  went 
into  business  to  prepare  himself  for  the  com- 
mercial career  toward  which  his  ambitions  di- 
rected him.  When  only  twenty-three  years  of 
age  he  was  offered  the  position  of  representa- 
tive of  the  Edison  Company  in  Minneapolis. 
In  1891,  after  the  consolidation  of  the  United 
Edison  Company  and  the  Thomson-Houston 
Company,  he  became  associated  with  the 
Northwestern  General  Electric  Company  of  St. 
Paul,  Minn.  In  1902  Mr.  Huey  became  vice- 
president  of  the  H.  M.  Byllesby  and  Company 
engineering  firm,  a  corporation  engaged  in  the 
operation  and  management  of  public  utilities 
in  more  than  forty  cities  throughout  the  coun- 


vVLucy. 


try,  ranging  from  small  towns  to  communities 
of  nearly  a  quarter  of  a  million  in  population. 
Electric  lighting  and  power  has  been  his 
specialty,  on  which  subject,  in  its  relation  to 
municipal  service,  he  is  one  of  the  leading 
experts  in  the  country.  In  this  field  of  public 
service  Mr.  Huey  takes  a  much  broader  point 
of  view  than  that  of 
the  mere  business  man 
who  sells  service  to 
a  community  as  he 
would  any  other  com- 
modity and  sees  in 
the  public  only  a 
market  which  should 
be  exploited  to  its 
full  capacity.  In  an 
address  delivered  be- 
fore the  National 
Electric  Light  Asso- '/ 
ciation  in  St.  Louis,  f\\ 
in  1910,  he  expressed 
his  views  in  the  fol- 
lowing words:  '*No 
words  are  strong 
enough  to  denounce  jf,J^-^  / 
the  central  station  ^^^f^^M<^  *••« 
management  which 
regards  the  community  it  serves  as  a  mere 
field  for  exploitation,  as  a  mere  machine 
for  the  coining  of  electric  service  into 
dollars.  An  attitude  like  this  will  wreck 
any  organization.  The  commercial  field  of 
a  public  service  company  represents  an  op- 
portunity to  market  a  product.  The  act  of 
supplying  the  demand  enhances  the  entire 
value  of  the  community.  As  the  community 
becomes  more  attractive  it  grows  and  develops, 
and  as  this  change  takes  place,  the  value  of 
the  market  increases.  In  other  words,  the  cen- 
tral station  is  a  part  of  the  economic  scheme 
of  the  modern  city.  Logically,  it  should  profit 
in  proportion  to  the  co-operative  value  it  re- 
turns to  the  community."  Aside  from  the 
position  he  already  holds  with  the  H.  M. 
Byllesby  Company,  Mr.  Huey  is  also  presi- 
dent of  the  following  public  service  corpora- 
tions: The  Consumers'  Power  Company  of 
Minnesota;  the  El  Reno  Gas  and  Electric 
Company  of  El  Reno,  Okla.;  the  Fort  Smith 
Light  and  Traction  Company  of  Fort  Smith, 
Ark.;  the  Interstate  Light  and  Power  Com- 
pany of  Wisconsin;  the  Northwestern  Corpora- 
tion of  Oregon;  the  Ottumwa  Railway  and 
Light  Company  of  Ottumwa,  la.  He  is  also 
vice-president  of  the  Mobile  Electric  Company 
of  Mobile,  Ala.;  of  the  Muskogee  Gas  and 
Electric  Company  of  Muskogee,  Okla.;  the 
Northern  Idaho  and  Montana  Power  Company 
and  the  Oklahoma  Gas  and  Electric  Company 
of  Oklahoma  City.  He  is  a  trustee  of  the 
Northwestern  Corporation  and  of  the  North- 
ern Electric  Companv.  Mr.  Huey  married 
Hattie  King.  They  have  had  three  children. 
MILLER,  Cincinnatus  Heine  (Joaquin), 
poet,  b.  near  Wabash,  Ind.,  10  Nov.,  1841  ; 
d  at  "the  Hights,"  near  Oakland,  Cal.,  17 
Feb.,  1913.  It  was  only  eight  years  after  his 
birth,  in  1849,  that  the  news  of  tlio  discovery 
of  gold  in  California  was  annonncod  to  the 
world,  and  by  the  following  year  this  report 
had  spread  to  the  remotest  comniunitios  of 
the  country.  A  great  rush  of  gold  seekers 
began,   by   way   of   the    sailing   ships   around 


611 


MILLER 


MILLER 


Cape  Horn,  and  across  the  plains  in  horse 
and  ox-drawn  wagons.  Becoming  possessed 
of  this  "  gold  fever,"  the  parents  of  young 
Miller  disposed  of  their  farm,  invested  in  a 
covered  emigrant  wagon,  and  set  out  across 
the  prairies,  striking  the  Oregon  trail  and 
finally  arrived  in  the  gold  fields  in  the  early 
part  of  the  following  year.  For  the  next  few 
years  the  father  prospected  and  searched  for 
gold,  in  which  labor  the  boy  assisted.  But 
like  the  great  majority  of  the  gold  seekers, 
they  made  no  great  strike,  succeeding  only 
in  making  a  bare  living.  It  was  this  adven- 
turous and  sometimes  precarious  mode  of  life 
which  developed  in  the  growing  boy  that  de- 
sire for  picturesque  adventure  which  charac- 
terized his  whole  later  life.  While  still  a  grow- 
ing lad,  in  the  middle  fifties,  he  volunteered 
for  the  famous  Walker  filibustering  expedition 
into  Nicaragua.  Then  followed  several  years 
of  living  among  the  Indians.  In  1860  he 
seems  suddenly  to  have  been  stirred  by  the 
ambition  to  prepare  himself  for  some  practical 
career,  for  he  returned  to  Oregon,  took  a  course 
in  a  college  at  Eugene,  then  began  studying 
law  under  George  H.  Williams.  But  a  seden- 
tary life  was  an  impossibility  for  him;  the 
following  year  he  was  an  express  messenger  in 
Idaho;  then  followed  a  long  series  of  wan- 
derings which  took  him  into  Mexico  and  some 
of  the  South  American  countries.  In  1863  he 
returned  to  Eugene.  The  Civil  War  was  then 
at  its  height,  and  Miller  established  a  country 
paper,  the  "  Democratic  Register."  The  popu- 
lation on  the  Pacific  Slope  contained  a  large 
element  of  Southern  sympathizers,  and  when 
the  editor  of  the  "  Register  "  came  out  strongly 
in  support  of  Jefferson  Davis  and  his  Con- 
federacy, he  found  a  large  public  willing  to 
read  his  picturesque  and  rather  sensational 
editorials.  Finally  the  Federal  authorities  in- 
tervened and  suppressed  the  paper,  on  the 
charge  of  sedition.  After  the  suppression  of 
his  paper.  Miller  again  attempted  to  settle 
down  and  once"  more  took  up  his  law  practice. 
But  when  the  outbreak  of  the  Modoc  Indians 
occurred  shortly  after,  the  call  of  the  adven- 
turous life  again  proved  irresistible,  and  he 
volunteered  with  the  force  of  settlers  engaged 
in  putting  down  the  hostile  Indians.  With  the 
knowledge  he  had  gained  of  Indian  customs 
and  habits,  during  his  previous  residence 
among  them,  Miller  proved  invaluable  to  the 
white  settlers  and  the  United  States  soldiers 
pursuing  the  raiding  Indians.  As  a  reward  for 
these  services  he  received  the  appointment  of 
county  judge,  in  Grant  County,  Ore.  This  of- 
fice he  held  for  four  years,  with  headquarters 
at  Canyon  City.  This  was  then  the  center  of 
a  very  turbulent  district,  and  Judge  Miller  had 
much  to  do  in  dealing  out  justice  to  captured 
outlaws,  gamblers,  cattle  thieves,  and  "  bad 
men "  in  general,  in  which  task  he  seems  to 
have  given  satisfaction  to  the  more  orderly 
elements  of  the  population.  Ever  since  his  edi- 
torship he  had  been  writing,  and  during  this 
period  on  the  bench  of  justice  he  was  turning 
out  the  first  of  the  poetry  which  later  made 
him  famous.  In  his  writings  he  seems  to  have 
been  more  kindly  to  the  turbulent  element  than 
in  his  legal  dealings,  for  on  account  of  his 
trenchant  defense  of  Joaquin  Murietta,  the  no- 
torious Mexican  bandit  who  had  been  terror- 
izing California  in  the  early  days,  he  was  gen- 


erally called  "  Joaquin  "  Miller,  a  name  which 
he  at  first  resentsd,  but  later  good-humored ly 
adopted,  signing  it  to  the  first  of  his  verse  to 
appear.    At  that  time  Bret  Ilarte,  whose  short 
stories  constitute  a  prose  epic  of  this  phase 
of  the  development  of  the  Far  West,  was  editor 
of  the  "  Overland  Monthly  "  in  San  Francisco. 
He  published  the  first  of  Miller's  poems,  but 
apparently  he  was  alone  in  appreciating  their 
rough   merit,    for    other   American   publishers 
uniformly  rejected  them.     In  1870  Miller  had 
saved  up  a  small  sum  of  money,  and  his  term 
on  the  bench  coming  to  an  end,  he  determined 
to  go  East   in  search  of  a  publisher   for   his 
collected  poems.     But  his  presence  made  him 
no  more  successful;  no  Eastern  publisher  cared 
to  risk  their  publication.     Finally  he  crossed 
over  to  England  and  continued  his  (juest  there. 
The  English  publishers  proved  quite  as  con- 
servative, but  here  Miller  made  a  number  of 
friends  who  were  impressed  by  the  picturesque 
ness  of   his  poems,   if   not   so   much  by   their^ 
technical    merit.      Finally    Miller,    with    some 
financial  assistance  and  with  risking  the  last^ 
of  his  own  capital,  published  two  volumes  oi 
hii    own    responsibility :    his    "  Songs    of    the 
Sierras."     Their   success  was   immediate.     He 
immediately  became  a  literary  lion  among  th« 
British      literary     classes,      associated      witl 
Browning,  Dean  Stanley,  Rossetti,  and  othei 
famous    English   literary  men   and   was   thei 
besieged  by  publishers  ready  to  publish  any-^ 
thing  he  might  offer  them.     Already  at  thi< 
time    Miller    had   begun    to    affect   a   peculit 
dress,  which  undoubtedly  served  to  draw  publi 
attention  to  him.    He  walked  about  the  streets 
of    London    in    high    boots,    buckskin    trouserj 
with    fringed    seams,    a    broad-brimmed    "som- 
brero," and  with  hair  so  long  that  it  covere 
his  shoulders.     This  style  of  dress  he  retaim 
to  the  end  of  his  days.     After  his  success  ii 
London,  Miller  returned  to  this  country  an( 
for  a  number  of  years  engaged  in  journalisi 
in  Washington,  D,  C,  also  turning  out  furthei 
volumes   of   poetry,   which   was   now   well   re 
ceived  in  the  United  States.     Finally,  in  1887, 
he   returned   to    California,    and    purchased 
tract  of  land,  some  ten  acres  in  extent,  neai 
Oakland,  across  the  bay  from  San  Francisco.; 
Here  he  built  himself  a  log  hut  and  lived  inj 
comparative  seclusion,  though  he  always  wel- 
comed visitors.     Several  times  he  revisited  the 
East,    and    on   these   occasions   often    w^ent   tc 
East  Aurora,  N.  Y,,  where  Elbert  Hubbard  had 
established  his  Roycrofters.     These  tw^o  men, 
so  similar  in  temperament  and  character,  be- 
came very  intimate.     In   1897,  when  the  dis- 
covery of  gold  in  the  Klondike  almost  repro- 
duced  the   scenes   of   the  early   fifties.   Miller, 
though  now  nearing  his  sixtieth  year,  was  un- 
able to   resist   the   stirring  of  his  blood,   and 
again  he  set  forth  in  quest  of  adventure.     For 
nearly    two    years    he    wandered    about    the 
Alaskan    gold   fields,    acting   as    correspondent 
for  the  New^  York  "  Journal."     On  his  return 
home  he  again  retired  to  "  the  Hights,"  as  he 
had   named   his   retreat   across   the   bay   from 
the  city,  and  remained  there  until  his  death. 
Frequently,   however,   he   would   be   seen   wan- 
dering about  the  streets  of  San  Francisco  in 
his    peculiar    and    picturesque    costume,    being 
pointed  out  by  the  native  San  Franciscans  to 
their  Eastern  friends  as  one  of  the  local  fea- 
tures.    His  home  was  in  one  of  the  most  pic- 


512 


u/7r^^7^A^ 


o^ 


LIBBY 


NOYES 


;■    -que  localities  close  to  the  city,  bfing  sit- 
.  ,  I  on  high  ground  overlooking  the  bay  of 
i'>ancisco,   with  the  Golden   Gate   in   the 
nee,  while  behind  it  rose  the  foothills  of 
oast  Range  Mountains,  covered  at   this 
with  heavy  timber,  pine,  oak,  and  giant 
iods.    Here  Miller  was  joined  for  a  while 
le  eccentric  Japanese  poet,  loni  Nagutchi, 
vhom  he  erected  another  small  cabin      It 
^lis  intention   to  foiind   here  a  colony  of 
and  other  literary  p»^opie,  but  this  plan 
developed  further.     Hero,  too,  he  erect.>d 
lie    funeral    pyre,    ten    feet    square    and 
feet    high,    on    which    he    wished    to    be 
fed  after   his  death,   a   wish   which  was 
iially  carried   out,   his   ashes  being   scat- 
cred   over   the   adjoining   laud   by  the   winds, 
"lie  only  inscription  on  this  monument,  placed 
here  by  his  own  hands,  is  "  To  the  Unknown." 
\  hile  "  Joaquin  "  Miller  can  hardly  be  ranked 
vith  such  other  American  poets  as  Walt  Whit- 
man, Bryant,  or  possibly  even  LongC'llow,  his 
^orse  is  significant  in  that,  like  t\w  proae  of 
:;ret   Harte,   it  does   represent   a   great   epoch 
!i  the  development  of  the  Far  West.     Miller 
as   undoubtedly  the   bard  of   the  California 
■  f  the   Forty-niners;    of  the  mining  camp,  of 
he  stage  coach,  of  the  sage-brush  country  as 
t  was  before  it  became  covered  with  orchards 
and  wheat  fields;   of  that  rough,  lawless,  yet 
heroic    society   which    preceded    the    establish- 
ment  of   the   regular    institutions   of   civiliza- 
tion in  that  section  of  the  country.     As  such 
he  became  popularly  known  in  the  East  and 
in   England,   and   later    in    California,    as   the 
"  poet  of  the  Sierras."    Aside  from  his  poetry, 
u^   wrote   several    successful   plays,   the   most 
opular    of    which    is    the    melodrama,    "The 
Danites."     His  poems  are  "  Songs  of  the  Si- 
erras"    (London  and  Boston,   1871);    "Songs 
f  the  Sunlands"  (1873)  ;  "Songs  of  the  Des- 
rt"  (1875);  "  Songs  of  Italy  "  (1878);  "  Col- 
cted  Poems  "  ( 1882 )  ;  "  Songs  of  the  Mexican 
eas "    (1887).'   His  prose   writings   comprise 
The  Baroness  of  New  York"   (1877);  "The 
)anites   in   the   Sierras"    (1881);    "Shadows 
f    Shasta"    (1881);    "  Memorie    and    Rime" 
1884);    "'49,    or    the    Gold    Seekers    of    the 
ierras"   (1884).     In  1863  Mr.  Miller  married 
iinnie   Dyer,   who   herself  became   a   graceful 
riter   of   verse,    which    was   published   under 
■  ue  pen-name  of   "  Minnie  Myrtle."     In   1876 
they  were  divorced. 

LIBBY,    Arthur    Albion,    merchant,    b.    in 

Portland,  Me.,  3  Oct.,   1831;   d.  in  Pasadena, 

Cal.,    17    July,    1899,    son    of    Abraham    and 

Hannah  Elden   (Hancock)   Libby.     His  earliest 

.Amorican  ancestor  was  John  Libby,  who  came 

!^  country  from  England  in  1631,  settling 

aborough,  Me.     He  was  educated  in  the 

"r)ge  school  and  at  the  Westbrook  Academy, 

id  at  the  age  of  sixteen  became  bookkeeper 

u  his  father's  grocery  store.    Two  years  later 

•:■  was  given  entire  charge  of  his  father's  busi- 

-'^f    and   in   18.50  iK'came  bookkeeper  for  his 

John  L.  Hancock,  who  was  then  in  the 

tcking  buflin«'9s  in   Deering,   Me.     W^hen 

cle  removed  to  the  West,  he  continued 

Hiness  for  hims<'lf,  but  wat*  not  succesa- 

ile  afterwardj^aid  all  of  his  creditors  in 

ind  in  1850  bocanie  nianagt>r  for  Cragin 

v»mpany,  in   Chicago,  continuing  in  this 

ty    until    1868.      In    that    year    he    en- 

in   the   barreling   of   beef   on    his   own 


account,  and  shortly  afterward  formed  the  firm 
of  A.  A.  Libby  and  Company,  in  association 
with  his  brother,  Charles  Perly  Libby,  Later 
they  admitted  to  the  partnership  A.  McNeill, 
and  in  1874  changed  the  firm  name  to  Libby, 
McNeill  and  Libby.  They  were  the  pioneers  in 
the  refrigeration 
and  canning  of 
meats,  and  in  the 
succeeding  years 
established  a  bus- 
iness which  is 
known  in  every 
civilized  country 
of  the  world.  His 
ability  for  organi- 
zation and  execu- 
tion made  him  a 
large  factor  in  es- 
tablishing so 

firmly  the   present         "^^^^^^i^^^^l 
great  business  ^^^^^"^^^^^^^ 

that  bears  his 
name.  He  was 
esteemed  for  his 
honest,  liberal  conduct  of  his  business.  At 
the  time  of  his  death  he  was  a  member  of 
the  Union  League  Club  of  Chicago,  Sons  of 
Maine,  Calumet  and  W^ashington  Park  Clubs. 
On  7  Jan.,  1858,  he  married  Louisa  Jamima 
Andrews,  of  Portland,  Me.,  and  they  had  six 
children. 

NOYES,  George  Henry,  jurist,  b.  in  McLean 
County,  N.  Y.,  18  April,  1849;  d,  in  Milwaukee, 
Wis.,  9  Jan.,  1916,  son  of  John  and  Mary 
Stanton  (Millard)  Noyes.  He  traced  his  de 
scent  from  the  Rev.  James  Nf»yi?«»,  &  native  of 
Wiltshire,  England,  and  h  gradimre  of  <>vff.rd 
University,  who  was  exiitd  in  Holland  »i<>c«u?« 
of  his  liljeral  religious  views,  and  <iamo  ihcjice 
to.  New  England  in  16;^4  Ht^  wan  the  first 
clergyman  to  preach  at  Mysfic,  M««h.,  and 
later  removed  to  Newbury,  whero  he  was  much 
revered  and  esteemed  for  his  noble  character 
and  scholarly  attainments;  was  a  famous 
Greek  scholar,  and  the  author  of  many  books 
on  religious  subjects.  His  son,  Rev.'  James 
Noyes,  a  graduate  of  Harvard  College,  class 
of  1659,  was  settled  over  a  parish  at  Stoning- 
ton.  Conn.,  in  1664;  served  as  pastor  there  for 
fifty  years,  was  chaplain  with  Captain  Den- 
nison's  division  during  King  Philip's  War, 
and  was  one  of  the  founders  of  Yale  College. 
In  the  direct  line  of  descent  was  Col.  Peleg 
Noyes,  who  served  in  the  Revolution  as  captain 
of  the  Eighth  Connecticut  Infantry.  John 
Noyes  removed  from  New  England  to  Wis- 
consin in  1855,  locating  at  Delafiold,  Wau- 
kesha County,  where  George  H.  Noj-fs  at- 
tended the  De  Koven  School,  and  later,  th(> 
public  schools.  For  a  year  he  was  a  student 
at  Ap])leton  College,  and,  in  1807.  entered  the 
LTniversity  of  Wisconsin,  being  fjruduated  four 
years  later  with  the  degree  of  A  B.  Thi^  f<d- 
lowing  year  (1874)  he.  comj)le<ed  the  law 
course  in  tlip  same  university  and  reeeivod  the 
degree  of  LL.B.  Throiighoui  tl»<^  whole  of  his 
college  career  he  wnw  entirely  -^If  .^\ipporting, 
and  etirned  his  way  by  teaching  iri  the  winter 
months  and  p<'rforniing  nianii;d  l»ibor  in  sum- 
mer. For  sf)Uie  time  he  served  as  an'=<iMtnnt 
librarian  at  the  university,  and  during  \\\^  law 
course  acted  as  aHsintanl  state  lihrariMTi  Fol- 
lowing his  graduation  in  the  law  scho(»l.  Judge 


513 


NOYES 


NOYES 


Noyes  went  to  Milwaukee  with  ex-Chief  Jus- 
tice Dixon,  who  had  resigned  from  the  bench 
of  the  Supreme  Court,  in  order  to  resume  his 
private  law  j^ractice,  and  became  a  member  of 
the  law  firm  of  Dixon,  Hooker  and  Palmer. 
A  year  later  the  firm  of  Dixon,  Hooker,  Wegg 
and  Noyes  was  formed,  with  Judge  Noyes  as 
junior  partner.  When  Mr.  Hooker  retired  to 
become  the  sole  counsel  of  the  Northwestern 
Mutual  Life  Insurance  Company,  the  firm  be- 
came Dixon  and  Noyes,  and  so  continued  until, 
upon  the  entrance  of  a  son  of  Judge  Dixon,  the 
style  was  changed  to  Dixon,  Noyes  and  Dixon. 
Upon  the  removal  of  Judge  Dixon  to  Colorado 
the  firm  was  dissolved.  Judge  Noyes'  next 
political  affiliation  was  with  George  C.  Mark- 
ham,  later  president  of  the  Northwestern  Life 
Insurance  Company,  the  firm  bearing  the  name 
of  Markham  and  Noyes,  and  continuing  as  such 
until  18  April,  1887,  when  he  was  elected  on 
the  Citizens'  Ticket  judge  of  the  newly  created 
supreme  court  of  Milwaukee  County.  He  took 
his  seat  1  Jan.,  1888,  but  in  1890  resigned  to 
resume  his  law  practice,  and  reorganized  the 
surviving  members  of  his  old  firm  under  the 
style  of  Miller,  Noyes  and  Miller.  In  January, 
1906,  he  became  counsel  for  the  Northwestern 
Mutual  Life  Insurance  Company,  an  office 
which  he  held  until  his  death.  In  this  ca- 
pacity Judge  Noyes  was  in  no  wise  content 
to  do  merely  the  usual  work  of  general  counsel 
of  the  company.  He  gave  close  attention  to 
all  legislation  in  the  difTerent  States  apper- 
taining to  life  insurance,  and  became  espe- 
cially interested  in  life  insurance  taxation. 
His  address  on  "  Taxation,"  delivered  before 
the  National  Association  of  Life  Underwriters 
at  Louisville,  Ky.,  in  1909,  brought  him  into 
national  prominence  with  students  of  taxation, 
and  paved  the  way  for  his  selection  by  the 
International  Tax  Association  as  a  member  of 
the  committee  on  uniform  insurance  taxation. 
This  address  has  been  published  and  circulated 
widely  in  life  insurance  circles.  Other  pub- 
lications along  the  same  line  which  emanated 
from  Judge  Noyes  are  "Federal  Supervision 
of  Insurance  Corporations"  (1905);  "Some 
Phases  of  Modern  Legislation"  (1906); 
"  Brief  to  the  Committee  of  Fifteen  on  Uniform 
Legislation"  (1906)  ;  "The  Facts  About  Wis- 
consin Insurance  Legislation,"  delivered  be- 
fore the  Chicago  Life  Underwriters'  Associa- 
tion in  January,  1908 ;  "  Uniformity  of  De- 
partmental Rulings,"  an  address  given  before 
the  Life  Insurance  Presidents'  Association 
held  at  Washington,  D.  C,  in  January,  1910; 
"  Legal  Phases  of  Life  Insurance,"  a  lecture 
delivered  at  Syracuse  University  in  1913;  and 
"  Wills  and  Their  Relation  to  Life  Insurance," 
an  address  before  the  Cincinnati  Life  Under- 
writers' Association,  in  March,  1914.  For  a 
number  of  years  he  delivered  special  lectures 
on  the  subject  of  "  Common  Carriers  "  to  the 
students  of  the  law  department  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Wisconsin,  and  in  1904  the  degree 
of  LL.D.  was  conferred  upon  him  by  the  uni- 
versity. Judge  Noyes  was  one  of  the  ablest 
and  most  distinguished  members  of  the  Wis- 
consin bar.  Beginning  with  the  year  of  his 
admission  and  continuing  throughout  the 
many  years  of  his  private  practice,  and  of  his 
service  as  counsel  for  the  insurance  company, 
he  tried  many  important  cases.  The  records 
of   the   courts   amply   evidence   the   successful 


way  in  which  he  handled  them.  He  had  a 
wide  and  accurate  knowledge  of  the  law,  was 
conscientious  in  the  preparation  of  his  cases, 
and  effective  with  both  court  and  jury,  win- 
ning the  confidence  of  both  by  his  evident 
fairness  and  able  presentation  of  the  facts 
and  principles  involved  in  his  cases.  Aside 
from  his  profession,  he  was  keenly  interested 
in  educational  and  charitable  work,  to  which 
he  contributed  both  with  personal  service  and 
money.  He  was  honored  with  several  im- 
portant appointments  by  the  governors  of  hia 
State;  was  appointed  by  Governor  Hoard  as 
regent  of  the  University  of  Wisconsin,  1890, 
a  position  which  he  retained  for  thirteen  years 
under  successive  appointments  by  Governors 
Peck  and  Upham;  was  vice-president  of  the 
board  of  regents  during  the  years  1897-98, 
and  president  of  that  body  in  1898-99.  He 
was  associated  with  many  activities  furthering 
the  welfare  of  Milwaukee  and  the  State  of 
Wisconsin;  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Associated  Charities  of  Milwaukee;  served  for 
several  years  as  a  trustee  of  the  Milwaukee 
Emergency  Hospital.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  committee  having  in  charge  the  erection 
of  the  State  Historical  Library  Building,  at 
Madison,  Wis.;  was  the  originator  of  the 
necessary  legislation  to  establish  the  Lake 
Shore  Drive  and  Boulevard  along  the  lake 
front  in  Milwaukee,  and  acted  as  chairman 
of  the  Harbor  Improvement  Committee  of 
the  city.  Personally  Judge  Noyes  was  at  all 
times  dignified  and  reserved  in  manner,  but 
distinguished  for  his  courtesy  to  all  with 
whom  he  came  in  contact,  whether  of  high 
or  low  degree.  He  was  kindly  by  nature,  pure 
in  speech  and  action,  always  winning  the 
respect  as  well  as  the  affection  of  his  associates. 
On  the  occasion  of  his  death  the  members  of 
the  Milwaukee  bar  paid  him  many  generous 
tributes,  from  which  may  be  quoted  the  fol- 
lowing :  "  The  life  and  career  of  Judge  Noyes 
is  in  itself  the  highest  testimonial  as  to  his 
character.  It  evidences  his  sterling  qualities 
inherited  from  a  race  of  sturdy  ancestors,  his 
courage  and  strength  of  will,  his  successful 
struggle  against  adverse  circumstances,  his 
superior  scholarly  attainments,  his  great  legal 
learning  and  skill,  his  professional  success, 
his  high  conception  and  faithful  performance 
of  his  duties  as  judge,  lawyer,  and  citizen,  his 
perfect  integrity,  and  the  esteem  in  which  he 
was  held  by  his  fellow  men."  The  board  of 
regents  of  the  university  with  which  he  was 
associated  for  so  many  years  said,  in  a  resolu- 
tion, "  For  his  generous  and  devoted  work  on 
this  board,  Wisconsin  owes  him  a  debt  of  grati- 
tude." The  Executive  Committee  of  the  North- 
western Mutual  Life  Insurance  Company 
adopted  the  following  resolution :  "  As  an  ad- 
visor, Judge  Noyes  was  conscientious,  pains- 
taking, and  able;  as  a  counselor,  courteous, 
considerate,  and  just.  His  death  has  brought 
to  the  members  of  this  committee  a  deep  sorrow 
and  to  this  committee  a  distinct  loss."  Judge 
Noyes  was  a  member  of  the  Sons  of  the  Amer- 
ican Revolution,  and  for  some  time  president 
of  the  Wisconsin  branch;  was  a  member  of  tiie 
Mayflower  Descendants,  Milwaukee  State,  Mil- 
waukee County,  and  American  Bar  Associa- 
tions; president  of  the  Wisconsin  Bar  Asso- 
ciation in  1904-05;  honorary  member  of  the 
literary  society  of  the  Alpha  Beta  Kappa  fra- 


514 


GIBBONS 


GIBBONS 


ternity;  and  of  the  City,  Town  and  Country, 
and  Milwaukee  Country  Clubs.  He  married, 
in  November,  1876,  Agnes  Allis  Haskell,  of 
Chicago,  a  graduate  of  the  University  of  Wis- 
consin, class  of  1876.  He  was  the  father  of 
five  children:  Emily  Noyes,  Katherine  Noyes, 
Haskell  Noyes,  Margaret  Noyes,  and  Helen 
Noyes. 

GIBBONS,  James,  cardinal,  b.  in  Baltimore, 
Md.,  23  July,  1834,  son  of  Thomas  and  Bridget 
Gibbons.  His  parents  were  Irish  immigrants 
who  arrived  in  the  country  only  a  few  years 
befojpe  his  birth.  He  was  only  three  years  of 
age,  in  1837,  when  his  father,  who  by  this 
time  had  saved  a  little  money  by  hard  labor, 
returned  to  Ireland  with  the  family.  Thus 
his  early  boyhood  was  spent  in  the  land  of 
his  forefathers,  where  he  acquired  the  rudi- 
ments of  his  education  in  a  private  school, 
public  schools  being  then  unknown.  When 
he  was  thirteen  years  of  age  his  father  died, 
and  his  mother  decided  to  return  to  the  United 
States,  where  she  had  relatives  living  under 
comparatively  prosperous  circumstances.  To- 
gether with  her  six  children  she  went  to  New 
Orleans.  Here  the  boy  James,  compelled  to 
discontinue  his  education  to  assist  in  the  sup- 
port of  the  family,  found  employment  in  a 
grocery  store.  During  the  two  years  that  he 
remained  here  he  fre'quently  attended  the  mis- 
sion of  the  parish  church  and  so  came  under 
the  influence  of  the  priest.  A  prosperous 
career  as  a  tradesman  had  opened  before  him, 
but  the  desire  had  awakened  in  him  to  give 
his  life  to  the  Church,  and  this  ambition  in- 
creased as  the  years  passed.  Until  his  twenty- 
first  year  he  continued  helping  to  support  the 
family  and  then,  having  saved  a  small  capital, 
he  left  New  Orleans  for  Baltimore,  traveling 
sixteen  days  by  boat,  rail,  and  stage  coach. 
Soon  after  his  arrival  in  the  city  of  his  birth, 
he  entered  St.  Charles'  College,  in  Ellicott 
City,  not  far  distant  from  Baltimore.  After 
studying  here  two  years,  he  entered  St.  Mary's 
Seminary  in  Baltimore  and  here  took  up  the 
sacred  studies  for  the  priesthood.  Though  an 
assiduous  student,  those  who  knew  him  during 
this  period  say  that  he  was  far  from  the 
bookish  type  of  student;  he  was  active  in 
athletics  and  especially  distinguished  himself 
in  football.  On  3  June,  1861,  he  was  or- 
dained a  priest  in  St.  Mary's  Chapel.  His 
first  mission  was  that  of  assistant  priest  at 
St.  Patrick's  Church,  in  Baltimore,  but  in  the 
course  of  a  few  months  he  was  made  pastor 
of  St.  Bridget's  Church,  at  Canton,  an  east- 
ern suburb  of  the  city.  During  the  four  years 
of  the  war  he  labored  here  under  peculiarly 
difficult  conditions.  The  population  of  the 
city  was  sharply  divided  into  factions,  one 
favoring  the  Confederacy,  the  other  the  tFnion 
cause.  This  same  division  existed  among  the 
young  priest's  own  parishioners,  and  so  high 
ran  this  partisanship  that  he  found  much 
trouble  in  holding  them  together  within  the 
fold.  But  in  this  he  was  eminently  success- 
ful; with  consummate  tact  and  by  asserting 
his  own  powerful  personality  he  excited  so 
profound  a  respect  among  the  people  that 
nowever  much  they  might  disagree  among 
themselves,  they  still  held  together  within  the 
Church  under  the  guidance  of  their  priest. 
So  great  was  the  strain  from  his  efforts,  how- 
ever, that  at  the  close  of  the  war  his  over- 


taxed nerves  gave  way  and  a  strong  reaction 
came.  For  some  time  he  was  so  prostrated 
that  there  was  some  doubt  as  to  his  ultimate 
recovery.  Some  time  after  his  final  recovery, 
Archbishop  Martin  John  Spalding,  of  Balti- 
more, transferred  him  to  the  cathedral,  mak- 
ing him  his  secretary  and  appointed  him  to 
the  important  office  of  chancellor  of  the  arch- 
diocese. His  new  duties  proved  of  infinite 
value  to  him,  for  here  he  received  his  first 
training  in  episcopal  administration.  When 
the  second  plenary  council  of  the  American 
Roman  Catholic  Church  assembled  in  Balti- 
more, in  October,  1866,  he  was  assigned  to 
t'  e  office  of  assistant  chancellor  of  that  body, 
which  represented  the  entire  Catholic  hier- 
archy of  the  United  States.  In  1868,  at  the 
unanimous  suggestion  of  all  the  bishops  of  the 
country,  he  was  made  vicar  apostolic  of  North 
Carolina,  with  the  rank  and  title  of  bishop, 
being  consecrated  in  the  cathedral  of  Balti- 
more by  his  friend.  Archbishop  Spalding,  on 
16  Aug.  North  Carolina  then  contained  a 
population  of  only  a  million,  of  which  less 
than  eight  hui.ired  were  Catholics  and  there 
were  only  three  parishes  in  the  State.  The 
mission  was  to  partake  very  much  of  the 
nature  of  pioneer  work,  and  when  the  young 
bishop  departed  for  his  work.  Archbishop 
Spalding  said  to  him :  "  I  have  educated  you 
and  trained  you  to  the  best  of  my  ability; 
now  go  out  and  root,  or  die."  For  eight 
years  young  Gibbons  labored  among  the  moun- 
taineers and  the  negroes  of  North  Carolina. 
Though  a  bishop  by  rank,  he  lived  anything 
but  the  life  of  so  high  a  dignitary  of  the 
Church.  The  ground  was  practically  new, 
unplowed,  but  he  set  to  work  with  a  vigor  and 
a  zeal  which  brought  remarkable  results.  Like 
an  apostle  of  antiquity,  he  traveled  all  over 
the  State  to  preach  his  message  to  the  people, 
sometimes  on  foot,  trudging  along  the  rough 
mountain  trails,  sleeping  overnight  with  the 
simple  mountaineers  in  their  rude  cabins,  be 
they  Catholics,  Protestants,  pagans,  or  athe- 
ists. He  literally  mixed  with  the  people, 
shoulder  to  shoulder.  By  the  end  of  his  eight 
years'  labor  among  them  he  had  made  thou- 
sands of  converts  and  built  up  a  substantial 
following  for  his  Church  among  the  people  of 
the  State.  Schools  were  opened,  asylums  were 
built,  churches  erected  and  the  number  of 
priests  increased  from  three  to  fifteen.  In 
1870  Bishop  Gibbons  was  summoned  to  Rome, 
to  attend  the  Great  Council  of  the  Vatican, 
composed  of  Catholic  bishops  from  all  over 
the  world.  As  such  he  participated  in  its 
proceedings.  On  the  question  of  papal  in- 
fallibility he  voted  in  the  affirmative.  At 
this  gathering  of  Church  dignitaries  he  made 
a  powerful  impression  on  his  colleagues;  they 
had  never  come  in  contact  with  so  typical  a 
representative  of  the  spirit  of  the  New 
World.  Bishop  Gibbons  believed  in  the  sep- 
aration of  Church  and  State  and  the  possi- 
bility of  each  thriving  by  itself  at  this  time 
when  the  majority  of  the  churchmen  doubted 
the  possibility  of  either  surviving  such  a  sep- 
aration. His  views  were  then  regarded  as 
extremely  radical,  and  many  doubted  their 
practicability.  In  1872  Bishop  Gibl)ons  was 
translated  to  the  vacant  see  of  Richmond, 
Va.,  and  here  again  his  zeal  and  remarkable 
administrative    ability    manifested    themselves 


515 


GIBBONS 


GIBBONS 


by  the  growth  and  spread  of  Catholicism 
among  the  people.  New  institutions  sprang 
up,  such  as  the  St.  Sophia  Home  for  Aged 
Persons,  in  charge  of  the  Little  Sisters  of  the 
Poor.  St.  Peter's  Cathedral  Male  Academy 
and  parochial  school,  the  enlargement  of  St. 
Joseph's  Female  Orphan  Asylum,  the  found- 
ing of  parish  schools  in  Petersburg  and  Nor- 
folk and  the  erection  of  new  churches  all  over 
the  diocese.  In  1877  Archbishop  Bailey,  of 
Baltimore,  finding  that  his  health  and  strength 
were  failing  him,  asked  Pope  Pius  IX  to  give 
him  a  coadjutor,  at  the  same  time  suggesting 
that  Bishop  Gibbons  be  appointed  to  the  office. 
His  request  was  granted  and  on  20  May,  1877, 
Bishop  Gibbons  was  made  coadjutor  by  papal 
appointment,  with  the  right  of  succession  to 
the  see  of  Baltimore.  On  3  Oct.,  the  same 
year,  before  he  had  been  installed  in  office, 
Archbishop  Bailey  died  and  Bishop  Gibbons, 
at  the  early  age  of  forty-three,  succeeded  to 
the  highest  ecclesiastical  dignity  in  the  Catho- 
lic Church  of  America,  for  Baltimore,  being 
the  oldest,  is  therefore  the  primary  American 
see.  One  of  the  most  important  works  accom- 
plished by  him  in  his  new  see  was  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  St.  James  Home  for  Boys,  the 
foundation  of  which  was  placed  in  the  hands 
of  the  Rev.  Edmund  Didier,  pastor  of  St. 
Vincent's  Church,  Baltimore.  In  1883  Arch- 
bishop Gibbons  was  summoned  to  Rome,  with 
other  American  archbishops,  to  confer  upon 
the  affairs  of  the  Church  in  the  United  States. 
During  this  visit  he  was  the  recipient  of  sev- 
eral marked  favors  from  Pope  Leo  XIII.  He 
was  appointed  to  preside  over  the  third  ple- 
nary council  of  Baltimore,  which  assembled  in 
that  city  in  1884,  its  object  being  mainly  to 
regulate  church  discipline  throughout  the 
church  organization  of  the  country.  The  suc- 
cess of  the  council  was  due  in  a  great  measure 
to  the  zeal,  energy,  and  executive  ability  of 
Archbishop  Gibbons.  When  the  acts  and  de- 
crees of  the  council  were  finally  submitted  to 
Rome,  they  were,  after  mature  consideration 
by  the  highest  authorities  in  the  Church,  en- 
tirely approved,  the  Pope  at  the  same  time  ex- 
pressing his  appreciation  of  the  services  of 
Archbishop  Gibbons,  and,  shortly  afterward, 
at  a  special  consistory,  nominated  him  for 
promotion  to  the  high  dignity  of  cardinal,  in 
which  he  was  immediately  confirmed.  On  this 
occasion  the  Pope  said :  "  The  flourishing  state 
of  the  Catholic  Church  in  the  United  States, 
which  develops  daily  more  and  more,  and  the 
condition  and  form  according  to  which  the 
ecclesiastical  canons  of  that  country  are  for- 
mulated, advise  us,  or  rather  demand,  that 
some  of  their  prelates  be  received  into  the 
sacred  college."  When  the  bearers  of  the 
official  insignia  called  at  the  Vatican  to  take 
leave  of  the  Pope  before  departing  on  their 
mission,  he  charged  them  to  present  his  affec- 
tionate paternal  benediction  to  Archbishop 
Gibbons,  adding :  "  We  remember  him  with 
sentiments  of  the  most  cordial  esteem  and  be- 
lieve we  could  not  confer  the  hat  upon  a 
more  worthy  prelate."  Archbishop  Gibbons 
selected  30  June,  1886,  the  day  of  his  silver 
jubilee  as  a  priest,  as  the  occasion  on  which 
he  would  be  invested  with  the  insignia  of 
his  rank  as  a  prince  of  the  Church.  The  cere- 
mony was  surrounded  by  all  the  pomp  and 
magnificence  prescribed  for  such  occasions  in 


the  Catholic  ritual.  In  June,  1911,  Cardinal 
Gibbons  celebrated  his  golden  jubilee,  and 
nothing  illustrates  better  the  place  he  had 
taken  in  the  public  estimation  meanwhile  than  ■ 
a  comparison  of  this  later  celebration  with  the  M 
earlier  one  in  1886.  The  silver  jubilee  was  " 
entirely  a  Catholic  celebration,  the  partici- 
pants being  from  those  within  the  Church  it- 
self. In  1911,  however,  the  occasion  was  made 
a  civic,  almost  a  national,  aflfair.  The  press, 
from  one  end  of  the  country  to  the  other, 
gave  it  front  page  space,  while  the  most  promi- 
nent personages  attending  were  national  fig- 
ures quite  outside  the  Church.  Among  those 
who  attended,  coming  from  Washington  or 
other  distant  points  on  special  trains,  were 
President  Taft,  ex-President  Roosevelt,  Speaker 
Clark,  ex-Speaker  Joe  Cannon,  the  British 
ambassador,  James  Bryce,  Governor  Crothers, 
of  Maryland,  Mayor  Preston,  of  Baltimore, 
Chief  Justice  White,  of  the  United  States 
Supreme  Court,  and  a  great  number  of  other 
prominent  men,  including  members  of  both 
houses  of  Congress.  Few  if  any  of  these  were 
Catholics,  yet  they  came  specially  to  show 
their  regard  for  Cardinal  Gibbons.  In  the  ad- 
dress which  he  made  on  this  occasion,  Theo- 
dore Roosevelt  said :  "  The  Cardinal,  through- 
out his  life,  has  devoted  himself  to  the  service 
of  the  American  people.  ...  I  am  honored, 
we  are  all  honored,  that  the  opportunity  has 
come  today  to  pay  a  tribute  to  what  is  high- 
est and  best  in  American  citizenship,  Cardinal 
Gibbons."  As  will  be  noted,  the  life-story  of 
Cardinal  Gibbons  presents  few  events  of  a^ 
sensational  nature.  The  place  to  which  he^ 
has  attained,  not  only  in  the  Church,  but  in 
the  estimation  of  the  American  people,  re 
gardless  of  religious  creeds,  or  belief 3,  ha 
come  to  him  as  a  result  of  the  patient,  every- 
day work  which  he  has  done,  and  done  so  well 
His  high  position  in  the  Church  was  no  doubt 
attained  partly  because  of  his  remarkable 
executive  ability,  but  his  place  in  the  hearts  of 
the  people  is  undoubtedly  due  to  the  fact  that' 
his  entire  nature  is  in  close  harmony  with  the 
American  spirit.  This  is  appreciated  even 
among  the  church  dignitaries  in  Europe,  who 
know  him  as  "  the  American  bishop."  Cardinal 
Gibbons,  himself  a  poor  boy,  the  son  of  hum 
ble  parents,  has  always  remained  close  to  the 
people.  Nothing  better  illustrates  this  than 
when,  in  1886,  the  Holy  See  of  Rome,  having 
condemned  the  American  labor  organization, 
the  Knights  of  Labor,  in  Canada,  and  being 
about  to  extend  this  condemnation  to  the  same 
body  in  the  United  States,  Cardinal  Gibbons 
immediately  hurried  to  Rome  and  pleaded  the 
cause  of  the  workers.  So  lucidly  did  he  ex- 
plain the  situation  that  the  Pope  immediately 
rescinded  his  condemnation  of  the  Canadian 
organization.  Few  figures  in  the  public  eye  in 
this  country  have  become  so  truly  reverenced 
by  the  masses  as  Cardinal  Gibbons.  He  is  pre- 
eminently the  great  statesman  of  the  Catholic 
Church  in  this  country.  In  1903  Cardinal 
Gibbons  took  part  in  the  papal  conclave  of 
the  College  of  Cardinals,  held  for  the  purpose 
of  electing  the  successor  of  Pope  Leo  XIII, 
being  the  first  American  prelate  to  participate 
in  such  a  conference.  It  was  he  who  induced 
the  present  Pope,  then  the  Patriarch  of  Venice, 
to  accept  the  nomination.  Cardinal  Gibbons 
has  also  written  considerably  on  religious  sub- 


516 


'A'TBat^."- 


O^^...^^^'®^ 


FRINK 


SEAMANS 


"ts.      His    first   book,    "The    Faith    of    Our 

Lhera "    (Baltimore,    1871),    is    perhaps  one 

the  most  remarkable  pieces  of  liitvrature  of 

s    kind.      Written    in    simple    atyie,    it    seta 

rth  the  precepts  of  the  Catholic  (liurch   so 

at  they  are  comprehensible   to  every   mind. 

is  said  that  no  written  matter  ever  had  no 

werful  an  influence  in  making  converts.    The 

-old  over  a  million  copies  and  is  now  as 

read   as    during    the    first    year    after 

aion.     It  has  since  been  translated  into 

languages.    His  other  works  are:  '*  Our 

itn  Heritage"    (1889);   "The  Ambassa 

Christ"    (1896);    "Sermons  and   Dis- 

-";    and  "Fifty   Years  of   Experience/' 

iilINK,  John  Melancthon,  mianufacturer,  b. 

Montrose,  Pa.,  21  Jan.,   1845,  son  of  Rev. 

s  and  Deidamia   (Millard)   Frink.     Hi« 

,  a  Baptist  minister,  was  active  in  the 

campaign  to  make 

Kansas      a       free 

State.      He    is    a 

descendant  on   the 

paternal  side  from 

a     family     whUli 

came     ir-.u.      V  r 

m;: 

th- 

Cy  >!-Mr..eutlJ 

<i.tiiury.  He  was 
»^u'.»cated  in  the 
public  schools  of 
hia  native  town 
and  at  Was: 
Colle-r^.       'y 


/^■^c^ 


oil!  ilib  pan.' 
moved   to   K 
where    the    ; 
died     three 
tftf.      At    the     age    of     sixteen    he 
shoulder    the     responsibilities     of 
the    family,    engaging    in    whatevci 
rment    he    could    obtain.      He   was    &ui- 
first    to    enlist    at    the    outbreak    of    ' 
'il    War,    participating    in    the    mov. 
resist    the    invasion    of    the    Confer 
?neral,  Price,  and  Quantrell  at  the  time  o\ 
\e  burning  of  Lawrence.     After  the  war  he 
•d   to   Southern   Kansas  where   he  pur- 
a  farm  and  remained  eight  years.     In 
•  decided  to  devote  his  energies  to  bu.^i 
atters  and  went  to  San  Francisco,  and 
!o    Seattle.      Here    he    taught    schoo.i, 
as   cowboy   and   farmer,    and    enooutt- 
il  the  excitements  and  vicis!*ita.k»  inci 
to  life  in  a  newly  settled  difiin^t      I» 
\ith  L.  H.  Tenny,  he  formM   ihv  ^"W 
ly  and  Frink,  in  the  iron  i((  -    ' 
liis   firmly   acquired   h.<\b  (-' 
tion    and    untiring    pj-r^tvi!... 
lor  him  an  enviali]e  pjaltion  nv 
n,  and  in  the  following  v#ft;   ^"^ 
Iron  Works  Company  wu*  • 
ir.  Frink  as  president   a»tf^ 
M  he  has  held   thirty  tbro"  >'.«i 
has   created   many   grcHt    iniproveraenta 
ines    and    machinery    for    logging    and 
rig  purpoRoa,    which    nr«»   «;-«    )M"d    ''V 
:ng-men    thrnii<;h<'iit    'hr-    i<  .I'd       11' 
'.ed  as  a  man  ut  cri'ttf     'vfj';»':iM:  ;•  •    ,. ..  , 
•  of  the  orguni/,*  n;    >i   ij'^    f«'       ,  i.,*^. 
nipanies  in  8eattlt>.  i»i  i  ■'     w#* 


dent  and  manager  of  the  Seattle  City  Railway 
Company,  and  was  the  first  to  establish  an 
electric  cast  steel  furnace  on  the  Pacific  Coast. 
During  the  early  period  of  his  residence  in 
Seattle,  Mr.  Frink  served  as  a  member  of  the 
board  of  aldermen  two  years;  State  senator 
eight  years;  school  board,  five  years,  and  the 
park  board,  of  which  he  is  president.  In  1900 
he  was  the  unsuccessful  Republican  candidate 
for  governor.  He  gave  Seattle  one  of  her 
finest  parks  overlooking  Lake  Washington. 
Mr.  Frink  was  for  thirty-nine  years  a  member 
of  the  chamber  of  couirncrce.  and  is  a  mem- 
ber of  numerous  clubs,  among  tlicra  the  Rai- 
nier. Arctic,  and  Seattle  Golf.  He  married 
in  Kansas,  Hannah  Phillips,  who  died  in  1875; 
and  in  1877  he  married  Abbv  Hawkins,  daugh- 
ter of  Almon  llav.kins,  of  lllimda, 

SEAMANS,  Clarence  Walker,  manufacturer, 
b.  in  Ilion,  N.  Y.,  5  June,  1851;  d.  in  Pi|reon 
Cove,    Mass.,    30    May 
Clark  and  Caroline  M 
mans.     His  father    \\;i 
chasing  agent   for  x.h-. 
and  Sons,  gun  ma  tin 
Tii«    frpt     p^fvTf-u] 


Maas.       riu 

through  hi> 

Seaman-  ,:- 

drich !  "  ai:.5 

^'•-''    •    ^  ■'^''--  '■     '"  ■,  •         -•-.       -.^  in^**'?- 

of   Clarencp    VV     St^auuns^.      Hv   <**4»  ^y 

.sted  a  love  of  study  and  an  aptitud*"  if. 

'  mastery  of  those  lines  to  whicli  he  turi^tnl 

ft^tention   and  it  was  natural   that  after 

ion    at    the    Hion    public    and    high 

W'  »h*>i;|3d  »u««»k  »i  bnniness  ♦■•ar<H»r.     Tn 


\9\r>.. 

gait 

of 

Abrer 

« <  . . . 

ll     •  - 

matk'  > 
Mr    »• 


Mr  ,  <(k 


irnn 


ivpiwritwf 
.,i:'.    th.- 


SEAMANS 


WALLACE 


American,  and  Smith-Premier,  he  became  its 
president  For  many  years  Mr.  Seamans  was 
the  active  head  and  controlling  spirit  in  the 
typewriter  business;  but  as  the  spur  of  neces- 
sity ceased  to  be  felt  and  the  natural  finan- 
cial prosperity  of  his  remarkable  business 
management  increased,  he  left  to  others  the 
more  direct  management  of  aflfairs  in  1910. 
Mr.  Seamans,  besides  his  interests  in  the  type- 
writer manufacturing  industry,  was  director 
of  the  Washington  Trust  Company,  Merchants' 
Fire  Assurance  Corporation  of  New  York 
City,  and  the  People's  Trust  Company  of 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y.  He  was  one  of  the  great 
army  of  country  boys  who  have  become 
captains  of  industry.  He  was  conspicuous 
among  the  city  men  who  came  from  the 
farm  to  the  broader  world  of  commerce  and 
who  have  in  the  past  and  will  in  the  fu- 
ture furnish  the  backbone  of  the  city  activ- 
ity. A  business  associate  who  had  known 
Mr.  Seamans  since  his  boyhood  said  of  him: 
"  In  his  death  the  country  lost  a  man  whose 
life  was  a  happy  illustration  of  the  honors 
and  rewards  of  business  fidelity  and  industry, 
when  combined  with  high  principle  and  un- 
swerving integrity.  As  a  business  man  his 
character  was  unclouded  and  unimpeachable 
He  had  excellent  judgment,  and  adhered  with 
stanch  consistency  to  sound,  conservative, 
and  unquestionable  business  methods  His 
name  was  known  among  the  highest  circles 
of  the  business  world  as  that  of  a  man  who 
could  be  trusted  and  with  whom  it  was  a 
satisfaction  to  transact  business.  Nor  was 
he  a  man  of  mere  money-making  ambition. 
He  loved  his  fellow  men  and  was  interested 
in  those  agencies  that  tend  to  the  better- 
ment of  society;  a  truly  loyal,  earnest  worker 
for  the  public  good.  It  has  been  said  of 
Mr.  Seamans  that  no  one  could  come  in  con- 
tact with  him  without  feeling  better  for  the 
meeting  and  acquiring  a  more  kindly  dis- 
position toward  his  fellow  men  and  the  world 
at  large  No  man  could  be  with  him  long 
without  becoming  his  friend.  The  sunny 
smile  which  illuminated  his  strong,  thought- 
ful countenance  was  the  outward  manifesta- 
tion of  a  genial  nature  which  recognized  and 
appreciated  the  good  in  others.  His  sterling 
qualities  of  manhood  commanded  the  respect 
of  all  who  knew  him.  His  life  teaches  the 
priceless  value  of  unswerving  loyalty  to 
right,  and  the  assured  rewards  of  exemplary 
living.  Fortunate  indeed  is  the  country  that 
has  such  men  as  the  late  Clarence  W.  Sea- 
mans as  its  exemplars."  Mr.  Seamans  built 
a  magnificent  residence  which  he  greatly  en- 
joyed, and  a  summer  home  at  Pigeon  Cove, 
Mass.,  where  he  died.  He  spent  his  summers 
in  the  White  Mountains.  Mr.  Seamans  was 
for  sixteen  years  a  trustee  of  Syracuse  Uni- 
versity and  the  Brooklyn  Institute  of  Arts 
and  Sciences  and  held  membership  in  numer- 
ous exclusive  organizations,  among  them  the 
Chamber  of  Commerce,  Brooklyn  Society  for 
the  Prevention  of  Cruelty  to  Children,  Rock- 
port  Country  Club,  Bass  Rock  Golf  Club, 
Nassau  Country  Club,  Long  Island  Country 
Club,  Dyker  Meadow,  Union  League  Club  of 
Brooklyn,  Riding  and  Driving  Club,  Crescent 
Athletic  Club,  Parkway  Driving  Club  and 
the  Rembrandt  Club.  Mr.  Seamans  will  al- 
ways   be    remembered    in    Ilion,    N.    Y.,    by 

518 


the  Seamans  Public  Library  which  he  do-  j 
nated  to  the  village  when  the  Alumni  Asso-  j 
ciation  of  the  Ilion  High  School  was  mak-  I 
ing  hopeless  eflForts  to  give  the  village  an  ' 
adequate  library.  Upon  his  death  his  asso- 
ciates in  the  Remington  Typewriter  Com- 
pany published  a  handsome  brochure  contain- 
ing the  following  resolutions  to  which  were 
appended  the  signatures  of  each  director:  - 
"  The  Directors  of  the  Remington  Typewriter  I 
Company  desire  to  place  on  record  an  ex-  1 
pression  of  the  profound  sorrow  with  which 
they  learned  of  the  death  of  Clarence  Walker 
Seamans  at  his  summer  home  at  Pigeon 
Cove,  Massachusetts,  on  May  thirtieth,  nine- 
teen hundred  and  fifteen.  Born  at  Ilion, 
N.  Y.,  and  beginning  his  business  career  in 
the  employ  of  E  Remington  and  Sons,  Mr 
Seamans  early  manifested  the  characteristics 
which  particularly  fitted  him  for  leadership, 
and  in  1879  he  became  head  of  the  depart- 
ment which  handled  the  sale  of  the  type- 
writer. In  the  development  of  a  sales  or- 
ganization he  was  a  founder  of  the  firm  of 
Wyckoff,  Seamans  and  Benedict.  Later  he 
was  president  of  the  Union  Typewriter  Com- 
pany, and  continued  in  active  control  of  the 
business  until  compelled  by  failing  health 
to  relinquish  some  of  its  responsibilities.  At 
the  time  of  his  death  he  was  Chairman  of 
the  Board  of  Directors  of  the  Remington 
Typewriter  Company,  successor  to  the  Union 
Typewriter  Company.  He  displayed  great 
ability  in  developing  the  possibilities  of  the 
typewriter  business  and  in  shaping  the  policy 
which  proved  so  successful.  To  those  who  ^ 
know  Mr.  Seamans  well  the  sense  of  loss  is 
so  great  that  it  is  hard  to  say  all  we  think 
and  feel.  He  was  a  very  human  man  and 
possessed  a  most  lovable  character  He  was 
a  personal  friend  of  the  worker  and  inter- 
ested in  his  individual  progress.  He  had 
that  rare  quality  which  created  in  the  minds! 
and  hearts  of  those  who  served  under  him  a 
love  of  service.  Therefore,  be  it  RESOLVED 
that  in  the  death  of  Clarence  Walker  Sea- 
mans this  company  has  suffered  an  irrepara- 
ble loss  and  the  members  of  this  Board  have 
been  deprived  of  one  of  their  most  cherished 
associates;  that  his  loss  brings  peculiar  sor- 
row to  his  fellow  directors  and  the  officers 
of  this  company,  for  he  was  at  all  times  a 
tried  and  loyal  friend  and  a  wise  leader,  ever 
ready  to  co-operate  with  his  associates  for 
the  well-being  of  this  company.  And  be  it 
further  RESOLVED  that  we  tender  to  the 
family  of  our  deceased  friend  and  associate 
our  sincere  sympathy  in  their  great  bereave- 
ment. And  be  it  further  RESOLVED  that 
a  copy  of  this  expression,  properly  engrossed, 
signed  by  each  member  of  the  Board  be  sent 
to  the  family  of  Mr.  Seamans."  On  20  Feb., 
1879,  he  married  Ida  Gertrude,  daughter 
of  Adrian  L  and  Lucia  (Roby)  Watson,  of 
Washington,  D.  C,  and  they  had  four  chil- 
dren, two  sons,  Ralph  Walker  and  Harold 
Francis  (both  deceased),  and  two  daughters, 
Mabel  G.  (now  Mrs.  Robert  Payson  Loomis) 
and  Dorothy  Seamans.  Mr.  Seamans  was  also 
survived  by  a  sister  and  two  brothers,  Cor- 
nelia Seamans,  of  Ilion,  N.  Y.,  Francis  M. 
Seamans,  of  Pasadena,  Cal.,  and  I.  C.  Sea- 
mans,  of   Ilion,   N.   Y. 

WALLACE,  Lew,  author  and  soldier,  b.  in 


WALLACE 


WALLACE 


Brookville,  Ind.,  10  April,  1827;  d.  in  Craw- 
fordsville,  Ind ,  15  Feb.,  1905,  son  of  David 
and  Esther  French  (Gest)  Wallace.  As  his 
name  indicates,  he  was  of  Scotch  lineage.  His 
grandfather,  Andrew  Wallace,  emigrated  from 
Pennsylvania  to  Cincinnati  while  it  was  only 
Fort  Washington,  and  came  on  to  the  White- 
water Valley  after  Wayne's  victory  over  the 
Indians  had  opened  it  to  settlement.  He  was 
accompanied  by  his  wife,  who  was  of  a  Vir- 
ginia family — a  niece  of  the  celebrated  sea 
captain,  John  Paul  Jones — and  his  seven  sons. 
Through  the  friendship  of  Gov.  Wm.  Henry 
Harrison,  the  oldest  son,  David,  was  appointed 
a  cadet  at  West  Point.  He  graduated  there 
in  1821,  and  after  serving  for  a  time  as  tutor 
in  the  academy,  and  as  lieutenant  of  artillery, 
he  resigned,  and  took  up  the  study  of  the  law 
at  Brookville,  in  the  office  of  Judge  Miles  C. 
Eggleston,  one  of  the  foremost  of  the  early 
Indiana  lawyers.  He  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1823,  and  his  talent  soon  brought  him 
a  good  practice.  He  was  elected  representa- 
tive to  the  legislatures  of  1828,  1829,  and 
1830;  lieutenant-governor  in  1831  and  1834, 
and  governor  in  1837.  The  failure  of  the  in- 
ternal improvement  system,  which  he  had 
championed,  caused  his  defeat  for  re-election 
in  184Q,  but  in  1841  he  was  elected  to  Con- 
gress from  the  Indianapolis  district.  In  1843 
he  was  defeated  for  re-election,  chiefly  because 
he  had  voted  for  an  appropriation  of  $30,000 
to  test  Morse's  electric  telegraph,  then  just 
invented.  He  retired  from  active  political  life 
thereafter,  though  he  was  chairman  of  the 
Whig  State  Committee  in  1846,  and  a  delegate 
to  the  constitutional  convention  of  1850.  He 
devoted  himself  to  the  practice  of  law  until 
1856,  when  he  was  elected  judge  of  the  Court 
of  Common  Pleas  of  Marion  County,  which 
office  he  retained  until  his  death,  in  1859. 
Naturally  prone  to  mischief  and  indulgence 
in  self-will,  young  Lew  made  little  progress 
in  education  till  his  thirteenth  year,  when  he 
came  under  the  instruction  of  Prof.  Sam- 
uel Hoshour,  one  of  the  wisest  and  best 
educated  of  the  early  Indiana  teachers.  He 
first  inspired  the  boy  to  write,  and  pointed 
out  to  him  the  fundamental  principles  of  writ- 
ing well.  Another  important  educational  in- 
fluence came  in  his  home.  His  father  was  a 
fine  reader,  and  was  accustomed  to  read  aloud 
of  evenings  to  his  family,  thus  bringing  many 
standard  writers  and  speakers  to  the  notice 
of  his  children.  But  the  call  of  romance  was 
in  him,  even  in  this  adolescent  period,  and 
he  worked  for  months  on  a  wild  narrative, 
"The  Man  at  Arms;  a  Tale  of  the  Tenth 
Century,"  which  he  wisely  dropped  later  on. 
In  this  period,  also,  he  caught  an  inspiration 
for  art,  while  dallying  about  the  studio  of 
Jacob  Cox,  and  dabbled  at  it  rather  surrepti- 
tiously for  some  time.  In  fact  he  never  gave 
it  up,  and  he  eventually  became  quite  expert 
in  drawing,  and  also  produced  some  very 
creditable  canvases,  several  of  which  have  un- 
usual historic  value,  and  will  in  time,  no 
doubt,  receive  the  recognition  they  deserve. 
Notwithstanding  his  accomplishments,  young 
Wallace  made  little  progress  in  the  school  es- 
sentials, and  when  he  was  sixteen  his  father 
decided  on  heroic  remedies.  He  frankly  re- 
hearsed the  whole  situation  to  Lew,  and  told 
him  his  decision  that  henceforth,  although  his 


home  was  open,  he  must  earn  his  own  living. 
The  youth  was  not  averse.  He  found  con- 
genial and  fairly  remunerative  employment 
copying  records  in  the  office  of  the  county 
clerk,  Robert  Duncan,  the  husband  of  another 
of  the  daughters  of  Dr.  Sanders.  Here  again 
he  was  fortunate,  for  Robert  Duncan  was  in- 
telligent and  wise,  and  his  influence  aided 
much  in  turning  the  boy  to  a  more  practical 
view  of  life.  In  fact  this  was  his  turning- 
point.  He  determined  on  self-education,  took 
up  more  serious  reading,  went  back  to  his  dis- 
carded schoolbooks  and  mastered  them.  His 
work  in  the  clerk's  office  made  him  familiar 
with  legal  forms;  and  he  undertook  the  study 
of  law,  with  his  brother,  under  the  instruction 
of  his  father.  He  joined  a  militia  company, 
and  his  natural  fondness  for  things  military 
led  him  to  master  the  authorities  on  tactics 
of  that  time.  In  brief,  he  formed  the  habit 
of  thorough  study  which  marked  his  later  life. 
But  romance  was  not  dead;  and  under  the 
spell  of  Prescott's  "  Conquest  of  Mexico "  he 
began  the  composition  of  "  The  Fair  God " 
in  the  vaults  of  the  old  clerk's  office  at  In- 
dianapolis. The  Texan  troubles,  and  the  im- 
pending war  with  Mexico,  were  of  intense  in- 
terest to  this^  young  man,  to  whom  "  the 
halls  of  the  Montezumas  "  were  as  familiar  as 
reading  and  imagination  could  make  them.  At 
the  first  sound  of  a  call  for  troops  he  en- 
listed a  company,  and  went  out  as  its  second 
lieutenant.  His  dreams  were  not  realized. 
The  First  Indiana  Regiment,  to  which  his 
company  was  assigned,  was  stationed  on  the 
Rio  Grande  to  protect  the  lines  of  communica- 
tion— in  a  stifling,  sickly  place  that  presented 
no  feature  of  war  but  disease — and  came  home 
at  the  end  of  the  war  without  seeing  a  battle, 
notwithstanding  violent  efforts  to  attain  a 
more  active  place  in  the  conflict.  Wallace 
felt  this  so  keenly  that  when  General  Taylor 
was  nominated  for  President,  he  abandoned 
his  Whig  affiliations,  edited  a  campaign  paper 
against  Taylor,  and  became  a  straight-out 
Democrat  until  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War. 
After  the  Mexican  War,  Wallace  resumed  the 
practice  of  law,  with  intermittent  work  on 
"The  Fair  God."  In  1852  he  married  Susan 
Arnold  Elston,  daughter  of  Maj.  Isaac  C. 
Elston,  and  located  at  Crawfordsville.  He 
retained  his  interest  in  military  matters,  and 
organized  a  zouave  militia  company,  the  Mont- 
gomery Guards,  which  he  brought  to  such  per- 
fection in  drill  that  several  others  were  or- 
ganized in  imitation  of  it,  especially  at  In- 
dianapolis. When  Fort  Sumter  was  fired  on, 
Governor  Morton  telegraphed  for  Wallace,  and 
made  him  ad^  -ant-general.  As  soon  as  the 
work  of  raising  troops  for  President  Lincoln's 
first  call  was  over,  and  the  work  of  organiza- 
tion well  under  way,  Wallace  asked  to  go  to 
the  front,  and  was  made  colonel  of  the  Elev- 
enth Regiment — a  zouave  regiment  composed 
at  the  time  of  his  Montgomery  Guards,  three 
companies  from  Indianapolis  and  two  from 
Terre  Haute.  After  service  through  their  first 
enlistment  in  West  Virginia,  the  Eleventh  re- 
enlisted  for  three  years,  and  was  sent  West. 
Wallace  was  promoted  to  brigadier-general  on 
3  Sept.,  1861.  He  served  at  Forts  Henry  and 
Donelson,  and  commanded  a  division  at 
Shiloh.  On  the  advance  of  Kirby  Smith  in 
Kentucky   he   was   intrusted   with   the   defense 


519 


WALLACE 


CLARKE 


of  Cincinnati,  and  made  such  effective  prepara- 
tions that  when  General  Heth,  who  had  been 
detached  with  9,000  men  to  take  the  city,  saw 
the  reception  prepared  for  him,  he  withdrew. 
On  12  March,  1864,  Wallace  was  put  in  com- 
mand of  the  Eighth  Army  Corps,  with  head- 
quarters at  Baltimore.  While  putting  things 
in  order  there,  he  became  suspicious  of  a  rebel 
raid  on  Washington,  which  at  that  time  had 
numerous  entrenchments,  but  no  men  to  hold 
them.  General  Grant  had  concentrated  all  his 
available  forces  at  City  Point.  General 
Hunter,  commanding  in  West  Virginia,  had 
gone  on  an  expedition  down  the  Kanawha 
Valley,  leaving  General  Sigel  at  Harper's 
Ferry  with  not  over  6,000  available  men.  The 
Shenandoah  Valley  was  open  for  an  advance 
on  Washington.  Small  items  of  information 
confirmed  Wallace's  fear  that  General  Lee 
would  not  overlook  the  opportunity,  but  yet 
he  had  nothing  definite  to  present.  He  had 
reason  to  believe  that  his  superiors,  General 
Grant  and  General  Halleck,  were  not  friendly 
to  him.  He  could  not  risk  an  unfounded 
alarm  that  might  disturb  their  plans.  On  his 
own  responsibility  he  concentrated  about 
2,500  men,  mostly  raw  troops,  on  Monocacy 
River,  and  fortified  the  approaches  to  the 
roads  leading  to  Baltimore  and  Washington. 
He  had  six  three-inch  guns  and  one  twenty- 
four-pounder  howitzer.  Rapidly  approaching 
against  ,him  was  Gen.  Jubal  Early,  with 
20,000  men  and  a  full  complement  of  field- 
guns  Early's  skirmish  line  met  Wallace's 
outpost  at  Frederick  on  July  7,  and  was  tem- 
porarily repulsed.  On  8  July  were  minor 
contests,  while  Early's  main  force  was  coming 
in  reach.  On  that  night  Wallace  was  re- 
inforced by  5,000  veterans  under  General 
Ricketts  On  9  July  this  inferior  force  with- 
stood Early's  assaults  from  seven  o'clock  in 
the  morning  till  four  in  the  afternoon,  and 
then  withdrew  in  good  order  before  an  attack 
in  full  force  was  made.  Wallace's  object  was 
accomplished.  He  had  demonstrated  Early's 
strength,  and  established  the  fact  that  his 
objective  point  was  Washington — two  days' 
march  beyond.  Grant  had  been  duly  notified; 
and  when  Early  reached  the  national  capital, 
a  reconnoissance  showed  that  its  defenses  were 
fully  manned,  and  he  turned  in  retreat.  Wal- 
lace had  saved  his  second  Northern  city  from 
capture.  Two  generals  possessed  of  imagina- 
tion had  come  in  conflict  Wallace  had  di- 
vined Lee's  plan  and  thwarted  it.  As  the 
war  neared  its  end,  General  Wallace  was  in- 
trusted with  a  delicate  secret  mission  to  the 
Confederate  leaders  of  Texas.  It  failed  of  its 
immediate  purpose,  but  was  instrumental  in 
promoting  aid  of  the  United  States  to  the 
Mexican  Liberals,  and  the  expulsion  of  Max- 
imilian. He  served  on  the  commission  that 
tried  and  convicted  the  assassins  of  Lincoln, 
and  during  the  trial  made  pencil  sketches  of 
all  the  leading  characters,  which  were  subse- 
quently used  in  an  historical  painting  that 
he  left  unfinished.  He  served  on  the  commis- 
sion that  tried  and  convicted  Wirz,  the  com- 
mander at  Andersonville  prison,  and,  from 
his  experience  there  grew  his  historical  paint- 
ing, "The  Dead  Line."  In  1873  "The  Fair 
God "  was  published,  and  General  Wallace 
at  once  sprang  to  fame  as  a  writer.  Over 
145,000  copies  were  sold  by  1905.     It  was  fol- 


I 


lowed  in  1880  by  "  Ben-Hur,"  which  attained 
the  greatest  circulation  of  any  American  book 
since  "  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin."  It  has  been 
translated  into  German,  French,  Swedish,  Bo- 
hemian, Turkish,  Italian,  Spanish,  Portu- 
guese, and  Arabic;  and  has  been  printed  in 
raised  letters  for  the  use  of  the  blind.  In 
1888  he  published  his  "  Life  of  Gen.  Benjamin 
Harrison,"  and  in  1889  "The  Boyhood  of 
Christ."  In  1893  appeared  "The  Prince  of 
India,"  and  in  1898  "The  Wooing  of  Mal- 
katoon,"  with  "  Commodus,"  a  tragedy. 
While  an  earnest  Republican  in  politics,  Gen- 
eral Wallace  was  not  a  seeker  for  political 
preferment.  He  declined  the  mission  to  Bo- 
livia, offered  by  President  Hayes,  and  that 
to  Brazil,  offered  by  President  Harrison;  but 
he  served  as  governor  of  New  Mexico,  1878-81, 
and  as  Minister  to  Turkey,  1881-85.  In  the 
latter  position  he  brought  to  the  United  States 
more  prominent  and  influential  relations  with 
the  Porte  than  it  had  ever  before  held.  He 
later  declined  two  offers  of  service  under  the 
Sultan.  When  the  Carnegie  Institution  was 
founded,  in  1902,  there  were  appointed  twenty- 
seven  trustees,  designed  to  represent  the  cul- 
ture and  intelligence  of  the  forty-five  States 
of  the  Union.  It  is  a  notable  fact  that  four 
of  these  trustees — Secretary  John  Hay,  Sen- 
ator John  C.  Spooner,  of  Wisconsin,  Judge 
William  W.  Morrow,  of  the  Ninth  Judicial 
Circuit  Court  of  the  United  States,  and  Dr. 
John  S.  Billings,  of  the  surgeon-general's  of- 
fice, who  is  distinguished  as  a  librarian,  an 
author,  and  a  medical  man — were  natives  of 
Indiana,  a  State  less  than  a  century  in  age 
His  later  years  were  passed  chiefly  in  writing 
his  autobiography  at  his  home  in  Crawfords- 
ville,  in  the  congenial  company  of  his  talented 
wife,  who  was  also  a  writer  of  ability,  as 
witnessed  by  her  books  and  poems.  He  died 
there  on  15  Feb.,  1905.  His  wife  followed  him 
on  1  Oct.,  1907.  They  had  one  child,  Henry  L. 
Wallace,  of  Indianapolis.  In  1907  the  legisla- 
ture of  Indiana  provided  for  placing  a  statue 
of  General  Wallace  in  the  National  Hall  of 
Fame,  as  one  of  the  two  representatives  of  his 
State.  It  was  a  worthy  selection;  but  no 
Indiana  man  had  less  need  of  a  statue  to  pre- 
serve his  memory. 

CLARKE,  Joseph  Ignatius  Constantine, 
editor  and  playwright,  b.  in  Kingstown,  Ire- 
land, 31  July,  1846,  the  son  of  William  and 
Ellen  (Quinn)  Clarke.  His  father,  a  barrister, 
died  in  1853,  and  he  received  his  early  educa- 
tion in  St.  Joseph's,  Clondalkin,  Ireland.  On 
the  migration  of  the  family  to  England  he 
studied  in  London  and  later  in  Paris.  He 
entered  the  English  Civil  Service  in  London 
(Board  of  Trade)  in  1863,  but  in  accord 
with  his  national  predilections  joined  the 
Fenian  movement  in  1868  and  resigned  from 
the  service.  In  the  same  year,  after  a  stay  of 
some  months  in  Paris,  he  came  to  America 
and  took  up  periodical  writing  in  New  York, 
contributing  to  the  magazine,  "  Onward," 
founded  by  Mayne  Reid,  the  bright  novelist  of 
outland  adventure,  a  series  of  articles  on  "  The 
Songs  of  the  French  Revolution  "  with  trans- 
lations, notably  La  Marseillaise,  Le  Chant  du 
Depart,  and  "  Ca  Ira."  He  contributed  also 
many  articles  on  Irish  questions  to  the  "  Irish 
Republic,"  a  weekly  of  the  period.  In  1871  he 
joined   the   editorial    staff   of   the   New   York 


520 


(1/<Am^  /%.  (^Cft£^l/-LC^ 


OGILVIE 


OGILVIE 


•'  Herald  *'  filling  in  aucceseion  the  posts  of 
correspondent,  telegraph  editor,  dramatic, 
rriMMical,  and  literary  editor,  editorial  writer, 
:  i^ht  editor  and  managing  editor  until  May, 
I ss:{,  when  he  became  managii:?  {*diti>r  of  the 
Nt'W  York  "Journal"  which  (-flfico  ho  filled 
until  1895.  His  turn  for  von;"  and  for  play- 
writing  had  already  found  oufl-t.  jind  h«  pur- 
sued the  latter  for  some  tini"  vyith  8rJCf'e»s 
In  1898,  however,  he  became  *(iit<»r  of  the 
"  Criterion,"  a  literary  weekly,  for  two  years*-- 
a  periodical  on  which  so  many  of  the  ripe 
writers  of  today  gave  their  first  fruits  of 
promise.  In  1900  Mr.  Clarke  was  once  more 
engaged  as  a  special  contributor  by  the  New 
York  "Herald"  which  led  later  to' his  filling 
the  post  of  Sunday  editor  from  1903  to  1906. 
In  the  latter  year  he  became  chief  of  the 
publicity  department  of  the  Standard  Oil  Com- 
pany where  he  remained  until  July,  1913.  In 
1914  he  made  a  tour  of  Japan  and  China, 
contributing  a  series  of  descriptive  and 
analytic  letters  on  his  journey  to  the  New 
York  "  Sun."  His  plays  are  "  Heartsease " 
(in  collaboration  with  the  late  Charles  Klein) 
— for  years  the  starring  medium  of  Henry 
Miller;  "For  Bonnie  Prince  Charlie"  from 
the  French  of  Copp6  played  for  two  years  by 
Julia  Marlowe;  "The  First  Violin,"  played 
for  a  season  by  Richard  Mansfield ;  "  Her 
Majesty,"  played  for  a  season  by  Grace 
George;  "  Lady  God iva,"  "Great  Plumed  Ar- 
row," and  "  The  Prince  of  India."  Mr.  Clarke  is 
besides  author  of  "  Robert  Emmet,  a  Tragedy," 
1888;  "  Malmorda.  a  Metrical  Romance," 
1893;  "Manhattan,  an  Ode  for  the  Fulton- 
Hudson  Celebration,"  1909;  "The  Fighting 
Race  and  Other  Poems  and  BaUads,"  1911; 
"Sullivan,  1779,"  a  poem,  1912;  "John 
Barry,"  a  poem,  1914.  In  politics  Mr.  Clarke 
is  a  Democrat,  although  affiliating  with  the 
Republicans  until  1876  when  he  voted  for 
Samuel  J.  Tilden.  He  bolted  Bryan  in  1896. 
Mr.  Clarke  was  the  founder  and  president  of 
the  National  Art  Theater  Society;  is  a  di- 
rector of  the  Society  of  American  Dramatists 
and  Composers;  president-general  of  the 
American  Irish  Historical  .Society;  director  of 
the  Tuinucu  (Cuba)  Sugar  Company;  mem- 
ber of  the  Authors,  Manhattan,  Catholic,  and 
New  York  Press  Clubs-,  and  Alliance  Francaise 
of  New  York,  and  president  of  the  Merriewold 
Club  of  Merriewold  Park,  Sullivan  County, 
where  he  makes  his  summer  home.  He  ia  ex- 
president  of  the  Friendly  Sonp  of  St.  Patrick 
of  New  York.  On  18  June,  1873,  Mir.  Clarke 
married  Mary  Agnes  Cahill,  of  New  York,  and 
has  two  sons,  William  Joseph  and  Harry  E., 
both  business  men  in  New  York.  Althougli 
retired  from  professional  routine  Mr.  Clarke 
contributes  often  with  his  customary  close 
observation  and  clear  vision  to  journal  a  and 
magazines.  His  "  Cry  of  France :  a  Rhap- 
Body,"  in  AugUfit,  1916,  attracted  wide  at- 
tention. 

OGILVIE,  Ida  Helen,  educator  and  scientist, 
b.  New  York  City,  12  Feb.,  1874,  daughter  of 
Clinton  and  H.len  (Slade)  Ogilvie.  Misfl 
Ogilvie's  father  was  the  celebratfd  landscap*' 
painter;  her  mother,  also  a  painter,  wlio  has 
received  considerable  recognition,  was  a  dungh- 
ter  of  Jarvis  Slade  (q.v).  William  Ogilvie, 
who  came  from  Scotland  to  New  York  in 
1745,  was  the  first  American  nncestor  on  her 


father's  side.  Another  ancestor  was  Judge 
Peter  Ogilvie,  a  general  in  the  War  of  1812. 
Through  her  mother.  Miss  Ogilvie  is  of  May- 
flower descent  through  Richard  Warren. 
Other  notable  ancestors  are  William  Thomas, 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  Plymouth  colony ; 
Samuel  Pratt,  a  relative  of  the  first  president 
of  Yale;  Judge  Joseph  Otis;  Nathaniel  Til- 
den; Capt.  Nathaniel  Thomas;  William 
Hatch;  and  James  Torrey;  all  notable  in  New 
Eiigland  Colonial  history.  She  was  educated 
at  the  Brearley  School  and  Bryn  Mawr  Col- 
lege, where  she  was  graduated  A,B.  in  1900. 
While  at  Bryn  Mawr  nhe  showed  a  marked 
aptitude  for  scientific  research  in  geology  and 
zoologj'.  She  prosecuted  ht-r  research  studies 
in  zoology  for  two  gunimers  at  the  Marine 
Laboratory,  Woods  Holl,  Mass.  Hei  interest 
in  geology  was  greater,  and  she  eventually  be- 
came a  geologist  of  note.  She  explored  the 
Adirondacks,  publishing  her  observations  in  a 
paper  under  the  title  of  "  The  Glaciation  of 
the  Adirondacks."  Later  she  studied  at  Co- 
lumbia, where  she  was  awarded  the  degree  of 
Ph.D.  in  1903.  Her  most  notable  investiga- 
tions were  along  the  line  of  past  glaciation  of 
the  continent  and  of  volcanic  activities.  She 
became  a  daring  and  intrepid  explorer  break- 
ing the  trail  in  the  Canadian  Rockies,  north 
of  the  line  of  the  railway.  Miss  Ugilvie  has 
added  to  her  dis^tinctions  that  of  mountain 
climber,  but  always  as  a  scientific  investigator, 
trying  to  solve  the  age-old  riddles  of  the  uni- 
verse. Even  Popocatapetl,  one  of  the  highest 
volcanoes  in  Mexico,  held  no  terror  for  her, 
since  she  stood  on  the  very  rim  of  the  crater, 
and  looked  down  into  its  sulphurous  depths. 
She  carried  her  investigations  to  the  Ortiz 
Mountains  of  New  Mh.xico,  whii'h  belong  to  the. 
laccolith  type  of  extinct  volcano.  Theee  ex- 
plorHtions  enabled  her  to  announce  to  the 
scientific  world  many  new  fact.s  in  r^'gard  to 
the  chemical  relationship  of  lavas  She  also 
published  important  contributions  to  the  sub- 
ject of  the  efifect  of  aridity  on  erosion.  She 
was  one  of  the  first  investigators  to  establish 
the  axiom  that  aridity  has  a  notable  effect 
upon  the  conflagration  of  the  surfnee  of  the 
earth,  and  upon  the  composition  of  the  sands 
and  soil.  She  also  studied  the  work  of  intermit- 
tent streams,  and  gave  the  name  "  conoplain  '* 
to  the  form  of  surface  produced  by  the  a<  tion 
of  such  streams.  Her  accounts  of  thesf;  vnfure- 
some  and  satisfying  excursions  Htrrarted  im- 
mediate attention.  Dr.  Ogilvii'  lo-tured  on  g^-ol 
ogj-  in  the  Mi.sses  Rayson's  8chr>v);  in  New  York 
inl  902-03.  Her  methods  of  pr^sotitinj?  geology 
to  the  girls  made  it  nK»8t  iMiere.sling  and  v'HSV 
of  com'prehi-nsion.  In  1903,  nftrr  receiving 
her  Ph.D.  degn^e,  nhe  ^vjii'  appoinird  Uvtunr  in 
geologA'  in  Barnerd  College.  Mere  her  succt-r-s 
was  even  more  pruoouiuud,  and  .she  has  Im'J'U 
steadily  promoted,  ttiiig  since  1'.>11  in  full 
<rharge*  of  lu  r  d»'parlmtnt,  under  fh«-  title  of 
assistant  profewsor.  She  aNo  ).\li!r.s  to 
cla.'^se'-  in  (olutnMn  I  lliver^'ily  'llir  depart- 
ment of  g''Olo]g>  in  Barnard  .Ti^^itiated  with 
MisH  OgilvfeV"  :.[»p'>iiii'nent.  It  )itnv  ranks 
equal  with  (toy  cniversKy  in  t!..  country  for 
it.M  tlioroug'ii)<'^H.  for  the  work  aoeoniplish*  d. 
and  for  the  eMlhu-^la•^ti<•  intereHt  di«playe.l  by 
11h;  htud'iits.  I»r.  0;j;ilvies  methods  are  all 
her  own,  and  on  ac((»unt  of  her  engaging  In- 
dividuality Hhe   defu^s   the  imitator.      She   is   a 


521 


DANA 


DANA 


fellow  of  the  Geological  Society  of  America, 
one  of  the  two  women  to  attain  this  high  dis- 
tinction; fellow  of  the  American  Association 
for  the  Advancement  of  Science;  fellow  of  the 
New  York  Academy  of  Science  and  of  the 
Seismological  Society  of  America.  She 
stands  in  the  vanguard  of  progressive  women, 
and  is,  therefore,  greatly  interested  in  woman 
suffrage.  It  has  been  said  of  Miss  Ogilvie  that 
she  owes  her  success  to  her  determination  and 
devotion  to  her  profession,  being  willing,  if 
necessary,  to  give  twenty-four  hours  a  day  to 
her  work.  Perhaps  her  greatest  contribution 
has  been  in  blazing  the  way  for  other  women, 
and  in  winning  recognition  in  the  scientific 
world. 

DANA,  Charles  Anderson,  journalist,  news- 
paper publisher,  b.  in  Hinsdale,  N.  H.,  8  Aug., 
1819;  d.  in  New  York,  N.  Y.,  17  Oct.,  1897. 
He  was  descended  from  Richard  Dana,  who 
came  from  England  and  settled  in  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  in  1640.  When  young  Dana  was  two 
years  of  age  his  parents  removed  to  Gaines, 
N.  Y.,  where  he  remained  until  his  sixth  year. 
The  family  then  went  to  Guildhall,  Vt.,  where 
the  boy  lived  until  he  was  twelve,  when  he 
was  taken  to  Buffalo  by  an  uncle  and  given 
a  home  with  him.  Here  he  attended  the 
public  schools,  sometimes  working  in  a  store. 
At  a  very  early  age  he  was  thrown  almost 
entirely  on  his  own  resources  and  was  com- 
pelled to  make  his  own  living.  Yet  he  was 
determined  to  acquire  a  thorough  education, 
and  practically  all  of  his  leisure  moments 
were  devoted  to  study,  or  to  the  reading  of 
books.  Even  at  this  time  he  was  an  omnivor- 
ous reader  and  had  an  intelligent  understand- 
ing of  English  literature.  As  a  result  of  his 
arduous  application,  he  was  able  to  pass  the 
entrance  examinations  to  Harvard  University 
in  1839  and  to  become  one  of  its  students. 
Here  his  work  was  characterized  by  the  same 
steady  application  to  his  studies,  with  the  un- 
fortunate result  that  his  eyes  began  to  fail 
him.  He  was  able  to  finish  his  sophomore 
year  only  through  the  help  of  a  fellow  student, 
John  Emory,  who  read  his  lessons  to  him  and 
heard  his  recitations,  and  in  other  ways  coached 
him  for  the  examinations.  At  the  end  of  that 
year  he  was  compelled  to  leave  college  and  to 
abandon  all  hope  of  attaining  a  full  collegiate 
training.  In  the  following  year  he  became  in- 
terested in  the  famous  Brook  Farm  Associa- 
tion, which  established  a  Fourierist  communist 
colony  at  Roxbury,  Mass.  Like  the  communist 
colony  established  in  Harmony,  Ind.,  by  the 
famous  Robert  Owen,  it  eventually  failed,  but 
not  without  leaving  behind  it  some  very  pleas- 
ant memories  of  the  associations  formed  be- 
tween the  colonists  and  later  to  become  the 
subject  of  literary  treatment  by  such  writers 
as  Nathaniel  Hawthorne.  Here  it  was  that 
Dana  became  acquainted  with  George  and 
Sophia  Ripley,  George  William  Curtis,  Haw- 
thorne the  novelist,  Theodore  Parker,  William 
Henry  Channing,  John  Sullivan  Dwight,  Mar- 
garet Fuller,  and  a  number  of  others  closely 
associated  with  the  intellectual  life  of  New 
England.  During  this  period  young  Dana 
gained  his  livelihood  by  teaching  Spanish  and 
mathematics,  and  it  was  also  then  that  he  did 
his  first  journalistic  work,  on  the  "  Harbinger," 
the  journal  of  the  social  reformers.  But  the 
open-air    life,    the    healthy    activities    out-of- 


doors  which  constituted  the  life  of  the  colo- 
nists were  at  least  the  means  to  bringing 
Dana's  eyesight  into  serviceable  condition 
again,  though  throughout  the  rest  of  his  life 
he  was  obliged  to  exercise  much  care  in  the  use 
of  his  eyes,  reading  by  artificial  light  being  es- 
pecially forbidden  him.  After  the  breaking  up 
of  the  colony,  Dana  went  back  to  Boston  and 
found  employment  as  a  reporter  on  the  Boston 
"  Chronotype,"  his  salary  being  $5.00  a  week. 
Here  he  remained  for  two  years,  gaining  little 
material  reward,  but  the  beginning  of  his 
journalistic  experience.  At  the  end  of  that 
period  he  went  to  New  York  and  was  given  a 
position  on  the  "  Tribune,"  and  so  he  began 
his  association  with  that  other  famous  jour- 
nalist and  social  theorist,  Horace  Greeley.  Here 
he  earned  a  salary  of  $10.00  a  week,  even  after 
he  was  raised  to  the  position  of  city  editor  in 
1847.  Not  long  after  the  desire  to  visit 
Europe  came  over  him,  and  he  proposed  to 
Horace  Greeley  that  he  be  sent  over  as  the 
correspondent  of  the  "Tribune."  "Dana," 
Greeley  is  said  to  have  remarked,  "  you  don't 
know  enough.  You  don't  know  enough  about 
European  life  or  affairs  to  be  able  to  write  on 
such  a  subject  intelligently."  Nevertheless, 
Greeley  finally  agreed  to  pay  Dana  $10.00  a 
week  for  a  weekly  letter  which  he  was  to  write 
while  abroad.  Dana  then  made  a  similar  ar- 
rangement with  the  Philadelphia  "North 
American  Review,"  the  "  Commercial  Adver- 
tiser," the  "  Harbinger,"  and  the  Boston 
"  Chronotype,"  the  latter  two  papers  paying 
only  $5.00  a  week  for  their  correspondence. 
Thus  Dana  had  an  income  during  his  eight 
months'  trip  abroad  of  $40.00  a  week,  more 
than  ample  to  pay  his  expenses  and  keep  his 
family  in  New  York.  Finally  he  returned 
home,  rich  in  experience,  but  with  only  $63.00 
in  his  pocket.  Once  more  Dana  plunged  into 
his  journalistic  work,  on  the  "Tribune,"  and 
not  long  after  Greeley  gave  him  an  interest  in 
the  paper  and  made  him  managing  editor.  His 
policy  was  characterized  by  his  violent  attacks 
on  slavery  and  when  the  Civil  War  broke  out 
the  "  Tribune  "  was  one  of  the  stanchest  pro- 
Union  papers  in  the  country.  In  1861  Dana 
went  to  Albany  to  help  elect  Greeley  to  the 
United  States  Senate,  in  which  he  almost  suc- 
ceeded; would,  in  fact,  have  succeeded  had  it 
not  been  for  the  opposition  of  Thurlow  Weed. 
As  the  war  progressed,  however,  Greeley  and 
Dana  began  to  disagree  over  certain  details 
of  policy  affecting  their  attitude  toward  certain 
Union  commanders.  This  difference  finally 
became  so  serious  that  they  were  obliged 
to  separate  and  Dana,  disposing  of  his  interest 
in  the  paper,  in  the  spring  of  1862,  severed 
his  connection  with  the  "  Tribune."  He  was 
immediately  offered  employment  by  Secretary 
of  War,  Edwin  M.  Stanton,  to  go  to  the  front 
and  there  act  as  his  special  representative  in 
observing  the  operations.  Thus  he  was  pres- 
ent at  and  participated  in  some  of  the  most 
important  battles  of  the  war;  he  was  on  the 
scene  during  the  campaigns  in  the  Northern 
Mississippi,  at  Vicksburg,  at  the  rescue  of 
Chattanooga,  and  in  the  Virginia  campaigns. 
It  is  said  that  his  reports  and  recommenda- 
tions caused  Rosecrans  to  be  succeeded  by 
Hooker  and  the  transfer  of  Hooker's  command 
on  the  Tennessee  to  Grant.  In  1863  Dana  was 
recalled     to     Washington     and     then    became 


522 


DANA 


JOY 


Assistant  Secretary  of  War,  which  position 
he  continued  to  hold  until  the  war  was  ter- 
minated by  Lee's  surrender  at  Appomattox. 
After  the  termination  of  the  war  Dana  went 
to  Chicago  and  there  attempted  to  found  a 
newspaper,  the  Chicago  "  Republican,"  but  for 
reasons  that  appear  to  have  been  outside  of 
his  control,  this  venture  failed.  He  then 
came  to  New  York  and  there  organized  a 
stock  company  for  the  purpose  of  purchasing 
the  New  York  "  Sun."  This  he  was  successful 
in  accomplishing,  the  paper  being  purchased 
for  $175,000  from  Moses  Y.  Beach.  The  first 
issue  under  his  editorship  appeared  on  27 
Jan.,  1868.  In  politics  the  new  paper  was 
supposed  to  be  Democratic,  but  it  bitterly 
criticized  the  Grant  administration,  so  vigor- 
ously that  on  one  occasion,  in  July,  1873,  an 
attempt  was  made  to  bring  him  to  Washington 
to  appear  there  in  the  police  courts  on  a 
charge  of  libel.  Judge  Blatchford,  however, 
refused  to  issue  the  warrant  for  his  arrest. 
Through  the  "  Sun  "  Dana  soon  became  known 
throughout  the  country  for  his  great  abilities 
as  an  editor.  His  editorials  were  brilliantly 
written,  sometimes  barbed  with  the  bitterest 
satire,  sometimes  glowing  with  humor,  never 
heavy  or  dull.  This  brilliancy  he  managed  to 
infuse  into  every  page  of  the  paper,  for  he 
was  a  genius  in  choosing  the  members  of  his 
staff.  It  was  he  who  first  made  known  the 
famous  "  Doc "  Wood,  the  "  great  American 
condenser."  "  The  resurrection  of  Christ,  the 
greatest  news  the  world  ever  heard,  was  told 
in  seven  hundred  words,"  was  one  of  the 
notices  which  Dana  caused  to  be  posted  on  the 
walls  of  the  "  Sun "  office.  Wood's  abilities 
for  expressing  a  great  deal  in  a  few  words 
soon  attracted  Dana's  attention.  It  is  said 
that  Dana  once  gave  Wood  a  poem  in  galley 
proof,  covering  a  whole  column  of  space, 
and  told  him  to  "boil  it  down."  The  result 
was :  "  Do  you  love  me  ?  No.  Then  I  go," 
covering  just  three  lines.  Dana  never  tired 
of  repeating  this  story.  During  this  early 
period,  while  the  "  Sun  *'  was  still  professedly 
Democratic,  Dana  made  no  secret  of  his  am- 
bition to  be  appointed  collector  of  customs  for 
New  York.  But  this  appointment  he  never 
received.  He  was,  after  all,  too  frank,  too 
outspoken  in  editorial  expression,  to  make  a 
good  politician.  His  bitter  satire,  his  open 
ridicule  of  things  which  he  thought  dishonest, 
made  him  many  enemies,  and  these  naturally 
grew  in  number  and  were  able  to  exert  their 
influence  against  him.  Later  Dana  became  so 
disgusted  with  these  petty  spites  against  him 
within  the  Democratic  party  that  he  went 
over  to  the  Republicans,  and  to  that  political 
party  the  "  Sun "  adhered  until  his  death. 
Aside  from  his  editorial  writings,  Mr.  Dana 
also  did  some  literary  work  which  was  pub- 
lished in  more  permanent  form.  In  1848  he 
translated  from  the  German  a  book  which 
appeared  in  English  under  the  title  of  "  The 
Black  Ant."  In  collaboration  with  George 
Ripley  he  planned  and  edited  the  New  Ameri- 
can Encyclopedia,  the  first  edition  of  which 
appeared  in  1863.  A  "Life  of  Ulysses  S. 
Grant "  appeared  in  1868,  his  collaborator  in 
this  work  being  Gen.  James  H.  Wilson.  He 
and  Ripley  issued  a  volume  entitled  "  House- 
hold Poetry"  in  1857  and  in  1883  he  and  Dr. 
Rossiter     Johnson     issued     "  Fifteen     Perfect 


Poems."  Charles  A.  Dana  will  ever  stand 
forth  in  the  history  of  American  journalism  as 
one  of  the  foremost,  if  not  the  foremost,  jour- 
nalists of  this  country.  Nobody  was  ever  more 
successful  in  infusing  his  personality  so  thor- 
oughly into  a  newspaper  as  he;  even  the  news 
columns  were  written  in  a  distinctly  original 
style,  so  that  the  "  Sun "  was  bought  and 
read  by  many  people  for  its 'style  alone.  It 
was  Dana's  energy,  ability  and,  above  all,  his 
personality,  which  made  the  "  Sun  "  the  great, 
influential  daily  it  was  and  still  is.  And  yet 
behind  the  satire,  the  caustic  humor,  of  some 
of  its  editorials,  there  was  a  man  of  very 
high  ideals.  His  early  enthusiasms  and  his 
association  with  the  idealistic  dreamers  of  the 
Fourierist  experiments  amply  testify  to  this 
tendency  in  his  character,  which  was  only 
slightly  modified  by  the  experiences  of  later 
life.  For  with  all  his  altruism,  his  social 
theories,  Dana  was  essentially  a  good  business 
man  with  a  keen  insight  into  human  char- 
acter and  motives.  Possibly  this  insight  gave 
him  that  tendency  toward  a  slight  pessimism, 
portrayed  by  the  satire  of  his  editorial  writ- 
ings. After  having  established  his  financial 
success  Mr.  Dana  devoted  a  great  deal  of  his 
leisure  to  outdoor  pursuits.  He  purchased 
a  large  country  estate  on  Long  Island,  N.  Y., 
and  there  gave  up  much  of  his  time  and 
energy  to  poultry  raising,  fancy  gardening, 
and  other  agricultural  pursuits.  His  mush- 
room cellar  alone  cost  him  $8,000.  He  was 
also  an  enthusiastic  yachtsman  and  a  hunter. 
Mr.  Dana  married  Eunice  McDaniel,  of  Mary- 
land. They  had  four  children:  Paul  Dana, 
Mrs.  William  H.  Droher,  Mrs  J.  W.  Brennan, 
and  Mrs.  William  Underbill. 

JOY,  Thomas,  colonist,  b.  in  Norfolk  County, 
England,  in  1610;  d.  21  Oct.,  1678.  The  family 
name,  probably  derived  from  the  town  Jouy  in 
Normandy,  has,  like  many  others,  undergone 
modifications,  appearing  in  such  forms  as  Joye, 
Joie,  Jaie,  and  Jay.  Thomas  Joy  came  to 
America  in  1635  and  settled  in  Boston,  where 
he  became  the  owner  of  much  land,  including 
that  on  which  the  mansions  of  Governor 
Hutchinson  and  Sir  Charles  Henry  Frankland 
were  built — and  land  in  Bendall's  Cove,  in- 
cluding, possibly,  the  sites  of  Faneuil  Hall 
and  the  "  old  father  store."  He  was  an  archi- 
tect and  builder,  constructing  dwellings,  ware- 
houses, wharves,  and  bridges  in  Boston  and 
Charlestown.  He  also  owned  and  operated 
corn  and  saw  mills  in  Hingham,  where  he  also 
resided  for  a  time.  In  1646  Dr.  Robert  Child 
and  six  associates  presented  their  famous 
"  Memorial  "  to  the  general  court,  asking  for 
certain  reforms  in  the  colonial  government, 
and,  particularly,  for  an  extension  of  the  right 
of  suffrage  among  the  men,  three-fourths  of 
whom  were  disfranchised  because  they  were 
not  members  of  local  churches.  The  requests 
were  refused  and  the  petitioners  were  impris- 
oned and  heavily  fined.  Thomas  Joy  assisted 
the  reformers  in  the  movements  which  fol- 
lowed. For  circulating  a  petition,  which  was 
to  be  sent  to  England,  and  for  challenging  the 
authority  of  an  official  in  search  of  certain 
papers,  he  was  arrested  and  placed  in  irons. 
Later,  after  most  of  the  original  memorialists 
had  been  forced  to  leave  I  lie  country,  he  be- 
took himself  to  the  Hym|)athizing  parish  of  the 
Rev.    Peter    Hobart   at   Hingham.      Returning 


523 


JOY 


HOGAN 


to  Boston  in  1657,  he  and  his  partner,  Bar- 
tholomew Bernard,  built  the  first  town  house, 
which  was  also  the  first  seat  of  government  of 
Massachusetts,  and  the  most  important  public 
edifice  undertaken  up  to  that  time  in  New 
England.  It  was  erected  largely  through  the 
munificence  of  Capt.  Robert  Keayne,  who 
died  in  1656,  ftiaking  provision  by  will  for 
the  construction  of  a  market  place  and  conduit 
and  a  building  adequate  for  specified  public 
purposes.  The  bequest  was  more  than  doubled 
by  popular  subscription.  The  structure  was 
completed  in  1658  and  was  destroyed  by  fire 
on  the  night  of  2-3  Oct.,  1711.  On  the 
site  there  was  built  of  brick  in  1713  the  "old 
state  house  "  which  still  stands — one  of  the 
most  venerated  monuments  of  Colonial  Boston. 
This  "  gallant  state  house,"  as  it  was  called 
by  Samuel  Maverick  in  1660,  was  the  scene 
of  stirring  events.  Above  were  chambers  for 
town  meetings  and  a  library,  the  governor 
and  council,  assembly  and  courts;  below  was 
the  merchants'  exchange.  Here  the  revolution 
against  Andros  was  formed;  here  Captain 
Kidd,  the  pirate,  was  examined;  here  the 
witchcraft  cases  were  tried;  here  met  the 
Puritan  elders,  and  here  the  first  Episco- 
palians worshiped.  It  was  the  "  pine  state 
house"  of  Emerson's  "  Boston  Hymn,"  the 
"  town  hall  "  of  Hawthorne's  "  Scarlet  Letter," 
and  the  "council  chamber "  of  Whittier's 
"  King's  Missive."  The  armory,  for  which 
provision  had  been  made  in  the  will,  was  for 
the  use  of  what  is  now  known  as  the  Ancient 
and  Honorable  Artillery  Company  of  which 
Captain  Keayne  was  the  founder  and  first 
commander.  Thomas  Joy  was  elected  a  mem- 
ber of  this  company  in  1658.  He  became  a 
"  freeman  "  of  the  Massachusetts  Bay  Colony 
in  1665,  one  year  after  the  passage  of  a  law 
granting  non-freemen  the  right  to  become  citi- 
zens, provided  they  were  approved  by  the 
religious  and  secular  authorities.  In  1637  he 
married  Joan,  only  daughter  of  Capt.  John 
Gallop. 

JOY,  Edmund  Lewis,  soldier,  b.  in  Albany, 
N.  Y.,  1  Oct.,  1835;  d.  14  Feb.,  1892,  son 
of  Charles  and  Harriet  (Shaw)  Joy.    He  was 

a  descendant 
in  the  eighth 
generation  of 
Thomas  Joy,  of 
Boston,  and  on 
his  mother's 
side  of  Anthony 
Stoddard,  of 
the  same  place. 
After  gradua- 
tion at  the 
University  of 
Rochester,  he 
studied  law, 
and,  in  1857, 
was  admitted  to 
the  bar  of  New 
j->  ^>      ji  York.     Settling 

^r^;U*t-*:?=^-^<=^<vi-»/^  in  Iowa  he 
^^  4  practiced  law  in 
^       "         Ottumwa,     and 

was  city  attorney  during  1860-61.  He  entered 
the  United  States  service  in  1862,  as  captain 
in  the  Thirty-sixth  regiment  of  Iowa  infantry, 
and  took  part  in  movements  on  both  sides  of 
the  Mississippi  River,  culminating  in  the  cap- 


ture of  Vicksburg.  In  1864  he  was  appointed 
by  President  Lincoln,  major  and  judge-advo- 
cate. United  States  Volunteers,  and  was  as- 
signed to  the  Seventh  army  corps.  As  judge- 
advocate  of  the  Department  of  Arkansas, 
which  included  Indian  Territory,  with  head- 
quarters at  Little  Rock,  he  participated  in 
proceedings  which  led  to  the  re-establishment 
of  the  government  of  Arkansas  under  a  new 
Constitution.  After  retiring  from  the  service 
he  joined  his  father  as  partner  in  the  manage- 
ment of  extensive  business  interests  in  New- 
ark, N.  J.,  and  upon  the  latter's  death,  in 
1873,  succeeded  him,  becoming  a  member  of  the 
New  York  Produce  Exchange,  and  conducting 
the  business  on  his  own  account  during  the 
remainder  of  his  life*.  After  his  death  the 
establishment  was  continued  for  twenty  years 
as  the  Edmund  L.  Joy  Company.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  New  Jersey  legislature  during 
1871-72;  president  of  the  Newark  Board  of 
Trade,  1875-76;  president  of  the  board  of  edu- 
cation, 1885-87;  a  delegate  to  the  Republican 
National  Convention  in  1880;  and  a  govern- 
ment director  of  the  Union  Pacific  Railroad 
Company,  1884-85,  by  appointment  of  Presi- 
dent Arthur.  In  1862  he  married  Theresa  R., 
daughter  of  Dr.  Homer  L.  Thrall,  of  Columbus, 
Ohio. 

HOGAN,  James  Joseph,  business  man,  b.  in  ' 
St.  John's,  Newfoundland,  6  July,  1837;  d.  in 
Wauwatosa,  Wis.,  8  Sept.,  1914,  son  of  Capt. 
James  and  Honoria  (Burrows)  Hogan.  His 
father  was  a  sea  captain,  who  in  the  early 
days  had  often  sailed  around  the  Horn  to 
California.  He  removed  to  Michigan  in  1847, 
in  the  last  days  of  the  Territory,  and  engaged 
in  sailing  the  Great  Lakes.  James  J.  Hogan 
spent  his  boyhood  in  Sheboygan,  where  he  at- 
tended the  public  schools.  When  nearing 
man's  estate  he  went  to  Milwaukee  and  en- 
tered the  grocery  house  of  his  brother-in-law, 
John  Dahlman.  In  1858  he  was  sent  to  La 
Crosse,  Wis.,  to  settle  up  the  affairs  of  a 
bankrupt  store  belonging  to  Mr.  Dahlman,  and 
at  the  suggestion,  and  with  the  backing  of  the 
older  man,  began  a  retail  grocery  business 
on  his  own  account.  This  venture  was  a  suc- 
cess from  the  start,  and  in  time  developed  into 
one  of  the  largest  jobbing-houses  in  its  line 
west  of  the  Lakes.  It  was  a  matter  of  espe- 
cial pride  to  the  owner  of  this  extensive  busi- 
ness that  his  was  the  only  grocery  house  of 
any  importance  in  the  Western  country  that 
kept  its  individuality  as  a  firm  and  in  name 
after  all  the  others  had  become  corporations. 
Some  years  ago  the  growth  of  his  enterprise 
made  a  more  commodious  building  necessary, 
and  Mr.  Hogan,  with  characteristic  loyalty 
and  tenderness  toward  his  early  benefactor, 
caused  a  bronze  relief  of  John  Dahlman  to  be 
made  by  Loredo  Taft,  of  Chicago,  and  hung 
in  the  counting-room  of  the  new  store.  Mr.  • 
Hogan  did  not  confine  his  energies  entirely 
to  the  grocery  business,  but  for  a  few  years, 
in  the  seventies,  engaged  in  lumbering,  and  in 
this,  as  in  all  his  business  affairs,  was  success- 
ful. It  was  said  of  him  that  he  was  a  born 
merchant.  Without  being  in  any  sense  of  the 
word  a  "  plunger,"  he  had  a  keen  instinct  in 
sensing  the  profitable  and  safe  side  of  a  trade, 
and  the  courage  to  back  up  his  convictions  by 
making  large  financial  ventures.  If  on  the 
wrong  side,  he  sold  out  and  pocketed  his  loss 


524 


SHEVLIN 


SHEVLIN 


without  regret.  One  instance  of  this  phase  of 
his  character  was  his  part  in  the  early  canal 
scheme  of  Sault  Ste.  Marie,  where  he  finally 
was  financially  reimbursed  and  probably  the 
only  one  of  the  men  backing  the  project  who 
ever  realized  anything  from  that  investment. 
He  was  also,  at  various  times,  interested  in 
local  public  service  corporations,  and  was  for 
years  a  director  in  the  Batavian  and  in  the  Ba- 
tavian  National  banks.  Mr.  ^ogan  was  active 
in  the  municipal  affairs  of  La  Crosse,  and  dur- 
ing the  years  of  1875  and  1876  acted  as 
mayor  of  that  city.  He  was  a  life-long  Demo- 
crat and  took  a  prominent  part  in  politics, 
both  State  and  national.  He  served  two 
terms  in  the  assembly  of  Wisconsin,  and  in 
the  last  term,  during  the  years  1891-92,  was 
chosen  speaker,  a  position  which  he  filled  with 
ability  and  dignity.  In  1896  he  was  delegate- 
at-large  to  the  National  Convention  at  Chi- 
cago, which  nominated  William  Jennings 
Bryan.  He  afterward  espoused  the  platform 
of  the  Gold  Democrats  and  helped  to  organize 
that  branch  of  the  party;  and  was  returned 
to  the  Indianapolis  Convention  as  a  delegate- 
at-large,  together  with  his  associates  at  Chi- 
cago, General  Bragg,  Senator  Vilas,  and  James 
G.  Flanders.  In  1900,  however,  convinced  of 
Mr.  Bryan's  honesty  and  the  justice  of  his 
views,  Mr.  Hogan  became  his  warm  personal 
friend  and  supporter.  He  was  at  one  time  a 
member  of  the  Wisconsin  Fish  Commission,  by 
appointment  of  Governor  Peck,  and  discharged 
his  duties  as  a  labor  of  love,  for  his  most  in- 
tense interest  was  enlisted  as  an  ardent  sports- 
man. He  took  great  pride  in  building  up  the 
State  Fish  Service,  without  ever  accepting 
from  the  State  either  salary  or  even  expenses, 
and  continued  to  act  in  this  capacity  until  ill 
health  forced  his  retirement  from  all  public 
life.  Few  men  were  better  known  throughout 
Wisconsin  and  the  Middle  Western  States  than 
James  J.  Hogan.  He  was  a  man  of  strong 
feelings,  a  loyal  and  dependable  friend,  and 
an  uncompromising  antagonist,  but  always 
just,  clear-headed,  and  quick  to  sympathize 
even  with  an  enemy.  Gifted  with  far  more 
than  ordinary  ability  his  wide  interests  and 
discerning  intelligence  made  him  active  and 
conspicuous  in  numerous  diverse  connections. 
He  was  musical,  fond  of  hunting  and  fishing, 
and  a  fine  billiard  player.  He  married  24 
Dec,  1863,  Amanda,  daughter  of  E.  Fox  Cook, 
a  prominent  lawyer  of  Sheboygan,  Milwaukee, 
and  La  Crosse,  who  served  in  the  State  legisla- 
tures of  Michigan  and  Wisconsin.  They  had 
four  children:  John  Dahlman  Hogan,  James 
Cook  Hogan,  Lucy  M.  Hogan,  and  Gertrude 
M.  Hogan. 

SHEVLIN,  Thomas  Leonard,  lumberman 
and  athlete,  b.  in  Muskegon,  Mich.,  1  March, 
1883;  d.  in  Minneapolis,  Minn.,  29  Dec,  1915, 
son  of  Thomas  Henry  and  Alice  (Hall)  Shev- 
lin.  On  both  sides  of  the  family  he  was  of 
Irish  ancestry.  His  father  was  a  native  of 
New  York  State,  but  recognizing  the  oppor- 
tunities offered  by  the  Middle  West,  removed 
to  Chicago,  111.,  in  1879  and  later  to  Minne- 
apolis, where  as  a  member  of  the  firm  of  Hall 
and  Shevlin  Company,  afterward  the  Shevlin- 
Carpenter  Company,  he  began  the  erection  of 
the  largest  sawmill  in  Minneapolis,  and  laid 
the  foundation  for  the  activities  and  enter- 
prises the  successful  operation  of  which  made 


him  one  of  the  most  conspicuous  figures  in  his 
line  of  business  in  the  West.  Thomas  L. 
Shevlin  was  sent  to  the  Hill  School,  at  Potts- 
town,  Pa.,  where  he  prepared  for  Yale  College. 
While  in  school  he  excelled  in  athletics  and 
stood  well  in  scholarship.  He  made  a  record 
by  throwing  a  twelve-pound  hammer  189  feet, 
and  was  known  as  the  strongest  boy  in  the 
school.  After  four  years  spent  in  the  Hill 
School,  he  entered  Yale  College  as  a  freshman. 
His  reputation  as  an  athlete  had  preceded 
him,  and,  from  the  beginning  of  his  notable 
Yale  career,  he  attracted  attention  on  ac- 
count of  his  fine  record  in  athletic  work  and 
sports.  He  was  widely  known  as  "  Tom " 
Shevlin,  all-round  champion  and  probably 
best  deserving  of  the  title  of  Yale's  greatest 
all-round  athlete.  He  won  his  "  Y  "  on  three 
teams,  track,  football,  and  baseball.  Only  one 
other  man  in  the  history  of  Yale  athletics  has 
accomplished  that  feat.  He  played  on  the 
football  eleven  for  four  consecutive  years,  for 
three  years  being  picked  as  ail-American  end, 
and  in  his  senior  year  was  its  captain.  Dur- 
ing his  college  career  Yale  defeated  Princeton 
University  three  times  and  Harvard  Uni- 
versity four  times.  He  was  known  as  a  cham- 
pion wherever  football  was  played.  Every  fall 
he  was  accustomed  to  return  to  Yale  just  be- 
fore the  championship  games  with  Princeton 
and  Harvard,  when  he  assisted  in  coaching 
the  team.  Twice  he  responded  to  emergency 
calls  to  be  head  coach  and  produced  a  team 
which  defeated  Princeton,  accomplishing 
marvels  by  a  combination  of  ability,  bound- 
less energy,  and  sheer  force  of  magnetic  per- 
sonality. At  the  time  of  his  death,  Walter 
Camp,  the  noted  Yale  football  authority,  paid 
him  the  following  tribute :  "  A  sportsman,  a 
leader,  a  friend,  always  at  the  front  with  a 
dominant  personality  that  compelled  attention 
and  success.  Into  life  as  into  football,  he  car- 
ried that  personality  and  it  stood  him  in  good 
stead.  He  never  faltered,  but  went  straight 
ahead  with  a  vigor  that  was  compelling  and 
yet  with  a  sound  judgment  that  brought  its 
reward.  Yale  will  miss  him,  football  and 
sport  will  miss  him,  but  above  all  a  host  of 
friends  will  feel  a  deep  sense  of  personal  loss 
that  nothing  can  replace."  In  1906  Mr.  Shev- 
lin left  Yale  and  spent  the  next  year  and  the 
next  in  the  woods  of  the  Northwest,  studying 
lumber  in  its  growth  and  the  art  of  cutting. 
He  then  went  into  the  office  of  Shevlin-Car- 
penter  Company  as  his  father's  assistant,  the 
name  of  the  company  being  later  changed  to 
that  of  Shevlin-Carpenter  and  Clarke.  In 
1908  he  became  general  manager  of  the  Crook- 
ston  Lumber  Company.  The  elder  Shevlin 
died  on  15  Jan  ,  1912,  and  the  young  man  suc- 
ceeded to  the  presidency  of  all  the  companies 
of  which  his  father  had  been  president,  and  to 
the  management  of  all  the  immense  interests 
which  he  had  controlled.  These  included  the 
Shevlin-Carpenter  and  Clarke  Company,  the 
Crookston  Lumber  Company,  the  Libby  Lum- 
ber Company,  and  many  other  business  enter- 
prises of  great  importance.  Mr.  Shevlin  was 
well  known  in  the  East  for  his  high  repute  as 
an  athlete  and  in  an  incredibly  short  time  he 
became  as  well  known  in  the  West  for  his  re- 
markable business  aptitude.  In  the  four  years 
in  which  he  was  at  the  head  of  the  companies 
representing  the  Shevlin  interests  he  displayed 


625 


PEARY 


PEARY 


the  most  unusual  ability  for  executive  man- 
agement, while  his  grasp  of  great  affairs,  his 
handling  of  men,  his  contagious  enthusiasm 
for  work,  made  themselves  felt  by  all  who 
worked  about  him.  He  had  inherited  his  fa- 
ther's gift  of  organization;  he  had  vast  de- 
termination and  indomitable  energy,  and  in  a 
few  years  would  have  become  one  of  the  great- 
est figures  in  the  financial  and  industrial 
world.  His  personality  was  tremendous  and 
his  optimism  unquenchable;  he  was  demo- 
cratic in  his  friendships,  liberal-minded,  and 
generous-hearted;  and  while  in  college  gave 
away  hundreds  of  dollars  to  his  poorer  class- 
mates, but  his  charities  were  always  anony- 
mous. He  was  devoted  to  the  success  of  his 
companies,  and  had  the  rare  business  fore- 
sight to  capitalize  his  brains  and  earning 
capacity  by  obtaining  policies  amounting  to 
$1,000,000  life  insurance  in  favor  of  his  busi- 
ness partners  identified  with  the  Shevlin  Com- 
pany and  the  Shevlin-Hixon  Company.  Mr. 
Shevlin  was  succeeded  as  president  of  the 
Shevlin  Company  by  Elbert  L.  Carpenter, 
formerly  vice-president,  and  who  also  became 
president  of  the  subsidiary  corporations  in 
which  he  was  interested;  and  F.  P.  Hixon 
succeeded  to  the  presidency  of  the  remaining 
companies  in  which  he  was  interested  and  Mr. 
Carpenter  not  interested.  Mr.  Shevlin  was  a 
member  of  the  Minneapolis,  Miinkahda,  and 
Lafayette  Clubs  of  Minneapolis,  Town  and 
Country  Club  of  St.  Paul,  the  Chicago  Club, 
the  New  York  Athletic  Club,  and  the  Yale 
Club  of  New  York.  On  1  Feb.,  1909,  Mr. 
Shevlin  married  Elizabeth  B.  Sherley,  of 
Louisville,  Ky.  They  had  two  children:  Betty 
Brite  Shevlin  (b.  January,  1911),  and  Thomas 
Henry  Shevlin    (b.   in   1913). 

PEARY,  Robert  Edwin,  arctic  explorer,  dis- 
coverer of  North  Pole;  rear-admiral,  U.  S.  N. 
(retired),  was  born  at  Cresson,  Pa.,  6  May, 
1856,  the  son  of  Charles  and  Mary  (Wiley) 
Peary,  whose  families  had  long  been  engaged 
in  the  lumber  industry  in  Maine.  Before  he 
was  three  years  old  his  father  died  and  his 
mother  moved  with  her  only  child  to  Portland, 
Me.,  where  he  spent  his  boyhood  days  and 
received  his  early  education.  He  was  gradu- 
ated from  the  Portland  high  school  in  1873 
and  in  1877  from  Bowdoin  College.  Here  he 
excelled  in  outdoor  sports,  showed  special  apti- 
tude in  mathematics  and  engineering,  won  sev- 
eral scholarships,  and  stood  second  in  a  class 
of  fifty-one.  The  two  years  following  his 
graduation  he  spent  at  Fryeburg,  Me.,  as  a 
land  surveyor,  and  for  the  next  two  years  was 
connected  with  the  United  States  Coast  and 
Geodetic  Survey  in  Washington.  On  26  Oct., 
1881,  he  entered  the  U.  S.  naA^y  as  a  civil 
engineer  with  rank  of  lieutenant — served  at 
the  Navy  Yard,  Washington,  D.  C. ;  Key  West, 
Fla.;  the  training  station,  Newport,  R.  I.; 
the  Bureau  of  Yards  and  Docks,  Washington; 
and  at  the  League  Island  Navy  Yard,  Phila- 
delphia. He  first  won  distinction  as  an  en- 
gineer by  building  a  government  pier  in 
Florida  which  experienced  engineers  had  pro- 
nounced impossible  for  the  price  specified  by 
the  Government.  The  work  was  completed  by 
him  for  $25,000  less  than  the  Government  esti- 
mate. He  was  appointed  assistant  chief  en- 
gineer of  the  Nicaragua  Ship  Canal  Company 
in  1884-85,  and  engineer  in  charge  of  the  Nic- 


aragua   Canal    Surveys    in    1887-88.     During 
this  time  he   invented  a   system  of  high  lift 
rolling  lock  gates  for  the  canal.     A  deep  in- 
terest  in  everything  pertaining  to  arctic  ex- 
ploration and  a  strong  desire  to  explore  the 
mysterious   interior   of   Greenland    led   to   his 
reconnaissance    of    the    Greenland    Inland    Ice 
Cap  east  of  Disco  Bay,  70°  N.  lat.   in   1886. 
He  attained  a  greater  elevation  than  had  ever 
before  been  reached  on  the  Inland  Ice;  pene- 
trated a  greater  distance  than  any  white  man     ^ 
previously;    attained    for    the    first    time    the 
real  interior  plateau  of  unchanging  snow;  de- 
termined   the    ruling    characteristics    of    the 
Inland   Ice   from   border   to    interior;    and   se- 
cured an  invaluable  fund  of  definite  practical 
knovvledge    and    experience    of    actual    ice    cap 
conditions   and   necessary   equipment,    as   well 
as  a  practical  knowledge  of  arctic  navigation 
and  a  familiarity  with  a  considerable  extent 
of  the  arctic  coasts.     All  his  leisure  time  for 
the  next   five  years  was  devoted  to   studying 
the  conditions  of  arctic  exploration  and  mak- 
ing plans  for  his  expedition  of  1891.     As  chief 
of  the  Arctic  Expedition  of  the  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  June,  1891, 
to    September,    1892,   to   the   Northeast    Angle 
of  Greenland    (Independence  Bay,   81°    37'  N. 
lat.)    he  determined  the  rapid  convergence  of 
the  Greenland  shores  above  the  seventy-eighth 
parallel;     delineated     the     hitherto     unknown 
shores  of  Inglefield  Gulf,  and  the  imperfectly 
known     shores     of     Whale     and     Murchison 
Sounds;  discovered  a  large  number  of  glaciers 
of  the  first  magnitude;  made  the  first  accurate 
and   complete   record   of  the   isolated   and   pe- 
culiarly interesting  tribe  of  Arctic  Highland- 
ers;   secured   complete   and  painstaking  mete- 
orological   and    tidal    observations;    made    a 
sledge  journey  which  is  unique  in  respect  to 
the   distance   covered  by   two   men   without   a 
cache   from  beginning  to  end,  and  in  respect 
to  the  effectiveness  with  which  those  men  were 
able  to  handle  a  large  team  of  Eskimo  dogs; 
discovered     and     named     Melville     Land     and 
Heilprin   Land,    lying   beyond   Greenland;    de- 
termined  the  northern   extension   and   the   in- 
sularity   of    Greenland,    and    delineated    the 
northern    extension    of   the   great   interior    ice 
cap,  for  which  he  received  the  Cullom  medal 
of    the    American    Geographical    Society,    Pa- 
tron's medal  of  the  Royal  Geographical  Society 
of  London,  and  a  special  medal  of  the  Royal 
Scottish    Geographical    Society   at    Edinburgh. 
He  was  accompanied  on  this  and   subsequent 
expeditions  by  Mrs.  Peary,  who  was  the  first 
white  woman   ever   to   winter   with   an   arctic 
expedition.     In  1893  he  went  north  again  for 
two    years,    this    expedition    resulting    in    the 
crossing    of    the    Inland    Ice    Cap    of    North 
Greenland  under  a   most  serious  handicap   of 
insufficient  provisions;    the  completion   of  the 
detail    survey   of   Whale    Sound;    large    acces- 
sions of  material  and  information  in  connec- 
tion with  the  Smith  Sound  Eskimos;  the  dis- 
covery in  1894  of  the  famous  Iron  Mountain, 
first    heard    of   by    Ross    in    1818,    and    which 
proved  to  be  three  meteorites,  one  of  them  the 
largest  known  to  exist,  weighing  ninety  tons; 
and  the  bringing  home  of  the  two  smaller  of 
these    interesting   meteorites.     At    the   winter 
quarters    of    this    expedition,    12    Sept.,    1893, 
Marie   Ahnighito    Peary   was   born.      She   has 
the   distinction   of   being   the   most  northerly 


526 


PEARY 


PEARY 


born  white  child  in  the  world.  An  attempt  to 
bring  home  the  third  and  largest  of  the  meteor- 
ites in  the  summer  of  1896  proved  unsuccess- 
ful, but  another  voyage  north  the  following 
summer  resulted  in  the  meteorite's  being  se- 
cured and  brought  safely  to  the  United  States 
— thus  making  the  group  absolutely  complete. 
This  unique  collection  has  since  been  acquired 
by  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History 
in  New  York  City.  In  January,  1897,  at  a 
meeting  of  the  American  Geographical  Society, 
Peary  made  the  first  formal  and  public  an- 
nouncement of  his  plan  to  reach  the  North 
Pole,  and  in  May  of  the  same  year  was  granted 
five  years'  leave  of  absence  by  the  Navy  De- 
partment for  his  arctic  work.  Meanwhile, 
Morris  K.  Jesup  and  other  prominent  men 
had  become  interested  in  the  matter,  and  as 
a  result  the  Peary  Arctic  Club  was  organized 
in  the  spring  of  1898 — the  object  of  which  was 
"to  reach  the  farthest  northern  point  on  the 
Western  Hemisphere."  Under  the  auspices  of 
this  club  Peary  and  his  party  left  New  York 
4  July,  1898.  He  rounded  the  northern 
extremity  of  Greenland;  reached  the  most 
northerly  known  land  in  the  world  (83°  39'  N. 
lat.)  naming  it  Cape  Morris  K.  Jesup;  and 
in  April,  1902,  succeeded  in  getting  as  far 
north  as  84°  17',  the  highest  north  attained  by 
man  up  to  that  time  in  the  Western  Hemi- 
sphere. On  his  return,  in  the  fall  of  1902,  he 
was  assigned  to  bureau  work  in  the  Navy 
Department  at  Washington,  and  in  1903  un- 
dertook a  special  mission  abroad  as  president 
of  a  commission  for  study  of  barracks  for 
seamen.  Believing,  however,  that  the  Pole 
could  be  reached,  he  obtained  leave  of  absence 
for  another  attempt.  This  expedition  left  for 
New  York  in  July,  1905,  in  the  "Roosevelt," 
a  ship  built  by  the  Peary  Arctic  Club  and 
specially  fitted  for  work  in  the  arctic  regions. 
Peary  broke  all  previous  arctic  records  by 
attaining  87°  6'  N.  lat.  in  April,  1906,  leaving 
a  distance  of  but  174  nautical  miles  yet  to 
be  conquered  between  his  farthest  and  the 
Pole.  Other  results  of  the  expedition  were  the 
determination  of  the  unique  glacial  fringe  and 
floeberg  nursery  of  the  Grant  Land  Coast; 
the  traverse  and  delineation  of  the  unknown 
coast  between  Aldrich's  farthest  west  in  1876 
and  Sverdrup's  farthest  north  in  1902.  Tidal 
and  meteorological  observations  were  made, 
soundings  taken  in  the  Smith  Sound  outlet  of 
the  Polar  Sea,  also  along  the  north  coast  of 
Grant  Land,  and  samples  of  the  bottom  se- 
cured; the  existence  of  considerable  numbers 
of  a  new  species  of  arctic  reindeer  in  the 
most  northern  lands  was  determined;  the 
range  of  the  musk-ox  widened  and  defined, 
and  a  new  comparative  census  of  the  Whale 
Sound  Eskimos  made.  Nothing  daunted  at 
his  failure  to  reach  the  Pole,  he  immediately, 
on  his  return  in  October,  1906,  began  to  make 
preparations  for  his  eighth  arctic  expedition. 
After  an  unfortunate  delay  of  a  year  due  to 
failure  of  contractors  to  complete  repairs  on 
the  "  Roosevelt,"  he  again  sailed  from  New 
York,  6  July,  1908,  on  what  proved  to  be  his 
last  and  successful  quest  for  the  Pole.  He 
proceeded  northward  to  Kane  Basin,  through 
Robeson  Channel,  and  established  a  winter  base 
at  Cape  Sheridan,  5  Sept.,  1908.  The  fall  and 
winter  months  were  spent  in  transferring  from 
the   "Roosevelt"   to   Cape   Columbia   supplies 


for  the  spring  sledge  trip  toward  the  Pole;  in 
maki'ng  the  equipments,  sledges,  harnesses, 
clothing,  etc.,  for  the  journey;  in  hunting 
trips;  and  in  tidal  observations.  The  real 
work  of  the  expedition  began  15  Feb.,  1909, 
with  the  departure  of  the  first  of  the  five  de- 
tachments from  the  "  Roosevelt "  for  Cape 
Columbia.  Here  they  rendezvoused,  and  on 
1  March  the  northern  expedition,  composed  of 
26  men,  19  sledges,  and  133  dogs,  left  Cape 
Columbia.  Four  supporting  parties  were  sent 
back  from  time  to  time,  one  after  another,  the 
fourth  in  command  of  Capt.  Robert  A.  Bartlett, 
leaving  Peary  near  the  eighty-eighth  parallel; 
from  here,  with  Matthew  Henson  and  four 
Eskimos,  he  made  the  final  dash  of  130  miles 
to  the  Pole  in  five  days,  reaching  it  6  April, 
1909.  The  journey  from  Cape  Columbia  to 
the  Pole  had  been  made  in  twenty-seven 
marches.  Thirty  hours  were  spent  at  and 
beyond  the  Pole,  during  which  time  traverses 
in  various  directions  from  the  Pole  were  made 
and  several  observations  taken.  The  trip  back 
to  Cape  Columbia  was  completed  in  sixteen 
marches,  the  entire  journey  from  land  to  Pole 
and  back  again — a  distance  of  826  miles — 
having  occupied  fifty-three  days.  The  expedi- 
tion returned  to  the  United  States  in  Septem- 
ber, 1909.  By  a  special  act  of  Congress,  3  March, 
1911,  Peary  was  promoted  to  rank  of  rear 
admiral  and  given  the  thanks  of  Congress  for 
his  attainment  of  the  North  Pole.  Other  home 
and  foreign  honors  awarded  him  for  the  at- 
tainment of  the  Pole  are:  The  special  gold 
medals  of  the  National  Geographic  Society, 
Washington;  Royal  Geographical  Society, 
London;  Philadelphia  Geographical  Society; 
Peary  Arctic  Club;  Explorers  Club;  City  of 
Paris;  Academic  des  Sports,  Paris.  The  Hub- 
bard gold  medal.  National  Geographic  Society; 
Culver  gold  medal,  Chicago  Geographical  So- 
ciety; Kane  gold  medal,  Philadelphia  Geo- 
graphical Society.  The  gold  medals  of  the 
Imperial  German,  Austrian,  and  Hungarian 
Societies;  Royal  Italian  and  Belgian  Societies; 
and  of  the  Geneva,  Marseilles,  and  Normandy 
Societies.  A  special  trophy  from  the  Royal 
Scottish  Geographical  Society — a  replica  in 
silver  of  the  ships  used  by  Hudson,  Baffin, 
and  Davis;  a  special  trophy  of  the  Canadian 
Camp.  The  honorary  degree  of  doctor  of  laws 
from  Edinburgh  University,  Bowdoin  College, 
and  Tufts  College.  Peary  was  made  grand 
officer  of  the  Legion  of  Honor  by  the  President 
of  France  in  1913.  The  above  medals  and 
testimonials,  with  others,  are  now  in  the  Na- 
tional Museum  at  Washington.  Since  his  dis- 
covery of  the  North  Pole  Peary  has  persistently 
urged  an  American  Antarctic  expedition.  He 
strongly  favors  an  attempt  to  solve  the  still 
unsolved  problem  of  the  Weddell  Sea;  the  es- 
tablishment and  maintenance  for  n  year  of 
a  scientific  station  at  the  South  Pole  for  the 
purpose  of  continuous  magnetic,  meteorological, 
astronomical,  and  other  scientific  observations; 
and  an  American  scientific  expedition  to  study 
during  three  or  four  years  tlie  entire  periph- 
ery of  the  Antarctic  Continent.  lie  is  a 
strong  advocate  of  national  i)re|mre<lne8a.  and 
urges:  (1)  A  fleet  of  sixteen  tliirty-five-knot 
battle  cruisers,  armed  with  sixteen-inoh  guns, 
eight  on  the  Atlantic,  eight  on  the  Pacific, 
with  all  their  accessories  of  destroyers,^  sub- 
marines, and  hydroaeroplanes  (constructFon  to 

527 


GIBSON 


HIXON 


be    begun    at    once    and    completed    in    three 
years),  to  put  the  navy  of  the  United  States 
in  unquestioned  second  place  among  the  naval 
powers  of  the  world.     (2)  An  air  service  com- 
mensurate with  our  importance  and  sufficient 
for    our    protection.      A    department   of    aero- 
nautics, separate  from  and  independent  of  both 
the  army  and  the  navy,  its  head  a  member  of 
the  President's  Cabinet,  in  full  and  undivided 
control  of  a  comprehensive  aero  coast  defense 
system;    of    a    system    of    aviation    training 
schools,  located  in  each  of  the  principal  geo- 
graphical divisions  of  the  country,  and  of  the 
civil    and    commercial    avenues    of    aeronautic 
usefulness.     (3)   A  system  of  citizen-  military 
education  and  training  similar  to  the  systems 
of   Switzerland   and  Australia.     In    1913  Ad- 
miral Peary  was  appointed  by  the  Aero  Club 
of   America   as  chairman   of   a   committee   to 
make    a    standard    aeronautical    map    of    the 
world    and    an    efficient    aeronautical    map    of 
the  United  States.     He  is  devoting  his  entire 
time  now  to   the   establishment   of  an  aerial 
coast    defense    system,    and   has   offered    Flag 
Island  as  a  base  for  an  aeronautical  station 
in  Casco  Bay,  Maine.    A  National  Aerial  Coast 
Patrol  Commission  has  been  formed,  with  Ad- 
miral Peary  as  its  chairman.     He  is  an  hon- 
orary member  of  the  Philadelphia  Geographical 
Society;  the  American  Alpine  Club;  National 
Geographic  Society;   Museum  of  Natural  His- 
tory, New  York;  New  York  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce;   the    Pennsylvania    Society;    the    Aero 
Club  of  America;  and  all  principal  home  and 
foreign      geographical      societies.      Phi      Beta 
Kappa,  Delta  Kappa  Epsilon,  Fellow  A.A.A.S. 
He  was  president  of  the  American  Geographi- 
cal Society,  1903;  president  of  the  eighth  Inter- 
national   Geographical    Congress,    Washington, 
1904;    honorary    vice-president    of    the    ninth 
International    Geographical    Congress,   Geneva, 
1908;  and  of  the  tenth  at  Rome,  1913;  was  a 
United  States  Government  delegate  to  the  In- 
ternational Polar  Commission  at  Rome,  1913; 
now  secretary  of  the  International  Polar  Com- 
mission;    president    of    the    Explorers    Club; 
governor    of   Aero    Club;    chairman.    National 
Aerial    Coast   Patrol    Commission;    and   presi- 
dent  of   the   Maine   Aeronautical   Association. 
He    is   the    author    of    "  Northward    Over    the 
Great      Ice"       (1898);      "  Snowland      Folk" 
( 1904 )  ;    "  Nearest   the   Pole  "    ( 1907 )  ;    "  The 
North  Pole"   (1910);  and  is  a  contributor  to 
geographical  journals  and  popular  magazines. 
GIBSON,  Paris,  manufacturer,  b.  in  Brown- 
field,  Me.,  1  July,  1830,  son  of  Abel  and  Ann 
(Howard)    Gibson.     His  father  was  a  farmer 
and  lumberman,  and  held  several  public  offices. 
On  the  paternal  side  he  is  a  descendant  from 
John    Gibson   who   emigrated   to   this   country 
in    1631,    settling    in    Cambridge,    Mass.      One 
of  his  ancestors,  Samuel  Howard,  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Boston  tea  party,  which  was  active 
in  the  days  preceding  the  war  of  independence. 
He   Mas   educated   at   Bridgton   and   Fryeburg 
Academies    in    Maine,    and    entered    Bowdoin 
College  in  1847,  graduating  in  1851.     He  then 
entered   upon   his   business   career   as   a    flour 
maker  in  association  with  William  W.   East- 
man,  in  Minneapolis.     They  built  up  a  large 
and    successful    business,    and    in    1862    estab- 
lished   the    Star    Woolen    Mill    in    that    city. 
Having    failed     as    a     woolen    manufacturer, 
owing  to  the  general  business  depression  fol- 


^i^y^^ 


V^Cp 


lowing  the  Civil  War  and  the  financial  panic 
of  1873,  he  emigrated  to  Montana  in  1879, 
then  a  sparsely  settled  State.  Four  years 
later  he  founded  the  city  of  Great  Falls  at  the 
falls  of  the  Missouri  River.  He  availed  him- 
self of  many  of  the  opportunities  which  offered 
themselves  to  early 
settlers.  He  won 
practical  triumphs 
of  honor  and  util- 
ity, through  his 
habits  of  industry, 
untiring  zeal,  and 
clear  business  ideas, 
and  was  chosen  to 
fill  many  important 
public  offices.  In 
1889  he  was  a 
member  of  the  Mon- 
tana Constitutional 
Convention,  and  for 
four  years  was  a 
member  of  the  State 
senate.  He  was 
chosen  U.  S.  Sena- 
tor from  Montana 
in  1901,  and  while 
acting  in  this  qa- 
pacity  tried  to  effect  a  change  in  the  land 
laws  that  would  enable  actual  settlers 
rather  than  speculators  to  acquire  government 
lands.  Mr.  Gibson  is  deeply  interested  in  the 
agricultural  development  of  the  State  and  has 
persistently  urged  an  improvement  in  the 
methods  employed  in  the  semi-arid  States. 
His  entire  career  has  been  characterized  by 
untiring  industry,  and  conscientious,  syste- 
matic, and  thorough  examination  of  Ibusiness 
detail.  In  1901  Bowdoin  College  conferred 
upon  him  the  degree  of  LL.D.  He  was  mar- 
ried, in  1859,  to  Valeria  Goodenow  Sweat, 
daughter  of  Jessy  P.  Sweat,  who  died  19 
Aug.,  1900. 

HIXON,  Frank  Pennell,  lumberman  and 
banker,  b.  in  La  Crosse,  Wis.,  13  Oct.,  1862, 
son  of  Gideon  Cooley  (1826-92)  and  Ellen 
Jane  (Pennell)  Hixon,  daughter  of  Abraham 
Pennell,  of  Honeoye,  N.  Y.  His  father,  a 
native  of  Roxbury,  Vt.,  was  a  pioneer  lumber- 
man and  capitalist  of  Wisconsin,  a  most  gen- 
erous and  public-spirited  citizen.  He  settled 
at  La  Crosse  in  1856,  organized  the  firm  of 
Crosby  and  Hixon  (later  Hixon  and  Withee) 
and  other  lumber  interests;  was  principal  own- 
er of  the  Listmen  Flour  Mill  at  La  Crosse, 
and  largely  interested  in  the  Hannibal  Saw 
Mill  Company  at  Hannibal,  Mo.,  and  the  Glen 
City  Saw  Mill  Co.,  Quincy,  111.  He  w^as  the 
organizer  and,  until  his  death,  president  of  the 
La  Crosse  National  Bank.  He  was  Republi- 
can in  politics  and  served  several  terms  in  the 
State  senate.  It  was  said  of  him:  "As  a 
citizen  and  neighbor,  Gideon  C.  Hixon  was 
one  of  the  best  where  he  lived.  He  was  gen- 
erous to  a  fault,  liberal  in  public  matters,  his 
annual  contributions  mounting  into  the  thou- 
sands. A  sound  financier,  the  advice  he  gave 
when  sought  was  conservative  and  never 
biased."  Frank  P.  Hixon  attended  the  public 
schools  of  La  Crosse,  and  later  the  Racine 
grammar  school.  In  1880,  preferring  a  bus- 
iness to  a  professional  career,  he  entered  the 
employ  of  his  father  in  the  mills  of  G,  C. 
Hixon  and  Company,  at  Hannibal,  Mo.    After 


528 


C^?^^.^^^<  ^y^^c^^^^^ 


Wi. 


WiCAN 


'ars  he  returned  to  Wi 
^anization  of  tlio  T.  i 
ay,  '>f  Merrill,  Wis.,  in 
ry.  Ht  was  later  pre 
f  this  company  and  re. ■>.... 
1893,  when  he  removed  i<> 
also  president  of  Hixon  ait 


circuit  court.     In   1885  86  Iiy  h 
scboo]  of  the  University  of  M 

Arkfor,  and  in  the  latter  year  w«iw  .. 

to   the   bar  of   the   Supreme   Court   f  • 

n.     During  the  same  year  he  came  to 
and  entered   the  law   oflBce  of  Swett, 
■p    aoid    Swett    aa    a    clerk.      Leonard 


Pioneer  Investment  Co.n»Da»iy,  and  of ;  iswett  and  Peter  S.  Grosscup  of  this  firm  were 
Rapids  Pulp  and  Paper  i;o»-nany,  id  j  both  ffien  of  rtH:ognizfed  ability,  with  an  ex- 
sident  of  Crookston  Lumber  0>m  tensive  practice.  In  1S87  Mr.  W^ean  received 
vlcCloud  River  Lumber  Company,  Shc\f-.c  de/afree  from  the  Union  College  of  Law  and 
penter   Company,   and    La    Crosse   City  j  Whs  admitted  to  the  bar  of  Illinois.     About  a 

ytar  anu  2  half  after  his  admission  to  the 
bar  u{  Michigan  ai;d  shortly  after  receiving  his 
license  to  practice  in  Illinois,  Messrs.  Swett 
and  GrosHcup  asked  him  to  become  a  member 
of  thtir  firm,  and  in  the  following  year,  1888, 
the  firm  became  known  as  Swett,  Grosscup  and 
Wean.  At  that  time  Ix«onard  Swett  was  one 
of  the  most  commanding  figures  at  the  bar 
of  Illinois,  and  Mr.  Grosscup  was  rapidly 
coming  into  the  wide  reputation  which  he 
afterward  attained.  Thus  this  invitation  to 
become  one  of  their  firm  proved  an  unusual 
opportunity  for  a  young  lawyer  of  such  lim- 
ited experience.  Mr.  Wean  was  a  member  of 
that  firm  until  the  death  of  Leonard  Swett  in 
1889;  thereafter  he  remained  the  partner  of 
Mr.  Grosscup  until  the  latter's  appointment 
to  the  Federal  bench  in  1892.  From  that  time 
until  the  enactment  of  the  Bankruptcy  Law  in 
1898  he  practiced  alone,  and  since  that  lime 
he  has  not  been  engaged  in  goneral  practice 
Before  takinr,'  up  the  duties  of  his  prcBer»l 
position,  Mr.  Wean's  activities  were  almost 
solely  confined  to  equity  cases  In  tmi.  th*'? 
firm  of  whieh  be  •  became  a  7nem)j»'r  had  n«^' 
business  of  the  kind  ordinariiy  ir.trxiHted  l'> 
young  lawyers.  He  has  haisdled  muny  \iU 
gated  cases,  first'  as  an  aSi-isstant.  «nd  lat.<:r 
independently,  and  practically  a!)  .-f  them  hav:^ 
been  matters  of  first  iusportance  Afsii,  U^fore 
his  appointmciit  as  referee  in  i)8nkrnu*o^-,  he 
was  on  several  occasions  appointed  hy  lh»> 
United  States  courts  special  mj^hter  in  chan- 
cery to  hear  and  determine  such  oasvs  as  At- 
lantic Trust  Company  of  Kew  York  va  The 
Peoria  Water  Company,  West  Chicago  i*ark 
Commissioners  vs.  The  Receiver  of  the  National 
Bank  of  Illinois,  and  other  eases  therein  tise 
issuea  involved  were  intri*'ute  and  tlie  aioountt* 
;t'  rtt.'^ke  large.  In  his  genernl  practice  he 
•.-stablishcd  a  reputation  of  whieh  any  man 
u)i«ht  well  be  proud;  but  it  i»<  as  referee  in 
bankruptcy  that  he  has  made  a  name  ahieh 
will  1)6  a  distinct  ad«lition  to  the  recortU  ot  ihe 
Federal  courts  in  lllinciis.  Shortly  nf?rr  »he 
enactment  of  the  Bankruptey  Law.  und  b.-torc 
its  administration  began.  Mr  W:'aii  \*n^  ap 
pointed  one  of  tlu'  two  refeifH>s  *'M  'hi-  t  hit  ago 
district,  and  has  tilled  tbat  oHi.-  :-.!!•  s:»n«r 
This  country's  other  great  e"Ti<*M-  ~.\«>\v  \>.rU 
— has  many  referecn  in  b;ink''ojii<'v,  ea.-'h  '>{ 
whom  devotes  but  :i  p'ui  <-;  ''i-> 
work.  Chicago  has  htit  mm.  ; 
coming  before  tliem  ar<  ■>■>  !nir,i( 
interests  invohcd  are  in  ^l'-  ai"^i 
that  their  Mho!.-  f  nin-  t -r  !' 
yiars  lias  Ix'ci'.  d»v<>f(<!  f  •  hi- 
"ticaliy  tln^  <Mit)r«>  ;iUii.nii-j;  r;i' imh 
rupl'-V  >.as('M  of  i  ht'  IVdffil  i.( 
distriet.  iiu-hiiiitiir  ''>•'  "'••'•I'-i'ii 
matt^^rs  <il'  jihnoHl  <'\»f\  v.m- 
therein,   is  U'f\     iii   the   t.r-it    iu->i 


d  Company;  is  a  director  of  the  Secur 

itional   Bank   of   Minneapolis,   the   Min- 

.s   Listrian   Mill    Company,    and    Pigeon 

Lumber    Company.      He    recently-    re* 

aed  his  position   as  officer  and  director  in 

f^ral  b*nks,  in  La  Crosse  and  elsewhere,  to 

•ome  a  director  in  the  Federal  Reserve  Bank 

Minneapolis    at   the   time   of    its   organiza- 

ij,   a    practical    recognition   of   his   advocacy 

the  Federal   Reserve  law  as  a  vital  factor 

solving  banking  problems.     Aside  from  his 

live  business  life,  and  by  no  means  second- 

«'   to   it,   Mr.   Hixoii's  greatest  interest  has 

•a     in     the     public     good,     and     he     has 

cd  every  opportunity  to  aid  his  fellow  citi- 

13   as  a  private  individual   rather  than  as 

holder   of  any.  public  office,   a   distiiiction 

ich  he  always  refused.     He  has  made  him- 

f  useful    to  the  community   in  many,  ways, 

lowing   I'.i        .'•-    -'5    example    in    a    liberal, 

ictical    V  s    president    of    the    La 

osse   11<jS;_.u,  '^ivop,  a   trustee  of  the 

ung    Men's    r  Vasociation,    and    a 

mber    of    varj  i^t    of    charities.     He 

-  always  beeu  recko!u;d  upon  as  foremost 
ong  the  citizens  of  La ,  Crosse  in  all  ac- 
ities   for  the  upbuilding  and  betterment  of 

city.     Out    of    his   own    fortune    he    built 

d    equipped,    in    connection    with    the    high 

Mool,  and  presented  to  the  city  a  gymnasium, 

wiinming  pool,  and  a  complete  manual  train- 

.-school.'    Genial    and    sympathetic    by    na- 

le,  Mr.  Hixon's  many  splendid  qualities  and 

tiring  efforts  in  behalf  of  others  have  made 

a  one  of  the  most  popular  men  in  La  Cro-^se. 

is    a    member    of    several    clubs,    among 

•m  the  Chicago  Club,  Minneapolis  Club,  La 

osse    Club,    and    La    Crosse    Country    Club 

':i    favorite    recreation    is    golf.     Mr.'   Tlixon  j 

..mrried,  in  Highland  Park,  111.,  15  Dec,  1886,; 

'Minnie    Louise    Scott,    niece    of    Tliomas    B.  ' 

Scott,  of  Merrill,  Wis.     They  have   two  chil  ! 

dren,   Dorothy,  wife  of  Logan  Clendening,   of  | 

Kansas  City,  Mo.,  and  Ellen  Josephine  Hixon. 

WEAN,  Frank  Lincoln,  lawyer,  b.   in   Wil- 

li^msfield,    Ashtabula    County,    Ohio,    6    Aug., 

00,  son  of  Ira  Eddy  and  Malvina    (Belnap) 

an.     At  the  age  of  five  years  he  removed 

with  his  parents  to  a  farm  in  Tuscola  County, 

Mich.,   where   he  attended   the   district   school 

un<]     Infer    the    high    schools    of    ('aro    and 

a,  thus  completing  his  preparation  for 

G  to  the  University  of  Michigan      The 

lit    of    self-reliance    and    independence,    so 

•  racteristic  of  the  man,  man;fe(ited  itself  in 

-  youth,  and  at  seven t<'en  yeftrt<  of  age  he 
s   earning   his   own    livelihood    by    teaching 

'  during  the  winter  month.s.     From    IHMI 

)  he  was  principal  of  the  high  school  at 

■  .<M  Mich.     During  the  latter  part   of  this 

lod  he  cotfimenced  the  study  of  law   in  tlw 

•e  of  R.  J,  Kelly,  afterward  Judge  Kelly, 


tiiii''    U< 

th.-.r 

..<     !ii.-- 

:;!.-4|'?i 

•  •as.   ;U1 

1  til.' 

n;li('    Sli 

v;.-(, 

•,m1     (■;•- 

VVM.U 

.i    ;!,.■ 

mmI- 

OCHS 


OCHS 


two  referees.  This  work  has  demanded  and 
has  been  worthy  of  the  highest  order  of  legal 
ability  and  judicial  attainments;  and  it  is 
speaking  within  bounds  to  say  that  during  his 
eighteen  years'  service  in  that  capacity,  Mr. 
Wean  has  made  a  reputation  that  for  fairness, 
thoroughness,  and  rigid  fidelity  has  not  been 
surpassed  among  the  bankruptcy  courts  of  the 
United  States.  When  Mr.  Wean  assumed  the 
duties  of  his  position,  the  bankruptcy  law  was 
largely  untried.  The  administration  of  bank- 
rupt estates  has  always  furnished  to  interested 
parties,  and  to  a  certain  class  of  lawyers,  a 
strong  temptation  to  profit  by  impositions  upon 
the  court.  To  the  administration  of  these 
estates  such  attempts  at  imposition  are  from 
the  very  nature  of  the  matters  in  hand  con- 
stant and  insistent.  To  resist  them  requires 
clear  thinking  and  a  courageous  adherence  to 
his  convictions.  He  has  displayed  these  char- 
acteristics in  a  marked  degree;  and  the  record 
he  has  thus  made  has  played  no  small  part  in 
giving  to  the  bankruptcy  courts  a  standing 
which  has  resulted  in  their  becoming  a  per- 
manent institution.  Mr.  Wean  has  an  inter- 
esting personality.  He  commands  the  respect 
of  all  with  whom  he  has  dealings,  and  holds 
the  lasting  friendship  of  those  who  know  him 
best.  Although  as  firm  as  steel  and  as  fixed 
as  the  "  Rock  of  Gibraltar,"  especially  when 
conditions  demand  a  strict  and  uncompromis- 
ing interpretation  of  the  law,  still  there  is  a 
gentleness  and  flexibility  in  his  nature,  born 
of  truth  and  right,  which  asserts  itself  at 
every  opportune  time,  so  that  those  who  await 
his  decisions  cannot  but  feel  that  his  efforts 
are  wholly  to  carry  out  the  spirit  of  the  law 
and  thus  render  justice  to  all  concerned.  His 
rugged  honesty  and  loyalty  to  those  with  whom 
he  associates  is  the  keynote  of  his  success. 
Probably  no  lawyer  ever  left  his  courtroom 
with  the  feeling  that  he  had  not  been  given 
a  fair-minded,  careful,  and  intelligent  hearing. 
His  executive  abilities  and  judicial  mind  fit 
him  admirably  for  the  high  office  which  he 
holds.  Mr.  Wean  is  a  member  of  the  Chicago 
Club,  the  Law  Club,  and  the  Exmoor  Country 
Club;  also  of  the  Chicago  Bar  Association  and 
the  Illinois  State  Bar  Association.  He  mar- 
ried in  December,  1887,  Bertha  May  Coombs, 
who  died  in  1916,  leaving  one  daughter,  Evan- 
geline, wife  of  0.  Dickinson  Street,  of  New 
York  City. 

OCHS,  Adolph  S.,  journalist  and  publisher, 
b.  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  12  March,  1858,  son  of 
Julius  and  Bertha  (Levy)  Ochs,  who  came 
from  Germany  in  1844.  He  received  his  edu- 
cation in  the  common  schools  of  Knoxville, 
Tenn.,  and  there,  while  still  a  schoolboy,  in 
1869-70,  he  was  a  newsboy  and  carrier,  deliv- 
ering newspapers  to  subscribers.  In  1871  he 
was  employed  for  a  time  as  clerk  in  his  uncle's 
wholesale  grocery  in  Providence,  R.  I.,  and  at 
the  same  time  attended  night  school.  The  next 
year  he  was  a  druggist's  apprentice  in  Knox- 
ville. In  1872  he  set  out  to  learn  the  printer's 
trade,  and  four  years  later  he  became  assistant 
to  the  foreman  in  the  composing  room  of  the 
Knoxville  "  Tribune."  Mr.  Ochs  had  now 
found  his  career,  for  a  year  later  he  joined 
the  staff  of  the  Chattanooga  "  Dispatch,"  and 
was  practically  in  charge  of  the  paper — at  the 
age  of  nineteen.  In  1879  he  bought  the  Chatta- 
nooga "  Times,"  of  which  he  is  still  the  owner. 


The  "  Tradesman,"  a  trade  publication  for 
many  years  well  known  throughout  the  South, 
was  established  by  him  in  1879.  It  wa 
through  his  efforts  that  the  Southern  ,  Asso-] 
ciated  Press  was  established,  and  he  becam 
its  president.  At  the  time  he  entered  upo; 
these  ventures  Mr.  Ochs  was  still  a  youn 
man,  but  his  tireless  industry,  his  courage^ 
his  unusual  abilities,  already  evident,  had  won^ 
for  him  many  friends.  They  had  confidence  in 
him  and  were  ready  to  aid  him  when  he  needed 
aid.  For  nearly  twenty  years  he  devoted  all  his 
attention  to  his  Chattanooga  publications.  He 
won  the  confidence  of  the  community,  as  he  had 
won  that  of  his  friends.  Chattanooga  was  theu 
a  small  city,  but  he  built  up  a  very '  valuable 
newspaper  property :  he  made  the  "  Times  " 
leading  paper  of  the  State.  Then  he  sought 
broader  field,  and  again  his  courage,  his  trust' 
in  himself,  and  the  good  opinions  he  had  earned 
by  demonstrated  capacity  were  made  manifest 
when  in  1896  he  acquired  the  control  and 
management  of  the  New  York  "  Times."  His^ 
aims  and  the  principles  that  guided  him  have 
been  set  forth  in  his  own  words:  "I  thought 
there  was  an  opportunity  in  this  great  city 
for  a  metropolitan  newspaper  conducted  on 
ideal  interior  daily  principles;  a  newspape 
with  all  the  news  that's  fit  to  print,  honest! 
presented  and  fairly  and  intelligently  inter 
preted;  a  newspaper  for  enlightened,  thought 
ful  people;  a  newspaper  conducted  as  a  decent, 
dignified  journal."  As  an  interesting  chapter 
in 'newspaper  history,  it  is  worth  while  to  put 
on  record  here  the  story  of  Mr.  Ochs'  pur- 
chase of  a  controlling  interest  in  the  "  Times," 
as  it  was  told  by  him  in  an  address  before  the 
National  Editorial  Association  at  its  meeting 
in  New  York  City  on  21  June,  1916:  "  Now^ 
right  here  I  wish  to  make  a  statement,  of 
interest  to  those  of  the  curious  who  may  wish, 
to  know  how  I  came  into  possession  of  the 
controlling  and  majority  interest  of  the  New" 
York  *  Times. '  I  shall  make  no  new  dis- 
closures, for  the  facts  were  not  only  known  at 
the  time,  but  widely  published,  and  they  are 
as  follows:  The  George  Jones  Estate  sold, 
in  1893,  the  name  and  good  will  of  the  New 
York  '  Times '  for  one  million  dollars,  cash, 
to  the  New  York  Times  Publishing  Company,, 
a  company  made  up  largely  of  a  number  of 
very  well-known  men,  actuated  by  the  highest 
motives  to  preserve  the  '  Times '  as  an  in- 
dependent Democratic  newspaper.  The  panic 
of  1893  and  insufficient  capital  proved  toi 
great  a  burden,  and  the  company  came  to  grie: 
in  1896.  It  was  then  I  became  acquainte 
with  the  situation  and  was  encouraged  t 
grapple  the  problem  that  many  well-know: 
and  experienced  publishers  declined  to  tackle 
Perhaps  it  was  a  case  in  which  fools  rush  i 
where  angels  fear  to  tread.  Part  of  the  simil 
is  true,  for  I  certainly  had  no  '  angel '  wit 
me.  I  organized  a  company  under  a  ne 
charter — the  present  New  York  Times  Com 
pany — with  10,000  shares  capital  stock  ( 
value  $100.00)  and  $500,000  five-per-cen" 
bonds;  took  up  the  million  dollars  of  stock  o 
the  old  company  by  giving  in  exchange  2,000 
shares  of  the  new  company;  paid  the  debts  of 
the  old  company  dollar  for  dollar  with 
$300,000  of  the  five-per-cent.  bonds;  and  with 
some  difficulty  the  remaining  $200,000  of  bonds 
I  sold  at  par  for  cash  by  giving  to  every  pur- 


530 


Ga^ 


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-(^t/yiQ^^uUc 


OCHS 


OCHS 


chaser  of  a  $1,000  bond  15  shares  of  stock  as 
a  bonus.  I  subscribed  for  $75,000  of  the  bonds 
and  received  1,125  shares  of  stock  as  a  bonus, 
and — as  was  stipulated  in  the  articles  of  the 
organization  plan — I  received  3,876  shares  of 
the  capital  stock  as  compensation  when  three 
years  after  its  organization  the  company  was 
placed  on  a  paying  basis.  The  value  placed 
on  the  shares  shortly  after  I  assumed  the  man- 
agement was  indicated  by  a  sale  of  some  of 
them  at  ten  cents  on  the  dollar.  So  in  this 
way  I  acquired  the  control,  the  majority  stock 
of  the  New  York  Times  Company  (5,001 
shares)  as  the  result  of  my  work  and  the 
investment  of  $75,000  in  its  bonds.  And  this 
majority  and  controlling  interest,  somewhat 
increased,  I  now  own  and  possess,  free,  clear, 
and  unencumbered  in  any  shape,  form,  or 
fashion.  Adding  to  my  interest  the  shares 
held  by  others,  there  is  nearly  ninety  per  cent, 
of  the  capital  stock  of  the  New  York  Times 
Company  owned  in  the  office  of  the  '  Times ' 
by  persons  solely  employed  in  producing  the 
*  Times.' "  The  growth  and  development  of 
the  "Times"  in  the  first  twenty  years  of  Mr. 
Ochs'  management  furnish  the  best  measure 
of  his  genius  and  capacity  as  a  newspaper  pub- 
lisher. The  circulation  of  the  paper  at  the 
time  he  assumed  its  management,  with  the 
opportunity  to  make  his  way  to  the  ownership 
of  a  majority  of  the  shares  of  the  company, 
was  about  10,000  copies  daily,  and  its  ad- 
vertising was  correspondingly  moderate  in 
volume.  It  owned  no  real  estate  and  its  me- 
chanical plant  was  of  no  great  value.  In 
June,  1916,  when  he  made  the  statement  above 
quoted,  the  "  Times "  had  a  circulation  ex- 
ceeding 325,000  copies  per  day;  there  were 
more  than  1,200  employees  on  its  pay  roll;  it 
consumed  an  average  of  100  tons  of  white 
paper  every  day  and  one  ton  of  printer's 
ink;  it  had  an  investment  of  over  $4,000,000 
in  real  estate  and  one  million  dollars'  worth 
of  printing  machinery.  When  Mr.  Ochs  be- 
came the  publisher  of  the  "  Times  "  it  occupied 
its  old  quarters  in  the  Times  Building,  then 
BO  called,  at  41  Park  Row,  upon  which  site  its 
business  had  been  carried  on  since  1857.  At 
the  end  of  the  year  1903  the  plant  and  offices 
were  transferred  temporarily  to  32  Park  Row, 
pending  the  erection  of  the  new  Times  Build- 
ing in  Times  Square,  the  name  given  by  the 
City  Government  to  the  open  space  along 
Broadway  and  Seventh  Avenue  between  Forty- 
second  and  Forty-seventh  Streets.  In  this  new 
home,  a  building  twenty-five  stories  high,  one 
of  the  most  beautiful  in  the  city,  the  "  Times  " 
was  installed  on  1  Jan.,  1905.  When  this 
building  was  erected  it  was  thought  that  ample 
provision  had  been  made  for  the  needs  of  the 
paper  for  an  indefinite  number  of  years  to 
come,  but  it  was  found  that  the  facilities  of 
the  pressroom  were  not  adequate  for  the 
issue  of  an  edition  much  exceeding  200,000 
copies  daily,  and  the  circulation  of  the 
"  Times  "  had  already  passed  that  figure  when, 
in  1911,  a  plot  of  land  was  purchased  with 
a  front  of  143  feet  on  Forty-third  Street  near 
Times  Square,  on  which  the  Times  Annex 
Building,  a  structure  of  eleven  stories  entirely 
devoted  to  the  use  of  the  "  Times,"  was  erected, 
and  to  this  new  home,  the  third  in  Mr.  Ochs' 
administration,  the  business  was  removed  in 
February,  1913.     Three  years  later,  as  a  pro- 


vision for  future  expansion,  an  additional  plot 
of  land  was  purchased,  with  a  frontage  of 
100  feet  on  Forty-third  Street,  adjoining  the 
Annex  Building  on  the  west  side.  The  business 
of  a  large  modern  newspaper  includes  many 
branches  undreamed  of  by  Benjamin  Franklin. 
One  of  these  is  the  picture  supplement,  now  so 
generally  issued  with  Sunday  editions  in  the 
chief  cities  of  the  country.  A  supplement  con- 
taining photographic  illustrations  in  half-tone 
had  been  already  for  some  years  issued  by  the 
"Times"  when,  in  1913,  Mr.  Ochs  bought  and 
installed  the  first  rotogravure  press  used  by 
any  American  newspaper.  Of  these  presses 
the  "Times"  now  has  half  a  dozen.  By  this 
process  photographic  reproductions  are  printed 
from  a  copper  cylinder,  replacing  the  old  flat- 
press  method,  thus  making  possible  much 
greater  speed  in  the  presswork  to  meet  the 
requirements  of  a  Sunday  newspaper  of  large 
circulation;  and  pictures  of  a  far  higher  de- 
gree of  delicacy,  depth,  and  beauty  are  pro- 
duced by  the  process.  This  was  but  one  of 
the  evidences  of  Mr.  Ochs'  genius  for  advanc- 
ing the  art  of  newspaper  making.  The 
"  Times,"  under  his  management,  has  put  forth 
several  associated  publications,  like  satellites 
revolving  around  the  central  luminary.  In 
1896  the  Saturday  Review  of  Books  and  Art 
was  established,  devoted  to  literary  and  art 
news  and  criticism.  It  was  for  several  years 
issued  with  the  Saturday  morning  edition  of 
the  paper,  but  later  became  a  part  of  the 
Sunday  edition.  The  "Annalist,"  a  weekly 
financial  review  of  affairs  in  the  money  market, 
the  banking  and  investment  field,  appeared  in 
1911.  The  "Times"  also  publishes  a  very 
complete  classified  index,  making  possible 
ready  reference  to  any  editorial  or  news  article 
printed  in  its  columns.  The  European  War 
furnished  the  occasion  and  the  material  for 
two  new  publications,  the  Mid-Week  Pictorial, 
and  the  Current  History.  From  the  very  be- 
ginning of  the  war,  in  August,  1914,  the 
"  Times  ^'  received  every  week  a  large  number 
of  photographs  illustrating  war  scenes,  far 
more  than  could  be  used  in  the  Sunday  Sup- 
plement. To  meet  the  public  demand  for  war 
pictures  the  Mid-Week  Pictorial  was  estab- 
lished, containing  many  pages  of  reproductions 
of  war  photographs  in  rotogravure.  Issued 
from  the  "Times"  office,  but  sold  separately, 
it  has  become  an  established  publication.  The 
Current  History  was  the  outcome  not  only  of 
the  war,  but  of  a  discovery,  or,  rather,  of  a 
demonstration.  When  the  several  belligerent 
powers  published  the  diplomatic  correspond- 
ence that  immediately  preceded  the  outbreak 
of  hostilities,  the  letters  of  the  ministers,  am- 
bassadors, and  secretaries  of  foreign  affairs 
were  printed  as  a  part  of  the  day's  news  by 
the  "  Times  "  and  other  American  newspapers. 
Mr.  Ochs  conceived  the  idea  of  assembling  this 
mass  of  dispatches  in  one  ])uhlieation  as  a 
convenient  reference  manual  for  the  informa- 
tion and  use  of  multitudes  of  Americans  who 
were  eager  to  gain  exact  knowledge  upon  the 
question  of  responsibility  for  the  war,  then 
much  discussed.  They  wore,  indeed,  a  m\ilti- 
tude.  Of  the  pamphlet  called  the  "  White 
Papern,"  containing  this  official  correspondence, 
the  "  Times "  i)rinted  and  sold  over  200,000 
copies.  The  dispatches  of  diplomats  are  not 
reading  for  the  mindless,  and  the  very  wide- 

631 


OCHS 


JONES 


spread  demand  for  the  "White  Papers"  was 
another  demonstration  of  the  soundness  of  the 
belief  and  principles  upon  which  the  "  Times  " 
itself  had  risen  to  its  high  place  in  American 
journalism — the  conviction  that  there  is  a  vast 
intelligent  public  interested  in  the  serious 
things  of  this  world  and  always  appreciative 
of  the  efforts  of  those  who  serve  its  need.  The 
Current  History,  first  issued  in  the  beginning 
of  the  year  1915,  appearing  as  a  monthly  maga- 
zine, and  semi-annually  as  bound  volumes,  is 
a  compilation  not  only  of  oflficial  documents 
and  correspondence,  but  it  has  printed  also 
the  public  utterances  of  statesmen  of  all  the 
powers  at  war,  the  addresses  of  organized 
bodies,  such  as  the  German  university  pro- 
fessors, the  chief  documents  of  the  great  prop- 
aganda on  both  sides,  as  well  as  the  writings 
of  private  individuals,  notable  press  comments, 
all  constituting  a  running  history  of  the  war, 
with  accounts  of  its  progress  in  text  and  maps. 
Again  Mr.  Ochs  showed  himself  to  be  a  sure 
judge  of  the  public  need  and  desire,  for  the 
Current  History  has  come  into  high  favor  as 
a  storehouse  of  information  about  the  war 
from  the  beginning.  Although  Mr.  Ochs  was 
the  proprietor  and  publisher  of  the  Philadel- 
phia "  Times  "  from  May,  1901,  when  he  pur- 
chased the  property,  until  he  decided  to  dis- 
continue its  publication,  and  also  the  principal 
owner  of  the  Philadelphia  "  Public  Ledger " 
from  July,  1902,  until  he  sold  his  controlling 
interest  in  1912,  his  energy  and  attention  have 
been  almost  exclusively  directed  to  the  New 
York  "Times,"  his  Chattanooga  paper  having 
been  managed  by  his  brother,  Milton  Ochs, 
while  his  brother,  George  W.  Ochs,  was  the 
publisher  and  manager  of  the  Philadelphia 
"  Public  Ledger."  Mr.  Ochs'  ambition  and 
ideals  of  the  making  of  a  newspaper,  as  formu- 
lated early  in  his  career,  have  been  faithfully 
applied  in  the  development  of  the  New  York 
"Times."  He  said  in  an  address  before  the 
National  Editorial  Association  in  St.  Paul, 
Minn.,  in  June,  1891,  that  the  day  of  the  news- 
paper as  an  organ  was  passing:  "The  people, 
as  they  gain  culture,  breadth  of  understanding, 
and  independence  of  thought  .  .  .  more  and 
more  demand  the  paper  that  prints  a  history 
of  each  day  without  fear  of  consequences,  the 
favoring  of  special  theories,  or  the  promotion 
of  personal  interests."  The  "  Times  "  has  been 
conducted  in  accordance  with  this  principle. 
Although  usually  described  as  an  independent 
Democratic  newspaper,  it  is  bound  to  no  party, 
is  independent  in  no  limited  sense  of  the  word. 
It  supported  Republican  candidates  for  the 
presidency  against  Mr.  Bryan  in  his  three 
campaigns.  As  it  is  pre-eminently  a  news- 
paper it  treats  both  parties  with  equal  fairness 
in  its  reports  of  political  campaign  activities 
and  utterances.  So  far  as  it  is  possible  and 
necessary  to  give  "  All  the  News  that's  Fit  to 
Print,"  Mr,  Ochs  strives  to  apply  the  principle 
embodied  in  that  motto  of  the  paper,  printed 
every  day  at  the  head  of  its  columns.  In  its 
zeal  for  the  presentation  of  the  day's  news 
from  all  parts  of  the  world  and  its  independ- 
ence of  political  or  other  influences,  in  its  fair- 
ness and  candor,  in  its  avoidance  of  sensation- 
alism and  in  its  standard  of  conduct  it  reflects 
his  newspaper  ideals  and  bears  the  impress  of 
his  character. 


JONES,  Walter  Clyde,  lawyer,  b.  in  Pilot 
Grove,  la.,  27  Dec,  1870,  son  of  Jonathan 
and  Sarah  (Buflangton)  Jones.  Through  both 
his  parents  he  is  descended  from  families 
whose  earliest  representatives  came  to  this 
country  in  the  early  part  of  the  eighteenth 
century,  his  father's  family  being  of  Welsh 
origin.  His  father  was  a  Quaker,  born  in 
Ohio,  who  removed  to  the  southeastern  section 
of  Iowa  in  1833  and,  taking  up  a  government 
land  claim  there,  founded  the  town  of  Pilot 
Grove.  As  a  boy,  Mr,  Jones  acquired  his 
elementary  and  grammar  school  education  in 
the  public  schools  of  Keokuk,  la.,  in  which 
community  his  parents  had  settled  when  he 
was  three  years  of  age.  After  graduating 
from  high  school,  he  entered  the  Iowa  State 
College,  taking  the  full  course  in  electrical 
engineering.  When  he  was  graduated,  in  1891, 
he  headed  the  honor  list  of  all  the  graduates  up 
to  that  time.  For  some  time  immediately 
after  he  was  engaged  in  designing  machinery 
and  installations  for  electrical  apparatus,  as- 
sisting in  fitting  out  the  iron  mines  of  Mich- 
igan with  the  first  electric  lamps  ever  em- 
ployed in  mines.  On  coming  to  Chicago,  he 
attended  the  evening  classes  of  the  Chicago 
College  of  Law,  During  the  day  he  gained 
his  living  as  an  electrical  expert,  serving 
often  as  witness  in  court  cases  involving 
technical  knowledge  of  electrical  engineering. 
In  1893  he  was  awarded  a  prize  by  the 
"  Electrical  Engineering  Magazine "  for  an 
essay  on  "Electricity  at  the  World's  Fair," 
which  was  only  the  first  of  many  contribu- 
tions of  a  similar  nature  to  trade  and  pro- 
fessional journals.  One  of  these  articles,] 
''The  Evolution  of  the  Telephone,"  is  stillj 
considered  a  classic  on  that  subject  and  has 
been  many  times  republished.  In  1894  he 
graduated  from  the  Chicago  College  of  Law,' 
then  continued  his  studies  at  the  Lake  Forest 
University,  from  which  he  graduated  a  yeai 
later  with  the  degree  of  LL.B.  In  the  yeai 
following  he  began  practicing  law  in  Chicago. 
Not  long  afterward  he  formed  a  partnership] 
with  Keene  H.  Addington;  since  then  twc 
other  partners  have  been  admitted,  and  th« 
firm  is  now  known  as  Jones,  AddingtonJ 
Ames  and  Seibold,  with  offices  in  both  Chi- 
cago and  New  York,  its  specialty  being  cor-j 
poration  law,  the  firm  being  counsel  for 
number  of  large  corporations.  Mr.  Jones  ifi 
also  retained  largely  in  cases  involving  tech- 
nical points  in  electricity.  In  1898  he  wa£ 
counsel  for  the  automobile  companies  in  con- 
testing the  ordinance  of  the  Board  of  Com- 
missioners of  South  Park,  in  Chicago,  ex- 
cluding automobiles  from  the  boulevards  and 
parks  on  account  of  the  danger  from  fright- 
ened horses.  After  a  protracted  and  bitter 
fight  through  the  courts,  Mr.  Jones  succeeded 
in  having  the  ordinance  declared  void.  This 
was  the  first  decision  in  which  the  rights  of 
the  automobiles  on  the  streets  and  highways 
were  established.  Very  early  in  his  career 
Mr.  Jones  began  to  take  an  active  interest  in 
public  affairs  and  became  asssociated  with  the 
Republican  party.  In  1899,  during  the  Fall 
Festival  in  Chicago,  he  acted  as  chief  aide  to 
President  McKinley,  being  in  charge  of  the 
arrangements  for  the  President's  reception. 
In  1900  he  filled  the  same  position  during  the 
Grand    Army    encampment.      He    has    always 


532 


Zji^d-  Ly  AB.HallllewYn-K 


(Mjc^ 


JONES 


BROOKS 


a    busy    speaker   in   all    State   and    ua 
campaigns  of  his  party  and  frequently 
ra  addresses  at  college  and  high  school 
...-.jncements.     As  a  speaker  he  is  possessed 
a    high    degree    of    eloquence    and    always 
rries  conviction  to   his  audiences.     In    1906 
ir.    Jones    was    a    member    of    the    Chicago 
iiarter  Convention  which  drafted  the  proposed 
larter    for    the    city.      He    was    one    of    the 
>uuders  of  the  Legislative  Voters'  League  and 
as  actively  identified  with  the  organization 
;itil  his  election  as  State  senator  from  Hyde 
ark   district    in    1906.      In    1910   he   was    re- 
acted.     In    the    special    session    of    1908    he 
troduced  and  lead  the  fight  for  the  enact- 
ent    of    the    first    direct    primary    law    in 
linois,  and  when  this  law  was  declared  un- 
nstitutional   by  the   Supreme   Court,   he   re- 
rote  it  to  meet  the  objections  of  this  tribunal 
rid    led    the    fight    in    th»    legislature    which 
suited  in  the  re-enactment  of  the  law,     He 
also    the    author    of    the    law    limiting    the 
l.or  of  women  to  ten  hours  a  day.     During 
09-11  he  was  floor  leader  in  the  senate.     His 
iforts  in  behalf  of  progressive  legislation,  in- 
iuding  movements  for  the  reform  of  the  civil 
rvice  and  the  enactment  of  rules  for  reform- 
g     legislative    procedure,    has     l)cen     highly 
mmended    by    the    independent   press   of   the 
ate.     After  the  development  of  the  insurgent 
.,,,^^,.„..    -   '^i -n    the    Kepublican    party,    Mr. 
ifiliated   with    the    Progressive 
J.   -  of  the  prominent  leader*?  of 

at  part;,    tu   !be  State  of  Illinois.     In   1012 
was    l*r«igrtSHive    candidate    for    governor 
r.  Jones  is  a  member  of  the  Franklin   Insti- 
te  of  Philadelphia,  of  the  American  Society 

■  Mechanical   Engineers,  and   is  ex-president 

the     Chicago     Electric     Association.      Mr. 

nes  is  looked  upon  as  one  of  the  most  prora- 

ing    young    political    leaders    in    the    Middle 

est    today.     Though    his    early    associatiens 

.^re  with  the  politicians  of  the  old  school,  he 

distinctly   advanced    in   his   views   and    be- 

ves   that  legislation   should   not  be   allowed 

lag   behind    the    constantly   changing    eco- 

omic    conditions    of    the    country.      Country, 

ither  than  party,  have  his  primary  interest, 

id  the   welfare  of  the   former   he   places   far 

ove  that  of  the  latter  in  any  matter  where 

■  i'   two  may  Iw   at   varianctv     Personally  he 

a  man  of  broad  interests,  having  traveled 
d  observed  extensively      In  legal  circles  he 

quite  as  well  known  in  New  York  as  in 
»'  Middle  West  and  his  aspect  in  decidedly 
:ional  in  scope.  Together  with  his  jmrtner, 
H.  Addington,  he  wrote  "  Jones  and  Ad- 
tigton's  Annotated  Statutes  of  Illinois"  and 
■:*  "Encyclopedia  of  Illinois  Laws."  Tht- 
o  collaborators  are  also  the  editors  of  the 
Vppellate    Court    Reports   of    Illinois."     Mr. 

I.  .nes  is  also  treasurer  and  a  director  of  the 
tienjamin  Electric  Manufacturing  Company 
»nd  a  director  of  the  Stromberg  Electrical 
Company  and  the  Dean  Auto  Devices  Com- 
pany. He  is  president  of  the  National  Alumni 
-  Association  of  the  Iowa  State  College  an<l  a 
member  of  the  Chicago  Law  Institute.  Amer- 
*  an  Bar  Association,  Chicago  Bar  Associa 
jn,   and   of   the   Civic    Fedorntion       In    1H«>0 

f  Jones  married  Emma,  daughter  of  VVil- 
0.  Boyd,  of  Paulina,  la  They  have  two 
and  one  daughter:  Walter  Clyde,  Clar- 
Boyd,   and   Helen   Gwendolyn   .Tones. 


BEOOKS,   Phillips,   Episcopal   biuhop, 
Boston,    Mass.,    13    Dec,    1835;    d.    tli. 
Jan,    1893,    son   of   William   Gray   and 
Ann  (Phillips)  Brooks.    He  was,  as  Dr.  Jm*.:- 
tow  expressed   it,  "  the  consummate  flower  of 
ninp   general  ions   of   cultured    Puritan   stock," 
being  descended  through  a  long  line  of  Ameri- 
can   ancestors,    noted     for    culture,    learning, 
wealth,  and  high  social   position.     His  fatiier 
was  a  typical   merchant,   solid,  practical   and 
not   inclined   to  an   undue  expression   of  emo- 
tion.   It  was  probably  from  his  mother  that  he 
inherited    the    imagination,   the    H}>iritual    fire, 
and  the   intense  idealism   which   m  character- 
ized   his    later    carer       PoseesseU    of    ample 
means,  as  well  as  high  »oeiiil  p'^aition,.  his  jvar- 
ents   accrrHM    him    *'v**ry    educational    advan- 
tage   :;  whilr    hfs   mother   devoted    a 
great                      r  «ti«»nHoM  t«»  f>:er«»i«insr  those 
ho:np  ■  '     '  '  -h 
to   th.  . 

teachi?.-       ;    .i  ;- 

ton's   famous    i 

phasis  was  pint .  ^  u 

composition   and  thf  on*  - 

he    enteri?d    Hnrv^f*    I'.'  * 

record    a« 
raphers. 
pacity  fvT 
I  ijad  m-  an. 
his  oh; 
standi, 
gave  ti,:    -...:_.  ...  ...-.  ,i 

to  drudge  in  oroer  '■  Ai 

this   time  he  g«ve   r  t^  ^a 

orator;   in   later  life,  v^hvu   bt*  pvt,,».trt  «ii  is*! 
eloquent   preacher  begun  attracting  at?*»«tinn. 
none    were    more    surpristd    than    hit*    <*!iia» 
mates.     It  was  as  a  writer  rather  that  ht»  ^^x 
celled    in    college    and    iho    occasional    paper* 
which  he  prepared  for  the  college   socK<tie»  to 
which   he  belonged  wore  considertn!   ul   a   high 
order  of  merit  from  a  literary  .<*iH»Kip<Mnt.     He 
graduated    from    Hiirvard    in    J«;>5.    when    not 
quite  twenty  years  old.   and   immt^diately  ob- 
tained  an   appointment   as   lisher,   or  subordi- 
nate  teacher,    in    the    Latin    School.      At    this 
time  the  thought  of  entering  the  ministry  had 
not    yet    presented    itself    to    him.      He'    had 
planned  for   himself  the  career  of  a   teacher. 
After  gaining  some  preliminary  experience  in 
the   Latin    School,   he  proposed   to  go   abroad 
and  there,  by  further  study,  fit  himself  for  a 
college  profcHSorship      Bnt  lie  was  essentially 
not    a    school    teacher       Of    a    gentle,    amiable 
di.sposition,  he  ftunul   himself  unable  to  main- 
lain  disoif>!ine  among  the  turbulent  boys  who 
wfTf   )ila<*fij    under  his  charge.      After   several 
mi.nth,^  of  hopeless  effort  he  resigned,  acknowl 
edging  his  defeat.     His  chagrin  \va^  vitv  deep, 
for    he    made    no    fur  her    attempts    to    tcieh 
After  a  whort  peri«i<l  of  urjcertainty  he  entered 
the    Episcopal    Tlieologjcal    School    in    Alexun- 
dria.  V'a.,  probably  under  tlie   inlluenee  of  lurt 
mother,   a   woman   of    intense    relig!v)UH   eonvu" 
tionis.     Obvii.usly   the  decmion   irnist    \ni\x-  hee» 
taken  very  su«ldenly,  for  on  entering  th«' 
nary  vomig   Hrookt!*  had   not   yet    receiv. 
firmatinn  in  the   l''pis«oj)al  Clmreh      "■ 
niony  \v.-»h  te/>t  perforin«'d  until  flu 
tirnt    >enr       .\u>irdin)/   t"  the   ' 
home   he   \^.ih   not    V'.t\    \\fd'    • 
new   in»ti<uti,iri   mi    Icuii. 
doubts  whet 'lev  itwi'  •  i    ,,,o 


533 


BROOKS 


BROOKS 


to  come  back  here  for  two  more  years,"  he 
wrote  to  his  father,  **  whether  it  won't  be 
better  to  study  at  home,  if  this  is  really  the 
best  seminary  in  the  country.  ...  All  that  we 
get  in  the  lecture  and  recitation  rooms  I  con- 
sider worth  just  nothing.  ...  It  is  the  most 
shiftless,  slipshod  place  I  ever  saw."  Never- 
theless, here  he  stayed  for  his  full  course,  but 
the  faults  of  the  institution  caused  him  to 
place  more  reliance  on  his  own  initiative  and 
to  work  for  himself.  Probably  this  self-educa- 
tion which  he  felt  forced  on  him  did  much 
to  develop  independence  of  mind  and  habits 
of  solitary  thought  and  study,  the  habit  of 
free  investigation  and  diligent  reading,  which 
were  of  great  value.  This  lack  in  the  insti- 
tution also  caused  the  students  to  assist  each 
other  and  criticize  each  other's  work  as  they 
would  not  have  done  in  a  more  perfectly  regu- 
lated institution.  It  was  just  the  sort  of 
place  in  which  a  youth  of  independent  mind 
could  best  develop.  The  late  Dr.  W.  N.  Clarke 
said  of  young  Brooks :  "  In  the  three  years 
that  he  spent  there  his  first  conscious  and 
well-directed  work  was  done.  The  seminary 
was  so  little  absorbing  that  he  took  his  own 
way,  and  it  was  the  way  of  reading.  His 
reading  was  enormous  in  amount  and  very 
wide  in  range."  Here  it  was  that  he  began  a 
practice  which  he  retained  as  a  habit  for  the 
rest  of  his  life.  He  always  carried  with  him 
a  note  book;  one  part  Jie  devoted  to  noting 
down  the  thoughts  he  heard  expressed  by 
others  which  he  thought  worth  remembering, 
while  in  another  part  he  jotted  down  his  own 
thoughts.  This  latter  section  was  by  far  the 
most  voluminously  written.  In  his  senior  year 
he  began  to  preach;  he  and  another  student 
took  charge  of  a  small  mission  at  Sharon, 
three  miles  distant.  His  first  attempt  was  an 
abject  failure,  apparently  as  disastrous  a  de- 
feat as  his  first  attempt  at  teaching.  But 
this  time  he  did  not  retire  from  the  field. 
"  Try  again,"  was  the  most  comforting  criti- 
cism he  could  obtain  from  his  fellow  student. 
And  try  again  he  did.  After  a  few  more  at- 
tempts he  found  himself,  and  there  is  no 
further  record  of  failure.  Toward  the  close 
of  the  year  two  strangers  appeared  in  his  con- 
gregation one  Sunday  and  listened  to  his  ser- 
mon very  attentively.  He  was  very  nervous, 
for  he  was  not  used  to  attracting  such  close 
attention.  After  the  service  the  strangers 
sought  an  interview  with  him  and  stated  their 
business.  They  were  a  committee  from  a 
large  Philadelphia  church  which  had  come 
down  to  judge  him.  Without  further  remark 
they  invited  him  to  become  the  pastor  of  the 
Church  of  the  Advent,  in  Philadelphia.  He 
accepted  the  call  and  entered  upon  his  new 
duties  the  following  June,  in  1859.  For  two 
and  a  half  years  he  remained  with  this  church, 
then  went  over  to  the  Church  of  the  Holy 
Trinity,  where  he  remained  seven  and  a  half 
years.  He  was  then  called  to  Boston,  his 
native  city,  where  he  became  minister  of 
Trinity  Church,  a  charge  he  held  for  twenty- 
two  years.  By  this  time  he  had  already  begun 
to  attract  wide  attention  by  his  developing 
powers.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War,  in 
1861,  he  threw  himself  with  overwhelming 
enthusiasm  into  the  support  of  the  Union 
cause.  The  stirring  times  and  events  seemed 
to  awaken  his  powers.     His  patriotic  sermons, 


in  favor  of  the  Union  and  against  slavery, 
stirred  the  young  men  of  his  parish.  Before 
the  war  the  Episcopal  Church  had  attempted 
to  maintain  a  neutral  attitude  in  regard  to 
slavery,  as  being  a  political  question.  But 
young  Brooks  would  have  none  of  this  policy. 
Through  his  influence,  more  than  through  any 
other,  this  reactionary  attitude  on  the  part 
of  the  Church  changed  and  she  was  brought  A 
into  full  sympathy  with  the  government  On  ^ 
the  assassination  of  Lincoln,  Brooks  preached 
a  eulogy  of  the  great  President,  which  still 
stands  as  one  of  the  great  orations  brought 
forth  by  the  war.  It  attracted  national  at- 
tention to  the  young  preacher;  he  was  then 
not  more  than  twenty-nine  years  of  age. 
When  he  entered  upon  his  ministry  in  Boston, 
in  1869,  he  was  already  famous  all  over  the 
country;  his  Boston  congregation  built  him 
the  church  at  a  cost  of  over  a  million  dollars. 
And  now  he  began  to  be  spoken  of  on  the  other 
side  of  the  Atlantic.  He  was  invited  to  preach 
in  Westminster  Abbey  and,  finally,  before  the 
Queen.  The  sermon  on  this  latter  moment- 
ous occasion  was  "A  Pillar  in  God's  Temple." 
In  1872  his  church  was  destroyed  in  the  great 
Boston  fire,  and  then,  for  four  years,  he 
preached  in  Huntington  Hall.  Those  four 
years  mark  a  distinct  epoch  in  his  career. 
The  hall,  being  more  centrally  situated  than 
his  church  had  been,  was  soon  thronged  be- 
yond its  capacity,  morning  and  afternoon. 
"No  courses  of  lectures  on  literature,  art,  or 
science,"  says  one  of  his  biographers,  "  with 
which  this  hall  was  associated  ever  witnessed 
a  greater  audience.  This  was  the  case  Sun- 
day after  Sunday,  till  people  became  accus- 
tomed to  it."  Here  it  was  that  Principal 
TuUoch,  of  the  University  of  Aberdeen,  Scot- 
land, heard  him,  in  1874,  preach  the  sermon 
entitled,  "  The  Opening  of  the  Eyes,"  and  then, 
writing  to  his  wife,  said :  "  I  have  never  heard 
preaching  like  it.  So  much  thought  and  so 
much  life  combined;  such  a  reach  of  mind 
and  such  a  depth  and  insight  of  soul.  I  was 
electrified.  I  could  have  got  up  and  shouted." 
Another  important  epoch  of  his  Boston  life 
was  his  lecturing  to  the  students  of  the  Yale 
Divinity  School.  Here  he  delivered  some  of 
his  most  immortal  lectures,  later  published 
and  translated  into  French  and  read  by  min- 
isters to  this  day  of  every  denomination.  His 
ministry  to  the  students  of  Harvard  Univer- 
sity also  stands  out  significantly.  His  voice 
was  often  heard  in  Appleton  Chapel  and  in  the 
Episcopal  Theological  School  of  Cambridge. 
Of  all  the  preachers  who  w^ere  invited  to 
speak  before  the  student  body,  he  was  by  far 
the  most  popular  and  always  brought  forth 
a  full  attendance.  The  influence  which  he 
wielded  over  the  Harvard  students  was  sym- 
bolically portrayed  when,  on  the  occasion  of 
his  death,  his  body  was  borne  to  and  from 
Trinity  Church,  where  the  services  were  held, 
on  the  shoulders  of  Harvard  students.  Among 
the  substantial  tributes  given  to  his  memory 
is  the  Phillips  Brooks  House,  at  Harvard  Col- 
lege. The  fund  for  it  was  started  by  the 
class  of  1855,  his  own  class,  and  it  was  swol- 
len, not  only  by  thousands  of  graduates,  but 
by  admiring  friends  abroad.  On  the  tablet 
in  the  central  hall  is  the  inscription:  "A 
preacher  of  righteousness  and  hope,  majestic 
in  stature,  impetuous  in  utterances,  rejoicing 


534 


McADOO 


McADOO 


in  tiie  truth,  unhampered  by  bonds  of  church 
or  station,  he  brought  by  his  life  and  doc- 
trine fresh  faith  to  a  people,  fresh  meaning  to 
ancient  creeds;  to  this  university  he  gave  con- 
stant love,  large  service,  high  example."  In 
April,  1891,  less  than  two  years  before  he 
died,  he  was  made  Episcopal  Bishop  of  Massa- 
chusetts. It  is  almost  impossible  to  over- 
estimate the  high  place  that  Bishop  Brooks 
occupies  in  the  history  of  the  American 
Church  and  clergy,  regardless  of  denomination. 
In  comparing  him  to  that  other  great  divine, 
Henry  Ward  Beecher,  Dr.  Lyman  Abbott  says: 
"I  should  describe  Phillips  Brooks  as  the 
greater  preacher,  but  Mr.  Beecher  as  the 
greater  orator."  "  It  is  not  difficult,"  says  Dr. 
Lewis  0.  Brastow,  in  his  "  Representative 
Modern  Preachers,"  to  fix  at  the  outset  upon 
what  is  most  distinctive  in  the  character  of 
Phillips  Brooks.  It  is  the  breadth  and  wealth 
of  his  humanity.  Using  the  term  in  a  some- 
what comprehensive  sense,  he  may  be  called 
the  great  Christian  humanist  of  his  genera- 
tion. He  came  to  the  world  with  a  great 
human  soul  and  he  bent  all  his  energies  to 
the  task  of  interpreting  and  ennobling  human 
existence.  ...  He  was  not  an  ecclesiastic. 
He  was  indeed  loyal  to  his  church,  but  he  was 
free  from  many  of  its  limitations.  He  had 
but  scant  respect  for  an  institutional  Chris- 
tianity that  does  not  recognize  the  kingdom 
of  God  as  broader  than  the  church.  He  re- 
garded the  dogma  of  apostolic  authority  as  a 
fiction."  His  sermons  were  distinguished  for 
the  depth  of  their  insight  and  the  variety  of 
their  thought,  the  beauty  and  simplicity  of 
their  diction  and  the  earnestness  of  their 
spirituality.  His  method  of  delivery  at- 
tracted wide  attention  and  was  noted  for  its 
rapidity  and  fervency.  But  striking  as  is 
the  form  of  his  sermons,  it  is  their  subject 
matter  which  makes  them  still  read,  by  stu- 
dents and  by  the  general  public  as  well.  They 
are  essentially  vital,  dealing  not  with  ab- 
stract doctrines,  but  with  life  itself.  They 
express  the  opinions,  the  judgments,  and  the 
ideals  of  a  man  who  was  alive  in  his  every 
fiber,  full  of  enthusiasm  and  loving  humanity. 
They  are  alive  with  his  personality.  In  his 
"Lectures  on  Preaching"  (New  York,  1877), 
delivered  before  the  Yale  Divinity  School,  he 
has  given  his  most  thoughtful  estimate  of 
preaching  and  revealed  the  methods  which  he 
himself  followed.  The  volumes  of  sermons 
which  became  most  noted  were  "  The  Candle 
of  the  Lord  and  Other  Sermons  " ;  "  Sermons 
Preached  in  English  Churches"  (1883); 
"Twenty  Sermons"  (1886);  and  "The  Light 
of  the  World  and  Other  Sermons"  (1890). 
These  were  published  before  his  death  and 
were  finally  revised  by  his  own  hand.  The 
other  volumes,  "  Sermons  for  the  Principal 
Festivals  and  Fasts  of  the  Church  Year,"  and 
"  New  Starts  in  Life "  were  collected  and 
printed  after  his  death.  He  also  wrote  several 
Christmas  and  Easter  Carols  and  many  maga- 
zine articles. 

McADOO,  William  Gibbs,  lawyer  and  Sec- 
retary of  the  Treasury,  b.  near  Marietta, 
Ga.,  31  Oct.,  1863,  son  of  William  Gibbs  and 
Mary  Faith  (Floyd)  McAdoo.  He  attended 
the  University  of  Tennessee,  but  left  before 
graduation  to  pursue  the  study  of  law.  He 
was  admitted  to  the  bar,  in  1885,  at  Chatta- 


nooga, Tenn.  Removing  to  New  York  City 
in  1892,  he  formed  a  law  partnership  with 
William  McAdoo,  who  had  been  Assistant  Sec- 
retary of  the  Navy.  He  became  interested  in 
the  transportation  problem  presented  by  the 
unique  location  of  New  York  City,  and  con- 
cluded that  it  could  be  solved  only  by  divert- 
ing the  stream  of  traffic  latterly  out  of  the 
city,  thus  relieving  the  tremendous  congestion 
north  and  south.  Accordingly  he  revived  the 
idea  of  a  tunnel  under  the  Hudson  River, 
which  had  been  considered  as  early  as  1874 
by  DeWitt  Clinton  Haskin,  and  abandoned 
after  disastrous  experiments.  In  1902  he  or- 
ganized the  New  York  and  Jersey  Railroad 
Company,  purchased  the  old  tunnel  begun  by 
Haskin,  and  evolved  the  plan  for  the  present 
Hudson  Tunnel  System,  which  was  built  and 
put  into  successful  operation  under  his  direc- 
tion. The  financing  of  the  enterprise  was 
especially  difficult  because  of  the  panics  of 
1903  and  1907,  but  Mr.  McAdoo  was  success- 
ful in  overcoming  all  obstacles.  The  first 
tunnel,  which  was  that  running  from  Ho- 
boken,  N.  J.,  to  Nineteenth  Street  and  Sixth 
Avenue,  New  York,  was  opened  by  Mr.  Mc- 
Adoo 25  Feb.,  1908,  and  the  downtown  section, 
running  from  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  Sta- 
tion, Jersey  City,  to  the  Hudson  Terminal/ 
New  York,  19  July,  1909.  The  Transverse 
Tunnel,  under  the  New  Jersey  shore,  connect 
ing  terminals  in  Jersey  City  and  Hoboken, 
and  touching  all  the  important  railway  lines, 
was  inaugurated  2  Aug.,  1909.  The  chief  en- 
gineer was  Charlea  M.  Jacobs  (q.v.  for  details 
of  tunnel ) .  Politically,  Mr.  McAdoo  is  a  Dem- 
ocrat. He  has  always  been  active  in  the  caus^ 
of  good  government,  but  held  no  political  office 
until  his  appointment  as  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury  by  President  Wilson  in  1913.  He 
had  previously  worked  for  the  latter's  nom- 
ination and  election,  being  vice-chairman  and 
acting  chairman  of  the  national  committee 
during  the  greater  part  of  the  campaign  of 
1912.  Soon  after  taking  office  the  difficult 
problems  connected  with  the  currency  legisla- 
tion presented  to  the  special  session  of  Con- 
gress occupied  his  attention.  Mr.  McAdoo  had 
an  important  part  in  the  formulation  and 
creation  of  the  Federal  Reserve  System,  au- 
thorized by  the  Act  of  Congress  approved  23 
Dec,  1913.  In  the  summers  of  1913  and  1914, 
before  the  Federal  Reserve  Act  was  placed 
in  operation.  Secretary  McAdoo  devised  plans 
to  facilitate  the  movement  and  marketing  of 
crops  by  depositing  large  amounts  of  govern- 
ment funds  directly  in  the  banks  in  the  agri- 
cultural sections  of  the  country  where  they 
were  needed,  thus  preventing  the  stringency 
that  previously  had  characterized  the  crop- 
moving  seasons,  and  releasing  adequate  credit 
to  farmers,  merchants,  and  business  generally, 
at  reasonable  rates  of  interest.  Mr.  McAdoo 
is  the  first  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  to  re- 
quire the  national  banks  of  the  country  to  pay 
interest  on  all  government  deposits,  thereby 
earning  for  the  national  treasury  several  mil- 
lions of  dollars  for  the  use  of  the  govern- 
ment's money  by  the  banks.  At  the  outbreak 
of  the  European  War,  when  foreign  exchange 
was  disorganized,  credit  facilities  destroyed, 
and  shipping  practically  suspended,  the 
|)r()mpt  and  vigorous  action  of  the  Secretary 
in    handling    the    financial    situation    quickly 


535 


CHAPIN 


GRIFFIN 


restored  confidence  and  credit  facilities  and 
averted  a  possible  financial  panic.  The  Secre- 
tary inaugurated  and  is  directing  a  movement 
to  create  stronger  and  closer  financial  and 
commercial  relations  between  the  United 
States  and  Latin  America.  For  this  purpose 
the  Secretary  suggested  the  holding  of  the 
First  Pan-American  Financial  Conference, 
which  met  in  Washington  in  May,  1915.  As 
a  practical  instrument  to'  carry  forward  the 
aims  of  the  conference,  the  republics  of  the 
Western  Hemisphere  have  created  the  Inter- 
national High  Commission,  of  which  Secretary 
McAdoo  is  president.  Mr.  McAdoo  has  mar- 
ried twice:  first,  18  Nov.,  1885,  Sarah  Hazel- 
hurst  Fleming,  of  Chattanooga,  Tenn.,  who 
d.  in  February,  1912;  second,  at  Washington, 
D.  C,  7  May,  1914,  Eleanor  Randolph  Wilson, 
daughter  of  President  Woodrow  Wilson. 

CHAPIN,  Charles  Augustus,  capitalist,  b.  in 
Edwardsburg,  Mich.,  2  Feb.,  1845;  d.  in 
Chicago,  111.,  22  Oct.,  1913,  son  of  Henry 
Austin  and  Ruby  (Nooney)  Chap  in.  His 
earliest  American  ancestor  was  Deacon  Samuel 
Chapin,  who  emigrated  to  this  country  from 
Paigntown,  England,  in  1635,  and  founded  the 
city  of  Springfield,  Mass.  After  completing 
his  studies  he  entered  active  life  in  the  em- 
ploy of  his  father,  in  Niles,  Mich.  By  in- 
dustry and  good  investment  he  accumulated 
sufficient  means  and  information  to  establish 
himself  in  business,  and  in  1885,  in  associa- 
tion with  James  du  Shane  and  Andrew  An- 
derson, he  purchased  the  electric  company  in 
South  Bend,  Ind.  The  enterprise  prospered 
through  successive  years;  he  later  acquired 
the  Buchanan  property,  and  then  co-operated 
with  the  Eastern  syndicate  in  developing  the 
Elkhart  and  Twin  Branch  plant.  The  per- 
fecting of  an  electrical  system  by  which  the 
water  power  of  the  St.  Joseph  River  could  be 
utilized  was  Mr.  Chapin's  constant  thought 
for  several  years.  He  felt  sure  of  its  ultimate 
success;  formed  the  Indiana  and  Michigan 
Power  Company,  which  financed  the  electrifi- 
cation of  the  St.  Joseph  River.  The  system  was 
completed  shortly  after  his  death  at  a  cost 
of  more  than  $1,000,000.  He  had  frequently 
expressed  the  wish  that  he  might  live  to  see 
the  work  completed,  for  he  always  felt  that  he 
owed  a  debt  of  gratitude  to  the  St.  Joseph 
Valley,  the  place  of  his  birth.  Mr.  Chapin 
financed  the  construction  of  dams,  at  Berrien 
Springs,  Hen  Islands,  Elkhart,  and  Niles,  and 
was  a  pioneer  in  the  development  of  hydro- 
electric power  in  Southern  Michigan  and 
Northern  Indiana.  For  many  years  he  was 
president  of  the  Indiana  and  Michigan  Power 
Company;  the  Niles  Paper  Company,  and  was 
the  owner  of  the  Chapin  mine  at  Iron  Moun- 
tain, near  Menominee,  Mich.  Mr.  Chapin's 
career  was  marked  by  energy,  perseverance, 
cool  judgment,  and  unerring  sagacity.  He 
was  not  afraid  to  assume  responsibility  and 
once  he  shaped  his  course,  never  faltered  in  the 
execution  of  his  plans.  At  the  time  of  his 
death  he  left  a  liberal  allowance  for  the  build- 
ing of  a  children's  home  at  St.  Joseph,  Mich., 
to  be  called  the  Chapin  Memorial.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Union  League,  Chicago,  Glen- 
view  Country,  and  Chicago  Yacht  Clubs.  In 
1874  he  married  at  Niles,  Mich.,  Emily  M. 
Coolidge,  daughter  of  Judge  Henry  H. 
Coolidge,  and  they  had  seven  children. 


GRIFFIN,    Michael    James,    railroad 
tractor,   b.   20   April,    1852,  at   Kilkenny,  n 
land;  d.  in  Detroit,  Mich.,  25  Sept.,  1914, 
of  James  and  Julia    (Murphy)    Griffin, 
father  (1822-70)  was  a  cattle  dealer  who 
to    this    country 
in  1857,  bringing 
with  him  his  wife 
and  children,  and 
settled   in   Cleve- 
land, Ohio.    There 
Michael   J.   Grif- 
fin grew  to  man- 
hood,     and      re- 
ceived    the     ele- 
ments of  a  good 
education   in   St. 
Patrick's   School. 
In    1874,    at   the 
age     of     twenty- 
two,    he    entered 
the  railroad  busi- 
ness   in   the   em- 
ploy of  the  Lake  Shore  Railway  Company,  a    J 
calling  which  he  followed  for  a  number  of  years,    Ij 
and  in  which  he  gained  the  foundation  of  his    d 
knowledge    of    railroads    which    he    afterward 
turned  to  good  account  in  his  work  as  con- 
tractor.    He  served  as  roadmaster,  with  head- 
quarters at  Kingston,  N.  Y.,  on  the  New  Yorl 
West  Shore  and  Buffalo  Railroad,  and  later  was 
assistant  chief  engineer,  of  the  Michigan  Cen- 
tral, at  Detroit.     In  1886  he  entered  upon  hi 
eminently  successful  career  as  a  railroad  con-^ 
tractor,  and  in  1891  he  took  up  his  residem 
in  Detroit,  which  was  the  center  of  his  busi'^ 
ness  and  public  life  for  the  next  twenty-thr€ 
years.     Mr.   GriflSn  was  appointed  by  Mayoij 
Pingree    a    member    of   the    Board   of    Publi( 
Works  of  Detroit.     Some  of  the  notable  worl 
Avhich    he    accomplished    in    this    capacity 
found    in    the    laying   of   the    foundations   foi 
the  Union  Depot,  and  the  tracks  from  Detroit 
Ypsilanti    and    Ann    Arbor    Railroad    betweei 
Detroit    and    Jackson,    Mich.,    and    also    the 
tracks  from  the   Detroit  and  Mackinac   Road 
from  Bay  City  north.     He  was  also  connects 
with   the    work   for   the   county   building,   foi 
which  he  laid  the  foundation,  while  one  of  his 
last  and  most  important  commissions  w^as  th€ 
foundational  and  track  work  for  the  Michigai 
Central  Terminal,  at  Detroit.     Aside  from  hi 
conspicuous  identification  with  the  substantial 
progress  of  the  city  of  Detroit,  which  came 
about  as  the  result  of  his  capable  administra- 
tion   of    public    office,    Mr.    Griffin    was    well 
known   in   his   community   for   his  high   char- 
acter,   splendid    ideals,    and    active    usefulnesSj 
both  in  connection  with  the  general  interests 
of  his  fellow  citizens  and  in  the  private  rela- 
tions and  influences  of  life.     He  was  purely 
self-made  man,  and  his  successful  career  was^ 
the    result    of    hard    work    and    his    own    un- 
assisted efforts  and  unusual  abilities.     He  was 
a  Mason  of  high  standing,  a  member  of  Union 
Lodge,    Moslem    Temple,    the    Damascus    Com- 
mandery  Michigan  Sovereign  Consistory,  Zion  J 
Lodge,  and  Peninsular  Lodge.     He  married  6 
Nov.,   1878,  Jennie  B.  Houstain,  and  was  the 
father    of    seven    children:    James    J.    Griffin,j 
Wiimifred  L.  Griffin,  Ivy  J.  Griffin,  who  mar- 
ried  William   Dennis,   Eva   May  Griffin,  Mar-'^ 
guerite  Griffin,  Frank  Griffin,  and  Charles  W. 
Griffin. 


536 


An^ /^Y  W/jriar/her,  A' 


PAYNE 


PAYNE 


PAYNE,  John  Barton,  jurist,  b.  in  Prunty- 
town,  Va.,  26  Jan.,  1855,  son  of  Dr.  Amos  and 
Elizabeth  Barton  (Smith)  Payne  His  earliest 
American  anceytor  was  William  Payne,  who 
canie  from  P^ng'jmd  to  Virginia  under  the 
cliirter  of  King  -litmes  I, "of  23  May,  1609, 
and  became  one  of  rl  <  earliest  colonists  there. 
B\s  father,  Dr  Au,'.  Payne,  a  graduate  of 
Transylvania  Ini.  !>.ry,  was  a  practicing 
physician,  and  one  <  ?  the  large  landowners  of 
Fniiquier  County,  in  Virginia.  Judge  Payne's 
early  boyhood  was  spent  on  the  family  estate. 
Brought  up,  as  he  was,  during  the  chaotic 
period  of  the  Civil  War  and  the  years  of  re- 
construction  following,  his  education  was  lim- 
ited to  an  irregular  attendance  at  private 
schools  in  Orleans,  Va.,  where  he  lived  during 
the  ten  years  preceding  1870.  His  knowledge 
of  law  was  Acquired  largely  through  his  own 
initiative  and  by  service  as  assistant  in  the 
clerk's  effice  of  the  circuit  and  county  courts 
in  Taylor  County.  At  the  age  of  twenty-one 
he  passed  his  bar  examinations  and  was  ad- 
mitted to  practice  in  West  Virginia.  In  Sep- 
tember of  that  same  year  he  tried  his  first 
case  in  the  circuit  court  in  Prunty  town.  Some 
months  later  he  removed  his  office  to  King- 
wood,  the  county  seat  of  Preston  County,  W. 
Va.,  where  he  began  to  develop  an  extensive 
practice.  Here,  at  the  same  time,  he  affiliated 
himself  with  the  Democratic  party,  and  in 
1878  he  was  chosen  chairman  of  the  county 
committee,  in  which  capacity  he  served  for 
four  year»,  until  1882.  In  that  latter  year  he 
was  elected  mayor  of  the  town.  Meanwhile, 
in  1880,  he  had  been  elected  special  judge  of 
the  circuit  court  by  the  bar.  His  success, 
however,  soon  brought  Judge  Payne  to  a  real- 
ization of  the  limited  opportunities  of  his  en- 
vironment and,  in  1883,  he  removed  to  Chicago, 
where  he  established  and  was  soon  enjoying 
a  large  and  remunerative  practice.  Ten  years 
later,  in  1893,  he  was  nominated  for  judge  of 
the  Superior  Court  of  Cook  County,  and  while 
his  nine  associates  on  the  same  ticket  were 
(}pfpr-*-/'-]  '  •-  '•■■  -  *'  -^  Mean  opponents,* he  was 
■'  te  of  r>,(K>0.     Hi-  served 

5    ,h>Hly  until    l>ecem- 
ij'  Kiul  resumed  his 

I>ru<  .;   the   bench   were 

generally  cufiri-t.  i»-..i  mj  W  oloar  and  concise 
and  were  suppoitt^d  by  arg^jinents  noted  for 
judicial  acumen  and  a  profound  knowledge  of 
the  law.  In  1899  he  formed  a  partnership 
with  the  late  Edwin  Walker  under  the  firm 
name  of  Walker  and  Payne.  In  1903  Mr. 
Walker  retired  and  Judge  Payne  entered  the 
firm  of  Winston,  Payne,  Strawn  and  Shaw, 
with  which  he  remains  associated  to  the  pres- 
ent time.  The  clientage  of  the  firm  is  very 
large,  consisting  of  railroad  corporations, 
banks,  and  similar  large  business  interests. 
As  a  lawyer  Judi;(  Payne  has  been  counsel  in 
many  important,  cages,  some  of  them  of  na- 
tional intereal.  Before  he  was  twenty-five  he 
raised  the  quer»tion  of  the  constitutionality  of 
«  statute  of  Wcht  Virginia  involving  exemp- 
tions and  obtained  from  the  stifin^me  court 
of  the  State  a  decision  in  his  favor.  Flis  Chi 
eago  cases  included  tlie  defense  of  the  f.'hicago 
packers,  indicted  under  the  Sherman  Act  and 
iried  before  the  U.  S.  District  Cuurf  and  a 
mry;  the  defense  of  the  suit  of  the  United 
States    vs.    the    American    Can    ('ompany,    of 


New  York,  heard  in  the  U.  S.  District  Court 
in  Baltimore,  seeking  to  dissolve  the  defendant 
under  the  Sherman  Act;  the  controversy  in- 
volving the  Indianapolis  "  Star,"  the  Muncie 
"  Star,"  and  the  Terre  Haute  "  Star,"  in  the 
District  Court  of  Appeals  in  Chicago;  the  de- 
fense of  a  number  of  cases  involving  very  large 
sums  brought  by  contractors  for  damages 
growing  oui  of  the  construction  of  the  Chicago 
Sanitary  Canal ;  casQS  involving  the  Interstate 
Commerce  Act,  among  others  the  Interstate 
Commerce  Commission  vs.  Diffenbaugh,  in 
which  was  raised  the  question  of  the  right  of 
elevators  to  b*^  paid  by  carrrers  for  the  transfer 
of  grain  through  elevators;  a  case  in  the  Cir- 
cuit Court  of  Appeals  involving  the  right  of  the 
Indiana  State  Pure  Food  Commission  to  regu- 
late the  manufacture  of  catsup;  the  contro- 
versy between  certain  railroads  and  the  State 
of  Illinois  as  to  the  right  of  the  former  to 
charge  a  higher  rate  than  that  prescribed  by 
the  statute  of  the  State  upon  the  ground  that 
under  the  ruling  of  the  Interstate  Commerce 
Commission  the  State  rate  constituted  a  dis- 
crimination against  interstate  commerce.  He 
also  tried  the  case  of  the  People  of  the  State 
of  Illinois,  ex  rel.  John  J.  Healy,  State's  At- 
torney, va.  the  Clean  Street  Company,  in  the 
Supreme  Court,  which  involved  the  validity  of 
the  city  ordinances  granting  permission  to 
place  waste  paper  boxes  in  the  streets  of  the 
city.  His  victory  in  this  trial  resulted  in 
a  cleaner  city.  On  1  March,  1900,  Judge  Payne 
was  appointed  South  Park  Commissioner  for  a 
term  of  five  years  and  was  reappointed  in  1914. 
Since  1911  he  has  been  elected  president  of 
the  board  of  this  commission  each  succeeding 
year.  In  July,  1911,  the  Park  Civil  Serviw 
Law  l)ecame  effective,  and  Judge  Payn«s  as 
president  of  the  hoard,  immediateiy  caused  tht' 
necessary  ordinances  for  putting  it  into  prac- 
tice to  be  passed,  on  a  basis  which  has  resulted 
in  a  most  effective  and  compreliensivc  adrnin- 
istration  of  the  law.  Clo.sely  following  this, 
a  reorganization  of  the  park  service  was 
brought  glKiut  for  the  purpose  of  adjusting  it 
more  effectively  to  the  requirements  of  the 
civil  service  law,  as  well  as  to  bring  about 
greater  efficiency  and  economy  in  tb<  nrinin- 
tenance  and  (.perpnon  of  the  ftarkw  I'mrifip, 
his  administration  n»'got i.'itb>ij»  v^tvt'  <:a.ttH'd 
on  between  the  conimi#*»!i7ti  th-?  ((?>»')**.  ('« 
tral  Railroad,  and  othtr  projxrty  oAnernt, 
which  resulted,  in  1912,  in  eecurinii  for  the 
city  ninety  per  cent,  of  the  npariun  rights 
along  the  shore  of  Lake  Michigfin,  from  Grant 
to  Jackson  Parks,  a  distance  of  nearly  six 
miles.  This  made  possible  a  parkway  system 
along  the  lake  in  front  of  the  southern  section 
of  the  city.  The  consummation  of  this  achieve- 
ment now  aM'aits  only  the  granting  of  a  permit 
by  the  Secretary  of  War  authorizing  the 
South  Park  ('ommissionrr.s  to  Ho  the  necessary 
filling  in.  Already  a  permit  for  i)art  of  the 
work  has  been  granted,  with  the  result  that 
twiinty-five  acres  huv«^  het'n  tilled  in  inunedi- 
aiely  south  or  Grant  Park,  upon  whi.li  the 
new  Field  Muscimi  of  Nnturul  liist"ry  in  being 
erected.  Asido  from  f];is.  !ind  tlif  forwarding 
of  (>ther   »->:lcn»-,iop,t*   and    iinproveuH  ntn.   Judge 


Payne   also   pr' 


hv    unr«'>  trj't»'d    use 


of  Mftfer  in  thi  turixiv  r)/irl>  f'u  jirj^fiting 
the  )rtwn«s  ar.t  Jr"s>.  bv  thf  '  .!i**f  ru  !  j.n  '/  a 
tmnne),  is*-e  '^«'>   tv  ili»»ii<«*t**»   avi  f*^.>  luileM  in 


r>:i7 


BISPHAM 


BISPHAM 


length,  leading  to  the  park  pumping  station  in 
Washington  Park.  During  his  entire  incum- 
bency Judge  Payne  has  contributed  his  salary 
as  president  of  the  board  to  the  Park  Art 
Fund,  which  he  caused  to  be  created.  Under 
his  direction  this  fund  is  being  applied  to  the 
field-houses  and  the  administration  building, 
which  have  been  given  a  hundred  beautiful 
engravings  and  paintings,  and  several  of  the 
field-houses  have  been  decorated  with  mural 
paintings  representing  scenes  from  American 
history.  Judge  Payne's  profound  knowledge 
of  the  law  and  his  long  legal  experience  have 
been  of  immense  value  to  the  commissioners 
in  solving  the  many  perplexing  legal  questions 
which  have  constantly  been  brought  before 
them.  His  administration  has  been  character- 
ized by  a  decision,  a  dignity,  a  fairness,  and 
by  constructive  work  of  far-reaching  effect. 
His  management  of  park  affairs  not  only  illus- 
trates his  remarkable  executive  ability,  but 
marks  him  as  one  of  those  public  officials  who 
are  far  beyond  the  reach  of  improper  influ- 
ences in  the  discharge  of  their  responsibilities. 
Judge  Payne  may  rightly  be  ranked  as  one 
of  the  foremost  legal  minds  of  this  country,  one 
of  those  who  have  given  to  the  courts  and  the 
bar  of  the  United  States  a  dignity  and  a  repu- 
tation for  integrity  and  justice  equal  to  those 
of  the  older  countries  of  Europe.  Aside  from 
the  achievements  detailed  above,  he  has  also 
served  as  president  of  the  Chicago  Law  In- 
stitute, in  1889.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Chi- 
cago Bar  Association,  the  Hlinois  Bar  Asso- 
ciation, and  the  American  Bar  Association. 
Among  the  clubs  on  whose  membership  rolls  his 
name  may  be  found  are  the  Chicago,  the  Union 
League,  the  Union,  the  Midday,  the  Way- 
farers, the  Cliff  Dwellers,  the  Fine  Arts,  the 
Caxton,  the  Chicago  and  Elmhurst  Golf,  and 
the  Forty  Clubs;  of  the  latter  he  was  four 
times  president.  He  is  also  a  member  of  the 
Chevy  Chase  and  the  Metropolitan  Clubs  of 
Washington,  D.  C,  the  Bibliophile  Club  of 
Boston,  and  the  Fauquier  Club,  of  Warrenton, 
Va.  On  1  May,  1913,  Judge  Payne  married 
Jennie  Byrd  Bryan,  daughter  of  Thomas  Bar- 
bour Bryan,  a  noted  lawyer  of  Chicago. 

BISPHAM,  David  (Scull),  singer,  b.  in 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  5  Jan.,  1857,  son  of  Wil- 
liam Danforth  and  Jane  Lippincott  (Scull) 
Bispham,  of  Quaker  stock.  His  first  Ameri- 
can ancestor,  Joshua  Bispham,  a  native  of 
Bickerstaffe,  Lancashire,  England,  landed  at 
Philadelphia  in  1737,  and  settled  in  Burling- 
ton County,  N.  J.,  where  his  descendants  con- 
tinued in  farming,  but  later  became  mer- 
chants in  Philadelphia.  The  son  of  Joshua 
Bispham  and  his  wife,  Puth  Atkinson,  was 
Samuel  (b.  1753)  who  married  Anna  Ellias; 
their  son,  Samuel  (b.  1796),  married  Maria 
Stokes,  and  was  the  father  of  William  Dan- 
forth Bispham.  The  latter  was  a  lawyer,  a 
student  of  Princeton,  and  served  in  the  Union 
army  as  a  volunteer  for  a  short  period  about 
the  time  of  the  battle  of  Gettysburg.  David 
was  educated  privately  at  first,  then  at 
Haverford  College,  of  which  his  grandfather 
was  one  of  the  founders,  and  was  graduated 
in  1876.  Being  at  first  intended  for  a  busi- 
ness career,  he  entered  the  house  of  his 
uncle,  David  Scull,  Jr.,  and  Bro.,  in  1877. 
But  his  musical  inclinations  were  too  strong; 
in  1884  he  abandoned  his  business  career  for 


the  study  of  singing.  After  appearing  as  an 
amateur  in  oratorio  and  concerts  for  several 
years,  and  holding  a  regular  position  in  one 
of  the  first  churches  of  his  native  place,  he 
went  to  Italy  in  1886,  where  he  studied  under 
Vannuccini  and  the  elder  Lamperti  until 
1889.  Then  he  became  a  pupil  of  Shakespeare 
in  London,  and  studied  elocution  under  Her- 
man Vezin.  At  his  d6but  in  the  part  of  de 
Longville  in  Messager's  "  Basoche "  in  the 
production  of  that  work  at  the  Royal  English 
Opera  House  (now  Palace  Theater),  London, 
3  Nov.,  1891,  he  won  immediate  favor  by  his 
artistic  singing  and  humorous  acting.  He  was 
not  long  in  establishing  himself  as  a  singer 
of  high  accomplishment,  and  a  fine  interpreter 
of  the  best  lyrics.  On  25  June,  1892,  he 
made  his  first  appearance  in  serious  opera,  J 
under  the  conductorship  of  Gustav  Mahler,  1 
at  Drury  Lane  Theater  (where  German 
operas  were  being  given  simultaneously  with 
the  regular  opera  performances  at  Covent 
Garden )  as  Kurwenal  in  "  Tristan  and 
Isolde "  of  which  role  he  is  one  of  the  most 
sympathetic  and  successful  of  living  exponents. 
He  has  at  one  time  or  another  appeared  in 
all  of  the  leading  baritone  parts  in  Wagner's 
dramas,  including  the  Dutchman,  Wolfram, 
Telramund,  Wotan,  Alberich  (throughout  the 
ring ) ,  and  Beckmesser,  the  last  being  one  of 
his  most  careful  and  finished  performances. 
Among  his  other  successful  rdles  are  Masetto 
in  "  Don  Giovanni,"  Pizarro.  in  "  Fidelio," 
Vulcan  in  "  Philemon  et  Baucis,"  Escamillo  in 
"  Carmen,"  Alfio  in  "  Cavalleria,"  Peter  in 
"  Hansel  and  Gretel,"  and  lago  in  '*  Othello," 
and  he  was  an  admirable  Falstaff  when 
Verdi's  latest  opera  was  given  on  tour 
with  Harris'  company.  In  1893  he  sang  the 
part  of  Fiorenzo  in  Mascagni's  "  Rantzau." 
He  took  the  part  of  Johannes  in  the  produc- 
tion of  Kienzel's  "  Evongelimann,"  2  July, 
1897;  appeared  as  the  original  Chillingworth 
in  the  production  of  Walter  Damrosch'a 
"Scarlet  Letter,"  15  Jan.,  1898;  as  Benedick 
in  Stamford's  "  Much  Ado  About  Nothing," 
30  May,  1901,  and  as  Urok  in  Paderewski's 
"  Manru,"  when  that  work  was  first  given  in 
America,  in  February,  1902.  He  also  created 
the  parts  Rudolph  in  Miss  Smyth's  "  Der 
Wald,"  10  July,  1902,  William  the  Conqueror 
in  Cowen's  "Harold,"  8  June,  1905;  and  in 
the  "Vicar  of  Wakefield,"  in  1901,  all  at 
Covent  Garden,  London.  In  August,  1910,  he 
created  the  title  role  in  William  J.  McCoy's 
music  drama  "  The  Cave  Man,"  which  was 
played  in  the  primeval  forest  of  California  and 
in  September  appeared  as  Gomarez  in  Florida's 
"  Paoletta  "  in  Cincinnati.  His  most  important 
oratorio  parts  include  "  Elijah,"  acknowledged 
to  be  one  of  the  greatest  of  contemporary  char- 
acterizations in  its  vocal  as  well  as  its  dra- 
matic aspect,  and  the  mass  part  in  Handel's 
"  Messiah,"  which  is  so  remarkable  for  its 
fluency  that  he  has  sung  it  at  the  New  York 
Oratorio  Society's  Christmas  performances  for 
the  past  twelve  years.  He  also  took  part  in 
the  original  performances  of  Elgar's  works  in 
New  York;  his  Mephisto  in  Berlioz's  "Dam- 
nation of  Faust "  is  another  powerful  imper- 
sonation. He  sang  the  part  of  Christ  in  the 
St.  Matthew  Passion  Music  at  the  Nach  Festi- 
val of  1895,  in  London;  and  in  the  oratorios 
of  Lorenzo  Perosi  he  has  taken  various  parts. 


538 


BISPHAM 


SENN 


His  delivery  of  the  famous  Frost  Scene  was 
a  special  feature  of  the  revival  of  Purcell's 
"  King  Arthur "  at  Birmingham  Festival  of 
1897.  During  recent  years,  however,  it  is  as 
an  interpreter  of  classic  song  that  Mr.  Bis- 
pham  has  been  most  before  the  public;'  his 
remarkable  Carnegie  Hall  programs  being  re- 
peated and  enlarged  upon  in  almost  every 
city  of  the  Union  during  his  concert  tours. 
His  repertoire  is  enormous,  containing  about 
1,500  songs,  and  his  acquaintance  with  vocal 
literature  is  perhaps  without  an  equal  today. 
He  frequently  gives,  in  their  entirety,  Schu- 
bert's "  Miiller-Lieder  "  and  "  Winterreise," 
Schumann's  "  Dichterliebe,"  and  Brahms' 
"  Magelone,"  in  which  he  recites  portions  of 
the  romance  between  the  songs.  He  was  the 
first  to  sing  the  "  Four  Serious  Songs "  of 
Brahms'  in  England  and  America.  For  some 
years  past  Mr.  Bispham  has  been  a  pioneer  of 
the  best  American  compositions  for  the  voice, 
and  as  a  mark  of  appreciation  for  his  efforts 
he  was  during  1910  president  of  the  New 
York  Center  of  the  American  Music  Society. 
Since  Mr.  Bispham  has  been  singing  in  pub- 
lic he  has  sung  in  more  than  thirty  operas, 
has  acted  in  various  plays,  and  in  more  than 
one  hundred  oratorios  and  cantatas.  His 
voice  is  a  baritone  of  strongly  individual 
quality  and  extensive  range,  and  his  skillful 
use  of  it  allows  its  application  to  every 
form  of  vocal  performance  with  equal  success. 
There  are  indeed  a  few  singers  able  to  fas- 
cinate a  great  audience  with  so  wide  a  range 
of  entertainment  and  exhibiting  so  much  of 
musicianship  and  profound  understanding  in 
all  they  undertake.  His  English  diction, 
whether  in  song  or  speech,  is  acknowledged 
to  be  perfect,  while  his  powerful  organ,  which 
fills  the  largest  auditorium,  carries  the  finest 
nuance  to  the  most  distant  listener.  Mr, 
Bispham  has  been  exceedingly  successful  in 
recitations  with  musical  accompaniment, 
notably  in  Tennyson's  "  Enoch  Arden "  with 
Richard  Strauss'  musical  setting,  which  he 
gave  for  the  first  time  in  English,  16  June, 
1902;  a  complete  reading  of  Shakespeare's 
"  Midsummer  Night's  Dream,"  with  all  the 
Mendelssohn  music ;  Byron's  "  Manfred,"  with 
Schumann's  choral  and  orchestral  music. 
Schilling's  setting  of  Wildenbruch's  weird 
poem,  "  The  Witch's  Song,"  and  more  re- 
cently the  "  Antigone  "  of  Sophocles,  with  the 
music  of  Mendelssohn.  Many  new  works  in 
this  field  are  being  dedicated  to  Mr.  Bis- 
pham, among  them  Rossiter  Cole's  "King 
Robert  of  Sicily,"  and  Poe's  "  Raven "  with 
Arthur  Berg's  music,  in  which  he  made  an 
enormous  success.  In  1898  he  successfully 
appeared  at  St.  George's  Hall,  London,  in  an 
adaptation  of  Hugo  Muller's  "  Adelaide,"  in 
which  he  played  the  part  of  Beethoven,  and 
he  has  since  revived  it  in  America.  From 
time  to  time  Mr.  Bispham  contributes  to 
various  magazines  and  journals,  and  he  has 
recently  delivered  some  valuable  addresses 
upon  the  art  of  singing.  Mr.  Bispham  has  for 
several  years  been  a  strenuous  champion  of 
the  singing  of  operas  by  foreign  composers  in 
carefully  prepared  English  translations.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  Century,  Players,  Lotos, 
and  Lambs  Clubs  of  New  York;  the  Univer- 
sity Club  of  Philadelphia,  the  Bohemian  Club 
of  San  Francisco,  the  Cliflf  Dwellers  Club  of 


Chicago,  and  the  Bath  Club  of  London.  He 
was  married  in  Philadelphia,  28  April,  1885, 
to  Caroline,  daughter  of  Gen.  Charles  Russell, 
U.  S.  A.,  and  has  three  children:  Vida, 
Leonia,  and  David. 

SENN,  Nicholas,  physician,  b.  in  St.  Gall, 
Switzerland,  31  Oct.,  1844;  d.  in  Chi- 
cago, 111.,  2  Jan.,  1908,  son  of  John  and 
Magdalena  Senn.  When  he  was  eight  years 
of  age,  his  parents  came  to  this  country,  and 
settled  at  Ashford,  Wis.  Young  Nicholas 
was  educated  in  the  public  schools  of  Ash- 
ford and  Fond  du  Lac,  Wis.,  and  thereafter 
taught  school  for  several  years.  In  1864  he 
began  the  study  of  medicine  under  Dr. 
Emanuel  Munk,  of  Fond  du  Lac,  and  two 
years  later  entered  the  Chicago  Medical  Col- 
lege, where  he  was  graduated  in  the  spring 
of  1868.  He  was  an  interne  in  Cook  County 
Hospital  for  oighteen  months,  and  then  re- 
turned to  Ashford,  Wis.,  to  engage  in  gen- 
eral practice.  He  had  his  full  quota  of  the 
experiences  that  fall  to  the  lot  of  a  coun- 
try practitioner,  and  the  discipline  proved  of 
value  to  him  in  both  technic  and  generic 
sense.  In  1874  he  removed  to  Milwaukee, 
and  soon  after  was  appointed  attending  phy- 
sician to  the  Milwaukee  Hospital.  Later,  as 
his  reputation  extended,  he  served  as  attend- 
ing and  consulting  surgeon  to  nearly  all  of 
the  important  charities  of  that  section,  be- 
sides which  he  had  the  distinction  of  serving 
as  surgeon-general  of  the  State  of  Wiscon- 
sin. Desiring  to  broaden  still  further  his 
theoretical  and  clinical  knowledge,  he  went 
abroad  in  1878,  and  pursued  special  courses 
for  one  year  in  the  University  of  Munich. 
From  1884  to  1887  he  served  as  professor 
of  surgery  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons,  and  during  the  succeeding  three 
years  held  the  chair  of  principles  of  sur- 
gery. Dr.  Senn  was  elected  professor  of 
practical  and  clinical  surgery  in  Rush  Med- 
ical College  in  1891,  and  continued  to  hold 
the  chair  to  the  time  of  his  death.  He  was 
also  professor  of  surgery  at  the  University 
of  Chicago,  professor  of  surgery  at  the  Chi- 
cago Polyclinic,  and  Rush  Medical  College, 
and  was  surgeon-in-chief  at  the  St.  Joseph's 
Hospital,  As  a  surgical  operator,  Dr,  Senn 
was  undoubtedly  one  of  the  greatest  of  all 
times,  but  his  fame  far  outstripped  these 
limitations.  He  made  the  clinics  in  his  pro- 
fession the  basis  of  a  far-reaching  original 
investigation,  and  brought  the  study  of  bac- 
teriology into  the  field  of  surgery,  in  such 
a  manner  as  to  decrease  wonderfully  the 
fatalities  incident  either  to  operations  or  in- 
juries received  on  the  field  of  battle.  His 
service  in  the  domain  of  military  surgery 
was  instituted  early  in  his  professional 
career,  when  he  served  as  surgeon-general 
of  Wisconsin.  He  gave  characteristically 
jealous  and  effective  service  as  surgeon-gen- 
eral to  Illinois,  continuing  until  his  death. 
In  1891  he  founded  the  Association  of  Mili- 
tary Surgeons  of  the  National  Guard  of  the 
United  States,  of  which  he  was  the  first  presi- 
dent. This  association  was  founded  by  about 
fifty  surgeons  of  the  National  Guard,  who 
represented  fifteen  States  and  who  met  in 
Chicago,  111,  His  published  investigations, 
especially  his  work  on  "  Surgical  Bacteri- 
ology," have  gone  far  toward  directing  atten- 


639 


YOUNG 


YOUNG 


tion  to  this  humanitarian  purpose,  the  impor- 
tance of  which  has  been  doubly  emphasized 
by  the  fatalities  of  the  Spanish-American  and 
Russo-Japanese  Wars.  In  both  of  these  con- 
flicts he  bore  a  leading  part  as  a  surgeon  and 
as  an  original  investigator  of  international 
authority.  In  May,  1898,  he  was  appointed 
chief  surgeon  of  the  Sixth  Army  Corps,  with 
rank  of  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  IJ.  S. 
Volunteers,  and  became  chief  of  the  operat- 
ing staff  of  surgeons  with  the  army  in  the 
field  during  the  Spanish-American  War.  Dr. 
Senn  was  a  member  of  all  the  leading  medical 
and  surgical  societies  of  the  nation,  among 
them  the  American  Surgical  Association,  of 
which  he  was  president;  life  member  of  the 
German  Congress  of  Surgeons;  corresponding 
member  of  the  Harvean  Society  of  London, 
and  an  honorary  member  of  the  Edinburgh 
Medical  Society.  In  1890  he  was  chosen  an 
American  delegate  to  the  International  Medi- 
cal Congress,  and  in  1897  he  visited  Europe 
again,  as  one  of  the  most  distinguished  dele- 
gates from  the  United  States  to  the  Inter- 
national Red  Cross  Conference,  at  St.  Peters- 
burg, Russia.  Dr.  Senn  contributed  several 
hundred  papers  to  medical  and  surgical  litera- 
ture. His  more  pretentious  and  best  known 
works  pertaining  to  medical  and  surgical 
science  include  the  following :  "  Practical 
Surgery,"  "  Experimental  Surgery,"  "  Intes- 
tinal Surgery,"  "  Surgical  Bacteriology," 
"  Principles  of  Surgery,"  "  Pathology  and 
Surgical  Treatment  of  Tumors,"  "Nurses' 
Guide  for  the  Operating  Room,"  "  Tubercu- 
losis of  the  Genito-Urinary  Organs,"  "  Sur- 
gical Notes  of  the  Spanish-American  War," 
"  Tuberculosis  of  Bones  and  Joints,"  "  Ab- 
dominal Surgery  on  the  Battlefield,"  "  Laparo- 
hysterectomy ;  Its  Indications  and  Technique," 
"  Syllabus  of  the  Practice  of  Surgery,"  and 
"  The  Etiology,  Pathology  and  Treatment  of 
Intestinal  Fistula  and  Artificial  Anus." 
Among  his  more  notable  published  works  of 
a  literary  order  were  "  Around  the  World 
via  India,"  "  Our  National  Recreation  Parks," 
"  Around  the  World  via  Siberia,"  '*  Around 
Africa  via  Lisbon,"  "  Around  the  Southern 
Continents,"  "  In  the  Heart  of  the  Arctics," 
and  "  A  Thunderstorm  Before  Santiago 
de  Cuba."  In  1894  he  donated  to  the  New- 
berry Library,  of  Chicago,  111.,  his  collection 
of  historical  and  scientific  books  which  had 
been  gathered  as  the  result  of  half  a  cen- 
tury's labors  on  the  part  of  Dr.  William 
Baum,  late  professor  of  surgery  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Gottingen,  and  one  of  the  found- 
ers of  the  German  Congress  of  Surgeons. 
This  splendid  library,  comprising  more  than 
7,000  volumes,  was  given  in  addition  to  Dr. 
Senn's  large  and  valuable  collection,  and  in- 
cluded the  collection  of  Dr.  Du  Bois  Raymond. 
In  1913  the  Nicholas  Senn  high  school  was 
erected  in  Chicago,  as  a  monument  to  his 
name  and  memory.  The  building,  which  ac- 
commodates 2,000  students,  was  erected  at 
a  cost  of  $750,000.  Dr.  Senn  married  in 
1868,  Miss  Aurelia  S.  Milhauser,  and  they 
had  two  sons,  Emanuel  J.  and  William  N. 
Senn,    both   practicing   physicians. 

YOUNG,  Newton  Clarence,  jurist,  b.  in  Mt. 
Pleasant,  la.,  27  Jan.,  1862,  son  of  C.  S.  and 
Joanna  E.  Young.  Both  parents  w^ere  natives 
of    Iowa,   whose   families   had   settled    in   the 


State  in  1850.  They  had  a  family  of  ten 
children  of  whom  Newton  C.  Young  was  the 
fourth.  Until  the  age  of  eleven  years,  he  at- 
tended the  district  schools,  and  later  entered 
the  preparatory  department  of  Tabor  Col- 
lege, but  his  studies  were  interrupted  by  the 
necessity  of  assisting  his  father  with  the  farm 
work,  and  he  remained  out  of  school  for  the 
next  four  years.  In  1879  he  continued  his 
preparatory  training  in  Iowa  City  Academy, 
where  he  completed  the  course  in  1882.  In  the 
same  year  he  entered  the  Iowa  State  Uni- 
versity, where  he  was  graduated  in  1886,  with 
the  degree  of  B.A.,  and  on  the  honor  list. 
During  his  college  course  he  took  great  in- 
terest in  college  journalism.  In  his  second 
year  he  was  elected  to  the  editorial  staff,  and 
later  became  managing  editor  and  one  of  the 
presidents  of  the  "  Letagathian,"  the  college 
paper.  In  the  year  of  his  graduation  he  en- 
tered the  law  department  of  the  university, 
where  he  was  graduated  with  the  degree  of 
LL.B.,  in  1887.  In  July,  1887,  Mr.  Young 
removed  to  Bathgate,  N.  D.,  and  entered  upon 
the  practice  of  his  profession.  With  the 
ample  preparation  and  great  native  ability 
which  he  brought  to  his  new  field  of  endeavor, 
it  was  not  strange  that  he  should  have  been 
successful  from  the  start,  soon  building  up  a 
lucrative  practice,  and  becoming  a  prominent 
and  useful  member  of  the  community.  In 
1892,  after  being  called  upon  to  fill  a  number 
of  local  offices,  he  became  candidate  for  the 
office  of  State's  attorney  on  the  Republican 
ticket  and  was  elected.  In  1894  his  fine  con- 
duct of  that  office  was  rewarded  by  his  re- 
election without  an  opposing  vote.  In  1896 
he  was  one  of  three  nominees  for  district 
judge,  but  was  defeated.  The  reputation 
which  he  had  made,  while  holding  the  office  of 
district  attorney,  had  placed  Mr.  Y'oung  in 
such  a  favorable  light  before  the  voters  of 
the  State  as  a  conscientious  and  fearless  at- 
torney, that,  two  years  after  his  defeat,  the 
Republicans  of  Pembino  County  presented  his 
name  as  their  choice  for  judge  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  North  Dakota,  to  succeed  Judge  Cur- 
tiss.  In  1898,  shortly  after  the  nominating 
convention  was  held.  Judge  Curtiss  resigned 
and  Mr.  Young  was  appointed  by  Governor 
Devine  to  fill  out  the  unexpired  term;  and  at 
the  following  election,  which  took  place  the 
same  year,  he  was  elected  judge  of  the  Su- 
preme Court  for  a  term  of  twelve  years,  expir- 
ing in  1910.  Soon  after  his  election  he  re- 
moved, with  his  family,  to  Fargo,  N.  D.  In 
1902  he  was  elevated  to  the  office  of  chief  jus- 
tice, which  he  held  for  four  years,  resigning  in 
1906  to  resume  the  practice  of  law.  Since  1906 
he  has  been  division  counsel  of  the  Northern] 
Pacific  Railway.  Judge  Young  has  always 
been  a  strong  supporter  of  Republican  prin- 
ciples, and  his  entrance  into  politics  was 
prompted  by  good  citizenship  rather  than  by 
any  desire  for  political  preferment.  His  con- 
duct of  any  office  with  which  he  was  honored 
was  above  reproach.  He  was  actively  inter- 
ested in  anything  which  would  promote  the 
welfare  of  his  fellow  citizens.  From  1906  to 
1914  he  was  regent  of  the  University  of  North 
Dakota.  He  is  the  author  of  "Shall  We 
Change  Our  Plans  of  Government  ? " ;  and 
"  Some  of  the  Fallacies  of  the  Initiative 
Referendiun  and  Recall."     Judge  Young  mar- 


540 


1 


c 


RICE 


RICE 


d    23    June,    1887,    the    day    following    bis 
-aduation    in    the    law    department    of    the 
diversity   of   Iowa,   Ida    B.    Clarke,   of   Iowa 
ty,    la.,   then   just   graduated    in   the   philo- 
phical  course  in  the  same  university.     They 
d  three  children:   Laura  B.,  Horace  Clarke, 
ad    Dorothea    P.    Young. 
RICE,  Mrs.  Isaac  L.,  social  reformer,  b.  in 
'-w  Orleans,.  La.,  2  May,   1860,  daughter  of 
athaniel  and  Atinie  Hyneman.     Her  parents, 
ing  of  high  social  standing  and  in  prosperous 
tcumstances,  were  able  to  afford  her  excellent 
Uicational  advantages.     After  a  classical  and 
isical    training,    she    entered    the    Women's 
edical    College    of    New    York    Infirmary    to 
opare  herself  for  the  medical  profession.     In 
■85  she  graduated  with  her  degree  of  M.D., 
it   instead  of  taking  up   professional   duties 
•  0  married  and  devoted  herself  to  her  home 
I J    the    training    of    her    children.      It    was 
hile  living  on  Riverside  Drive  in  New  York 
iy,  overlooking  the  Hudson  River,  that  Mrs. 
'ce    first    had    her   attention    called,    rather 
icibly,    to    the    constant    noise    of    whistling 
tried  on  during  the  night  by  the  tugboats, 
is  constant  din  caused  her  much  distress, 
■  d  she  was  on  the  point  of  giving  up   her 
;5idence  and  seeking  a  more  quiet  neighbor- 
od,  when  she  accidentally  learned  that  these 
\me  noises  were  causing  a  great  deal  of  suf- 
ring  to  the  patients  of  the  hospitals  in  the 
'  '      '    od.     idealizing  that  others  he- 
disturbed,  Mrs.  Rice  immedi- 
+  "  make  an  investigation  for 
Alining  whether  the  noises 
jpcpssary.     Records  which 
.3  caused  iv  bt*  made  showed  that  over  three 
ousand    siren    or    whistle    blasts    could    be 
)unted  from  one  point  between  the  hours  of 
p.M    and    7    a.m.     Further    investigation 
Hhowed  that  many  of  the  boats  began  a  promis- 
cuous whistling  while  still  two  miles  distant 
from   the   piers   for   which   they  were   making 
and  kept  it  up  until  their  actual  arrival,  the 
'hject  being  to  awaken  sleeping  watchmen  or 
>    recall    the    crews   of   their   tows    from    the 
loons  adjoining  the  dock.     No  limit  was  set 
the  size  of  the  sirens  used  or  their  capacity 
'    noise       Furthermore,    it    was    also    made 
r   study  of   the   situation   that 
IS    noise    actually    endangered 
sanLj^     ..    i!:(vigation   on   the   river,   as   it 
rowned    the    regular    nignals    of    steamboats 
■ceting   each  olhtr   and    by    this   means   kept 
rar   of    each    other       Mrs.    Rice    now    deter- 
ined  to  wage  a  determined  campaign  for  the 
(ppression  of  unnecessary  noise  on  the  river 
night.     In  this  decision  she  was  more  and 
ore  strengthened  as  she  gradually  learned  of 
le  great  number  of  people  who  had  been  dia- 
irbed  and  had  until  then  suffered  in  silence, 
ipposing  no  remedy  possible.     And  for  a  time 
li  did  seem  as  though  no  remedy  was  possible; 
the   municipal   and   State   authorities  claimed 
that  they  had  no  authority  on  the  river,  which 
was  under  Federal  jurisdiction,  while  Federal 
oflficials    felt    that    the    8Up]>reBMlon    of    noi8'» 
could  not  l)e  sanctioned  by  any  exirjting  law. 
Finally,  after  the  campaign   had    been  waged 
for  over  a  year  and  Mr»    ni<(:  }»ud  been  joined 
by  many  others,  Congr^^m^Kn  William  S.  Ben- 
nett, of  New  York,  intiorhicf-d  a.  bill   in  Con- 
gress which  amended  Se-tion  4405  of  the   Re- 
vised Statutes  of  the  Vnited  States  and  gave 


'nectors  of   steamboats  au- 

'^less  noise  on  the  part 

't  was  shown  that 

'^e  nights  was 

"'ted  to  a 

-'^our- 


ti. 

til... 

of   Il\ 
the  no. 
gradually, 
decrease  o 

aged  by  tlu.  -*- 

she  was  recei) 
perintendents  a; 
the    din,    but    frwx; 
prominent  persons, 
ized   the   Society   foi 
necessary  Noise,  of  whK 
been  the  president.    Among  ^ 
associated  themselves  with  her  n 

ization    were    Mark    Twain,    Richa.  .on 

Gilder,  William  Dean  Howells,  John  ussett 
Moore,  the  superior  general  of  the  Paulist  Fa- 
thers, the  commissioner  of  health,  the  president 
of  the  Academy  of  Medicine,  and  the  presidents 
of  all  the  colleges  in  New  York.  Later  Car- 
dinal Farley  and  Bishop  Greer  added  their 
support  and  more  recently  the  governors  of 
forty  States  have  Consented  to  form  a  l)oard 
of  honorary  vice-presidents  and  have  enthusi- 
astically indorsed  the  work.  One  of  the  first 
evils  against  which  the  society  directed  itself 
was  the  needless  street  noises  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  city  hospitals.  Investigation  had  al- 
ready proven  that  hundreds  of  patients  were 
not  only  discomforted  by  the  noise,  but  that 
in  many  cases  health  was  actually  endangered 
by  it.  To  the  campaign  directed  against  this 
evil  the  press  gave  an  immediate  and  hearty 
support,  not  only  in'  its  news  columns,  but 
by  editorial  expression.  This  gave  the  society 
another  force  of  allies;  the  publicity  awakened 
the  principals  and  teachers  of  the  public 
schools,  who  stated  that  the  street  noises  com- 
pelled them  to  keep  closed  the  windows  of  th*' 
schools  during  class  hours,  which  renulted  in 
bad  ventilation.  One  petition  which  Mrs.  Rice 
sent  out  for  signatures  was  signed  by  9,000 
principals  and  teachers  within  eight  days  By 
this  time  the  efforts  of  Mrs.  Rice  and  the  so- 
ciety had  developed  a.  genuinedy  popular  move- 
ment, and  as  a  result  the  city  board  of  alder- 
men passed  imanimously  tlie  "  Hospital  Zone 
Ordinance,"  which  gave  the  borough  presidents 
the  authority  to  place  notices  on  the  street 
cornel's  near  hospitals  warning  teamsters  and 
pedestrians  against  making  unnecessary 
noises.  Not  long  afterward  the  "  School  Zone 
Ordinance"  was  also  passed.  A  phase  of  this 
work  was  the  formation  of  the  Children's  Hos- 
pital Branch  of  the  Society,  of  which  Mark 
Twain  was  the  president.  The  object  of  this 
junior  organization  was  to  stop  the  most  prti- 
lific  .source  of  street  noises:  the  boistcrousness 
of  children.  Not  wishing  to  do  thib  by  force 
or  by  causing  arrests,  Mrs.  Rice  conceived  (»f 
appealing  directly  to  the  children  thenjselvcs, 
with  remarkable  results.  The  response  was 
immediate  and  effective.  The  children  en- 
rolled in  the  society  in  vast  numbers,  ucariii;'. 
the  buttons  as  badges  of  their' meniNTiship,  «u«= 
not  only  eeascd  muking  the  nois^-h  «ht'!i)K«- 
but  restrained  the  younger  childrerj 
three  weeks,  after  visiting  moA  •  ' 
and  addressing  the  <'hitdren  '' 
had  »ecur»?d  20,000  me»-^ 
IcagTU'      'J'he  su''('C3s  of  a 

campaign  against  an.    'i-  ^. eater 

evil,  the  old-fa«hi'>n»' i   •  ating  the 


641 


JOHNSON 


JOHNSON 


Fourth  of  July.  Here  another  element  more 
harmful  than  noise  entered  into  the  situation. 
By  comparing  statistics  with  the  official  ac- 
counts of  historians,  Mrs.  Rice  showed  that  the 
Fourth  of  July  celebrations  within  a  few  recent 
years  had  caused  more  deaths  and  injuries, 
most  of  them  among  children,  than  there  had 
been  casualties  during  the  principal  battles  of 
the  War  for  Independence.  So  the  society  of 
which  she  was  the  head  launched  its  movement 
for  a  "  sane  Fourth  of  July  celebration,"  an 
expression  which  has  since  become  familiar 
throughout  the  whole  country  and  has  been 
universally  heeded,  not  only  by  individuals,  but 
by  thousands  of  municipalities,  large  and 
small.  Largely  through  these  efforts,  it  may 
now  be  said  that  the  old-fashioned  Fourth  of 
July  celebration,  by  means  of  explosive  toys, 
is  rapidly  becoming  a  thing  of  the  past.  It  is 
especially  worthy  of  mention  that  in  this  latter 
movement  Mrs.  Rice  has  had  large  support 
from  the  children  themselves.  Out  of  the 
many  thousands  of  children  with  whom  she 
talked  in  the  schools,  only  three  declared  that 
fireworks  and  firecrackers  were  more  alluring 
than  other  forms  of  amusements;  the  others 
all  preferred  celebrating  the  birthday  of  the 
nation  with  sports,  games,  picnics,  and  out- 
ings. More  lately  the  society  has  also  begun 
a  propaganda  against  the  noises  of  automo- 
biles in  the  city  streets,  and  this  is  developing 
with  the  same  satisfactory  results.  As  must 
be  obvious  from  even  so  brief  a  sketch  of  Mrs. 
Rice's  activities,  she  is  possessed  of  an  unlim- 
ited, almost  untiring  energy.  With  this  qual- 
ity she  combines  a  deep  sense  of  her  obliga- 
tions as  a  unit  of  society  as  a  whole;  her 
"  social  sense,"  as  it  is  termed  by  the  sociolo- 
gists, is  unusually  developed.  She  also  pos- 
sesses a  rare  executive  ability  which  has  en- 
abled her  to  make  excellent  use  of  the  forces 
at  her  disposal  in  attacking  the  evils  against 
whose  suppression  she  has  made  so  much 
progress.  It  is  her  contention,  as  she  has 
made  plain  in  the  various  magazine  articles 
she  has  written  on  the  subject,  that  there  is 
a  deeper  significance  behind  the  noise  so  char- 
acteristic of  our  city  life  and  our  mode  of 
celebrating  various  holidays,  and  especially 
the  Fourth  of  July,  than  the  discomfort  or 
danger  it  causes.  Our  noisy  demonstrations  of 
patriotism  merely  indicate  a  still  undeveloped 
culture;  as  we  grow  our  demonstrations  will 
become  less  noisy  as  our  feelings  become  more 
profound;  that  ours  are  still  the  "rough  ways 
of  a  young  world  till  now."  In  1916  Mrs. 
Rice  presented  to  the  municipality  of  Brooklyn 
a  gate  and  fountain,  to  be  erected  at  the  en- 
trance of  the  Betsey  Head  Playground,  in 
Brownsville,  as  a  memorial  to  her  husband, 
Isaac  L.  Rice.  The  fountain  comprises  a 
group  representing  children  and  seals  sporting 
in  the  water.  The  sculptor  is  Louis  St. 
Lanne.  On  12  Dec,  1885,  Mrs.  Rice  married 
Isaac  L.  Rice,  a  prominent  New  York  lawyer. 
They  had  six  children:  Isaac  L.,  Jr.,  Julian, 
Muriel,  Dorothy,  Marion,  and  Marjorie  Rice. 
JOHNSON,  Hiram  Warren,  governor,  U.  S. 
Senator,  b.  in  Sacramento,  Cal.,  2  Sept.,  1866, 
son  of  Grove  Lawrence  and  Annie  Williamson 
(de  Montfredy)  Johnson.  His  earliest  Amer- 
ican paternal  ancestor  came  over  from 
England  in  1650  and  settled  in  Massa- 
chusetts.    His    mother    was    the    daughter    of 


a  French  nobleman  who  fled  from  France 
during  the  Reign  of  Terror,  and  settled 
in  New  York,  where  he  married  a  mem- 
ber of  the  old  Van  Courtlandt  family,  a 
name  closely  associated  with  the  history  of 
the  State  during  the  days  of  Dutch  coloniza- 
tion. Mr.  Jahnson's  father,  one  of  the  early 
pioneers  of  the  Pacific  Coast,  was  a  lawyer  by 
profession;  he  attained  a  wide  reputation 
throughout  the  State,  was  several  times  elected 
to  the  legislature,  and  served  one  term  in  Con- 
gress. Young  Johnson's  boyhood  was  spent 
in  his  native  city,  the  capital  of  the  Stat^i 
later  to  become  the  scene  of  his  political  tri- 
umph. Here  he  attended  the  public  schools 
and,  unconsciously,  perhaps,  absorbed  the  at-  4 
mosphere  of  political  activity  during  a  period  1 
when  the  politics  of  the  State  were  tense  ' 
with  the  virile  life  of  its  pioneer  inhabitants. 
Later  he  entered  the  University  of  California, 
from  which  he  graduated  in  1888,  then  studied  J 
law  and  began  to  practice  in  his  native  city.  ^ 
Shortly  afterward  he  became  corporation 
counsel  of  Sacramento,  the  duties  of  which 
office  he  performed  while  he  also  carried  on  j 
his  practice.  Before  many  years  he  became 
prominent  in  the  capital  city  as  one  of  its 
best  trial  lawyers  and  was  connected  with 
many  of  the  most  important  cases  which  were 
tried  before  the  local  and  the  State  supreme 
courts.  After  fifteen  years'  practice  in  Sacra- 
mento, he  removed  to  San  Francisco.  Here 
it  w^as  that  he  suddenly  attracted  national 
attention  by  hjs  connection  with  the  prosecu- 
tion of  the  notorious  Abe  Ruef  and  his  clique 
of  corrupt  political  henchmen.  In  the  midst 
of  the  trial  and  the  sensational  exposures  re- 
sulting from  the  evidence  presented  by  the 
witnesses,  Francis  J.  Henry,  the  public  prose- 
cutor, was  shot  by  a  saloonkeeper,  connected 
with  the  grafters  and  crazed  by  the  excite- 
ment. Mr.  Johnson  immediately  stepped  into 
his  place  and  continued  the  prosecution  to  a 
successful  end,  Abe  Ruef,  the  Tweed  of  San 
Francisco,  being  sentenced  to  a  long  term  of 
imprisonment  in  the  State  penitentiary.  Mr. 
Johnson's  prominent  part  in  obtaining  these 
gratifying  results  immediately  brought  him 
great  popularity  among  the  elated  citizens  of 
the  State  and  was  later  to  serve  as  the  foun- 
dation for  the  faith  which  the  people  had  in 
him.  Having  succeeded  in  purging  the  metrop- 
olis of  the  State  of  its  corrupt  influences, 
Mr.  Johnson  next  turned  his  attention  toward 
similar  conditions  in  the  body  politic  of  the 
State.  Here,  however,  he  had  a  more  power- 
ful and  a  more  intelligent  enemy  to  deal  with, 
and  he  was  at  first  compelled  to  proceed 
cautiously.  The  political  party  which  at  this 
time  ruled  the  State  was  completely  in  the 
hands  of  certain  large  corporations  which  fig- 
ured largely  m  the  industries  of  the  State. 
It  w^as  a  notorious  fact  that  many  political 
offices,  not  excepting  even  places  on  the  bench, 
were  filled  by  men  who  were  chosen  in  the 
offices  of  a  certain  large  corporation.  The 
people  of  the  State  were  becoming  well  aware 
of  these  deplorable  conditions,  and  again  and 
again  they  had  elected  candidates  to  the  legis- 
lature who  they  hoped  w^ould  break  the 
power  of  the  corporations.  But  one  and  all 
of  these  politicians  had  broken  faith  with 
their  constituents.  The  unrest  became  finally 
very  marked  and  for  a  brief  period  the  cor- 


542 


JOHNSON 


JOHNSON 


rupt  influences  were  alarmed.  To  abate  the 
popular  agitation  the  legislature  eventually 
passed  a  direct  primaries  law,  hoping  that 
this  slight  concession  would  calm  the  minds 
of  the  people  and  result  in  another  period  of 
quiet,  little  suspecting  that  they  were  afford- 
ing the  leader  who  should  arise  among  the 
people  an  entry  into  their  stronghold.  Shortly 
afterward  a  few  of  the  more  hopeful  of  the 
prominent  citizens  of  the  State  organized  the 
Lincoln-Roosevelt  Republican  League,  the  ob- 
ject of  which  was  to  destroy  the  old  corrupt 
party  and  put  honest  men  into  office.  For  a 
long  time  the  League  was  regarded  as  a  joke. 
On  one  occasion  the  speaker  of  the  assembly, 
in  reprimanding  one  of  the  assemblymen,  re- 
marked that  he  "  would  sentence  him  to  be- 
come a  member  of  the  Lincoln-Roosevelt 
Republican  League,"  whereupon  the  hall  was 
filled  with  the  uproarious  mirth  of  the 
assembled  legislators.  But  the  day  was 
not  far  distant  when  the  League  was 
to  be  regarded  more  seriously  by  the 
corrupt  legislature  of  California.  In  1910, 
shortly  before  the  first  primaries  were  to 
be  held,  the  League  decided  to  put  a  force- 
ful man  into  the  field  to  canvass  the  State 
from  end  to  end,  appealing  to  the  people  to 
support  it  in  ending  the  conditions  which  were 
becoming  intolerable.  The  man  of  their  choice 
was  Hiram  W.  Johnson.  Mr.  Johnson  imme- 
diately set  out  in  an  automobile  and  began 
a  tour  of  the  northern  counties  of  the  State 
where  the  railroads  were  few  and  the  influ- 
ences of  the  corrupt  corporations  least  obvious. 
From  one  small  town  to  another  he  traveled, 
addressing  the  farmers  and  the  ranchers  face 
to  face,  telling  them  in  simple,  forceful  words 
what  was  wrong  and  what  they  must  do  to 
end  the  wrong.  Though  not  by  any  means  a 
flowery  orator,  Mr.  Johnson  carried  conviction, 
and  presently  his  tour  took  on  the  aspect  of  a 
religious  revival.  His  progress  became  noised 
from  one  end  of  the  State  to  the  other,  though 
most  of  the  larger  newspapers  were  compelled 
to  ignore  him.  The  people  were  deeply  moved. 
The  excitement  became  universal.  Simple 
farmers  would  leap  up  on  the  automobile,  grip 
the  speaker's  hand  and  exclaim :  "  Are  you 
going  to  keep  faith  with  us,  if  we  support 
you  ? "  "  Nothing  ever  moved  me  so  deeply 
as  these  simple,  almost  pathetic  questions," 
said  Mr.  Johnson  afterward.  In  the  election 
which  followed  this  campaign  Mr.  Johnson 
was  elected  governor  of  the  State  by  a  large 
majority.  His  inauguration  was  characteristic 
of  the  determination  which  filled  him;  like 
Thomas  Jefferson,  who  rode  to  the  Capitol  in 
Washington  on  a  horse  on  the  day  of  his 
inauguration  and  himself  tied  his  steed  to  a 
fence,  Mr.  Johnson  walked  unattended  to  the 
capitol  of  the  State  of  California  and  there, 
after  the  ceremony,  launched  into  a  speech  in 
which  he  vigorously  attacked  the  dark  forces 
which  he  then  declared  again  he  intended  to 
destroy  forever.  So  sensational  were  these 
events  that  the  eyes  of  the  whole  nation  were 
turned  toward  him  now;  it  was  to  be  seen 
whether  he  would  hold  faith  with  the  simple 
farmers  who  had  trusted  him.  And  Governor 
Johnson  fulfilled  the  promise  which  Mr.  John- 
son the  candidate  had  made.  He  proceeded  at 
once  with  a  thorough  cleaning  out  of  the  ma- 
chine  henchmen   who   were   filling   the   public 


offices.  Having  concluded  this  task  in  a  very 
brief  period,  he  launched  a  remarkable  series 
of  reform  measures,  some  of  them  so  radical 
as  to  rouse  the  skepticism  of  the  most  promi- 
nent statesmen  of  the  country.  In  a  brief 
space  of  time  he  effected  a  complete  recon- 
struction of  the  State  government.  By  the 
end  of  his  four  years'  term,  in  1914,  it  re- 
mained to  be  seen  how  the  people  of  the 
State  had  regarded  his  efforts.  Their  atti- 
tude was  shown  in  their  re-electing  him,  this 
time  with  a  plurality  of  nearly  300,000  votes 
over  the  votes  cast  for  the  old  guard  political 
parties.  Mr.  Johnson,  and  what  he  stood  for, 
had  been  fully  accepted  by  the  people  of  the 
State.  Among  the  measures  which  the  John- 
son administration  succeeded  in  having  passed 
were  the  initiative,  referendum,  and  recall,  a 
law  which  included  even  the  bench;  the  res- 
toration of  the  Australian  ballot,  which  had 
practically  been  abolished  by  the  machine  poli- 
ticians; a  wide  extension  of  the  civil  service 
system  and,  chief  of  all,  the  establishment  of 
a  public  utilities  commission,  which  proceeded 
to  relegate  the  corporations  to  their  legitimate 
spheres,  outside  of  politics.  Other  measures 
contemplated  were  employers'  liabilities  laws; 
an  eight-hour  law  for  men  and  women  and 
laws  to  govern  housing  conditions  in  the  larger 
cities.  "  The  legislature  of  a  thousand  freaks," 
was  the  contemptuous  phrase  which  was  ap- 
plied to  the  administration  which  was  putting 
Governor  Johnson's  ideas  into  effect,  not  only 
by  the  disgruntled  politicians  who  had  been 
thrown  out  of  office,  but  by  sincere  conserva- 
tives all  over  the  country.  In  1912  Governor 
Johnson  headed  a  Republican  delegation  to 
the  National  Convention  in  Chicago,  after 
having  again  defeated  the  old  guard  in  a 
primary  election.  Here  the  governor  took  a 
prominent  part  in  the  contest  which  was 
waged  between  the  "stand-pat"  Republicans 
and  the  "  insurgent "  progressives  and  which 
resulted  in  the  split  in  the  ranks  of  the  party 
and  the  birth  of  the  Progressive  party.  In 
the  organization  of  this  new  party  he  took 
a  leading  part  and  accepted  the  nomination 
for  vice-president.  When  Roosevelt  was  shot 
in  Milwaukee  the  brunt  of  the  campaign  fell 
on  Johnson's  shoulders.  In  1916  he  became 
candidate  for  the  Progressive  and  Republican 
nominations  for  United  States  Senator.  There 
was  no  contest  of  his  candidacy  as  a  Pro- 
gressive, but  the  reactionaries  resorted  to 
every  endeavor  to  prevent  his  winning  the  Re- 
publican nomination.  He  signally  defeated 
his  opponent  in  the  Republican  primary  and 
at  the  general  election  scored  a  remarkable 
triumph,  defeating  the  Democratic  candidate 
by  almost  300,000  votes.  It  has  generally  been 
considered  that  it  was  Governor  Johnson's  in- 
fluence which  lost  California  to  Hughes  in  the 
presidential  election  of  1916,  thereby  causing 
the  Republican  candidate  to  lose  his  election 
to  the  presidency  as  well.  In  so  far  as  this 
may  have  been  true,  this  was  the  result  of  a 
plot  on  the  part  of  the  old  guard  of  the  State, 
into  which  Mr.  Hughes  fell  quite  innocently, 
which  hoped  to  defeat  Johnson  and  his  sup- 
porters by  clinging  to  the  national  candidate 
of  the  party.  Thus  Johnson  and  his  Pro- 
gressives were  forced  to  sui>port  the  Demo- 
cratic candidate,  thereby  swinging  the  State 
over  into  the  Democratic  columns.     In  reply 


543 


LARGEY 


GOODMAN 


to  a  newspaper  interviewer  in  New  York  City, 
on  a  recent  date,  who  put  the  question, 
*'  What  have  you  been  doing  to  put  the  prin- 
ciples of  the  Progressive  party  into  active 
operation  in  your  State?"  Governor  Johnson 
said,  "  You  must  understand  that  out  in 
California  we  already  have  most  of  the  pro- 
gressive measures  in  force.  Most  of  them 
went  into  effect  within  six  months  after  my 
administration  went  mto  office.  But  we  have 
not  been  idle  during  the  past  six  months. 
We  have  a  minimum  wage  commission  at 
work.  As  a  result  of  their  investigations  we 
shall  be  ready  to  pass  a  minimum  wage  for 
women  bill  as  soon  as  the  legislature  meets 
this  fall.  We  have  passed  a  bill  for  mothers' 
pensions;  we  have  passed  a  bill  regulating 
the  hours  of  women's  labor;  we  have  abolished 
child  labor.  We  have  started  a  new  scheme 
for  workingmen's  compensation  and  we  have 
put  the  State  into  the  insurance  business  so 
that  the  employers  who  pay  money  for  work- 
ingmen's compensation  can  be  sure  that  the 
money  is  really  paid  to  the  injured  working- 
men  and  does  not  go  into  the  ravenous  maw 
of  the  insurance  companies."  From  being 
one  of  the  most  corrupt  States  in  the  Union, 
California,  almost  entirely  through  the  per- 
sonality of  Governor  Johnson,  has  not  only 
become  practically  clean,  but  an  experiment 
ground  for  much  of  the  radical  legislation 
which,  however  well  it  may  seem  on  paper, 
still  rouses  the  doubts  of  the  majority  of 
people,  until  the  practical  application  of  many 
of  the  measures  included  shall  remove  this 
skepticism.  Thus  California  now  is  to  the 
United  States  much  as  New  Zealand  has  long 
been  to  the  nations  of  the  world  at  large. 
Partly  on  this  account,  though  more  on  ac- 
count of  his  looming  personality,  Governor 
Johnson  has  assumed  the  proportions  of  a 
national  figure.  That  his  part  in  national 
affairs  is  a  growing  one  admits  of  no  doubt; 
that  it  will  be  as  beneficial  to  the  nation  at 
large  as  it  has  been  in  his  native  State 
seems  no  less  sure.  Governor  Johnson  stands 
to  the  fore  in  the  tendency  which  has  been 
obvious  in  American  politics  during  the  past 
five  or  six  years,  making  for  conditions  in 
the  political  life  of  the  nation  which  will  stand 
sharply  in  contrast  to  those  conditions  in  the 
past  which  have  brought  a  large  measure  of 
reproach  to  American  institutions  throughout 
the  countries  of  the  Old  World.  In  1889 
Governor  Johnson  married  Minnie  McNeal, 
daughter  of  Archibald  McNeal,  of  Sacramento, 
one  of  the  early  pioneers  of  the  State.  They 
have  had  two  sons:  Hiram  Warren  and  Archi- 
bald M.  Johnson,  both  practicing  attorneys 
in   San   Francisco. 

LARGEY,  Patrick  Albert,  capitalist,  b.  in 
Perry  County,  Ohio,  29  April,  1838;  d.  in 
Butte,  Mont.,  11  Jan.,  1898,  son  of  Patrick 
and  Jane  (Cassidy)  Largey.  His  father  emi- 
grated from  Ireland  to  America  when  a  boy, 
in  1814,  and  became  a  farmer  in  Ohio:  his 
mother  was  a  native  of  County  Armagh,  Ire- 
land. He  was  reared  on  the  farm  and  edu- 
cated in  the  common  schools  of  the  district. 
Later  he  took  a  course  of  study  at  St.  Joseph's 
College,  Somerset,  Ohio.  His  first  position 
was  that  of  bookkeeper  in  a  country  store. 
In  1861  he  removed  to-  Des  Moines,  la.,  and 
a  year  later,   to   Omaha,   Neb.     In   1865   he 


crossed  the  plains  by  ox-team,  being  captain 
of  a  train  of  sixty  wagons  which  he  brought 
through  with  the  loss  of  only  one  man  who 
was  killed  by  the  Indians.  Safely  arrived  in 
Virginia  City,  Mont.,  with  his  merchandise, 
Mr.  Largey  engaged  in  business.  He  also  pur- 
chased a  placer  claim,  which  has  since  yielded 
a  large  amount  of  gold  deposit  to  the  company 
operating  it.  In  1866  he  opened  a  grocery 
store  at  Helena,  but  sold  it  within  the  year, 
and  purchased  a  mule  train.  He  was  also  a 
cattle  dealer  in  Jefferson  County,  and  served 
four  years  as  a  salesman  for  Creighton  and 
Ohle.  In  1879  he  purchased  a  mine  in  Madison 
County,  which  he  sold  in  a  few  months  for 
$250,000.  In  1881  he  organized  the  Butte 
Hardware  Company  in  Butte,  Mont.,  and  in 
1883  opened  a  branch  house  at  Anaconda, 
meantime  building  up  a  profitable  banking 
business  in  Virginia  City  and  Helena.  On  29 
Jan.,  1891,  he  founded  the  State  Savings  Bank 
of  Butte,  organized  with  a  capital  stock  of 
$100,000,  and  became  its  president.  With 
two  others  of  his  business  associates,  he  pur- 
chased and  established  the  electric  light 
plant  of  Butte,  and  placed  it  on  a  paying  basis. 
He  also  founded  the  "  Inter  Mountain,"  the 
only  evening  daily  newspaper  in  the  State 
of  Montana  for  many  years.  In  time  Mr. 
Largey  became  an  extensive  mine-owner.  He 
purchased  and  operated  the  Speculator  Copper 
Mine,  one  of  the  most  valuable  mining  prop- 
erties in  the  Butte  district.  He  was  at  one 
time  half  owner  of  the  Comanche  Mine,  which 
was  sold  to  a  Boston  company  for  $200,000; 
and  also  owned  the  Centre  Star  Mine  at  Rosa- 
land,  B.  C.  Before  the  railroad  was  built  Mr. 
Largey  saw  the  need  of  speedy  communication 
with  the  outside  world  and  throughout  his 
State,  and  became  the  owner  and  builder  of  the 
telegraph  lines  from  Virginia  City  to  Helena, 
from  Helena  to  Bozeman,  and  to  Deer  Lodge 
and  Butte.  These  lines  he  operated  success- 
fully and  to  the  great  benefit  of  the  State,  un- 
til the  railroads  were  built,  when  he  sold 
them.  Politically  Mr.  Largey  was  a  Republi- 
can, but  was  not  a  politician  in  the  sense  of 
desiring  or  seeking  office.  He  had  great  ex- 
ecutive ability,  was  a  successful  organizer  and 
a  capable  manager  of  his  numerous  business 
interests;  was  benevolent  and  helpful  to  those 
in  need,  and  one  of  Butte's  most  solid  and 
public-spirited  citizens.  He  married  30  April, 
1877,  Lulu  Folger,  daughter  of  Morris  Sillers, 
of  Chicago,  and  a  grandniece  of  Coleman  Sil- 
lers, of  Philadelphia.  They  had  six  children 
of  whom  two  survive. 

GOODMAN,  Thomas,  builder,  b.  Clipstone, 
Northamptonshire,  England,  16  Jan.,  1789;  d. 
in  Chicago,  111.,  15  Oct.,  1872,  son  of  Thomas 
Goodman.  His  father  was  a  carpenter  by 
trade,  and  from  him  it  was  that  the  son 
learned  the  business  which  he  followed  with 
great  success  throughout  all  his  life.  His 
schooling  was  somewhat  limited,  for  during 
his  youth  educational  facilities  were  strik- 
ingly inadequate  in  England.  But  this  de- 
ficiency Mr.  Goodman  made  up  in  later  life 
by  his  private  reading,  and  to  the  last  his 
mind  remained  expansive  and  receptive.  Mr. 
Goodman  was  peculiarly  associated  with  the 
early  history  of  the  English  Baptist  Church 
and  was  known  for  the  intensity  of  his  re- 
ligious nature.     His  parents  were  members  of 


544 


O-tr^rl^yi^ 


Cock:> 


AGNEW 


JONES 


the  English  Established  Church,  and  in  this 
faith  Mr.  Goodman  remained  until  he  was 
thirty  years  of  age.  It  was  then  that  his 
religious  opinions  underwent  a  radical 
change.  Clipstone,  his  native  town,  is  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Kettering,  Leicester,  and  Bed- 
ford, names  which  figure  largely  in  the  his- 
tory of  English  Baptists.  In  the  early  part 
•of  last  century,  it  was  in  the  churches  of  the 
dissenting  sects,  such  as  the  Baptists,  that 
the  spirit  of  democracy  had  its  chief  strong- 
hold, for  they  maintained  the  right  of  the 
congregation  to  elect  their  own  pastors  and 
officers,  in  contrast  to  the  autocratic  sway  of 
the  bishops  of  the  Established  Church.  From 
these  churches  the  movement  spread  into  the 
political  life  of  the  nation.  Mr.  Goodman 
was  strongly  affected  by  this  new  spirit  and 
became  an  early  convert.  His  nature  rebelled 
against  the  spirit  of  autocracy  of  the  Estab- 
lished Church,  especially  in  spiritual  matters. 
Peculiarly  earnest  and  steadfast  in  all  his 
connections,  he  came  into  contact  with  those 
who  were  most  strenuously  advocating  the 
new  movement,  whose  influence  so  strongly 
changed  the  aspect  of  the  religious  world. 
Andrew  Fuller,  Robert  Hall,  William  Carey, 
and  others  of  the  leaders  became  his  intimate 
friends  and  associates,  and  to  the  end  of  his 
life  his  face  would  glow  at  the  mere  mention 
of  any  of  these  names.  In  his  house  he  always 
maintained  an  apartment  which  he  termed  the 
"  prophet's  chamber,"  which  was  kept  in  con- 
tinual readiness  for  his  missionary  friends. 
For  twenty-five  years  he  was  deacon  of  the 
Baptist  Church  in  his  native  town.  In  1866, 
all  his  children  having  emigrated  to  this  coun- 
try, he  followed  them,  arriving  in  Chicago  in 
November  of  that  year.  By  this  time  he  had 
acquired  an  independent  competence  through 
liis  business  and  was  able  to  retire.  In  all 
his  habits,  and  especially  in  his  business,  he 
was  peculiarly  methodical  and  exact.  He 
had  all  an  Englishman's  love  of  system  and 
order.  He  was  very  fond  of  music  and  was 
himself  a  musician  of  more  than  average 
talent,  being  an  excellent  violinist.  He  de- 
lighted in  books,  especially  in  religious  books 
of  the  class  most  popular  in  his  youth,  and 
kept  himself  always  well  informed  regarding 
current  events.  Through  all  his  quiet  and 
Tegular  life  religion  diffused  a  spirit  of  peace 
and  hope,  softened  peculiarities  of  temper  and 
prepared  him  for  the  final  hour  of  departure. 
In  1818  Mr.  Goodman  married  Catherine 
Satchell,  a  member  of  Andrew  Fuller's  con- 
gregation in  Kettering.  They  had  fifteen  chil- 
dren, of  whom  eight  were  living  at  the  time 
Mr.  Goodman  came  to  America.  They  were: 
John,  Joseph,  Edward,  Frederick,  Mary, 
James,  Elizabeth,  and  Ebenezer  William. 

AGNEW,  David  Hayes,  surgeon,  b.  in  Lan- 
caster County,  Pa.,  24  Nov.,  1818;  d.  in  Phila- 
delphia, 22  March,  1892,  His  education  was 
received  at  two  colleges.  He  was  graduated 
in  Medicine  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania 
in  1838,  and  began  to  practice  in  Chester 
County,  but  removed  to  Philadelphia  and  be- 
came a  lecturer  in  the  School  of  Anatomy,  also 
establishing  the  Philadelphia  School  of  Opera- 
tive Surgery.  In  1854  he  was  elected  one  of 
the  surgeons  of  the  Philadelphia  Hospital, 
where  he  founded  a  pathological  museum,  and 
was  also  surgeon  to  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital. 


In  1863  he  was  appointed  demonstrator  of 
anatomy  and  assistant  lecturer  on  clinical 
surgery  in  the  medical  department  of  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania,  in  1870  he  was 
chosen  to  the  chair  of  clinical  surgery,  and  in 
1871  he  became  professor  of  the  principles 
and  practice  of  sur- 
gery there,  and  of 
clinical  surgery  in 
the  University  Hos- 
pital. For  several 
years  he  was  one  of 
the  surgeons  at  Wills 
Ophthalmic  Hospital, 
and  also  one  of  the 
surgeons  to  the  or- 
thopedic surgery.  He 
attained  wide  repu- 
tation as  a  surgeon, 
and  was  a  rapid  and 
skillful  operator  in 
every  department.  In 
his  capacity  of  effi- 
cient surgeon  as  well 
as        of        consulting  /"V-^y  J) 

physician,       he      ^d.^  'aX pt  ^uJ^^Lm/HOZ 
many    cases   of    great  '^  c 

public    and    scientific 

importance,  the  best  known  being  that  of 
President  Garfield.  He  made  many  valuable 
contributions  to  the  literature  of  his  profes- 
sion, among  which  are  works  on  "  Practical 
Anatomy"  (Philadelphia,  1867)  and  "  Lacera- 
tion of  the  Female  Perineum  and  Vesico- 
vaginal Fistula"  (1867);  a  series  of  sixty 
pages  on  "  Anatomy  and  Its  Relation  to  Medi- 
cine and  Surgery";  and  an  exhaustive  work 
on  the  "  Principles  and  Practice  of  Surgery " 
(3  vols.,  1878),  which  has  been  translated 
into  the  Japanese  language,  and  was  his  chief 
work. 

JONES,  Burr  W.,  Congressman  and  lawyer, 
b.  in  Union,  Wis.,  9  March,  1846,  son  of  Wil- 
liam and  Sarah  Maria  (Prentice)  Jones.  His 
father,  whose  family  is  of  Welsh  descent,  was 
a  farmer  in  Pennsylvania,  but  removed  to 
Wisconsin  as  a  young  man.  His  mother  was 
a  direct  descendant  of  Capt.  Thomas  Prentice, 
an  Englishman,  who  commanded  the  cavalry 
in  King  Philip's  War.  Mr.  Jones  attended  the 
Evansville  Seminary  and  the  Wisconsin  State 
University,  where  he  was  graduated  in  1870. 
Then  followed  a  one  year's  course  in  law 
school,  leading  to  the  degree  of  LL.B.,  and  in 
December,  1871,  he  entered  on  the  practice  of 
law  at  Portage,  Wis.  Several  months  later  he 
removed  to  Madison,  where  shortly  afterward 
he  was  nominated  for  the  office  of  district  at- 
torney of  Dane  County,  being  duly  elected 
and  filling  the  office  for  four  years.  He  was 
then  elected  by  the  Democrats  to  Congress, 
serving  throughout  the  Forty-eighth  Congress. 
In  1885  he  became  city  attorney  of  the  city  of 
Madison,  and  in  the  same  year  was  appointed 
to  the  chair  of  law  at  the  University  of  Wis- 
consin, which  he  held  for  thirty  years,  until 
1915,  meantime,  also,  continuing  his  private 
practice.  In  1897  he  was  appointed  chair- 
man of  the  first  State  Tax  Commission  of 
Wisconsin.  Mr.  Jones  has  been  for  many 
years  one  of  the  foremost  authorities  in  this 
country  on  the  law  of  evidence.  As  a  practic- 
ing lawyer  he  is  especially  distinguished  as  a 
jury  lawyer  for  the  defense,  a  position  of  un- 


r 


645 


SANBORN 


SANBORN 


usual  difficulty  for  a  trial  lawyer.    He  is  pre- 
eminently gifted  with  the  instinctive  ability  of 
anticipating  in  detail  the  closing  argument  of 
his    opponent.       With    consummate    skill     he 
closes  every  avenue  of  advance  or  retreat  to 
his    adversary,    even    before    the    latter    has 
spoken,  and  leaves  the  jury  with  the  impres- 
sion that  the  case  has  really  ended  with  his 
argument  and  is  ready  for  its  decision;  thus, 
in  a  great  measure,  discounting  the  advantage 
ordinarily  belonging  to  the  closing  argument 
of  the  prosecution.     There  are  few  trial  law- 
yers  so   skilled   as   Mr.    Jones    in    the   art   of 
cross-examination,  and  he  has  no  superior  in 
utilizing   his   opponent's   evidence  to   his   own 
client's  advantage  and   in  exposing  the  weak- 
nesses of  the  opposing  side.     Nor  does  he  ever 
resort    to    bullying   methods;    his    manner    in 
court  is  always  calm,  collected,  and  courteous. 
His   ability   as   a   trial    lawyer   and   his   well- 
founded  knowledge  of  the  value  and  effect  of 
evidence   was   peculiarly   demonstrated   in   the 
famous  Roster  trial  in  Wisconsin,  some  years 
ago,     wherein     the     governor,     the     adjutant- 
general,  and  the  attorney-general  of  the  State, 
among   others,   were   the   defendants.      Of   the 
dozen    or    more    prominent    members    of    the 
State    bar   appearing   for   the    various    distin- 
guished defendants   in   this   famous  case,   Mr. 
Jones  was  honored  by  being  chosen  for  the  re- 
sponsibility of  conducting  the  examination  and 
cross-examination    of    practically    all    the    nu- 
merous  witnesses,    the    result    being   that   the 
case  was  won  on  a  nonsuit.     As  a  counselor, 
also,  Mr.  Jones  has  demonstrated  his  distin- 
guished   ability.      His    poise,    his    dependable 
legal  character,  and  his  strict  adherence  to  the 
ethics  of  the  profession  have  been  fully  recog- 
nized, not  only  by  the  laity,  but  by  lawyers  of 
lesser    experience    in    search    of    legal    aid    in 
matters  of  importance.     Mr.  Jones  has  always 
been  very  much  in  demand  as  an  after-dinner 
speaker  at  public  banquets,  and  as  a  presid- 
ing  officer   on   great   occasions   his   happy   fo- 
rensic abilities,  his  judicial  discrimination  as 
to    the    appropriateness    of    the    occasion,    to- 
gether   with    his    impressive    personality    and 
address,    have    combined    to    place    him    in    a 
position  of  having  few   equals.     Where  many 
others  require  care  and  labor  in  preparation, 
his  quick  wit  and  fluency  of  speech  always  en- 
able him  to  make  an  entertaining  impromptu 
address     that     suggests    careful     preparation. 
For  over  ten  years  Mr.  Jones  has  been  chair- 
man of  the  Dane  County  Bar  Association,  and 
he   is   also   chairman   of   the   Wisconsin    State 
Bar  Association.     He  was  the  first  president 
of   the   Wisconsin   University   Club,   he    is   cu- 
rator  of   the    Wisconsin    State   Historical    So- 
ciety,   and    a    member    of    the    American    Bar 
Association.      In    December,    1873,    Mr.    Jones 
married    Olive    Louise,    daughter    of    L.    W. 
Hoyt,    of    Madison,    Wis.      She    died    in    1906. 
In    1908    he    married    Katherine    Isabel    Mac- 
Donald.      His    only    daughter,    Marion    Burr 
Jones,    was    married    to    Walter    M.     Smith, 
librarian   of   the    Wisconsin    State   University. 
SANBORN,  Walter  Henry,  jurist,  b.  in  Ep- 
som, N.  H.,  19  Oct.,   1845,  son  of  Hon.  Henry 
F.     and     Eunice      (Davis)      Sanborn.       He     is 
eighth    in    descent    from    William    Sanborn    of 
Hampshire,    England,    who    landed    in    Boston, 
3    June,    1032,   and   settled    in   Hampton,    now 
Northampton,   Mass.     His   ancestor,   Eliphalet 


Sanborn,   third   in   line   from   William,   served 
in  the  French  and  Indian  and   Revolutionary 
Wars;  was  town  clerk  in  1773,  1775,  1776,  and 
1777,  and  selectman  in   1772,   1773,  and   1774; 
His  son,  Josiah,  was  State  senator  for  three 
terms,    representative    for    eight    terms,    and 
selectman    for    twenty    years,    and    built    the 
house  which  was  the  birthplace  of  succeeding 
generations  of  Sanborns,  and  is  now  the  coun- 
try home  of  Judge  Sanborn.     Henry  F.  San- 
born   (1819-97),  the  father  of  the  judge,  was 
a  man  of  distinguished  and  scholarly  attain- 
ments,  a  teacher   for   fifteen  years,   selectman 
of   Epsom  for  many  years.   State   senator  for 
two  terms,  and  representative.     His  mother's 
grandfather,     Thomas     Davis,     served     under 
Prescott    at    Bunker    Hill,    took    part    in    the 
battle    of    White    Plains,    witnessed    the    sur- 
render of  Burgoyne,  served  through  the  war, 
and    was   one   of   the   veterans   present    whom 
W'ebster  addressed  as  "  Venerable  Men  "  at  the 
laying  of  the  cornerstone  of  the  Bunker  Hill 
monument  in  1825.     W'alter  H.  Sanborn  spent 
his   youth   on   the   homestead   farm.      He   was 
fitted  for  college   in  the  common  schools  and 
academies   of   his   native   county,   and   entered 
Dartmouth  College  in  1863.     During  the  four 
years  of  his  college  life  he  taught  school  every 
winter,   led  his  class  for  the  four  years,  and   ) 
was  graduated  with  the  highest  honors  as  its 
valedictorian,    in    1867,    receiving    the    degree 
of  A.B.     Three  years  later  he  took  his  degree 
of  A.M.  and  in   1893,  Dartmouth  College  con- 
ferred upon  him  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws. 
In  1910  he  was  elected  president  of  the  Asso- 
ciation of  the  Alumni.     From  1867  to  1870  he 
waa  principal  of  the  high  school  at  Milford, 
N.  H.,  in  the  meantime  studying  law  in  the 
office  of  Hon,  Bainbridge  Wadleigh,  afterward 
U.  S.  Senator.     In  1870  he  went  to  St.  Paul, 
Minn.,  and  in   1871  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
by  the  Supreme  Court  of  that  State.     In  May 
of   that  year,   he   formed   a   partnership   with 
his   uncle,   Gen.   John   B.   Sanborn,   under   the 
firm  name  of  John  B.  and  W.  H.  Sanborn,  an 
association  which  lasted  for  twenty  years,  un- 
til   17    March,    1892,    when    he    was    commis- 
sioned U.  S.  Circuit  Judge  and  member  of  the 
U.  S.  Circuit  Court  of  Appeals,  of  which  court 
he   has   been   the   presiding   judge   since    1903. 
In  population,  in  area,  and  in  varied  and  im- 
portant   litigation,    the    eighth    circuit    is   the 
largest    in   the   nation,   comprising  as   it   does 
the  States  of  Minnesota,  North  Dakota,  W^yo- 
ming,    Colorado,    LTtah,   Nebraska,    Iowa,   Mis- 
souri, Kansas,  Arkansas,  Oklahoma,  and  New 
Mexico.      As    presiding    judge    of    this    court. 
Judge  Sanborn  has  delivered  over  900  opinions, 
opinions  so  broad  and  comprehensive,  so  replete 
with  legal  knowledge,  clear,  vigorous  and  au- 
thoritative, that  they  are  considered  among  the 
most   important   and   influential   opinions   ever 
rendered  in  this  country.     Conspicuous  among 
these  are  his  opinion  on  the  power  of  railroad 
companies   to   lease   the   surplus   use   of   their 
right  of  way  in  the  Omaha  bridge  cases;   his 
definition   of    proximate    cause    and    statement 
of  the  rules  for  its  discovery,  and  the  reason 
for  them  in  Railway  Company  v.  Elliott;   his 
declaration    of    the    effect    of    estoppel    of    the 
usual    recitals    in    municipal    bonds   and    rules 
for  their  construction  in  the  National  Life  In- 
surance  Company   v.   Huron;    his   treatise   on. 
the  law  of  patents  for  inventions  in  the  Brake- 


! 


546 


SANBORN 


DE  FOREST 


beam  case,  which  has  been  cited  and  fol- 
lowed by  the  courts  in  many  subsequent  de- 
cisions and  has  become  a  leading  authority 
on  that  subject;  his  opinions  in  the  United 
States  V.  Railway  Company,  and  in  Howe  v. 
Parker,  and  many  others  that  cannot  be  cited 
here.  In  the  great  national  and  judicial  issues 
which  during  the  last  twenty  years  have  con- 
cerned the  supremacy  and  extent  of  the  pro- 
visions of  the  Constitution  of  the  United 
States,  the  enforcement  of  the  anti-trust  act, 
etc.,  Judge  Sanborn's  opinions  have  been  pio- 
neer and  formative,  notably  in  the  case  of 
Haskell  v.  Cowham,  when  the  State  of  Okla- 
homa undertook  by  legislation  to  prevent  the 
export  of  natural  gas  beyond  its  borders  by 
refusing  to  permit  transportation  across  its 
highways  he  established  the  proposition  that 
"  neither  a  State  nor  its  officials  .  .  .  may 
prevent  or  unreasonably  burden  interstate 
commerce  in  any  sound  article  thereof."  In 
1893  Judge  Sanborn  was  called  upon  to  in- 
terpret the  national  anti-trust  act  before  it 
had  been  construed  by  the  courts  of  last  re- 
sort. He  delivered  an  exhaustive  opinion 
which,  in  1896,  was  reversed  by  the  Supreme 
Court  by  a  vote  of  four  to  five.  Fourteen 
years  later,  however,  the  same  court  by  a 
vote  of  eight  to  one  abandoned  that  conclu- 
sion and  adopted  the  view  originally  taken 
by  Judge  Sanborn.  x\s  a  part  of  his  adminis- 
trative work  he  has  successfully  conducted 
great  receiverships  and  operated  great  rail- 
roads: the  Union  Pacific  from  1894  to  1898, 
the  Great  \Yestern  in  1908  and  1909,  and  the 
St.  Louis  and  San  Francisco  Railroad  Com- 
pany in  1913,  1914,  and  1915.  In  the  man- 
agement and  receivership  of  the  Union  Pa- 
cific and  its  twenty  allied  railroads,  he  col- 
lected through  his  receivers  and  applied  to 
the  operation  of  the  railroads  and  the  distribu- 
tion to  creditors  more  than  $260,000,000  with- 
out the  reversal  of  a  decree  or  the  loss  of  a 
dollar.  As  a  lawyer  and  public-spirited  citizen 
Judge  Sanborn  has  been  prominent  in  St.  Paul 
and  the  State  of  Minnesota  for  more  than 
forty  years;  while  his  services  as  a  judicial 
officer  of  the  U.  S.  Courts  long  ago  elevated 
him  to  the  rank  of  a  national  figure.  It  has 
been  said  of  him  that  he  has  done  more  in 
recent  years  to  make  St.  Paul  famous  than  any 
other  man.  In  politics  he  is  a  Republican. 
In  1890  he  was  the  chairman  of  the  Republi- 
can County  Convention,  and  for  fifteen  years 
before  he  was  appointed  judge  was  influential 
and  active  in  every  political  contest.  In  1878 
he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  city  council. 
In  1880  he  removed  his  residence  to  St.  An- 
thony Hill,  and  in  1885  was  elected  to  the 
city  council  from  that  ward  and  re-elected 
each  year  until  he  ascended  the  bench.  As 
vice-president  of  the  council,  Judge  Sanborn 
was  the  leading  spirit  on  the  committees  that 
were  responsible  for  the  installation  of  the 
cable  and  electric  car  systems  supplanting  the 
old  horse  cars  of  St.  Paul.  He  was  treasurer 
of  the  State  Bar  Association  from  1885  to 
1892,  and  president  of  the  St.  Paul  Bar  Asso- 
ciation in  1890-91.  He  stands  high  in  Free- 
masonry; was  elected  eminent  commander  of 
the  Damascus  Commandery  No.  1,  of  St.  Paul, 
the  oldest  in  the  State  and  one  of  the  strongest 
in  the  country;  in  1889  he  was  elected  grand 
r commander   of   the    Knights   Templars   of    the 


tr3^  (^^Zrr<.Qj^ 


State.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Minnesota  and 
Commercial  Clubs,  and  Minnesota  Historical 
Society.  Judge  Sanborn  married  10  Nov., 
1874,  at  Milford,  N.  H.,  Emily  F.  Bruce, 
daughter  of  Hon.  John  E.  Bruce,  of  Milford. 
Their  children  are:  Grace  Sanborn,  who  mar- 
ried C.  G.  Hartin;  Marian  Sanborn,  married 
Grant  Van  Sant;  Bruce  W.  Sanborn,  lawyer, 
and  Henry  F.  Sanborn,  general  freight  agent 
of  the  Great  Northern  Railway  Company,  all 
of  St.  Paul. 

DE  FOREST,  William  Henry,  manufacturer, 
b.  in  New  York  City,  29  Aug.,  1857;  d.  at 
Summit,  N.  J.,  11  Oct.,  1907,  stepson  of  Wil- 
liam H.  De  Forest,  who  also  lived  and  died  at 
Summit,  N.  J., 
having  achieved 
prominence  as  a 
pioneer  in  the 
American  silk  in- 
dustry. His  mo- 
ther was  Fanny 
Nevins  De  For- 
est. The  elder 
De  Forest  was 
at  first  asso- 
ciated with  Gui- 
net  Bros.  of 
Lyons,  France, 
in  the  manufac- 
ture of  the  fa- 
mous Guinet 
black  silks  and 
velvets.  It  was 
in  this  connection 
that  William  H.,  Jr.,  served  his  apprenticeship 
at  Lyons,  having  previously  received  his  educa- 
tion at  the  Dr.  Callender  School,  New  York, 
and  at  Columbia  College,  where  he  graduated 
in  1878.  After  one  year's  experience  in  silk 
manufacturing  in  France  he  returned  to  this 
country  to  assist  his  father  at  home.  He  ex-. 
hibited  executive  talent  of  a  high  order  and 
was  intrusted  with  more  and  more  responsible 
duties.  In  1892  he  formed,  together  with  his 
brother,  Othniel  De  Forest,  the  Summit  Silk 
Manufacturing  Company,  and  by  virtue  of  the 
brothers'  experience  and  sagacity  the  business 
was  successful  from  the  start.  They  were  soon 
obliged  to  build  an  extension  to  their  factory 
and  continually  enlarged  their  force,  employ- 
ing at  times  as  many  as  800  operatives.  As 
secretary  and  treasurer  of  the  company,  Mr. 
De  Forest  was  the  guiding  factor  and  moving 
spirit  of  the  enterprise.  He  was  also  vice- 
president  of  the  Upland  Silk  Company  of  Pat- 
erson,  N.  J.,  and  owned  a  controlling  interest 
in  the  Palisades  Silk  Company,  Union,  N.  J. 
He  was  among  the  best  known  men  in  his 
trade  and  a  figure  no  less  commanding  in  the 
industry  than  his  father  had  been  before  him. 
Mr.  De  Forest  was  a  man  of  high  integrity, 
respected  not  only  by  his  liusiness  associates 
but  by  the  entire  community.  ]\lr.  De  Forest 
was  distinguished  as  an  aliilele  and  won  re- 
nown for  his  ability  as  a  marksman.  He  was 
prominent  in  military  circles,  being  a  member 
of  the  Seventh  Regiment,  Coini)nny  K,  N.  G. 
N.  Y.  Among  his  clubs  were  the  Baltusrol 
and  Canoe  Brook  Clul)s  of  Summit,  the  St. 
Anthony  and  Union  League  Clubs  of  New 
York  City,  Narrows  Island  CJub  of  North 
Carolina,  and  the  Delta  Ka|)pa  fraternity.  He 
was  also  president  of  the  Fresh  Air  and  Con- 


547 


KAYS 


WRIGHT 


valescent  Home.  Concerning  Mr.  De  Forest, 
the  Summit  (N.  J.)  "Record"  declared:  "It 
could  probably  be  more  truthfully  said  of  him, 
than  of  any  other  man  in  Summit,  that  in  life 
he  had  not  an  enemy."  Mr.  De  Forest  was 
married  2  June,  1880,  to  Harriet  J.,  daughter 
of  Thomas  M.  Smith,  of  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

KAYS,  John,  soldier,  b.  in  Edinburgh,  Scot- 
land, 9  March,  1739;  d.  near  Moden,  N.  J.,  13 
July,  1829.  With  his  parents  and  a  younger 
brother  he  came  to  America  in  1750,  and  set- 
tled in  Philadelphia,  Pa.  The  two  lads  were 
young  when  their  parents  died,  and  were  sent 
to  a  school  for  orphans.  Later,  John  was  in- 
dentured to  a  Quaker  weaver  to  learn  his 
trade.  Although  in  later  years  he  became  a 
fighting  man  he  was  known  to  be  a  believer 
in  the  doctrine  of  the  Society  of  Friends,  com- 
monly called  Quakers,  who  were  opposed  to  war. 
After  the  term  of  his  indenture  had  expired 
he  started  on  a  journey  up  the  Delaware 
River,  continuing  to  travel  until  he  reached 
Newton,  N.  J.,  where  he  settled  and  worked 
at  weaving.  While  living  in  Newton  he  en- 
listed in  the  American  army  and  became  first 
lieutenant  of  Conrad  Gunterman's  company. 
There  is  eviidenee  that  he  remained  in  the 
service  after  the  mustering  out  of  this  com- 
pany, for  he  often  recounted  to  his  children 
his  march  with  Washington's  division  of  the 
army  from  Newburgh-on-the-Hudson  to  Morris- 
town,  N.  J.  In  just  what  capacity  he  served 
on  this  march  is  not  known.  He  was  a 
mounted  officer,  and,  judging  from  his  famil- 
iarity with  General  Washington  and  his  close- 
ness to  the  commander,  was  probably  one  of 
that  general's  aides-de-camp.  The  army,  as 
described  by  Lieutenant  Kays,  came  by  way 
of  Warwick,  N.  Y.,  Vernon  and  Hamburg, 
crossing  the  mountains  at  Sparta  to  Woodport, 
Morris  County,  and  thence  to  Morristown, 
where  it  joined  General  Lafayette.  When  the 
march  was  resumed  toward  Morristown,  and 
as  Washington  was  about  to  descend  the 
Sparta  Mountain,  near  Woodport,  he  discovered 
he  had  lost  his  watch  and  Kays  was  ordered 
to  go  back  and  search  for  it.  He  mounted 
his  horse  and  went  back  to  the  camp  site. 
This  duty  was  probably  imposed  on  him  be- 
cause he  was  a  native  of  the  county  and  fa- 
miliar with  the  country  and  its  people.  Kays 
searched  in  the  straw  and  debris  and  on  the 
site  of  the  general's  tent  found  his  open-faced 
watch  and  fob,  and,  returning,  overtook  the 
army  near  Woodport.  After  the  w^ar  Kays 
moved  his  family  to  Lafayette  Township.  Later 
he  bought  a  farm  near  Moden,  where  he  lived 
during  the  remainder  of  his  life.  He  had  no 
patience  with  the  Tories  of  his  day.  It  is  re- 
lated of  him  that  soon  after  the  restoration  of 
peace  and  his  return  to  Newton,  he  was  one 
morning  watering  his  horses  at  a  brook  that 
crossed  the  road  near  his  house.  There  he 
met  a  Loyalist,  who  had  also  come  to  the 
brook  with  his  horses.  The  two  naturally  en- 
gaged in  a  discussion  of  politics.  Kays  took 
offense  at  the  Tory's  language,  and  quick  as 
a  flash,  jumped  for  him,  dragged  him  to  the 
ground  and  proceeded  to  chastise  him  until 
he  apologized  for  his  unpatriotic  remarks. 
When  in  1824  Lafayette  revisited  this  country, 
he  was  entertained  at  the  old  headquarters 
at  Morristown.  The  old  soldiers  of  Washing- 
ton's command  who  had  been  with  Lafayette 


at  Morristown  during  the  war  were  invited  by 
the  distinguished  Frenchman  to  a  reunion 
there.  Mr.  Kays  was  then  in  his  eighty-fifth 
year.  Because  of  his  advanced  age,  and  the 
uncomfortable  mode  of  travel  over  the  moun- 
tain roads,  his  sons  thought  it  imprudent  that 
he  should  go  to  Morristown.  His  disappoint- 
ment was  great  at  not  being  permitted  to  meet 
his  old  comrades,  and  he  wept  all  day  long  in 
the  bitterness  of  his  sorrow.  In  November, 
1912,  when  a  Washington  memorial  was  un- 
veiled at  Hamburg,  N,  J.,  Mrs.  Hugh  Mc- 
Laughlin, of  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  a  granddaugh- 
ter of  John  Kays,  assisted  in  the  ceremonies. 
The  inscription  on  the  monument  (see  illus- 
tration) after  giving  the  dates,  "1779-1912," 
is  as  follows:  "In  this  field  General  George 
Washington  encamped  for  a  night  on  a  march 
from  Newburgh  to  Morristown  in  1779  to  meet 
General  Lafayette.  With  him  was  an  aide, 
Lieutenant  John  Kays,  of  Sussex  County,  a  sol- 
dier of  the  American  Revolution.  This  memorial 
was  erected  by  Marchioness  Ellen  Kays 
McLaughlin,  a  member  of  the  Newton  Chap- 
ter of  the  Daughters  of  the  American  Revolu- 
tion, and  a  granddaugliter  of  John 
Kays."  This  is  the  only  stone  in  Sussex 
County  that  has  been  erected  showing  any  spe- 
cial event  that  actually  occurred  during  the 
life  of  Washington.  Mr.  Kays  married,  in. 
1772,  Sarah,  daughter  of  Benjamin  Hull,  of 
Halsey,  N.  J.  They  had  nine  sons  and  two 
daughters. 

WRIGHT,  Ammi  Willard,  lumberman,  finan- 
cier, b.  in  Grafton  Town,  Vt.,  5  July,  1822; 
d.  in  Alma,  Mich.,  5  May,  1912,  son  of  Nathan 
Franklin  and  Polly  (Lamson)  Wright.  He 
is  directly  descended  from  Capt.  Moses  Wright, 
who  was  born  in  Vermont  in  1727,  his  parents 
being  among  the  earliest  settlers  of  that  re- 
gion. Mr.  Wright's  father  was  a  prosperous 
farmer  and  trader.  For  the  first  twelve  years 
of  his  life  the  boy  remained  at  home,  doing 
the  chores  about  the  farm  and  attending  the 
district  school  during  the  winter  terms.  The 
little  mountain  community  offered  just  such 
an  environment  as  would  develop  the  best 
qualities  in  a  boy,  and  at  the  age  of  twelve 
young  Wright  was  the  physical  equal  of  many 
a  youth  of  eighteen  of  the  present  generation. 
Then  it  was  that  he  began  earning  his  own 
livelihood  as  a  carrier  between  his  own  town 
and  Boston.  Railroad  transportation  was  an 
unknown  institution  in  those  days,  and  where 
water  facilities  were  absent  commodities  were 
carried  by  means  of  wagons.  Driving  his  six- 
horse  team,  young  Wright  carried  produce  to 
Boston  and  returned  to  the  mountains  laden 
with  merchandise.  For  several  years  he  fol- 
lowed this  vocation,  becoming  meanwhile  ac- 
quainted with  the  great  city  and  its  urban 
customs.  The  desire  to  go  into  business  on  his 
own  account  came  over  him  and  he  finally 
ventured  into  hotel  keeping.  During  the  year 
or  two  in  which  he  followed  this  occupation  he 
met  with  little  success.  The  Middle  West  was 
just  then  being  opened  up  by  the  hardier  ele- 
ments of  the  population  and  there  was  much 
discussion  of  the  opportunities  to  be  met  with 
in  the  new  country.  In  1850  Mr.  Wright  gave 
up  his  hotel  interests  in  Boston  and  went  to 
Detroit,  Mich.,  and  in  the  following  year,  to 
Saginaw,  Mich.  The  rich  forests  of  the  lake 
regions   immediately  aroused  his  imagination 


548 


WRIGHT 


MILLER 


and  he  began  turning  his  attention  toward 
lumbering.  It  was  hard  work  in  the  begin- 
ning, and  not  specially  lucrative,  in  those 
early  days  before  the  heavier  migrations  had 
set  in  from  the  East.  But  toward  the  late 
fifties  the  country  began  to  develop  rapidly  and 
the  demand  for  building  material  advanced  in 
proportion.  In  1859  Mr.  Wright  entered  into 
a  partnership  with  the  firm  of  Miller  and 
Payne,  and  together  they  began  refitting  what 
was  known  as  the  "  Big  Mill,"  in  Saginaw. 
Before  this  was  completed,  however,  his  part- 
ners sold  out  their  interest  to  J.  H.  Pearson, 
of  Chicago.  Not  long  after  the  whole  plant 
was  burned  to  the  ground,  but  with  char- 
acteristic energy  and  enterprise  the  partners 
set  about  rebuilding,  on  a  much  larger  and 
more  modern  scale.  Some  years  later  Mr. 
Pearson  retired  from  the  enterprise  and  in 
1882  Mr.  Wright  organized  the  A.  W.  Wright 
Lumber  Company,  with  a  capital  of  $1,500,000. 
Of  this  corporation  Mr.  WTight  was  president 
and  gave  his  personal  attention  to  the  direc- 
tion of  its  affairs.  The  size  of  the  firm's  plant 
may  be  judged  from  the  fact  that  it  handled 
from  twenty-five  to  thirty  million  feet  of  logs 
each  year.  Having  made  a  thorough  success 
of  this  big  venture,  Mr.  Wright  turned  his 
energies  and  talents  into  other  fields  of  com- 
mercial enterprise,  and  before  many  years  his 
interests  had  developed  in  a  great  number  of 
directions.  Among  the  many  other  corpora- 
tions in  which  he  was  a  prominent  stockholder 
and  in  which  he  was  either  a  director  or  an 
official  may  be  mentioned  the  Wells-Stone 
Mercantile  Company  of  Saginaw;  the  EUiott- 
Taylor-Woolfenden  Company  of  Detroit;  the 
Marshall-Wells  Company  of  Duluth,  Minn.;  the 
Stone-Ordean-Wells  Company  also  of  Duluth; 
the  Advance  Thresher  Company  of  Battle 
Creek,  Mich.;  the  Peerless  Portland  Cement 
Company  of  Union  City,  Mich.;  the  Tita- 
bawasse  Boom  Company,  a  logging  company 
which,  in  its  day,  delivered  more  pine  logs 
than  have  ever  been  rafted  on  any  other  single 
stream  in  this  country;  the  Bank  of  Saginaw; 
the  First  State  Bank  of  Alma,  Mich.;  the  De- 
troit Trust  Company  and  the  Old  Detroit 
National  Bank;  the  Chemical  National  Bank 
of  New  York  City;  the  Michigan  Sugar  Com- 
pany; the  Central  Michigan  Produce  Com- 
pany; the  Alma  Roller  Mills  and  Electric 
Light  and  Power  Plant;  the  Saginaw  Valley 
and  St.  Louis  Railroad  Company,  now  a  part 
of  the  Pere  Marquette  system;  the  Ann  Arbor 
Railroad  Company;  the  Cincinnati,  Saginaw 
and  Mackinaw  Railroad  Company,  and  the 
Grand  Trunk  Western  Railway  Company.  Mr. 
Wright  also  became  possessed  of  large  timber 
and  mining  properties  in  Minnesota,  which  he 
later  sold  to  James  J.  Hill  and  his  associates; 
and  extensive  areas  of  Southern  timber  and 
ranch  lands.  These  were  the  means  through 
which  Mr.  Wright  made  his  money:  his  work. 
As  a  recreation  he  turned  to  farming.  Early 
in  the  eighties  he  had  taken  a  strong  liking 
to  the  region  about  Alma,  Mich.,  and  here  he 
decided  to  make  his  permanent  home.  At  one 
time  he  was  the  owner  of  a  dozen  large 
farms  in  this  region,  which  he  improved  and 
developed  along  modern,  scientific  principles 
and  then  sold  to  good  advantage.  He  was  one 
of  the  early  pioneers  in  the  sugar  beet  indus- 
try,   which    he    grew    and    manufactured    into 


some  of  the  first  beet  sugar  produced  in  the 
Middle  West.  To  him  was  largely  due  the 
agricultural  development  of  the  region.  One 
of  his  hobbies  was  the  laying  of  good  roads 
throughout  this  part  of  the  country,  thereby 
encouraging  others  to  follow  his  example.  Not 
content  with  developing  the  country  about  the 
town,  he  took  a  prominent  part  in  the  up- 
building of  the  town  itself.  After  building 
the  Opera  House  Block,  in  1882,  he  constructed 
the  Wright  House,  a  hotel  which  would  have 
been  a  credit  to  a  much  larger  community. 
This  was  followed,  in  1887,  by  the  Alma  Sani- 
tarium, now  the  Michigan  Masonic  Home.  Mr. 
Wright,  however,  was  not  only  a  money  maker ; 
he  was  also  a  money  giver,  for  none  gave  to 
worthy  charities  or  public  benefits  with  a 
freer  hand  than  he.  Alma  College  is  indebted 
to  him  for  its  principal  buildings  and  a  large 
portion  of  its  endowment  funds.  The  Michi- 
gan Masonic  Home  in  Alma  is  his  gift  to  the 
Grand  Lodge  of  that  fraternity,  while  the  ten- 
acre  park  adjoining  it  is  his  gift  to  the  city. 
As  may  be  inferred  from  the  very  advanced 
age  to  which  he  lived,  Mr.  W^right  was  to  the 
end  of  his  life  an  advocate  of  the  simple  life, 
an  abstemious  liver.  Possessed  of  a  rugged, 
hardy  constitution,  the  result  of  his  boyhood's 
environment,  he  continued  living  as  he  had 
been  brought  up,  even  after  wealth  had 
brought  within  his  reach  all  those  luxuries  in 
which  prosperity  too  often  causes  indulgence. 
All  through  his  life  he  continued  possessed  of 
a  clear  mind  and  a  keen  judgment,  of  men  as 
well  as  of  enterprises.  Herein  was  one  of  the 
main  causes  of  his  success.  Rarely  was  he 
mistaken  in  his  first  impressions,  and  once  a 
decision  was  formed,  he  had  the  courage  to 
follow  it  out  to  the  end.  Physically,  mentally, 
morally,  quite  as  much  as  financially,  he  was 
one  of  the  strong  men,  not  only  of  his  com- 
munity, but  of  his  adopted  State.  Throughout 
his  life  he  took  the  interest  of  a  good  citizen 
in  the  politics  of  his  day,  but  this  he  never 
allowed  to  develop  into  ambition  for  office, 
though  he  continued  a  supporter  of  the  Re- 
publican party.  He  was  a  member  of  St. 
John's  Episcopal  Church,  whose  local  parish 
house  was  one  of  his  gifts  to  that  community. 
On  6  March,  1848,  Mr.  Wright  married  Har- 
riet Barton,  of  Bartonsville,  Vt.  She  died  30 
June,  1884.  On  21  Dec,  1885,  he  married 
Anna  Case,  of  Exeter,  Canada,  who  still  sur- 
vives. His  only  surviving  child,  by  his  first 
wife,  is  Mrs.  James  Henry  Lancashire,  of 
Manchester,  Mass.,  and  New  York  City. 

MILLER,  Reuben  (3d),  manufacturer  and 
financier,  b.  in  Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  31  Jan.,  1839, 
son  of  Reuben,  Jr.,  and  Ann  (Harvy)  Miller. 
His  father  was  a  distinguished  iron  manu- 
facturer of  Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  and  was  prom- 
inent in  financial  circles.  Ho  is  descended 
from  Quaker  parentage,  his  ancestors  in  Penn- 
sylvania dating  back  as  far  as  1083.  He  at- 
tended the  College  of  St.  James,  Washington 
County,  Md.,  but,  in  order  to  perfect  himself 
in  practical  mechanics,  early  became  an  ap- 
prentice in  the  works  of  Robinson,  ^linis  and 
Millers.  When  oil  was  discovered  in  Venango 
County,  Pa.,  in  1859,  he  was  among  the  earliest 
to  purchase  and  develop  property  near  Oil 
City,  Pa.,  and  as  the  business  expanded,  he 
engaged  also  in  oil  refining.  Lnter  he  sold 
out  to  enter  the  civil  and  mining  engineering 


549 


SARLES 


TAYLOR 


field.  In  18G5  he  joined  with  others  in  form- 
ing the  Crescent  Steel  Company,  of  which  he 
was  president.  With  others  he  organized  and 
was  treasurer  of  the  Pittsburgh  Bessemer  Steel 
Company,  which  was  sold  to  Andrew  Carnegie 
and  his  associates,  and  became  the  Homestead 
Mills  of  the  United  States  Steel  Corporation. 
In  19O0  the  Crescent  Steel  Company  became 
one  of  the  principal  works  of  the  Cru- 
cible Steel  Company  of  America.  Mr.  Miller 
then  became,  respectively,  treasurer,  president, 
and  chairman  of  the  board  of  directors  of  the 
Crucible  Steel  Company  of  America,  serving 
until  1904,  when  he  retired  from  active  busi- 
ness life.  In  all  his  manifold  interests,  Mr. 
Miller  was  regarded  by  his  business  associates 
as  an  honest,  conscientious,  fair-dealing  man 
who  could  not  be  tempted  to  do  anything  of 
which  his  conscience  did  not  approve.  He  was 
active  in  many  banking  and  industrial  institu- 
tions, either  as  a  director  or  as  an  official, 
among  them  the  Bank  of  Pittsburgh,  of  which 
he  was  president  for  eight  j^ears,  the  Mer- 
chants and  Manufacturers  Bank,  of  which  he 
was  president  for  one  year;  the  Fidelity  and 
Trust  Company,  and  the  Third  National  Bank. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  joint  commission  of 
the  State  of  Pennsylvania  for  administering 
the  large  fund  contributed  for  relief  of  the 
Johnstown  flood  sufferers.  He  was  vice-pres- 
ident of  the  Pittsburgh  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce from  1879  to  1897,  and  notwithstanding 
his  active  business  career,  found  time  to  serve 
as  second  lieutenant  of  artillery  in  Knaps' 
Pennsylvania  Volunteer  Battery  during  the 
Civil  War.  In  private  life  he  is  as  distin- 
guished for  his  simplicity  of  manner,  amiabil- 
ity and  purity  of  character,  and  discriminating 
philanthropy,  as  he  is  in  public  for  his  fervent 
patriotism,  eminent  ability,  and  fidelity  to 
duty.  He  is  president  of  the  Pittsburgh  As- 
sociation for  Improvement  of  the  Poor,  and 
president  of  the  Allegheny  Cemetery.  On  13 
April,  1871,  he  married  Mary  L.,  daughter 
of  James  P.  Fleming.  They  have  four  chil- 
dren living,  namely,  Reuben;  Harvy,  of  De- 
troit, Mich.;  Ruth,  now  Mrs.  William  McKen- 
nan  Reed;  and  Lois,  now^  Mrs.  Cameron  Beach 
Waterman,    of    Detroit,    Mich. 

SARLES,  Elmore  Yocum,  governor  of  North 
Dakota,  b.  in  Wonewoc,  Juneau  County,  Wis., 
15  Jan.,  1859,  son  of  Jesse  D.  and  Margaret 
(Thompson)  Sarles,  of  Scotch-Irish  ancestry. 
His  father  was  one  of  the  earliest  preachers  to 
emigrate  to  the  Territory  of  Wisconsin,  in 
1842,  and  took  up  his  ministerial  work  at 
Wonewoc  in  1858.  He  identified  himself  with 
the  upbuilding  of  the  community.  His  son  re- 
ceived a  public  school  education  in  his  native 
State  and  for  one  year  attended  Galesville 
(Wis.)  L'niversity.  Previous  to  his  college 
term,  he  entered  business  life  by  w'orking  in 
a  bank  at  Prescott,  Wis.,  and  in  1877,  con- 
tinued his  banking  experience  by  becoming 
connected  with  a  bank  at  Sparta,  W^is.  In 
1878  he  became  secretary  and  treasurer  of  the 
Wonewoc  Manufacturing  Company,  a  responsi- 
ble position  for  one  of  his  years.  In  1880  he 
became  associated  with  the  George  B.  Burch 
Lumber  Company  of  Necodah,  Wis.  In  1881 
Mr.  Sarles  had  amassed  some  capital,  and 
with  his  brother,  0.  C.  Sarles,  established  the 
Traill  County  Bank,  at  Hillsboro.  N.  D.  Here 
his    early    financial    experience    stood    him    in 


good  stead.  In  1885,  after  a  successful  foi 
years'  operation  of  that  institution,  he 
larged  his  banking  enterprise  by  establishii 
the  First  National  Bank  at  the  same  plac 
and  acted  as  its  cashier  until  1903,  when 
became  president.  During  this  period,  hoi 
ever,  he  had  not  confined  his  operations  to  tl 
banking  business  exclusively.  In  1882  he 
came  associated  with  his  brother  in  establisl 
ing  the  O.  C.  Sarles  and  Company,  luml 
business,  now  known  as  the  Valley  Lumber" 
Company,  of  which  he  is  still  the  manager, 
with  branches  at  Hillsboro  and  other  points 
in  the  Red  River  Valley.  The  success  of  these 
banking  and  lumber  interests  led  to  other  in- 
vestments in  banking  which  Mr.  Sarles  wisely 
supplemented  with  extensive  deals  in  real  es- 
tate, thereby  soon  acquiring  a  reputation  as- 
a  judge  of  land  values.  In  this  connection  he 
purchased  and  sold  extensive  tracts  in  the  Red 
River  Valley,  and  dealt  in  real  estate  loans  on 
a  large  scale.  He  also  acquired  large  interests 
in  banks  at  Northwood,  Grand  Forks,  Fargo, 
Blanchard,  Caledonia,  Grandin,  and  Shelly, 
Minn.  The  Sarles  brothers  own  and  operate 
1,400  acres  of  the  Hurley  farm,  one  of  the  fin- 
est properties  in  the  Red  River  Valley.  For  all 
his  business  activities  Mr.  Sarles  has  taken 
an  active  and  prominent  part  in  the  public 
affairs  and  politics  of  his  State.  Always  & 
strong  advocate  and  supporter  of  Republicah 
principles,  his  methods  in  politics,  like  his 
business  career,  have  been  above  reproach.  He 
was  never,  in  any  sense  of  the  w^ord,  a  profes* 
sional  politician  or  office-seeker,  and,  until 
his  well-known  abilities  as  a  man  of  large 
affairs  and  as  a  public-spirited  citizen  led  to 
the  suggestion  of  his  name  as  a  leader  on  the 
list  of  gubernatorial  candidates  for  the  State 
of  North  Dakota,  he  had  never  held  or  aspired 
to  any  but  local  offices.  He  had  long  been 
prominent  in  civic  affairs,  however,  serving  as 
mayor  of  Hillsboro  for  two  years,  as  member 
of  the  Mayville  normal  school  board  for  five 
years,  and  as  treasurer  of  the  public  school 
board  for  twenty  years.  In  1904,  when  the  Re- 
publicans of  North  Dakota  cast  about  for  a 
candidate  for  governor,  whose  character  and 
reputation  should  be  a  guarantee  to  the  people 
that  the  affairs  of  the  State  would  be  honor- 
ably and  ably  conducted,  the  most  eligible  man 
for  the  place  was  Mr.  Sarles.  He  w  as  nominated 
and  duly  elected,  receiving  32,000  votes  over  his 
Democratic  opponent,  M.  F.  Hegge.  His  un- 
questioned ability  and  the  fine  character  which 
had  distinguished  him  as  a  man  peculiarly 
fitted  for  his  high  office  enabled  him  to  ad- 
minister its  affairs  in  a  way  which  amply 
justified  the  confidence  reposed  in  him  by  his 
fellow  citizens,  and  as  the  chief  executive  of 
North  Dakota  he  took  a  conspicuous  place 
in  the  political  life  of  the  country.  Governor 
Sarles  is  a  Mason,  Thirty-third  degree;  exalted 
ruler  of  the  Grand  Forks  Elks,  and  a  Knight 
of  Pythias.  He  married,  in  Hillsboro,  N.  D., 
10  Jan.,  1886,  Anna,  daughter  of  W^illiam  H. 
York,  of  Prescott,  Wis.  They  have  four  chil- 
dren: Earle  Redmon,  Doris  York,  Duane 
York,   and   Eleanor   Sarles. 

TAYLOR,  Samuel  A.,  civil  and  mining  en- 
gineer, b.  in  North  Versailles  township,  Alle- 
gheny County,  Pa.,  24  Oct.,  1863,  son  of  Charles 
Thomas  and  Eliza  Jane  (Maxwell)  Taylor. 
He  was  educated  in  the  public  schools  and  at 


550 


BUNN 


FINCH 


I 


a  private  academy.  Later  he  attended  the  Poly- 
technic Institute  at  Pittsburgh,  and  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pitts- 
burgh (formerly 
Western  University 
of  Pennsylvania), 
where  he  was  grad- 
uated as  a  civil  en- 
gineer in  the  class 
A  of  1887.  After  grad- 
'  uation  he  entered 
at  once  upon  his 
professional  career 
in  the  Pittsburgh 
district.  In  1887 
and  1888  he  was 
draftsman  in  the 
structural  iron  de- 
partment of  the 
Carnegie  Steel  Com- 
pany. From  1888  to  1893  he  was  assist- 
ant engineer  of  construction  for  the  Penn- 
sylvania Railroad,  and  from  1893  until 
1906  was  in  the  general  practice  of  his  pro- 
fession. He  then  became  consulting  engineer 
and  manager  of  waterworks  and  coal  mining 
companies.  In  1912,  in  addition  to  his  other 
work,  he  was  appointed  dean  of  the  School  of 
Mines  of  the  University  of  Pittsburgh,  Which 
position  he  still  occupies.  Mr.  Taylor  has 
demonstrated  his  ability  as  an  engineer  in  the 
great  number  of  mining  works  which  he  has 
constructed,  and  as  the  inventor  of  hydraulic 
coal-dumping  and  other  machinery.  He  has 
been  borough  engineer  of  about  ten  boroughs 
in  Allegheny  County,  Pa.,  and  has  designed 
and  constructed  a  number  of  waterworks  and 
sewerage  plants.  He  has  served  as  school 
director  and  councilman  in  the  Borough  of 
Wilkinsburg,  and  is  president  of  the  League 
of  Boroughs  and  Townships  of  Allegheny 
County,  Pa.  He  is  a  member  of  the  American 
Society  of  Civil  Engineers  and  the  American 
Institute  of  Mining  Engineers;  was  president 
of  the  American  Mining  Congress  in  1912; 
president  of  the  Engineers'  Society  of  Western 
Pennsylvania  in  1913;  member  of  various  sci- 
entific organizations,  to  which  he  has  con- 
tributed a  number  of  papers  on  subjects  per- 
taining to  their  work;  and  an  officer  in  the 
First  United  Presbyterian  Church  of  Wilkins- 
burg. He  is  also  a  member  of  the  Duquesne, 
Press,  University,  and  Penwood  Clubs  of  Pitts- 
burgh. He  married  17  May,  1903,  Anna  J., 
daughter  of  James  and  Mary  P.  Gilmore,  of 
Wilkins  township,  Allegheny  County,  Pa. 
They  have  one  daughter,  Mary  Elizabeth 
Taylor. 

BUNN,  Charles  Wilson,  lawyer,  b.  near 
Galesville,  Wis.,  21  May,  1855,  son  of  Ro- 
manzo  and  Sarah  (Purdy)  Bunn.  Peter 
Bohn,  his  earliest  ancestor  in  America,  came 
from  Guelderland,  Holland,  settled  at  Ger- 
mantown,  Pai,  in  1702,  and  removed  to  the 
Mohawk  Valley,  N.  Y.,  about  1700.  His 
grandfather,  Peter  Bunn  (b.  at  Hartwick, 
N.  Y.,  15  Aug.,  1707),  removed  to  Mansfield, 
Cattaraugus  County,  1832,  where  he  died  1 
Nov.,  1851.  His  father,  Romanzo  Bunn  (b. 
24  Sept.,  1829),  removed  to  Wisconsin,  1854, 
served  there  as  judge  of  State  courts,  was 
appointed  U.  S.  district  judge  for  the  Western 
District  of  Wisconsin  in  1877,  which  oiViw  he 
resigned  in  1905,  and  died  25  Jan.,  1909.     Mr. 


Bunn  received  his  education  in  the  public 
schools  of  Sparta,  Wis.,  the  University  of 
Wisconsin  (1870-74),  and  the  law  school  of 
the  university  (1874-75).  His  degrees  from 
the  university  are  B.S.  (1874)  and  LL.B. 
(1875).  He  began  the  practice  of  law  at  La 
Crosse  in  1876,  as  a  member  of  the  firm  of 
Cameron,  Losey  and  Bunn;  removed  to  St. 
Paul,  Minn.,  in  1885,  and  continued  in  his 
profession  as  a  member  of  the  firm  of  Lusk 
and  Bunn,  which  in  1890  became  Lusk,  Bunn 
and  Hadley,  and  in  1892,  Bunn  and  Hadley. 
Since  1896  he  has  been  general  counsel  of  the 
Northern  Pacific  Railway  Company.  For 
many  years  he  has  been  a  lecturer  in  the  law 
school  of  the  University  of  Minnesota.  He 
published  (1914)  a  book  on  the  "Jurisdic- 
tion and  Practice  of  the  Courts  of  the  United 
States."  Because  of  his  thorough  knowledge 
of  the  principles  of  the  law  and  the  rare 
ability  to  discern  those  upon  which  a  cause 
finally  rests  and  to  present  them  tersely  and 
clearly,  Mr.  Bunn  is  placed  by  common  con- 
sent in  the  foremost  rank  of  the  American 
bar.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Minnesota  and 
other  clubs  of  St.  Paul;  of  thB  University 
Club  of  New  York,  and  of  the  Chicago  Club 
of  Chicago.  His  favorite  recreations  are 
flower  gardening,  golf  and  fly  fishing,  espe- 
cially for  salmon.  In  1877  he  married  Mary 
Anderson,  of  La  Crosse,  Wis.  They  have 
three  children:  Helen,  Donald  C,  and  Charles 
Bunn. 

FINCH,  John  Aylard,  mining  promoter,  b. 
in  Cambridgeshire,  England,  12  May,  1854, 
son  of  William  and  Sophie  (Aylard)  Finch, 
who  came  to  Amer- 
ica in  1862,  settling 
in  Cleveland,  Ohio. 
He  was  educated  in 
the  parish  school  of 
Soham,  Cambridge- 
shire, England,  but 
when  he  was  eight 
years  of  age  the 
family  emigrated  to 
this  country  and  he 
continued  his  stud- 
ies in  the  public 
schools  of  Cleve- 
land. After  leaving 
school    he    obtained 

a    position    with   an  _^x/      //  y       /) 

iron  and  steel  man-  ^^^  >^?^      J 

ufacturing    company  y^^UcA/l ^^^^^^f^^-^ 

in      Cleveland      and    (y^ 

afterward  engaged  in  the  same  line  in  Youngs- 
town,  Ohio.  Suljsequently  he  went  to  Montreal 
with  an  importing  firm,  who  imported  iron  from 
England.  He  was  next  located  in  Chicago  as 
manufacturers'  agent,  still  continuing  in  the 
iron  trade.  In  the  spring  of  1881  he  deter- 
mined to  go  West  to  enjoy  what  he  believed 
to  be  better  business  o])portunities  than  could 
be  secured  in  the  conservative  luist,  and  he 
proceeded  to  Denver  and  later  to  Lcadville, 
Colo.,  where  he  sj)ent  a  year  in  mining.  He 
then  returned  to  Ohio,  but  in  the  summer  of 
1887  went  to  Spokane,  Wash.,  and  began  to 
acquire  mining  pr()i)er<y  in  the  C(cur  d'Alene 
region  of  Northern  Idaho,  with  A.  V>.  Camp- 
hell.  Ah  associates  in  mining  enterprises, 
Finch  aTul  Campbell  purchas(>(l  the  (Jem  mine 
in  the  Ca'ur  d'Alene  district  and  then  organ- 


561 


RICE 


PULITZER 


ized  the  Milwaukee  Mining  Company,  in  con- 
nection with  capitalist  friends,  Mr.  Campbell 
becoming  president  and  Mr.  Finch  secretary 
and  treasurer  of  the  company.  They  operated 
the  mine  most  successfully  for  more  than 
twelve  years,  and  in  1891  began  the  develop- 
ment of  the  Standard  mine,  which  they  opened 
and  equipped.  Later  they  opened  the  Hecla 
mine,  both  of  which  have  paid  several  million 
dollars  in  dividends  and  are  still  being  op- 
erated with  great  profit.  Mr.  Finch  became 
secretary  and  treasurer  of  both  companies,  and 
in  1893  the  firm  extended  their  operations 
into  British  Columbia,  going  to  the  Slocan 
District,  where  they  opened  and  developed  the. 
Enterprise  and  Standard  mines,  which  are  now 
leading  properties  of  the  locality.  Finch  and 
Campbell  were  recognized  leaders  in  the  min- 
ing and  developing  in  Idaho.  The  partner- 
ship was  terminated  upon  the  death  of  Mr. 
Campbell  in  1912.  For  many  years  Mr.  Finch 
has  also  been  a  leader  and  financier  in  other 
important  business  enterprises.  He  is  presi- 
dent of  the  White  and  Bender  Company  and 
the  Coeur  d'Alene  Hardware  Company,  both 
of  Wallace,  Idaho;  president  of  the  Blalock 
Fruit  Company,  Walla  Walla,  and  president 
of  the  National  Lumber  and  Box  Company  of 
Hoquiam,  Wash.,  established  in  1901,  and  con- 
sidered the  largest  company  in  its  line  in  the 
Northwest.  Mr.  Finch  is  a  trustee  of  the 
Union  Trust  Company,  and  also  an  officer  and 
director  in  many  other  important  business 
companies.  He  is  a  director  of  the  Country 
Club,  of  which  he  was  first  president;  member 
of  the  Spokane  Club,  and  a  life  member  of  the 
Spokane  Amateur  Athletic  Club.  He  is  one  of 
the  trustees  of  St.  Luke's  Hospital;  donated 
the  site  for  the  present  hospital,  and  also  the 
land  for  the  Children's  Home.  Mr.  Finch 
served  as  State  senator  in  the  first  general 
assembly  of  Idaho  in  1891.  He  has  been  a 
resident  of  Spokane  since  1895.  On  3  Sept., 
1896,  he  married,  in  Chicago,  Miss  Charlotte 
R.  Swingler,  daughter  of  M.  M.  and  Fannie 
Swingler,  of  Spokane. 

RICE,  Jonas  Shearn,  banker,  b.  in  Houston, 
Tex.,  25  Nov.,  1855,  son  of  Frederick  Allyn 
and  Charlotte  (Baldwin)  Rice.  He  obtained 
his  early  education  in  the  public  schools  of 
Houston,  and  later  entered  Texas  Military  In- 
stitute, receiving  his  diploma  in  1874.  Soon 
after  leaving  school,  he  obtained  employment 
as  a  railway  clerk  and  followed  railroading 
as  a  means  of  livelihood  for  a  number  of  years. 
No  greater  opportunities  for  success  have  been 
offered  by  any  State  than  in  the  early  days  of 
Texas,  and  Mr.  Rice  proved  himself  capable 
of  grasping  them.  He  gradually  became  con- 
nected with  a  number  of  business  and  financial 
enterprises  of  importance.  His  operations 
Avere  uniformly  successful,  and  he  is  now  the 
president  of  the  Union  National  Bank  of 
Houston,  a  financial  institution  of  the  highest 
standing  throughout  the  Southwest.  Mr. 
Rice's  most  striking  characteristics  and  quali- 
ties are  those  of  the  best  type  of  the  strong, 
courageous  men,  w^ho  by  their  boundless  energy 
and  initiative  transformed  the  prairies  of 
Texas  into  a  populous  and  prosperous  com- 
monwealth. His  success  has  come  about  as 
the  result  of  his  own  persistent  industry  and 
business  genius.  He  has  for  many  years  been 
one   of   the   most   potent   factors,  in   the   com- 


mercial and  financial  growth  of  HoustoA.  He 
is  a  Mason  and  a  member  of  the  Benevolent 
and  Protective  Order  of  Elks.  He  married,  iu 
1888,  Mary  J.  Ross,  of  Waco,  Tex.  They  have 
three  daughters:  Laura  Fulkerson,  Katherine 
Padgett,  and  Tx)ttie  Baldwin  Rice. 

HAMILTON,  James  McLellan,  college  pres- 
ident, b.  in  Annapolis,  111.,  1  Oct.,  1861,  son 
of  James  and  Mary  (Burner)  Hamilton.  Hi» 
grandfather,  Thomas  Hamilton,  came  to  thift 
country  from  Belfast,  Ireland,  about  1800,  set- 
tled in  Beaver  County,  Pa.,  and  fought  in  the 
War  of  1812.  He  was  educated  in  the  public 
schools  of  Annap- 
olis, and  later  at- 
tended Union 
Christian  College 
where  he  received 
the  degree  of  B.L. 
in  1887,  and  M.S. 
in  1890.  He  re- 
moved to  Sumner, 
111.,  where  he  be- 
came superintend- 
ent of  public 
schools.  Under  his 
superintendence  a 
system  of  instruc- 
tion was  created 
which  was  recog- 
nized as  an  example  for  the  large  cities 
and  towns  in  that  part  of  the  country. 
In  1889  he  was  called  to  Missoula,  Mont., 
remaining  in  charge  of  the  public  schools 
of  the  city  until  1901,  when  he 
chosen  professor  of  history  and  economics 
at  the  University  of  Montana.  The  confidence 
reposed  in  him  was  further  demonstrated  in 
1904,  when  he  was  made  president  of  the 
Montana  State  College  of  Agriculture  and  Me- 
chanical Arts,  which  position  he  now  holds.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  Montana  State  Board  of 


Education  from  1893  to  1901,  and  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  American  Academy  of  Political  and 
Social  Science,  Sigma  Chi,  National  Education- 
al Association,  American  Association  of  Agri- 
cultural Colleges,  Mason,  Elk,  and  Odd  Fellow. 
On  6  June,  1888,  he  married  Emma  Shideler,  of 
Meron,  Ind.,  and  they  have  two  children. 

PULITZER,  Joseph,  journalist  and  philan- 
thropist, b.  in  Buda-Pesth,  Hungary,  10  April, 
1847;  d.  aboard  his  yacht,  the  "Liberty,"  in 
Charleston  Harbor,  S.  C,  29  Oct.,  1911,  son  of 
Philip  and  Elizabeth  Pulitzer.  He  was  edu- 
cated in  his  native  city  where  his  father  was 
a  business  man,  supposedly  of  means,  but 
when  he  died,  while  Joseph  was  still  a  boy,  it 
was  found  that  the  estate  was  very  small.  In 
order  that  he  might  not  be  a  burden  on  his 
mother,  Joseph  determined  to  enter  the  army. 
He  applied  to  his  uncle,  who  was  a  colonel 


552 


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kid  J 


PULITZER 


PULITZER 


in  the  Austrian  army,  but  when  he  was  ex- 
amined as  to  physical  fitness  he  was  rejected 
because  of  the  defect  in  one  of  his  eyes.     He 
sought   to   enter    the    army   which   was   going 
to   Mexico   to   fight   for   Maximilian,   but   was 
again  rejected  for  the  same  reason.     He  tried 
to    enlist    in    France    and    England    with    the 
same  result.     The  Civil  War  was  in  progress 
in  this  country,  and  he  decided  to  come  here. 
It  exhausted  his  resources  to  pay  his  passage, 
and  he  landed  in  Boston,  Mass.,  in  1864  prac- 
tically   penniless.      He    knew    nobody    in    this 
country  and  could  speak  only  a  dozen  words 
of  English.     Within  a  few  days,  however,  he 
met   a   fellow   countryman   who   had   just   en- 
listed   in    a    German    cavalry    regiment    then 
being   raised    in    this   city.      Men   were   badly 
needed   in  the   Union   army,  and  the  require- 
ments as  to   sharpness  of  vision  were  not  as 
strict  as   in  time  of  peace.     The  young  Aus- 
trian was  enrolled  and  served  to  the  end  of  the 
war  in  the  Lincoln  Cavalry,  as  the  regiment 
was  called,  part  of  the  time  under  Sheridan. 
When   he   was   mustered   out   at    its   close    in 
Xew  York  City  he  was  still  ignorant  of  Eng- 
lish,  as   his   soldier  companions  had  all   been 
of   foreign  birth   and   spoke  their   native   lan- 
guages.    Another  Austrian  who  had  been  his 
close  companion  suggested  that  they  go  West 
to  seek  their  fortunes.     They  went  to  a  rail- 
road ticket  office,  threw  down  all  the  money 
they  had  between  them,  and  asked  for  passage 
as  far  West  as  their  capital  would  take  them. 
It  was  thus  by  chance  that  Mr.  Pulitzer  went 
to  St.  Louis.     Their  tickets  were  only  to  East 
St.  Louis,  111.,  across  the  river  from  the  Mis- 
souri city.    There  was  no  bridge  in  those  days, 
but  Pulitzer  made  himself  acquainted  with  the 
fireman  on  a  ferryboat,  and  offered  to  do  his 
firing  if  he  would  take  him  across.     He  not 
only  got  across  by  this  means,  but  was  con- 
tinued at  work  as  a  fireman  until  he  became 
a  stevedore  on  the  wharves  of  St.  Louis.     Af- 
ter alternating  as  stevedore  and  as  fireman  on 
boats  plying  between  St.  Louis  and  New  Or- 
leans   for    some    time    he    had    enough   money 
saved  to  start  in  business  as  a  boss  stevedore 
in   St.   Louis.     This  was  his   first   enterprise, 
and  it  was  not  a  success.     Its  failure  left  him 
again  penniless,  and  with  his  strength  dimin- 
ished.    He  applied  to  an  employment  agency 
for  lighter  work,  and  got  a  place  as  a  coach- 
man in  a  private  family.     Here  again  his  de- 
fective  vision    proved   a    handicap,    and    after 
two  weeks  he  was  discharged  because  his  em- 
ployer  feared   he   would   run   into    something. 
Pulitzer   vainly   sought   employment    in    every 
direction.     There   was   a   cholera   epidemic   in 
St.   Louis  and   the  undertakers  were   in  need 
of  help  to  bury  the  hundreds  who  died.     He 
eagerly   took   up    this   work   and   was   soon    a 
foreman  supervising  the  gangs  who  were  dig- 
ging   trenches    on    Arsenal    Island.      He    went 
from  one  humble  employment  to  another  until 
a  St.  Louis  politician,  noting  his  ignorance  of 
American  ways,   induced   him  to  take  a  post 
that  no  well-informed  person  would  have  un- 
dertaken.     In    the    reconstruction    days,    after 
the  close  of  the  war,  Missouri  was  largely  in 
the  hands  of  bushwackers  and  guerrillas      In 
order   to    have   the    charter   of   the    St.    Louis 
and  San  Francisco  Railroad  recorded  in  each 
county  of  the  State  it  was  necessary  that  the 
papers    should    be    personally    filed    with    the 


clerk    of    every   county,    and    it   was   expected 
that  the  man  engaged  in  the  task  would  al- 
most certainly  lose  his  life.     Pulitzer  realized 
nothing  of  this  and  started  off  joyously  on  a 
horse    provided    for    him.      He    completed   the 
task  and  returned  to  St.  Louis  still  in  igno- 
rance of   the  risk   he  had  run.     This  experi- 
ence  marked   the   turning  point   in   his   early 
struggles.      It   gave    him    a    knowledge   which 
no  other  man  then  possessed  of  the  land  con- 
ditions of  every  county  in  the  State,  and  real 
estate    men     found    his     services     invaluable. 
Even   during   his   earlier   vicissitudes   he   had 
been  a  voracious  reader  and  eager  student  and 
had  already  begun  to  study  law.    This  he  went 
ahead  with  rapidly,  and  in   1868,  four  years 
after   he   had   landed   in   Boston,   he   was   ad- 
mitted to  the  bar.     He  practiced  for  a  short 
time,    but    the    profession    was    too    slow    for 
him.      He    was    bursting    with    ambition    and 
energy  and  found  it  impossible  to  confine  him- 
self to  the  tedious  routine  of  a  young  attorney. 
He  looked  about  for   some  manner  of  life  in 
which  he  could  bring  all  his  suppressed  ener- 
gies   into    immediate    play.      He    found    it    iiv 
journalism.     He  entered  journalism  at  twenty 
as    a   reporter   on   the    St.    Louis    "  Westliche 
Post,"  a  German  Republican  newspaper,  then 
under   the    editorial    control    of    Carl    Schurz. 
He  subsequently  became  its  managing  editor, 
and  obtained  a  proprietary  interest.     In  1878 
he  founded  the  "  Post  Dispatch  "  in  that  city 
by  buying  the  "  Dispatch  "  and  uniting  it  with 
the    "  Evening    Post."      He   became    interested 
in  politics,   and  was   elected  to   the   Missouri 
legislature  in  1869,  and  to  the  State  Constitu- 
tional  Convention   in   1874.     In   1872  he  was 
a  delegate  to  the  Cincinnati  convention  which 
nominated  Horace  Greeley  for  the  presidency, 
and  in   1880  he  was  a  delegate  to  the  Demo- 
cratic National  Convention,  and  a  member  of 
its    platform    committee    from    Missouri.      In 
1883   he   purchased   the   New   York   "World," 
which,    after   twenty-three    years   of   existence 
under  various  managers,  had  achieved  no  per- 
manent success,  but  which  in  the  hands  of  Mr. 
Pulitzer  sprang  at  once  into  power  and  popu- 
larity, and  became  one  of  the  most  profitable 
newspaper  properties  in  the  United  States.    He 
was  elected  to  Congress  in  1884,  but  resigned  a 
few  months  after  taking  his  seat,  on  account 
of  the  pressure  of  journalistic  duties.     Dur- 
ing his  active  business  career  he  was  in  very 
truth    a    "human    dynamo."      He    seemingly 
never  tired  in  the  early  days  of  the  "  World's '" 
upbuilding.    He  reached  the  office  in  the  morn- 
ing, frequently  before  any  of  the  members  of 
his    staff   appeared,    and    remained    after    the 
paper  had  gone  to  press,  and  the  last  lingering 
night  editor  and  copy-reader  and  reporter  had 
departed.      Subsequent    to    his    blindness    Mr. 
Pulitzer     cultivated     an     already    remarkable 
knowledge  of  art  and   its  history,   and  could 
talk   most   ably  upon   the   characteristics   and 
qualities   of    not    only   our    leading   American 
sculptors  and  painters,  but  of  the  old  masters. 
He    was   especially    fond   of   portraits   of   dis- 
tinguished    men,     notably    those    by    famous 
painters.     He  was  also  a  groat  lover  of  music 
and   one   of   unusual   taste   and   appreciation; 
he    loved    to   talk    on    music,    and    nothing    ao 
soothed    him    as     its    strains.       In    his    Now 
York,   Bar   Harbor,  and   Jekyll    Island   houses 
he  had  among  his  attendants  a  skilled  pianist, 


553 


PULITZER 


HILL 


and   devoted    sometimes    several    hours   a    day 
to  listening  to  Wagner,  whom  of  all  composers 
he    preferred,    to    Beethoven    and    other    great 
musicians.     By  his  will  Mr.   Pulitzer  ratified 
a    previous    gift    to    Columbia    University    of 
$1,000,000   for   the   establishment  of   a   school 
of   journalism   under   an   agreement   with   the 
trustees   of   the    university,    and    also    ratified 
an    agreement    for    an    additional    $1,000,000, 
and   directed   that   it    should    be    paid   by   his 
executors    to    Columbia    University.      In    his 
bequest,  Mr.  Pulitzer  expressed  the  desire  that 
music    by   Beethoven,    Wagner   and    Liszt,    his 
"  favorite "  composers,   should  be  largely  rep- 
resented   on    its  program.      The    Philharmonic 
Society    was    organized    in     December,     1842, 
when  music  was  in  its  infancy  in  this  coun- 
try.    At  that  time  Mendelssohn  and  Meyerbee 
had   just  become  musical  directors  in  Berlin, 
Wagner  had  returned  to  Germany  from  Paris, 
and  his  "  Rienzi  "  was  first  given.    No  one  pre- 
sumes to  say  in  whose  mind  the  idea  for  the 
Philharmonic  Society  originated.     But  to  the 
organizing    ability    of    Ureli    Corelli    Hill,    a 
violinist  of  note,  and  Anthony  Reitl",  professor 
of  the  Blind  Institution,  the  realization  of  it 
is  largely  due.     One  of  the  difficulties  which 
the  Society  felt  most  keenly  in  the  early  years 
was  the  lack  of  a  proper  place  in  which  to  give 
their    concerts.      Several    applications    to    the 
Legislature  to  incorporate  the  Society  failed, 
the  second  one  in  1846,  and  it  was  not  until 
22    February,    1853,    eleven    years    after    its 
foundation,  that  it  finally  received  its  charter 
of   incorporation  was   stated   to  be  the   "  cul- 
tivation    and     performance     of     instrumental 
music."      One   of    the   determining    factors    in 
the  present  security  of  the  Society  have  been 
the  bequests  of  the  late  Mr.  Pulitzer.    In  addi- 
tion  to   his   bequests  to   Columbia   University 
Mr.  Pulitzer  bequeathed  $500,000  to  the  Met- 
ropolitan Museum  of  Art  and  $500,000  to  the 
Philharmonic     Society    of    New    York.      The 
School  of  Journalism  in  Columbia  University, 
New  -^ork  City,  on  the  Pulitzer  Foundation, 
opened    30    September,    1912.      On    1    Novem- 
ber,   1916,    it    had    in    all    180    students,    of 
whom    36   were    women.      Divided   by    classes, 
there   were   69    in   the   first-year   class,    43    in 
the    second-year    class,    43    in    the    third-year 
class,    and    25    in    the    fourth-year    class.      Of 
the    women    who    will    take    their    degrees    in 
the  School  of  Journalism,  17  are  in  Barnard, 
and    8    of   the    men   at   present    registered    in 
Columbia    College    are   taking   courses    in    the 
School  of  Journalism.     Of  the  first-year  class 
entering    in    the    fall    of    1916,    55    are    men 
and     10    are    women.      Of    this    number,    43 
men    entered    on    examination    and    11    under 
the   provision    laid   down   by   the   late   Joseph 
Pulitzer  in  his  gift,  that  students  of  maturity, 
experience   and  marked   fitness   should   be   ad- 
mitted without  examination.     Of  the  women, 
10   entered  Barnard   College,  to  be  there  two 
years,    on    examination.      Admission    without 
examination,    as    Mr.    Pulitzer    expected,    has 
enabled  a  number  of  journalists  to  enter  the 
school.      On    pursuing   courses    for    two    years 
with    credit,    these    students    are    admitted    to 
candidacy  for  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Litera- 
ture   in    Journalism.      This    degree    was    con- 
ferred on   24   graduates   in  the  course  at  the 
last    commencement    of    Columbia    University; 
of    the    fourth-year    class,     18    were    in    the 


school  last  year  in  the  third-year  class,  and 
0  are  graduates  of  other  colleges.  In  1918 
the  school  will  be  placed  on  a  full  professional 
standing.  Five  years  will  be  required  for  a 
degree  from  the  high  school,  the  first  two 
in  college  and  the  last  three  in  the  School 
of  Journalism.  This  will  permit  the  addition 
of  another  year  of  professional  study.  The 
total  attendance  grows  steadily  year  by  year 
and  establishes  the  leading  position  of  the 
school  among  institutions  of  its  kind  in  this 
or  any  other  country.  The  number  attend- 
ing is  greater  in  proportion  to  the  number 
of  journalists  in  the  country  than  is  the 
number  attending  the  law  and  medical  courses 
in  Columbia  University  in  proportion  to  the 
number  of  those  practicing  law  and  medicine. 
In  September,  1913,  the  school  entered  its 
new  building,  for  which  $500,000  was  pro- 
vided by  Mr.  Pulitzer's  bequest.  The  build- 
ing is  excellently  equipped  in  every  way  for 
training  in  journalistic  work,  and  contains  a 
reference  library,  files  of  a  hundred  daily 
papers,  American  and  foreign,  and  a  morgue 
of  400,000  newspaper  clippings  made  under 
the  supervision  of  the  Director  during  the 
last  thirty  years.  No  step  in  professional 
education  has  attracted  wider  public  atten- 
tion or  awakened  a  more  general  approval  in 
the  American  press.  When  Mr.  Pulitzer  pro- 
posed the  school  twelve  years  ago  its  plans, 
purposes  and  need  were  all  challenged.  From 
the  announcement  of  the  appointment  in 
February,  1912,  of  its  Director,  Talcott  Will- 
iams, formerly  of  "'  The  New  York  World " 
staff  and  for  thirty-eight  years  in  active  jour- 
nalism, to  its  successful  opening  and  full 
operation  of  the  school  has  commanded  the 
confidence  of  newspapers  and  journalists.  One- 
third  of  its  teaching  staff  of  twenty-five  have 
been  in  active  service  on  newspapers.  A  de- 
voted father,  he  was  deeply  interested  in  the 
future  of  his  children  and  in  the  manner  and 
matter  of  their  education.  Mr.  Pulitzer  was  a 
great  journalist,  a  rarely  many-sided  man,  a 
curious  mingling  of  qualities,  a  marvel  of  the 
union  of  physical  force  and  mental  energy, 
with  an  intellect  of  rare  power  and  perspicac- 
ity. Mr.  Pulitzer  married  20  June,  1878, 
Kate  Davis,  of  Washington,  D.  C. 

HILL,  John  Wesley,  clergyman  and  lecturer, 
b,  at  Kalida,  Ohio,  8  May,  1863,  son  of  John 
Wesley  and  Elizabeth  (Hughes)  Hill.  He 
comes  of  a  family  prominent  in  the  annals  of 
the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  in  the  United 
States  and  England,  both  his  father  and  hia 
grandfather.  Rev.  John  Hill,  having  been  pio- 
neer Methodist  preachers  in  Ohio,  and  both 
enjoying  an  unusual  reputation  for  pulpit  elo- 
quence and  patriotic  zeal.  During  his  college 
days,  he  became  a  correspondent  of  several  of 
the  leading  daily  papers  of  Ohio,  and  devel-^ 
oped  such  a  genius  for  politics  that  before  he 
had  reached  his  majority  he  was  in  demand  as 
a  political  speaker  in  State  and  national  con- 
tests. He  was  educated  in  the  public  and  high 
schools  of  his  native  State  and  at  the  Ohio 
Northern  University,  where  he  was  graduated 
in  the  scientific  department  in  1885.  Imme- 
diately after  his  graduation,  he  entered  the 
ministry  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church. 
His  first  pastoral  assignment  was  at  Sprague, 
Wash.,  w^here  during  a  year  and  a  half  he  or- 
ganized and  built  up  a  flourishing  congrega- 


554 


..if 


m-, 


■M^     ^V}-s|«N      fi 


HILL 


HILL 


tion,  and  became  identified  with  the  great 
moral  and  spiritual  movements  which  at  that 
time  were  sweeping  over  the  frontier.  Then 
returning  to  his  native  State,  he  resumed  his 
college  work,  being  graduated  in  the  Ohio 
Northern  University  in  1887,  and  then  devot- 
ing a  year  to  theological  study  in  Boston  Uni- 
versity. While  in  Boston,  he  was  in  charge  of 
the  Eggleston  Square  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  and  here  again  achieved  signal  suc- 
cess, not  only  for  impressive  pulpit  oratory, 
but  as  a  zealous  civic  worker.  Dr.  Hill's  regu- 
lar pastoral  assignments  began  with  his  in- 
cumbency of  the  First  Church,  Ogden,  Utah, 
where  during  four  years,  1888-92,  he  divided 
his  efforts  between  a  singularly  successful 
pastorate  and  unremitting  efforts  in  behalf  of 
bettering  the  religious,  moral,  and  political 
conditions  existing  in  Utah.  In  1892  he  was 
appointed  to  the  pastorate  of  St.  Paul's 
Church,  Helena,  Mont.,  where  he  remained  two 
years,  going  thence  to  the  Fowler  Memorial 
Church,  Minneapolis,  Minn.,  which,  through 
his  able  efforts,  was  placed  on  a  substantial 
basis  and  housed  in  a  beautiful  modern  church 
building,  costing  over  $200,000.  It  is  only  just 
to  credit  Dr.  Hill  with  the  founding  of  this 
parish,  since  it  is  undoubtedly  due  to  his  ef- 
forts that  it  was  established  as  one  of  the 
largest  and  most  prosperous  in  the  State. 
It  was  erected  as  a  memorial  to  the  memory 
of  that  godly  and  scholarly  man,  Charles  H. 
Fowler.  During  the  next  ten  years,  Dr.  Hill 
was  successively  pastor  of  the  First  Church, 
Fostoria,  Ohio,  1897-99,  of  Grace  Church, 
Harrisburg,  Pa.,  1899-1905,  and  of  Janes 
Memorial  Church,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  1905-07. 
In  all  of  these  connections,  he  constantly  en- 
larged his  reputation  as  the  determined  foe 
of  social  and  political  unrighteousness,  also 
as  a  powerful  thinker  and  speaker  on  the  great 
national  and  world  issues  of  the  day.  In 
November,  1907,  he  entered  upon  his  notable 
pastorate  of  the  Metropolitan  Temple,  New 
York  City,  where  during  an  incumbency  of 
four  years,  he  built  up  an  entirely  new  order 
of  institutional  church,  introducing,  among 
other  innovations,  a  people's  forum  for  the 
free  discussion  of  the  great  questions  of  the 
day.  At  these  meetings,  prominent  thinkers 
and  workers  in  various  lines  of  public  effort, 
political,  sociological,  and  moral,  were  invited 
to  make  addresses,  which  were  followed  by 
questions  and  discussions.  This  method  of 
handling  live  questions  proved  highly  effective 
in  securing  the  attendance  at  regular  services 
of  many  people  who  otherwise  might  never  at- 
tend church,  as  well  as  in  affording  eminent 
opportunities  for  presenting  the  truths  of  re- 
ligion and  instilling  the  principles  of  personal 
righteousness.  It  was  also  a  means  of  di- 
rectly increasing  Dr.  Hill's  influence  in  several 
directions,  particularly  as  an  exponent  of 
sound  views  in  the  department  of  sociology. 
He  became  conspicuous  as  an  opponent  of  so- 
cialism and  similar  systems  of  economics,  em- 
phasizing, on  the  other  hand,  the  necessity  of 
observing  the  plain  teachings  of  the  Christian 
religion  as  the  panacea  for  all  individual  and 
social  wrongs.  During  his  incumbency  of  the 
Metropolitan  Temple,  he  perhaps  more  com- 
pletely than  any  other  preacher  in  the  Ameri- 
can pulpit,  demonstrated  the  intimate  relation 
existing  between   politics  and   religion,   insist- 


ing that  patriotism  and  piety  are  the  poles  of 
real  Christianity.  In  emphasis  of  this  con- 
viction, he  carried  forward  a  work  of  effective 
evangelism  upon  the  one  hand,  while  upon  the 
other  he  was  ceaselessly  insisting  upon  that 
exalted  patriotism  which  is  at  the  basis  of 
good  citizenship.  It  may  be  seen  that  his  is  a 
mission  not  occupied  with  theorizing  and 
speculating,  but  of  insistence  upon  the  appli- 
cation of  the  principles  of  Christianity  to 
practical  affairs,  emphasizing  the  sacramental 
character  of  the  secular  and  thereby  lifting  it 
into  the  atmosphere  of  the  spiritual.  It  is 
this  spirit  which,  perhaps,  more  than  any 
other  accounts  for  the  interest  which  the  sub- 
ject of  this  sketch  has  always  taken  in  po- 
litical and  civic  affairs.  In  his  public  school 
days  he  had  learned  to  look  upon  James  G. 
Blaine  as  an  ideal  of  American  statesmanship, 
and,  in  1884,  won  conspicuous  recognition 
in  his  speeches  in  behalf  of  the  Republican 
presidential  candidate.  At  the  close  of  the 
campaign,  he  received  a  personal  letter  from 
Mr.  Blaine,  thanking  him  for  his  able  ad- 
dresses and  encouraging  him  to  maintain  an 
interest  in  the  political  affairs  of  the  nation. 
Again,  in  1896,  he  performed  signal  services  in 
behalf  of  the  election  of  William  McKinley. 
Before  entering  that  campaign,  he  preached  a 
sermon  from  his  pulpit  in  Minneapolis,  de- 
claring the  Free  Silver  doctrine  an  assault, 
not  only  upon  the  integrity  of  the  nation,  but 
upon  the  citadel  of  civilization,  and  calling 
upon  the  Christian  voter  to  cast  his  vote  for 
the  maintenance  of  honesty  as  the  foundation 
of  national  stability.  During  this  campaign, 
he  delivered  over  300  addresses  throughout 
the  Middle  West,  and  during  President  Mc- 
Kinley's  incumbency  of  the  White  House,  he 
was  one  of  his  most  intimate  and  trusted 
friends.  He  was  likewise  on  intimate  terms 
with  President  Taft,  having  traveled  and 
spoken  with  Mr.  Taft  throughout  the  country, 
from  his  special  car,  during  his  candidacy. 
Dr.  Hill  is  also  a  favorite  speaker  and  lecturer 
at  Y.  M.  C.  A.  and  chautauqua  gatherings, 
and  one  of  the  widest  traveled  preachers  in 
the  country.  In  1900,  during  his  residence  at 
Harrisburg,  he  was  appointed  chaplain  of  the 
Pennsylvania  State  senate.  Since  1907  he  has 
been  past  grand  chaplain  of  the  Masonic  Order 
of  the  State  of  New  York.  During  the  sum- 
mer of  1909,  he  occupied  the  pulpit  of  Maryle- 
bone  Presbyterian  Church,  London,  England, 
an  invitation  to  the  permanent  pastorate  of 
said  church  having  been  extended  him  before 
returning  to  his  own  country.  As  the  result 
of  his  activity  in  these  and  other  lines,  his  ac- 
tive membership  in  the  National  Civic  Federa- 
tion and  the  American  Civic  Association,  in 
which  he  has  been  a  vioe-preaidont,  Dr.  Hill 
conceived  and  inaugurated  the  momentous 
work  of  the  International  Peace  Forum,  in 
1911,  and  as  its  first  president  and  active  hold- 
ing spirit,  has  conducted  its  work  with  con- 
stantly increasing  success  and  the  accomplish- 
ment of  immense  good  as  a  molder  of  ])ublic 
opinion  along  lines  of  political,  economic,  and 
social  betterm(>nt.  In  the  founding  and  con- 
duct of  the  Forum,  Dr.  Hill  has  been  ably  as- 
sisted by  a  large  and  representative  body  of 
public-spirited  and  prominent  men,  who  are 
iieart  and  soul  in  favor  of  the  aims  contem- 
plated, also  possessed  of  the  inlluence  to  secure 


555 


HILL 


LOCKWOOD 


their  wider  acceptation.  Among  such  are  An- 
drew Carnegie,  ex-President  William  Howard 
Taft,  John  Hays  Hammond,  Hon.  Alton  B. 
Parker,  Henry  Clews,  and  others  of  national 
and  international  repute.  During  1911-12,  Dr. 
Hill  made  an  extensive  tour  of  the  Orient, 
visiting  both  China  and  Japan,  and  inaugurat- 
ing a  marked  and  fervid  interest  in  the  cause 
of  international  peace  with  the  leading  men  of 
both  countries.  As  a  consequence,  a  strong 
branch  of  the  Forum  was  founded  in  Japan, 
with  the  Marquis  Matsukata  as  honorary 
president,  and  the  Baron  Shibusawa  as  presi- 
dent of  the  branch.  In  China  the  Hon.  VVu 
Ting  Fang,  former  Chinese  minister  to  the 
United  States,  was  chosen  honorary  president. 
In  addition  to  the  efforts  of  a  corps  of  trained 
speakers  and  editors,  constantly  at  work  in  be- 
half of  the  Forum,  Dr.  Hill  himself  has  ap- 
peared and  spoken  at  numerous  meetings  and 
public  functions,  and  has  been  enthusiastically 
received  everywhere.  He  conducted  a  debate 
with  Rev.  Bouck  White,  a  socialist  advocate, 
on  the  proposition,  "  Resolved :  that  Socialism 
is  a  Peril  to  the  State  and  the  Church,"  and 
easily  out-reasoned  his  able  opponent,  who 
sought  to  deflect  the  discussion  from  the  main 
issue  to  the  proof  that  the  "  menace  "  of  So- 
cialism was  not  aimed  at  the  "  ideal  Church  " 
or  the  "  ideal  State,"  as  he  considered  them, 
but  against  the  present  order,  which,  as  he 
argued,  had  best  be  done  away.  Reports  of 
this  debate,  in  which  Dr.  Hill  evidently  won 
the  favor  of  his  audience,  were  widely  circu- 
lated, and  commended  in  all  parts  of  the  world. 
In  1915  after  correspondence  and  confer- 
ences with  many  of  the  most  representative 
diplomats,  statesmen  and  men  of  affairs  at 
home  and  abroad,  believing  that  the  time  had 
come  for  the  Peace  Organizations  of  the  World 
to  focalize  upon  some  practical  and  far-reach- 
ing plan  to  be  adopted  at  the  close  of  the  Great 
European  War  for  the  prevention  of  future 
wars.  Dr.  Hill  at  a  luncheon  held  at  the  Bank- 
ers' Club,  New  York  City,  launched  the  move- 
ment which  resulted  in  the  organization  of  the 
World  Court  League.  At  this  notable  gather- 
ing he  insisted  that  every  organization  and 
agency  enlisted  in  the  cause  of  peace  should 
unite  in  the  creation  of  world  sentiment  for 
the  organization  and  administration  of  an  In- 
ternational tribunal  for  the  Judicial  Settle- 
ment of  International  Disputes.  It  is  a  note- 
worthy fact  that  the  first  national  step  taken 
in  this  direction  was  in  May,  1915,  at  Cleve- 
land, Ohio,  in  Gray's  Armory,  where  for  three 
days  a  World  Court  Congress,  organized  by  Dr. 
Hill  and  attended  by  1,500  representatives  of 
all  the  Peace  Societies  and  most  of  the  Civic, 
Patriotic  and  Educational  Institutions  of  the 
country,  was  conducted.  During  these  three 
epochal  days  the  various  phases  of  Interna- 
tionalism were  discussed  by  the  most  represen- 
tative men  of  the  nation,  which  resulted  in  a 
resolution  indorsing  the  World  Court  idea  and 
the  appointment  of  a  committee  to  effect  a 
permanent  organization.  The  following  fall 
in  pursuance  of  the  resolution  adopted  at  the 
Cleveland  Congress,  Dr.  Hill  called  a  confer- 
ence which  was  attended  by  representatives 
from  throughout  the  entire  country  and  which 
resulted  in  the  organization  of  the  World 
Court  League,  with  headquarters  in  the  Equi- 
table  Building,  New  York  City.     As  General 


Secretary  of  this  organization.  Dr.  Hill  imme- 
diately caused  the  merging  of  the  Peace  Forum' 
into  the  new  organization,  changed  the  name! 
of  its  monthly  magazine  from  "  The  Peace] 
Forum"  to  the  "World  Court"  and  within, 
less  than  six  months  after  its  organization 
planned  and  brought  to  pass  the  second  Na- 
tional World  Court  Congress,  which  was  held 
in  the  early  part  of  May,  1916,  in  Carnegie 
Hall,  New  York  City,  i^'ollowing  the  Congress, 
Dr.  Hill  addressed  mass  meetings  throughout 
the  country  in  behalf  of  the  cause  and  or- 
ganized the  movement  in  a  number  of  States. 
Having  thus  realized  his  ambition  in  the  suc- 
cessful organization  of  a  constructive  peace 
movement,  destined  to  wield  a  wide  influence 
upon  the  international  relations  of  the  future, 
particularly  in  the  maintenance  and  preserva- 
tion of  international  peace,  in  November,  1916, 
at  the  earnest  solicitation  of  the  Trustees  of 
the  Lincoln  Memorial  University,  established 
at  the  suggestion  of  Abraham  Lincoln,  through 
the  agency  of  General  0.0.  Howard,  at  Cum- 
berland Gap,  where  the  States  of  Kentucky, 
Virginia  and  Tennessee  intersect,  Dr.  Hill  ac- 
cepted election  to  the  Chancellorship  of  the 
University  and  is  at  present  leading  in  the 
grea.  movement  to  establish  this  appropriate 
educational  monument  to  the  memory  of  Abra- 
ham Lincoln.  He  has  already  advanced  far 
toward  securing  an  adequate  endowment  for 
the  University,  after  which  it  is  his  plan  to 
add  a  number  of  much-needed  buildings,  to- 
gether with  all  necessary  equipment,  for  the 
efficient  administration  of  an  educational  insti- 
tution covering  the  entire  field  of  education, 
permeated  with  the  spirit  of  the  great  Emanci- 
pator and  dedicated  to  the  maintenance  of 
American  democracy.  Personally,  Dr.  Hill  is 
a  forcef  1  and  convincing  speaker,  a  tireless 
worker  and  able  executive,  a  splendid  organ- 
izer, who  is  able  to  enlist  the  co-operation  of 
prominent  men,  he  is  of  that  type  of  man  who 
is  able  to  inaugurate  and  carry  forward  a 
mighty  movement  for  the  betterment  of  the 
world  and  the  permanent  benefit  of  the  human 
race.  The  degree  of  D.D.  was  conferred  on 
Dr.  Hill  by  the  Ohio  Northern  University  in 
1892  and  LL.D,  by  the*  Upper  Iowa  University 
in  1908.  Dr.  Hill  has  been  married  twice. 
To  his  first  marriage  were  born  three  children, 
all  living,  John  Warren,  Ruth  Elizabeth,  and 
Charles  Fowler. 

LOCKWOOD,  George  Roe,  physician,  b.  in 
New  York  City,  7  March,  1862,  son  of  George 
Roe  and  Mary  Elizabeth  (Bigelow)  Lock- 
wood.  He  was  graduated  A.B.  at  the  College 
of  the  City  of  New  York  in  1881,  after  which 
he  entered  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons (Columbia).  On  receiving  the  degree 
of  M  D.  in  1884,  he  established  himself  in 
practice  in  New  York  City,  where  he  has  risen 
to  eminence.  He  has  been  chosen  attending 
physician  at  Bellevue  Hospital,  City  Hospital 
and  the  Colored  Hospital,  Clinic  assistant  at 
the  Vanderbilt  Clinic  and  pathologist  at  the 
French  Hospital.  In  1906  he  was  elected  to 
fill  the  chair  of  clinical  medicine  at  Columbia, 
and  is  also  professor  of  practice  of  medicine 
at  the  Women's  Medical  College  of  the  New 
York  Infirmary.  Among  his  contributions  to 
medical  literature  are  the  "  Practice  of  Medi- 
cine "  (New  York,  1896),  and  "'Diseases  of 
the  Stomach"   (New  York,  1906).    The  latter 


556 


DEWEY 


JACKSON 


is  a  classic  on  the  subject,  which  is  his  spe- 
cialty. The  methods  of  treatment  which  he 
has  introduced  are  important  in  the  history 
of  medical  science.  He  is  a  member  of  various 
medical  and  scientific  societies,  including  the 
County  Medical  Society,  Clinical  Society, 
Academy  of  Medicine,  American  Pathological 
Society,  and  Alpha  Delta  Phi.  He  is  also  a 
member  of  the  Century,  University,  Tuxedo 
and  Riding  clubs  of  New  York.  Dr.  Lock- 
wood  was  twice  married;  first,  to  Miss  Den- 
nett, 3  Nov.,  1893;  second,  5  June,  1913,  to 
Miss  Louise  A  Doble,  of  Montreal. 

DEWEY,  Harry  Pinneo,  clergyman,  b.  in 
Toulon,  111.,  30  Oct.,  1861,  son  of  Samuel  Mills 
(1823-66)  and  Cornelia  (Phelps)  Dewey. 
JELis    father    was    a    successful    merchant    and 

banker,  and  a 
prominent  citizen 
of  Toulon.  His 
earliest  American 
ancestor  was 
Thomas  Dewey, 
who  emigrated  to 
this  country  from 
Sandwich,  E  n  g  - 
land,  in  1630,  set- 
tling in  Dorches- 
ter, Mass.,  later 
removing  to  Wind- 
sor, Conn.  The 
line  of  descent  is 
then  traced 
through  J  o  s  i  a  h 
Dewey  (164  1- 
17  32);  Josiah 
Dewey  (2d)  (1665- 
1750);  William 
Dewey  (1692- 
1759);  Simeon  Dewey  (1718-57);  William 
Dewey  (1746-1813);  and  Andrew  (1789-1854) 
and  Harriet  (Pinneo)  Dewey,  who  were  the 
grandparents  of  Harry  P.  Dewey.  On  his  ma- 
ternal side  he  is  a  descendant  from  Myron 
Phelps,  one  of  the  pioneers  of  Illinois,  who  was 
«,  great  friend  of  the  Indians  and  highly  es- 
teemed by  the  early  settlers  of  that  State. 
Harry  P.  Dewey  was  educated  in  the  public 
schools  of  Toulon,  111.,  at  Wheaton  College,  III., 
and  at  Williams  College,  where  he  was  gradu- 
ated in  1884.  Having  determined  to  give  him- 
self to  the  service  of  the  Church,  he  entered  the 
Andover  Theological  Seminary,  graduating  in 
1887,  with  the  degree  of  B.D.  On  12  Oct., 
of  that  year,  he  was  ordained  to  the  min- 
istry at  Concord,  N.  H.,  and  soon  after  be- 
came pastor  in  the  South  Congregational 
Church  in  the  city.  While  pastor  of  this 
church,  Dartmouth  College  conferred  upon 
liim  the  degree  of  doctor  of  divinity.  In 
1900  he  was  called  to  the  pastorate  of  the 
€hurch  of  the  Pilgrims,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  suc- 
ceeding the  late  Dr.  Richard  Salter  Storrs. 
Since  1907  he  has  been  pastor  of  Plymouth 
Church,  Minneapolis,  Minn.  Dr.  Dewey  in  his 
successive  pastorates  has  shown  himself  an  elo- 
•quent  orator,  a  devoted  minister,  and  influ- 
•ential  citizen.  At  Concord,  N.  H.,  his  first 
pastorate,  he  took  highest  rank  as  a  preacher, 
was  beloved  by  all  the  people,  and  declined 
several  calls  to  larger  churches.  At  Brooklyn, 
N.  Y.,  he  maintained  a  high  standard  of 
preaching,  and  won  the  affections  of  all.  After 
a   few  years   he   went  to   Minneapolis   to    be- 


come pastor  to  the  largest  Congregational 
Church  of  the  Northwest.  He  has  the  charm, 
facility,  and  dignity  of  true  oratory.  A  vein 
of  originality  and  suggestiveness  runs  through 
his  sermons.  With  the  old-time  appeal  to 
conscience,  he  combines  spirituality,  vision, 
imagination,  the  spiritual  things  which  are 
spiritually  discerned.  The  growth  of  his 
Church  in  Minneapolis,  Minn.,  has  more  than 
kept  pace  with  the  growth  of  the  city.  Dr. 
Dewey  is  a  favorite  preacher  at  colleges  and 
universities  in  the  East  and  in  the  West,  and 
holds  positions  of  important  trust  in  educa- 
tional institutions  and  in  missionary  societies. 
While  in  Concord  he  was  for  several  years  a 
member  of  the  board  of  education,  and  during 
his  residence  in  Brooklyn  he  was  president  of 
the  Union  Missionary  Training  Institute,  a 
member  of  the  board  of  directors  of  Brooklyn 
Heights  Seminary,  of  the  Brooklyn  Eye  and 
Ear  Hospital,  and  of  the  Long  Island  His- 
torical Society.  He  was  at  one  time  a  member 
of  the  executive  committee  of  the  Congrega- 
tional Home  Missionary  Society  and  later 
served  as  a  member  of  the  board  of  directors 
of  that  organization.  He  is  now  a  member  of 
the  board  of  trustees  of  Williams  College,  of 
Carleton  College,  and  of  Andover  Theological 
Seminary,  and  vice-president  of  the  American 
Missionary  Association.  Dr.  Dewey  was  chap- 
lain of  the  National  Guard  of  New  Hampshire 
from  1903  to  1908.  He  has  honorary  member- 
ship in  the  Rembrandt  Club  of  Brooklyn,  the 
Williams  Club  of  New  York,  and  the  Winthrop 
Club  of  Boston,  and  is  an  active  member  of 
the  Skylight  Club  of  Minneapolis.  On  4  June, 
1889,  he  was  married  to  Elizabeth  Fearing 
Thatcher,  daughter  of  Franklin  N.  and  Eunice 
N.  Thatcher,  of  Newton  Centre,  Mass.,  and  to 
them  have  been  born  five  children:  Thatcher 
(d.  in  1899),  Elizabeth  Phelps,  Eleanor 
Hale,  Cornelia,  and  Margaret. 

JACKSON,  George  Washington,  engineer,  b. 
in  Chicago,  111.,  21  July,  1861,  son  of  Thomas 
and  Alice  Jackson.  He  was  educated  in  the 
public  schools  of  Chicago  and  at  Oxford, 
England,  where  he  completed  his  studies  in 
1883.  Subsequently  he  began  the  practice  of 
his  profession,  and  within  a  few  years  had 
established  a  large  and  lucrative  business.  In 
1893  he  was  appointed  consulting  engineer  for 
the  city  of  Chicago  in  its  effort  to  improve 
railway  conditions.  His  unflinching  devotion 
to  his  responsibilities  gained  for  him  the  con- 
tract for  the  construction  of  a  freight  sub- 
way system,  an  undertaking  which  involved 
many  intricate  problems  in  engineering.  In 
a  radius  of  one  and  a  half  square  miles  within 
the  city  there  were  thirty-eight  railway  sta- 
tions, where  nearly  200,000  tons  of  freight 
were  handled  each  day.  This  resulted  in  great 
congestion  in  the  streets  previous  to  Mr. 
Jackson's  suggestion  for  a  series  of  concrete 
tunnels.  It  was  proposed,  at  the  time,  to 
have  spur  tracks  run  from  the  basements  of 
the  leading  warehouses  and  stores  in  the  city; 
coal-carrying  and  asli  removal  devices,  and 
equipment  for  handling  the  U.  S.  mail.  The 
entire  plan  was  carefully  worked  out  and  re- 
vealed considerable  genius  and  constructive 
ability.  The  tunnels  which  wore  built  under 
his  direction  are  inclosed  in  a  concrete  shell 
fourteen  inches  thick  at  the  bottom  and  at 
the  rides,  which  curve  to  the  center  overhead 


5.->7 


DALY 


OLCOTT 


in  the  shape  of  a  parabola.  The  dimensions  of 
the  tube  are  twelve  feet  nine  inches  in  height 
and  fourteen  feet  in  width  for  the  trunk  lines, 
and  seven  feet  six  inches  by  six  feet  for  the 
branch  lines.  Four  years  were  required  to 
complete  the  work,  and  the  tunnel  was  opened 
for  traffic  in  August,  1905.  Mr.  Jackson  is 
a  leading  authority  on  cement  construction  in 
the  United  States,  and  the  inventor  and  owner 
of  patents  on  interlocking  steel  sheeting.  His 
experience  and  wide  knowledge  of  tunnel  con- 
struction secured  for  him  the  confidence  of 
public  officials  and  business  men,  and  many 
important  contracts  were  given  him.  Promi- 
nent among  them  are:  Strickler  Tunnel 
through  Pike's  Peak,  6,642  feet;  the  Polk 
Street  Water  Tunnel,  Chicago,  6,290  feet; 
Section  No.  3  of  the  Southwest  Land  and 
Lake  Tunnel;  28,350  feet  of  eight-foot  tun- 
nel for  the  Department  of  Public  Works,  Chi- 
cago; the  water  pipe  tunnel,  Chicago  River,  at 
Diversey  Boulevard,  Chicago;  the  Wentworth 
Avenue  Drainage  System,  Chicago,  length 
36,660  feet,  average  cut  thirty-three  feet;  Blue 
Island  Avenue  Land  Tunnel;  the  Dearborn 
Street  Bridge  for  the  Sanitary  District  of 
Chicago;  the  Randolph  Street  Bridge;  the 
foundation  of  the  Halsted  Street  Bridge,  Chi- 
cago; fifty-five  miles  of  subway,  Illinois  Tun- 
nel Company,  Chicago;  Loomis  Street  and 
Harrison  Street  Bridges,  Chicago;  94,000  feet 
of  pneumatic  tube  system.  Associated  and 
City  Press  of  Chicago;  Sacramento  Avenue 
Subway,  Chicago;  electric  light  conduit  sys- 
tems for  the  South  Park  Board  and  the  West 
Park  Board,  Chicago;  conduits  for  the  Chicago 
Telephone  Company,  Chicago  Edison  Company, 
Postal  Telegraph  Company,  Western  Union 
Telegraph  Company,  Central  Union  Telegraph 
Company,  Columbus,  Ohio;  North  Pier,  Chi- 
cago; North  Avenue  Bridge,  Chicago;  two 
miles  of  canal  feeder  for  the  Illinois-Missis- 
sippi Canal;  forty-six  miles  track  trolley  and 
drainage  system,  Chicago  Subway  Company; 
sixty  miles  of  drainage  system,  Chicago;  and 
several  important  tunnel  and  conduit  systems 
at  various  places  in  Indiana,  Iowa,  and  Ohio. 
Mr.  Jackson  is  now  president  of  the  George 
W.  Jackson,  Inc.,  general  contractors  of  Chi- 
cago. He  is  a  thirty-second  degree  Mason,  a 
Shriner,  a  Knight  Templar,  an  Elk,  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Western  Society  of  Engineers,  the 
Chicago  Automobile,  Chicago  Athletic,  Chi- 
cago Technical,  and  Chicago  Press  Clubs;  the 
Illinois  Athletic  Club,  South  Shore  Country 
Club,  and  the  Academy  of  Sciences. 

DALY,  John  Michael,  inventor  and  railroad 
official,  b.  in  Peoria,  111.,  18  June,  1800:  d.  in 
Chicago,  111.,  23  Nov.,  1916,  son  of  James  and 
Bridget  (Mulligan)  Daly.  His  father,  James 
Daly,  was  born  in  Ireland  and  came  to  this 
country  in  April,  1849,  settling  at  once  in 
Peoria.  Here  he  engaged  in  the  stove  business 
until  his  r^eath,  in  1871.  Young  Daly  spent 
his  boyhood  in  his  native  city,  acquiring  his 
education  in  the  public  schools.  On  leaving 
grammar  school  he  immediately  began  his  rail- 
road career,  his  first  position  being  that  of 
clerk  in  the  car  accountant's  office,  in  the  em- 
ploy of  the  Toledo,  Peoria  and  Western  Rail- 
road, iiere  he  remained  for  four  years,  mak- 
ing rapid  advancement,  until  1878,  when  he 
accepted  a  more  promising  position  with  the 
Wabash,  St.  Louis  and  Pacific  Railroad,   still 


in  a  clerical  capacity.  During  the  next  fi^, 
years,  with  the  restlessness  of  an  ambitious 
youth,  he  made  several  changes,  first  goinj^ 
over  to  the  A.  T.  S.  and  F.  Railroad,  lateH 
to  the  Chicago  and  isorth  Western  Railway. 
In  1884  he  became  trainmaster  with  ChicagoJ 
St.  Paul  and  Kansas  City  Railroad,  shortly] 
afterward  becoming  car  accountant.  In  1887 
he  was  ofTered  a  similar  position,  though  on 
better  terms,  with  the  Nickel  Plate  Railroad. 
He  was  still  holding  this  position,  with  the 
Illinois  Central  Railroad,  in  1892,  when  he  was 
promoted  to  the  position  of  superintendent  of 
transportation,  in  the  employ  of  the  same  com- 
pany. With  this  railroad  he  remained  seven 
years  longer,  in  the  same  capacity,  when  he: 
went  over  to  the  Delaware,  Lackawanna  and 
Western  Railroad,  where  he  remained  for  two 
years,  still  as  superintendent  of  transportation. 
In  1901  he  began  some  special  work  for  the 
Intercolonial  Railroad  Company,  in  Canada. 
Not  long  afterward  he  became  general  man- 
ager of  the  Cape  Breton  Railway.  In  1902 
he  returned  to  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad  as 
superintendent  of  transportation,  being  made 
general  superintendent  of  transportation  soon 
afterward.  During  this  later  period  Mr.  Daly 
became  interested  in  attempting  to  devise  a 
freight  car  in  which  a  greater  number  of  auto- 
mobiles could  be  transported  and  more  easily 
handled  than  in  the  ordinary  type  of  car. 
Finally  seeing  success  in  sight  and  wishing 
to  give  more  time  to  the  perfecting  of  his  in- 
vention, he  resigned  from  his  position  with  the 
railroad,  in  1915.  Having  secured  his  patent, 
he  organized  the  Motor  Car  Transportation 
Company  for  the  purpose  of  commercializing 
his  patent,  the  company  manufacturing  his 
special  freight  cars  and  leasing  them  to  the 
automobile  manufacturers.  Of  this  corpora- 
tion he  was  president  at  the  time  of  his 
death.  Mr.  Daly  was  also  the  inventor  of  a 
machine  which  computes  tonnage  of  freight 
cars  so  accurately  that  it  is  possible  to  regu- 
late the  haul  of  a  locomotive  without  danger 
of  overtaxing  its  power.  This  invention  is 
now  in  use  among  a  number  of  railroad  com- 
panies. Another  one  of  his  inventions  used 
by  a  number  of  railroads  was  a  board  upon 
w^hich  the  location  of  all  freight  cars  on  the 
railroad  could  be  seen  at  a  glance.  He  was 
also  the  originator  of  the  per  diem  charge  on 
freight  cars,  a  method  now  universally  in  use 
by  all  the  railroads.  Mr.  Daly  was  one  of  the 
most  capable  railroad  men  of  the  country,  but 
he  was  especially  expert  in  the  mechanical 
details  of  road  management.  As  a  business 
man  he  proved  himself  no  less  capable,  being 
possessed  of  a  critical  judgment,  with  which 
he  combined  a  tireless  persistency  and  an  in- 
domitable energy.  In  the  business  world  he 
soon  acquired  a  reputation  for  sterling  integ- 
rity and  fair  dealing.  On  20  June,  1889,  Mr. 
Daly  married  Cora  Sours,  the  daughter  of 
Samuel  Sours,  a  prominent  stove  manufacturer, 
of  Peoria,  111.  They  have  had  one  son  and  one 
daughter:    Raymond  and  Marion  Daly. 

OLCOTT,  Eben  Erskine,  mining  engineer,  b. 
in  New  York,  N.  Y.,  11  March,  1854,  son  of 
John  N.  and  Euphemia  Mason  (Knox)  Olcott. 
His  earliest  American  paternal  ancestor  was  \ 
of  English  origin  and  came  to  this  country 
early  in  the  seventeenth  century  and  settled 
in  Hartford,  Conn.,  his  descendants  later  inter- 
marrying  with    Knickerbocker    stock   of   New 


558 


V  '.-.-i 


I 


i 


OLCOTT 


OLCOTT 


i 


York.  Mr.  Olcott's  maternal  great-grand- 
'•ither  was  John  M.  Mason,  the  distinguished 
'resbyterian  divine,  at  one  time  provost  of 
olumbia  College.  His  boyhood  was  spent  in 
lis  native  city,  whe^re  he  attended  Public 
,\^chool  No.  35,  of  which  Thomas  Hunter  was 
the  distinguished  principal.  Later  he  entered 
the  College  of  the  City  of  New  York  and 
graduated  from  Columbia  School  of  Mines  in 
1874.  His  first  employment  was  as  chemist 
with  the  Ore  Knob  Copper  Company  in  North 
Carolina.  He  did  not  remain  long  in  this 
position  but  accepted  the  position  of  assistant 
superintendent  with  the  Pennsylvania  Lead 
Company,  Pittsburgh,  Pa.  In  1876  he  went 
<>  the  Orinoco  llixploring  and  Mining  Com- 
i)any,  which  carried  on  extensive  operations  in 
Venezuela  and,  after  serving  a  brief  period  as 
assistant  superintendent,  became  superintend- 
ent. After  a  three  years'  stay  in  Venezuela  he 
returned  to  the  United  States  and  was  for 
some  years  connected  with  large  mining  enter- 
prises in  Colorado,  Ltah,  Nevada,  and  Cali- 
fornia. From  1880  to  1885  he  was  superin- 
tendent of  the  St.  Helena  Gold  Mine  in  Mexico, 
then,  in  1885,  returned  to  New  York  where 
he  opened  an  office  as  a  consulting  engineer. 
During  this  period  he  went  on  some  very  im- 
portant missions  to  South  America  in  behalf 
of  large  mining  investors,  one  of  the  most 
notable  of  these  being  his  investigation  of  the 
Cerro  de  Pasco  silver  mines  of  Peru,  which 
was  made  under  the  auspices  of  t'  e  Peruvian 
government  in  connection  with  the  famous 
Grace  contracts.  Mr.  Olcott  then  made  a 
series  of  explorations  in  South  America  which 
covered  the  district  from  which  the  Incas  had 
anciently  obtained  their  supplies  of  gold.  To 
reach  this  region  he  crossed  the  Andes  to  the 
headwaters  of  the  Amazon,  spending  several 
months  examining  the  gravel  eposits.  Two 
years  later  he  examined  the  rich  Huantajaya 
silver  mines  in  Chili.  In  1895,  on  the  death 
of  Charles  T.  Van  Santvoord,  he  was  made 
general  manager  of  the  Hudson  River  Day 
Line,  which  was  founded  and  built  up  by  Com- 
modore Alfred  Van  Santvoord,  a  prominent 
figure  in  the  navigation  of  the  Hudson  River. 
Mr.  Olcott,  with  his  partner  Mr.  C.  R.  Corning, 
still  keeps  up  his  connection  with  mining  and 
has  interests  in  Idaho.  Under  Mr.  Olcott's 
management  this  line  experienced  a  rapid  and 
almost  phenomenal  development,  made  obvious 
by  the  fact  that  when  he  came  to  the  line,  the 
daily  carrying  capacity  was  only  4,000,  whereas 
it  is  now  19,550  passengers.  The  fame  of  the 
company  has  become  almost  as  widespread 
over  the  country  aa  is  the  fame  of  the  river 
itself  on  which  it  operates  its  four  great 
steamers,  "  Hendrick  Hudson,"  "  Robert  Ful- 
ton," "  Albany,"  and  the  "  Washington  Irving." 
This  latter  vessel,  the  largest  and  most  mag- 
nificently fitted  river  steamer  in  the  world, 
was  put  into  commission  in  1913,  on  the  occa- 
sion of  the  sixtieth  anniversary  of  the  founding 
of  the  line.  With  a  length  of  420  feet  and  a 
Ijoam  over  the  guards  of  80  feet,  with  five 
decks  and  a  carrying  capacity  of  0,000  pas- 
sengers, she  created  a  memorable  sensation  on 
her  appearance  on  the  same  river  on  wliich 
Robert  Fulton  first  sailed  the  famous  "  Cler- 
mont." Under  favorable  conditions  her  mam- 
moth engines  are  able  to  drive  her  up  and 
down    the    river    at    the    rate    of    twenty-four 


miles  an  hour.  Eight  Scotch  boilers,  with  the 
Houden  system  of  forced  draught,  supply  steam 
at  170  pounds  pressure  to  the  three-cylinder 
compound  condensing  engines.  These  powerful 
engines  turn  two  steel  feathering  wheels,  each 
about  twenty-five  feet  in  diameter  by  seven- 
teen feet  wide,  having  nine  great  movable  steel 
buckets,  or  paddles,  which  enter  and  leave 
the  water  with  practicably  no  jar  or  vibration. 
Every  device 
known  to  present- 
day  engineering 
and  a  number  of 
new  ideas  were 
utilized  to  make 
the  vessel  a  model 
of  completeness 
and  safety.  The 
entire  ship  is  of 
steel,  as  far  as 
practicable,  the 
decks  being  all 
supported  by  a 
rigid  network  of 
steel  stanchions, 
girders,  beams, 

and  bulkheads. 

The  main  passen- 
ger cabins  are 
fitted  out  luxuriously  and  decorated  with 
paintings  illustrating  historic  scenes,  which 
have  occurred  along  the  banks  of  the 
famous  river  and  of  the  "  Alhambra "  and 
other  illustrations  of  the  works  of  Wash- 
ington Irving,  First  attracted  by  the  natural 
beauties  of  the  Hudson  shores,  tourists  in 
multitudes  are  now  attracted  quite  as  much  by 
the  luxurious  comforts  of  the  day  trip  between 
New  York  and  Albany  ^on  board  this  palatial 
steamer  and  its  sister  ship,  the  "  Hendrick 
Hudson,"  launched  several  years  earlier.  It 
has  now  become  a  fixed  habit  of  transcon- 
tinental travelers  +o  leave  the  train  at  Albany 
and  finish  their  trips  on  the  Day  Line  steamers, 
the  water  trip  along  the  Hudson  being  one  of 
the  objects  of  interest  of  every  Westerner  mak- 
ing a  tjur  of  the  East.  Aside  from  the  build- 
ing of  these  two  steamers,  under  plans  of  the 
naval  architects,  Frank  E,  Kirby  and  J.  W. 
Millard,  and  George  A.  White,  Mr.  Olcott  has 
regulated  the  efficient  workings  of  the  com- 
pany's steamers  up  and  down  the  river  with 
an  executive  ability  that  is  visible  even  to  the 
casual  observer.  His  capacity  for  quickly 
grasping  technical  details  was  developed  by 
his  early  experience  as  a  mining  engineer  and 
is  in  a  large  measure  accountable  for  his  won- 
derful development  of  the  steamship  line  which 
has  become  famous  throughout  the  country. 
His  ability  for  large  scale  administration,  as 
well  as  his  expert  knowledge  of  river  trans- 
portation problems,  made  IJm  a  very  valuable 
member  of  the  committee  in  charge  of  the 
recent  Hudson-Fulton  celebration  held  in  New 
York,  and  he  was  the  chairman  of  the  com- 
mittee which  built  a  dui)licate  of  Fulton's 
original  "Clermont."  At  the  close  of  this 
celebration  tlie  Day  Line  pureliased  this  replica 
and  placed  it  at  Kingston  Point,  in  1884  Mr. 
Olcott  married  Kate  Van  ^Nintvoord.  daughter 
of  Commodore  \'an  Santvoord,  founder  of  the 
Hudson  Kiver  Oay  Line  and  a  great-grand- 
daughter of  Colonel  (^uaekenl)UHh.  of  Hevolu- 
tionary  fame.  The  oldest  .^on  of  this  marriage, 
Alfred    Van    Santvoord    Olcott,    has    just    been 


559 


BURK 


BURK 


made  general  manager  of  the  Day  Line,  the 
subject  of  this  sketch  continuing  to  hold  the 
position  of  president. 

BTTRK,  Jesse  Young,  clergyman,  b.  in  Phila- 
delphia, Pa.,  15  Sept.,  1840;  d.  at  Philadelphia, 
13  Oct.,  1904,  son  of  Isaac  and  Mary  Jean 
(Briggs)  Burk.  The  family  is  of  English 
extraction,  the  first  of  the  name  to  come  to 
this  country  having  been  Rowland  Burk,  who 
settled  in  Delaware  County,  Pa.  His  father 
was  a  merchant  in  Philadelphia,  an  eminent 
botanist,  member  of  the  Academy  of  Matural 
Sciences,  and  the  donor  of  a  herbarium  to  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania.  Jesse  Young  Burk 
obtained  his  early  education  at  the  grammar 
schools  of  Philadelphia  and  the  Episcopal 
Academy  of  that  city.  After  thorough  prepara- 
tion he  entered  the  University  of  Pennsylvania, 
and  was  graduated  B.A.  in  1862.  In  1903  he 
was  awarded  the  degree  of  S.T.D.  by  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania.  After  his  gradua- 
tion from  the  University  Dr.  Burk  entered  the 
Philadelphia  Divinity  School  of  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  Church,  and  was  graduated  in  1865. 
In  the  same  year  he  received  from  his  alma 
mater  the  degree  of  Master  of  Arts,  and  de- 
livered the  first  of  the  Masters'  orations, 
which  became  a  feature  of  the  annual  com- 
mencements. During  his  under-graduate  years 
he  organized  the  Monks  of  Meerschaum,  a  so- 
ciety of  scholars  and  artists  which  has  endured 
for  more  than  fifty  years  without  constitution 
or  by-laws.  The  Civil  War  broke  out  when 
Dr.  Burk  was  preparing  to  take  up  the  study 
of  theology,  and  later  he  was  drafted.  Act- 
ing upon  the  advice  of  his  friends  he  sent  a 
substitute,  but  later  when  Lee  invaded  Penn- 
sylvania and  a  call  was  made  for  State  troops 
Dr.  Burk  joined  a  company  of  theological 
students  which  became  a  part  of  the  Corn  Ex- 
change Regiment  under  command  of  Colonel  ^ 
Thomas.  L^pon  his  graduation  from  the 
Divinity  School  Dr.  Burk  was  ordained  deacon 
and  became  assistant  to  the  rector  of  the  Church 
of  the  Evangelists,  Philadelphia.  In  the  follow- 
ing year  he  was  advanced  to  the  priesthood, 
and  accepted  the  rectorship  of  St.  James 
Church,  Downington,  Pa.  In  1870  he  resigned 
this  rural  parish  to  become  the  rector  of  Trin- 
ity Church,  Squthwark,  Philadelphia.  During 
his  rectorship  Dr.  Burk  was  in  constant  de- 
mand as  a  preacher  and  lecturer.  He  wrote  his 
sermons  while  the  sunfish  watched  him  from 
the  aquarium  and  his  pet  alligator  waited  pa- 
tiently for  his  notice.  In  1878  he  removed 
to  New  Jersey,  taking  the  old  colonial  parish 
of  St.  Peter's  Church,  Clarksboro.  Here  he 
found  real  happiness  in  the  freedom  of  the 
woods  and  fields,  and  the  comradeship  of  his 
people.  He  soon  became  the  beloved  and  hon- 
ored friend  of  the  whole  countryside,  and  his 
humble  home  became  the  center  of  the  reli- 
gious and  social  life  of  the  community.  He 
mended  the  clocks  and  sewing-machines, 
painted  the  signs,  shot  the  pigs,  and  taught 
and  inspired  his  neighbors.  Of  a  summer 
evening  a  score  of  barefoot  boys  would  sit  on 
the  steps  to  listen  to  his  nature  talks,  or  hear 
him  tell  of  the  prehistoric  Indians  who 
hunted  and  fished  around  their  home  sites. 
He  was  pastor  of  the  people,  and  men  and 
women  of  all  faiths  looked  to  him  for  counsel 
and  comfort.  His  table  talks  were  a  liberal 
education,  the  delight  of  the  scientist,  the  lit- 


terateur or  the  villager,  and  were  most 
able  in  the  training  of  his  three  boys, 
these  he  was  always  the  chum.  He  taugl 
them  to  shoot  and  swim  and  skate,  and  mac 
them  love  the  great  world  in  which  they  liv( 
and  to  glory  in  it.  No  honors  nor  emoU 
ments  could  induce  him  to  leave  his  little  fl( 
and  when  in  1882  he  was  elected  the  Secretal 
of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  he  accept, 
the  office  on  the  condition  that  he  might  reta! 
the  rectorship  of  his  parish,  which  he  did  to 
death.  Dr.  Burk  took  up  his  duties  as  Secre- 
tary of  the  University  with  an  enthusiasm 
which  never  wavered,  and  in  his  new  office  won 
the  honor  and  love  of  an  ever-growing  host  of 
friends  among  professors  and  students.  His 
office  became  the  popular  rendezvous  of  the 
members  of  the  faculties  and  he  was  said  to  be 
the  only  man  in  the  University  who  could 
talk  with  intelligent  understanding  and  appre- 
ciation on  every  subject  taught  in  the  Univer- 
sity. Dr.  Burk  was  the  author  of  the  Penn- 
sylvania system  of  academic  costumes  adopted 
by  the  University  in  1887.  He  was  a  master 
of  the  English  language,  and  his  letters  and 
notes  were  treasured  for  their  literary  charm. 
In  the  pulpit  and  on  the  lecture  platform  Dr. 
Burk  informed  and  inspired  his  hearers.  Clear 
in  thought,  convincing  in  argument,  polished 
in  diction,  poetic  in  spirit,  his  lectures  and 
sermons  were  delivered  with  a  voice  of  remark- 
able power,  and  made  a  lasting  impression  upon 
his  hearers.  Through  all  his  work  was  felt  the 
charm  of  his  delightful  personality.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Phi  Beta  Kappa,  the  Gloucester 
County  Historical  Society,  and  the  American 
Philosophical  Society.  Dr.  Burk  married  ii 
Philadelphia,  19  June,  1866,  Gertrude  Heli 
daughter  of  James  Hele,  a  well-known  bool 
seller  of  Philadelphia.  There  were  three  chi 
dren:  Rev.  William  Herbert  Burk,  B.D.,  Di 
Charles  Meredith  Burk,  and  Rev.  Edmui 
Burk,  B.A. 

BURK,  William  Herbert,  clergyman,  edi 
cator  and  curator,  b.  in  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
April,  1867,  son  of  Rev,  Jesse  Young  (184( 
1904)  and  Gertrude  (Hele)  Burk.  His  fathe 
was  a  distinguished  clergyman  and  educate 
and  he  enjoyed  exceptional  educational  advai 
tages,  attending  the  public  schools  of  Phih 
delphia  until  the  removal  of  the  family  t( 
Clarksboro,  N.  J.,  when  he  went  to  the  village 
school.  Upon  the  election  of  his  father  as 
Secretary  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania,  he  entered  the  Episco- 
pal Academy,  Philadelphia.  Upon  his  gradua- 
tion from  this  Academy  he  entered  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania,  from  which  insti- 
tution he  was  graduated  with  honors  in  1890 
with  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts.  In  addi- 
tion to  the  formal  education  of  the  schools  Mr. 
Burk  had  the' advantage  of  a  broad  training  in 
natural  science  in  companionship  with  his 
grandfather,  Isaac  Burk,  the  eminent  botanist, 
and  his  father,  a  born  teacher  and  a  devoted 
lover  of  Nature,  and  a  teacher  of  natural  his- 
tory. The  chance  finding  of  an  Indian  battle- 
axe  by  his  father  awakened  an  interest  in 
archaeology,  and  father  and  son  spent  happy 
hours  together  tramping  over  the  fields  far 
and  wide  collecting  specimens  and  making 
notes  of  their  discoveries.  From  his  father 
he  also  received  the  careful  mental  training 
which  has  fitted  him  for  his  work  as  an  edu- 


560 


-fyd^^ec^^l 


inity  tx'hou 
s  and  upon  ti 
ra    f.;iat    institiil;  - 
Bachelor  of  Divinj^ 

piirt-vJvaiiia.     On    .: 

'  >:f  i    <{e>t«'on    by    il 

•  '  •  '        5rj     hi 


Urtor  and  I 


)»->■  ■  ■  , '. 

Hvu    >ca,rs    lutur    5 
Rr(*er,   being  sont.  Ir 

1   J. 

r< 

titdent  ju  me  I'lulnr. 
he  Protestant  Episcoi 
lompletion    of   his   oour., 
^as  given  the  degret'  or 
ly    the    Universit}'     -r    >. 
^fav,    1S9,'?,    he    wa-    '.'■•: 
light    Rev.    .lohr    - 
Rther's  village   < 
im,  and  preacf- 
igiied  to  duty  a' 
SHoueestn  rijy.   \. 
n -charge   and    a  tier 
priesthood     ?!    "^^ly 
is  brii  " 
ion,   H 
elr 
arish. 
ew   \K-< 
^i  ■ 

wo 

eh'    ■ 
m 

)henoiii 
erial  r-- 

■ectory  .......  f.- ;   ..  —       - - 

hurch  enlarged  to  more  tbari   ivvice  j«>-   '^\f*i    ... 
dr.  Burk's  ability  aH  an  educator  wat  clearh  ,  u,., 
>hown   in  the  transf^jmiation   of   the   Sunday   ^  ^.I'jjj,    ar.d  > 
chool,  whieh  wf«^  or^^onized  as  a  graded  sehocd  '.  .-,.<{ j<'»f.      U 
a   Nov.,    1-' 


TEAW 


vhi'sh 


u«   orj^aTtiTjAf  »i)n 

'■■,  of  >.vh>ch   f'.r 

■ --    hi'.    •Ht.NV'vi    as    mi«l«svi-rh.>- 

•  in    to    hi*   d«tic8    at   V*j]i»-y 

.ii:i-       .>:>.    :-.  iJ-K    !.^   tt   n:'*»iJ>j«#r  of   the   Bonid 

jtingjof  Reiiiriout*  Kdi««vtttJif.*s  ot  *h^..  L'u»ce)!«.*  of  IVrtn- 


•>^^l 


;.rf-i.- 

'oUfi    Vi'An- 

Us.sU  t.oid«  a  ru'^rfi 


)iocese   of 
Ir.  Bu     ' 
if  the 
laim 
Forgo 
Ilhiirci. 
mggen. 
f'orge   if 
L25th  ai)!ii 
F'orge  th<' 


rst   of    iti^    kind    in    iht- j  .:j>j,f      i^m 
iia,   and    to    the    pnd    "f  ;  Joseph     ?, 


'■'  gfca  -^' 
r    \ji;!..v 

\'..m,    ho 
■I  at:  VaUev 


/nH»"ri;Hi   .  »    \      .^         :  ■  j- 
^.  !i  :-iir!-.\rd,  dirutituir  r.f 
Dr.niri  Mron.-1  of  i\.-i    i'^ 
THAW,    W.'.lisvn!,   IV. 


and  on  <he  ;  imriih.  I'.i  ,  h' 


(|ei?feii(lant    if  ■ 
lielpjiia    diiriivj: 


r-\.i^.  uuT.ion  of  V'aiiey 

\*a»   laid.      At   iii-    re- 

~!.,     '    "  :  .(    me  mrrf.oriji!  gnmp  v<-h.- 

liversity  f>f  I'onTi.-yivania  and  |  fi,^,V,-  in   i  :'.>.'). 
•■'■'"O's  d(..igr.    nas   arc-.pted.  i  vwor    <,-    '\nD- 
.    Burk  I    a    mission    iit.    \';!!h=y  ;  ,^, '   fv, , j,, ,>,,;•,     .i' 

*ge  and  i  vv-ftrs  foHtoied   ihi^   work  I  |*,.ji (-.,,.  ,.,.■.'..    .. 

i  continued  hit?   iHlx>r8  iu  Norri-iown,  wMU  i  ,i.    ,.,-    \\  ■, 
June,    l^il,    wh.ni    ^v    r^'fiirnt'd    the    parish  j  j,; .  ^,,  ,    .;,, 

I/' :  ri»    .hi  :  re      .i, 


lt;h  V  f'-id  eMtaoUeti'i'!  "Jud 
the  wt  VK  tniJ  fcvOl-'  (K^tri-I*  i 
'lile   oj'i/   a    pai"t    ,.d     '.It      •''.•;-, 

leali/.f^i.    lie    ii-.^    ;;iv«         o 

eoinph^-;d    U'asK- 
.t  lias   be«'n   d\jf)^, 
'tminstcr.'"   '>    -< 
!  diington  .'■■  u  : 
Biiriv    has    •, 
it    Hpirit    of    Am  ■'  • 
'   fund  of  liistory 
lonal  moniivrial    .\' 


t!i.' 


THAW 


THAW 


boyhood  in  the  city  of  his  birth,  where  he  at- 
tended public  and  private  schools.  He  gradu- 
ated from  the  Hill  School,  Pottstown,  Pa.,  in 
June,  1911,  and  after  two  years  at  Yale  Uni- 
versity, decided  to  cut  short  his  college  career 
and  devote  himself  to  the  development  of 
mechanical  flight.  In  the  summer  of  1913  he 
enrolled  himself  as  a  pupil  in  the  Curtiss  Avi- 
ation school  at  Hammondsport,  N.  Y.,  where 
in  a  remarkably  short  time  he  distinguished 
himself  as  one  of  the  most  expert  and  skillful 
fliers  among  the  students.  It  was  only  three 
months  later,  in  October,  1913,  that  he  and 
Steve  Mac  Gordon,  another  ambitious  young 
aviator,  performed  a  feat  which  attracted  coun- 
try-wide attention  in  the  press.  Starting  from 
Newport,  R,  I.,  they  flew  to  Staten  Island, 
N.  Y.,  in  a  hydroplane  and,  approaching  their 
destination  along  the  East  River,  successfully 
passed  under  the  four  great  bridges  spanning 
the  river,  something  which  had  never  before 
been  attempted.  During  the  following  winter 
young  Thaw  was  flying  his  hydroplane  down 
in  Florida,  at  Palm  Beach,  at  the  same  time 
experimenting  in  the  application  of  a  special 
stabilizing  device  invented  by  his  younger 
brother,  Alexander  Blair  Thaw  II,  who  in 
July,  1917,  went  to  France,  a  first  Lieutenant 
in  the  aviation  section,  Signal  Corps,  U.  S. 
Reserve.  Early  in  the  spring  of  1914,  they 
both  went  abroad  and  continued  their  experi- 
ments at  Juan  les  Pins,  on  the  Mediterranean, 
with  a  hundred  horsepower  Curtiss  hydroplane, 
their  intention  being  to  compete  for  a  prize 
which  the  French  Government  was  offering  for 
safety  devices.  Then  came  the  sudden  outbreak 
of  the  war,  and  even  flying  was  relegated  to 
the  background  when  young  Thaw's  enthusiasm 
was  aroused  by  the  issues  of  the  conflict  in 
favor  of  the  Allies.  He  sought  to  enlist  in 
the  French  army  as  an  aviator,  but  was  re- 
fused, and  then,  two  weeks  after  the  first  shot 
was  fired,  enlisted  in  the  Foreign  Legion  as  a 
private.  With  this  body  of  troops  he  remained 
until  the  following  December,  being  promoted, 
first  to  the  rank  of  corporal,  then  to  that  of 
sergeant.  Meanwhile,  eager  to  devote  his  best 
abilities  to  the  cause  in  which  he  had  enlisted, 
and  believing  he  could  serve  it  more  effectively 
as  an  aviator  than  in  an  infantry  regiment,  he 
again  made  application  for  admission  into  the 
aviation  corps.  After  some  difficulty,  on  23 
Dec,  1914,  Thaw  was  transferred  to  the  avia- 
tion corps,  being  the  first  American  to  enter 
this  body.  The  story  of  the  remarkable  ex- 
ploits of  Thaw  and  his  American  associates, 
who  joined  him  later,  will  undoubtedly  remain 
one  of  the,  if  not  the  most,  picturesque  and 
exciting  features  of  the  history  of  this,  the 
greatest  of  all  wars  of  all  history.  While  war- 
fare on  the  ground  had  been  reduced  to  the 
level  of  a  series  of  vast  manoeuvres  in  which 
individuals  were  sunk  in  the  mass  movements 
of  great  bodies  of  men,  fighting  by  machinery 
rather  than  by  personal  prowess,  the  old-time 
element  of  hand-to-hand  encounter  suddenly 
re-emerged  through  the  aviation  corps  which 
were  attached  to  all  the  armies  engaged  in 
the  fighting,  with  all  its  old  romantic  pic- 
turesqueness  heightened,  rather  than  lessened. 
While  vast  throngs  of  men  below  charged  each 
other  in  mass  formation,  or  merely  discharged 
high-power  firearms  and  artillery  at  each  other 
from  behind  massive  fortifications,  high  up  in 


the  air  single  individuals  met  each  other,  HI 
the  knight  errants  of  mediaeval  history,  in  tl 
shock  of  personal  encounter.  Small  wondc 
that  this  feature  of  the  fighting  attracted  popi 
lar  interest  to  a  degree  out  of  all  proportioi 
to  the  relative  number  of  men  engaged.  More 
space  in  the  press  was  devoted  to  the  exploits' 
of  the  members  of  the  aviation  corps  than  to 
the  movements  of  whole  army  corps,  and  indi- 
viduals were  distinguished  by  their  actions  as 
not  even  the  generals  in  the  fields  below  were 
distinguished.  Into  this  body  of  warriors  of 
the  air  young  Thaw  entered  as  the  first  repre- 
sentative of  the  United  States.  With  how  high 
degree  of  credit  he  assumed  and  maintaine(i 
this  honor  may  be  inferred  from  the  fact  that 
a  few  months  later  he  was  made  a  commis- 
sioned officer  in  the  Aviation  section  of  the 
French  Army,  a  distinction  which  has  not 
yet  been  shared  by  any  other  American.  From 
the  very  beginning  Thaw  showed  himself  not 
only  an  expert  flier,  but  a  determined  and  val- 
iant fighter.  Very  seldom  was  a  week  to  go  by 
in  which  his  name  was  not  mentioned  in  the 
official  despatches  in  connection  with  some 
striking  exploit.  At  first  he  was  assigned 
to  observation  service  in  a  Caudron  biplane. 
Soon  he  was  given  a  Nieuport  machine,  the 
very  highest  type  of  avion  de  chasse,  and 
more  important  and  perilous  work  was  in  view 
at  Verdun  itself.  Meanwhile  other  Americans^ 
inspired  by  Thaw's  example,  came  forward  to 
volunteer  as  aviators.  Thaw,  together  with 
several  other  Americans  then  in  Paris,  then 
proposed  that  a  separate  unit,  or  squadron, 
of  the  French  Aviation  Corps  should  be  or- 
ganized, to  be  composed  entirely  of  Americans. 
Thus  it  was  that  the  famous  American  La-, 
fayette  Escadrille  was  created.  In  so  brief 
review  as  this,  whose  purpose  is  merely 
present  general  outlines,  it  is  impossible  tc 
even  mention  all  the  notable  events  with  whicl 
Lieutenant  Thaw's  name  has  been  connected 
the  official  reports  of  the  French  War  Office.] 
Some  of  these  are  given  in  fuller  detail 
McConnell's  "  Flying  for  France "  publishedj 
recently  (1917)  by  Doubleday,  Page  &  Co.  Ii 
December,  1915,  while  Lieutenant  Thaw  was 
home  on  a  brief  furlough,  this  being  before! 
the  United  States  formally  declared  war 
against  Germany,  several  attempts  were  made 
by  German  sympathizers  to  have  him  in- 
terned as  a  member  of  a  belligerent  fighting 
force,  none  of  which  were  successful,  however. 
It  was  on  the  24th  of  May,  1916,  that  he  was 
wounded.  Not  far  from  Verdun,  while  at  an 
elevation  of  about  2,000  meters,  a  bullet  went 
through  his  left  elbow,  and  then  through  his 
gasoline  tank.  The  wound  bled  profusely,  but 
he  succeeded  in  making  a  safe  landing  within 
the  French  line,  though  in  a  dazed  condition 
from  the  loss  of  blood,  and  was  carried  to  the 
hospital  by  French  soldiers.  This  kept  him 
from  active  service  until  the  following  August. 
On  another  occasion  Thaw,  while  scouting  over 
the  enemy's  lines,  discovered  an  important 
movement  of  German  troops  which  was  screened 
from  ordinary  observation  by  heavy  timber. 
Flying  back  to  his  lines,  he  was  able  to  l^d 
a  body  of  French  cavalry  to  the  point  in 
question,  which  quickly  dispersed  the  Germans, 
Thaw  meanwhile  hovering  and  circling  above 
and  firing  into  the  Germans  with  his  machine 
gun.     In  June,  1916,  he  was  cited  by  the  War 


562 


-'.hv  Jill  WT'^j/her  JVY 


^^^^^^^W^zlaX^   c^. 


GOODMAN 


9  pu.v 
to  facv  1 : 

<igo,  111..  14  July.  1862:  d 

'  ■  of  Edward  and  M»ry 

ian.       His     father,    a 


*niHI     visited  the  mine  at  5?frsator,  one  da). '  writes 
Mr    Goodman  r   time,   "and    found 

.hst  where  o»  •«.  t*.n  m^*'hin»-i;  thero 

a    muh 

-   Mtie 

■.ad 

_.,-ri- 

vt;  s-  ci>  to  a.BV'w  capi- 

'at  Ills  place  was^  taken 

W.  D,  Ewart,  officials 

ry  Co.,  and  the  etforta 

'    !   .'    wal    mining    niachiue- 

Moanwhile   Mr.    iSperry   wslh 

^'    ^'vron  T.  Herrick,  JameR 

•  •  Lawrence,  of  Clt've- 

:•' Jon  of  bome  street  cat 

•y  \  n  the  '90e!  thes^^  gentie- 

jjavc  Mr.  Sperjy  dfvot<»  all 

ii  ir  enterprise.     To  ihii.  cud 

'\    a    deal,    in    1893,    by    which 

president  of  the  Thoni.fe..a- 

• ,  offered  the  Suerrv  Elec- 

.>.>na   Co.   ?AO,000   for   it.-^   pa- 

i:rt,  vtho  by  this  time  had  Hpt-nt 

t  .-icpt-riraentB,    advised    Baiiing. 

i<>  therefore  ?old  to  the  Thorn 

M-r    Ewart  was  returned  his 

V   f'leviric  Mining  Ma- 

snrpiu^-of  $20,000    It 

■'■i\    nndyv    the  old 

*!d  a  rsesv  •'''n'pora- 

..    <..,,    .   ...i,.ftt 


orieiy    aftSo  iated    witl;    the    duv<.  lopiUf.-'.'.    "I' 
val  wipinf?  that  a    few  words   on   the   latter  •  . 

.:...      '     ..essential.     It  was  in  1887  j  (.ir,,,    ,; 
ry,  a  young  ch'otrical  engi-  |  dt-Jg!.      •». 
.  .-uMiiiit  plans  to  A.  L.  Sweet,  i  principle 
T  of  the  Chicago.  Wilmington  &    Sprrry   » - 
i  rv.   for  a  coal  mining  machine  |  soon  foun  .  ..      ' 

.  t/»  V«c   driven   by   eh'etric  j  jn  the  snmroi'f  of   rnw:?  Mr. 
«?  ¥*^ -J**?!!  ple.as«'u  with  the  j  Daviy    wtuit    to   Coint  i^v,>    ;i  . 

:  j5\',^o  tho  attempt,  and  I  f^fohnor   patents   for   th*;    wi<'o,.,.j».i 
:  rh-etrioal  coal  cutting  |  Co  ,  and  they  at  o-fo  vet  to  v>v»rk 
Out  of  this 'fiort.  which  I  an   improved  ch.-iJii   bnas',  m-iehin 
iig  but  a  fiucres.s,  was  or- {  the    Leehm-r    idof!-.      Thi-<    work 
M-      ...  Klectric   Mining   Machine  ]  Tuanu/actnruig  >-piro  rented  from  t 

an    a  .^horiml   capital   of    $1^^0,000,    at, i<.|,in<.,y   C", 
■*' •     Sp»'rry,    who    is    brother- in  law  i  «j,<,  ,i,  y.    .i,jn'-"fu 
'^,  offered  the  Initer  the  position  j  the    1  .l!owJi>^ 
il"-     orporation  atid   i.iie  ?har<;    <.nf'r- :  ^  ^      \v[:-.' 
-if  the  stork  being  di.-   i  •  ,„ii.s 

>'r'.   Sp(»rr\    ;'n'^.    ^''' 
'-«Mii'«'  of 
tor  \vh(  - 

•;|.ini?''(i.     if.' 

'!u'  HUp(  rvi^  i'l 


.'niz,.'a    ; 
0.,   with 


s  }u'  deveb'pmont 
w<.'ni  lorvvflvtl  sK 
•ar    OitT*'    vv  ere 
■1    with.  ))i,  l!  a  t'; 

vl    ■".'.  itcMli.»j».i-(N 
1  ;'.V  .hr-v  r--. 


1*^  riutii.;; 
fcipkyim- 
s  one  ill 
l,ink.B-h. 

d    sji'trv    o! 

y.  but  i)y 
.l<.'/.i>ti    ii^ 

;.    ?..x.n,o 
iv. 

rv 

-i 


lie  nxnM 

:i  Ohio 

ards,  ' 

•ith    th- 

!.ey  pns 

me  the 
tie  Hhow  <d 
Ihe  prompt 


'<f.' 


MARDEN 


HARDEN 


bought  out  the  Independent  Electric  Co.  and 
became  the  sole  owner,  though  Mr.  Goodman 
continued  aa  manager.  In  1900  Mr.  Goodman 
conceived  the  idea  of  acquiring  the  mining 
machine  works  from  the  Link-Belt  Co.,  which 
was  inclined  to  be  conservative.  The  result 
was  the  foundation  of  the  present  Goodman 
Manufacturing  Co.,  which  acquired  the  busi- 
ness, Mr.  Goodman  becoming  general  manager, 
while  Frank  S.  Washburn  became  president. 
A  plant  was  soon  constructed  and  under  the 
new,  aggressive  policy  the  business  was  almost 
tripled  the  first  year,  the  sales  amounting  to 
over  a  quarter  of  a  million  dollars,  from  which 
a  very  substantial  profit  was  made.  From 
this  time  onward  the  business  continued  in- 
creasing at  the  rate  of  more  than  $100,000  a 
year  and  in  1902  the  capital  stock  was  in- 
creased to  }t>250,000  and  again,  in  1903,.  to 
$500,000;  in  1907  to  $1,000,000  and  in  1912 
to  $1,500,000,  all  of  which  is  now  held  by 
over  two  hundred  stockholders.  The  far-reach- 
ing influence  which  the  operations  of  Mr.  Good- 
man's company  has  had  on  the  economic  de- 
velopment of  the  coal  mining  industry  may  be 
judged  from  the  fact  that  the  production  of 
coal  in  the  United  States,  which  in  1887  was 
approximately  130,000,000  tons  per  annum, 
had  increased  to  475,000,000  in  1913.  For  this 
vast  increase  the  Goodman  electric  mining 
machines  are  in  a  large  part  responsible.  At  the 
present  time  there  are  about  ten  thousand  elec- 
tric coal  mining  machines  in  operation  and 
nearly  seven  thousand  electric  mining  locomo- 
tives, all  estimated  at  a  value  of  $25,000,000. 
That  the  field  has  been  a  special  one  is  indi- 
cated by  the  fact  that  to-day  there  are  only  five 
manufacturers  of  electric  locomotives  employ- 
ing the  under-running  trolley  system,  and  only 
four  manufacturers  of  electric  coal  cutting 
machines.  In  considering  this  important  phase 
of  American  industrial  development,  no  slight 
significance  should  be  attached  to  the  per- 
sonality of  Mr.  Goodman,  to  whose  per- 
sistency, patience  and  energy  it  is  in  a  large 
measure  due.  When  other  men  gave  up  hope 
and  abandoned  the  enterprise,  he  clung  to  it 
with  bulldog  tenacity,  determined  to  succeed. 
These  characteristics  of  resourcefulness,  pa- 
tience, courage  and  efficient  faithfulness  dis- 
tinguish Mr.  Goodman  not  only  in  his  business 
relations,  but  in  his  human  and  social  contacts 
as  well.  Many  of  his  employees  have  found 
by  personal  experience  how  sincere  and  how 
persistent  is  his  interest  in  their  welfare.  Mr. 
Goodman  married  3  Oct.,  1893,  Jennie  R. 
Strawbridge.  They  had  tw^o  sons  and  one 
daughter. 

MARDEN,  Oscar  Avery,  lawyer  and  jurist, 
b.  in  Palermo,  Me.,  20  Aug.,  1853,  son  of 
Stephen  Plummer  and  Julia  Ann  Leighton 
(Avery)  Marden.  He  is  directly  descended 
from  John  and  Mary  ( Shatswell )  Webster,  who 
emigrated  from  Ipswich,  England,  and  settled 
in  Ipswich,  Mass.,  in  1635;  their  granddaugh- 
ter, Abigail  Webster,  married  James  Marden,  of 
New  Castle,  N.  H.,  in  1695.  His  father,  Ste- 
phen Plummer  Marden,  who  died  in  1888,  was 
a  farmer  and  manufacturer  of  lumber,  who  for 
one  year  served  as  a  member  of  the  House  of 
Representatives  of  the  Maine  Legislature.  On 
the  maternal  side  Mr.  INIarden  traces  his  an- 
cestry, by  one  line,  to  Anthony  Potter,  who 
was  born  in  England  in  1628  and  died  in  Ips- 


wich, Mass.,  in  1690;  and,  by  another  line,  to 
William  Averill  (or  Avery;  born  in  Kent,  Eng- 
land,  about  ICll,  and  died  in  Ipswich,  Mass., 
in  1651);  one  of  his  posterity,  Samuel  Avery, 
serving  as  a  soldier  in  the  Revolutionary 
War.  Reared  in  the  hardy  environment  of  the 
farm,  young  Marden  acquired  his  rudimentary 
education  in  the  common  schools  of  his  native 
town.  Later  he  became  a  student  in  West- 
brook  Seminary,  Maine,  where  he  finished  his 
general  courses.  He  then  entered  the  Boston 
University  Law  School,  from  which  he  gradu- 
ated in  June,  1876,  with  the  degree  of  LL.B. 
Having  passed  his  bai*  examinations,  Mr.  Mar- 
den began  his  career  as  a  member  of  the  legal 
profession  in  the  following  February,  sub- 
sequently, in  1877,  being  appointed  a  trial  jus- 
tice for  Norfolk  County,  Mass.,  a  position  he 
held  until  1891.  During  this  period  he  also' 
carried  on  his  private  practice,  and  has  con- 
tinued ever  since  then,  maintaining  one  office 
in  Boston  and  another  in  Stoughton,  ^lass., 
his  residence  also  being  in  the  latter  town.  In 
1891  the  District  Court  of  South  Norfolk  was 
created  by  the  Legislature,  the  district  covering 
the  four  towns  of  Stoughton,  Canton,  Sharon 
and  Avon.  Of  this  court  Mr.  Marden  was 
appointed  judge,  an  office  which  he  has  held 
until  the  present  time  (1917).  He  is  recog- 
nized as  a  sound  and  well-grounded  lawyer 
and  a  safe  counsellor,  possessing  the  confidence 
and  respect  of  his  brethren  of  the  bar  and 
of  the  courts.  He  has  been  a  "  visitor "  to 
the  Boston  University  Law  School,  of  whose 
alumni  he  was  also  president.  Since  1878  Mr. 
Marden  has  been  for  many  terms  a  member  of 
the  school  committee  of  Stoughton,  having 
served  in  that  capacity  altogether  seventeen 
years.  He  has  been  president  of  the  Norfolk 
Bar  Association,  of  which  he  was  a  charter 
member.  He  is  vice-president  of  the  LTniversal- 
ist  Club,  of  Boston,  and  chairman  of  the 
Stoughton  Red  Cross  Auxiliary.  He  has  been 
president  of  the  Chicatanbut  Club,  of  Stough- 
ton, Mass.,  and  is  also  a  member  of  the  Sons  of 
Maine  Club,  of  Somerville,  Mass.,  and  of  the 
Stoughton  Historical  Society  and  the  Canton 
Historical  Society.  In  the  Odd  Fellows  and 
Masonic  fraternities  he  has  held  high  of- 
fices: being  Grand  Patriarch  of  the  Grand 
Encampment  in  Massachusetts,  in  1893;  and 
he  has  journeyed  as  Grand  Representative 
from  the  State  to  the  conventions  at  Atlantic 
City,  N.  J.,  Atlanta,  Ga.,  and  Indianapolis, 
Ind.  In  the  Masonic  Fraternity  he  is  Past 
Master  of  the  Rising  Star  Lodge  and  a  Past 
District  Deputy  Grand  Master.  He  is  also  a 
member  of  the  Chapter  and  the  Council.  In 
hours  of  leisure  his  favorite  relaxations  are 
angling  and  cribbage.  On  19  Oct.,  1882,  Mr. 
Marden  married  May  Terese  Ball,  the  daugh- 
ter of  Francis  Marion  Ball,  a  prominent  hotel 
manager  of  Stoughton,  Mass.  She  died,  4 
April,  1890.  On  21  Jan.,  1896,  Mr.  Marden 
married  Caroline  Augusta  Avery,  the  daughter 
of  John  Avery,  of  Whitefield,  Me.  Mrs.  Caro- 
line Augusta  (Avery)  Marden,  b.  in  White- 
field,  Me.,  w^as  educated  in  Boston  schools  and 
at  a  convent  in  Maine,  and  is  a  cultivated  and 
interesting  woman  of  unusually  fine  nature. 
Her  husband's  cousin,  and  like  him  tracing  her 
ancestry  through  her  father  to  Anthony  Pot- 
ter and  William  Avery,  on  her  mother's  side 
she   traces   her  descent   from  John   King,  the 


564 


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PERLMAN 


PERLMAN 


first  governor  of  Maine.  She  is  fond  of  music 
and  art,  and  with  her  husband  has  travelled 
extensively  in  Europe  and  America.  They  are 
both  prominent  members  of  the  Universalist 
church.  By  his  first  wife  Mr.  Marden  had  two 
children,  of  whom  one  survives.  This  son, 
Edgar  Avery  Marden,  lawyer,  was  b.  in 
Stoughton,  Mass.,  29  July,  1884.  He  com- 
pleted his  higher  academic  education  at  Dart- 
mouth College,  graduating  in  arts  in  1906, 
and  at  the  Harvard  Law  School,  from  which 
he  received  his  degree  of  LL.B.  in  1909.  The 
same  year  he  began  private  practice  in  Boston; 
and  is  at  the  present  time  Secretary  of  the 
Stoughton  Board  of  Trade  and  of  the  Stoughton 
Committee  on  Public  Safety.  Endowed  with 
literary  tastes,  Mr.  Edgar  A.  Marden  has 
been  for  several  years  a  contributor  of  verse 
to  the  Boston  "Transcript,"  which  journal- 
famous  throughout  the  country  for  its  judg- 
ment in  the  realms  of  art  and  literature — has 
welcomed  and  published  all  his  work.  He  is 
a  member  of  the  Norfolk  Bar  Association,  and 
of  a  number  of  clubs  and  fraternities.  On 
8  Sept.,  1915,  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  he  was 
married  to  Mary  Carita  Patten,  daughter  of 
the  Rev.  George  W.  Patten,  minister  of  the 
Unitarian  denomination. 

PERLMAN,  Louis  Henry,  inventor,  b.  in 
Kovno,  Russia,  26  Nov.,  1861,  son  of  Lesser 
and  Celia  (Paul)  Perlman.  His  father,  a 
rabbi,  of  great  learning  deeply  versed  in  those 
voluminous  theological  commentaries  known 
as  the  Talmud,  was  the  last  of  a  long  line 
of  Jewish  ministers  in  his  native  land.  In 
1862,  leaving  his  wife  and  children  in  Russia, 
the  elder  Perlman  came  to  the  United  States 
in  search  of  a  happier  environment  in  which 
to  make  his  home.  During  the  two  years  after 
his  arrival  in  the  United  States  he  was  in 
charge  of  congregations  in  Cincinnati,  St.  Louis 
and  in  Charleston,  S.  C.  At  the  end  of  this 
period  he  was  able  to  send  his  family  sufficient 
money  to  defray  the  expenses  of  their  journey 
to  the  United  States.  Accordingly,  the  mother 
and  her  three  young  children  set  out  on  the 
tedious  three  months'  of  travel,  and  joined 
the  father  in  Utica,  N.  Y.,  where  he  was  then 
minister  of  a  thriving  congregation.  Here 
Louis  H.  Perlman  passed  the  years  of  his 
early  childhood — for  he  was  still  too  young 
to  attend  school — and  began  his  education 
under  the  instruction  of  his  gifted  and  de- 
voted mother,  who  carefully  molded  the  mind 
of  her  only  son  for  that  later  education  by 
which  she  hoped  to  see  him  fitted  for  a  pro- 
fessional career.  It  was  her  ambition  that 
he  should  become  a  lawyer,  while  the  father 
had  in  view  the  calling  of  a  physician.  The 
boy  was  destined  to  become  neither,  however; 
his  own  creative  genius  was  to  decide  that 
question  to  the  ultimate  advantage  of  the 
motoring  world.  In  1867  the  family  removed 
to  Providence,  R.  I.,  whither  the  father  had 
been  called  by  a  new  congregation.  Hero  the 
boy  began  his  schooling,  which  he  continued 
for  five  years,  at  the  end  of  which  period  the 
family  removed  to  New  York  City,  where  he 
continued  his  elementary  education  in  the 
famous  Christie  Street  Public  School  No.  7, 
completing  the  course  at  the  age  of  fifteen. 
He  then  pursued  a  four  years'  course  at  the 
College  of  the  City  of  New  York,  studying 
stenography,  bookkeeping  and  accountancy,  in 


addition  to  the  academic  studies.  Thus  amply 
provided,  intellectually  at  least,  for  the  strug- 
gle of  life,  Mr.  Perlman  threw  himself  into 
the  work  of  carving  out  a  career.  His  expert 
knowledge  of  stenography  inclined  him  toward 
journalism  and  his  first  connection  was  with 
the  printing  house  of  J.  J.  Little  and  Com- 
pany, at  that  time  located  in  Astor  Place. 
Later  he  became  connected  with  Rh  W.  Shop- 
pell,  whom  he  joined  in  establishing  The  Pic- 
torial Associated  Press,  whose  object  was  the 
syndication  of  an  illustrated  news  service  to 
the  daily  press  throughout  the  country,  being 
the  first  medium  through  which  daily  news- 
papers were  educated  to  the  use  of  illustra- 
tions. During  this  period  Mr.  Perlman  came 
in  contact  with  and  made  the  acquaintance 
of  some  of  the  leading  men  in  the  field  of 
American  journalism,  among  them  Pulitzer, 
Watterson,  Halstead,  and  Charles  A.  Dana. 
It  was  to  the  latter  that  he  sold  the  first 
half-tone  illustration  ever  published  in  the 
New  York  "  Sun,"  a  portrait  of  Congressman 
Holman,  of  Indiana,  whom  Dana  was  strongly 
supporting  as  a  candidate  for  President  of 
the  United  States.  On  account  of  the  texture 
of  the  paper  on  which  the  "  Sun  "  was  printed 
and  the  comparatively  little  advance  that  had 
as  yet  been  made  in  the  art  of  newspaper  illus- 
trations, this  particular  portrait  was  too 
blurred  to  be  recognized,  except  for  the  name 
printed  underneath.  In  this  the  dailies  sup- 
porting the  opposition  candidate  found  ample 
material  for  such  an  avalanche  of  humorous 
and  satirical  jibes  that  Mr.  Holman's  prospects 
were  irremediably  injured  through  ridicule  and 
he  was  killed  as  a  presidential  prospect.  For 
some  years  longer  Mr.  Perlman  continued  to 
be  associated  with  the  syndicate  publishing 
business.  In  1881  Mr.  Shoppell  sold  his  in- 
terest in  The  Pictorial  Associated  Press  to 
Louis  Klopsch,  who  later  acquired  the 
"  Christian  Herald."  Together  with  his  new 
partner  Mr.  Perlman  rejuvenated  the  service 
of  The  Pictorial  Associated  Press  by  bringing 
in  with  them  the  Rev.  Dr.  T.  DeWitt  Talmage, 
whoee  sermons  they  syndicated  through  the 
United  States,  and  Irving  Bacheller,  the  famous 
writer,  who  gave  his  services  as  an  editorial 
writer.  Young  Mr.  Perlman,  then  only  twenty 
years  of  age,  was  the  active  business  head. 
But  all  this  was  merely  the  necessary  pre- 
liminary to  that  part  of  his  career  which  was 
to  result  in  his  becoming  one  of  the  prominent 
figures  in  the  field  of  American  industrial  in- 
vention, in  his  invention  of  the  demountable 
rim  for  motor-car  wheels.  Nothing  in  the 
records  of  our  industrial  development,  unless 
it  be  the  story  of  McCormick's  reaper,  can 
compare  with  it.  In  1900  Mr.  Perlman  was 
invited  to  take  an  automobile  ride  by  his 
friend  John  IT.  Dufly,  a  prominent  paper 
merchant  of  New  York.  It  was  llie  first 
time  that  Mr.  Perlman  had  ever  ridden  in  a 
car  and  he  gave  himsolf  up  to  the  enjoyment 
of  the  novelty,  little  dreaming  to  what  tliis 
apparently  slight  incident  was  to  lead.  This 
was  only  the  first  of  many  similar  rides.  In 
those  days  punctures  and  blow-outs  were  only 
too  frequent  and  Mr.  Dully  found  his  frien(l  a 
willing  helper  in  the  impromptu  repairs  which 
they  were  obliged  to  make  on  the  high  ways. 
In  the  labors  that  this  assistance  entailed,  the 


505 


PERLMAN 


PERLMAN 


future  inventor  of  the  demountable  rim 
learned  something  of  the  structure  of  an  auto- 
mobile and  its  problems;  especially  its  tires. 
The  tools  with  which  these  repairs  were  per- 
formed also  became  familiar  to  him.  He  ac- 
quired dexterity  in  their  use,  and  his  mind 
was  filled  with  various  ideas  by  which  these 
labors  might  be  abbreviated,  possibly  elimi- 
nated. For  three  years,  however,  nothing  of  a 
definite  character  resulted.  Then  came  the 
second  memorable  ride — one  day,  early  in 
1903,  Mr.  Dudy  again  invited  Mr.  Perlman  to 
accompany  him  on  a  trip  to  Cornwall,  N.  Y. 
As  usual  the  tires  began  to  pop.  After  making 
the  repair,  Mr.  Perlman  applied  himself  to  the 
pneumatic  hand  pump,  laboriously  inflating  the 
collapsed  tire.  And  then,  in  the  midst  of  this 
task,  the  thought  flashed  across  his  mind  that 
here  was  not  the  place  for  such  work — it 
should  be  done  under  the  shelter  of  a  garage, 
and  his  mind  continued  working  until  it  evolved 
the  idea  of  the  demoimtable  rim.  Reserve  tires, 
he  concluded,  should  be  carried  along,  already 
inflated  and  mounted  on  rims  which  could  be 
slipped  onto  the  wheel  and  fastened  in  a  few- 
minutes,  thus  eliminating  the  toilsome  repairs 
on  the  roadside.  Later  the  punctured  tires 
could  be  mended  and  again  inflated  in  a  gar- 
age, where  proper  facilities  would  reduce  the 
difficulties  of  such  a  task  to  a  minimum.  For 
many  long,  weary  months  the  inventor  toiled 
over  his  idea,  trying  to  perfect  mechanical 
ways  and  means  to  carry  it  out  practically. 
After  many  laborious  and  costly  experiments, 
he  hit  upon  the  final  solution,  which  was  the 
beginning  of  one  of  the  most  conspicuous  in- 
ventions of  recent  years.  But  it  was  well  on 
tow-ard  the  end  of  1904  before  the  final  test 
demonstrated  to  his  own  satisfaction  that  the 
last  details  of  the  practical  working  model 
were  complete.  A  few  months  later,  in  1905, 
he  constructed  a  split  rim,  or  quick  detach- 
able rim.  It  was  then  that  he  took  the  first 
steps  toward  protecting  himself,  and  on  21 
May,  1906,  filed  his  first  application  for  a 
patent,  describing  his  invention  as  "  a  wheel 
whose  demountalDle  rim  is  bodily  detachable 
from  its  fixed  rim  and  felloe,  means  being  pro- 
vided for  firmly  and  rigidly  retaining  the  de- 
mountable rim  on  the  fixed  rim  and  felloe 
while  in  use,  such  means  at  the  same  time 
being  adapted  to  be  manipulated  for  enabling 
ready,  rapid,  and  easy  removal  of  the  de- 
mountable rim  when  required."  These  ends 
were  attained  by  a  combination  of  wedge  and 
screw  bolts.  The  very  simplicity  of  the  con- 
stituent parts  of  the  invention  caused  much  of 
the  trouble  that  followed.  Neither  screw  nor 
wedge  were  new;  it  was  the  combination  that 
was  new.  At  least,  that  seemed  a  debatable 
question  in  the  Patent  Office.  The  application 
began  a  journey  from  one  official  to  another, 
halting  every  once  in  a  while  before  some 
Board  of  Review.  Finally,  after  two  patent 
Commissioners  had  delivered  expert  opinions 
on  the  case,  it  came  before  the  U.  S.  Court 
of  Appeals  of  the  District  of  Columbia.  Mean- 
while the  years  dragged  on;  it  was  becoming 
a  veritable  suit  in  chancery.  Meanwhile  Perl- 
man's  idea  had  been  freely  appropriated  by  the 
leaders  in  the  automobile  manufacturing  in- 
dustry. The  industry  itself  was  growing  wuth 
great  rapidity.  The  demand  for  the  demount- 
able rim  grew   even   faster.      Those  who  were 


manufacturing  it  were  making  millions;  the 
inventor  was  not  making  a  cent  of  profit,  but 
his  means  were  daily  diminishing  with  the 
eff"ort  to  protect  his  rights.  He  determined 
to  fight,  not  only  for  his  particular  rights, 
but  to  champion  the  cause  of  delayed  in- 
ventors in  general.  The  archives  of  the  Pat- 
ent Office  will  not  reveal  a  more  striking  in- 
stance of  determination  and  persistence  on  the 
part  of  an  inventor  resisting  the  interferences 
of  outsiders.  Finally,  early  in  1913,  his  essen- 
tial claims  were  recognized  and  the  patent 
issued  on  February  4,  of  that  year — the  num- 
ber being  1,052,270.  Among  the  devices  pro- 
duced by  other  inventors  for  escaping  the  diffi- 
cult and  laborious  removal  of  a  tire  shoe  from 
the  wheel  rim  may  be  mentioned  the  familiar 
2-D  rim,  composing  a  removable  flange,  which 
is  a  ring  separate  from  the  body  of  the  rim, 
and  secured  to  it  by  suitable  bolts  or  dogs; 
which  formed,  in  fact,  one  clincher  flange  for 
holding  one  bead  of  the  tire  shoe,  and,  being 
removable,  obviated  the  toilsome  necessity  of 
worrying  the  edge  of  the  shoe  over  the  flange, 
in  order  to  reach  the  air  tube.  Excellent  as 
this  device  was,  it  availed  only  to  reduce  to 
a  very  small  extent  the  time  and  labor  neces- 
sary to  the  removal  and  replacement  of  a  de- 
fective tire.  It  was  merely  a  subterfuge  for 
avoiding  the  true  solution,  a  demountable  rim. 
The  best  attempt  at  a  demountable  rim,  pre- 
vious to  Perlman's  invention,  involved  a  tire- 
carrying  ring  structure  having  an  internal  cone 
formed  on  its  inner  circumference,  which  was 
of  size  suitable  to  fit  snugly  and  be  per- 
manently attached  over  a  male  cone  around  the 
felloe  of  the  wheel.  When  the  rim,  which  car- 
ried the  pneumatic  tire  on  the  ordinary 
clinchers,  was  applied,  these  two  separate  parts 
were  to  be  held  into  a  working  unit  by  the 
use  of  suitable  bolts  inserted  through  a  flange 
bearing  against  the  felloe  of  the  wheel.  The 
plan  presented  the  merits  of  a  secure  and  effec- 
tive structure — is  identical,  in  fact,  with  the 
device  employed  on  railroad  car  wheels  in  ap- 
plying a  hardened  steel  rim  or  tire  to  a  body 
of  softer,  or  inferior,  metal.  The  practical 
difficulty  was,  however,  that  with  the  exercise 
of  sufficient  force  to  make  a  firm  contact  of  the 
two  separate  elements,  the  attachment  was  so 
firm  that,  as  a  rule,  only  a  power  press  could 
avail  to  separate  them.  The  action  of  inevit- 
able rust  between  the  surfaces  in  contact 
served  also  to  increase  the  tendency  to  per- 
manent attachment.  Such  a  device,  therefore, 
could  not  fulfil  the  requirements  of  a  demount- 
able rim  suitable  for  use  on  motor  cars;  it  was 
a  Mheel  device,  requiring  powerful  shop  tools 
for  mounting  and  demounting.  Evidently,  as 
must  be  understood,  in  view  of  the  results  se- 
cured by  Perlman,  the  primary  requirement 
is  a  demountable,  or  removable,  rim  body 
having  a  tight  fit,  or  the  "  equivalent  of  a 
driven  fit,"  such  as  results  with  the  device 
just  described,  when  in  use,  which  would  be 
capable  of  being  relieved  from  the  condition 
of  such  "  equivalent  of  a  driven  fit "  before 
any  eff"ort  should  be  made  to  remove  it  from 
the  periphery  of  the  wheel.  In  other  words, 
with  the  loosening  of  the  retaining  bolts,  the 
rim  should  be  found  loosely  hung  upon  the 
wheel,  and  capable  of  immediate  removal  by 
the  simple  act  of  lifting  it  away.  Perlman's 
device  for  securing  the  requirement  of  a  tight 


oG6 


/  //  /,'■'////////,  /////''/ 


PERLMAN 


PERLMAN 


lit  at  one  instant  and  a  loose  fit  at  another — 
which  idea  he  claimed  as  a  true  "  pioneer  con- 
ception," the  essence  .of  his  invention — in- 
volved merely  a  cylindrical  metal  band  upon 
the  felloe  of  the  wheel  carrying  a  coned  or 
flaring  flange  along  the  inner  edge,  or  the 
edge  contiguous  to  the  body,  of  the  vehicle. 
The  rim  carrying  the  pneumatic  tire  on  clinch- 
ers is  a  ring,  cylindrical  on  its  inner  circum- 
ference, and  of  somewhat  larger  diameter  than 
the  wheel.  It  is  rigidly  attached  to  the 
wheel  periphery  by  forcing  its  edge  against  the 
flaring  flange  by  the  use  of  wedges,  coned 
bolts,  or  a  combination  of  true  wedge  and 
bolts.  The  demountable  rim  structure  is  thus 
"  tensioned "  around  the  wheel,  being  immov- 
ably secured  against  the  edge  of  the  flaring 
flange  by  the  action  of  the  wedges  or  coned 
bolts.  Such  a  construction  involves  the  fur- 
ther advantage  that  an  air  space  intervenes 
between  the  rim  and  the  wheel,  so  that  the 
danger  of  seizing  between  the  two,  because 
of  rust,  is  entirely  obviated.  The  mechanism 
thus  devised  perfectly  fulfilled  the  require- 
ments of  a  demountable  rim  capable  of  being 
handled  by  the  average  motor  car  driver.  That 
Perlman's  construction  solved  the  problem  to 
the  satisfaction  of  the  public  is  evidenced  by 
the  fact  that  it  was  eagerly  appropriated  by 
numerous  manufacturers,  to  the  total  neglect 
of  other  previous  inventions  aiming  to  achieve 
the  same  results.  There  was  still  one  difficulty, 
however,  which  demanded  the  exercise  of  real 
inventive  genius,  and  which  Perlman  solved. 
The  clincher  bead  tire  for  motor  cars  then  in 
vogue  demanded  the  use  of  tire  spreader  lugs, 
rubber  covered,  metal  plates  bent  to  the  shape 
of  the  interior  of  the  bottom  of  the  shoe,  and 
mounted  on  stems  extending  through  the  felloe 
of  the  wheel,  so  that,  when  brought  down  by  a 
nut  working  over  a  thread  on  the  stem,  the 
feet  of  the  shoe  are  held  firmly  in  the  clincher 
flanges  of  the  rim,  and  all  creeping  is  pre- 
vented. Several  inventors  of  removable  tire 
rims  had  provided  for  this  necessary  element 
of  tire  structure  by  cutting  radial  slots  across 
the  felloe  of  the  wheel,  thus  involving  the 
danger  of  weakening  the  wheel  in  the  very 
part  that  receives  most  of  the  strains  of  travel. 
Mr.  Perlman,  with  the  instinct  of  the  real 
inventor,  soon  concluded  that,  while  the  tire- 
spreader  was  an  indispensable  feature,  if  sat- 
isfactory operation  was  to  be  maintained,  it 
was  necessary,  in  a  practical  demountable 
rim,  to  provide  some  means  for  shortening  the 
stems  of  the  lugs  so  that  they  would  not 
extend  beyond  the  surface  of  the  inner  circum- 
ference of  the  rim.  ITis  solution  of  the  diffi- 
culty was  most  ingenious.  His  spreader  lug 
was  made  in  the  usual  form,  but  had,  instead 
of  a  long  stem,  a  short  boss  internally 
threaded  to  take  the  end  of  a  special  long- 
shanked  adjusting  tool.  By  the  use  of  this 
tool  the  lug  was  set  into  position  to  retain 
the  edge  of  the  tire  shoe  in  the  clinchers,  so 
that  the  boss  was  brought  down  through  a 
perforation  in  the  floor  of  the  tire  channel,  to 
be  there  secured  in  place  by  a  thin  lock  nut 
working  around  the  bo.sa  in  a  countersunk  por- 
tion of  the  perforation.  Th(^  lug  was  tlius 
firmly  attached,  entirely  without  tlie  attending 
difficulty  of  the  usual  long  stem.  It  is  an 
axiom  in  patent  aflairs,  that  a  patent,  to  be  of 
any  real  value  to  the  inventor,  must  bo  thor- 


oughly litigated,  not  only  in  the  lower  courts 
of  the  United  States,  the  District  courts,  but 
in  the  higher  courts,  the  Circuit  Court  of 
Appeals  for  final  adjudication.  From  this 
statement  it  will  be  readily  seen  that,  al- 
though Mr.  Perlman  had  secured  the  United 
States  patent  rights,  it  was  up  to  him  to 
bring  the  powerful  corporations,  who  had  been 
infringing  on  his  patent,  to  terms.  Long 
continued  negotiations  failed  to  convince  these 
manufacturers  that  Mr.  Perlman  had  a  valid 
elementary  foundation  patent  on  the  demount- 
able rim  then  in  general  use,  so  on  7  Oct., 
1913,  Mr.  Perlman  filed  suit  in  the  United 
States  District  Court  in  New  York  against  the 
Standard  Welding  Company  of  Cleveland, 
Ohio,  the  leading  manufacturer .  of  demount- 
able rims.  Then,  from  the  corridors  of  the 
Patent  Office,  the  fight  moved  out  into  the 
more  open  atmosphere  of  the  courts.  The  story 
of  this  litigation  is  both  picturesque  and  dra- 
matic. It  was  fought  with  determination  by 
those  who  had  appropriated  the  inventor's 
ideas,  and  every  one  of  his  claims  to  priority 
were  bitterly  contested.  So  simple,  appar- 
ently, was  the  device  that  the  defendants  con- 
fidently urged  that  there  was  no  invention 
invol-ed;  indeed,  that  there  could  not  be. 
The  fact,  also,  that  others  had  worked  on 
the  problem  of  a  demountable  rim,  with  the 
result  that  several  of  them  had  produced  de- 
vices that  partially  filled  the  requirements, 
under  favoring  conditions  at  least,  was  vig- 
orously urged  to  counteract  Mr.  Perlman's 
claims  to  priority.  On  the  surface,  these  con- 
tentions involved  a  good  show  of  cogency,  par- 
ticularly for  those  unskilled  in  mechanics,  and, 
in  all  probability,  a  less  determined  contestant 
might  have  been  successfully  resisted.  Mr. 
Perlman,  how^ever,  brought  to  his  assistance 
such  a  complete  demonstration  of  practical 
conditions  involved  in  his  own  and  other  de- 
vices for  achieving  the  result  of  quickly  and 
readily  demountable  rims  that  the  opposition 
was  finally  silenced.  Of  course,  as  in  many 
other  patent  cases,  the  very  simplicity  of  the 
devices,  and  their  wholly  "  obvious "  char- 
acter, encouraged  the  infringers  of  j\Ir.  Perl- 
man's rights  in  their  contest  of  his  claims. 
Finally,  however,  the  court  was  convinced  of 
the  justice  of  his  cause,  and  on  the  18th  of 
August,  1915,  Judge  Hunt  handed  down  a 
decision  holding  that  Perlman's  patent  was 
valid  and  had  been  infringed  by  the  defendant. 
A  few  weeks  later  Perlman  was  granted  an 
injunction  by  the  court  against  any  further 
manufacturing  of  demountable  rims.  At  the 
same  time  The  Standard  Welding  Company 
appealed  from  the  decision  of  Judge  Hunt.  On 
15  February,  1910,  Judges  Laconibe,  Coxe. 
and  Rogers,  of  the  Circuit  Couvi  of  .Appeals, 
the  highest  court  to  take  cogni/.anee  of  patent 
causes,  handed  down  a  decision  upholding  the 
findings  of  the  lower  court.  Three  weeks  later 
a  permanent  injunction  was  issue<l  against  The 
Standard  Welding  Conii)any  and  they  were 
obliged  to  eeas(>  manufacturing  d(>niountaI)le 
rims.  '  Mr.  Perlman  had  won  his  final  bailie. 
The  wealthy  eorjxiralions,  after  a  series  of 
battles  running  through  years,  in  whieli  they 
liad  spent  a  fortune  to  deprive  IN-rlman  of 
his  just  riglits.  were  defeated,  atid  thoy  were 
obliged  to  pay  the  inventor  back  royalties 
amount  ill''  to  millions.     That   I.otiis  11.  rerlinan 


5ni 


PERLMAN 

finally  came  into  his  own  may  be  due,  in 
part,  to  the  inherent  right  that  was  with  him, 
but  there  are  those  who  will  believe  that  the 
much  more  important  factor  was  the  grim 
determination  with  which  he  threw  himself 
into  the  fight  with  his  powerful  antagonists 
and  held  on  with  a  steely  grip  until  the 
leisurely  wheels  of  justice  had  turned  in  his 
favor.  Mr.  Perlman  refused  all  offers  to  cede 
his  rights  to  the  infringers,  for  he  was  de- 
termined to  manufacture  and  market  the  prod- 
uct of  his  own  brains.  Mr.  Perlman  at  once 
organized  the  Perlman  Rim  Corporation  with 
a  capital  of  $10,000,000.  His  financial  asso- 
ciates representing,  among  others,  W.  C.  Du- 
rant,  president  of  the  General  Motors  Corpora- 
tion and  the.  Chevrolet  Motor  Company,  and 
Louis  G.  Kaufman,  president  of  the  Chatham 
and  Phenix  National  Bank  of  New  York  City, 
Mr.  Perlman  being  president  of  the  Corpora- 
tion, and  now  the  Perlman  Rim  Corporation 
owns  the  largest  and  only  exclusive  demount- 
able rim  plant  in  the  world,  covering  five 
acres.  Its  production  capacity  is  equal  to 
5,000  sets  of  demountable  rims  every  working- 
d&y,  enough  to  equip  over  1,500,000  motor 
cars  annually.  This  immense  plant  is  located 
at  Jackson,  Mich.,  and  the  rapid  building  and 
equipment  of  this  plant  is  due  to  Mr.  Perl- 
man's  intensive  activity,  and  that  of  his  able 
lieutenants  in  finishing  this  immense  plant 
in  less  than  six  months  from  the  time  the 
Perlman  Rim  Corporation  was  organized.    The 


PERLMAN 

New  York  City  offices  of  the  Perlman  Rim 
Corporation  are  located  on  the  fourth  floor 
of  the  United  States  Rubber  Company's  build- 
ing at  Broadway  and  58th  Street,  facing 
Columbus  Circle,  in  the  very  heart  of  New 
York's  famous  automobile  row.  The  suite  of 
offices  occupy  the  whole  side  of  the  fourth 
floor  of  the  building,  and  besides  being  hand- 
somely furnished,  they  are  equipped  with  the 
modern  office  business  devices  that  the  big 
business  of  such  a  large  corporation  requires. 
Mr.  Perlman  is  possessed  of  a  cordial,  modest, 
unassuming  manner,  which  has  contributed 
much  to  the  popularity  he  enjoys  in  the 
automobile  and  newspaper  world.  Behind  his 
prepossessing  appearance  is  a  straightforward, 
simple,  and  generous  nature.  With  too  much 
intelligence  and  too  well  developed  a  sense  of 
value,  to  place  an  exaggerated  estimate  on  the 
mere  possession  of  money,  he  uses  his  wealth 
judiciously  in  his  legitimate  business  and  in 
private  life.  Reading  is  perhaps  his  chief 
recreation,  and  the  well-chosen  library  of  his 
Madison  Avenue  home  contains  many  thou- 
sands of  volumes,  in  the  expert  tabulation 
and  cataloguing  of  which  he  has  spent  much 
money.  He  is  a  deliberate  speaker,  weighing 
well  his  words  before  uttering  them,  and  is  well 
informed  on  a  wide  variety  of  subjects.  He 
has  been  married  and  has  two  children:  a  son, 
Jesse  Burke,  ensign  United  States  Navy,  and 
a  daughter,  Grace  Helen,  wife  of  Roland  H. 
Guinzburg,  of  Flushing,  L.  I. 


II 


568 


INDEX 


ABBETT,  LEON,  governor  of  N.  J.,  96 
ABBEY,  HENRY  E.,  theatrical  manager,  140- 

141 
Abolitionist  controversies   (Goodman),  501-502 
ABRAHAM,  ABRAHAM,  merchant.  111 
ADDAMS,  JANE,  sociologist,  281 
ADE,   GEORGE,   author,   114 
Aeroplane,    invention    of    (Wright,    W.),    222- 
224;  gyroscopic  stabilizer  for  (Sperry),  73 
Africa,  explorations  in   (Burnham,  F.  R.),  250 
AGASSIZ,  ALEXANDER,  naturalist,   80-81 
Agassiz,  Louis,  Prof.    (Putnam),   15 
AGNEW,  DANIEL,  jurist,  116 
AGNEVV,  DAVID  HAYES,  surgeon,  545 
AIKENS,  ANDREW  J.,  editor,  146 
Alaska  Mail  Service   (Leary,  J.),  258 
ALDEN,  CYNTHIA  M.,  philanthropist,  142 
ALDRICH,  NELSON  W^LMARTH,  U.  S.  Sena- 
tor, 30-31 
ALDRICH,    THOMAS   BAILEY,   .author,    193- 

195 
Aldrich-Vreeland  Currency  Bill    (Aldrich),  31 
ALEXANDER,   JOHN   WHITE,  painter,   329 
ALLEN,  WILLIAM  FREDERICK,  metrologist, 

262 
ALTMAN,  BENJAMIN,  merchant,  134436 
American  Museum  of  Safetv   (Brady),*  26 
AMES,     EDWARD     GARDNER,     lumberman, 

461-462 
Anaesthesia,  discovery  of   (Morton,  W.  T.  G.), 

332-333 
ANDERSON,  ADA  WOODRUFF,  author,  420 
ANKENY,  LEVI,  U.  S.  Senator,  365 
Anna  Dean  Model  Farm   (Barber),  119-120 
Antisepsis,   surgical    (Park,   R.),    191 
APPLEGATE,     JOHN     STILWELL,     lawyer, 

236-238 
ARBUCKLE,  JOHN,  merchant,  83 
ARCHBOLD,  JOHN  DUSTIN,  financier,  20-23 
ARMOUR,  J.  OGDEN,  merchant,  409-410 
ARMOUR,  PHILIP  D.,  merchant,  54-55 
ARNOLD,  BION  J.,  inventor,  26-30 
Associated  Press,  The   (Stone,  M.  E.),  411-412 
ATKINSON,    GEORGE     FRANCIS,    botanist, 

441-442 
AUDENREID,     CHARLES     YOUNG,     jurist, 

218-219 
Automobile,  development  of  (Kittredge,  L.  H.), 
230;    (Havnes,  E.),  305-306;    (Rice,  I.  L.), 
327-328;   '(Chalmers,    H.),    363;     (Chapin, 
R.  D.),  410;    (Hartford,  E.  V.),  493-494 
Automobile  industry   (Willys),  65-67 

BABLER,  JACOB  LEONARD,  insurance  offi- 
cial, 393-394 

BACHRACH,  BENJAMIN  CHARLES,  lawyer, 
404-405 

Baconian  authorship  of  Shakespeare's  plays 
discussed    (Bridges,  H.  J.),   253-254 

BAILEY,  LIBERTY  HYDE,  horticulturist, 
419 

BAKER,  FRANK,  jurist,  225-227 

BAKER,  JOHN   S.,   banker,  94 

BALATKA,  HANS,  musician,  123 

BALDWIN,  SIMEON  E.,  governor  of  Con- 
necticut, 231-232 


BALDWIN,     WILLIAM     HENRY,     Railroad 

President    31-32 
BANGS,  GEORGE  ARCHER,  lawyer,  398 
BANGS,  TRACY  ROLLIN,  lawyer,  398-399 
BANNERMAN,    FRANCIS,    antiquarian,    272- 

274 
Barbed  wire,  invention  of   (Gates,  J.  W.),  61, 

(Glidden),   141 
BARBER,  OHIO  C,  manufacturer,  117-120 
BARKER,  JOHN  HENRY,  manufacturer,  313 
BARKER,  WHARTON,  financier,   163-164 
BARNARD,  GEORGE  GREY  GRUBB,   sculp- 
tor, 367-368 
BARRETT,   JOHN,  diplomat,   110-111 
BARTLETT,    ROBERT    ABRAM,    Arctic    ex- 
plorer, 212-213 
BARTON,  CHARLES  SUMNER,  manufacturer, 

433 
BATES,   LINDON   WALLACE,   engineer,   341- 

342 
BECKER,   BENJAMIN  VOGEL,   lawyer,  370- 

371 
BECKWITH,  JAMES  CARROLL,  painter,  485 
Behring  Sea  Controversy    (Choate),  2;    (War- 
ren, C.  B.),  367 
BELASCO,   DAVID,   theatrical  manager,   295- 
-"^296 
BELL,     ALEXANDER     GRAHAI^I,     inventor, 

207-208 
Bell  Telephone  Patent    (Choate),  2 
BELMONT,  PERRY,  lawyer,  32-36 
BENEDICT,  HENRY  HARPER,  manufacturer, 

239-241 
BERGNER,    CHARLES    WILLIAM,   manufac- 
turer, 346-347 
BERWIND,  EDWARD  J.,  financier,  146 
Bessemer  Steel  Process  (Carnegie),  48 
BEVERIDGE,    ALBERT    JEREMIAH,    Sena- 
tor, 312-313 
BICKFORD,  WALTER  IVIANSUR,  lawyer,  498 
Bicycle,   development   of   the    (Kiser,   J.    W.), 

392 
BIGELOW,  POULTNEY,  author,  113 
BILLINGS,  ALBERT  jNI..  capitalist,  100 
BILLINGS,    FREDERICK,    financier,    151-152 
BISPHAM,    DAVID   SCULL,   singer,   538-539 
BITTER,  KARL  T.  F.,  sculptor,  286-287 
BIXBY,    SAMUEL   MERRILL,   manufacturer, 

383-384 
BIXBY,   WILLARD   GOLDTHWAITE,   manu- 
facturer, 383-385 
BLACK,   FRANK  S.,  governor  of  Nqw  York, 

156-157 
BLACK,  JOHN  CHARLES,  soldier,  420-421 
BLAIR,  WALTER,  educator,   304-305 
Blind,  education  of  the   (Kclk'r,  11.  A.).  220 
BLITM,   ROBERT    FUEDEIUC.   artist,    132 
BOGUE.    VIRGIL    GAY,    civil    engineer,    146- 

147 
BOK,  EDWAKD  W1LLIA:SI,  editor,  402-463 
BOI.DT,  IIEHMAXN  J.,  plivsician,  96-97 
BOOK.  JAMES  lU'KC.ESS.  physician.  452-453 
Booth,   J.    Wilkes,   capture   of    (O'neirno),   02- 

93 
BORDEN,    GAIL,    inventor.    126-129 
BORDEN,  JOHN  GAIL,  manufacturer.  129 


569 


INDEX 

BOVARD,  CHARLES  LINCOLN,  college  presi- 
dent, 412 
BOWEN,  CLARENCE  WINTHROP,  journalist, 

434-435 
BOWLES,  SAMUEL,  journalist,   183-184 
BOYNTON,    MELBOURNE   PARKER,   clergy- 
man, 503-504 
BRADY,  ANTHONY  N,  capitalist,  25-26 
BRANDEIS,   LEWIS   DEMBITZ,   jurist,   287- 

289 
BRASHEAR,  JOHN  A.,  manufacturer,  141 
BRIDGES,    HORACE    JAxMES,    lecturer,    252- 

254 
BRIGHAM,  JOHNSON,  librarian,  325-326 
BRITTON,     FRANK     HAMILTON,     railroad 

president,  422-423 
BRITTON,  ROY  FRANK,  lawyer,  423-424 
BRONAUGH,  EARL  C,  Jr.,  lawyer,  417 
BROOKER,    CHARLES    FREDERICK,   manu- 
facturer,  361-362 
BROOKS,   JAMES   GORDON   CARTER,   lum- 

berman,  496-497 
BROOKS,  PHILLIPS,   Episcopal  bishop,  533- 

534 
BROWNE,  GEORGE,  capitalist,  413-414 
BROWNE,  JOHN  JAY,  lawyer,  319-321 
BUCKLEY,  JAMES  M.,  clergyman,  106 
Buffalo  Bill,  nickname  (Cody,  W.  F.),  388-390 
BULL,     ARCHIBALD     HILTON,     shipowner, 

268-269 
BULL,    WILLIAM    TILLINGHAST,    surgeon, 

187-188 
BUNN,  CHARLES  WILSON,  lawver,  551 
BURBANK,  LUTHER,  horticulturist,   178-179 
BURCHARD,  HENRY  McNEIL,  lawyer,  376- 

377 
BURK,  JESSE  YOUNG,  clergyman,  560 
BURK,     WILLIAM     HERBERT,     clergyman, 

560-561 
BURKE,  STEVENSON,  jurist,  481-483 
BURNETT,  CHARLES  HENRY,  otologist,  337 
BURNHAM,     FREDERICK     RUSSELL,     ex- 
plorer, 249-251 
BURROUGHS,  JOHN,  naturalist,   171 
BURSON,  WILLIAM  WORTH,  inventor,  275- 

276 
BURSON,  W^ILSON  WORTH,  inventor,  277 
BURTON,  PIERCE,  journalist,   274 
BUTLER,   JOSEPH  GREEN,   Jr.,   ironmaster, 

399-401 
BUTLER,    NICHOLAS    MURRAY,    educator, 

215-216 
Butte,   Mont.,   Columbia   Gardens  at    (Clark), 

20 
BUTTERWORTH,    WILLIAM,    manufacturer, 
436-437 

CADWALADER,    JOHN    LAMBERT,    lawyer, 

333-334 
Calculating     machine,     invention     of      (Felt, 

D.  E.),  155 
CALDWELL,   GEORGE   BRINTON,   financier, 

444-445 
Calumet  and  Hecla  mine    (Agassiz),  80 
CAMPBELL,  AMASA  B.,  mining  operator,  415- 

416 
Canadian  Fisheries  disputes    (Belmont),  33 
Canadian  Non-Intercourse  Bill    (Belmont),  33 
CANNON,    JOSEPH   GURNEY,    Congressman, 

394-395 
CARNEGIE,  ANDREW,  capitalist,  44-50 
CARREL,  ALEXIS,  surgeon,  216-217 
CARRERE,   JOHN   MERVEN,   architect,   454- 

456 


570 


INDEX 

CARTER,  LEVI,  inventor,  357-358 
CASE,  JEROME  I.,  manufacturer,  90-92 
Cesnola,     Luigi     P.     di,     accused     of     frau 

(Choate),  2 
CHALMERS,  HUGH,  manufacturer,  362-363 
CHAPIN,  CHARLES  AUGUSTUS,  capitalist, 

536 
CHAPIN,    LINDLEY    HOFFMAN,    capitalist, 

464 
CHAPIN,  ROY  DICKERMAN,  manufacturer, 

410-411 
Charity  Organization  Society,  New  York    (De 

Forest,  R.  W.),  278-279 
CHENEY,  BENJAMIN  P.,  transportation  pio- 
neer, 93-94 
CHESTER,   JOHN  NEEDELS,  engineer,   377- 

378- 
Chicago,    development    of     (Honore,    H.    H.), 

375-376;    early  davs  in    (Gillett,  P.  W.), 

485-486;    Municipal   Pier    (Frost,   C.    S.), 

366;  park  system  of  (Payne,  J.  B.),  537- 

538 
Children,  Society  for  Prevention  of  Cruelty  to 

(Lindsav,  J.  D.),  363-364 
CHILDS,  GEORGE  WILLIAM,  publisher,  204- 

207 
Chinese   Exclusion   Act,   validity  of,   attacked 

(Choate),  2 
CHISHOLM,    HUGH    J.,    manufacturer,    380- 

382 
CHOATE,  JOSEPH  H.,  1-4 
Cholera     in     cattle,     "  simultaneous     serum " 

treatment    for    (French,   G.    W.),    390 
CLARK,    CHAMP,    Congressman,    396 
CLARK,  WILLIAM  A.,  U.  S.  Senator,  18-20 
CLARKE,  GEORGE  WASHINGTON,  governor 

of  Iowa,  470-471 
CLARKE,   JOSEPH   I.   C,   editor,   520-521 
CLEWS,  Henry,  banker,  300-302 
Clocks,   manufacture   of    (Thomas,    S.),   266 
Coaching,  Revival  of    (Vanderbilt),  43 
COCHRANE,     ALEXANDER,     manufacturer, 

120 
CODY,   WILLIAM   FREDERICK,   scout,   388- 

390 
Co-education,  advantages  of   (Lathrop,  J.  H.), 

228 
COLMAN,  CHARLES  LANE,  lumberman,  487 
Color  photography,  invention  of  (Ives,  F.  E.), 

204 
Columbian    Exposition,    Board   of   Lady   Man- 
agers of   (Palmer,  B.  H.),  137-138;  origin 

of  idea  of   (Bowen,  C.  W.),  434 
Compass,  gyroscopic,  invention  of  the  (Sperry), 

72-73 
Compressed  air  as  motive  power    (Gatling,  R. 

J.),  507-508 
Comptometer,  invention  of   (Felt,  D.  E.),  155- 

156 
Condensed  milk,  invention  of  (Borden,  G.),  128 
CONRIED,    HEINRICH,    theatrical    manager, 

283-284 
CONVERSE,  FREDERICK  SHEPHERD,  com- 
poser, 350-352 
COOK,  JOHN  WILLISTON,  educator,  110 
Cooke,  Jav    (Billings,  F.),   151 
COOLBRITH,  INA  D.,  author,   130-131 
Co-operation  between  capital  and  labor   (Cros- 

sett,    E.    S.),    461;     Rochdale    system    of 

(Brandeis,L.  D.),  288-289 
CORLISS,  GEORGE  HENRY,  inventor,  180 
CORNISH,  EDWARD  JOEL,  lawyer,  334-335 
CORNISH,   JOEL   NORTH RUP,    lawyer,    335- 

336 


\ 


INDEX 


INDEX 


COTTERILL,  GEORGE  FLETCHER,  engineer, 
344-345 

CRAIG,  ALFRED  M.,  jurist,  478-479 

CRAIG,  CHARLES  C,  jurist,  479 

CRAIGHEAD,  EDWIN  BOONE,  educator,  298- 
299 

Credit  Mobilier  Case  (Choate),  2;  (Popple- 
ton,  A.  J.),  214 

CROSSETT,  EDWARD  SAVAGE,  lumberman, 
460-461 

CROXTON,  JOHN  G.,  merchant,  440-441 

CUTTING,  CHARLES  SIDNEY,  lawyer,  488- 
489 

Dairy  cattle,  researches  on  (Richardson,  J.  J.), 

471-472 
DALY,  JOHN  MICHAEL,  inventor,  558 
DAMROSCH,   WALTER,    musician,    449-450 
DANA,    CHARLES    ANDERSON,    journalist, 

522-523 
DAVENPORT,  CHARLES  BENEDICT,  zoolo- 
gist, 492-493 
DAVIS,  BYRON  BENNETT,  surgeon,  346 
DAVIS,    RICHARD   HARDING,    author,    306- 

307 
DAWLEY,  FRANK  FREMONT,  lawyer,  490 
DEERE,  JOHN,  manufacturer,  67-69 
DEERING,     WILLIAM,     manufacturer,     446- 

447 
Defender-Valkyrie   Controversy    (Choate),  2 
DeFOREST,  LEE,  inventor,  379-380 
DeFOREST,   ROBERT   WEEKS,   lawyer,   277- 

279 
DeFOREST,  WILLIAM  HENRY,  manufacturer, 

547-548 
DeKOVEN,  REGINALD,  composer,  424 
De  Lesseps,  Ferdinand   (Belmont),  32 
DEPEW,  CHAUNCEY  M.,  U.  S.  Senator,  16- 

18 
DEWEY,  GEORGE,  admiral,  158-162 
DEWEY,    HARRY    PINNEO,    clergj^man,    557 
DICKINSON,    DONALD    McDONALD,    Poet- 
master  General,  382-383 
DIX,  EDWIN  ASA,  author,  434 
DODGE,    GRACE   HOADLEY,    philanthropist, 

329-330 
DOLLIVER,    JONATHAN    PRENTISS,    Sena- 
tor, 188-190 
DONW^ORTH,   GEORGE,   jurist,   481 
DOYLE,  JOHN  HARDY,  jurist,  412-413 
Drawbaugh,  Daniel,  telephone  inventor   (Dick- 
inson, D.  M.),  383 
Drunkenness,    success    with,    by    Minneapolis 

plan    (Haynes,  J.  C),  331 
Dry-farm  legislation    (Smoot,  R.),  211 
Dry  plate.  Photographic  ( Seed ) ,  88 
Dunraven,  Lord    (Choate),  2 
DURYEA,   HARMANUS    B.,    sportsman,    234- 

236 
DYCKMAN,   FANNIE  BLACKWELL,  304 
IJYCKMAN,    ISAAC    MICHAEL,    landowner, 
303 

Fads  Shin  Railway,  proposed  (Belmont),  32 
FDDY.  FRANK  VVOODMAN,  merchant,  280 
EDISON,    THOMAS    ALVA.,     inventor,     143- 

145 
I.DWARDS,  WILLIAM  CHALMERS,  lumber- 
man, 437-440 
Electric  light,  invention  of   (Edison),  143-144; 

(Hewitt,   P.   C),    170 
IClevated   railways,   development    of    (Billings, 
A.    M.),    100;     liability    for    damages    of 
(Tracy,  B.  F.),  244 


ELLIOTT,  DANIEL  GIRAUD,  zoologist,  244- 

245 
ELY,  HORACE  S.,  realty  operator,  90 
EMERSON,  RALPH,  manufacturer,  322-325 
ERICKSON,  CHARLES  JOHN,  contractor,  444 
Eugenics    Record    Office    (Davenport,    C.    B.), 

492-493 
Evolution,  Experimental,  Station  for    (Daven- 
port, C.  B.),  492-493 
Express    business,    development    of    (Cheney), 
93-94 

FARLEY,  JOHN  MURPHY,  cardinal,  429-430 
FARNSWORTH,  WILLIAM  HIX,  lawyer,  496 
"  Father     of    the     Fighting    Navy "     ( Tracy, 

B.  F.),  244 
FELT,  DORR  EUGENE,  inventor,  154-156 
FELTON,    SAMUEL   MORSE,   railroad   presi- 
dent,  265-266 
"  Fenian  Ram,"  the,  submarine  boat  (Holland, 

J.  P.),  407 
FERGUSON,    FRANCIS    M.,    contractor,    145- 

146 
FERRY,  ELISHA  PEYRE,  governor  of  Wash- 
ington, 475-476 
Field  Museum,  Chicago   (Elliot,  D.  G.),  244 
FINCH,    JOHN   AYLARD,    mining    promoter, 

551-552 
FISHER,  IRVING,  economist,  180-181 
FLAGLER,    HENRY    MORRISON,    capitalist, 

23-25 
FLEXNER,  SIMON,  surgeon,  242-243 
Florida,     East     Coast     of,     development     of 

(Flagler),  24-25 
FOGG,  CHARLES  SUMNER,  lawyer,  133 
FOLLANSBEE,  BENJAMIN  GILBERT,  finan- 
cier, 347-348 
FOSTER,   ADDISON  GARDNER,  lumberman, 

467-468 
FOSTER,  JOHN  WATSON,  diplomat,  364-365 
FRASCH,  HERMAN,  inventor,  247-249 
"  Free   institutions,"    meaning   of    ( Beveridge, 

A.  J.),  312 
FRENCH,  ALICE,  author,   157-158 
FRENCH,  GEORGE  WATSON,  manufacturer, 

390-391 
FRENCH.  NATHANIEL,  lawyer,  391 
FRICK,  HENRY  CLAY,  7-12 
FRINK,     JOHN     MELANCTHON,     manufac- 
turer, 517 
FROST,  CHARLES  SUMNER,  architect,  365- 

366 
FUNK,  ISAAC  K.,  clergj-man,  84-86 

GABLE,     WILLIAM     FRANCIS,     merchant, 

358-C60 
Gambling,  laws  against,  in  Montana   (Bovard), 

412 
GARDINER,    DAVID    LTOX.    lawyer.    36-40 
Gardiner's  Island,  N.  Y.    (Gardiner),  37 
GARFORD,  ARTHUR  LOVETT,  maiiufaoturer, 

208-210 
GATES,  CTIAin.ES  G..  rnpi(alis1.  C>2Cu\ 
GATIOS,  JOHN    WAUXK.   capitMlist.   (11-62 
CATLING,     RICHARD     .lORDAN.     inventor. 

507-500 
GEORGE,   IIEXRY.   economist.   245  246 
GIBBOXS,   .lAMKS.    cardinal.    515-517 
GIBSON,    PARIS,   miinufartuirr.   52S 
GILBERT.  llKXin'   F.  B..  roniposor.  303 
GILDFR.  RICHARD  WATSOX.  poet.  256-257 
G1LI>ETT,  I'AUL  W..  niannfactiin'r.  4S5-4S6 
GIIJJE,  .101 IX.  mining  engineer.    125 
Glass-making,  progress  in   (Owens.  M.  .T.).  124 

571 


INDEX 


INDEX 


GLIDDEN,  JOSEPH  F.,  inventor,  141-142 
GOETHALS,  GEORGE  WASHINGTON,  engi- 
neer. 289-295 
Gold  Democracy  of  1896    (Palmer,  J.  McA.), 

442 
GOLDSPOHN,  ALBERT,  physician.  450 
GOODE,    HENRY    WALTON,    merchant,    270- 

271 
GOOD^LVN,  EDWARD,  publisher,  501-503 
GOODMAN,  HERBERT  EDWARD,  manufac- 
turer, 563-564 
GOODMAN,    THOMAS,    builder,    544-545 
GOODWIN,  JAMES  JUNIUS,  financier,   387- 

388 
GORDON,  JOHN  BROWN,  soldier,   167-169 
GORE,  THOMAS  PRYOR,  Senator,  433-434 
GRANNIS,     ELIZABETH     BARTLETT,     re- 
former,  445-446 
GRAY,  JOHN  CHIPMAN,  lawyer,  259-260 
GREENE,     CHARLES     LYMAN,     physician, 

120-121 
GREGORY,  ELIOT,  artist,  251 
GRIFFIN,  MICHAEL  JAMES,  contractor,  536 
GRIGGS,  CHAUNCEY  WRIGHT,  lumberman, 

459 
GRISCOM,  LLOYD  C,  diplomat,  97 
GROSVENOR,  GILBERT  HOVEY,  editor,  313- 

314 
GROSVENOR,   WILLIAM,   manufacturer,   95- 

96 
GROSVENOR,  WILLIAM,  Jr.,  manufacturer, 

96 
Gyroscope,   Inventions  based  on    (Sperry),   72 

HABERKORN,  CHRISTIAN  H.,  manufac- 
turer, 114-115 

HADLEY,  HENRY  KIMBALL,  composer,  264- 
265 

HADLEY,  HERBERT  S.,  governor  of  Mis- 
souri, 117 

Hague  Peace  Conferences  (Choate),  3;  (Por- 
ter, H.),  7;    (Hay,  J.),  152-153 

HALDEMAiN,  SARAH  ALICE,  banker,  279- 
281 

Half-tone,  invention  of   (Ives,  F.  E.),  203 

HAMILTON,  JAMES  McCLELLAN,  educator, 
552 

'*  Hamlet,"  problem  of,  discussed  ( Bridges, 
H.  J.),  254 

HAMMOND,  JOHN  HAYS,  Mining  Engineer, 
56-61 

HANNA,  LOUIS  B.,  governor  of  North 
Dakota,  157 

HARPER,  FRANCIS  A.,  attorney,  95 

HARRIS,    NORMAN   WAIT,    banker,    456-457 

HARRISON,  BURTON  NORVELL,  lawyer, 
499-500 

HARRISON,  CONSTANCE  CARY,  author,  500 

HARRISON,  FAIRFAX,  railroad  president, 
500 

HARRISON,  FRANCIS  BURTON,  statesman, 
500-501 

HARRISON,  JESSE  BURTON,  publicist, 
498-499 

HART,  ALBERT  BUSHNELL,  educator,  98 

HART,  WILLIAM  HENRY,  manufacturer, 
148-150 

HARTFORD,  EDWARD  VASSALLO,  inventor, 
493-494 

HARTZELL,  JOSEPH  CRANE,  M.  E.  Bishop, 
221-222 

HASTINGS,  WILLIA^I  GRANGER,  lawyer, 
495-496 

HAY,   JOHN,   statesman,   152-153 


HAYNES,   ELWOOD,    inventor,   305-306 
HAYNES,    JAMES    CLARK,    mayor   of 

nea polls,  330-331 
HEGELER,  EDWARD  C,  manufacturer,  1 

185 
HEMENWAY,  JOHN  FRANCIS,  manufacture: 

441 
HENRY,  HORACE  CHAPIN,  contractor,  453- 

454 
Henry,  0.,  pen-name   (Porter,  W.  S.),  371-374 
HERRICK,  MYRON  T.,  diplomat,  101 
HESTER,  WILLIAM,  publisher,  397-398 
HEWITT,  HENRY,  Jr.,  lumberman,  401 
HEWITT,  PETER  COOPER,  inventor,  169-171 
HEYWORTH,    JAMES    OMEROD,    civil    engi- 
neer, 254-256 
HIGGINS,  CHRISTOPHER  P.,  business  man, 

409 
HILL,  DAVID  JAYNE,  diplomat,  106-107 
HILL,  JOHN  WESLEY,  clergyman,  554-556 
HIXON,     FRANK     PENNELL,     lumberman, 

528-529 
HOGAN,    JAMES    JOSEPH,    business    man, 

524-525 
HOLCOMB,  MARCUS  HENSEY,  governor  -of 

Connecticut,  334 
HOLLAND,  JOHN  PHILIP,  inventor,  406-407 
HOLMES,  OLIVER  WENDELL    (2d),   jurist, 

464 
Homestead     Strike     of     1892      (Frick),     9-10 

(Carnegie),  49-50 
HONORE,     HENRY    HAMILTON,     financier. 

374-376 
HOOKER,    ELON    HUNTINGTON,    engineer, 

505-507 
"Hoosier  Poet"    (Riley,  J.  W.),  182 
HOPKINS,  STEPHEN,  signer  of  DeclaratioJ 

of   Independence,    348-349 
HORTON,   DEXTER,  banker,   101 
HOWE,  JULIA  WARD,  author.  166-167 
Howe,  Dr.  Samuel  Gridley  (Howe,  J.  W.),  16^ 
HOWELLS,    WILLIAM    DEAN,    author,    17a 

174 
HUBBARD,  ELBERT,  author,  201-203 
HUBBARD,  NEWTON  K.,  banker,  435-436 
HUBBELL,  FREDERICK  MARION,  financiefj 

487-488 
Hudson    tunnels.    New    York    City,    (McAdooj 

W.  G.),  535 
HUEY,  ARTHUR   S.,  capitalist,  511 
Hull  House,  Chicago   (Addams.  J.),  281 

building  of   (Pond,  I.  K.),  121 
HUNT,  EBENEZER  K.,  physician,  130 

"Idler,    The,"    nom-de-plume     (Gregory,    E.), 

251 
Industrial  city,  a  model   (Chisholm),  381 
Industrial  reform,  practical    (Rubin,   W.   B.), 

476-477 
Infantile  paralysis,  antitoxin  for  (Flexner,  S.), 

242 
INGERSOLL,  ROBERT  GREEN,  orator,  314- 

318 
INGRAM,  ORRIN  H.,  lumberman,  76-79 
International      Mercantile      Marine      founded 

(Morgan),  13 
Irrigation  proiects  in  U.  S.   (Hammond),  59 
IVES,  FREDERIC  E.,  inventor,  203-204 

JACKSON,    GEORGE    WASHINGTON,    engi- 
neer, 557-558 
Jameson  Raid    (Hammond),  58-59 
JENKINS,  JOHN  JAMES,  jurist.  121 
JENKS,  GEORGE  C,  author,  89-90 


572 


INDEX 


INDEX 


Johnson,  Helen  K.    (Johnson,  R.),  83 
JOHNSON,   HIRAM    WARREN,    governor    of 

California,  542-544 
JOHNSON,  ROSSITER,  author,  82-83 
JONES,  BURR  W.,  Congressman,  545-546 
JONES,  CHARLES  HEBARD,  lumberman,  492 
JONES,  FRANK  S.,  merchant,  83-84 
Jones,  John  Paul,  body  of,  recovered    (Porter, 

H.),  6-7 
JONES,  WALTER  CLYDE,  lawyer,  532-533 
JOY,  EDMUND  LEWIS,  soldier,  524 
JOY,  THOMAS,  colonist,  523-524 

KAHN,  OTTO  HERMANN,  banker,  50-52 
KANE,  GRENVILLE,  banker,  350 
"Karluk,"   voyage   of   the    (Bartlett,    R.    A.), 

212-213 
KAYS,  JOHN,  soldier,  548 
KEECH,  FRANK  BROWNE,  banker,  113-114 
KELLER,  HELEN  ADAMS,  blind  author,  220- 

221 
KELLY,  HUGH,  merchant,  489-490 
KENNELLY,     ARTHUR     EDWIN,    electrical 

engineer,  238-239 
KING,   EDWARD,   banker,   417-419 
KISER,  JOHN  WILLIAM,  manufacturer,  391- 

393 
KITTREDGE,  LEWIS  HARRIS,  manufacturer, 

230-231 
Knitting  machine,  invention  of   (Burson,  Wm. 

W.),  276 
KNOX,    PHILANDER    CHASE,    Secretary   of 

State,  421-422 
Kruger,   Paul,   Prest.    (Hammond),   58-59 

LACOMBE,   EMILE   HENRY,   jurist,    274-275 
LADD,    GEORGE    TRUMBULL,    psychologist, 

281-282 
LA  FOLLETTE,  ROBERT  M.,  Senator,  219-220 
LARGEY,  PATRICK  ALBERT,  capitalist,  544 
LATHROP,  GARDINER,  lawyer,  102 
LATHROP,  JOHN  HIRAM,  educator,  227-228 
LAWRENCE,  WILLIAM,  P.  E.  bishop,  252 
LAWSON,    VICTOR    FREMONT,    editor,    425- 

428 
LEA,   HENRY   CHARLES,   historian.   232-233 
LEARY,  JOHN,  mayor  of  Seattle,  257-259 
LEE,  FITZHUGH,  soldier  and  diplomat,  260- 

262 
"Letheon,"  name  for  anaesthetic    (Morton,  W. 

T.  G.),  332 
LEVINSON,  SAMUEL  OLIVER,  lawyer,  404 
Lewis  and  Clark  Exposition    (Goode,  H.  W.), 

271 
Lewis  gun,  the  (Lewis,  I.  N.),  90 
LEWIS,  ISAAC  N.,  inventor,  98-100 
LEWISOHN,  ADOLPH,  business  man,  385 
LIBBY,  ARTHUR  ALBION,  merchant,  513 
Lincoln,  President,  assassination  of  (O'Beirne), 

92-93 
LINCOLN,  RUFUS  PRATT,  surgeon,   125-126 
LINDSAY,  JAMES  EDWIN,  lumberman,  176- 

177 
LINDSAY,  JOHN  DOUGLAS,  lawyer,  363-364 
LOCKWOOD,  GEORGE  ROE,  physician,  556- 

557 
LONDON,  JACK,  author,  454 
LOREE,  LEONOR   F.,   railroad  president,   52- 

54 
LOW,  SETH,  mayor  of  New  York.  153-154 
LOWELL,    ABBOTT    LAWRENCE,    educator. 

337-338 
LOWELL,  PERCIVAL,  astronomer.  246-247 
LURTON,  HORACE  HARMON,  jurist,  463 


"Lusitania,"    Loss    of    the    ( Vanderbilt ) ,    43; 

(Hubbard,  E.),  203;    (Bates,  L.  W.),  341- 

342 
LYMAN,  JOHN  VAN  REED,  surgeon,  503 
LYNCH,  FREDERICK   B.,   lumberman,   97-98 

McADOO,  WILLIAM  GIBBS,  Secretary  of  the 

Treasury,    535-536 
MACBRIDE,    THOMAS    HUSTON,    botanist, 

358 
McCalla,      Bowman      H.,      charges      against 

(Choate),  2 
McCLAIN,  EMLIN,  jurist,  336-337 
McCormick-Manny  reaper  suit   (Emerson,  R.), 

323-324 
McCORMICK,   ROBERT   LAIRD,   lumberman, 

368-369 
McKEE,  JOHN,  prohibitionist,  200-201 
McKIM,  CHARLES   FOLLEN,  architect,  450- 

451 
McLANE,  ALLAN,  financier,  424-425 
McMURTY,   GEORGE  G.,  manufacturer,   121- 

123 
McWHIRTER,    FELIX   TYREE,   banker,   269- 

270 
Machine  gun,  first  (Gatling,  R.  J.),  508 
MAIN,    CHARLES    THOMAS,    engineer,    490- 

491 
Manila   Bay,   Battle  of    (Dewey,  G.),    161-162 
MANNING,  DANIEL,  statesman,  117 
MANTLE,  LEE,  Senator,  504-505 
MANTON,  FRANK  STEAD,  inventor,  108-110 
MARCH,  FRANK  M.,  banker,  108 
MARDEN,  OSCAR  AVERY,  jurist,  564-565 
Mars,  observations  on  the  planet  (Lowell,  P.), 

247 
Match-makers'    "occupational   disease"    (Bar- 
ber), 118 
MAXIM,  HUDSON,  inventor,    165-166 
Meat  extracts,  invention  of   (Borden,  G.),  128 
Merchants'  Association  of  New  York  (Towne), 

74-76 
Merit  System  in  U.  S.  Consular  Service   (Bel- 
mont), 33 
Metropolitan     Museum     of     Art,     New     York 

(Choate),    2;     (Morgan),    13 
Metropolitan  Opera  Companv    (Kahn),   52 
METZ.  HERMAN  A.,  manufacturer,  86-88 
MIDDLETON,    AUSTIN    DICKINSON,    mer- 
chant, 436 
MILLER,  ALFRED  J.,  merchant,  94-95 
MILLER,  CINCINNATUS  HEINE,  poet,  511- 

513 
Miller,  Joaquin    (Miller,  C.  H.),  512 
MILLER,    REUBEN,   Jr.,   manufacturer,    179- 

180 
MILLER,  REUBEN   (3d),  manufacturer,  549- 

550 
MILLETT,    STEPHEN    CALDWELL,    soldier, 

349 
Minneapolis    plan   of    social    reform    (Haynes, 

J.  C),  331 
MITCHELL,   JOHN   RAYMOND,   banker,    112 
MITCHELL,    SILAS    WEIR,    physician,    479- 

481 
MOHLER,  ADA^r  L..  railway  olTicial.  114 
"  Money -Trust  "  in{]uiry    (Morgan),  14 
Montana,  anti-gambling  laws,  in,  412 
MOORE,   GKOIUJK   O..    finnncier.    101-102 
MOHElIOrS.    PIIILO,    nnancior.   213-214 
MOIUJAN,  JOHN  PlICHPOX'l'.  financier,  12-14; 

(Stetson),  41 
MORRIS.  HENRY  CRITTENDEN,  lawver.  443 
MORSE,  WALDO  GRANT,  lawyer,  469-470 


573 


INDEX 

MORTON,     LEVI     PARSONS,     banker     and 

statesman,  267-268 
MORTON,  WILLIAM  JAMES,  physician,  262- 

263 
MORTON,    WILLIAM    T.    G.,    discoverer    of 

anaesthesia,  331-333 
Motion  pictures,  invention  of   (Edison),  144 
Mower,  first  motor-driven    (Deering,  W.),  447 
MUCKLE,  MARK  RICHARDS,  journalist,  414- 

415 
MUIR,  JOHN,  naturalist,  307-308 
Municipal  Pier,  Chicago   (Frost,  C.  S.),  366 
MUNSTERBERG,    HUGO,    psychologist,    430- 

433 

NASH.  EDWARD  WATROUS,  metallurgist, 
452 

Natural  History  Museum,  New  York  City, 
founding  of  the   (Elliot,  D.  G.),  244 

Naval  Consulting  Board,  U.  S.  (Arnold),  29 

NEWPORT,  REECE  M.,  real  estate  merchant, 
131 

New  York  Public  Library,  building  of, 
(Carrere,  J.  M.),  455;  founding  of 
(Cadwalader,  J.  L.),  334 

New  York  Trade  School,  founding  of  (Mor- 
gan), 13-14 

NICOLS,  JOHN,  merchant,  457-458 

Noise,  Society  for  Suppressing  Unnecessary 
(Rice,  Mrs.  I.  L.),  541 

NORCROSS,  PLINY,  lawyer,  352-353 

North  pole,  discovery  of  the  (Bartlett,  R.  A.), 
212;    (Peary,  R.  E.),  527 

Northern  Pacific  Railroad,  building  of  (Bill- 
ings, F.),  151 

NOYES,  GEORGE  HENRY,  jurist,  513-515 

O'BEIRNE.  JAMES  R.,  soldier,  92-93 
OCHS,  ADOLPH   S.,  journalist,  530-532 
Octave  Thanet,  pen-name    (French,  A.),  157 
OGILVIE,  IDA  HELEN,  educator,  521-522 
OLCOTT,  EBEN  ERSKINE,  engineer,  558-559 
OLIVER,  JAMES,  inventor,  103-105 
OLIVER,  JOSEPH  D.,  manufacturer,  105-106 
OWENS,    GEORGE    WASHINGTON,    clergy- 
man, 319 
OWENS,  MICHAEL  J.,  inventor,  123-124 
"Owner  of  counties"    (Kiser,  J.  W.),  392 

PAGE,   J.   SEAVER.   manufacturer,    113 
Palisades    National    Reservation     (Morse,    W. 

G),  470 
PALMER,   BERTHA  HONORS,   social  leader, 

136-13S 
PALMER,  JOHN  McAULAY,  governor  of  Illi- 
nois, 442 
PAL]MER,  JOHN  IVIAYO.  lawyer,  442-443 
PALMER,   LOWELL  MELVIN,   financier,    169 
Panama    Canal     (Belmont),    32-33;     (Walker, 
J.    G.),    449;    building   of   the    (Goethals, 
G.  W.).  290-295;   Company,  French,  stock 
of,   purchased    (Morgan),    13;    treaties   on 
building  of    (Hay,  J.),  152-153 
PARIS,  JOHN  W.,  real  estate  operator,   102- 

103 
PARK.  ROSWELL,  surgeon,  191-192 
PARKER,   ROBERT  MEADE,   railroad  presi- 
dent. 147 
PARRISH,  GEORGE  RANDALL,  author,  382 
*'  Parsifal,"    first    performance    of    in   America 

(Conried,  H),  283 
PARSONS,  JOHN,  clergyman,  111-112 
"  Patent     insides "    for     newspapers     invented 
(Aikens),  146 


INDEX 

PAXSON,   SAMUEL   EDGAR,   artist,  285-288 
PAYNE,  CHEALS  W.,  landowner,  314 
PAYNE,  JOHN  BARTON,  jurist,  537-538 
Peabody.  George   (Morgan,  J.  P.),  12 
PEARSOiN,  ARTHUR  E.,  manufacturer,   139 

140 
PEARSON,  EDWARD  L.,  merchant,  143 
PEARSON,    FREDERICK   S.,   electrical   engi- 

neer,  171-173 
PEARSON,  WILLIAM  E.,  civil  engineer,  142- 

143 
PEARSON,  WILLIAM  H.,  manufacturer,  138- 

139 
PEARY,   ROBERT   EDWIN.   Arctic   explorer, 

526-528;   discovery  of  the  pole  by    (Bart- 
lett, R.  A.),  212 
PEGRAM,  GEORGE  HERNDON,  engineer,  395 
Pemmican,  invention  of   (Borden,  G.),  127 
PERLMAN,    LOUIS    HENRY,    inventor,    565- 

568 
PETERS,  EDWIN  C,  banker,  483 
Petroleum,     purification     of,     processes      for 

(Frasch,  H.),  247-248 
Phonograph,  invention  of   (Edison),  143 
Photography,  dry-plate    (Seed),   88;    in  colors 

(Ives,  F.  E.\  204 
PIEL,  MICHAEL,  brewer,  403-404 
PINDELL,  HENRY  MEANS,  journalist,  296- 

298 
PLANTZ,    SAMUEL,    college    president,    345- 

346 
Plow,     Inventors     of     the      (Deere),     65-67; 

(Case),     90-92;      (Oliver,     J.),     104-105; 

(Wood,  Jethro),   174-175 
POEHLMANN,  ADOLPH  H.,  florist.  355-356 
POEHLINIANN,  AUGUST  FRANKLIN,  florist, 

356-357 
POEHLMANN,  JOHN  WILLIAM,  florist,  354- 

355 
POND,  IRVING  K..  architect,  121 
POOR,  JAMES  HARPER,  merchant,  141 
POPPLETON,  ANDREW  JACKSON,   lawyer, 

214-215 
Port   Arthur,   Texas,   founding  of    (Gates,   J 

W. ) .  62 

Porter,  Fitz-John,  General,  trial  of  (Choate),  1 
PORTER,  HORACE,  General,  4-7 
PORTER,    WILLIAM    SIDNEY,    author,    371-5 

374 
POTTER,    HENRY    CODMAN,    P.    E.    bishop, 

309-310 
POWER,  THOMAS  CHARLES,  Senator,  407- 

408 
PRATT,  CHARLES,  merchant,  192-193 
PRATT,    GEORGE    DuPONT,    capitalist,    416- 

417 
Pratt  Institute,  Brooklyn,  founding  of   (Pratt, 

C),  192 
"Progress   and   Poverty"    (George,   H.),    245, 

246 
Psychical  research    (Funk),  85-86 
Publicity    in    Corporation    Affairs    (Belmont), 

34-35 
PUGSLEY,    CORNELIUS   AMORY,   Congress- 
man, 339 
Pujo  Investigating  Committee  (Morgan).  14 
PULITZER,  JOSEPH,  journalist,  552-554 
PUTNAM,  FREDERIC  WARD,  ethnologist,  14- 

16 
PUTNAM,  GEORGE  HAVEN,  publisher,  353- 

354 

RANDALL,  ADIN,  lumberman.  70-80 
Ranous,  Dora  K.,  author   (Johnson),  83 


I 


574 


INDEX 

REEVES,     FRANCIS     BREWSTER,     banker, 

401-402 
Regicide  judges,  hiding  of    (Sperry),  71 
"Religion  of  Science"   (Hegeler),  184 
REMINGTON,  FREDERIC,  painter,  229 
"  Re-Morganizing,"   origin  of  the  term    (Mor- 
gan), 12 
Rhodes,   Cecil    (Hammond),   57 
RICE,  ISAAC  LEOPOLD,  lawyer,  327-329 
RICE,  JONAS  SHEARN,  banker,  552 
RICE,  JULIA  B.  H.,  reformer,  541-542 
RICHARDS,  JOHN  P.  MOORE,  banker,  419 
RICHARDSON,  DAVID  NELSON,  editor,  471 
RICHARDSON,    JONATHAN    JAMES,    dairy- 
man, 471-472 
RILEY,  JAMES  WHITCOMB,  poet,  181-183 
Rochdale    system    of    co-operation     (Brandeis, 

T     D  ^     288-289 
ROCKHILL,  CLAYTON,  merchant,  440 
Roosevelt,    Theodore,   action   of,    in   regard   to 
Panama    Canal    (Goethals,    G.    W.),    291- 
292 
Roycroft    Shops,    East   Aurora,    N.    Y.    (Hub- 
bard, E.),  201 
ROYS,  CYRUS  DUST  AN.  soldier,  217-218 
RUBIN,  WILLIAM  BENJAMIN,  lawyer,  476- 

477 
RYAN,  WILLIAM  KING,  soldier,  483-484 

Sabbath  observance    (Shepard,  E.  F.),  300 
SAHLER,  DANIEL  DU  BOIS,  clergyman,  378 
SAMPSON,  WILLIAM  THOMAS,  naval  officer, 

472-475 
SANBORN,  WALTER  HENRY,  jurist,  546-547 
San    Francisco,    Cal.,    Early    days    in    (Gardi- 
ner), 38 
Santiago,  battle  of    (Schley,  W.  S.),  321-322; 

(Sampson.  W.  T.),  474 
SARGENT,    CHARLES    SPRAGUE,    dendrolo- 

gist,    241-242 
SARLES,     EL:M0RE     YOCUM,     governor     of 

North  Dakota,  550 
SAWYER,  PHILETUS,  Senator,  415 
SAXON,   WILLIAM,   engineer,   405-406 
SCHLEY,    WINFIELD    SCOTT,    naval    officer, 

321-322 
SCHMIDT,  OTTO  LEOPOLD,  physician,  443- 

444 
SCHWAB,  CHARLES  M.,  capitalist,  63-64 
SCOTT,   HARVEY  W.,  editor,   326-327 
SCOTT,  JAMES  WILMOT,  iournalist,  360-361 
SCRIPPS,  JAMES  EDMUND,  journalist,  310- 

312 
SEAMANS,     CLARENCE     WALKER,     manu- 
facturer, 517-518 
Seattle,    Wash.,    development   of    (Leary,    J.), 

258 
SEED,  MILES  A.,  inventor,  88-89 
SENN,  NICHOLAS,  physician,  539-540 
SESSIONS,     HENRY     HOWARD,      inventor, 

363-234 
Shakespeare,  authorship  of  the  plays  of,  dis- 
cussed  (Bridges,  H.  J.),  254 
SHEPARD,    DAVID    CHAUNCEY,    engineer, 

451-452 
SHEPARD,     ELLIOTT     FITCH,      journalist, 

299-300 
Sherman  Anti-Trust  Law    (Towne),   74 
SHERMAN,    JAMES    SCHOOLCRAFT,    Vice- 
President  of  United  States,  450 
SPIERWIN,   THOMAS,  telephone   export,   403- 

464 
SHEVLIN,     THOMAS     HENRY,     lumberman, 
284-285 


INDEX 

SHEVLIN,  THOMAS  LEONARD,  athlete,  525- 

526 
SHUEY,  EDWIN  L.,  manufacturer,  55-56 
SIMONDS,   DANIEL,   manufacturer,   263-264 
SIMONDS,    WILLIAM    EDWARD,    educator, 

458-459 
"  Simultaneous  serum "  treatment  for  cholera 

in  cattle  (French,  G.  W.),  390 
Single  Tax,  doctrine  of  the    (George,  H.),  245 
SMETTERS,     SAMUEL     TUPPER,    inventor, 

509-511 
SMITH,  F.  HOPKINSON,  author,   162-163 
SMITH,     FREDERICK    AUGUSTUS,     jurist, 

338-339 
SMITH,  SAMUEL  GEORGE,  clergyman,  447- 

448 
Smokeless  powder,  invention  of  (Maxim),  165 
SMOOT,  REED,  Senator,  210-212 
Social  reform,   Minneapolis  plan  of    (Haynes, 

J.   C),  331 
SORG,  PAUL  JOHN,  manufacturer,  131-132 
Southern  Railroad,  development  of,   (Spencer), 

70 
Spanish-American  War    (Lee,  F.),  261 
SPENCER,  SAMUEL,  Railroad  president,  69- 

71 
SPERRY,   ELMER  A.,   inventor,   71-73 
Spinal    meningitis,    serum    for    (Flexner,    S.), 

242 
SPOONER,  JOHN  COIT,  Senator,   133-134 
SPRINGER,   MARGUERITE   WARREN,   497- 

498 
SPRINGER,  WARREN,  capitalist,  497 
SQUIRE.  ANDREW,  lawyer,  477-478 
STACKPOLE,  JOSEPH  L.,  soldier,   129-130 
Standard    Oil    Company    founded    (Archbold), 

22;    (Flagler),  23-24 
Standard  time  system,  organization  of   (Allen, 

W.  F.),  262 
Steam  engine,  improvements  in   (Corliss),  180 
STEDMAN,  EDMUND  C,  poet,  224-225 
Steel,  process  for  making  uniform    (Simonds, 

D.),  264 
Steel  Corporation,  United  States   (Gates),  61- 

62;    (Schwab),  63;   founded   (Frick),  8-9; 

(Morgan,   J.    P.),    12-13;     (Carnegie),    48 
STERNBERG,     GEORGE     MILLER,     soldier, 

464-467 
STETSON,  FRANCIS  LYNDE,  lawyer,  41-42 
STETSON,   LEMUEL,   lawyer,   40-41 
STEWART,     ALEXANDER     TURNEY,    mer- 
chant,   196-197 
STONE,  JOHN  STONE,  physicist,  369-370 
STONE,  JOHN  T.,  clerg\Tnan,  103 
STONE,  MELVILLE  ELIJAH,  journalist,  411- 

412 
Storage  batterv,  improvement  of  (Edison),  144 
STRUVE,  HENRY  G.,  lawyer,   147-148 
Submarine  boat,  invention  of  (Holland,  J.  P.), 

406-407 
Sulphur,    mining    of,    bv    steam    jet    (Frasch, 

IT.),  24S 
Sulphuric   ether,    anaesthesia   by    (Morton,    W. 

T.  G.),   332-3.S3 
SULZBITRGKR,    FKRDINAND.    meat    packer, 

408-409 
SWAN,   FRANK,  diplomat.  390 
SWIFT.   GUSTAVIS    FRANKLIN,   merchant, 

318-319 
Swing-bridge,   improvement  on    the    (Smelters, 

S.  T.).  510 
Taeoma,  Wash.,  development  of   (Browne,  G.), 

414 
TALCOTT.  JAMES,  banker.   103  164 


575 


INDEX 


INDEX 


TALCOTT,     JOHN    BUTLER,    manufacturer, 

111 
TAWNEY,  JAMES  A.,   Congressman,    185-187 
TAYLOR,  JOHN  METCALF,  insurance  presi- 
dent, 379 
TAYLOR,  SAMUEL  A.,  engineer,  550-551 
Teachers'  College,  Columbia,  founding  of  (But- 
ler, N.  M.),  215 
Tehuantepec  Canal,  proposed   (Belmont),  32 
Telephone,  invention  of   (Bell,  A.  G.),  207 
Telephone     systems,     centralized     energy     for 

(Stone,  J.  S.),  369 
Tenement  House  Commission,  New  York  City 

(Gilder,  R.  W.),  257 
THAW,  WILLIAM,  aviator,  561-563 
THAYER,    NATHANIEL,    clergyman,    234 
THOMAS,  SETH,  manufacturer,  266 
THOMAS,    SETH     (2d),    manufacturer,    266- 

267 
THOMAS,    SETH    EDWARD,    manufacturer, 

267 
Thrift,  The,   savings  system    (Pratt,   C),    192 
Tilden,  Samuel  J.   (Stetson),  42 
TILLAR,  BENJAMIN  JOHNSTON,  capitalist, 

488 
Tissues,  body,  preservation  of  (Carrel,  A.),  216 
"  Titanic,"   Avreck  of   steamship    ( Widener,   G. 

D.),  252;    (Widener,  H.  E.),  342,  343 
TORREY,   FRANKLIN,  merchant,  342 
TOWNE,  HENRY  ROBINSON,  manufacturer, 

73-76 
TRACY,   BENJAMIN   FRANKLIN,   Secretary 

of  Navy,  243-244 
Trade  unions,  advantages  of   (Childs,  G.  W.), 

205 
TRUDEAU,  HENRY  L.,  physician,  195-196 
Tuberculosis,  sanitarium  for    (Trudeau),    195- 

196 
Tulane   University,   New   Orleans    (Craighead, 

E.   B.),  299 
Typewriter,  development  of  the    (Benedict,  H. 

H.),  240-241 

United  Press,  The    (Scott,  J.  W.),  361 

VANDERBILT,  ALFRED  GWYNNE,  capital- 
ist, 42-43 
Vanderbilt,    Cornelius,    Commodore     (Depew), 

17 
VAUGHN,   ROBERT,   pioneer,    282-283 
VEEDER,  ALBERT  HENRY,  lawyer,  395-396 
VIAL,    GEORGE    McNAUGHTON,    manufac- 
turer, 396-397 

WAITE,  JOHN  LEMAN,  publisher,  491-492 
WAKEFIELD,   WILLIAM  J.   C,   lawyer,    148 
WALDROX,    EDWARD    MATHEW,    builder, 

132-133 
WALKER,  JOHN  GRIMES,  naval  officer,  448- 

449 


WALKER,  THOMAS  B.,  luml)erman,   115-lll 
WALLACE,  LEW,  author,  518-520 
WARREN,  CHARLES  BEECHER,  lawyer,  3 

367 
WARREN,  SAMUEL  DENNIS,  manufacture 

460 
WASHBURN,  GEORGE,  missionary,  495 
WATTERSON,  HENRY,  journalist,  339-341 
WEAN,    FRANK    LINCOLN,    lawyer,    529-5 
WEBER,  JESSIE  PALMER,  libr'arian,  112 
WEBSTER,    SIDNEY,   lawyer,   484-485 
WEYERHAEUSER,     FREDERICK,      lumber- 
man,  197-200 
WHITE,  CARLTON,  business  man,  100-101 
WHITE,   THOMAS,    lawyer,   402-403 
WIDENER,     GEORGE    *DUNTON,     financier 

251-252 
WIDENER,     HARRY     ELKINS,     bibliophile 

342-344 
Widener    Memorial    Library,    Harvard    (Wid 

ener,  H.  E.),  344 
Wild  West  Show   (Cody,  W.  F.),  389 
WILLIAMS,  GEORGE  HENRY,  Congressman 

385-387 
WILLIAMS,  GEORGE  HUNTINGTON,  geolo 

gist,  467-469 
WILLIAMS,       THEODORE       CHICKERING 

clergj-man,  271-272 
WILLYS,   JOHN  NORTH,   manufacturer,   64 

67 
WILSON,  WILLIAIM  LYNE,  statesman,  115 
Wilson,  Woodrow,  letter  of,  to  H.  M.  Pindell 

(Pindell),  297-298 
WINANS,  WILLIAM  P.,  banker,  81 
WINSLOW,  JOHN  BRADLEY,  jurist,  229-230 
Wireless     Telegraphy,     development     of      (De 

Forest,  L.),  380 
Wisconsin,    University   of,    founded    (Lathrop, 

J.  H.),  227 
WOLCOTT,   HENRY  ROGER,   financier,   302- 

303 
Woman  suffrage    (Howe,  J.  W.),   167 
"Woman's  page,"  the,  beginning  of    (Bok,  E. 

W^),  462 
WOOD,  JETHRO,  inventor,  174-175 
W^OOLNER,  SAMUEL,  business  man,  107 
WRENN,  JOHN  H.,  banker,  486-487 
WRIGHT,  AMMI  WILLARD,  lumberman,  548- 

549 
Wright,  Orville    (Arnold),  29' 
WRIGHT,   WILBUR,  inventor,  222-224 

Yale,  Linus,  Jr.  (Towne),  74 

Yellow   fever,    study    of    (Sternberg,    G.    M.), 

465-466 
YOUNG,    GEORGE    MURRAY,    pioneer,    428- 

429 
YOUNG,  NEWTON  CLARENCE,  jurist,  540- 

541 
YULE,  GEORGE,  manufacturer,  81-82 


576 


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